{"id":12650,"date":"2018-11-09T01:00:00","date_gmt":"2018-11-08T17:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/swarma.org\/%e7%bb%bc%e8%bf%b0-%e5%8a%a8%e7%89%a9%e7%a4%be%e4%bc%9a%e4%b8%ad%e7%9a%84%e4%b8%b4%e7%95%8c%e7%9b%b8%e5%8f%98\/"},"modified":"2018-12-03T17:12:57","modified_gmt":"2018-12-03T09:12:57","slug":"%e7%bb%bc%e8%bf%b0-%e5%8a%a8%e7%89%a9%e7%a4%be%e4%bc%9a%e4%b8%ad%e7%9a%84%e4%b8%b4%e7%95%8c%e7%9b%b8%e5%8f%98","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/swarma.org\/?p=12650","title":{"rendered":"\u7efc\u8ff0: \u52a8\u7269\u793e\u4f1a\u4e2d\u7684\u4e34\u754c\u76f8\u53d8"},"content":{"rendered":"
\n

\"\u96c6\u667a\"<\/p>\n

\u72d0\u7374\uff08Meerkat<\/span><\/strong>\uff09\uff0c\u4e00\u79cd\u5178\u578b\u7684\u7fa4\u5c45\u52a8\u7269\uff0c\u793e\u4f1a\u5316\u7a0b\u5ea6\u8f83\u9ad8 |smithsonianmag<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\n

\u52a8\u7269\u793e\u4f1a\u7fa4\u4f53<\/span>\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u590d\u6742\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u51fa\u73b0<\/span>\u4e34\u754c\u70b9<\/span><\/strong>\uff08tipping point\uff09<\/span>\u2014\u2014\u88ab\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e3a\u201c\u7531\u73af\u5883\u6761\u4ef6\u7684\u5fae\u5c0f\u53d8\u5316\u5f15\u53d1\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u52a8\u529b\u5b66\u5267\u70c8\u53d8\u5316\u201d\u2014\u2014\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u6982\u5ff5\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u88ab\u5e7f\u6cdb\u5730\u5e94\u7528\u4e8e\u8fd9\u7c7b\u7cfb\u7edf\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/span><\/p>\n

\u8fd1\u671f\u53d1\u8868\u5728\u82f1\u56fd\u7687\u5bb6\u5b66\u4f1a\u4f1a\u520a\u4e0a\u7684\u4e00\u7bc7\u7efc\u8ff0<\/span>Social tipping points in animal societies<\/em><\/span><\/em><\/span>\uff0c\u8be6\u7ec6\u603b\u7ed3\u4e86\u4e34\u754c\u70b9\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u5e76\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e86\u5b83\u4eec\u5728\u52a8\u7269\u793e\u4f1a\u4e2d\u53ef\u80fd\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

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\u6587\u4e2d\u4e5f\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u4e00\u4e9b\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u4f7f\u5f97\u5bf9\u793e\u4f1a\u4e34\u754c\u70b9\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u80fd\u591f\u5728<\/span>\u884c\u4e3a\u751f\u6001\u5b66<\/span><\/strong>\u4e2d\u5f00\u8f9f\u51fa\u65b0\u7684\u63a2\u7d22\u8def\u7ebf\uff0c\u5e76\u5728\u52a8\u7269\u884c\u4e3a\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u9886\u57df<\/span>\uff08\u5305\u62ec\u7fa4\u843d\u548c\u751f\u6001\u7cfb\u7edf\u751f\u6001\u5b66\u9886\u57df\uff09<\/span>\u63d0\u51fa\u65b0\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u3001\u601d\u60f3\u548c\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002<\/span>\u867d\u7136\u751f\u547d\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u67d0\u4e9b\u884c\u4e3a\u5f88\u96be\u9884\u6d4b\uff0c\u4f46\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u52a8\u7269\u793e\u4f1a\u548c\u751f\u7269\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u5c42\u6b21<\/span>\u2014\u2014\u79cd\u7fa4\u3001\u7fa4\u843d\u3001\u751f\u6001\u7cfb\u7edf\u2014\u2014<\/span>\u63a2\u7d22\u5176\u4e34\u754c\u70b9\u53ef\u80fd\u6709\u52a9\u4e8e\u63ed\u793a\u51fa\u4e00\u4e9b\u8d85\u8d8a\u4f20\u7edf\u5b66\u79d1\u754c\u9650\u7684\u539f\u5219\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

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1. \u4e34\u754c\u70b9\uff1a\u52a8\u7269\u793e\u4f1a\u5982\u4f55\u7a81\u53d8<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

<\/strong><\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n

<\/span><\/p>\n<\/h1>\n

\u8bb8\u591a\u52a8\u7269\u90fd\u662f\u793e\u4f1a\u6027\u7269\u79cd\u2014\u2014\u5728\u793e\u4f1a\u7fa4\u4f53\u4e2d\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u793e\u4ea4\u884c\u4e3a\u5f71\u54cd\u5230\u4e2a\u4f53\u3001\u90bb\u5c45\u4e43\u81f3\u6574\u4e2a\u79cd\u7fa4\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u5404\u65b9\u9762\u3002\u5728\u67d0\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b<\/span>\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u5916\u90e8\u73af\u5883\u6761\u4ef6\u53d1\u751f\u5fae\u5c0f\u53d8\u5316\uff0c\u4e5f\u4f1a\u5bf9\u4e2a\u4f53\u884c\u4e3a\u3001\u79cd\u7fa4\u6210\u5458\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\u4ee5\u53ca\u6574\u4e2a\u7fa4\u4f53\u7684\u8fd0\u4f5c\u65b9\u5f0f\u4ea7\u751f\u5de8\u5927\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c<\/span>\u8fd9\u5c31\u662f\u4e34\u754c\u70b9\u65f6\u523b\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/span><\/p>\n

\u73af\u5883\u6761\u4ef6\u53d8\u5316\u5305\u62ec\u98df\u7269\u532e\u4e4f\u3001\u6e29\u5ea6\u80c1\u8feb\u3001\u6355\u98df\u98ce\u9669\u6216\u5404\u79cd\u5916\u90e8\u538b\u529b\u3002 \u63ed\u793a\u5c0f\u7684\u73af\u5883\u6270\u52a8\u5982\u4f55\u4ee5\u53ca\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u4f1a\u5bfc\u81f4\u7fa4\u4f53\u52a8\u529b\u5b66\u7684\u7a81\u53d8\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u7406\u89e3\u7fa4\u4f53\u7684\u529f\u80fd\u3001\u51dd\u805a\u529b\u548c\u5bf9\u73af\u5883\u7684\u54cd\u5e94\u662f\u975e\u5e38\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u3002\u8fd9\u7bc7\u8bba\u6587\u7efc\u8ff0\u4ecb\u7ecd\u4e86\u4e34\u754c\u70b9\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u65e8\u5728\u66f4\u597d\u5730\u7406\u89e3\u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf\u5728\u751f\u6001\u5b66\u9886\u57df\u7684\u5e94\u7528\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n<\/p>\n

\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e34\u754c\u70b9\uff1a<\/span>\u4e34\u754c\u70b9\u662f\u7531\u4e8e\u73af\u5883\u7684\u5fae\u5c0f\u53d8\u5316\uff0c\u8fdb\u800c\u5f15\u53d1\u7cfb\u7edf\u884c\u4e3a\u5267\u70c8\u53d8\u5316\u7684\u8f6c\u6298\u70b9<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\u96c6\u667a\"<\/p>\n

\u7315\u7334\u7ec4\u56e2\u6ce1\u6e29\u6cc9\u00a9 NLCaf\u00e9<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

<\/span><\/p>\n

\u5728\u751f\u6001\u5b66\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e34\u754c\u70b9\u901a\u5e38\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a<\/span>\u751f\u6001\u9608\u503c<\/span><\/strong>\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u6e56\u6c34\u6e29\u5ea6\u7684\u5fae\u5c0f\u53d8\u5316\u53ef\u80fd\u5bfc\u81f4\u6e56\u6cca\u7fa4\u843d\u7684\u6784\u6210\u53d1\u751f\u91cd\u5927\u53d8\u5316\u3002 \u751f\u6001\u4e34\u754c\u70b9\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u5e38\u89c1\u4f8b\u5b50\u5305\u62ec\u7269\u79cd\u4f18\u52bf\u7684\u7a81\u7136\u53d8\u5316\u6216\u79cd\u7fa4\u7684\u5d29\u6e83\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

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\u540c\u6837\uff0c\u5728\u52a8\u7269\u793e\u4f1a\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e34\u754c\u70b9\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u6765\u89e3\u91ca\u793e\u4f1a\u8f6c\u578b\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u96c6\u4f53\u8fd0\u52a8\u7684\u5f00\u59cb\u3001\u7fa4\u4f53\u884c\u4e3a\u4ece\u5e73\u9759\u8f6c\u53d8\u4e3a\u5e94\u6fc0\u72b6\u6001\u3001\u90bb\u8fd1\u793e\u4f1a\u4e4b\u95f4\u6218\u4e89\u7684\u51fa\u73b0\u548c\u6d88\u5931\u3001\u5408\u4f5c\u7684\u5f62\u6210\u6216\u89e3\u6563\u6216\u521b\u65b0\u7684\u4f20\u64ad\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

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2.\u6a21\u578b\uff1a\u793e\u4f1a\u4e34\u754c\u70b9<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\uff08social tipping point\uff09<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

<\/strong><\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n

\n<\/h1>\n

\u8718\u86db\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u79cd\u5185\u6597\u4e89\uff1a\u5e73\u548c\u4e0e\u6fc0\u60f9<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

<\/span><\/p>\n

\u5728\u793e\u4f1a\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u5e94\u7528\u4e34\u754c\u70b9\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u6846\u67b6\u9700\u8981\u68b3\u7406\u51e0\u4e2a\u6982\u5ff5\u3002 \u6211\u4eec\u7528\u4e00\u4e2a\u4f8b\u5b50\u6765\u8868\u8ff0\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6982\u5ff5\u3002 \u5982\u4e0b\u56fe1\u6240\u793a\uff0c\u4ee5\u8718\u86db\u7684\u793e\u4ea4\u884c\u4e3a\u4e3a\u4f8b\uff0c\u56fe\u4e0a\u6240\u663e\u793a\u7684\u662f\u5728\u73af\u5883\u6761\u4ef6<\/span>\uff08\u6e29\u5ea6\uff09<\/span>\u4e0e\u79cd\u7fa4\u884c\u4e3a<\/span>\uff08\u5185\u6597\u7a0b\u5ea6\uff09<\/span>\u4e4b\u95f4\u5f62\u6210\u7684<\/span>\u8fdf\u6ede<\/span><\/strong>\u7a97\u53e3<\/strong>\uff08hysteresis window\uff09<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\n

\"\u96c6\u667a\"<\/p>\n

\u56fe1 \u73af\u5883\u72b6\u51b5\uff08\u6e29\u5ea6\uff09\u4e0e\u7fa4\u4f53\u884c\u4e3a\uff08\u8718\u86db\u79cd\u5185\u6597\u4e89\uff09\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u8fdf\u6ede\u7a97\u3002<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

<\/span><\/p>\n

\u56fe1\u5c55\u793a\u7684\u662f\u8718\u86db\u5728\u5e94\u5bf9\u70ed\u538b\u529b\u4e0b\u79cd\u5185\u77db\u76fe\u7684\u8868\u73b0\u3002\u5904\u4e8e\u6fc0\u60f9\u72b6\u6001<\/span>\uff08agitated\uff0c\u7ea2\u8272\uff09<\/span>\u7684\u7fa4\u4f53\u5f80\u5f80\u4fdd\u6301\u6fc0\u60f9\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u5177\u6709\u8f83\u5f3a\u7684\u653b\u51fb\u6027\uff0c\u800c\u5e73\u9759\u7ec4<\/span>\uff08clam\uff0c\u84dd\u8272\uff09<\/span>\u5219\u503e\u5411\u4e8e\u4fdd\u6301\u5e73\u9759\u3002 \u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5b58\u5728\u4e00\u5957\u4e2d\u95f4\u73af\u5883\u6761\u4ef6(T1~T2) \uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u7fa4\u4f53\u53ef\u4ee5\u6839\u636e\u5176\u8fc7\u53bb\u7684\u52a8\u6001\u51fa\u73b0\u5e73\u9759\u6216\u6fc0\u60f9\u7684\u72b6\u6001\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n<\/p>\n

\u5728\u4e0b\u9762\u7684\u5e73\u9762\u4e2d\uff0c\u5b9e\u7ebf\u8868\u793a\u7a33\u5b9a\u7684\u5e73\u8861\u72b6\u6001\uff0c\u9634\u5f71\u663e\u793a\u51fa\u5438\u5f15\u76c6<\/span>\uff08basins of attraction\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u865a\u7ebf\u8868\u793a\u4e0d\u7a33\u5b9a\u7684\u5e73\u8861\uff0c\u662f\u7684\u4e24\u4e2a\u5438\u5f15\u76c6\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u754c\u9650\u6a21\u7cca\u4e0d\u6e05\u3002\u4e0a\u65b9\u5782\u76f4\u65b9\u5411\u7684\u5e73\u9762\uff08A-E\uff09\u663e\u793a\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7cfb\u7edf\u53e6\u5916\u7684\u62bd\u8c61\u6a21\u5f0f\uff1a\u7ed9\u5b9a\u67d0\u4e2a\u73af\u5883\u6761\u4ef6\uff0c\u7fa4\u4f53\u4f1a\u503e\u5411\u843d\u5165\u201c\u666f\u89c2\u201d\u7684\u4f4e\u70b9\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n<\/p>\n

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\u9cb7\u9c7c\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u79cd\u95f4\u7ade\u4e89\uff1a\u8b66\u60d5\u4e0e\u653e\u677e<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

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\u5982\u524d\u5b9a\u4e49\u6240\u8a00\uff0c\u5178\u578b\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u4e34\u754c\u70b9\u5c31\u662f\u7531\u5fae\u5c0f\u73af\u5883\u53c2\u6570\u6539\u53d8\u800c\u5bfc\u81f4\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u72b6\u6001\u7684\u7a81\u53d8\u6240\u786e\u7acb\u7684\u3002\u56fe2\u6240\u793a\u662f\u79cd\u95f4\u7684\u793e\u4ea4\u60c5\u5f62\uff0c\u4e00\u7ec4\u5360\u9886\u4e86\u4e00\u5757\u5730\u76d8\u7684\u9cb7\u9c7c\uff0c\u662f\u5426\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5165\u4fb5\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u79cd\u7c7b\u7684\u9c7c\u663e\u793a\u51fa\u8b66\u6212\u548c\u63a2\u67e5\uff0c\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u98df\u7269\u662f\u5426\u8db3\u591f\u3002\u89c2\u6d4b\u6570\u636e\u4e2d\u4e00\u4e2a\u6807\u5fd7<\/span>\uff08\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u4e34\u754c\u70b9\uff09<\/span>\u663e\u793a\uff0c\u9cb7\u9c7c\u7a81\u7136\u8f6c\u5411\u975e\u9759\u6b62\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

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\u5728\u70b9\u72b6\u56fe\u4e2d\uff0c\u6240\u7ed8\u663e\u793a\u4e86\u79cd\u7fa4\u653b\u51fb\u6027\u5747\u503c\uff08y\u8f74\uff09\u7684\u7a81\u53d8\u3002\u4e09\u5e45\u56fe\u7528\u540c\u4e00\u5957\u89c2\u6d4b\u6570\u636e\u8fdb\u884c\u56de\u5f52\u6a21\u62df\uff0c\u6240\u7528\u4e3a\u4e0d\u540c\u6a21\u578b\uff0c\u7528\u4e8e\u68c0\u6d4b\u51fa\u4e34\u754c\u70b9\u3002\u53ef\u4ee5\u770b\u51fa\uff0c\u4e2d\u95f4\u7684\u6a21\u578b\u7279\u522b\u4f7f\u7528\u4e86\u5206\u6bb5\u51fd\u6570\u6765\u8fdb\u884c\u8868\u5f81\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\u96c6\u667a\"<\/p>\n

\u56fe2 \u4e0d\u540c\u56de\u5f52\u6a21\u578b\u62df\u5408\u9cb7\u9c7c\u5728\u4e0d\u540c\u98df\u7269\u4f9b\u7ed9\u4e0b\u7684\u653b\u51fb\u6027\uff0c\u68c0\u6d4b\u4e34\u754c\u70b9\u3002<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<\/p>\n

\u8bb8\u591a\u52a8\u7269\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u7cfb\u7edf\u90fd\u80fd\u591f\u5c55\u73b0\u51fa\u591a\u79cd\u4e0d\u540c\u6027\u8d28\u7684\u72b6\u6001\u3002 \u6211\u4eec\u628a\u8fd9\u4e9b\u79f0\u4e3a\u884c\u4e3a\u72b6\u6001\uff0c\u5982\u56fe1\u4e2d\u7684\u8718\u86db\u4e2d\u7684\u5e73\u9759<\/span>\uff08\u84dd\u8272\uff09<\/span>\u548c\u6fc0\u60f9<\/span>\uff08\u7ea2\u8272\uff09<\/span>\u7684\u7fa4\u4f53\u72b6\u6001\u3002 \u8868\u8fbe\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u72b6\u6001\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u52a8\u6001\u4ee5\u53ca\u73af\u5883\u53c2\u6570\uff0c\u5982\u6e7f\u5ea6\u6216\u6e29\u5ea6<\/span>\uff08\u56fe1\uff0cX\u8f74\uff09<\/span>\u548c\u5185\u90e8\u53c2\u6570\uff0c\u5982\u65b0\u9648\u4ee3\u8c22\u6216\u8ba4\u77e5\u56e0\u7d20\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/span><\/p>\n

\u5bf9\u4e8e\u793e\u4f1a\u4e34\u754c\u70b9\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u8ba4\u4e3a\u6765\u81ea\u7fa4\u4f53\u4e4b\u5916\u7684\u529b\u91cf\u662f\u73af\u5883\u53c2\u6570\uff0c\u800c\u7fa4\u4f53\u5185\u90e8\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u662f\u5185\u90e8\u53c2\u6570\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n<\/p>\n

\u73af\u5883\u53c2\u6570\u53ef\u4ee5\u662f\u975e\u751f\u7269\u7684\u6216\u751f\u7269\u7684\u3002 \u5927\u591a\u6570\u5173\u4e8e\u4e34\u754c\u70b9\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u90fd\u7814\u7a76\u4e86\u975e\u751f\u7269\u9a71\u52a8\u56e0\u7d20\uff0c\u76f8\u5bf9\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u5f88\u5c11\u6709\u4eba\u7814\u7a76\u8fc7\u793e\u4f1a\u6216\u5176\u4ed6\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u751f\u7269\u9a71\u52a8\u56e0\u7d20\u3002 \u975e\u751f\u7269\u53c2\u6570\u5305\u62ec\u6e29\u5ea6\u3001\u5149\u7167\u3001\u964d\u6c34\u3001\u6c27\u6c14\u6c34\u5e73\u3001 pH \u503c\u3001\u5e72\u71e5\u5ea6\u3001\u4eba\u4e3a\u566a\u97f3\u3001\u6f6e\u6c50\u548c\u5730\u5f62\u3002 \u751f\u7269\u53c2\u6570\u53ef\u4ee5\u662f\u793e\u4f1a\u6027\u7684<\/span>\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\u9644\u8fd1\u7fa4\u4f53\u7684\u6570\u91cf\u6216\u96c6\u4f53\u8868\u73b0\uff09<\/span>\u6216\u975e\u793e\u4f1a\u6027<\/span>\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\u6355\u98df\u5a01\u80c1\u3001\u98df\u7269\u4f9b\u5e94\u6216\u5bc4\u751f\u866b \/ \u75be\u75c5\u7684\u5b58\u5728\uff09<\/span>\u3002 <\/span><\/p>\n<\/p>\n

\u503c\u5f97\u6ce8\u610f\u7684\u662f\uff0c<\/span>\u8bb8\u591a\u4e34\u754c\u70b9\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u7531\u51e0\u4e2a\u73af\u5883\u53c2\u6570\u7684\u53d8\u5316\u6240\u9a71\u52a8<\/span>\u7684\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u70ed\u91cf\u548c\u7d2b\u5916\u7ebf\u7167\u5c04\u7684\u7ec4\u5408\u3002 \u7531\u4e8e\u6f5c\u5728\u7684\u7efc\u5408\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u662f\u8981\u8003\u8651\u73b0\u8c61\u5230\u4e86\u4ec0\u4e48\u7a0b\u5ea6\u3002 \u591a\u79cd\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\u7684\u73af\u5883\u53c2\u6570\u53ef\u4ee5\u6839\u636e\u5176\u7279\u6027\uff0c\u6216\u5b83\u4eec\u5bf9\u793e\u4f1a\u7fa4\u4f53\u7684\u5171\u540c\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u800c\u5f52\u7c7b\u8fdb\u529f\u80fd\u7c7b\u4f3c\u7684\u7ec4\u4e2d\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/span><\/p>\n

\n
\n
\n
\n
<\/p>\n

3. \u66f4\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\uff0c<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u793e\u4f1a\u4e34\u754c\u70b9\u610f\u5473\u7740\u4ec0\u4e48<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

<\/strong><\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n

\n<\/h1>\n

\n

(a)\u5982\u4f55\u8bc6\u522b\u4e34\u754c\u70b9\uff1f\u80fd\u5426\u9884\u6d4b\uff1f<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

<\/span><\/p>\n<\/h2>\n

\u53ef\u80fd\u5f88\u96be\u4ec5\u4ec5\u4ece\u89c2\u6d4b\u6570\u636e\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f97\u51fa\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e34\u754c\u70b9\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u5f53\u89c2\u6d4b\u566a\u58f0\u5f88\u5927\u7684\u65f6\u5019\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5728\u67d0\u4e9b\u7cfb\u7edf\u884c\u4e3a\u4e2d\uff0c\u6709\u4e00\u4e9b\u503e\u659c\u70b9\u7684\u7279\u5f81\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u88ab\u8bc6\u522b\u51fa\u6765\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/span><\/p>\n

\u4e00\u4e2a\u6807\u5fd7\u662f\uff0c\u5f53\u4e34\u754c\u70b9\u53d1\u751f\u65f6\uff0c\u5c0f\u7684\u73af\u5883\u53d8\u5316\u4f1a\u6539\u53d8\u7cfb\u7edf\u6574\u4f53\u7684\u52a8\u529b\u5b66\u8d70\u5411\uff0c\u5bfc\u81f4\u4e4b\u524d\u5f62\u6210\u6a21\u578b\u5bf9\u4e0b\u4e00\u9636\u6bb5\u7684\u9884\u6d4b\u5931\u6548\u3002 \u5c3d\u7ba1\u6a21\u578b\u4e0d\u80fd\u89e3\u91ca\u6570\u636e\u7684\u539f\u56e0\u6709\u5f88\u591a\uff1a\u5047\u8bbe\u5728\u5e73\u8861\u72b6\u6001\u4e0b\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u6a21\u578b\u5728\u67d0\u4e9b\u6761\u4ef6\u4e0b\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f88\u597d\u5730\u89e3\u91ca\u6570\u636e\uff0c\u4f46\u5f53\u73af\u5883\u53c2\u6570\u53d1\u751f\u53d8\u5316\u65f6\u5374\u5931\u8d25\u4e86\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u8fd9\u5c31\u662f\u4e34\u754c\u70b9\u7684\u53d1\u751f\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\u96c6\u667a\"<\/p>\n

<\/span>\u6d77\u6d0b\u4e34\u754c\u70b9\uff1a\u6b63\u5728\u906d\u53d7\u6d77\u6d0b\u5267\u70c8\u53d8\u5316\u7684\u73ca\u745a\u7901\u9c7c\u7fa4 |pacioos.hawaii.edu<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/p>\n

\u4e34\u754c\u70b9\u6700\u5177\u6311\u6218\u6027\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b9\u9762\u5c31\u662f<\/span>\u9884\u6d4b\u4e34\u754c\u70b9\u5728\u4f55\u65f6\u4f55\u5730\u53ef\u80fd\u53d1\u751f<\/span>\u3002 \u6709\u4e24\u79cd\u5e38\u89c1\u7684\u9884\u6d4b\u56e0\u7d20\uff0c\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u53ef\u4ee5\u9884\u6d4b\u4e34\u8fd1\u4e34\u754c\u70b9\u7684\u5230\u6765\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/span><\/p>\n

\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u9884\u6d4b\u56e0\u7d20\u662f\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u7cfb\u7edf\u5185\u90e8\u52a8\u529b\u5b66\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u5dee\u5f02\u589e\u52a0\uff0c\u8fd9\u9884\u793a\u7740\u4e34\u754c\u70b9\u5373\u5c06\u6765\u4e34\u3002 \u52a8\u6001\u7684\u4e0d\u7a33\u5b9a\u6027\uff0c\u5927\u7684\u6446\u52a8\u548c\u632f\u8361\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u5728\u4e0d\u540c\u72b6\u6001\u4e4b\u95f4\u6447\u6446\u4e0d\u5b9a\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u90fd\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u5c06\u7cfb\u7edf\u4fdd\u6301\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u5438\u5f15\u72b6\u6001\u7684\u53cd\u9988\u6b63\u5728\u51cf\u5f31\uff0c\u8fd9\u4f7f\u5f97\u7cfb\u7edf\u80fd\u591f\u79bb\u5438\u5f15\u5b50\u66f4\u8fdc\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/span><\/p>\n

\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4e2a\u9884\u6d4b\u56e0\u7d20\u662f\uff0c\u5f53\u4e00\u4e2a\u7cfb\u7edf\u63a5\u8fd1\u4e34\u754c\u70b9\u65f6\uff0c\u6062\u590d\u5230\u57fa\u7ebf\u72b6\u6001\u7684\u901f\u5ea6\u9884\u8ba1\u4f1a\u51cf\u6162\u3002 \u8fd9\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u72b6\u6001\u4e2d\uff0c\u7ef4\u6301\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u53cd\u9988\u5f3a\u5ea6\u968f\u7740\u7cfb\u7edf\u5411\u4e34\u754c\u70b9\u79fb\u52a8\u800c\u51cf\u5f31\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u9760\u8fd1\u4e34\u754c\u70b9\u65f6\uff0c\u6062\u590d\u901f\u5ea6\u8f83\u6162\u3002 \u5728\u884c\u4e3a\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u8fd8\u6709\u5176\u4ed6\u57fa\u4e8e\u4e2a\u4f53\u5c42\u9762\u7279\u5f81\u7684\u8b66\u544a\u4fe1\u53f7\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u5728\u66f4\u5267\u70c8\u8f6c\u53d8\u72b6\u6001\u8f6c\u53d8\u4e4b\u524d\u7684\u65e9\u671f\u884c\u4e3a\u4e2d\u6709\u6240\u663e\u793a\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/span><\/p>\n

\n

(b)\u5173\u952e\u70b9\uff08key point\uff09\u548c\u4e34\u754c\u70b9\u662f\u5426\u4e00\u6837\uff1f<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/h2>\n

<\/span><\/p>\n

\u867d\u7136\u5173\u952e\u70b9\u548c\u4e34\u754c\u70b9\u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u672f\u8bed\u5728\u6587\u732e\u4e2d\u5e38\u5e38\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e92\u6362\u4f7f\u7528\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u8fd8\u662f\u6709\u533a\u522b\u7684\u3002\u7c97\u7565\u5730\u8bb2\uff0c<\/span>\u5f53\u5438\u5f15\u5b50\u7684\u7a33\u5b9a\u6027\u53d1\u751f\u53d8\u5316\u65f6\uff0c\u5c31\u4f1a\u51fa\u73b0\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e34\u754c\u70b9\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

<\/span><\/p>\n

\u4e34\u754c\u70b9\u8981\u6c42\u7531\u4e8e\u73af\u5883\u53c2\u6570\u7684\u5fae\u5c0f\u53d8\u5316\uff0c\u884c\u4e3a\u72b6\u6001\u9700\u8981\u53d1\u751f\u660e\u663e\u91cf\u53d8\u3002 \u8fd9\u4f7f\u5f97\u6240\u6709\u7684\u4e34\u754c\u70b9\u90fd\u6210\u4e3a\u5173\u952e\u70b9\uff0c\u4f46\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u6240\u6709\u7684\u5173\u952e\u70b9\u90fd\u662f\u4e34\u754c\u70b9\u3002 \u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u968f\u7740\u73af\u5883\u53c2\u6570\u7684\u53d8\u5316\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u4e00\u4e2a\u5173\u952e\u70b9\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u53ef\u80fd\u5177\u6709\u8fde\u7eed\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u72b6\u6001\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u6709\u4e34\u754c\u70b9\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u5728\u884c\u4e3a\u72b6\u6001\u4e2d\u4f1a\u6709\u4e0d\u8fde\u7eed\u6027<\/span>\uff08\u5982\u56fe2\uff09<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/span><\/p>\n

\n

(c)\u662f\u5426\u5b58\u5728\u6ede\u540e\u73b0\u8c61\uff1f<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/h2>\n

<\/span><\/p>\n

\u591a\u79cd\u884c\u4e3a\u72b6\u6001\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u4f7f\u5f97\u7cfb\u7edf\u5e38\u51fa\u73b0\u6ede\u540e\u6027\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u6982\u5ff5\u5f80\u5f80\u4e0e\u4e34\u754c\u70b9\u6709\u5173\u3002 \u968f\u7740<\/span>\u73af\u5883\u53c2\u6570\u7684\u53d8\u5316\uff0c\u6ede\u540e\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u7cfb\u7edf\u7f3a\u4e4f\u53ef\u9006\u6027\u7684\u539f\u56e0\u3002<\/span>\u5982\u679c\u4e00\u4e2a\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u73af\u5883\u53c2\u6570\u5728\u7cfb\u7edf\u5230\u8fbe\u4e34\u754c\u70b9\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u5df2\u7ecf\u6062\u590d\u5230\u53d8\u5316\u524d\u7684\u6c34\u5e73\uff0c\u5219\u8be5\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u53d8\u5316\u5c31\u4f1a\u51fa\u73b0\u6ede\u540e\u73b0\u8c61\uff0c\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e0d\u4f1a\u81ea\u7136\u5730\u6062\u590d\u5230\u4ee5\u524d\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u72b6\u6001\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/span><\/p>\n

\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u8718\u86db\u793e\u4f1a\u4e00\u65e6\u6fc0\u60f9\u8d77\u6765\uff0c\u5c31\u9700\u8981\u51b7\u5374\u5230\u66f4\u4f4e\u7684\u6e29\u5ea6\u624d\u80fd\u4f7f\u5b83\u4eec\u6062\u590d\u5e73\u9759\u72b6\u6001<\/span>\uff08\u56fe1\uff09<\/span>\u3002 \u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u6240\u6709\u7684\u4e34\u754c\u70b9\u90fd\u4f1a\u51fa\u73b0\u6ede\u540e\u73b0\u8c61\u3002 \u4e34\u754c\u70b9\u548c\u6ede\u540e\u662f\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u8003\u8651\u56e0\u7d20\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u4eec\u6539\u53d8\u4e86\u7cfb\u7edf\u5efa\u6a21\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/span><\/p>\n

\n
\n
\n
\n
<\/p>\n

4. \u5f53\u6709\u88ab\u6355\u98df\u7684<\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u98ce\u9669\u65f6\uff0c\u52a8\u7269\u4f1a\u600e\u4e48\u529e<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

<\/strong><\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n

\n<\/h1>\n

\n

(a)\u793e\u4f1a\u5c5e\u6027\u5982\u4f55\u5f71\u54cd\u793e\u4f1a\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u4e34\u754c\u70b9\uff1f<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/h2>\n

<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u6709\u88ab\u6355\u98df\u98ce\u9669\u4e0b\uff0c\u72e8\u7334\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u6d3b\u52a8<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\"\u96c6\u667a\"<\/p>\n

\u56fe3 \u4e00\u4e2a\u63cf\u8ff0\u72e8\u7334\u7fa4\u4f53\u6d3b\u52a8\u6c34\u5e73\uff08Y\u8f74\uff09\u4e0e\u5bf9\u6bd4\u6c34\u5e73\u7684\u6355\u98df\u98ce\u9669\uff08X\u8f74\uff09\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u3002<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\n

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<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\n

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\u7b2c\u4e09<\/span><\/strong>\uff0c\u5229\u7528\u4e34\u754c\u70b9\u7684\u6d41\u884c\u6846\u67b6\uff0c\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u4fc3\u4f7f\u884c\u4e3a\u751f\u6001\u5b66\u5bb6\u548c\u5176\u5b83\u5bf9\u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf\u611f\u5174\u8da3\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u4eba\u5458\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u4e4b\u95f4\uff0c\u5efa\u7acb\u8d77\u76f8\u4e92\u4ea4\u53c9\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u3002 \u7528\u7c7b\u4f3c\u7684\u539f\u7406<\/span>\uff08\u751f\u6001\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u7684\u4e34\u754c\u70b9\uff09\uff0c<\/span>\u5bf9\u6bd4\u7269\u7406\u548c\u751f\u6d3b\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u4e34\u754c\u70b9\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u6027\u3001\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u3001\u65f6\u6548\u6027\u548c\u53ef\u6062\u590d\u6027\u7b49\u7b49\u57fa\u7840\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u662f\u6709\u610f\u4e49\u7684\uff0c\u884c\u4e3a\u751f\u6001\u5b66\u5bb6\u5c06\u7cbe\u786e\u5730\u8fdb\u884c\u8fd9\u79cd\u5bf9\u6bd4\u3001\u4ea4\u6d41\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n<\/p>\n

\u6700\u540e<\/span><\/strong>\uff0c\u52a8\u7269\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u63d0\u9ad8\u4e86\u6211\u4eec\u5bf9\u4e0d\u5bf9\u79f0\u4ea4\u4e92\u89c4\u5219\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u610f\u8bc6\uff0c\u5e76\u56e0\u6b64\u627f\u8bfa\u542f\u53d1\u65b0\u578b\u7684\u4e34\u754c\u70b9\u6a21\u578b\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6a21\u578b\u901a\u5e38\u5047\u8bbe\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\u89c4\u5219\u662f\u7b80\u5355\u3001\u5bf9\u79f0\u548c\u4e0d\u53d8\u7684\u3002 \u5728\u52a8\u7269\u8eab\u4e0a\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u77e5\u9053\u4e2a\u4f53\u5728\u5c5e\u6027\u3001\u4e92\u52a8\u65b9\u5f0f\u4ee5\u53ca\u5bf9\u7fa4\u4f53\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u5f71\u54cd\u7b49\u65b9\u9762\u5f7c\u6b64\u4e0d\u540c\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

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\n

\u7f16\u8bd1\uff1a\u674e\u5468\u56ed<\/span><\/p>\n

\u7f16\u8f91\uff1a\u738b\u6021\u853a<\/span><\/p>\n

\u539f\u6587\u5730\u5740\uff1a<\/span><\/p>\n

http:\/\/rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org\/content\/285\/1887\/20181282<\/span><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

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\u63a8\u8350\u9605\u8bfb<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

<\/strong><\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n

\u5c0f\u7fa4\u4f53\u5982\u4f55\u6539\u53d8\u5927\u4e60\u4fd7 | Science \u8bba\u6587\u89e3\u8bfb<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/a><\/p>\n

\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\u8ba9\u8702\u7fa4\u5206\u5de5\uff0c\u7537\u5973\u6709\u522b\uff1f<\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u8682\u8681\u5982\u4f55\u4f5c\u51fa\u96c6\u4f53\u51b3\u7b56\uff1f<\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u8682\u8681\u7684\u667a\u6167\uff1a\u61d2\u60f0\u8ba9\u8f93\u8fd0\u6548\u7387\u6700\u9ad8<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/a><\/p>\n

\u52a0\u5165\u96c6\u667a\uff0c\u4e00\u8d77\u590d\u6742\uff01<\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

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\u63a8\u8350\u8bfe\u7a0b<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

<\/strong><\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n

\"\u96c6\u667a\"<\/p>\n<\/p>\n

\n

PC\u7aef\u5730\u5740\uff1a<\/span><\/p>\n

https:\/\/campus.swarma.org\/gcou=10421<\/span><\/p>\n

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\"\u96c6\u667a\"<\/p>\n

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\u96c6\u667a\u4ff1\u4e50\u90e8QQ\u7fa4\uff5c877391004<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u5546\u52a1\u5408\u4f5c\u53ca\u6295\u7a3f\u8f6c\u8f7d\uff5cswarma@swarma.org<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\n

\u25c6<\/span>\u25c6<\/span>\u25c6<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/strong><\/h1>\n<\/section>\n

\u641c\u7d22\u516c\u4f17\u53f7\uff1a\u96c6\u667a\u4ff1\u4e50\u90e8<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

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\u52a0\u5165\u201c\u6ca1\u6709\u56f4\u5899\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u6240\u201d<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\n

\"\u96c6\u667a\"<\/p>\n<\/section>\n

\u8ba9\u82f9\u679c\u7838\u5f97\u66f4\u731b\u70c8\u4e9b\u5427\uff01<\/span><\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n

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\u72d0\u7374\uff08Meerkat\uff09\uff0c\u4e00\u79cd\u5178\u578b\u7684\u7fa4\u5c45\u52a8\u7269\uff0c\u793e\u4f1a\u5316\u7a0b\u5ea6\u8f83\u9ad8 |smithsonianmag \u52a8\u7269\u793e\u4f1a\u7fa4\u4f53\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u590d\u6742\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u51fa\u73b0\u4e34\u754c\u70b9\uff08tipping point\uff09\u2014\u2014\u88ab\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e3a\u201c\u7531\u73af\u5883\u6761\u4ef6\u7684\u5fae\u5c0f\u53d8\u5316\u5f15\u53d1\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u52a8\u529b\u5b66\u5267\u70c8\u53d8\u5316\u201d\u2014\u2014\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u6982\u5ff5\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u88ab\u5e7f\u6cdb\u5730\u5e94\u7528\u4e8e\u8fd9\u7c7b\u7cfb\u7edf\u3002 \u8fd1\u671f\u53d1\u8868\u5728\u82f1\u56fd\u7687\u5bb6…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":12652,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[17],"tags":[],"special":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/swarma.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12650"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/swarma.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/swarma.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/swarma.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/swarma.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=12650"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/swarma.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12650\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/swarma.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/12652"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/swarma.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=12650"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/swarma.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=12650"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/swarma.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=12650"},{"taxonomy":"special","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/swarma.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fspecial&post=12650"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}