{"id":16537,"date":"2019-07-23T21:15:03","date_gmt":"2019-07-24T09:50:09","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/swarma.org\/?p=16537"},"modified":"2019-07-24T17:50:15","modified_gmt":"2019-07-24T09:50:15","slug":"f018d70819","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/swarma.org\/?p=16537","title":{"rendered":"\u591a\u8005\u5f02\u4e5f\uff1a\u7834\u7f3a\u7684\u5bf9\u79f0\u6027\u4e0e\u79d1\u5b66\u5c42\u7ea7\u7ed3\u6784\u7684\u672c\u8d28 | \u7ecf\u5178\u56de\u987e"},"content":{"rendered":"
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\u5bfc\u8bed<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/section>\n
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<\/span>\u8bfa\u8d1d\u5c14\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5956\u5f97\u4e3b\u3001\u8457\u540d\u51dd\u805a\u6001\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u83f2\u5229\u666e\u00b7\u5b89\u5fb7\u68ee\uff08Philip Anderson\uff0c1923-\uff09\uff0c\u4e8e1972\u5e74\u5728Science\u53d1\u8868\u4e86\u9898\u4e3a\u201cMore is Different\u201d\u7684\u8bba\u6587\u3002<\/span>\u5b89\u5fb7\u68ee\u901a\u8fc7\u4ecb\u7ecd\u5728\u5404\u4e2a\u5c3a\u5ea6\u7684\u7269\u7406\u7cfb\u7edf\u90fd\u666e\u904d\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u201c\u5bf9\u79f0\u6027\u201d\u548c\u5bf9\u79f0\u6027\u7834\u7f3a\uff0c\u5bf9\u201c\u8fd8\u539f\u8bba\u201d\u601d\u60f3\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u6df1\u523b\u7684\u8d28\u7591\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u5bf9\u8fd9\u7bc7\u8bba\u6587\u505a\u4e86\u5168\u6587\u7ffb\u8bd1\uff0c\u4f9b\u8bfb\u8005\u53c2\u8003\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n

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\u8bba\u6587\u9898\u76ee\uff1a<\/span><\/p>\n

More is different<\/span>\uff1a<\/span>Broken Symmetry and the Nature of the Hierarchical Structure of Science<\/span><\/p>\n

\u8bba\u6587\u5730\u5740\uff1a<\/span><\/p>\n

https:\/\/science.sciencemag.org\/content\/177\/4047\/393<\/span><\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/blockquote>\n

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\"\u96c6\u667a\"<\/p>\n

\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5c42\u7ea7\u7ed3\u6784\u5e76\u4e0d\u610f\u5473\u7740\u5b66\u79d1 X \u201c\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662fY\u7684\u5e94\u7528\u201d\u3002<\/span>\u6bcf\u4e2a\u65b0\u7684\u5c42\u7ea7\u90fd\u9700\u8981\u5168\u65b0\u7684\u5b9a\u5f8b\u3001\u6982\u5ff5\u548c\u5f52\u7eb3<\/span><\/strong>\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u548c\u5176\u524d\u4e00\u4e2a\u5c42\u7ea7\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u7814\u7a76\u8fc7\u7a0b\u9700\u8981\u5927\u91cf\u7684\u7075\u611f\u548c\u521b\u610f\u3002\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u4e0d\u662f\u5e94\u7528\u751f\u7269\u5b66\uff0c\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u4e5f\u4e0d\u662f\u5e94\u7528\u5316\u5b66\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

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\"\u96c6\u667a\" <\/span>\u56fe1\uff1a<\/span><\/strong>\u8fd8\u539f\u8bba\u4e0d\u7b49\u4e8e\u5efa\u6784\u8bba\u56fe\u793a<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u56fe\u7247\u51fa\u81ea<\/span><\/strong><\/span>https:\/\/xkcd.com\/435\/<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

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\u5bf9\u79f0\u6027\u7834\u7f3a<\/p>\n

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*non-trivial \u5728\u6570\u5b66\uff0c\u7269\u7406\u4e0e\u8ba1\u7b97\u79d1\u5b66\u4e2d\u88ab\u5e7f\u6cdb\u7528\u4e8e\u63cf\u8ff0\u5bf9\u7814\u7a76\u5458\u6765\u8bb2\u4e0d\u76f4\u89c2\u6216\u8005\u4e0d\u5bb9\u6613\u8bc1\u660e\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff0cnon-trivial\u4e0etrivial\u4e4b\u95f4\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u660e\u663e\u754c\u9650\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

*\u5bf9\u79f0\u6027\u7834\u7f3a\u53ef\u4ee5\u7c97\u7565\u7406\u89e3\u4e3a\u539f\u6765\u5177\u6709\u8f83\u9ad8\u5bf9\u79f0\u6027\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u51fa\u73b0\u4e0d\u5bf9\u79f0\u56e0\u7d20\uff0c\u5176\u5bf9\u79f0\u7a0b\u5ea6\u81ea\u53d1\u964d\u4f4e\u7684\u73b0\u8c61\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

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\u9996\u5148\u9700\u8981\u6f84\u6e05\u4e24\u70b9\uff1a<\/span><\/p>\n

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<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\u96c6\u667a\"<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/span>\u56fe2\uff1a<\/span><\/strong>\u5177\u6709\u5076\u6781\u77e9\u7684\u6c28\u5206\u5b50<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

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<\/span><\/p>\n

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<\/span><\/p>\n

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<\/span><\/p>\n

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<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/span>\"\u96c6\u667a\"<\/p>\n

<\/span><\/p>\n

\u56fe3\uff1a<\/span><\/strong>\u6c28\u57fa\u9178\u5206\u5b50\u662f\u624b\u6027\u7684\uff0c\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u5b87\u79f0\u5bf9\u79f0 by NASA<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u7248\u6743\uff1a<\/span><\/strong>\u516c\u6709\u9886\u57df<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\n

\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u6211\u4eec\u901a\u8fc7\u70ed\u5e73\u8861\u4e2d\u7684\u5316\u5b66\u53cd\u5e94\u5408\u6210\u7cd6\u5206\u5b50\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4f1a\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c\u4e00\u822c\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u5de6\u624b\u6027\u5206\u5b50\u548c\u53f3\u624b\u6027\u5206\u5b50\u7684\u6570\u91cf\u662f\u4e00\u6837\u7684\u3002\u5982\u679c\u6ca1\u6709\u6bd4\u81ea\u7531\u5206\u5b50\u96c6\u5408\u4f53\u66f4\u590d\u6742\u7684\u7269\u8d28\uff0c\u4e00\u822c\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u5bf9\u79f0\u6027\u5b9a\u5f8b\u4e0d\u4f1a\u88ab\u6253\u7834\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u9700\u8981\u751f\u547d\u4f53\u6765\u4ea7\u751f\u4e0d\u540c\u5bf9\u79f0\u6027\u5206\u5b50\u5206\u5e03\u7684\u4e0d\u5747\u5300\u6027\u3002<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

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\u5927\u89c4\u6a21\u7684\u4f46\u662f\u65e0\u751f\u547d\u7684\u539f\u5b50\u805a\u5408\u7269\u4e2d\uff0c\u4f1a\u51fa\u73b0\u4e00\u79cd\u5b8c\u5168\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u5bf9\u79f0\u6027\u7834\u7f3a<\/span><\/strong>\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u5bfc\u81f4\u51c0\u5076\u6781\u77e9\uff08net dipole moment\uff09\u6216\u8005\u51c0\u65cb\u5149\u5ea6\uff08net optical rotating power\uff09\u7684\u4ea7\u751f*\uff0c\u6216\u540c\u65f6\u5bfc\u81f4\u4e24\u8005\u3002\u5f88\u591a\u6676\u4f53\u5728\u6bcf\u4e2a\u6676\u80de\uff08\u6676\u4f53\u7684\u6700\u5c0f\u91cd\u590d\u5355\u4f4d\uff09\u90fd\u5b58\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u51c0\u5076\u6781\u77e9\uff08\u70ed\u7535\u6027 pyroelectricity\uff09\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u67d0\u4e9b\u57fa\u672c\u5355\u5143\u7684\u77e9\u53ef\u88ab\u7535\u573a\u53cd\u8f6c\uff08\u94c1\u7535\u6027 ferroelectricity\uff0c\u6307\u7684\u662f\u5916\u52a0\u7535\u573a\u53ef\u4ee5\u6539\u53d8\u5076\u6781\u77e9\u65b9\u5411\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u6027\u8d28\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u94c1\u7535\u6027\uff09\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u975e\u5bf9\u79f0\u6027\u662f\u6676\u4f53\u5bfb\u6c42\u5230\u8fbe\u5176\u6700\u4f4e\u80fd\u91cf\u6001\u65f6\u7684\u81ea\u53d1\u6548\u5e94\u3002\u5f53\u7136\uff0c\u5177\u6709\u76f8\u53cd\u77e9\u7684\u6001\u4e5f\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u5bf9\u79f0\u5730\u5177\u6709\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u80fd\u91cf\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u7cfb\u7edf\u5982\u6b64\u4e4b\u5927\uff0c\u4ee5\u81f3\u4e8e\u6ca1\u6709\u70ed\u529b\u6216\u91cf\u5b50\u529b\u80fd\u591f\u5728\u6709\u9650\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u4e2d\uff08\u76f8\u8f83\u4e8e\u5b87\u5b99\u7684\u5e74\u9f84\uff09\uff0c\u5c06\u4e00\u79cd\u6001\u8f6c\u6362\u4e3a\u53e6\u4e00\u79cd\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

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*\u51c0\u5076\u6781\u8ddd\u6307\u7684\u662f\u5206\u5b50\u7684\u5316\u5b66\u952e\u5177\u5907\u5076\u6781\u77e9\uff0c\u4f46\u7531\u4e8e\u7ec4\u6210\u5206\u5b50\u7684\u5076\u6781\u77e9\u5728\u7a7a\u95f4\u5404\u4e2a\u65b9\u5411\u4e0a\u62b5\u6d88\uff0c\u6700\u540e\u5206\u5b50\u603b\u5076\u6781\u77e9\u4f53\u73b0\u4e3a\u5206\u91cf\u7684\u77e2\u91cf\u5408\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

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\u57fa\u4e8e\u6b64\u81f3\u5c11\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f97\u5230\u4e09\u4e2a\u63a8\u8bba\uff1a<\/span><\/p>\n

\u4e00\uff0c\u5bf9\u79f0\u6027\u5728\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u4e2d\u610f\u4e49\u91cd\u5927\u3002\u5bf9\u79f0\u6027\u610f\u5473\u7740\u5373\u4fbf\u89c2\u5bdf\u8005\u89c6\u89d2\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u7cfb\u7edf\u4ecd\u7136\u5177\u5907\u539f\u6765\u7684\u7279\u8d28\u3002\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bf4\uff0c\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u662f\u7814\u7a76\u5bf9\u79f0\u6027\u7684\u5b66\u79d1\u3002\u725b\u987f\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u5c55\u793a\u4e86\u8be5\u89c2\u70b9\u7684\u5a01\u529b\uff0c\u4ed6\u6216\u8bb8\u4f1a\u95ee\u81ea\u5df1\uff1a\u5982\u679c\u6211\u624b\u91cc\u7684\u7269\u4f53\u548c\u5929\u7a7a\u4e2d\u7684\u7269\u4f53\u9075\u5faa\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u5b9a\u5f8b\u4f1a\u600e\u6837\u2014\u2014\u5982\u679c\u7a7a\u95f4\u548c\u7269\u8d28\u662f\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u4e14\u5404\u65b9\u5411\u540c\u6027\u7684\u4f1a\u600e\u6837\uff1f<\/span><\/p>\n

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\u4e8c\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u4e00\u4e2a\u7269\u4f53\u7684\u603b\u6001\uff08total state\uff09\u662f\u5bf9\u79f0\u7684\uff0c\u5176\u5185\u90e8\u7ed3\u6784\u5e76\u4e0d\u4e00\u5b9a\u662f\u5bf9\u79f0\u7684\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u4ece\u91cf\u5b50\u529b\u5b66\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u5b9a\u5f8b\u51fa\u53d1\u5e76\u9884\u6d4b\u6c28\u5206\u5b50\u7684\u53cd\u8f6c\u548c\u5176\u6613\u88ab\u89c2\u5bdf\u5230\u7684\u6027\u8d28\uff0c\u800c\u65e0\u9700\u7a77\u5c3d\u975e\u5bf9\u79f0\u7684\u91d1\u5b57\u5854\u72b6\u7ed3\u6784\u7684\u6001\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u6ca1\u6709\u201c\u6001\u201d\u6709\u90a3\u79cd\u7ed3\u6784\uff08\u610f\u4e3a\u4ece\u4e25\u8c28\u7684\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u89d2\u5ea6\uff0c\u6c28\u5206\u5b50\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u91d1\u5b57\u5854\u7ed3\u6784\u7684\uff09\u3002\u76f4\u5230\u51e0\u5341\u5e74\u524d\uff0c\u6838\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u624d\u505c\u6b62\u5c06\u539f\u5b50\u6838\u89c6\u4e3a\u6ca1\u6709\u7279\u5f81\u7684\u3001\u5bf9\u79f0\u7684\u5c0f\u7403\u3002\u5e76\u4e14\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5f00\u59cb\u610f\u8bc6\u5230\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u539f\u5b50\u6838\u6ca1\u6709\u5076\u6781\u77e9\uff0c\u4f46\u5e76\u4e0d\u59a8\u788d\u539f\u5b50\u7684\u7535\u5b50\u4e91\u53d8\u6210\u6a44\u6984\u7403\u72b6\u6216\u76d8\u5b50\u72b6\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7ed3\u679c\u80fd\u591f\u5728\u6838\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u6240\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u53cd\u5e94\u5149\u8c31\u548c\u6fc0\u53d1\u5149\u8c31\u4e2d\u89c2\u5bdf\u5230\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5176\u6bd4\u6c28\u53cd\u8f6c\u66f4\u96be\u4ee5\u88ab\u76f4\u63a5\u8bc1\u660e\u3002\u5728\u6211\u770b\u6765\uff0c\u65e0\u8bba\u662f\u5426\u5c06\u5176\u79f0\u4e3a\u5185\u6db5\u6027\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u5b83\u90fd\u548c\u4eba\u4eec\u6240\u8ba4\u4e3a\u7684\u672c\u8d28\u89c4\u5f8b\u4e00\u6837\u57fa\u7840\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u73b0\u8c61\u5e76\u4e0d\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u65b0\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u5b9a\u5f8b\u53bb\u89e3\u91ca\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u4ece\u90a3\u4e9b\u5df2\u6709\u5b9a\u5f8b\u4e2d\u5c06\u5176\u63a8\u5bfc\u51fa\u6765\u5341\u5206\u56f0\u96be\uff1b\u5b83\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u57fa\u4e8e\u65e5\u5e38\u76f4\u89c9\u7684\u7075\u611f\uff0c\u7a81\u7136\u5c31\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u6240\u6709\u4e8b\u7269\u5951\u5408\u5730\u975e\u5e38\u597d\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

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\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7ed3\u679c\u5f88\u96be\u63a8\u5bfc\u7684\u539f\u56e0\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u63a5\u4e0b\u6765\u9700\u8981\u8ba8\u8bba\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u95ee\u9898\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002\u5982\u679c\u539f\u5b50\u6838\u8db3\u591f\u5c0f\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u6ca1\u6709\u80fd\u591f\u4e25\u683c\u5b9a\u4e49\u5176\u5f62\u72b6\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\uff1a\u6211\u4eec\u65e0\u6cd5\u5c06\u6570\u4e2a\u7f20\u7ed5\u7684\u7c92\u5b50\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e3a\u65cb\u8f6c\u7684\u201c\u76d8\u5b50\u201d\u6216\u201c\u6a44\u6984\u7403\u201d\u3002\u53ea\u6709\u5c06\u539f\u5b50\u6838\u89c6\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u591a\u4f53\u7cfb\u7edf\u2014\u2014\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f N\u2192\u221e \u6781\u9650 \u2014\u2014 \u624d\u80fd\u8bf4\u5b9a\u4e49\u5f62\u72b6\u662f\u4e25\u8c28\u7684\u3002\u90a3\u6837\u5f62\u72b6\u7684\u5b8f\u89c2\u7269\u4f53\u5c06\u5177\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u6240\u8c13\u7684\u65cb\u8f6c\u6216\u9707\u52a8\u6fc0\u53d1\u5149\u8c31\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u672c\u8d28\u4e0a\u548c\u65e0\u7279\u5f81\u7cfb\u7edf\uff08featureless system\uff09\u5b8c\u5168\u4e0d\u540c\u3002\u5f53\u6211\u4eec\u770b\u5230\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u5149\u8c31\u65f6\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u90a3\u4e48\u6e05\u6670\u548c\u5b8c\u7f8e\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4ecd\u7136\u4f1a\u627f\u8ba4\u539f\u5b50\u6838\u4e0d\u662f\u5b8f\u89c2\u7684\uff0c\u5b83\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u8d8b\u8fd1\u4e8e\u5b8f\u89c2\u3002\u4ece\u57fa\u7840\u5b9a\u5f8b\u548c\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u51fa\u53d1\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u5f97\u4e0d\u5b9e\u73b0\u4e24\u4ef6\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\u2014\u2014\u89e3\u51b3\u65e0\u9650\u591a\u4f53\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u5e76\u5c06\u5176\u8fd0\u7528\u4e8e\u6709\u9650\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u2014\u2014\u5728\u6211\u4eec\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5236\u5907\u4e4b\u524d\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

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\u4e09\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u8db3\u591f\u5927\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u6001\u4e0d\u4e00\u5b9a\u9075\u5faa\u5bf9\u79f0\u6027\u5b9a\u5f8b\uff1b\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u5176\u901a\u5e38\u5177\u6709\u8f83\u4f4e\u7684\u5bf9\u79f0\u6027\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u6676\u4f53\u7531\u539f\u5b50\u548c\u7a7a\u95f4\u4f9d\u636e\u5b8c\u7f8e\u7684\u7a7a\u95f4\u9f50\u6027\uff08homogeneous space\uff09\u6784\u6210\uff0c\u4f46\u6676\u4f53\u5374\u7a81\u7136\u6beb\u65e0\u5f81\u5146\u5730\u5c55\u73b0\u4e86\u5168\u65b0\u4e14\u7f8e\u5999\u7684\u5bf9\u79f0\u6027\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u66f4\u4e00\u822c\u5316\u7684\u89c4\u5219\u662f\u5927\u7cfb\u7edf\u8f83\u5176\u5e95\u5c42\u7ed3\u6784\u5177\u6709\u66f4\u4f4e\u7684\u5bf9\u79f0\u6027\uff0c\u6676\u4f53\u4e5f\u4e0d\u4f8b\u5916\uff1a\u5c3d\u7ba1\u6676\u4f53\u5177\u6709\u5bf9\u79f0\u6027\uff0c\u4f46\u5176\u5bf9\u79f0\u6027\u8fdc\u4f4e\u4e8e\u5b8c\u7f8e\u7a7a\u95f4\u9f50\u6027\u60c5\u51b5\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

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\u6676\u4f53\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\u4e2d\u6211\u7684\u8bba\u8bc1\u4e5f\u8bb8\u8fc7\u4e8e\u6a21\u7cca\u7c97\u6d45\u3002\u4f46\u662f19\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e2d\u671f\uff0c\u6676\u4f53\u7684\u89c4\u5f8b\u6027\u5c31\u5df2\u88ab\u534a\u7ecf\u9a8c\u5730\u63a8\u5bfc\u4e86\u51fa\u6765\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u4e1d\u6beb\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u590d\u6742\u7684\u8bba\u8bc1\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u67d0\u4e9b\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u5982\u8d85\u5bfc\u6027\uff0c\u65b0\u7684\u5bf9\u79f0\u6027\u2014\u2014\u73b0\u5728\u6211\u4eec\u79f0\u5176\u4e3a\u7834\u7f3a\u7684\u5bf9\u79f0\u6027\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u539f\u59cb\u7684\u5bf9\u79f0\u6027\u4e0d\u518d\u660e\u663e\u4e86\u2014\u2014\u662f\u8ba9\u4eba\u5b8c\u5168\u96be\u4ee5\u9884\u6d4b\u548c\u76f4\u89c2\u7406\u89e3\u7684\u3002\u4ece\u77e5\u6653\u8d85\u5bfc\u6027\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u5b9a\u5f8b\uff0c\u5230\u771f\u6b63\u505a\u51fa\u8d85\u5bfc\u73b0\u8c61\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\uff0c\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u7528\u4e86 30 \u5e74\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

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\u8d85\u5bfc\u6027\u662f\u5bf9\u79f0\u6027\u7834\u7f3a\u7684\u6700\u4e3a\u7a81\u51fa\u7684\u5b8f\u89c2\u5b9e\u4f8b\uff0c\u4f46\u5176\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u552f\u4e00\u7684\u5b9e\u4f8b\u3002\u53cd\u94c1\u78c1\u4f53\u3001\u94c1\u7535\u4f53\u3001\u6db2\u6676\u7b49\u90fd\u9075\u5faa\u4e00\u4e2a\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u3001\u975e\u5e38\u666e\u904d\u7684\u89c4\u5219\u548c\u7406\u5ff5\uff0c\u90a3\u5c31\u662f\u4e00\u4e9b\u591a\u4f53\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u6240\u8c13\u7684\u5bf9\u79f0\u6027\u7834\u7f3a\u3002\u6211\u4e0d\u4f1a\u7ee7\u7eed\u8ba8\u8bba\u8fd9\u6bb5\u5386\u53f2\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u5728\u6587\u7ae0\u672b\u5c3e\u7ed9\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u53c2\u8003\u76ee\u5f55\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

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\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u5173\u952e\u662f\uff0c\u5728\u5927\u7cfb\u7edf\uff08\u5c31\u6211\u4eec\u800c\u8a00\u7684\u5b8f\u89c2\u5c3a\u5ea6\uff09\u7684N \u2192\u221e \u6781\u9650\u4e2d\uff0c\u7269\u8d28\u4f1a\u7ecf\u5386\u6570\u5b66\u4e0a\u5c16\u9510\u7684\u3001\u5947\u5f02\u7684\u201c\u76f8\u53d8\u201d\uff0c\u6700\u7ec8\u5230\u8fbe\u8fdd\u53cd\u5fae\u89c2\u5bf9\u79f0\u6027\u751a\u81f3\u5fae\u89c2\u8fd0\u52a8\u65b9\u7a0b\u7684\u6001\u3002\u5bf9\u79f0\u6027\u53ea\u5728\u4e00\u4e9b\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u6027\u8d28\u4e0a\u6709\u6240\u4f53\u73b0\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u957f\u6ce2\u632f\u52a8\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u6211\u4eec\u975e\u5e38\u719f\u6089\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\u5c31\u662f\u58f0\u6ce2\uff1b\u6216\u8d85\u5bfc\u4f53\u4e0d\u540c\u5bfb\u5e38\u7684\u5b8f\u89c2\u5bfc\u7535\u73b0\u8c61\uff1b\u8fd8\u6709\u6676\u4f53\u70b9\u9635\u548c\u5927\u591a\u6570\u56fa\u4f53\u7684\u521a\u6027\u3002\u5f53\u7136\uff0c\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e0d\u662f\u771f\u7684\u5728\u8fdd\u80cc\uff08violate\uff09\u65f6\u7a7a\u5bf9\u79f0\u6027\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u8868\u73b0\u51fa\u4e00\u79cd\u5bf9\u79f0\u6027\u7834\u7f3a\uff08break\uff09\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u4ece\u80fd\u91cf\u89d2\u5ea6\u8003\u8651\uff0c\u7cfb\u7edf\u5404\u90e8\u5206\u4fdd\u6301\u56fa\u5b9a\u5173\u7cfb\u662f\u66f4\u6709\u5229\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5bf9\u79f0\u6027\u53ea\u5141\u8bb8\u6574\u4f53\u5bf9\u5916\u529b\u505a\u51fa\u56de\u5e94\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

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\u8fd9\u5bfc\u81f4\u4e86\u201c\u521a\u6027\u201d\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u8d85\u5bfc\u6027\u548c\u8d85\u6d41\u6027\u7684\u6070\u5f53\u63cf\u8ff0\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5b83\u4eec\u6709\u663e\u7136\u7684\u201c\u6d41\u4f53\u201d\u6027\u8d28\u3002\uff08London \u5f88\u65e9\u5c31\u6ce8\u610f\u5230\u4e86\u8d85\u5bfc\u6027\u3002\uff09 \u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5047\u60f3\u7684\u6728\u661f\u4e0a\u7684\u6c14\u6001\u667a\u6167\u516c\u6c11\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u94f6\u6cb3\u4e2d\u5fc3\u67d0\u5904\u7684\u6c22\u4e91\u4e2d\u7684\u516c\u6c11\uff0c\u666e\u901a\u6676\u4f53\u7684\u6027\u8d28\u5f88\u53ef\u80fd\u6bd4\u8d85\u6d41\u6c2e\u66f4\u590d\u6742\u548c\u4ee4\u4eba\u56f0\u60d1\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

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\u6211\u5e76\u4e0d\u60f3\u8ba9\u5927\u5bb6\u4ee5\u4e3a\u6240\u6709\u95ee\u9898\u5df2\u7ecf\u89e3\u51b3\u4e86\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u6211\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u73bb\u7483\u4ee5\u53ca\u975e\u6676\u4f53\u4ecd\u7136\u5b58\u5728\u4ee4\u4eba\u7740\u8ff7\u7684\u539f\u7406\u6027\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u89e3\u51b3\u6216\u8bb8\u4f1a\u63ed\u793a\u66f4\u590d\u6742\u7684\u6027\u8d28\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u81f3\u5c11\u5df2\u7406\u89e3\u4e86\u5728\u60f0\u6027\u5b8f\u89c2\u7684\u7269\u4f53\u7684\u6027\u8d28\u4e2d\uff0c\u8fd9\u7c7b\u5bf9\u79f0\u6027\u7834\u7f3a\u5728\u7406\u8bba\u5c42\u9762\u5145\u5f53\u7684\u89d2\u8272\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u6211\u4eec\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c\u6574\u4f53\u4e0d\u4ec5\u4ec5\u591a\u4e8e\u90e8\u5206\u4e4b\u548c\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u4e0d\u540c\u4e8e\u90e8\u5206\u4e4b\u548c\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

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\u63a5\u4e0b\u6765\u6211\u4eec\u4f1a\u5f88\u81ea\u7136\u5730\u8003\u8651\uff0c\u65f6\u7a7a\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u5bf9\u79f0\u6027\u662f\u5426\u6709\u66f4\u5f7b\u5e95\u7684\u74e6\u89e3\uff0c\u662f\u5426\u4f1a\u4ea7\u751f\u65b0\u7684\u3001\u672c\u8d28\u4e0a\u4e0d\u540c\u4e8e\u201c\u7b80\u5355\u201d\u76f8\u53d8\uff08\u5373\u51dd\u7ed3\u6001\u5230\u5177\u6709\u66f4\u4f4e\u5bf9\u79f0\u6027\u7684\u6001\uff09\u7684\u73b0\u8c61\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/span><\/p>\n

\u6211\u4eec\u5df2\u7ecf\u6392\u9664\u4e86\u663e\u7136\u4e0d\u5bf9\u79f0\u7684\u6db2\u4f53\u3001\u6c14\u4f53\u548c\u73bb\u7483\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u3002\uff08\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u5b83\u4eec\u6bd4\u6211\u4eec\u60f3\u8c61\u5730\u66f4\u4e3a\u5bf9\u79f0\u3002\uff09\u4e0b\u4e00\u4e2a\u9636\u6bb5\u5e94\u8be5\u8003\u8651\u89c4\u5f8b\u7684\u4f46\u662f\u5305\u542b\u4fe1\u606f\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\u8be5\u7cfb\u7edf\u5728\u7a7a\u95f4\u4e0a\u662f\u89c4\u5f8b\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u800c\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u201c\u8bfb\u51fa\uff08read out\uff09\u201d\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u76f8\u90bb\u5355\u5143\u6709\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u5143\u7d20\u3002\u4e00\u4e2a\u663e\u7136\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\u662f DNA\uff1b\u65e5\u5e38\u751f\u6d3b\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e00\u884c\u5b57\u6216\u4e00\u5377\u7535\u5f71\u80f6\u7247\u4e5f\u5177\u6709\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u201c\u8f7d\u6709\u4fe1\u606f\u7684\u7ed3\u6676\u6027\u201d\u4f3c\u4e4e\u5bf9\u751f\u547d\u81f3\u5173\u91cd\u8981\u3002\u751f\u547d\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u662f\u5426\u9700\u8981\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u7684\u5bf9\u79f0\u6027\u7834\u7f3a\u5c1a\u4e0d\u6e05\u695a\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

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\n
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\u79d1\u5b66\u5c42\u7ea7\u7ed3\u6784\u7684\u672c\u8d28<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

<\/strong><\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n

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\u7ee7\u7eed\u63a2\u8ba8\u751f\u547d\u4f53\u4e2d\u7684\u5bf9\u79f0\u6027\u7834\u7f3a\uff0c\u6211\u53d1\u73b0\u81f3\u5c11\u8fd8\u6709\u4e00\u79cd\u73b0\u8c61\u662f\u53ef\u8bc6\u522b\u7684\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u662f\u76f8\u5f53\u666e\u904d\u7684\uff0c\u5373\u65f6\u95f4\u7ef4\u5ea6\u7684\u6b21\u5e8f\uff08ordering\uff09\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ef\u79f0\u4e4b\u4e3a\u65f6\u95f4\u7ef4\u5ea6\u7684\u89c4\u5f8b\u6027\uff08regularity\uff09\u6216\u5468\u671f\u6027\uff08periodicity\uff09\u3002\u5927\u91cf\u5173\u4e8e\u751f\u547d\u8fc7\u7a0b\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u4e2d\uff0c\u65f6\u95f4\u4e0a\u7684\u89c4\u5219\u8109\u52a8\u90fd\u975e\u5e38\u91cd\u8981\uff1a\u5173\u4e8e\u53d1\u80b2\u3001\u751f\u957f\u3001\u751f\u957f\u6781\u9650\u7406\u8bba\u548c\u8bb0\u5fc6\u7406\u8bba\u3002\u65f6\u95f4\u89c4\u5f8b\u6027\u5728\u751f\u547d\u4f53\u4e2d\u975e\u5e38\u666e\u904d\uff0c\u4e14\u81f3\u5c11\u8d77\u7740\u4e24\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u3002\u4e00\uff0c\u5927\u591a\u6570\u4ece\u73af\u5883\u4e2d\u83b7\u53d6\u80fd\u91cf\u4ee5\u786e\u4fdd\u6301\u7eed\u3001\u51c6\u7a33\u6001\u8fc7\u7a0b\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u7275\u6d89\u5230\u65f6\u95f4\u5468\u671f\u88c5\u7f6e\uff08time-periodic machines\uff09\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u632f\u8361\u5668\uff08oscillator\uff09\u548c\u53d1\u751f\u5668\uff08generator\uff09\uff0c\u751f\u547d\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e5f\u4e0d\u4f8b\u5916\u3002\u4e8c\uff0c\u65f6\u95f4\u89c4\u5f8b\u6027\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u5904\u7406\u4fe1\u606f\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u548c\u4fe1\u606f\u643a\u5e26\u7684\u7a7a\u95f4\u89c4\u5f8b\u6027\u7c7b\u4f3c\uff0c\u4eba\u7c7b\u7684\u53e3\u8bed\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b9e\u4f8b\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u503c\u5f97\u6ce8\u610f\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u6240\u6709\u7684\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u90fd\u4f7f\u7528\u65f6\u95f4\u8109\u51b2\u3002\u4e0a\u8ff0\u63d0\u5230\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u4e5f\u6697\u793a\u4e86\u7b2c\u4e09\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\uff1a\u5229\u7528\u65f6\u5e8f\u8109\u51b2\u7684\u76f8\u4f4d\u5173\u7cfb\u6765\u5904\u7406\u4fe1\u606f\u5e76\u63a7\u5236\u7ec6\u80de\u548c\u6709\u673a\u4f53\u7684\u751f\u957f\u548c\u53d1\u80b2\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

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\u5728\u67d0\u79cd\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\uff0c\u7ed3\u6784\u2014\u2014\u76ee\u7684\u8bba\uff08teleological\uff09\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u7684\u529f\u80fd\u6027\u7ed3\u6784\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u6676\u4f53\u7684\u5f62\u6001\u7ed3\u6784\u2014\u2014\u5fc5\u987b\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u5bf9\u79f0\u6027\u7834\u7f3a\u7b49\u7ea7\u7ed3\u6784\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u9636\u6bb5\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u5904\u4e8e\u7ed3\u6676\u6027\uff08crystallinity\uff09\u548c\u643a\u5e26\u4fe1\u606f\u7684\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\uff08information strings\uff09 \u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u9636\u6bb5\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

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\u57fa\u4e8e\u5c42\u5c42\u63a8\u6d4b\uff0c\u6211\u89c9\u5f97\u4e0b\u4e00\u4e2a\u9636\u6bb5\u662f\u529f\u80fd\u7684\u5c42\u7ea7\u7ed3\u6784\u6216\u4e13\u95e8\u5316\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u540c\u65f6\u5305\u62ec\u4e24\u8005\u3002\u67d0\u79cd\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5e94\u8be5\u505c\u6b62\u8ba8\u8bba\u964d\u4f4e\u7684\u5bf9\u79f0\u6027\uff0c\u800c\u5c06\u5176\u79f0\u4e3a\u589e\u52a0\u7684\u590d\u6742\u6027\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u968f\u7740\u6bcf\u4e2a\u5c42\u7ea7\u7684\u590d\u6742\u6027\u4e0d\u65ad\u589e\u52a0\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u6cbf\u7740\u5b66\u79d1\u7684\u5c42\u7ea7\u7ed3\u6784\u4e0a\u5347\u3002\u5728\u5c06\u590d\u6742\u6027\u8f83\u4f4e\u7684\u90e8\u5206\u7ec4\u5408\u4e3a\u66f4\u590d\u6742\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u3001\u5e76\u7406\u89e3\u7531\u6b64\u5bfc\u81f4\u7684\u65b0\u6027\u8d28\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5728\u6bcf\u4e2a\u5c42\u7ea7\u90fd\u4f1a\u9047\u5230\u8ff7\u4eba\u7684\u4e14\u57fa\u7840\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

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On the predictability of future impact in science.<\/p>\n

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Part 1: Citations and links to academic articles from the Web.<\/p>\n

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89. M. Thelwall, K. Kousha, Web indicators for research<\/p>\n

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90. L. Bornmann, What is societal impact of research and how<\/p>\n

can it be assessed? A literature survey. Adv. Inf. Sci. 64,<\/p>\n

217\u2013233 (2013).<\/p>\n

91. C. Haeussler, L. Jiang, J. Thursby, M. Thursby, Specific and<\/p>\n

general information sharing among competing academic<\/p>\n

researchers. Res. Policy 43, 465\u2013475 (2014). doi: 10.1016\/<\/p>\n

j.respol.2013.08.017<\/p>\n

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February 2016; www.sciencemag.org\/careers\/2016\/02\/<\/p>\n

getting-credit-peer-review.<\/p>\n

94. R. Costas, Z. Zahedi, P. Wouters, Do \u201caltmetrics\u201d correlate<\/p>\n

with citations? Extensive comparison of altmetric<\/p>\n

indicators with citations from a multidisciplinary perspective.<\/p>\n

J. Assoc. Inf. Sci. Technol. 66, 2003\u20132019 (2015).<\/p>\n

doi: 10.1002\/asi.23309<\/p>\n

75. A.-L. Barab\u00e1si, R. Albert, Emergence of scaling in random<\/p>\n

networks. Science 286, 509\u2013512 (1999). doi: 10.1126\/<\/p>\n

science.286.5439.509; pmid: 10521342<\/p>\n

76. P. D. B. Parolo et al., Attention decay in science. J. Informetr.<\/p>\n

9, 734\u2013745 (2015). doi: 10.1016\/j.joi.2015.07.006<\/p>\n

77. D. Wang, C. Song, A.-L. Barab\u00e1si, Quantifying long-term<\/p>\n

scientific impact. Science 342, 127\u2013132 (2013). doi: 10.1126\/<\/p>\n

science.1237825; pmid: 24092745<\/p>\n

78. Y.-H. Eom, S. Fortunato, Characterizing and modeling<\/p>\n

citation dynamics. PLOS ONE 6, e24926 (2011). doi: 10.1371\/<\/p>\n

journal.pone.0024926; pmid: 21966387<\/p>\n

79. M. Golosovsky, S. Solomon, Stochastic dynamical model of a<\/p>\n

growing citation network based on a self-exciting point<\/p>\n

process. Phys. Rev. Lett. 109, 098701 (2012). doi: 10.1103\/<\/p>\n

PhysRevLett.109.098701; pmid: 23002894<\/p>\n

80. A. F. J. van Raan, Sleeping Beauties in science. Scientometrics<\/p>\n

59, 467\u2013472 (2004). doi: 10.1023\/B:SCIE.0000018543.82441.f1<\/p>\n

81. Q. Ke, E. Ferrara, F. Radicchi, A. Flammini, Defining and<\/p>\n

identifying Sleeping Beauties in science. Proc. Natl. Acad.<\/p>\n

Sci. U.S.A. 112, 7426\u20137431 (2015). doi: 10.1073\/<\/p>\n

pnas.1424329112; pmid: 26015563<\/p>\n

82. I. Tahamtan, A. Safipour Afshar, K. Ahamdzadeh, Factors<\/p>\n

affecting number of citations: A comprehensive review of the<\/p>\n

literature. Scientometrics 107, 1195\u20131225 (2016).<\/p>\n

doi: 10.1007\/s11192-016-1889-2<\/p>\n

83. J. E. Hirsch, Does the h index have predictive power?<\/p>\n

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 104, 19193\u201319198 (2007).<\/p>\n

doi: 10.1073\/pnas.0707962104; pmid: 18040045<\/p>\n

84. D. E. Acuna, S. Allesina, K. P. Kording, Future impact:<\/p>\n

Predicting scientific success. Nature 489, 201\u2013202 (2012).<\/p>\n

doi: 10.1038\/489201a; pmid: 22972278<\/p>\n

85. O. Penner, R. K. Pan, A. M. Petersen, K. Kaski, S. Fortunato,<\/p>\n

On the predictability of future impact in science.<\/p>\n

Sci. Rep. 3, 3052 (2013). doi: 10.1038\/srep03052;<\/p>\n

pmid: 24165898<\/p>\n

86. J. R. Cole, H. Zuckerman, in The Idea of Social Structure:<\/p>\n

Papers in Honor of Robert K. Merton, L. A. Coser, Ed.<\/p>\n

(Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1975), pp. 139\u2013174.<\/p>\n

87. P. Azoulay, Research efficiency: Turn the scientific method on<\/p>\n

ourselves. Nature 484, 31\u201332 (2012). doi: 10.1038\/484031a;<\/p>\n

pmid: 22481340<\/p>\n

88. M. Thelwall, K. Kousha, Web indicators for research evaluation.<\/p>\n

Part 1: Citations and links to academic articles from the Web.<\/p>\n

Prof. Inf. 24, 587\u2013606 (2015). doi: 10.3145\/epi.2015.sep.08<\/p>\n

89. M. Thelwall, K. Kousha, Web indicators for research<\/p>\n

evaluation. Part 2: Social media metrics. Prof. Inf. 24,<\/p>\n

607\u2013620 (2015). doi: 10.3145\/epi.2015.sep.09<\/p>\n

90. L. Bornmann, What is societal impact of research and how<\/p>\n

can it be assessed? A literature survey. Adv. Inf. Sci. 64,<\/p>\n

217\u2013233 (2013).<\/p>\n

91. C. Haeussler, L. Jiang, J. Thursby, M. Thursby, Specific and<\/p>\n

general information sharing among competing academic<\/p>\n

researchers. Res. Policy 43, 465\u2013475 (2014). doi: 10.1016\/<\/p>\n

j.respol.2013.08.017<\/p>\n

92. A. Oettl, Sociology: Honour the helpful. Nature 489, 496\u2013497<\/p>\n

(2012). doi: 10.1038\/489496a; pmid: 23018949<\/p>\n

93. S. Ravindran, \u201cGetting credit for peer review,\u201d Science, 8<\/p>\n

February 2016; www.sciencemag.org\/careers\/2016\/02\/<\/p>\n

getting-credit-peer-review.<\/p>\n

94. R. Costas, Z. Zahedi, P. Wouters, Do \u201caltmetrics\u201d correlate<\/p>\n

with citations? Extensive comparison of altmetric<\/p>\n

indicators with citations from a multidisciplinary perspective.<\/p>\n

J. Assoc. Inf. Sci. Technol. 66, 2003\u20132019 (2015).<\/p>\n

doi: 10.1002\/asi.23309<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n

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\u5546\u52a1\u5408\u4f5c\u53ca\u6295\u7a3f\u8f6c\u8f7d\uff5cswarma@swarma.org<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

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