{"id":12649,"date":"2018-11-09T01:00:00","date_gmt":"2018-11-08T17:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/swarma.org\/%e7%a9%b6%e7%ab%9f%e4%bb%80%e4%b9%88%e5%8f%ab%e5%81%9a%e6%a0%87%e5%ba%a6%e4%b8%8d%e5%8f%98%e6%80%a7%ef%bc%9f-%e5%b9%82%e5%be%8b%e5%88%86%e5%b8%83%e9%9b%86%e6%99%ba%e7%99%be%e7%a7%91\/"},"modified":"2019-01-02T18:32:57","modified_gmt":"2019-01-02T10:32:57","slug":"%e7%a9%b6%e7%ab%9f%e4%bb%80%e4%b9%88%e5%8f%ab%e5%81%9a%e6%a0%87%e5%ba%a6%e4%b8%8d%e5%8f%98%e6%80%a7%ef%bc%9f-%e5%b9%82%e5%be%8b%e5%88%86%e5%b8%83%e9%9b%86%e6%99%ba%e7%99%be%e7%a7%91","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/swarma.org\/?p=12649","title":{"rendered":"\u7a76\u7adf\u4ec0\u4e48\u53eb\u505a\u6807\u5ea6\u4e0d\u53d8\u6027\uff1f\u2014\u2014\u5e42\u5f8b\u5206\u5e03\u96c6\u667a\u767e\u79d1\u8bcd\u6761"},"content":{"rendered":"
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\"\u96c6\u667a\"<\/p>\n

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\u5bfc\u8bed<\/strong><\/section>\n
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\u4eca\u5929\u6211\u4eec\u5c06\u5e26\u5927\u5bb6\u6765\u5b66\u4e60\u4e00\u4e2a\u57fa\u672c\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u5e42\u5f8b\u5206\u5e03<\/strong>\u3002\u8fd9\u90e8\u5206\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u6765\u81ea\u4e8e\u96c6\u667a\u767e\u79d1\uff0c\u96c6\u667a\u767e\u79d1\u662f\u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf\u9886\u57df\u7684\u767e\u79d1\u5168\u4e66\uff0c\u6db5\u76d6\u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf\u9886\u57df\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u6982\u5ff5\u3002<\/strong>\uff08\u76ee\u524d\u6b63\u5728\u4e0d\u65ad\u7684\u5b8c\u5584\u9636\u6bb5\uff09<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n

\u6211\u4eec\u6b63\u5728\u7ec4\u7ec7\u64b0\u5199\u7ffb\u8bd1\u76f8\u5e94\u7684\u7ef4\u57fa\u8bcd\u6761\uff0c\u5e76\u9644\u4e0a\u4ee3\u7801\u5b9e\u73b0\u3002\u60f3\u8981\u81ea\u5df1\u521b\u5efa\u8bcd\u6761\uff0c\u4e00\u8d77\u8d21\u732e\u77e5\u8bc6\u7684\u5c0f\u4f19\u4f34\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u94fe\u63a5\u62a5\u540d\u54e6\u3002\u70b9\u51fb\u300c\u7f16\u8f91\u300d\uff0c\u505a\u4e9b\u6539\u53d8\uff0c\u6309\u4e0b\u300c\u4fdd\u5b58\u300d\uff0c\u4f60\u5c06\u5f71\u54cd\u4e16\u754c\uff01<\/a><\/strong><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

 <\/p>\n

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\u4ec0\u4e48\u662f\u5e42\u5f8b\u5206\u5e03\uff1f<\/span><\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n

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\n

\u5e42\u5f8b\u5206\u5e03\u662f\u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c<\/strong>\u4eca\u5929\u6211\u4eec\u60f3\u91cd\u70b9\u4ecb\u7ecd\u4ec0\u4e48\u662f\u5e42\u5f8b\u5206\u5e03\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5e42\u5f8b\u5206\u5e03\u7684\u6027\u8d28\u3002<\/strong><\/p>\n

\n

\u5728\u7edf\u8ba1\u5b66\u4e2d,\u5e42\u5f8b\u662f\u4e24\u4e2a\u91cf\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u51fd\u6570\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u4e00\u4e2a\u91cf\u7684\u53d8\u5316\u5c06\u4f1a\u5bfc\u81f4\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u91cf\u7684\u76f8\u5e94\u5e42\u6b21\u6bd4\u4f8b\u7684\u53d8\u5316\uff0c\u4e14\u4e0e\u521d\u503c\u65e0\u5173\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u6b63\u65b9\u5f62\u9762\u79ef\u4e0e\u8fb9\u957f\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u957f\u5ea6\u52a0\u500d\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u9762\u79ef\u6269\u5927\u56db\u500d\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\u96c6\u667a\"<\/p>\n

\u9762\u79ef\u7684\u5e42\u6b21\u5173\u7cfb<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

<\/h1>\n
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\u5e42\u5f8b\u5206\u5e03\u6709\u4ec0\u4e48\u6027\u8d28\uff1f<\/span><\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n

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\u6807\u5ea6\u4e0d\u53d8\u6027<\/strong><\/p>\n

\uff08Scale invariance\uff09<\/strong><\/p>\n

\n

\u5e42\u5f8b\u5206\u5e03\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u5c5e\u6027\u662f\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u6807\u5ea6\u4e0d\u53d8\u6027\u3002<\/span><\/strong>\u7ed9\u5b9a\u4e00\u4e2a\u51fd\u6570\u5173\u7cfb<\/span>\"\u96c6\u667a\"\uff0c\u5c06\u53c2\u6570 x\u4f5c\u5e38\u91cf <\/span>\"\u96c6\u667a\"\u7684\u6807\u5ea6\u53d8\u6362<\/span>\uff0c\u5c06\u4f1a\u5bfc\u81f4\u5e42\u51fd\u6570\u4f5c\u672c\u8eab\u5e42\u6307\u6570\u6bd4\u4f8b\u7684\u6807\u5ea6\u7f29\u653e\uff0c\u516c\u5f0f\u8868\u8fbe\u4e3a\uff1a<\/span>\"\u96c6\u667a\"\uff0c\u6b64\u5904\uff0c<\/span>\"\u96c6\u667a\" \u8868\u793a\u6210\u6b63\u6bd4\uff08\u6b63\u6bd4\u4f8b\uff09\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\n

\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\u5c06\u81ea\u53d8\u91cf\u7f29\u653e\u5e38\u91cfc\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u5bf9\u5e94\u51fd\u6570\u7f29\u653e\u5e38\u91cf <\/span>\"\u96c6\u667a\"\u3002\u56e0\u6b64, \u5177\u6709\u7279\u5b9a\u6807\u5ea6\u6307\u6570\u7684\u5e42\u5f8b\u5176\u5b9e\u5c31\u7b49\u6548\u4e8e\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6807\u5ea6\u6307\u6570, \u56e0\u4e3a\u6bcf\u4e2a\u5e42\u6307\u6570\u5bf9\u5e94\u7684\u5e42\u5f8b\u51fd\u6570\u90fd\u53ea\u662f\u5176\u4ed6\u60c5\u51b5\u7684\u7f29\u653e\u800c\u5df2\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\n

\"\u96c6\u667a\"<\/div>\n

\u00a9 Marlon Figgins<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u5982\u679c\u6211\u4eec\u53d6\u7528\u4e24\u8005\uff08\"\u96c6\u667a\" \u548c \"\u96c6\u667a\"\uff09\u7684\u5bf9\u6570\uff0c\u5c06\u4f1a\u5f97\u5230\u4e00\u4e2a\u7ebf\u6027\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u5448\u73b0\u5728\u53cc\u5bf9\u6570\u56fe\u4e0a\u5c31\u662f\u4e00\u6761\u76f4\u7ebf\uff0c\u8fd9\u901a\u5e38\u88ab\u770b\u4f5c\u5e42\u5f8b\u7684\u6807\u5fd7\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\n

\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5b9e\u9645\u6570\u636e, \u8fd9\u79cd\u7ebf\u6027\u662f\u5e42\u5f8b\u5173\u7cfb\u6570\u636e\u7684\u5fc5\u8981\u6761\u4ef6, \u4f46\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u5145\u5206\u6761\u4ef6\u3002\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a, \u6709\u8bb8\u591a\u65b9\u6cd5\u53ef\u4ee5\u751f\u6210\u6a21\u62df\u6b64\u6307\u6570\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u6709\u9650\u6570\u91cf\u7684\u6570\u636e, \u4f46\u5728\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u6e10\u8fd1\u6781\u9650\u4e2d, \u4e0d\u662f\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u5e42\u5f8b (\u4f8b\u5982, \u67d0\u4e9b\u6570\u636e\u7684\u751f\u6210\u8fc7\u7a0b\u53ef\u80fd\u9075\u5faa\u5bf9\u6570\u6b63\u6001\u5206\u5e03\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u5e42\u5f8b\u5206\u5e03)\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\n

\u56e0\u6b64, \u51c6\u786e\u5730\u62df\u5408\u548c\u9a8c\u8bc1\u5e42\u5f8b\u6a21\u578b\u662f\u7edf\u8ba1\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u975e\u5e38\u6d3b\u8dc3\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u9886\u57df\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\n

\u7f3a\u5931\u5b8c\u5907\u5b9a\u4e49\u7684\u5747\u503c<\/strong><\/p>\n

\uff08Lack of well-defined average value\uff09<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\n

\u4ec5\u5f53 \"\u96c6\u667a\"\uff0c \"\u96c6\u667a\"\u5728 \"\u96c6\u667a\"\u5177\u6709\u5b8c\u5907\u5b9a\u4e49\u7684\u5747\u503c \uff0c\u4e14 \"\u96c6\u667a\"\u65f6\uff0c\"\u96c6\u667a\" \u5177\u6709\u6709\u9650\u7684\u65b9\u5dee\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\u81ea\u7136\u754c\u4e2d, \u5927\u591a\u6570\u5e42\u5f8b\u5206\u5e03\u7684\u6307\u6570\u4f7f\u5f97\u5176\u5177\u6709\u5b8c\u5907\u5b9a\u4e49\u7684\u5747\u503c\uff08K>2\u561b\uff09\uff0c\u4f46\u5176\u65b9\u5dee\u5374\u65e0\u7a77\u5927\uff0c\u8fd9\u610f\u5473\u7740\u5b83\u4eec\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u6210\u4e3a\u201c\u9ed1\u5929\u9e45\u201d\u884c\u4e3a\u3002<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\n

\u5047\u8bbe\u4f60\u548c\u4f60\u7684\u670b\u53cb\u4e00\u8d77\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u623f\u95f4\u91cc\u4f30\u7b97\u5e73\u5747\u6708\u6536\u5165\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u4e16\u754c\u4e0a\u6700\u5bcc\u6709\u7684\u4eba\u8fdb\u5165\u623f\u95f4\uff0c\u4ed6\u6bcf\u6708\u6536\u5165\u7ea610\u4ebf\u7f8e\u5143\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u623f\u95f4\u91cc\u7684\u5e73\u5747\u6536\u5165\u4f1a\u600e\u4e48\u6837\uff1f<\/span><\/p>\n

\n

\"\u96c6\u667a\"<\/div>\n

\u56fe3 \u5bcc\u4eba\u7684\u5bcc\u88d5\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4f1a\u8d85\u51fa\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u60f3\u8c61<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u56fe\u7247\u6765\u6e90\uff1ahttps:\/\/www.huliwenku.com\/p\/ac9aqgdo.html<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\n

\u6211\u4eec\u53c8\u5c06\u6536\u5165\u5206\u5e03\u670d\u4ece\u5e42\u5f8b\u73b0\u8c61\u79f0\u4e3a\u5e15\u7d2f\u6258\u5206\u5e03\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u4eba\u7684\u8d44\u4ea7\u51c0\u503c\u670d\u4ece\u6307\u6570\u4e3a2\u7684\u5e42\u5f8b\u5206\u5e03\uff09\u3002<\/strong>\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u8fd9\u4f7f\u5f97\u5e94\u7528\u57fa\u4e8e\u65b9\u5dee\u548c\u6807\u51c6\u5dee\u7684\u4f20\u7edf\u7edf\u8ba1\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\u56de\u5f52\u5206\u6790\uff09\u5931\u6548\u3002\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u6216\u8bb8\u80fd\u591f\u4ee5\u6b64\u4e3a\u4f9d\u636e\uff0c\u91c7\u53d6\u6709\u6548\u7684\u5e72\u9884\u624b\u6bb5\u6765\u89e3\u51b3\u4e00\u4e9b\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u5c06\u5176\u5e94\u7528\u5230\u7ba1\u7406\u6c7d\u8f66\u5c3e\u6c14\u6392\u653e\u95ee\u9898\u4e0a\uff0c\u6c7d\u8f66\u5c3e\u6c14\u6392\u653e\u91cf\u670d\u4ece\u5e42\u5f8b\u5206\u5e03\uff08\u6781\u5c11\u6570\u6c7d\u8f66\u5bfc\u81f4\u5927\u591a\u6570\u6c61\u67d3\uff09\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u7406\u8bba\u4e0a\u4ece\u9053\u8def\u4e0a\u6d88\u9664\u90a3\u4e9b\u6781\u5c11\u6570\u6c7d\u8f66\u5c31\u8db3\u4ee5\u51cf\u5c11\u603b\u6392\u653e\u91cf\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5e42\u5f8b\u5206\u5e03\u7684\u4e2d\u4f4d\u6570\u786e\u5b9e\u5b58\u5728: \u5bf9\u5e42\u5f8b\"\u96c6\u667a\" \uff0c\u4e0e\u6307\u6570k > 1\uff0c\u5b83\u53d6 <\/span>\"\u96c6\u667a\"\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d<\/span>\"\u96c6\u667a\"\u662f\u5e42\u5f8b\u6240\u9002\u7528\u7684\u6700\u5c0f\u503c\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\n

\u666e\u9002\u6027\uff08Universality\uff09<\/strong><\/p>\n

\n

\u5e42\u5f8b\u4e0e\u7279\u5b9a\u6807\u5ea6\u6307\u6570\u7684\u7b49\u4ef7\u6027\u5728\u4ea7\u751f\u5e42\u5f8b\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u52a8\u529b\u5b66\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u6709\u66f4\u6df1\u5c42\u6b21\u7684\u6e0a\u6e90\u3002<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\n

\u4f8b\u5982, \u5728\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u4e2d, \u70ed\u529b\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u7684\u76f8\u53d8\u4e0e\u67d0\u4e9b\u91cf\u670d\u4ece\u5e42\u5f8b\u5206\u5e03\u6709\u5173, \u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u6307\u6570\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u4e34\u754c\u6307\u6570( critical exponents)\u3002<\/strong>\u5177\u6709\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u4e34\u754c\u6307\u6570\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u7cfb\u7edf\u2014\u2014\u5373\u5b83\u4eec\u5728\u63a5\u8fd1\u4e34\u754c\u72b6\u6001(criticality)<\/strong>\u65f6\u8868\u73b0\u51fa\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u6807\u5ea6\u884c\u4e3a\u2014\u2014\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u91cd\u6574\u5316\u7406\u8bba\u6765\u8bc1\u660e\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u52a8\u529b\u5b66\u76f8\u540c\u3002\u4f8b\u5982, \u6c34\u548c CO2 \u5728\u6cb8\u70b9\u4e0a\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u5728\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u666e\u9002\u7c7b\u4e2d, \u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u4eec\u5177\u6709\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u4e34\u754c\u6307\u6570\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\n

\"\u96c6\u667a\"<\/p>\n

\u4e00\u4e9b\u5b9e\u9645\u7f51\u7edc\u4e2d\u7684\u5ea6\u5206\u5e03\u53ef\u4ee5\u8fd1\u4f3c\u7531\u5e42\u5f8b\u5206\u5e03\u8868\u793a<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u56fe\u7247\u6765\u6e90\uff1a<\/span>Albert, R., Jeong, H.,& Barab\u00e1si, A. L. (2000). Error and attack tolerance of complex networks.nature<\/em>,406<\/em>(6794), 378.<\/strong><\/p>\n

\n

\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a, \u51e0\u4e4e\u6240\u6709\u7684\u7269\u8d28\u76f8\u53d8\u90fd\u662f\u7531\u4e00\u5c0f\u5957\u666e\u9002\u7c7b\u63cf\u8ff0\u7684\u3002\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5404\u79cd\u81ea\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u4e34\u754c\u7cfb\u7edf (self-organized critical), \u4eba\u4eec\u4e5f\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u7c7b\u4f3c\u7684\u89c2\u5bdf, \u867d\u7136\u4e0d\u662f\u5f88\u5168\u9762, \u4f46\u5728\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\uff0c\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u4e34\u754c\u70b9\u662f\u5438\u5f15\u5b50\u3002\u5728\u5f62\u5f0f\u4e0a, \u8fd9\u79cd\u52a8\u529b\u5b66\u7684\u5171\u4eab\u6027\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u666e\u9002\u6027(universality), \u800c\u6211\u4eec\u901a\u5e38\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5177\u6709\u7cbe\u786e\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u4e34\u754c\u6307\u6570\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u5c5e\u4e8e\u540c\u4e00\u79cd\u666e\u9002\u7c7b(universality class)\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\n

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\u6765\u6e90\uff1a\u96c6\u667a\u767e\u79d1<\/p>\n

\u5730\u5740\uff1ahttp:\/\/wiki.swarma.net\/index.php?title=%E5%B9%82%E5%BE%8B%E5%88%86%E5%B8%83&variant=zh-hans<\/p>\n

\u7f16\u8f91\uff1a\u5b5f\u5a55<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

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\u63a8\u8350\u9605\u8bfb<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u5e42\u5f8b\u4e0e\u89c4\u6a21\u8bfb\u4e66\u4f1a\u62db\u52df<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u89e3\u8bfb\u5e42\u5f8b\u5206\u5e03\u4e0e\u65e0\u6807\u5ea6\u7f51\u7edc<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf\u5165\u95e8\u5fc5\u4fee\u8bfe\u2014\u2014\u5e42\u5f8b\u5206\u5e03<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u793e\u4ea4\u7f51\u7edc\u4e2d\u7684\u5e42\u5f8b\u5206\u5e03<\/span><\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n

\u70b9\u51fb\u300c\u7f16\u8f91\u300d\uff0c\u505a\u4e9b\u6539\u53d8\uff0c\u6309\u4e0b\u300c\u4fdd\u5b58\u300d\uff0c\u4f60\u5c06\u5f71\u54cd\u4e16\u754c\uff01<\/span><\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n

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\u96c6\u667a\u4ff1\u4e50\u90e8QQ\u7fa4\uff5c877391004<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u5546\u52a1\u5408\u4f5c\u53ca\u6295\u7a3f\u8f6c\u8f7d\uff5cswarma@swarma.org<\/strong><\/p>\n

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\u25c6\u25c6\u25c6<\/strong><\/strong><\/h1>\n<\/section>\n

\u641c\u7d22\u516c\u4f17\u53f7\uff1a\u96c6\u667a\u4ff1\u4e50\u90e8<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

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\u52a0\u5165\u201c\u6ca1\u6709\u56f4\u5899\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u6240\u201d<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\"\u96c6\u667a\"<\/p>\n<\/section>\n

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\u539f\u6587\u59cb\u53d1\u4e8e\u5fae\u4fe1\u516c\u4f17\u53f7\uff08 \u96c6\u667a\u4ff1\u4e50\u90e8 \uff09\uff1a\u96c6\u667a<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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