{"id":14933,"date":"2019-03-11T00:00:50","date_gmt":"2019-03-10T16:00:50","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/swarma.org\/0d5893722c\/"},"modified":"2019-04-03T18:13:45","modified_gmt":"2019-04-03T10:13:45","slug":"0d5893722c","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/swarma.org\/?p=14933","title":{"rendered":"\u5b66\u79d1\u8bde\u751f\u8bb0\uff1a\u51dd\u805a\u6001\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u7684\u5174\u8d77"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"bpp-post-content\">\n<section class=\"XiGuaChajian\" style=\"display:none;\"   ><\/section>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><img class=\"\"       style=\"\" src=\"http:\/\/swarma.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/swarma5-1552388696.jpeg\" alt=\"\u96c6\u667a\" title=\"\u96c6\u667a\"  \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 0px 0.5em;text-align: center;color: rgb(1, 1, 1);letter-spacing: 0px;font-size: 15px;line-height: 2;font-weight: normal;\" mpa-paragraph-type=\"body\"><span style=\"color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 13px;font-family: arial;letter-spacing: 0px;\">\u00a9 <\/span><\/strong><strong><span style=\"font-size: 13px;font-family: arial;letter-spacing: 0px;\">Camille Chew<\/span><\/strong><\/span><br  \/><\/p>\n<section class=\"mpa-template\"   >\n<p><br  \/><\/p>\n<section class=\"\"    style=\"color: rgb(51, 51, 51);font-size: 17px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;text-align: justify;\">\n<section style=\"margin-left: 1em;color: rgb(105, 13, 3);font-size: 16px;line-height: 1.4;border-color: rgb(105, 13, 3);overflow-wrap: break-word !important;\"><span style=\"border-color: rgb(105, 13, 3);color: rgb(255, 255, 255);overflow-wrap: break-word !important;\"><strong mpa-from-tpl=\"t\" style=\"border-color: rgb(105, 13, 3);overflow-wrap: break-word !important;\"><span style=\"padding: 0.2em 0.5em;border-color: rgb(105, 13, 3);font-weight: inherit;text-decoration: inherit;border-radius: 0.3em;text-align: center;background-color: rgb(105, 13, 3);overflow-wrap: break-word !important;\" mpa-is-content=\"t\">\u5bfc\u8bed<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/section>\n<section style=\"margin-top: -0.7em;color: rgb(105, 13, 3);font-size: 1em;border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(105, 13, 3);border-radius: 0.4em;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;\">\n<section style=\"padding: 1.4em 1em 1em;border-color: rgb(105, 13, 3);overflow-wrap: break-word !important;\">\n<section style=\"font-size: 1em;font-weight: inherit;text-align: inherit;text-decoration: inherit;border-color: rgb(105, 13, 3);overflow-wrap: break-word !important;\">\n<p style=\"clear: both;min-height: 1em;\"><span style=\"color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-size: 14px;font-weight: inherit;text-align: inherit;text-decoration: inherit;letter-spacing: 0.544px;\">Physics Today \u7f51\u7ad9\u520a\u8f7d\u4e86\u4e00\u7bc7\u957f\u6587\uff0c\u4ecb\u7ecd\u4e86\u51dd\u805a\u6001\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u4ece\u65e0\u5230\u6709\u3001\u4ece\u9886\u57df\u8fb9\u7f18\u5230\u4e2d\u5b66\u79d1\u7684\u767e\u5e74\u5386\u7a0b\u3002\u51dd\u805a\u6001\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u7684\u5149\u8f89\u5386\u7a0b\u4ee5\u53ca\u5b9a\u540d\u4e3a\u201c\u51dd\u805a\u6001\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u201d\u7684\u6545\u4e8b\u8981\u4ece\u4e8c\u6218\u7ed3\u675f\u540e\u8bf4\u8d77\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u4e8b\u4ef6\u63ed\u793a\u4e86\u4e8c\u6218\u540e\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u754c\u7684\u91cd\u5927\u8f6c\u53d8\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<p><br  \/><\/p>\n<\/section>\n<blockquote>\n<p style=\"margin: 0px 0.5em;text-align: left;color: rgb(1, 1, 1);letter-spacing: 0px;font-size: 15px;line-height: 2;font-weight: normal;\" mpa-paragraph-type=\"body\"><span style=\"color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-size: 14px;\">\u7f16\u8bd1\uff1a\u96c6\u667a\u4ff1\u4e50\u90e8\u7ffb\u8bd1\u7ec4<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 0px 0.5em;text-align: left;color: rgb(1, 1, 1);letter-spacing: 0px;font-size: 15px;line-height: 2;font-weight: normal;\" mpa-paragraph-type=\"body\"><span style=\"color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-size: 14px;\">\u6765\u6e90\uff1aphysicstoday.scitation.org<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 0px 0.5em;text-align: left;color: rgb(1, 1, 1);letter-spacing: 0px;font-size: 15px;line-height: 2;font-weight: normal;\" mpa-paragraph-type=\"body\"><span style=\"color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-size: 14px;\">\u539f\u9898\uff1a<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 0px 0.5em;text-align: left;color: rgb(1, 1, 1);letter-spacing: 0px;font-size: 15px;line-height: 2;font-weight: normal;\" mpa-paragraph-type=\"body\"><span style=\"color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-size: 14px;\">When condensed-matter physics became king<\/span><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p style=\"margin: 0px 0.5em;text-align: left;color: rgb(1, 1, 1);letter-spacing: 0px;font-size: 15px;line-height: 2;font-weight: normal;\" mpa-paragraph-type=\"body\"><br  \/><\/p>\n<p mpa-paragraph-type=\"body\" style=\"margin-right: 0.5em;margin-left: 0.5em;letter-spacing: 0px;white-space: normal;text-align: left;color: rgb(1, 1, 1);font-size: 15px;line-height: 2;\">\u51dd\u805a\u6001\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u679d\u53f6\u7e41\u8302\u3002\u51e1\u662f\u53c2\u52a0\u4e86\u6bcf\u5e74 3 \u6708\u4efd\u7f8e\u56fd\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u4f1a\u51dd\u805a\u6001\u7269\u7406\u65b9\u5411\u7684\u4f1a\u8bae\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u662f\u4ed4\u7ec6\u9605\u8bfb\u4e86\u53c2\u4f1a\u6210\u5458\u540d\u5355\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u90fd\u4e0d\u4f1a\u5bf9\u6b64\u611f\u5230\u60ca\u8bb6\u3002\u6570\u5341\u5e74\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u51dd\u805a\u6001\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u90fd\u662f\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u9886\u57df\u4e2d\u6700\u5927\u7684\u5206\u652f\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u51dd\u805a\u6001\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u7684\u6210\u5c31\u76f4\u5230\u6700\u8fd1\u624d\u5f97\u4ee5\u5f70\u663e\u3002\u5728\u4e8c\u6218\u4e4b\u524d\u8fd9\u4e2a\u9886\u57df\u6839\u672c\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u3002\u76f4\u5230 20 \u4e16\u7eaa 40 \u5e74\u4ee3\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u9886\u57df\u7684\u524d\u8eab\u2014\u2014\u56fa\u4f53\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u624d\u521a\u521a\u6210\u4e3a\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u5206\u652f\u3002<\/p>\n<p mpa-paragraph-type=\"body\" style=\"margin-right: 0.5em;margin-left: 0.5em;letter-spacing: 0px;white-space: normal;text-align: left;color: rgb(1, 1, 1);font-size: 15px;line-height: 2;\"><br  \/><\/p>\n<p mpa-paragraph-type=\"body\" style=\"margin-right: 0.5em;margin-left: 0.5em;letter-spacing: 0px;white-space: normal;text-align: left;color: rgb(1, 1, 1);font-size: 15px;line-height: 2;\">Iwan Rhys Morus \u6709\u4e00\u672c\u7cbe\u5f69\u7684\u4e66\uff1a\u300a\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u52a0\u5195\u65e5\u300b\uff08When Physics Became King\uff09<span style=\"color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">\uff081\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u8fd9\u672c\u4e66\u8bb2\u8ff0\u4e86\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5982\u4f55\u5728 20 \u4e16\u7eaa\u53d1\u5c55\u6210\u4e3a\u4e00\u95e8\u91cd\u8981\u5b66\u79d1\u7684\u6545\u4e8b\u3002\u663e\u7136\u5728 19 \u4e16\u7eaa\u6ca1\u6709\u4eba\u80fd\u610f\u8bc6\u5230\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5728 20 \u4e16\u7eaa\u4f1a\u6709\u600e\u6837\u7684\u84ec\u52c3\u53d1\u5c55\u3002\u5728\u897f\u65b9\u6587\u5316\u4e2d\uff0c\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5360\u636e\u4e86\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u4f5c\u8005\u628a\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u79f0\u4e3a\u56fd\u738b\u3002\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u80fd\u591f\u63d0\u4f9b\u8d44\u6e90\uff08\u5305\u62ec\u5236\u5ea6\u7a7a\u95f4\uff0c\u89c2\u4f17\uff0c\u8d5e\u52a9\u5546\u4ee5\u53ca\u4fe1\u4efb\uff09\u6765\u521b\u9020\u4e00\u79cd\u6c1b\u56f4\uff0c\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u79cd\u6c1b\u56f4\u4e0b\uff0c\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u6210\u4e3a\u4e86\u6240\u6709\u63a2\u7d22\u81ea\u7136\u5965\u79d8\u4e0e\u65b0\u6280\u672f\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u4e2d\u6700\u4ee4\u4eba\u4fe1\u4efb\u7684\u4e00\u95e8\u3002<\/p>\n<p mpa-paragraph-type=\"body\" style=\"margin-right: 0.5em;margin-left: 0.5em;letter-spacing: 0px;white-space: normal;text-align: left;color: rgb(1, 1, 1);font-size: 15px;line-height: 2;\"><br  \/><\/p>\n<p mpa-paragraph-type=\"body\" style=\"margin-right: 0.5em;margin-left: 0.5em;letter-spacing: 0px;white-space: normal;text-align: left;color: rgb(1, 1, 1);font-size: 15px;line-height: 2;\">\u76f8\u4f3c\u5730\uff0c\u5728 19 \u4e16\u7eaa\uff0c\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u521a\u521a\u5f00\u59cb\u63a2\u7d22\u539f\u5b50\u7684\u5965\u79d8\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u65e0\u6cd5\u60f3\u8c61\u590d\u6742\u7269\u8d28\u7684\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u539f\u7406\u80fd\u5728 21 \u4e16\u7eaa\u521d\u53d6\u5f97\u5982\u6b64\u5de8\u5927\u7684\u6210\u7ee9\u3002\u51dd\u805a\u6001\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u4ece 19 \u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u90a3\u91cc\u7ee7\u627f\u4e86\u5927\u91cf\u8d44\u6e90\uff0c\u76f8\u6bd4\u4e8e\u9ad8\u80fd\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u548c\u5b87\u5b99\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u7684\u6210\u5c31\u5728\u4e8e\u63ed\u793a\u81ea\u7136\u754c\u4e2d\u6700\u6df1\u7684\u79d8\u5bc6\uff0c\u51dd\u805a\u6001\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u7684\u6210\u5c31\u5219\u662f\u5b83\u91cd\u5199\u4e86\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u9886\u57df\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e0e\u5206\u7c7b\u3002<\/p>\n<p mpa-paragraph-type=\"body\" style=\"margin-right: 0.5em;margin-left: 0.5em;letter-spacing: 0px;white-space: normal;text-align: left;color: rgb(1, 1, 1);font-size: 15px;line-height: 2;\"><br  \/><\/p>\n<p mpa-paragraph-type=\"body\" style=\"margin-right: 0.5em;margin-left: 0.5em;letter-spacing: 0px;white-space: normal;text-align: left;color: rgb(1, 1, 1);font-size: 15px;line-height: 2;\">\u8fd9\u50ac\u751f\u51fa\u4e00\u4e2a\u8ba8\u8bba\uff1a<span style=\"margin-right: 0.5em;margin-left: 0.5em;color: rgb(123, 12, 0);letter-spacing: 0px;line-height: 1.75;\">\u8c01\u5e94\u8be5\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\uff1f<\/span>\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u5b83\u4e5f\u6311\u6218\u4e86\u7f8e\u56fd\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u754c\uff08\u7279\u522b\u662f\u7f8e\u56fd\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u4f1a\uff0cAPS\uff09\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u6839\u57fa\u3002<\/p>\n<section  class=\"mpa-template\" mpa-paragraph-type=\"secondTitle\" style=\"white-space: normal;\">\n<p style=\"margin-right: 8px;margin-left: 8px;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"><br  \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-right: 8px;margin-left: 8px;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-size: medium;\"><br  \/><\/p>\n<section  style=\"margin-top: 20px;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-size: medium;display: flex;-webkit-box-pack: center;justify-content: center;-webkit-box-align: center;align-items: center;\">\n<section   style=\"padding-right: 30px;padding-left: 30px;min-width: 60px;text-align: center;border-bottom: 2px solid rgb(232, 230, 230);\">\n<section  style=\"padding-right: 10px;padding-left: 10px;display: inline-block;font-size: 14px;color: rgb(123, 12, 0);border-bottom: 2px solid rgb(123, 12, 0);transform: translate(0px, 2px);border-top-color: rgb(123, 12, 0);border-left-color: rgb(123, 12, 0);border-right-color: rgb(123, 12, 0);\"><strong mpa-from-tpl=\"t\" style=\"border-color: rgb(123, 12, 0);\"><\/p>\n<p style=\"border-color: rgb(123, 12, 0);\"><span mpa-is-content=\"t\" style=\"font-size: 16px;border-color: rgb(123, 12, 0);\"><strong mpa-from-tpl=\"t\" mpa-is-content=\"t\" style=\"border-color: rgb(123, 12, 0);\">1. 20\u4e16\u7eaa\u521d\u7684\u8ba8\u8bba\uff1a<br  \/>\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5e94\u8be5\u662f\u7eaf\u7cb9\u7684\u5417\uff1f<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p><\/strong><\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<p mpa-paragraph-type=\"body\" style=\"margin-right: 0.5em;margin-left: 0.5em;letter-spacing: 0px;white-space: normal;text-align: left;color: rgb(1, 1, 1);font-size: 15px;line-height: 2;\"><br  \/><\/p>\n<p mpa-paragraph-type=\"body\" style=\"margin-right: 0.5em;margin-left: 0.5em;letter-spacing: 0px;white-space: normal;text-align: left;color: rgb(1, 1, 1);font-size: 15px;line-height: 2;\">APS \u7684\u9996\u4efb\u4e3b\u5e2d\u4ea8\u5229\u00b7\u7f57\u5170\uff08Henry Rowland\uff09\u662f\u63a8\u52a8\u201c\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e4b\u4ea4\u7f8e\u56fd\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u201d\u8fd9\u4e00\u7406\u5ff5\u7684\u6700\u6709\u529b\u7684\u63a8\u8fdb\u8005\u3002\u4ed6\u4e3b\u5f20\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5e94\u8be5\u6210\u4e3a\u4e00\u95e8<span style=\"color: rgb(123, 12, 0);\">\u7eaf\u7cb9\u7684\u79d1\u5b66<\/span>\uff0c\u4e0e<span style=\"color: rgb(123, 12, 0);\">\u5e94\u7528\u79d1\u5b66\u6216\u8005\u8bf4\u201c\u5b9e\u7528\u201d\u79d1\u5b66<\/span>\u5206\u79bb\u5f00\u6765\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"white-space: normal;text-align: center;\"><img class=\"\"           style=\"height: 313px;width: 503px;\" src=\"http:\/\/swarma.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/swarma8-1552388696.jpeg\" alt=\"\u96c6\u667a\" title=\"\u96c6\u667a\"  \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"white-space: normal;text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 13px;\">APS\uff08\u7f8e\u56fd\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u4f1a\uff09\u53ca\u5176\u9996\u4efb\u4e3b\u5e2d Henry Augustus Rowland\uff081948-1901\uff09<\/span><\/strong><\/span><br  \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"white-space: normal;text-align: center;\"><br  \/><\/p>\n<p mpa-paragraph-type=\"body\" style=\"margin-right: 0.5em;margin-left: 0.5em;letter-spacing: 0px;white-space: normal;text-align: left;color: rgb(1, 1, 1);font-size: 15px;line-height: 2;\">\u7f57\u5170\u662f\u5f53\u65f6\u5c11\u6570\u51e0\u4e2a\u80fd\u5f15\u8d77\u56fd\u9645\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u754c\u5173\u6ce8\u7684\u7f8e\u56fd\u4eba\u3002\u75f4\u8ff7\u4e8e\u6052\u661f\u5149\u8c31\u7684\u6b27\u6d32\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u4eec\u79ef\u6781\u5730\u62a2\u8d2d\u7f57\u5170\u7684\u7cbe\u5bc6\u884d\u5c04\u5149\u6805\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u601d\u60f3\u52a1\u5b9e\u7684\u53d1\u660e\u5bb6\u6258\u9a6c\u65af\u00b7\u7231\u8fea\u751f\u4ecd\u7136\u4ee3\u8868\u7740\u7f8e\u56fd\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u7684\u516c\u4f17\u5f62\u8c61\u3002\u4e3a\u6b64\u7f57\u5170\u54c0\u53f9\u9053\uff1a<span style=\"color: rgb(123, 12, 0);\">\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\u6709\u592a\u591a\u7684\u667a\u529b\u88ab\u6d6a\u8d39\u5728\u4e86\u53bb\u8ffd\u6c42\u6240\u8c13\u7684\u5b9e\u7528\u79d1\u5b66\u4e0a\uff0c\u800c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5b9e\u7528\u79d1\u5b66\u53ea\u80fd\u591f\u670d\u52a1\u4e8e\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u8eab\u4f53\u9700\u6c42\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\u53ea\u6709\u5f88\u5c11\u7684\u5173\u7167\u4ee5\u53ca\u7ecf\u8d39\u6295\u5165\u5728\u5360\u6bd4\u66f4\u5927\u7684\u80fd\u591f\u4fc3\u8fdb\u6211\u4eec\u667a\u529b\u7684\u5b66\u79d1\u4e0a<\/span><span style=\"color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">\uff082\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u57281899\u5e74\uff0c\u4e3a\u4e86\u670d\u52a1\u4e8e\u667a\u529b\u8d44\u6e90\u7684\u79ef\u7d2f\u548c\u53d1\u5c55\uff0c\u7f57\u5170\u548c\u5176\u4ed635\u4eba\u4e00\u9053\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86\u7f8e\u56fd\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u4f1a\uff08APS\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<p mpa-paragraph-type=\"body\" style=\"margin-right: 0.5em;margin-left: 0.5em;letter-spacing: 0px;white-space: normal;text-align: left;color: rgb(1, 1, 1);font-size: 15px;line-height: 2;\"><br  \/><\/p>\n<section  class=\"mpa-template\" mpa-paragraph-type=\"image\" style=\"white-space: normal;\">\n<p style=\"margin-right: 8px;margin-left: 8px;text-align: center;\"><img class=\"\"     width=\"69%\" style=\"border-style: solid;border-width: 0px;box-shadow: none;width: 540px;visibility: visible !important;\" src=\"http:\/\/swarma.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/swarma4-1552388697.jpeg\" alt=\"\u96c6\u667a\" title=\"\u96c6\u667a\"  \/><\/p>\n<\/section>\n<p mpa-paragraph-type=\"body\" style=\"margin-right: 0.5em;margin-left: 0.5em;letter-spacing: 0px;white-space: normal;text-align: center;color: rgb(1, 1, 1);font-size: 15px;line-height: 2;\"><span style=\"color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 13px;\">19\u4e16\u7eaa\u521d\uff0c\u4ea8\u5229\u00b7\u7f57\u5170\u8bbe\u8ba1\u4e86\u4e00\u5957\u5f15\u64ce\uff08\u5927\u56fe\uff09\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5f15\u64ce\u80fd\u5236\u9020\u5168\u4e16\u754c\u9700\u6c42\u91cf\u6781\u5927\u7684\u7cbe\u5bc6\u884d\u5c04\u5149\u6805\uff08\u5c0f\u56fe\uff09<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p mpa-paragraph-type=\"body\" style=\"margin-right: 0.5em;margin-left: 0.5em;letter-spacing: 0px;white-space: normal;text-align: left;color: rgb(1, 1, 1);font-size: 15px;line-height: 2;\"><br  \/><\/p>\n<p mpa-paragraph-type=\"body\" style=\"margin-right: 0.5em;margin-left: 0.5em;letter-spacing: 0px;white-space: normal;text-align: left;color: rgb(1, 1, 1);font-size: 15px;line-height: 2;\">\u7136\u800c APS \u5bf9\u7eaf\u79d1\u5b66\u7406\u5ff5\u7684\u5021\u5bfc\uff0c\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u51cf\u5f31\u5de5\u7a0b\u6280\u672f\u9886\u57df\u5bf9\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u70ed\u60c5\u3002\u5728 1916 \u5e74\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u4e16\u754c\u5927\u6218\u7684\u4e2d\u671f\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u7535\u6c14\u5de5\u7a0b\u5e08\u5b66\u4f1a\u4f1a\u957f John Carty \u8ba4\u4e3a\uff1a\u201c\u6211\u4eec\u673a\u6784\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u804c\u8d23\u5c31\u662f\u2026\u2026\u5728\u7ecf\u6d4e\u6d3b\u52a8\u4e2d\u79d1\u5b66\u53d1\u73b0\u80fd\u591f\u63d0\u9ad8\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u4ea7\u54c1\u9500\u91cf\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\uff0c\u7ed9\u7f8e\u56fd\u5236\u9020\u5546\u7559\u4e0b\u4e86\u6df1\u523b\u7684\u5370\u8c61\u3002<span style=\"color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">\uff083\uff09<\/span>\u201d\u5f53\u7136\uff0c\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u4eec\u4e5f\u4e0d\u4f1a\u4e0d\u63a5\u53d7\u6765\u81ea\u5de5\u4e1a\u754c\u7684\u63d0\u8bae\u3002\u4e24\u6b21\u4e16\u754c\u5927\u6218\u671f\u95f4\uff0c\u5de5\u4e1a\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5ba4\u96c7\u4f63\u4e86\u5927\u91cf\u7684\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u671f\u520a\u4e0a\u53d1\u8868\u4e86\u5927\u91cf\u6587\u7ae0\u3002<span style=\"color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">\uff084\uff09<\/span><\/p>\n<p mpa-paragraph-type=\"body\" style=\"margin-right: 0.5em;margin-left: 0.5em;letter-spacing: 0px;white-space: normal;text-align: left;color: rgb(1, 1, 1);font-size: 15px;line-height: 2;\"><br  \/><\/p>\n<p mpa-paragraph-type=\"body\" style=\"margin-right: 0.5em;margin-left: 0.5em;letter-spacing: 0px;white-space: normal;text-align: left;color: rgb(1, 1, 1);font-size: 15px;line-height: 2;\">\u5728\u90a3\u4e2a\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u5de5\u4e1a\u754c\u5bf9\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u975e\u5e38\u7684\u7740\u8ff7\uff0c\u8bb8\u591a\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u90fd\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4efd\u5174\u8da3\u4f5c\u51fa\u4e86\u56de\u5e94\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u4e5f\u6709\u90e8\u5206\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u770b\u4e0d\u4e0a\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u201c\u5b9e\u7528\u5de5\u4f5c\u201d\u30021944 \u5e74\uff0c\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6 Arthur Roberts \u7684\u4e00\u9996\u6b4c\u5728\u9ebb\u7701\u7406\u5de5\u5b66\u9662\u653e\u5c04\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5ba4\u5e7f\u4e3a\u6d41\u4f20\uff0c\u8fd9\u9996\u6b4c\u4f53\u73b0\u4e8620\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e2d\u53f6\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u754c\u7684\u4e3b\u6d41\u6001\u5ea6\u3002\u6700\u540e\u4e00\u6bb5\u6b4c\u8bcd\u8868\u73b0\u51fa\u4e86\u5bf9\u90a3\u4e9b\u6e34\u671b\u8fdb\u5165\u516c\u53f8\u53d1\u5927\u8d22\u7684\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u7684\u9119\u5937\uff1a<\/p>\n<p mpa-paragraph-type=\"body\" style=\"margin-right: 0.5em;margin-left: 0.5em;letter-spacing: 0px;white-space: normal;text-align: left;color: rgb(1, 1, 1);font-size: 15px;line-height: 2;\"><br  \/><\/p>\n<blockquote style=\"white-space: normal;\">\n<p style=\"margin-right: 8px;margin-left: 8px;text-align: left;color: rgb(1, 1, 1);letter-spacing: 0px;font-size: 15px;line-height: 2;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">\u4ef0\u671b\u661f\u7a7a\uff0c\u4f60\u7684\u76ee\u5149\u5f15\u9886\u540e\u8f88<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-right: 8px;margin-left: 8px;text-align: left;color: rgb(1, 1, 1);letter-spacing: 0px;font-size: 15px;line-height: 2;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">\u80fd\u91cf\u7cd6\u679c\uff0c\u8ba9\u5e74\u8f7b\u4eba\u52a8\u529b\u4e0d\u7aed<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-right: 8px;margin-left: 8px;text-align: left;color: rgb(1, 1, 1);letter-spacing: 0px;font-size: 15px;line-height: 2;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">\u4e8c\u767e\u5468\u4ff8\uff0c\u5de5\u4e1a\u754c\u7684\u8bf1\u60d1\u4e0d\u83f2<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-right: 8px;margin-left: 8px;text-align: left;color: rgb(1, 1, 1);letter-spacing: 0px;font-size: 15px;line-height: 2;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">\u6bc5\u7136\u62d2\u7edd\uff0c<span style=\"letter-spacing: 0px;\">\u662f\u6211\u5b66\u4eba\u9ad8\u98ce\u4eae\u8282<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-right: 8px;margin-left: 8px;text-align: left;color: rgb(1, 1, 1);letter-spacing: 0px;font-size: 15px;line-height: 2;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">\u65e0\u5173\u5229\u76ca<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-right: 8px;margin-left: 8px;text-align: left;color: rgb(1, 1, 1);letter-spacing: 0px;font-size: 15px;line-height: 2;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">\u505a\u4e8b\u8981\u5206\u9519\u4e0e\u5bf9<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-right: 8px;margin-left: 8px;text-align: left;color: rgb(1, 1, 1);letter-spacing: 0px;font-size: 15px;line-height: 2;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">\u65e0\u5173\u5229\u76ca<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-right: 8px;margin-left: 8px;text-align: left;color: rgb(1, 1, 1);letter-spacing: 0px;font-size: 15px;line-height: 2;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u4e0d\u662f\u63a8\u78e8\u7684\u9b3c<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-right: 8px;margin-left: 8px;text-align: left;color: rgb(1, 1, 1);letter-spacing: 0px;font-size: 15px;line-height: 2;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">\u65e0\u5173\u5229\u76ca\u539f\u5b50\u6838\u8fd0\u4f5c\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u539f\u5219<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-right: 8px;margin-left: 8px;text-align: left;color: rgb(1, 1, 1);letter-spacing: 0px;font-size: 15px;line-height: 2;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">\u6bd5\u751f\u8ffd\u6c42\u7684\u667a\u6167<\/span><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p mpa-paragraph-type=\"body\" style=\"margin-right: 0.5em;margin-left: 0.5em;letter-spacing: 0px;white-space: normal;text-align: left;color: rgb(1, 1, 1);font-size: 15px;line-height: 2;\"><br  \/><\/p>\n<blockquote style=\"white-space: normal;\">\n<p style=\"margin-right: 8px;margin-left: 8px;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">\uff085\uff09\u201cIt Ain\u2019t the Money,\u201d lyrics,<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-right: 8px;margin-left: 8px;\"><span style=\"color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-size: 14px;\">https:\/\/ww3.haverford.edu\/physics-astro\/songs\/roberts\/money.htm<\/span><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p style=\"margin-right: 8px;margin-left: 8px;white-space: normal;\"><br  \/><\/p>\n<p mpa-paragraph-type=\"body\" style=\"margin-right: 0.5em;margin-left: 0.5em;letter-spacing: 0px;white-space: normal;text-align: left;color: rgb(1, 1, 1);font-size: 15px;line-height: 2;\">\u5b66\u672f\u754c\u6587\u5316\u548c\u5de5\u4e1a\u754c\u6587\u5316\u5728\u89c2\u70b9\u4e0a\u7684\u4e0d\u76f8\u540c\uff0c\u53cd\u6620\u51fa\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u5e7f\u6cdb\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u8f6c\u53d8\u3002\u4ee5\u524d\u53ea\u88ab\u5c11\u6570\u4eba\u5173\u6ce8\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u9010\u6e10\u53d8\u6210\u4e86\u4e00\u79cd\u5927\u4f17\u5316\u7684\u804c\u4e1a\u3002\u800c\u4e14\uff0c\u4e5f\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u6240\u6709\u7684\u4eba\u90fd\u5728\u5bfb\u6c42\u7814\u7a76\u9662\u6240\u7684\u804c\u4f4d\u3002\u79d1\u5b66\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u5bb6 Robert Merton \u5c31\u8bd5\u56fe\u53bb\u7406\u89e3\u79d1\u5b66\u5b9e\u8df5\u7684\u89c4\u8303\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u4ed6\u4e5f\u6ce8\u610f\u5230\u4e86\u79d1\u5b66\u6269\u5f20\u5e26\u6765\u7684\u6587\u5316\u4e0d\u517c\u5bb9<span style=\"color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">\uff086\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u4e8c\u6218\u7ed3\u675f\u540e\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u666e\u904d\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5de5\u4e1a\u6d41\u6c34\u7ebf\u5316\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u59a8\u788d\u4e86\u4eba\u4eec\u5b9e\u73b0\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u7406\u60f3\u3002\u5e76\u4e14\u5728\u5de5\u4e1a\u754c\u5f53\u4e2d\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u7684\u4eba\u6570\u6301\u7eed\u589e\u52a0\uff0c\u8fd9\u6837\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u754c\u548c\u5de5\u4e1a\u754c\u5c31\u5236\u9020\u4e86\u88c2\u75d5\uff0c\u8bb8\u591a\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u90fd\u5e0c\u671b\u80fd\u591f\u4fee\u590d\u8fd9\u4e2a\u88c2\u75d5\u3002<\/p>\n<section  class=\"mpa-template\" mpa-paragraph-type=\"secondTitle\" style=\"white-space: normal;\">\n<p style=\"margin-right: 8px;margin-left: 8px;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"><br  \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-right: 8px;margin-left: 8px;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-size: medium;\"><br  \/><\/p>\n<section  style=\"margin-top: 20px;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);display: flex;-webkit-box-pack: center;justify-content: center;-webkit-box-align: center;align-items: center;\">\n<section   style=\"padding-right: 30px;padding-left: 30px;min-width: 60px;text-align: center;border-bottom: 2px solid rgb(232, 230, 230);\">\n<section  style=\"padding-right: 10px;padding-left: 10px;display: inline-block;color: rgb(123, 12, 0);border-bottom: 2px solid rgb(123, 12, 0);transform: translate(0px, 2px);border-top-color: rgb(123, 12, 0);border-left-color: rgb(123, 12, 0);border-right-color: rgb(123, 12, 0);\"><strong mpa-from-tpl=\"t\" style=\"border-color: rgb(123, 12, 0);\"><\/p>\n<p style=\"font-size: 14px;border-color: rgb(123, 12, 0);\"><span mpa-is-content=\"t\" style=\"font-size: 16px;border-color: rgb(123, 12, 0);\"><strong mpa-from-tpl=\"t\" mpa-is-content=\"t\" style=\"border-color: rgb(123, 12, 0);\">2. \u91cd\u65b0\u7ed8\u5236\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u7248\u56fe\uff1a<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"border-color: rgb(123, 12, 0);\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\">20\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e2d\u53f6\u7684\u56fa\u4f53\u7269\u7406\u5b66<\/span><\/p>\n<p><\/strong><\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<p mpa-paragraph-type=\"body\" style=\"margin-right: 0.5em;margin-left: 0.5em;letter-spacing: 0px;white-space: normal;text-align: left;color: rgb(1, 1, 1);font-size: 15px;line-height: 2;\"><br  \/><\/p>\n<p mpa-paragraph-type=\"body\" style=\"margin-right: 0.5em;margin-left: 0.5em;letter-spacing: 0px;white-space: normal;text-align: left;color: rgb(1, 1, 1);font-size: 15px;line-height: 2;\">\u5de5\u4e1a\u754c\u548c\u5b66\u672f\u754c\u8bd5\u56fe\u6062\u590d\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u52aa\u529b\uff0c\u4fc3\u8fdb\u4e86\u56fa\u4f53\u7269\u7406\u5b66\uff08solid-state physics\uff09\u7684\u8bde\u751f\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u5728\u8c08\u8bba\u8fd9\u4e9b\u52aa\u529b\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u5148\u8ba8\u8bba\u4e00\u4e0b\u59a8\u788d\u4e86\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u672c\u8d28\u7684\u5047\u8bbe\u662f\u6709\u5fc5\u8981\u7684\u3002\u4e3a\u4e86\u8ba9\u56fa\u4f53\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u6709\u610f\u4e49\uff0c\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u4e0d\u5f97\u4e0d\u4ece\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u601d\u8003\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u3002<\/p>\n<p mpa-paragraph-type=\"body\" style=\"margin-right: 0.5em;margin-left: 0.5em;letter-spacing: 0px;white-space: normal;text-align: left;color: rgb(1, 1, 1);font-size: 15px;line-height: 2;\"><br  \/><\/p>\n<p mpa-paragraph-type=\"body\" style=\"margin-right: 0.5em;margin-left: 0.5em;letter-spacing: 0px;white-space: normal;text-align: left;color: rgb(1, 1, 1);font-size: 15px;line-height: 2;\">1946 \u5e74\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6 Bernard &#8220;Bern&#8221; Porter \u52a0\u5165\u4e86\u66fc\u54c8\u987f\u8ba1\u5212\u3002\u7136\u800c\u5728\u5e7f\u5c9b\u6838\u5f39\u7206\u70b8\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u4ed6\u611f\u53d7\u5230\u4e86\u5e7b\u706d\uff0c\u632b\u8d25\uff0c\u5e76\u9009\u62e9\u4e86\u9000\u51fa\u3002\u6700\u7ec8\u4ed6\u628a\u4ed6\u7684\u6fc0\u60c5\u91ca\u653e\u5230\u4e86\u827a\u672f\u9886\u57df\uff0c\u501f\u6b64\u6765\u8868\u8fbe\u4ed6\u5bf9\u6210\u4e3a\u5236\u9020\u6838\u6b66\u5668\u5171\u72af\u7684\u6597\u4e89\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u57281939\u5e74\uff0c\u4ecd\u7136\u75f4\u8ff7\u4e8e\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u7684 Porter\uff0c\u7ed8\u5236\u4e86\u4e00\u5f20\u56fe\u3002\u8fd9\u5f20\u56fe\u53cd\u6620\u51fa\u6218\u524d\u5bf9\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u4f53\u7cfb\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u4e0e\u6001\u5ea6\uff0c\u4e00\u79cd\u5bf9\u56fa\u4f53\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u975e\u5e38\u8f7b\u8511\u7684\u6001\u5ea6\u3002<\/p>\n<p mpa-paragraph-type=\"body\" style=\"margin-right: 0.5em;margin-left: 0.5em;letter-spacing: 0px;white-space: normal;text-align: left;color: rgb(1, 1, 1);font-size: 15px;line-height: 2;\"><br  \/><\/p>\n<section  class=\"mpa-template\" mpa-paragraph-type=\"image\" style=\"white-space: normal;\">\n<p style=\"margin-right: 8px;margin-left: 8px;text-align: center;\"><img class=\"\"     width=\"69%\" style=\"border-style: solid;border-width: 0px;box-shadow: none;width: 540px;visibility: visible !important;\" src=\"http:\/\/swarma.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/swarma5-1552388697.jpeg\" alt=\"\u96c6\u667a\" title=\"\u96c6\u667a\"  \/><\/p>\n<\/section>\n<p mpa-paragraph-type=\"body\" style=\"margin-right: 0.5em;margin-left: 0.5em;letter-spacing: 0px;white-space: normal;text-align: center;color: rgb(1, 1, 1);font-size: 15px;line-height: 2;\"><span style=\"color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 13px;\">Bernard &#8220;Bern&#8221; Porter \u4e8e 1939 \u5e74\u7ed8\u5236\u7684\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5730\u56fe\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5730\u56fe\u662f\u6839\u636e\u81ea\u7136\u73b0\u8c61\u8fdb\u884c\u5206\u7c7b\u7684\u3002<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p mpa-paragraph-type=\"body\" style=\"margin-right: 0.5em;margin-left: 0.5em;letter-spacing: 0px;white-space: normal;text-align: left;color: rgb(1, 1, 1);font-size: 15px;line-height: 2;\"><br  \/><\/p>\n<p mpa-paragraph-type=\"body\" style=\"margin-right: 0.5em;margin-left: 0.5em;letter-spacing: 0px;white-space: normal;text-align: left;color: rgb(1, 1, 1);font-size: 15px;line-height: 2;\">Porter \u7684\u5730\u56fe\u5c55\u793a\u4e86\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u7684\u89c6\u89d2\u3002\u5c06\u5e94\u7528\u548c\u5de5\u4e1a\u7814\u7a76\u7f6e\u4e8e\u8fb9\u9672\u5730\u5e26\u3002\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u5206\u652f\u88ab\u4e00\u6761\u540d\u4e3a\u80fd\u91cf\u7684\u6cb3\u6d41\u5206\u5272\u6210\u4e86\u51e0\u4e2a\u533a\u57df\u3002\u5728\u4e0e\u4f4d\u4e8e\u4e09\u89d2\u6d32\u7684\u653e\u5c04\u6027\u6c34\u5e93\u6c47\u5408\u540e\uff0c\u6574\u6761\u6cb3\u6d41\u5411\u4e86\u540d\u4e3a\u7814\u7a76\u672a\u6765\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u7684\u6d77\u6d0b\u3002\u8fd9\u5f20\u56fe\u8868\u793a\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5728\u6982\u5ff5\u4e0a\u662f\u7edf\u4e00\u7684\u7269\u7406\u5b66\uff0c\u7531\u73b0\u5b9e\u4e16\u754c\u4e2d\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u73b0\u8c61\u800c\u5b9a\u4e49\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u5728\u5386\u53f2\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u4efb\u4f55\u5730\u65b9\u90fd\u662f\u4e00\u81f4\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n<p mpa-paragraph-type=\"body\" style=\"margin-right: 0.5em;margin-left: 0.5em;letter-spacing: 0px;white-space: normal;text-align: left;color: rgb(1, 1, 1);font-size: 15px;line-height: 2;\"><br  \/><\/p>\n<p mpa-paragraph-type=\"body\" style=\"margin-right: 0.5em;margin-left: 0.5em;letter-spacing: 0px;white-space: normal;text-align: left;color: rgb(1, 1, 1);font-size: 15px;line-height: 2;\">\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5c31\u5728\u90a3\u91cc\uff0c\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u662f\u53d7\u5230\u53ec\u5524\u800c\u53bb\u53d1\u73b0\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u4eba\u3002\u81f3\u4e8e\u6280\u672f\u9886\u57df\uff0c\u5145\u5176\u91cf\u4e5f\u65e0\u975e\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u524d\u54e8\u6218\u3001\u524d\u6cbf\u9635\u5730\u800c\u5df2\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0d\u503c\u5f97\u88ab\u63cf\u7ed8\u5728\u8fd9\u5f20\u5730\u56fe\u4e0a\u3002<\/p>\n<p mpa-paragraph-type=\"body\" style=\"margin-right: 0.5em;margin-left: 0.5em;letter-spacing: 0px;white-space: normal;text-align: left;color: rgb(1, 1, 1);font-size: 15px;line-height: 2;\"><br  \/><\/p>\n<p mpa-paragraph-type=\"body\" style=\"margin-right: 0.5em;margin-left: 0.5em;letter-spacing: 0px;white-space: normal;text-align: left;color: rgb(1, 1, 1);font-size: 15px;line-height: 2;\">\u5341\u5e74\u4e4b\u540e\u56fa\u4f53\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u7684\u51fa\u73b0\u5c31\u50cf\u8fd9\u5f20\u5730\u56fe\u4e0a\u591a\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u7701\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u5f88\u96be\u770b\u51fa Porter \u80fd\u628a\u5b83\u6807\u5728\u5730\u56fe\u4e0a\u7684\u4ec0\u4e48\u4f4d\u7f6e\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u8bf4\u5982\u4f55\u6807\u8bb0\u5728\u5730\u56fe\u4e0a\u3002\u56fa\u4f53\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u72ec\u7acb\u7684\u4e3b\u9898\u6216\u8005\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002\u5b83\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u63cf\u7ed8\u4e3a\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5c9b\u5c7f\uff0c\u662f\u4e00\u5757\u5927\u9646\u6216\u8005\u662f\u5176\u4ed6\u4ec0\u4e48\u5730\u8c8c\u7279\u5f81\u3002\u5b83\u7684\u7ec4\u6210\u90e8\u5206\u53d6\u81ea&nbsp;Porter&nbsp;\u5730\u56fe\u4e0a\u7684\u6240\u6709\u533a\u57df\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u5b83\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5947\u602a\u7684\u7c7b\u522b\u3002<\/p>\n<p mpa-paragraph-type=\"body\" style=\"margin-right: 0.5em;margin-left: 0.5em;letter-spacing: 0px;white-space: normal;text-align: left;color: rgb(1, 1, 1);font-size: 15px;line-height: 2;\"><br  \/><\/p>\n<p mpa-paragraph-type=\"body\" style=\"margin-right: 0.5em;margin-left: 0.5em;letter-spacing: 0px;white-space: normal;text-align: left;color: rgb(1, 1, 1);font-size: 15px;line-height: 2;\">\u8fd9\u79cd\u964c\u751f\u611f\u4e0d\u662f\u56de\u987e\u8bc4\u4ef7\u3002\u5728 20 \u4e16\u7eaa 40 \u5e74\u4ee3\u7684\u4e2d\u671f\uff0c\u9762\u5bf9 APS \u8981\u8bbe\u7acb\u56fa\u4f53\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5206\u4f1a\uff08division of solid state physics\uff0cDSSP\uff09\u7684\u63d0\u8bae\uff0c\u7231\u8377\u534e\u5927\u5b66\u7406\u8bba\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6 Gregory Wannier \u58f0\u79f0\uff1a\u201c\u56fa\u4f53\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u542c\u8d77\u6765\u6709\u4e9b\u53ef\u7b11\u3002\u201d20\u5e74\u540e\uff0c\u5f53\u7f8e\u56fd\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u4f1a\u624b\u518c\u7b2c2\u7248\u589e\u52a0\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u5173\u4e8e\u56fa\u4f53\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u7684\u7ae0\u8282\u65f6\uff0c\u7f16\u8f91\u62b1\u6028\u9053\uff1a\u201c\u5728\u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u529b\u5b66\u3001\u70ed\u5b66\u3001\u58f0\u5b66\u7b49\u7ae0\u8282\u540e\u9762\u52a0\u4e0a\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u4e2a\u7ae0\u8282\uff0c\u5c31\u50cf\u628a\u4eba\u7c7b\u5206\u6210\u4e86\u5973\u4eba\u3001\u7537\u4eba\u3001\u5973\u5b69\u3001\u7537\u5b69\u548c\u9f50\u7279\u7434\u6f14\u594f\u8005\u4e00\u6837\u3002\u201d<\/p>\n<p mpa-paragraph-type=\"body\" style=\"margin-right: 0.5em;margin-left: 0.5em;letter-spacing: 0px;white-space: normal;text-align: left;color: rgb(1, 1, 1);font-size: 15px;line-height: 2;\"><br  \/><\/p>\n<p mpa-paragraph-type=\"body\" style=\"margin-right: 0.5em;margin-left: 0.5em;letter-spacing: 0px;white-space: normal;text-align: left;color: rgb(1, 1, 1);font-size: 15px;line-height: 2;\">\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8bc4\u4ef7\u628a\u63e1\u4f4f\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5e7f\u9614\u9886\u57df\u7684\u53e4\u602a\u4e4b\u5904\uff1a<span style=\"color: rgb(123, 12, 0);\">\u56fa\u4f53\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u9886\u57df\u7684\u8fb9\u754c\u662f\u975e\u5e38\u89c4\u7684\u3002<\/span>\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u73b0\u8c61\u5b9a\u4e49\u7684\u90a3\u4e9b\u6211\u4eec\u6240\u719f\u6089\u7684\u7c7b\u522b\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u58f0\u5b66\u548c\u5149\u5b66\uff0c\u800c\u56fa\u4f53\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u8de8\u8d8a\u4e86\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u73b0\u8c61\u7684\u533a\u5206\uff0c\u8de8\u8d8a\u4e86\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u7684\u7248\u56fe\u3002\u5e76\u4e14\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u4e5f\u4e0d\u4f1a\u4ece\u5b66\u79d1\u4ece\u5c5e\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u6765\u8003\u8651\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u6838\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u548c\u9ad8\u80fd\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u4ecd\u7136\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u662f\u7b80\u7b80\u5355\u5355\u7684\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u3002\u76f4\u5230 20 \u4e16\u7eaa 60 \u5e74\u4ee3\u4ed6\u4eec\u90fd\u56de\u907f\u53c2\u4e0e APS \u7684\u6d3b\u52a8\uff0c\u5e76\u8ba4\u4e3a\u53ea\u6709\u90a3\u4e9b\u6b21\u8981\u7684\u9886\u57df\u624d\u9700\u8981\u8fd9\u79cd\u673a\u6784\u3002\u9057\u61be\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u56fa\u4f53\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u9996\u5148\u5c31\u5165\u56f4\u4e86\u8fd9\u79cd\u201c\u6b21\u8981\u7684\u3001\u4eba\u4e3a\u8bbe\u5b9a\u7684\u7c7b\u522b\u201d\u3002\u8c01\u80fd\u6599\u5230\uff0c<span style=\"color: rgb(123, 12, 0);\">\u56fa\u4f53\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5c06\u6210\u4e3a\u6218\u540e\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u7684\u4e2d\u5fc3\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n<section  class=\"mpa-template\" mpa-paragraph-type=\"secondTitle\" style=\"white-space: normal;\">\n<p style=\"margin-right: 8px;margin-left: 8px;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"><br  \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-right: 8px;margin-left: 8px;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-size: medium;\"><br  \/><\/p>\n<section  style=\"margin-top: 20px;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-size: medium;display: flex;-webkit-box-pack: center;justify-content: center;-webkit-box-align: center;align-items: center;\">\n<section   style=\"padding-right: 30px;padding-left: 30px;min-width: 60px;text-align: center;border-bottom: 2px solid rgb(232, 230, 230);\">\n<section  style=\"padding-right: 10px;padding-left: 10px;display: inline-block;font-size: 14px;color: rgb(123, 12, 0);border-bottom: 2px solid rgb(123, 12, 0);transform: translate(0px, 2px);border-top-color: rgb(123, 12, 0);border-left-color: rgb(123, 12, 0);border-right-color: rgb(123, 12, 0);\"><strong mpa-from-tpl=\"t\" style=\"border-color: rgb(123, 12, 0);\"><\/p>\n<p style=\"border-color: rgb(123, 12, 0);\"><span mpa-is-content=\"t\" style=\"font-size: 16px;border-color: rgb(123, 12, 0);\"><strong mpa-from-tpl=\"t\" mpa-is-content=\"t\" style=\"border-color: rgb(123, 12, 0);\">3. \u65b0\u9886\u57df\u65b0\u5b66\u79d1<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p><\/strong><\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<p mpa-paragraph-type=\"body\" style=\"margin-right: 0.5em;margin-left: 0.5em;letter-spacing: 0px;white-space: normal;text-align: left;color: rgb(1, 1, 1);font-size: 15px;line-height: 2;\"><br  \/><\/p>\n<p mpa-paragraph-type=\"body\" style=\"margin-right: 0.5em;margin-left: 0.5em;letter-spacing: 0px;white-space: normal;text-align: left;color: rgb(1, 1, 1);font-size: 15px;line-height: 2;\">\u5728\u8bbe\u8ba1\u4e0a\uff0c\u56fa\u4f53\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5f88\u5947\u602a\u3002\u81ea\u89c9\u88ab\u8fb9\u7f18\u5316\u7684\u5de5\u4e1a\u754c\u548c\u5e94\u7528\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u4e00\u76f4\u8981\u6c42\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u9662\u4e2d\u5360\u636e\u66f4\u52a0\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u5e2d\u4f4d\u3002\u5728 1931 \u5e74\uff0c\u4fee\u6539 APS \u7ae0\u7a0b\u65f6\uff0c\u4e3a\u5de5\u4e1a\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u8bbe\u7acb\u5206\u652f\u88ab\u5199\u5165\u4e86\u8bae\u6848\uff0cAPS \u7406\u4e8b\u4f1a\u62d2\u7edd\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4e3b\u9898\u3002\u5728 APS \u7684\u9886\u5bfc\u5c42\u770b\u6765\uff0c\u5de5\u4e1a\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5e76\u4e0d\u80fd\u6210\u4e3a\u4e00\u95e8\u5b66\u79d1\u3002\u628a\u5b83\u5355\u72ec\u8bbe\u4e3a\u4e00\u95e8\u5b66\u79d1\uff0c\u53ea\u4f1a\u52a0\u91cd\u5b66\u672f\u754c\u548c\u5de5\u4e1a\u754c\u7684\u5206\u6b67\u3002<\/p>\n<p mpa-paragraph-type=\"body\" style=\"margin-right: 0.5em;margin-left: 0.5em;letter-spacing: 0px;white-space: normal;text-align: left;color: rgb(1, 1, 1);font-size: 15px;line-height: 2;\"><br  \/><\/p>\n<p mpa-paragraph-type=\"body\" style=\"margin-right: 0.5em;margin-left: 0.5em;letter-spacing: 0px;white-space: normal;text-align: left;color: rgb(1, 1, 1);font-size: 15px;line-height: 2;\">\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u6ce2\u5170\u79fb\u6c11\u901a\u7528\u7535\u6c14\uff08GE\uff09\u7684\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6 Roman Smoluchowski \u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u8981\u8bbe\u7acb\u91d1\u5c5e\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u65f6\uff0c\u4ed6\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5de5\u4e1a\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u4ecd\u7136\u662f\u5fc5\u8981\u7684\u3002\u4ed6\u63a8\u65ad\u5927\u591a\u6570\u7684\u5de5\u4e1a\u7814\u7a76\u90fd\u548c\u91d1\u5c5e\u76f8\u5173\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u4ed6\u5728\u901a\u7528\u7535\u6c14\u6bcf\u5929\u90fd\u8981\u548c\u91d1\u5c5e\u6253\u4ea4\u9053\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u8981\u7ecf\u5e38\u548c\u51b6\u91d1\u4e13\u5bb6\u6253\u4ea4\u9053\u3002\u8bbe\u7acb\u91d1\u5c5e\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u8fd9\u4e00\u5206\u652f\u4e5f\u76f8\u5f53\u4e8e\u4e3a\u5de5\u4e1a\u754c\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u5458\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u5bb6\u56ed\uff0c\u4e14\u4e5f\u80fd\u591f\u4ee3\u8868\u5bf9\u7535\u78c1\u548c\u70ed\u5bfc\u7387\u7b49\u4e3b\u9898\u611f\u5174\u8da3\u7684\u5b66\u672f\u754c\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u3002<\/p>\n<p mpa-paragraph-type=\"body\" style=\"margin-right: 0.5em;margin-left: 0.5em;letter-spacing: 0px;white-space: normal;text-align: left;color: rgb(1, 1, 1);font-size: 15px;line-height: 2;\"><br  \/><\/p>\n<section  class=\"mpa-template\" mpa-paragraph-type=\"image\" style=\"white-space: normal;\">\n<p style=\"margin-right: 8px;margin-left: 8px;text-align: center;\"><img class=\"\"     width=\"69%\" style=\"border-style: solid;border-width: 0px;box-shadow: none;width: 540px;visibility: visible !important;\" src=\"http:\/\/swarma.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/swarma4-1552388698.jpeg\" alt=\"\u96c6\u667a\" title=\"\u96c6\u667a\"  \/><\/p>\n<\/section>\n<p mpa-paragraph-type=\"body\" style=\"margin-right: 0.5em;margin-left: 0.5em;letter-spacing: 0px;white-space: normal;text-align: center;color: rgb(1, 1, 1);font-size: 15px;line-height: 2;\"><span style=\"color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 13px;\">Roman Smoluchowski&nbsp;\u901a\u7528\u7535\u6c14\u7684\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\uff0c\u8bbe\u7acb\u91d1\u5c5e\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u7684\u63d0\u8bae\u8005\u3002\u4ed6\u5728 GE \u7814\u7a76\u91d1\u5c5e\u5408\u91d1<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p mpa-paragraph-type=\"body\" style=\"margin-right: 0.5em;margin-left: 0.5em;letter-spacing: 0px;white-space: normal;text-align: left;color: rgb(1, 1, 1);font-size: 15px;line-height: 2;\"><br  \/><\/p>\n<p mpa-paragraph-type=\"body\" style=\"margin-right: 0.5em;margin-left: 0.5em;letter-spacing: 0px;white-space: normal;text-align: left;color: rgb(1, 1, 1);font-size: 15px;line-height: 2;\">\u4f46\u662f APS \u7406\u4e8b\u4f1a\u53cd\u5bf9\u4e86\u4ed6\u7684\u63d0\u8bae\u3002\u8ba4\u4e3a\u8fd9\u4e2a\u63d0\u8bae\u592a\u201c\u5de5\u4e1a\u201d\u4e86\u3002APS \u79d8\u4e66 Karl Darrow \u8ba4\u4e3a\u7269\u8d28\u7684\u56fa\u6001\uff08\u91d1\u5c5e\u5176\u4ed6\u7684\u56fa\u4f53\u4ee5\u53ca\u65e0\u5b9a\u5f62\u7684\u56fa\u4f53\uff09\u53ef\u80fd\u6210\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u66f4\u597d\u7684\u5212\u5206\u57fa\u7840\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1 Smoluchowski \u8ba4\u4e3a\u51b6\u91d1\u4e13\u5bb6\u53ef\u80fd\u5bf9\u56fa\u4f53\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5206\u652f\u5e76\u4e0d\u611f\u5174\u8da3\uff0c\u4f46\u4e8b\u540e\u8868\u660e\u4ed6\u63a5\u53d7\u4e86\u59a5\u534f\u3002\u901a\u8fc7\u8fd9\u4e00\u4e9b\u63a5\u8fde\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u5fae\u5999\u7684\u4e8b\u4ef6\u30021947\u5e74\u56fa\u4f53\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u6b63\u5f0f\u901a\u8fc7\u4e86APS \u7684\u6279\u51c6\uff0c\u6210\u4e3a\u4e86\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u5206\u652f\u3002<\/p>\n<p mpa-paragraph-type=\"body\" style=\"margin-right: 0.5em;margin-left: 0.5em;letter-spacing: 0px;white-space: normal;text-align: left;color: rgb(1, 1, 1);font-size: 15px;line-height: 2;\"><br  \/><\/p>\n<p mpa-paragraph-type=\"body\" style=\"margin-right: 0.5em;margin-left: 0.5em;letter-spacing: 0px;white-space: normal;text-align: left;color: rgb(1, 1, 1);font-size: 15px;line-height: 2;\">\u5c31\u50cf\u6211\u4eec\u4eca\u5929\u6240\u5b66\u5230\u7684\u90a3\u6837\uff0c\u56fa\u4f53\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u4e3b\u8981\u5173\u6ce8\u70b9\u5728\u4e8e\u7528\u91cf\u5b50\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u53bb\u7814\u7a76\u5e38\u89c4\u7684\u7ed3\u6676\u56fa\u4f53\u3002Smoluchowski&nbsp;\u548c\u4ed6\u7684\u5408\u4f5c\u8005\u4eec\u8bbe\u60f3\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u66f4\u52a0\u5bbd\u535a\u7684\u9886\u57df\u3002\u4e8e 1945 \u5e74 1 \u6708\uff0cAPS \u53ec\u5f00\u4e86\u7814\u8ba8\u4f1a\uff0c\u63d0\u51fa\u8bbe\u7acb\u65b0\u7684\u5206\u652f\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u5c55\u793a\u4e86\u5b9e\u9a8c\u8303\u56f4\u548c\u7406\u8bba\u8303\u56f4\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u9886\u57df\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u4e13\u5bb6\u4eec\u5728\u5f3a\u8c03\u56fa\u6001\u3001\u7edf\u8ba1\u5b66\u7684\u65b0\u8fdb\u5c55\u548c\u91cf\u5b50\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u3002Watertown Arsenal \u6982\u8ff0\u4e86\u7edf\u8ba1\u65b9\u6cd5\u5728\u5408\u4f5c\u73b0\u8c61\u4e2d\u7684\u65b0\u5e94\u7528\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u9879\u8fdb\u5c55\u4e2d\uff0c\u5355\u4e00\u7ec4\u5206\u4e0d\u80fd\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u80fd\u5355\u72ec\u884c\u52a8\u7684\u4e2a\u4f53\u3002\u4ece20\u4e16\u7eaa\u5f00\u59cb\uff0cJohn Van Vleck \u7528\u73b0\u8c61\u5b66\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u8c03\u67e5\u4e86\u94c1\u78c1\u6027\u4e4b\u540e\u53c8\u63cf\u8ff0\u51fa\u80fd\u591f\u4e0e\u91cf\u5b50\u529b\u5b66\u5ab2\u7f8e\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002<\/p>\n<p mpa-paragraph-type=\"body\" style=\"margin-right: 0.5em;margin-left: 0.5em;letter-spacing: 0px;white-space: normal;text-align: left;color: rgb(1, 1, 1);font-size: 15px;line-height: 2;\"><br  \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-right: 8px;margin-left: 8px;white-space: normal;text-align: center;\"><img class=\"\"       src=\"http:\/\/swarma.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/swarma1-1552388698.jpg\" alt=\"\u96c6\u667a\" title=\"\u96c6\u667a\"  \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"white-space: normal;text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-size: 13px;\"><strong style=\"color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-size: 14px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">\u6709\u957f\u7a0b\u7ea0\u7f20\u7684\u91cf\u5b50\u6bd4\u7279\u6d77<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"white-space: normal;\"><br  \/><\/p>\n<p mpa-paragraph-type=\"body\" style=\"margin-right: 0.5em;margin-left: 0.5em;letter-spacing: 0px;white-space: normal;text-align: left;color: rgb(1, 1, 1);font-size: 15px;line-height: 2;\">\u8fd9\u6b21\u8ba8\u8bba\u4f1a\u4e5f\u5bf9\u5e94\u7528\u7814\u7a76\u4f5c\u51fa\u4e86\u627f\u8bfa\u3002\u4f1a\u8bae\u4e0a\u7684\u53d1\u8a00\u4eba\u5305\u62ec\u4e86\u8d1d\u5c14\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5ba4\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u5458&nbsp;Richard Bozorth \u548c Howell Williams\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u8bb2\u8ff0\u4e86\u81ea\u5df1\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e2a\u9886\u57df\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u3002\u201c\u4e3a\u7814\u53d1\u4eea\u5668\u4e2d\u7684\u78c1\u6027\u6750\u6599\u662f\u6218\u4e89\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206<span style=\"color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">\uff087\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u201dWatertown Arsenal \u7684 Clarence Zener \u5728\u8c08\u8bba\u94a2\u94c1\u65ad\u88c2\u5e94\u529b\u65f6\u63d0\u5230\u201c\u6218\u4e89\u7684\u808c\u8089\u67aa\u652f\u5f39\u836f\u88c5\u7532\u90fd\u662f\u7531\u94a2\u94c1\u94f8\u9020\u7684\u3002\u201d<span style=\"color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">\uff088\uff09<\/span><\/p>\n<p mpa-paragraph-type=\"body\" style=\"margin-right: 0.5em;margin-left: 0.5em;letter-spacing: 0px;white-space: normal;text-align: left;color: rgb(1, 1, 1);font-size: 15px;line-height: 2;\"><br  \/><\/p>\n<p mpa-paragraph-type=\"body\" style=\"margin-right: 0.5em;margin-left: 0.5em;letter-spacing: 0px;white-space: normal;text-align: left;color: rgb(1, 1, 1);font-size: 15px;line-height: 2;\">Van Vleck \u5bf9\u94c1\u78c1\u6027\u7684\u5f3a\u91cf\u5b50\u529b\u5b66\u63cf\u8ff0\u611f\u5174\u8da3\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u4ed6\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u548c\u94a2\u94c1\u7684\u73b0\u8c61\u5b66\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u4ec0\u4e48\u6982\u5ff5\u4e0a\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u548c\u94c1\u78c1\u6027\u4e0e\u6c14\u4f53\u81ea\u6027\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u76f8\u6bd4\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u6bd4\u8f83\u5f31\u3002\u65b0\u7684\u56fa\u4f53\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u4f1a\u65e8\u5728\u628a\u5404\u79cd\u65b9\u6cd5\u548c\u95ee\u9898\u878d\u6c47\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\uff0c\u81f3\u5c11\u5728\u4e13\u4e1a\u4e0a\u662f\u8fd9\u6837\u5b50\u3002<\/p>\n<p mpa-paragraph-type=\"body\" style=\"margin-right: 0.5em;margin-left: 0.5em;letter-spacing: 0px;white-space: normal;text-align: left;color: rgb(1, 1, 1);font-size: 15px;line-height: 2;\"><br  \/><\/p>\n<p mpa-paragraph-type=\"body\" style=\"margin-right: 0.5em;margin-left: 0.5em;letter-spacing: 0px;white-space: normal;text-align: left;color: rgb(1, 1, 1);font-size: 15px;line-height: 2;\">\u56fa\u4f53\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u602a\u5f02\u7684\u4f53\u7cfb\u7ed3\u6784\u53cd\u6620\u51fa\u4e86\u4eba\u4eec\u5bf9\u7269\u7406\u7684\u6001\u5ea6\u53d8\u5316\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u5728\u5de5\u4e1a\u548c\u5e94\u7528\u9886\u57df\u3002\u4f20\u7edf\u4e0a\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u754c\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u666e\u904d\u89c2\u70b9\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u662f\u6307\u7814\u7a76\u81ea\u7136\u73b0\u8c61\u7684\u5b66\u95ee\uff0c\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u662f\u63a8\u5bfc\u51fa\u652f\u914d\u81ea\u7136\u73b0\u8c61\u80cc\u540e\u6cd5\u5219\u7684\u4eba\u3002\u82e5\u6309\u7167\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\uff0c\u4e13\u6ce8\u4e8e\u5e94\u7528\u548c\u5de5\u4e1a\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u4eba\u5458\u90fd\u4e0d\u80fd\u7b97\u662f\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u3002<\/p>\n<p mpa-paragraph-type=\"body\" style=\"margin-right: 0.5em;margin-left: 0.5em;letter-spacing: 0px;white-space: normal;text-align: left;color: rgb(1, 1, 1);font-size: 15px;line-height: 2;\"><br  \/><\/p>\n<p mpa-paragraph-type=\"body\" style=\"margin-right: 0.5em;margin-left: 0.5em;letter-spacing: 0px;white-space: normal;text-align: left;color: rgb(1, 1, 1);font-size: 15px;line-height: 2;\">\u4f46\u662f\u572820\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e2d\u53f6\uff0c\u5bf9\u8fd9\u79cd\u89c2\u70b9\u7684\u6000\u7591\u6301\u7eed\u589e\u52a0\u3002\u53d1\u5c55\u4e86\u5fae\u6ce2\u653e\u5927\u771f\u7a7a\u7ba1\u7684\u65af\u5766\u798f\u5927\u5b66\u5b66\u8005 William Hansen\uff0c\u53cd\u5bf9\u5176\u540c\u4e8b David Webster 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normal;text-align: left;color: rgb(1, 1, 1);font-size: 15px;line-height: 2;\">\u4e0d\u8fc7\u5176\u4f59\u7684\u4eba\u503e\u5411\u4e8e\u540c\u610f\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5206\u7c7b\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002\u56fa\u4f53\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u7684\u5e9e\u5927\u4f53\u7cfb\u4e5f\u5c31\u8bf4\u660e\u4e86\u4eba\u4eec\u5bf9\u6b64\u7684\u53cd\u5e94\u3002\u7269\u8d28\u7684\u56fa\u6001\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5f88\u597d\u7684\u7c7b\u522b\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u8db3\u591f\u7684\u5bbd\u6cdb\u80fd\u591f\u5305\u542b\u8bb8\u591a\u4e3b\u9898\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8303\u56f4\u5c31\u4fdd\u8bc1\u4e86\uff0c\u5b83\u4e0d\u4f1a\u53bb\u6b67\u89c6\u5de5\u4e1a\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u6216\u8005\u5e94\u7528\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u4eec\u80fd\u591f\u5bbd\u6cdb\u5730\u63cf\u8ff0\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u91cd\u70b9\uff0c\u65b0\u7684\u56fa\u4f53\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u4f1a\u80fd\u591f\u8de8\u8d8a\u5b66\u672f\u754c\u548c\u5de5\u4e1a\u754c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5176\u4ed6\u96f6\u788e\u7684\u4e3b\u9898\u3002<\/p>\n<section  class=\"mpa-template\" mpa-paragraph-type=\"secondTitle\" style=\"white-space: normal;\">\n<p style=\"margin-right: 8px;margin-left: 8px;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"><br  \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-right: 8px;margin-left: 8px;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-size: medium;\"><br  \/><\/p>\n<section  style=\"margin-top: 20px;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-size: medium;display: flex;-webkit-box-pack: center;justify-content: center;-webkit-box-align: center;align-items: center;\">\n<section   style=\"padding-right: 30px;padding-left: 30px;min-width: 60px;text-align: center;border-bottom: 2px solid rgb(232, 230, 230);\">\n<section  style=\"padding-right: 10px;padding-left: 10px;display: inline-block;font-size: 14px;color: rgb(123, 12, 0);border-bottom: 2px solid rgb(123, 12, 0);transform: translate(0px, 2px);border-top-color: rgb(123, 12, 0);border-left-color: rgb(123, 12, 0);border-right-color: rgb(123, 12, 0);\"><strong mpa-from-tpl=\"t\" style=\"border-color: rgb(123, 12, 0);\"><\/p>\n<p style=\"border-color: rgb(123, 12, 0);\"><span mpa-is-content=\"t\" style=\"font-size: 16px;border-color: rgb(123, 12, 0);\"><strong mpa-from-tpl=\"t\" mpa-is-content=\"t\" style=\"border-color: rgb(123, 12, 0);\">4. \u56fa\u4f53\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u7684\u7e41\u8363<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p><\/strong><\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<p mpa-paragraph-type=\"body\" style=\"margin-right: 0.5em;margin-left: 0.5em;letter-spacing: 0px;white-space: normal;text-align: left;color: rgb(1, 1, 1);font-size: 15px;line-height: 2;\"><br  \/><\/p>\n<p mpa-paragraph-type=\"body\" style=\"margin-right: 0.5em;margin-left: 0.5em;letter-spacing: 0px;white-space: normal;text-align: left;font-size: 15px;line-height: 2;\"><span style=\"color: rgb(1, 1, 1);\">\u8fd9\u4e2a\u65b0\u7684\u9886\u57df\u84ec\u52c3\u53d1\u5c55\u3002\u5728\u51b7\u6218\u521d\u671f\uff0c\u653f\u5e9c\u548c\u5de5\u4e1a\u754c\u90fd\u613f\u610f\u5728\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u4e0e\u6280\u672f\u7814\u7a76\u4e0a\u6295\u5165\u5927\u91cf\u7684\u7ecf\u8d39\uff0c\u6709\u4e9b\u65f6\u5019\u51e0\u4e4e\u4e0d\u52a0\u8282\u5236\u3002\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u6295\u5165\u4f7f\u5f97\u56fa\u4f53\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u80fd\u591f\u4ece\u4e2d\u53d7\u76ca\u3002\u5927\u91cf\u7684\u535a\u58eb\u751f\u4ee5\u53ca\u5927\u5b66\u548c\u5de5\u4e1a\u754c\u7684\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5ba4\u53d7\u5230\u5438\u5f15\uff0c\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u9886\u57df\u4e2d\u5f00\u5c55\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u8fd9\u6837\u5c31\u521b\u9020\u4e86\u5927\u91cf\u7684\u65b0\u804c\u4f4d\uff0c\u50ac\u751f\u4e86\u5927\u91cf\u7684\u4f1a\u8bae\u3001\u7814\u8ba8\u3002\u4e5f\u56ca\u62ec\u4e86\u8bb8\u591a\u65b0\u6982\u5ff5\u30021947\u5e74\u8d1d\u5c14\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5ba4\u7684\u534a\u5bfc\u4f53\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u53d1\u660e\u4e86\u6676\u4f53\u7ba1\u8fd9\u4e00\u8bcd\uff0c\u8fd9\u5c31\u8bf4\u660e\u4e86<\/span><span style=\"color: rgb(123, 12, 0);\">\u56fa\u6001<\/span><span style=\"color: rgb(1, 1, 1);\">\uff08\u548c<\/span><span style=\"color: rgb(123, 12, 0);\">\u91d1\u5c5e<\/span><span style=\"color: rgb(1, 1, 1);\">\u76f8\u6bd4\uff09\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8bcd\u7684\u7075\u6d3b\u6027\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u7075\u6d3b\u6027\u4f7f\u5f97\u56fa\u4f53\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u80fd\u4ee5\u4ece\u4e8b\u65b0\u7684\u3001\u6d3b\u8dc3\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u9886\u57df\u800c\u81ea\u5c45\u300220\u4e16\u7eaa40\u5e74\u4ee3\u672b\uff0c\u56fa\u4f53\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u7684\u53e6\u5916\u4e00\u9879\u6838\u5fc3\u6280\u672f\uff0c\u6838\u78c1\u5171\u632f\u5149\u8c31\u5b66\u4e5f\u8bde\u751f\u4e86\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n<p mpa-paragraph-type=\"body\" style=\"margin-right: 0.5em;margin-left: 0.5em;letter-spacing: 0px;white-space: normal;text-align: left;color: rgb(1, 1, 1);font-size: 15px;line-height: 2;\"><br  \/><\/p>\n<p mpa-paragraph-type=\"body\" style=\"margin-right: 0.5em;margin-left: 0.5em;letter-spacing: 0px;white-space: 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2;\">\u8fd9\u4e2a\u65b0\u9886\u57df\u7684\u7ec4\u7ec7\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u89e3\u51b3\u6218\u540e\u65f6\u4ee3\u7684\u4e13\u4e1a\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u628a\u7406\u8bba\u4e0e\u5b9e\u8df5\u7edf\u4e00\u8d77\u6765\u3002\u8fd9\u6837\u56fa\u4f53\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5c31\u80fd\u591f\u4e3a\u8bb8\u591a\u6765\u81ea\u4e0d\u540c\u4e13\u4e1a\u3001\u6709\u7740\u4e0d\u540c\u7814\u7a76\u5174\u8da3\u7684\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u800c\u670d\u52a1\u3002<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p mpa-paragraph-type=\"body\" style=\"margin-right: 0.5em;margin-left: 0.5em;letter-spacing: 0px;white-space: normal;text-align: left;color: rgb(1, 1, 1);font-size: 15px;line-height: 2;\"><br  \/><\/p>\n<p mpa-paragraph-type=\"body\" style=\"margin-right: 0.5em;margin-left: 0.5em;letter-spacing: 0px;white-space: normal;text-align: left;color: rgb(1, 1, 1);font-size: 15px;line-height: 2;\">\u4e0d\u8fc7\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u53ea\u6709\u5c11\u6570\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u662f\u660e\u786e\u5730\u4e13\u6ce8\u4e8e\u7269\u8d28\u7684\u56fa\u6001\uff0c\u8bb8\u591a\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u5e38\u5e38\u6ca1\u6709\u5305\u542b\u591a\u5c11\u56fa\u4f53\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u3002Van Vleck \u5bf9\u6c14\u4f53\u78c1\u5316\u7387\u6240\u505a\u51fa\u7684\u7ecf\u5178\u7814\u7a76\u5de5\u4f5c\u6210\u4e3a\u4e86\u56fa\u4f53\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u7684\u7ecf\u5178\u3002Charles Townes \u548c\u4ed6\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u5c0f\u7ec4\u7ec4\u88c5\u51fa\u4e86\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u6c28\u6c14\u5fae\u6ce2\u6fc0\u5c04\u5668\u3002\u5728 1937 \u5e74 Peter Kapitza \u53d1\u73b0\u4e86\u6c26\u7684\u8d85\u6d41\u6027\u3002\u5e76\u7531\u6b64\u5f00\u59cb\u4e86\u4e00\u9879\u6210\u5c31\u5353\u8457\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u9879\u76ee\uff0c\u56fa\u4f53\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u4e5f\u58f0\u79f0\u8fd9\u662f\u8be5\u9886\u57df\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u6210\u679c\u3002<\/p>\n<p mpa-paragraph-type=\"body\" style=\"margin-right: 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15px;line-height: 2;\">\u5230\u4e8620\u4e16\u7eaa60\u5e74\u4ee3\u521d\u671f\u3002 \u56fa\u4f53\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u4f1a DSSP \u5df2\u7ecf\u6210\u4e3a\u4e86\u7f8e\u56fd\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u4f1a APS \u6700\u5927\u7684\u5206\u652f\u673a\u6784\u3002\u5e76\u4e14\u6b64\u540e\u4e00\u76f4\u90fd\u662f\u6700\u5927\u7684\u5206\u652f\u673a\u6784\u3002\u5230\u4e8620\u4e16\u7eaa70\u5e74\u4ee3\u3002DSSP \u5728 APS \u53d1\u52a8\u8fc7\u4e00\u6b21\u52a8\u5458\u4f1a\uff0c\u7531\u6b64\u62db\u52df\u4e86\u8d85\u8fc710%\u7684\u4f1a\u5458\u3002\u57281989\u5e74\u8fd9\u4e00\u6bd4\u4f8b\u51e0\u4e4e\u8981\u7a81\u7834\u4e8625%\u3002DSSP \u7684\u6210\u5458\u6570\u5e38\u5e38\u662f\u573a\u548c\u7c92\u5b50\u5206\u4f1a\u76841.5~2\u500d\u3002<\/p>\n<p mpa-paragraph-type=\"body\" style=\"margin-right: 0.5em;margin-left: 0.5em;letter-spacing: 0px;white-space: normal;text-align: left;color: rgb(1, 1, 1);font-size: 15px;line-height: 2;\"><br  \/><\/p>\n<p mpa-paragraph-type=\"body\" style=\"margin-right: 0.5em;margin-left: 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2;\">\u8fd9\u4e2a\u572820\u4e16\u7eaa40\u5e74\u4ee3\u4e2d\u671f\u8fd8\u770b\u4e0d\u5230\u5e0c\u671b\u7684\u9886\u57df\uff0c\u5374\u4ee5\u5b83\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u6210\u4e3a\u4e86\u7f8e\u56fd\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u754c\u6700\u5e9e\u5927\u7684\u5206\u652f\uff0c\u8fd9\u540c\u65f6\u4e5f\u8bf4\u660e\u4e86\u7f8e\u56fd\u6218\u540e\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u754c\u7684\u672c\u8d28\u6027\u6539\u53d8\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u65b0\u7684\u9886\u57df\u540c\u65f6\u8fde\u63a5\u4e86\u7406\u8bba\u548c\u6280\u672f\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u4e5f\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5de5\u4e1a\u754c\u5728\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u9886\u57df\u4e2d\u662f\u53ef\u4ee5\u5b58\u5728\u7684\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u662f\u4e00\u6761\u53ef\u53d6\u7684\u804c\u4e1a\u8def\u5f84\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u9ad8\u80fd\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u901a\u8fc7\u52aa\u529b\u7684\u63a2\u7a76\u57fa\u7840\u77e5\u8bc6\uff0c\u7ef4\u62a4\u4e86\u7eaf\u7cb9\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u7406\u60f3\uff0c\u4f46\u7f8e\u56fd\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u754c\u7684\u98ce\u6c14\u6b63\u5728\u53d1\u751f\u8f6c\u53d8\u3002\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u66f4\u50cf\u662f\uff0c\u7531\u4e00\u4e9b\u4e0e APS \u521b\u7acb\u4e4b\u521d\u7684\u7406\u5ff5\u591a\u5c11\u6709\u4e9b\u5dee\u5f02\u7684\u677e\u6563\u9886\u57df\u62fc\u51d1\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\u7684\uff0c\u6574\u4e2a\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u9886\u57df\u770b\u4e0a\u53bb\u90fd\u66f4\u50cf\u56fa\u4f53\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u3002<\/p>\n<section  class=\"mpa-template\" mpa-paragraph-type=\"secondTitle\" style=\"white-space: normal;\">\n<p style=\"margin-right: 8px;margin-left: 8px;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"><br  \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-right: 8px;margin-left: 8px;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-size: medium;\"><br  \/><\/p>\n<section  style=\"margin-top: 20px;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-size: medium;display: flex;-webkit-box-pack: center;justify-content: center;-webkit-box-align: center;align-items: center;\">\n<section   style=\"padding-right: 30px;padding-left: 30px;min-width: 60px;text-align: center;border-bottom: 2px solid rgb(232, 230, 230);\">\n<section  style=\"padding-right: 10px;padding-left: 10px;display: inline-block;font-size: 14px;color: rgb(123, 12, 0);border-bottom: 2px solid rgb(123, 12, 0);transform: translate(0px, 2px);border-top-color: rgb(123, 12, 0);border-left-color: rgb(123, 12, 0);border-right-color: rgb(123, 12, 0);\"><strong mpa-from-tpl=\"t\" style=\"border-color: rgb(123, 12, 0);\"><\/p>\n<p style=\"border-color: rgb(123, 12, 0);\"><span mpa-is-content=\"t\" style=\"font-size: 16px;border-color: rgb(123, 12, 0);\"><strong mpa-from-tpl=\"t\" mpa-is-content=\"t\" style=\"border-color: rgb(123, 12, 0);\">5. \u4ece\u56fa\u6001\u5230\u51dd\u805a\u6001<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p><\/strong><\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<p mpa-paragraph-type=\"body\" style=\"margin-right: 0.5em;margin-left: 0.5em;letter-spacing: 0px;white-space: normal;text-align: left;color: rgb(1, 1, 1);font-size: 15px;line-height: 2;\"><br  \/><\/p>\n<p mpa-paragraph-type=\"body\" style=\"margin-right: 0.5em;margin-left: 0.5em;letter-spacing: 0px;white-space: normal;text-align: left;color: rgb(1, 1, 1);font-size: 15px;line-height: 2;\">\u56fa\u4f53\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u6700\u521d\u88ab\u8bbe\u8ba1\u51fa\u6765\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u5e94\u4ed820\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e2d\u671f\u7279\u6709\u7684\u4e13\u4e1a\u6311\u6218\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\u968f\u7740\u4e16\u4e8b\u53d8\u8fc1\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u540d\u5b57\u5df2\u7ecf\u663e\u5f97\u6709\u4e9b\u4e0d\u5408\u65f6\u5b9c\u3002\u8fd9\u4e5f\u5e76\u4e0d\u5947\u602a\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5bf9\u7269\u8d28\u7684\u975e\u56fa\u6001\u4ee5\u53ca\u91cf\u5b50\u591a\u6001\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u65e5\u6e10\u589e\u52a0\uff0c\u4ece20\u4e16\u7eaa60\u5e74\u4ee3\u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u5c31\u6709\u4e00\u5c0f\u64ae\u56fa\u4f53\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u66f4\u613f\u610f\u79f0\u81ea\u5df1\u4e3a\u51dd\u805a\u6001\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6<span style=\"color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">\uff0811\uff09<\/span>\u3002<\/p>\n<p mpa-paragraph-type=\"body\" style=\"margin-right: 0.5em;margin-left: 0.5em;letter-spacing: 0px;white-space: normal;text-align: left;color: rgb(1, 1, 1);font-size: 15px;line-height: 2;\"><br  \/><\/p>\n<p mpa-paragraph-type=\"body\" style=\"margin-right: 0.5em;margin-left: 0.5em;letter-spacing: 0px;white-space: normal;text-align: left;color: rgb(1, 1, 1);font-size: 15px;line-height: 2;\">\u8fd9\u4e2a\u65b0\u7684\u540d\u5b57\u5728\u4f20\u64ad\u5230\u7f8e\u6d32\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u5c31\u5df2\u7ecf\u5728\u6b27\u6d32\u6d41\u4f20\u5f00\u6765\u30021962\u5e74\u897f\u5fb7\u5c31\u521b\u7acb\u4e86\u520a\u7269\u300a\u51dd\u805a\u6001\u7269\u7406\u300b\uff08Physics of Condensed Matter\uff09\uff0c\u8be5\u90e8\u51fa\u7248\u7269\u7684\u7f16\u8f91\u628a\u4ed6\u4eec\u8fd9\u4e00\u4e3b\u9898\u548c\u56fa\u4f53\u7269\u7406\u505a\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u660e\u786e\u7684\u5bf9\u6bd4\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u89e3\u91ca\u9053\uff0c<span style=\"color: rgb(123, 12, 0);\">\u628a\u56fa\u76f8\u7269\u7406\u7814\u7a76\u548c\u6db2\u76f8\u7269\u7406\u7814\u7a76\u5305\u542b\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u589e\u8fdb\u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u9886\u57df\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u4fc3\u8fdb\u6db2\u4f53\u9886\u57df\u7684\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u7814\u7a76\u3002<\/span><span style=\"color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">\uff0812\uff09<\/span>\u57281968\u5e74\u5251\u6865\u5927\u5b66\u4e5f\u505a\u51fa\u4e86\u7c7b\u4f3c\u7684\u7a81\u7834\uff0c\u8be5\u6821\u8457\u540d\u7684\u56fa\u6001\u7269\u7406\u7814\u7a76\u56e2\u4f53\u5c06\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u5174\u8da3\u91cd\u65b0\u547d\u540d\u4e3a<strong><span style=\"color: rgb(123, 12, 0);\">\u51dd\u805a\u6001\u7406\u8bba\uff08theory of condensed matter\uff09<\/span><\/strong>\u3002\u5251\u6865\u5927\u5b66\u6559\u6388\u3001\u8d1d\u5c14\u7814\u7a76\u5ba4\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u4e13\u5bb6 Philip Anderson \u62e5\u62a4\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e00\u6539\u53d8\u3002\u4ed6\u7684\u4e3e\u52a8\u4fc3\u8fdb\u4e86\u8be5\u672f\u8bed\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u63a8\u5e7f\uff0c<span style=\"color: rgb(123, 12, 0);\">1978\u5e74 APS \u56fa\u4f53\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5206\u4f1a\u6b63\u5f0f\u66f4\u540d\u4e3a\u51dd\u805a\u6001\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5206\u4f1a\uff08DCMP\uff09<\/span>\u3002<\/p>\n<p mpa-paragraph-type=\"body\" style=\"margin-right: 0.5em;margin-left: 0.5em;letter-spacing: 0px;white-space: normal;text-align: left;color: rgb(1, 1, 1);font-size: 15px;line-height: 2;\"><br  \/><\/p>\n<blockquote style=\"white-space: normal;\">\n<p mpa-paragraph-type=\"body\" style=\"margin-right: 0.5em;margin-left: 0.5em;text-align: left;color: rgb(1, 1, 1);letter-spacing: 0px;font-size: 15px;line-height: 2;\">\u51dd\u805a\u6001\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5206\u4f1a\u7f51\u5740\uff1a<\/p>\n<p mpa-paragraph-type=\"body\" style=\"margin-right: 0.5em;margin-left: 0.5em;text-align: left;color: rgb(1, 1, 1);letter-spacing: 0px;font-size: 15px;line-height: 2;\">https:\/\/www.aps.org\/units\/dcmp\/index.cfm<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p mpa-paragraph-type=\"body\" style=\"margin-right: 0.5em;margin-left: 0.5em;letter-spacing: 0px;white-space: normal;text-align: left;color: rgb(1, 1, 1);font-size: 15px;line-height: 2;\"><br  \/><\/p>\n<p mpa-paragraph-type=\"body\" style=\"margin-right: 0.5em;margin-left: 0.5em;letter-spacing: 0px;white-space: normal;text-align: left;color: rgb(1, 1, 1);font-size: 15px;line-height: 2;\">\u8fd9\u4e2a\u65b0\u540d\u5b57\u660e\u663e\u7684\u589e\u8fdb\u4e86\u51dd\u805a\u6001\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u7684\u81ea\u6211\u8ba4\u540c\uff0c\u800c\u81f3\u5173\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u5b83\u63cf\u7ed8\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u66f4\u5927\u7684\u7edf\u4e00\u6982\u5ff5\u3002\u5373\u4f7f\u5728\u56fa\u4f53\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u65e9\u671f\uff0c\u56fa\u4f53\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u8fd9\u4e2a\u540d\u5b57\u4e5f\u7ecf\u5e38\u906d\u5230\u975e\u8bae\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u8be5\u9886\u57df\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u4e0e\u6280\u672f\u901a\u5e38\u5173\u4e4e\u4e8e\u6db2\u4f53\u3001\u5206\u5b50\u7b49\u79bb\u5b50\u4f53\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u975e\u56fa\u6001\u7684\u7269\u8d28\u3002\u5f53\u534a\u5bfc\u4f53\u7269\u7406\u8fd9\u4e2a\u9886\u57df\u8fd8\u5904\u4e8e\u524d\u6cbf\u5730\u4f4d\u65f6\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u540d\u79f0\u4e0e\u7814\u7a76\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u4e0d\u4e00\u81f4\u8fd8\u65e0\u5173\u7d27\u8981\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u5230\u4e8620\u4e16\u7eaa70\u5e74\u4ee3\uff0c\u534a\u5bfc\u4f53\u9886\u57df\u5c31\u4e0d\u518d\u662f\u524d\u6cbf\u9635\u5730\u4e86\u3002\u8bf8\u5982\uff0c\u76f8\u53d8\u6d41\u4f53\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u975e\u7ebf\u6027\u52a8\u529b\u5b66\u3001\u4e0e\u56fa\u4f53\u51e0\u4e4e\u6ca1\u6709\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u6db2\u6c26\u7814\u7a76\u7b49\u4e34\u754c\u73b0\u8c61\uff0c\u5360\u636e\u7740\u8be5\u9886\u57df\u7684\u5173\u952e\u4f4d\u7f6e\u3002\u56fa\u4f53\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u8fd9\u4e2a\u79f0\u547c\u53d8\u5f97\u660e\u663e\u5730\u7528\u8bcd\u4e0d\u5f53\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e0d\u5bb9\u5ffd\u89c6\u3002<\/p>\n<p mpa-paragraph-type=\"body\" style=\"margin-right: 0.5em;margin-left: 0.5em;letter-spacing: 0px;white-space: normal;text-align: left;color: rgb(1, 1, 1);font-size: 15px;line-height: 2;\"><br  \/><\/p>\n<p mpa-paragraph-type=\"body\" style=\"margin-right: 0.5em;margin-left: 0.5em;letter-spacing: 0px;white-space: normal;text-align: left;color: rgb(1, 1, 1);font-size: 15px;line-height: 2;\">\u51dd\u805a\u6001\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u8fd9\u4e2a\u65b0\u540d\u79f0\u4e5f\u663e\u793a\u51fa\u4e86\u8be5\u9886\u57df\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u4e25\u8c28\u6027\u3002<span style=\"color: rgb(123, 12, 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0.5em;margin-left: 0.5em;letter-spacing: 0px;white-space: normal;text-align: left;color: rgb(1, 1, 1);font-size: 15px;line-height: 2;\"><br  \/><\/p>\n<p mpa-paragraph-type=\"body\" style=\"margin-right: 0.5em;margin-left: 0.5em;letter-spacing: 0px;white-space: normal;text-align: left;color: rgb(1, 1, 1);font-size: 15px;line-height: 2;\">\u4e00\u4e9b\u53c2\u4e0e\u4eba\u58eb\u62c5\u5fc3\u597d\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u4f1a\u56e0\u4e3a\u7f3a\u94b1\u800c\u6d88\u5931\u3002\u5251\u6865\u56fa\u4f53\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6 Brian Pippard \u62b1\u6028\u9053\uff0c\u201c\u6db2\u6c26\u201d\u3001\u201c\u8d85\u5bfc\u6027\u201d\u548c\u201c\u78c1-\u963b\u201d\u4ece\u4e9f\u5f85\u89e3\u51b3\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u95ee\u9898\u5217\u8868\u4e2d\u6d88\u5931\u4e86\u3002\u5728\u4efb\u4f55\u4e00\u4e2a\u8ba4\u4e3a\u81ea\u5df1\u65e5\u540e\u80fd\u4f5c\u51fa\u65b0\u8d21\u732e\u7684\u5e74\u8f7b\u5c0f\u767d\u770b\u6765\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7814\u7a76\u9886\u57df\u592a\u7cdf\u7cd5\u4e86\u3002<\/p>\n<p mpa-paragraph-type=\"body\" style=\"margin-right: 0.5em;margin-left: 0.5em;letter-spacing: 0px;white-space: normal;text-align: left;color: rgb(1, 1, 1);font-size: 15px;line-height: 2;\"><img class=\"\"       style=\"text-align: center;color: rgb(51, 51, 51);font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei UI&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, Arial, sans-serif;font-size: 17px;\" src=\"http:\/\/swarma.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/swarma1-1552388699.png\" alt=\"\u96c6\u667a\" title=\"\u96c6\u667a\"  \/><\/p>\n<p mpa-paragraph-type=\"body\" style=\"margin-right: 0.5em;margin-left: 0.5em;letter-spacing: 0px;white-space: normal;text-align: left;color: rgb(1, 1, 1);font-size: 15px;line-height: 2;\"><strong><span style=\"color: rgb(123, 12, 0);\">\u4e34\u754c\u73b0\u8c61\u7684\u7a81\u7834\u53d1\u73b0<\/span><\/strong>\u4e3a\u56fa\u4f53\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u4e00\u79cd\u5bf9\u6297\u8fd9\u79cd\u632b\u8d25\u611f\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7a81\u7834\u4e5f\u5e2e\u52a9\u8fd9\u4e2a\u9886\u57df\u83b7\u5f97\u4e86\u53ea\u6709\u9ad8\u80fd\u7269\u7406\u624d\u80fd\u4eab\u6709\u7684\u5728\u77e5\u8bc6\u4e0a\u7684\u58f0\u671b\u30021972\u5e74 Anderson \u5728 Science \u6742\u5fd7\u4e0a\u53d1\u8868\u4e86\u4e00\u7bc7\u5177\u6709\u91cc\u7a0b\u7891\u610f\u4e49\u7684\u6587\u7ae0\u300aMore Is Different\u300b\u3002\u8be5\u6587\u7ae0\u6307\u51fa\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u53c2\u4e0e\u7684\u6bcf\u4e00\u79cd\u65b0\u7684\u590d\u6742\u95ee\u9898\u90fd\u4f1a\u6210\u4e3a\u8574\u542b\u7740\u65b0\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u7406\u8bba\u548c\u667a\u529b\u6311\u6218\u7684\u5b9d\u85cf\u3002\u968f\u7740\u51dd\u805a\u6001\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u7740\u624b\u4e8e\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u590d\u6742\u7684\u7269\u7406\u73b0\u8c61\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u80fd\u591f\u5f00\u62d3\u51fa\u65b0\u7684\u667a\u529b\u524d\u6cbf\u9635\u5730\u3002<span style=\"color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">\uff0813\uff09<\/span><\/p>\n<p mpa-paragraph-type=\"body\" style=\"margin-right: 0.5em;margin-left: 0.5em;letter-spacing: 0px;white-space: normal;text-align: left;color: rgb(1, 1, 1);font-size: 15px;line-height: 2;\"><br  \/><\/p>\n<p mpa-paragraph-type=\"body\" style=\"margin-right: 0.5em;margin-left: 0.5em;letter-spacing: 0px;white-space: normal;text-align: left;color: rgb(1, 1, 1);font-size: 15px;line-height: 2;\">\u66f4\u540d\u4e3a\u51dd\u805a\u6001\u7269\u7406\u5e76\u4e0d\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u91cd\u547d\u540d\uff0c\u4e5f\u4ee3\u8868\u7740\u4e00\u80a1\u7531\u7f8e\u56fd\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u754c\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u5206\u5b50\u548c\u4e13\u4e1a\u73af\u5883\u6240\u9a71\u52a8\u7684\u4f18\u5148\u6743\u7684\u8f6c\u53d8\u3002<\/p>\n<p mpa-paragraph-type=\"body\" style=\"margin-right: 0.5em;margin-left: 0.5em;letter-spacing: 0px;white-space: normal;text-align: left;color: rgb(1, 1, 1);font-size: 15px;line-height: 2;\"><br  \/><\/p>\n<p mpa-paragraph-type=\"body\" style=\"margin-right: 0.5em;margin-left: 0.5em;letter-spacing: 0px;white-space: normal;text-align: left;color: rgb(1, 1, 1);font-size: 15px;line-height: 2;\">\u572820\u4e16\u7eaa\u768490\u5e74\u4ee3\u521d\u671f\uff0c\u56f4\u7ed5\u7740<a href=\"http:\/\/mp.weixin.qq.com\/s?__biz=MzIzMjQyNzQ5MA==&amp;mid=2247490090&amp;idx=2&amp;sn=92c035d525e551e753b5a6d98fc0d9c2&amp;chksm=e89440a7dfe3c9b12b8f197dda7b538735d2f37c02b7af1fc950e0916549e7a5655055d37b85&amp;scene=21#wechat_redirect\" target=\"_blank\"  >\u8d85\u5bfc\u8d85\u7ea7\u5bf9\u649e\u673a<\/a>\uff08Superconducting Super Collider\uff0c SSC\uff09\u5c55\u5f00\u7684\u8fa9\u8bba\uff0c\u51dd\u805a\u6001\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u6d4b\u8bd5\u4e86\u8fd9\u79cd\u4f18\u5148\u6743\u3002\u9ad8\u80fd\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u5c06\u8fd9\u89c6\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u524d\u6240\u672a\u6709\u7684\u53db\u53d8\u3002\u5305\u62ec\u8bfa\u8d1d\u5c14\u5956\u5f97\u4e3b Anderson \u548c Nicolaas Bloembergen \u5728\u5185\u7684\u8bb8\u591a\u8457\u540d\u51dd\u805a\u6001\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u4e0d\u4ec5\u4ec5\u79c1\u4e0b\u53cd\u5bf9\u8d85\u7ea7\u5bf9\u649e\u673a SSC \u9879\u76ee\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u6562\u5728\u80fd\u591f\u51b3\u5b9a\u9879\u76ee\u547d\u8fd0\u7684\u51b3\u7b56\u4eba\u9762\u524d\u53cd\u5bf9\u8d85\u7ea7\u5bf9\u649e\u673a\u3002<\/p>\n<p mpa-paragraph-type=\"body\" style=\"margin-right: 0.5em;margin-left: 0.5em;letter-spacing: 0px;white-space: normal;text-align: left;color: rgb(1, 1, 1);font-size: 15px;line-height: 2;\"><br  \/><\/p>\n<section  class=\"mpa-template\" mpa-paragraph-type=\"image\" style=\"white-space: normal;\">\n<p style=\"margin-right: 8px;margin-left: 8px;text-align: center;\"><img class=\"\"     width=\"69%\" style=\"border-style: solid;border-width: 0px;box-shadow: none;width: 540px;visibility: visible !important;\" src=\"http:\/\/swarma.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/swarma2-1552388699.jpeg\" alt=\"\u96c6\u667a\" title=\"\u96c6\u667a\"  \/><\/p>\n<\/section>\n<p mpa-paragraph-type=\"body\" style=\"margin-right: 0.5em;margin-left: 0.5em;letter-spacing: 0px;white-space: normal;text-align: center;color: rgb(1, 1, 1);font-size: 15px;line-height: 2;\"><span style=\"color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 13px;\">\u8be5\u6f2b\u753b\u8bbd\u523a\u4e86\u9ad8\u80fd\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u7684\u671f\u671b\u4e0e\u8054\u90a6\u653f\u5e9c\u4f18\u5148\u4e8b\u9879\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u8131\u8282\u3002<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p mpa-paragraph-type=\"body\" style=\"margin-right: 0.5em;margin-left: 0.5em;letter-spacing: 0px;white-space: normal;text-align: left;color: rgb(1, 1, 1);font-size: 15px;line-height: 2;\"><br  \/><\/p>\n<p mpa-paragraph-type=\"body\" style=\"margin-right: 0.5em;margin-left: 0.5em;letter-spacing: 0px;white-space: normal;text-align: left;color: rgb(1, 1, 1);font-size: 15px;line-height: 2;\">\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u573a\u7406\u60f3\u4e0e\u73b0\u5b9e\u7684\u51b2\u7a81\u3002\u5bf9\u4e8e\u9ad8\u80fd\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u83b7\u53d6\u57fa\u7840\u77e5\u8bc6\u7684\u9014\u5f84\u662f\u4e00\u6761\u7814\u7a76\u9886\u57df\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u7a84\u7684\u5355\u884c\u9053\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u80fd\u4ece\u591a\u4e2a\u9886\u57df\u83b7\u53d6\u57fa\u7840\u77e5\u8bc6\u7684\u51dd\u805a\u6001\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u6765\uff0c\u8bf4\u652f\u6301 SSC \u9879\u76ee\u4f1a\u524a\u5f31\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u9886\u57df\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u4ed6\u4eec\u6240\u5728\u7684\u9886\u57df\u30021989 \u5e74 Anderson \u5bf9\u56fd\u4f1a\u8bf4\u9053\uff0c\u51dd\u805a\u6001\u7269\u7406\u5c31\u5939\u5728\u8ff7\u4eba\u7684\u91cd\u5927\u79d1\u5b66\u9879\u76ee\u548c\u7a0b\u5f0f\u5316\u7814\u7a76\u4e4b\u95f4\uff0c\u8fdb\u9000\u7ef4\u8c37\uff0c\u8179\u80cc\u53d7\u654c\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u5904\u5883\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e3a\u4e86\u8fbe\u5230\u77ed\u671f\u7684\u76ee\u6807\uff0c\u4f60\u5fc5\u987b\u505a\u51fa\u4e00\u4e9b\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u5de5\u4f5c<span style=\"color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">\uff0814\uff09<\/span>\u3002<\/p>\n<p mpa-paragraph-type=\"body\" style=\"margin-right: 0.5em;margin-left: 0.5em;letter-spacing: 0px;white-space: normal;text-align: left;color: rgb(1, 1, 1);font-size: 15px;line-height: 2;\"><br  \/><\/p>\n<p mpa-paragraph-type=\"body\" style=\"margin-right: 0.5em;margin-left: 0.5em;letter-spacing: 0px;white-space: normal;text-align: left;color: rgb(1, 1, 1);font-size: 15px;line-height: 2;\">\u50cf Anderson \u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u62b1\u6028\u5df2\u7ecf\u8fc7\u65f6\u4e86\u3002\u56fa\u4f53\u548c\u51dd\u805a\u6001\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u957f\u671f\u4ee5\u6765\u90fd\u5728\u4e3a\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u667a\u529b\u4ef7\u503c\u505a\u8fa9\u62a4\uff0c\u4ee5\u6b64\u6765\u53cd\u5bf9\u4ed6\u4eec\u88ab\u6307\u63a7\u4e3a\u201c\u5783\u573e\u72b6\u6001\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u201d\u3002\u4ece20\u4e16\u7eaa60\u5e74\u4ee3\u4e2d\u671f\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u6108\u52a0\u62c5\u5fc3\u5927\u578b\u52a0\u901f\u5668\u8bbe\u65bd\u4f1a\u62bd\u8d70\u539f\u672c\u53ef\u4ee5\u66f4\u52a0\u516c\u5e73\u5206\u914d\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u7ecf\u8d39\u3002\u4e0d\u8fc7\u56fa\u6001\u548c\u51dd\u805a\u6001\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u6570\u5341\u5e74\u4ee5\u6765\u4eab\u6709\u5de8\u5927\u7684\u4eba\u6570\u4f18\u52bf\uff0c\u518d\u52a0\u4e0a\u5176\u667a\u529b\u8ba1\u5212\u7684\u590d\u5174\uff0c\u9f13\u821e\u4e86\u8be5\u9886\u57df\u7684\u9886\u5bfc\u8005\u3002<\/p>\n<p mpa-paragraph-type=\"body\" style=\"margin-right: 0.5em;margin-left: 0.5em;letter-spacing: 0px;white-space: normal;text-align: left;color: rgb(1, 1, 1);font-size: 15px;line-height: 2;\"><br  \/><\/p>\n<p mpa-paragraph-type=\"body\" style=\"margin-right: 0.5em;margin-left: 0.5em;letter-spacing: 0px;white-space: normal;text-align: left;color: rgb(1, 1, 1);font-size: 15px;line-height: 2;\">\u5230\u4e8620\u4e16\u7eaa80\u5e74\u4ee3\u672b\u671f\uff0c\u51dd\u805a\u6001\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u4e0d\u4ec5\u51c6\u5907\u58f0\u660e\u4ed6\u4eec\u5e94\u8be5\u5728\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u79d1\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u4f4d\u7f6e\u5360\u636e\u4e00\u5e2d\u4e4b\u5730\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u8ba4\u4e3a<span style=\"color: rgb(123, 12, 0);\">\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u76ee\u6807\u4e0e\u9ad8\u80fd\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u7684\u72ed\u7a84\u4e14\u5355\u4e00\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u76ee\u6807\u76f8\u6bd4\uff0c\u66f4\u80fd\u4ee3\u8868\u6574\u4e2a\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u754c\u7684\u76ee\u6807\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n<section  class=\"mpa-template\" mpa-paragraph-type=\"secondTitle\" style=\"white-space: normal;\">\n<p style=\"margin-right: 8px;margin-left: 8px;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"><br  \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-right: 8px;margin-left: 8px;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-size: medium;\"><br  \/><\/p>\n<section  style=\"margin-top: 20px;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-size: medium;display: flex;-webkit-box-pack: center;justify-content: center;-webkit-box-align: center;align-items: center;\">\n<section   style=\"padding-right: 30px;padding-left: 30px;min-width: 60px;text-align: center;border-bottom: 2px solid rgb(232, 230, 230);\">\n<section  style=\"padding-right: 10px;padding-left: 10px;display: inline-block;font-size: 14px;color: rgb(123, 12, 0);border-bottom: 2px solid rgb(123, 12, 0);transform: translate(0px, 2px);border-top-color: rgb(123, 12, 0);border-left-color: rgb(123, 12, 0);border-right-color: rgb(123, 12, 0);\"><strong mpa-from-tpl=\"t\" style=\"border-color: rgb(123, 12, 0);\"><\/p>\n<p style=\"border-color: rgb(123, 12, 0);\"><span mpa-is-content=\"t\" style=\"font-size: 16px;border-color: rgb(123, 12, 0);\"><strong mpa-from-tpl=\"t\" mpa-is-content=\"t\" style=\"border-color: rgb(123, 12, 0);\">6. \u5b66\u79d1\u5206\u7c7b\u7684\u529b\u91cf<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p><\/strong><\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<p mpa-paragraph-type=\"body\" style=\"margin-right: 0.5em;margin-left: 0.5em;letter-spacing: 0px;white-space: normal;text-align: left;color: rgb(1, 1, 1);font-size: 15px;line-height: 2;\"><br  \/><\/p>\n<p mpa-paragraph-type=\"body\" style=\"margin-right: 0.5em;margin-left: 0.5em;letter-spacing: 0px;white-space: normal;text-align: left;color: rgb(1, 1, 1);font-size: 15px;line-height: 2;\">\u8fd9\u4e2a\u63ed\u793a\u4e86\u51dd\u805a\u6001\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5982\u4f55\u6210\u4e3a\u7f8e\u56fd\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u754c\u6838\u5fc3\u9886\u57df\u7684\u6545\u4e8b\uff0c\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5173\u4e8e\u5b66\u79d1\u5206\u7c7b\u7684\u6545\u4e8b\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u7279\u544a\u8bc9\u4e86\u6211\u4eec\u5b66\u79d1\u5206\u7c7b\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u3002\u572820\u4e16\u7eaa\u65e9\u671f\uff0c\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u53ef\u80fd\u5df2\u7ecf\u50cf Bern Porter \u90a3\u6837\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u4f9d\u7167\u5728\u81ea\u7136\u754c\u4e2d\u89c2\u5bdf\u548c\u611f\u53d7\u5f97\u5230\u7684\u5206\u7c7b\uff0c\u7ed8\u5236\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u5b66\u79d1\u5730\u56fe\u3002<\/p>\n<p mpa-paragraph-type=\"body\" style=\"margin-right: 0.5em;margin-left: 0.5em;letter-spacing: 0px;white-space: normal;text-align: left;color: rgb(1, 1, 1);font-size: 15px;line-height: 2;\"><br  \/><\/p>\n<p mpa-paragraph-type=\"body\" style=\"margin-right: 0.5em;margin-left: 0.5em;letter-spacing: 0px;white-space: normal;text-align: left;color: rgb(1, 1, 1);font-size: 15px;line-height: 2;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0px;\">\u4f46\u662f\u8fd9\u79cd\u5206\u7c7b\u65b9\u6cd5\u6709\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001\u5728\u4f5c\u795f\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u65b9\u6cd5\u5bf9\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u6d3b\u52a8\u5e94\u8be5\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\u6837\u5b50\u7684\u505a\u51fa\u4e86\u7ea6\u675f\uff1a\u5b83\u5728\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u548c\u975e\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u4e4b\u95f4\u753b\u51fa\u4e86\u4e00\u6761\u754c\u7ebf\uff0c\u89c4\u5b9a\u4e86\u8c01\u53ef\u4ee5\u58f0\u79f0\u81ea\u5df1\u662f\u5927\u90fd\u4f1a\u7684\u9886\u5bfc\u8005\uff0c\u800c\u8c01\u662f\u6392\u5934\u5175\u3002\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u5bf9\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u505a\u51fa\u5206\u754c\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u51b3\u5b9a\u4e86\u4ed6\u4eec\u5de5\u4f5c\u8fdb\u884c\u7684\u65b9\u5411\u4ee5\u53ca\u4ef7\u503c\u3002<\/span><br  \/><\/p>\n<p mpa-paragraph-type=\"body\" style=\"margin-right: 0.5em;margin-left: 0.5em;letter-spacing: 0px;white-space: normal;text-align: left;color: rgb(1, 1, 1);font-size: 15px;line-height: 2;\"><br  \/><\/p>\n<p mpa-paragraph-type=\"body\" style=\"margin-right: 0.5em;margin-left: 0.5em;letter-spacing: 0px;white-space: normal;text-align: left;color: rgb(1, 1, 1);font-size: 15px;line-height: 2;\">\u572820\u4e16\u7eaa\u65e9\u671f\uff0c\u5e94\u7528\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u88ab\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u8fb9\u7f18\u5316\u3002\u7b49\u5230\u4e86\u4e8c\u6218\u540e\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5df2\u7ecf\u5438\u53d6\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7ecf\u9a8c\u6559\u8bad\u3002\u56fa\u4f53\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u8fd9\u4e2a\u9886\u57df\u5c31\u6781\u597d\u7684\u5e2e\u52a9\u4e86\u5de5\u4e1a\u754c\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u4eec\u638c\u63e1\u4e0a\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e2d\u53f6\u7684\u653f\u7b56\u65b9\u5411\u3002\u5f53\u4eba\u4eec\u610f\u8bc6\u5230\u56fa\u4f53\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5df2\u7ecf\u4e0a\u4e86\u5e74\u7eaa\u65f6\uff0c\u51dd\u805a\u6001\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u6539\u53d8\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e2a\u9886\u57df\u7684\u65b9\u5411\u3002\u901a\u8fc7\u8fd9\u4e8c\u8005\u7684\u52aa\u529b\uff0c\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5730\u56fe\u4e5f\u5f97\u4ee5\u91cd\u7ed8\u3002\u8fd9\u5728\u4ee5\u524d\u53ea\u80fd\u5360\u636e\u6392\u5934\u5175\u5730\u4f4d\u7684\u5e94\u7528\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u548c\u591a\u4f53\u7406\u8bba\uff0c\u73b0\u5728\u80fd\u591f\u8d70\u5411\u821e\u53f0\u4e2d\u592e\u3002\u4f46\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8fc7\u7a0b\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u5728\u5730\u56fe\u4e0a\u5f00\u8f9f\u4e00\u5757\u65b0\u7684\u9886\u571f\u5e76\u5c06\u5176\u547d\u540d\u4e3a\u56fa\u6001\u7269\u7406\u6216\u8005\u662f\u51dd\u805a\u6001\u7269\u7406\uff0c<span style=\"color: rgb(123, 12, 0);\">\u521b\u7acb\u8fd9\u4e9b\u65b0\u7684\u9886\u57df\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u662f\u9700\u8981\u6539\u53d8\u8fc7\u53bb\u5df2\u6709\u7684\u9886\u57df\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n<p mpa-paragraph-type=\"body\" style=\"margin-right: 0.5em;margin-left: 0.5em;letter-spacing: 0px;white-space: normal;text-align: left;color: rgb(1, 1, 1);font-size: 15px;line-height: 2;\"><br  \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-right: 8px;margin-left: 8px;white-space: normal;line-height: 1.75em;\"><span style=\"font-size: 15px;\">\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u5bb6 Daniel Kevles \u6e05\u6670\u8868\u8fbe\u51fa\u4e86\u4e00\u79cd\u666e\u904d\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\uff1a\u201c<span style=\"color:#7b0c00;\">\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u5c31\u662f\u7269\u7406\u5b66<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 15px;\">\u201d\uff08physics is what physicists do\uff09<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 15px;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">\uff0815\uff09<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 15px;\">\u3002\u7136\u800c\u51dd\u805a\u6001\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u7684\u5174\u8d77\uff0c\u610f\u5473\u7740\u8fd9\u53e5\u8bdd\u9700\u8981\u505a\u51fa\u6539\u53d8\uff1a\u201c<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 15px;color: rgb(123, 12, 0);\">\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u51b3\u5b9a\u7740\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 15px;\">\u201d\uff08physics is what physicists decide it is\uff09\u3002\u56fa\u4f53\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u53ca\u5176\u4e4b\u540e\u7684\u51dd\u805a\u6001\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u80fd\u591f\u6210\u4e3a\u663e\u5b66\uff0c\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u610f\u8bc6\u5230\u4e86\u5b66\u79d1\u5206\u7c7b\u5e26\u6765\u7684\u529b\u91cf\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u613f\u610f\u6839\u636e\u9700\u8981\u6765\u8fdb\u884c\u4fee\u7f2e\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 0px 0.5em;text-align: left;color: rgb(1, 1, 1);letter-spacing: 0px;font-size: 15px;line-height: 2;font-weight: normal;\" mpa-paragraph-type=\"body\"><span style=\"font-size: 15px;\"><\/span><br  \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 0px 0.5em;text-align: left;color: rgb(1, 1, 1);letter-spacing: 0px;font-size: 15px;line-height: 2;font-weight: normal;\" mpa-paragraph-type=\"body\"><br  \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 0px 0.5em;text-align: left;color: rgb(1, 1, 1);letter-spacing: 0px;font-size: 15px;line-height: 2;font-weight: normal;\" mpa-paragraph-type=\"body\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><strong>\u53c2\u8003\u6587\u732e\uff1a<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 0px 8px;text-align: left;color: rgb(1, 1, 1);letter-spacing: 0px;font-size: 15px;line-height: 2;font-weight: normal;\"><span ><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">1. I. R. Morus,&nbsp;When Physics Became King,&nbsp;U. Chicago Press&nbsp;(2005).&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">2.\tH. A. Rowland,&nbsp;Science&nbsp;10, 825 (1899), p. 826.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.10.258.825<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">3.\tJ. J. Carty,&nbsp;Science&nbsp;44, 511 (1916), p.512.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.44.1137.511<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">4.\tS. R. Weart, in&nbsp;The Sciences in the American Context: New Perspectives, N. Reingold, ed.,&nbsp;Smithsonian Institution Press(1979), p. 295.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">5.\tA. Roberts, \u201cIt Ain\u2019t the Money,\u201d lyrics,<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">https:\/\/ww3.haverford.edu\/physics-astro\/songs\/roberts\/money.htm<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">6.\tS. Shapin,&nbsp;The Scientific Life: A Moral History of a Late Modern Vocation,&nbsp;U. Chicago Press&nbsp;(2008).&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">7.\tR. M. Bozorth, H. J. Williams,&nbsp;Rev. Mod. Phys.&nbsp;17, 72 (1945).<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1103\/RevModPhys.17.72,&nbsp;Google ScholarCrossref<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">8.\tC. Zener,&nbsp;Rev. Mod. Phys.&nbsp;17, 20 (1945).<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1103\/RevModPhys.17.20,&nbsp;Google ScholarCrossref<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">9.\tW. W. Hansen to D. L. Webster (4 February 1943), series 1, box 5, folder 20, Felix Bloch papers, 1931\u20131987, Special Collections and University Archives, Stanford University, Stanford, CA.&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">10.\tD. Kaiser,&nbsp;Osiris&nbsp;27, 276 (2012).&nbsp;https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1086\/667831<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">11.\tJ. D. Martin,&nbsp;Phys. Perspect.&nbsp;17, 3 (2015).<\/span><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;font-size: 14px;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00016-014-0151-7<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">12.\tPhys. Kondens. Mater.&nbsp;1, i (1963).<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">13.\tP. W. Anderson,&nbsp;Science&nbsp;177, 393 (1972).<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.177.4047.393<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">14.\tP. W. Anderson,&nbsp;Proposed Fiscal Year 1990 Budget Request (DOE\u2019s Office of Energy Research), testimony before the US Senate Committee on Energy and Natural Resources, Subcommittee on Energy Research and Development, 101st Congress,&nbsp;24 February 1989, p. 134.&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0px;font-size: 14px;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">15.\tD. Kevles,&nbsp;Hist. Stud. Phys. Biol. Sci.&nbsp;20, 239 (1990), p. 264<\/span><\/p>\n<ol  class=\"ql-long-10904246 list-paddingleft-2\" style=\"margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;\"><\/ol>\n<p><br  \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 0px 0.5em;text-align: left;color: rgb(1, 1, 1);letter-spacing: 0px;font-size: 15px;line-height: 2;font-weight: normal;\" mpa-paragraph-type=\"body\"><br  \/><\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p style=\"margin: 0px 8px;text-align: left;color: rgb(1, 1, 1);letter-spacing: 0px;font-size: 15px;line-height: 2;font-weight: normal;\"><span style=\"color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-size: 14px;\">\u7ffb\u8bd1\uff1aLeo<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 0px 8px;text-align: left;color: rgb(1, 1, 1);letter-spacing: 0px;font-size: 15px;line-height: 2;font-weight: normal;\"><span style=\"color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-size: 14px;\">\u5ba1\u6821\uff1a\u9648\u661f\u5f3a<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 0px 8px;text-align: left;color: rgb(1, 1, 1);letter-spacing: 0px;font-size: 15px;line-height: 2;font-weight: normal;\"><span style=\"color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-size: 14px;\">\u7f16\u8f91\uff1a\u738b\u6021\u853a<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 0px 8px;text-align: left;color: rgb(1, 1, 1);letter-spacing: 0px;font-size: 15px;line-height: 2;font-weight: normal;\"><span style=\"color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-size: 14px;\">\u539f\u6587\u5730\u5740\uff1a<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 0px 8px;text-align: left;color: rgb(1, 1, 1);letter-spacing: 0px;font-size: 15px;line-height: 2;font-weight: normal;\"><span style=\"color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-size: 14px;\">https:\/\/physicstoday.scitation.org\/doi\/10.1063\/PT.3.4110<\/span><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<section  class=\"mpa-template\" mpa-paragraph-type=\"secondTitle\">\n<p style=\"margin-right: 8px;margin-left: 8px;clear: both;min-height: 1em;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"><br  \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-right: 8px;margin-left: 8px;clear: both;min-height: 1em;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-size: medium;\"><br  \/><\/p>\n<section  style=\"margin-top: 20px;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-size: medium;display: flex;-webkit-box-pack: center;justify-content: center;-webkit-box-align: center;align-items: center;\">\n<section   style=\"padding-right: 30px;padding-left: 30px;min-width: 60px;text-align: center;border-bottom: 2px solid rgb(232, 230, 230);\">\n<section  style=\"padding-right: 10px;padding-left: 10px;display: inline-block;font-size: 14px;color: rgb(123, 12, 0);border-bottom: 2px solid rgb(123, 12, 0);transform: translate(0px, 2px);border-top-color: rgb(123, 12, 0);border-left-color: rgb(123, 12, 0);border-right-color: rgb(123, 12, 0);\"><strong mpa-from-tpl=\"t\" style=\"border-color: rgb(123, 12, 0);\"><\/p>\n<p style=\"clear: both;min-height: 1em;border-color: rgb(123, 12, 0);\"><span mpa-is-content=\"t\" style=\"font-size: 16px;border-color: rgb(123, 12, 0);\"><strong mpa-from-tpl=\"t\" mpa-is-content=\"t\" style=\"border-color: rgb(123, 12, 0);\">\u63a8\u8350\u9605\u8bfb<span style=\"border-color: rgb(123, 12, 0);\"><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p><\/strong><\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<p style=\"clear: both;min-height: 1em;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-size: medium;\"><br  \/><\/p>\n<\/section>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;line-height: 2em;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/mp.weixin.qq.com\/s?__biz=MzIzMjQyNzQ5MA==&amp;mid=2247490067&amp;idx=3&amp;sn=291d3bf8da59c07c1a9e6247e1f850f6&amp;chksm=e894409edfe3c98845e1e430451a1b57cee3af686e77020027c4018a4ebf7b21bcbd59397d5f&amp;scene=21#wechat_redirect\" target=\"_blank\"  style=\"font-size: 14px;text-decoration: underline;letter-spacing: 2px;\" ><span style=\"letter-spacing: 2px;\"><strong><span style=\"letter-spacing: 2px;font-size: 14px;\">\u4e13\u8bbf\u51dd\u805a\u6001\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u6587\u5c0f\u521a<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;line-height: 2em;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/mp.weixin.qq.com\/s?__biz=MzIzMjQyNzQ5MA==&amp;mid=2247488833&amp;idx=1&amp;sn=25f42ef83ac984dbd4f350d79dd2acb8&amp;chksm=e8944fccdfe3c6dae33729a47e0c931580389135a4240561147cb82c37396df4dcd4e0fcb387&amp;scene=21#wechat_redirect\" target=\"_blank\"  style=\"font-size: 14px;text-decoration: underline;letter-spacing: 2px;\" ><span style=\"letter-spacing: 2px;\"><strong><span style=\"letter-spacing: 2px;font-size: 14px;\">\u5bf9\u79f0\u6027\u4e0e\u62d3\u6251\u5e8f\uff1a\u65b0\u578b\u91cf\u5b50\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u7684\u7269\u7406\u57fa\u7840<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/a><br  \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;line-height: 2em;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/mp.weixin.qq.com\/s?__biz=MzIzMjQyNzQ5MA==&amp;mid=2247489051&amp;idx=1&amp;sn=226d76015a47a253d5ea5a6e775ecdd1&amp;chksm=e8944c96dfe3c580168a5ed9891f5a66574e91c71a615defa83bf83ad21f7a0e415864239ca8&amp;scene=21#wechat_redirect\" target=\"_blank\"  style=\"font-size: 14px;text-decoration: underline;letter-spacing: 2px;\" ><span style=\"letter-spacing: 2px;\"><strong><span style=\"letter-spacing: 2px;font-size: 14px;\">\u73bb\u7483\u7269\u7406\u5b66\uff1a\u4e00\u6247\u901a\u5f80\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u7a97\u6237<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/a><br  \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;line-height: 2em;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/mp.weixin.qq.com\/s?__biz=MzIzMjQyNzQ5MA==&amp;mid=2247493719&amp;idx=1&amp;sn=d78da5412ea913c9a89509098b5e1f3a&amp;chksm=e897b2dadfe03bcce72f3be2520a2a563d8760ed9320deecf6a77408d259dbe8c6764bdbd465&amp;scene=21#wechat_redirect\" target=\"_blank\"  style=\"font-size: 14px;text-decoration: underline;letter-spacing: 2px;\" ><span style=\"letter-spacing: 2px;\"><strong><span style=\"letter-spacing: 2px;font-size: 14px;\">\u8d28\u7591\uff1a\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u7406\u8bba\u505c\u6ede\u4e0d\u524d\u4e86\u5417\uff1f<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/a><br  \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;line-height: 2em;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/mp.weixin.qq.com\/s?__biz=MzIzMjQyNzQ5MA==&amp;mid=2247487778&amp;idx=1&amp;sn=c2e77ec93213c4c63f57a777ff10e368&amp;chksm=e8944bafdfe3c2b9d66544dafe7403159473e8c94fd3bc513f5300c353bcec49c0c0b69797af&amp;scene=21#wechat_redirect\" target=\"_blank\"  style=\"font-size: 14px;text-decoration: underline;letter-spacing: 2px;\" ><span style=\"letter-spacing: 2px;\"><strong><span style=\"letter-spacing: 2px;font-size: 14px;\">\u52a0\u5165\u96c6\u667a\uff0c\u4e00\u8d77\u590d\u6742\uff01<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/a><br  \/><\/p>\n<section  class=\"mpa-template\" mpa-paragraph-type=\"ignored\">\n<p><br  \/><\/p>\n<section class=\"\"   >\n<section class=\"\"    style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-size: medium;\">\n<hr style=\"color: rgb(51, 51, 51);font-size: 17px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;\"  \/>\n<p style=\"margin-right: 0.5em;margin-left: 0.5em;clear: both;min-height: 1em;color: rgb(51, 51, 51);font-size: 17px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;text-align: center;\"><img class=\"__bg_gif\"    width=\"100%\"  style=\"letter-spacing: 0.5px;height: auto !important;visibility: visible !important;width: 64px !important;\" src=\"http:\/\/swarma.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/swarma8-1552388699.gif\" alt=\"\u96c6\u667a\" title=\"\u96c6\u667a\"  \/><br  \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"clear: both;min-height: 1em;\"><br  \/><\/p>\n<section   style=\"margin-right: 0.5em;margin-left: 0.5em;color: rgb(51, 51, 51);font-size: 17px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;\">\n<section   style=\"margin-right: 0.5em;margin-left: 0.5em;line-height: 25.6px;text-align: center;outline: none medium;\">\n<section   style=\"margin-right: 0.5em;margin-left: 0.5em;line-height: 25.6px;outline: none medium;\">\n<section   style=\"outline: none medium;\">\n<section  style=\"margin-right: 0.5em;margin-left: 0.5em;font-size: 15px;outline: none medium;\">\n<section  style=\"line-height: 25.6px;border-color: rgb(123, 12, 0);\">\n<p style=\"margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;padding-right: 3px;padding-left: 3px;clear: both;min-height: 1em;transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px);border-color: rgb(123, 12, 0);line-height: 1.5em;\"><strong mpa-from-tpl=\"t\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">\u96c6\u667a\u4ff1\u4e50\u90e8QQ\u7fa4\uff5c877391004<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;padding-right: 3px;padding-left: 3px;clear: both;min-height: 1em;transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px);border-color: rgb(123, 12, 0);line-height: 1.5em;\"><strong mpa-from-tpl=\"t\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">\u5546\u52a1\u5408\u4f5c\u53ca\u6295\u7a3f\u8f6c\u8f7d\uff5cswarma@swarma.org<br  \/><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<section   style=\"margin-right: 0.5em;margin-left: 0.5em;outline: none medium;\">\n<h1 style=\"margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;font-weight: 400;font-size: 16px;line-height: 1.75em;\"><strong mpa-from-tpl=\"t\" style=\"font-size: 14px;white-space: pre-wrap;color: rgb(0, 112, 192);line-height: 25.6px;\"><strong mpa-from-tpl=\"t\" style=\"line-height: 28px;white-space: normal;color: rgb(61, 170, 214);font-size: 20px;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\"><span style=\"color: rgb(255, 76, 0);\">\u25c6&nbsp;<\/span><span style=\"color: rgb(0, 128, 255);\">\u25c6&nbsp;<\/span><span style=\"color: rgb(61, 170, 214);\">\u25c6<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/strong><\/h1>\n<\/section>\n<p style=\"margin-right: 0.5em;margin-left: 0.5em;clear: both;min-height: 1em;font-size: 19px;color: rgb(71, 193, 168);line-height: 23.2727px;\"><span style=\"color: rgb(123, 12, 0);\"><strong mpa-from-tpl=\"t\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u641c\u7d22\u516c\u4f17\u53f7\uff1a\u96c6\u667a\u4ff1\u4e50\u90e8<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-right: 0.5em;margin-left: 0.5em;clear: both;min-height: 1em;font-size: 19px;color: rgb(71, 193, 168);line-height: 23.2727px;\"><span style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"><strong mpa-from-tpl=\"t\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><br  \/><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-right: 0.5em;margin-left: 0.5em;clear: both;min-height: 1em;font-size: 19px;color: rgb(71, 193, 168);line-height: 23.2727px;\"><span style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"><strong mpa-from-tpl=\"t\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u52a0\u5165\u201c\u6ca1\u6709\u56f4\u5899\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u6240\u201d<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<section style=\"margin-right: 0.5em;margin-left: 0.5em;font-size: 14px;color: rgb(71, 193, 168);line-height: 20px;\">\n<p style=\"margin: 5px auto;padding: 10px;clear: both;min-height: 1em;width: 180px;border-width: 2px;border-style: dashed;border-color: rgb(132, 132, 132);line-height: normal;\"><img class=\"\"           style=\"height: auto !important;visibility: visible !important;width: 156px !important;\" src=\"http:\/\/swarma.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/swarma7-1552388700.jpg\" alt=\"\u96c6\u667a\" title=\"\u96c6\u667a\"  \/><\/p>\n<\/section>\n<p style=\"clear: both;min-height: 1em;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u8ba9\u82f9\u679c\u7838\u5f97\u66f4\u731b\u70c8\u4e9b\u5427\uff01<\/span><\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<blockquote class=\"keep-source\">\n<p>\u539f\u6587\u59cb\u53d1\u4e8e\u5fae\u4fe1\u516c\u4f17\u53f7\uff08\u96c6\u667a\u4ff1\u4e50\u90e8\uff09\uff1a<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/mp.weixin.qq.com\/s\/Q9BEcb_qeUeEfiFp4HhIUA\">\u96c6\u667a<\/a><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u00a9 Camille Chew \u5bfc\u8bed Physics Today \u7f51\u7ad9\u520a\u8f7d\u4e86\u4e00\u7bc7\u957f\u6587\uff0c\u4ecb\u7ecd\u4e86\u51dd\u805a\u6001\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u4ece\u65e0\u5230\u6709\u3001\u4ece\u9886\u57df\u8fb9\u7f18\u5230\u4e2d\u5b66\u79d1\u7684\u767e\u5e74\u5386\u7a0b\u3002\u51dd\u805a\u6001\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u7684\u5149\u8f89\u5386\u7a0b\u4ee5\u53ca\u5b9a\u540d\u4e3a\u201c\u51dd\u805a\u6001\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u201d\u7684\u6545\u4e8b\u8981\u4ece\u4e8c\u6218\u7ed3\u675f\u540e\u8bf4\u8d77\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u4e8b\u4ef6\u63ed\u793a\u4e86\u4e8c\u6218\u540e\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u754c\u7684\u91cd\u5927\u8f6c\u53d8\u3002 \u7f16\u8bd1\uff1a\u96c6\u667a\u4ff1\u4e50\u90e8\u7ffb\u8bd1\u7ec4 \u6765\u6e90\uff1aphys&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":14934,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[16],"tags":[],"special":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/swarma.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14933"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/swarma.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/swarma.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/swarma.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/swarma.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=14933"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/swarma.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14933\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/swarma.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/14934"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/swarma.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=14933"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/swarma.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=14933"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/swarma.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=14933"},{"taxonomy":"special","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/swarma.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fspecial&post=14933"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}