{"id":18741,"date":"2020-03-17T19:05:32","date_gmt":"2020-03-17T11:05:32","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/swarma.org\/?p=18741"},"modified":"2020-03-19T19:50:24","modified_gmt":"2020-03-19T11:50:24","slug":"%e9%95%bf%e6%96%87%e7%bb%bc%e8%bf%b0%ef%bc%9a%e4%bb%8e%e5%a4%a7%e6%95%b0%e6%8d%ae%e4%b8%ad%e5%af%bb%e6%89%be%e5%a4%8d%e6%9d%82%e7%b3%bb%e7%bb%9f%e7%9a%84%e6%a0%b8%e5%bf%83%e5%8f%98%e9%87%8f","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/swarma.org\/?p=18741","title":{"rendered":"\u957f\u6587\u7efc\u8ff0\uff1a\u4ece\u5927\u6570\u636e\u4e2d\u5bfb\u627e\u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u53d8\u91cf"},"content":{"rendered":"
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\u7f8e\u56fd\u65b0\u82f1\u683c\u5170\u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf\u7814\u7a76\u6240\uff08New England Complex Systems Institute, NECSI\uff09\u7684 Yaneer Bar-Yam\uff08\u521b\u59cb\u4eba\u53ca\u6240\u957f\uff09\u5728 2016 \u5e74\u64b0\u5199\u4e86\u8fd9\u7bc7\u7efc\u8ff0\uff0c\u68b3\u7406\u4e86\u91cd\u6574\u5316\u7fa4\u3001\u4e34\u754c\u76f8\u53d8\u3001\u590d\u6742\u5ea6\u66f2\u7ebf\u3001\u6df7\u6c8c\u7b49\u591a\u5c3a\u5ea6\u5206\u6790\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u5e76\u4ee5\u751f\u7269\u8fdb\u5316\u3001\u591a\u6837\u6027\u3001\u79cd\u65cf\u66b4\u529b\u3001\u5e02\u573a\u4ef7\u683c\u6ce2\u52a8\u7b49\u5177\u4f53\u95ee\u9898\u505a\u4e86\u5206\u6790\uff0c\u5c1d\u8bd5\u603b\u7ed3\u51fa\u4e00\u5957\u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf\u8de8\u5c3a\u5ea6\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u901a\u7528\u6846\u67b6\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n
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\u8bba\u6587\u9898\u76ee\uff1a <\/span><\/section>\n
From Big Data To Important Information <\/span><\/section>\n
\u8bba\u6587\u5730\u5740\uff1a <\/span><\/section>\n
https:\/\/necsi.edu\/from-big-data-to-important-information<\/span><\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/blockquote>\n

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\n<\/span><\/section>\n
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\n<\/section>\n

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II. \u5c3a\u5ea6\u7684\u5206\u79bb<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\uff08SEPARATION OF SCALES\uff09<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n

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\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n

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\n<\/span><\/p>\n

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\n<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

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\n<\/section>\n
\n<\/section>\n
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\n<\/span><\/section>\n
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\n<\/span><\/section>\n
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\n<\/span><\/section>\n
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\n<\/span><\/section>\n
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\n<\/span><\/section>\n

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III. \u7406\u8bba\u4e0e\u5b9e\u8bc1\u7684\u77db\u76fe\u4e0e\u591a\u5c3a\u5ea6\u6d1e\u5bdf\u529b<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\uff08THEORY-EXPERIMENT CONTRADICTION AND MULTISCALE INSIGHT\uff09<\/span><\/strong><\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n
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\n<\/span><\/section>\n
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\n<\/span><\/section>\n
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\n

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<\/p>\n

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\n<\/span><\/section>\n
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\n<\/span><\/section>\n
\u4e3a\u4e86\u5728\u6570\u5b66\u4e0a\u89e3\u51b3\u8fd9\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u53d1\u5c55\u51fa\u91cd\u6574\u5316\u7fa4[5]\u3002\u5728\u91cd\u6574\u5316\u7fa4\u65b9\u6cd5\u4e2d\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u8ba4\u4e3a\u7cfb\u7edf\u5b58\u5728\u591a\u91cd\u5c3a\u5ea6\uff08\u5206\u8fa8\u7387\u6c34\u5e73\uff09\u3002\u5728\u67d0\u4e00\u5206\u8fa8\u7387\u6c34\u5e73\u4e0a\u5b8f\u89c2\u5bc6\u5ea6\u662f\u968f\u7a7a\u95f4\u53d8\u5316\u7684\uff0c\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u66f4\u5927\u5c3a\u5ea6\u7684\u5b8f\u89c2\u5bc6\u5ea6\u5e94\u8be5\u662f\u91c7\u7528\u5c40\u90e8\u5e73\u5747\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u5168\u5c40\u5e73\u5747\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u5e73\u5747\u5c06\u4e00\u4e2a\u89c2\u6d4b\u5c3a\u5ea6\u4e0a\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u80fd\u4e0e\u4e00\u4e2a\u66f4\u5927\u5c3a\u5ea6\u4e0a\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u80fd\u8054\u7cfb\u8d77\u6765\u3002\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u6027\u8d28\u53ef\u4ee5\u4ece\u884c\u4e3a\u5982\u4f55\u968f\u5c3a\u5ea6\u53d8\u5316\u627e\u5230\uff0c\u53d6\u4efb\u610f\u5927\uff08\u751a\u81f3\u65e0\u9650\uff09\u5c3a\u5ea6\u4e3a\u6781\u9650\u3002\u6570\u5b66\u8ba1\u7b97\u5e76\u4e0d\u5bb9\u6613\uff0c\u4f46\u8ba1\u7b97\u5f97\u5230\u7684\u53c2\u6570\u4e0e\u5b9e\u8bc1\u53d1\u73b0\u662f\u76f8\u7b26\u7684 [4,5,10]\u3002\u81ea\u91cd\u6574\u5316\u65b9\u6cd5\u53d1\u5c55\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u6709\u5173\u6750\u6599\u7ed3\u6784\u548c\u52a8\u529b\u5b66\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u63a2\u7d22\u53d6\u5f97\u4e86\u8bb8\u591a\u8fdb\u5c55[16,17]\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

\n<\/span><\/section>\n
\u4f20\u7edf\u65b9\u6cd5\u548c\u91cd\u6574\u5316\u7fa4\u5f97\u5230\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u662f\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\uff0c\u539f\u56e0\u5728\u4e8e\uff0c\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u81ea\u7531\u80fd\u4e0d\u662f\u5e73\u5747\u5bc6\u5ea6\u7684\u51fd\u6570\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4e5f\u6ca1\u6709\u5fc5\u8981\u8003\u8651\u5355\u4e2a\u539f\u5b50\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\u3002\u5bf9\u4e8e\u6db2\u76f8\u5411\u6c14\u76f8\u7684\u8f6c\u53d8\uff0c\u81ea\u7531\u80fd\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u5bc6\u5ea6\u7684\u7a7a\u95f4\u53d8\u5316\uff0c\u5373\u4e0d\u540c\u4f4d\u7f6e\u7684\u5c40\u90e8\u5bc6\u5ea6\u5982\u4f55\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\u3002\u5c40\u90e8\u5bc6\u5ea6\u4e4b\u95f4\u6709\u8bb8\u591a\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\u4f1a\u5bf9\u5f71\u54cd\u81ea\u7531\u80fd\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u53ea\u6709\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u662f\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u3002\u4f7f\u7528\u91cd\u6574\u5316\u7fa4\u8fd9\u79cd\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u786e\u5b9a\u54ea\u4e9b\u63cf\u8ff0\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\u7684\u53c2\u6570\u662f\u91cd\u8981\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u54ea\u4e9b\u4e0d\u662f\u3002\u201c\u76f8\u5173\u201d\u53c2\u6570\u662f\u6307\u968f\u7740\u5c3a\u5ea6\u5347\u9ad8\u800c\u589e\u5927\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u80fd\u53c2\u6570\uff0c\u53cd\u4e4b\uff0c\u201c\u4e0d\u76f8\u5173\u201d\u53c2\u6570\u968f\u5c3a\u5ea6\u5347\u9ad8\u800c\u51cf\u5c0f\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u7269\u8d28\u4e2d\u6709\u5f88\u591a\u539f\u5b50\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u4e0d\u76f8\u5173\u53c2\u6570\u5e76\u4e0d\u4f1a\u5f71\u54cd\u7269\u8d28\u7684\u5b8f\u89c2\u53d8\u5316\u6216\u5728\u4e34\u754c\u70b9\u9644\u8fd1\u6211\u4eec\u4e0e\u7269\u8d28\u7684\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\u60c5\u51b5\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5728\u5b9e\u9645\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u5fae\u89c2\u5730\u6d4b\u91cf\u4e0d\u76f8\u5173\u53c2\u6570\uff0c\u4f46\u7531\u4e8e\u5176\u5e76\u4e0d\u4f1a\u5f71\u54cd\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u89c2\u5bdf\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u6211\u4eec\u53ea\u9700\u8981\u8003\u8651\u76f8\u5173\u53c2\u6570\u5373\u53ef\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

\n<\/span><\/section>\n

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IV. \u8868\u793a\u548c\u4fe1\u606f\u90fd\u662f\u5c3a\u5ea6\u7684\u51fd\u6570<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\uff08REPRESENTATIONS AND INFORMATION AS A FUNCTION OF SCALE\uff09<\/span><\/strong><\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n
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\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u4ee5\u5fae\u79ef\u5206\u548c\u7edf\u8ba1\u5b66\u4e3a\u57fa\u7840\u7684\u6717\u9053\u7406\u8bba\u4f1a\u5931\u8d25\uff1f\u95ee\u9898\u4e0d\u5728\u4e8e\u8ba9\u81ea\u7531\u80fd\u6700\u5c0f\u5316\u7684\u76ee\u6807\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u5728\u4e8e\u5bf9\u6750\u6599\u7684\u8868\u793a\u3002\u5047\u8bbe\u81ea\u7531\u80fd\u662f\u5e73\u5747\u5bc6\u5ea6\u7684\u51fd\u6570\u662f\u4e0d\u884c\u7684\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u53ea\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u53d8\u91cf\u4e0d\u80fd\u6355\u6349\u5230\u6750\u6599\u4e2d\u6b63\u5728\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\u3002\u4f46\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4e5f\u4e0d\u5fc5\u8981\u6e05\u695a\u6240\u6709\u539f\u5b50\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\uff0c\u53ea\u9700\u8981\u77e5\u9053\u5bc6\u5ea6\u7684\u7a7a\u95f4\u5206\u5e03\u683c\u5c40\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u8d8a\u8d34\u8fd1\u89c2\u5bdf\uff0c\u6240\u9700\u8981\u7684\u5bc6\u5ea6\u7684\u6570\u503c\u5c31\u8d8a\u591a\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u8868\u793a\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u5c31\u662f\u75c7\u7ed3\u6240\u5728<\/strong>\u2014\u2014\u5728\u6211\u4eec\u9009\u62e9\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u89c2\u6d4b\u5c3a\u5ea6\u4e0a\u7684\u8868\u793a\u662f\u5426\u5145\u5206\u3002<\/span>
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\u8868\u793a\u662f\u4ece\u7cfb\u7edf\u5230\u6570\u5b66\u53d8\u91cf\u7684\u6620\u5c04\u3002\u66f4\u51c6\u786e\u5730\u8bf4\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u8868\u793a\u5e94\u8be5\u88ab\u7406\u89e3\u4e3a\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u72b6\u6001\u96c6\u5230\u6570\u5b66\u53d8\u91cf\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u72b6\u6001\u7684\u6620\u5c04\u3002\u4e00\u4e2a\u5fe0\u5b9e\u7684\u8868\u793a\u5fc5\u987b\u5177\u6709\u4e0e\u5b83\u6240\u8868\u793a\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u72b6\u6001\u6570\uff0c\u8fd9\u624d\u53ef\u80fd\u4f7f\u5f97\u8868\u793a\u7684\u72b6\u6001\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e00\u5bf9\u4e00\u5730\u6620\u5c04\u5230\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u72b6\u6001\u3002\u5982\u679c\u4e00\u4e2a\u6a21\u578b\u7684\u72b6\u6001\u6bd4\u7cfb\u7edf\u5c11\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u5b83\u5c31\u4e0d\u80fd\u8868\u8fbe\u51fa\u7cfb\u7edf\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u6240\u6709\u4e8b\u60c5\uff1b\u5982\u679c\u6a21\u578b\u6709\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u72b6\u6001\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u5b83\u4f1a\u8868\u8fbe\u51fa\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\u3002\u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u6a21\u578b\u5f80\u5f80\u6ca1\u6709\u8003\u8651\u5230\u8fd9\u70b9\uff0c\u5c31\u5bfc\u81f4\u4e86\u7cfb\u7edf\u548c\u6a21\u578b\u7684\u4e0d\u5339\u914d\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4e0d\u53ef\u9760\u7684\u8868\u793a\u65e0\u6cd5\u6b63\u786e\u5730\u533a\u5206\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u4e5f\u6700\u7ec8\u65e0\u6cd5\u8bc6\u522b\u7cfb\u7edf\u5bf9\u73af\u5883\u5916\u529b\u6216\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u80fd\u8003\u8651\u7684\u5e72\u9884\u63aa\u65bd\u7684\u53cd\u5e94\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u6211\u4eec\u60f3\u5bf9\u7cfb\u7edf\u65bd\u52a0\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u8981\u77e5\u9053\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u533a\u522b\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5c31\u5fc5\u987b\u628a\u6ce8\u610f\u529b\u96c6\u4e2d\u4e8e\u5728\u90a3\u4e9b\u5728\u7279\u5b9a\u89c2\u6d4b\u5c3a\u5ea6\u4e0a\u53ef\u4ee5\u533a\u5206\u7684\u72b6\u6001\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

\n<\/span><\/section>\n
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\u56fe3\uff1a\u590d\u6742\u5ea6\u66f2\u7ebf\uff08\u5c3a\u5ea6\u7684\u51fd\u6570\uff09\u3002<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u590d\u6742\u5ea6\u662f\u63cf\u8ff0\u7cfb\u7edf\u6240\u9700\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u91cf\uff0c\u4f1a\u968f\u7740\u5c3a\u5ea6\u53d8\u5316\u800c\u53d8\u5316\u3002\u901a\u5e38\uff0c\u5c3a\u5ea6\u8d8a\u9ad8\uff08\u5927\uff09\uff0c\u6240\u9700\u7684\u7ec6\u8282\u8d8a\u5c11\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u4fe1\u606f\u91cf\u4e5f\u8d8a\u5c11\u3002<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n

\n<\/section>\n
\u4e3a\u4e86\u5c06\u8fd9\u4e9b\u601d\u60f3\u5f62\u5f0f\u5316\u7528\u4e8e\u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u7406\u89e3\u4e0e\u5c3a\u5ea6\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e86\u590d\u6742\u5ea6\u66f2\u7ebf[1, 14]\uff0c\u590d\u6742\u5ea6\u662f\u8868\u793a\u4e00\u4e2a\u7cfb\u7edf\u6240\u5fc5\u9700\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u91cf\uff0c\u5b83\u662f\u5c3a\u5ea6\u7684\u51fd\u6570\u3002\u4fe1\u606f\u7406\u8bba\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u6d88\u606f\u4e2d\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u91cf\u662f\u6d88\u606f\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6570\u91cf\u7684\u5bf9\u6570\u503c\uff08\u4ee52\u4e3a\u5e95\uff09\u3002\u8fd9\u6837\uff0c\u7cfb\u7edf\u5728\u6240\u6709\u7279\u5b9a\u5c3a\u5ea6\u4e0a\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u72b6\u6001\u6570\u5c31\u786e\u5b9a\u4e86\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u590d\u6742\u5ea6\u66f2\u7ebf\u3002\u901a\u5e38\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e00\u4e2a\u7cfb\u7edf\u8003\u5bdf\u5f97\u8d8a\u7cbe\u7ec6\uff0c\u63cf\u8ff0\u5b83\u6240\u9700\u8981\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u91cf\u5c31\u8d8a\u5927\uff08\u56fe3\uff09\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u91cf\u5b50\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\uff0c\u7cfb\u7edf\u5728\u6700\u7cbe\u7ec6\u5c3a\u5ea6\u4e0a\u7684\u590d\u6742\u5ea6\u4e5f\u662f\u6709\u9650\u7684\uff0c\u7b49\u4e8e\u4e00\u4e2a\u666e\u9002\u5e38\u6570 1\/KB<\/sub>ln(2) \u4e58\u4ee5\u7cfb\u7edf\u5747\u8861\u72b6\u6001\u7684\u71b5\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d KB<\/sub> \u4e3a\u73bb\u5c14\u5179\u66fc\u5e38\u6570\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

\n<\/span><\/section>\n
\u5355\u4e2a\u5b9e\u6570\u7684\u4f4d\u6570\u662f\u65e0\u9650\u7684\uff0c\u6709\u65e0\u9650\u591a\u4e2a\u53ef\u80fd\u72b6\u6001\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u5b83\u6709\u80fd\u529b\u8868\u8fbe\u4e00\u4e2a\u65e0\u9650\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u91cf\u3002\u8fd9\u4f3c\u4e4e\u8868\u660e\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b9e\u6570\u6765\u8868\u793a\u4e00\u6574\u4e2a\u7cfb\u7edf\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u8868\u793a\u6db2\u4f53\u5bc6\u5ea6\u7684\u5b9e\u6570\uff0c\u5e94\u8be5\u53ef\u4ee5\u5305\u542b\u6709\u65e0\u7a77\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u4ece\u524d\u9762\u7684\u5173\u4e8e\u76f8\u53d8\u7684\u8ba8\u8bba\u5df2\u7ecf\u77e5\u9053\uff0c\u5355\u5355\u8fd9\u4e00\u4e2a\u6570\u503c\u662f\u4e0d\u591f\u7684\u3002\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u4e0d\u884c\uff1f\u95ee\u9898\u5728\u4e8e\uff0c\u4fe1\u606f\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u771f\u5b9e\u6570\u503c\u4e2d\u6309\u5c3a\u5ea6\u7684\u7ec4\u7ec7\u65b9\u5f0f\u4e0e\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u4e0d\u4e00\u81f4\u3002\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b9e\u6570\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u4e00\u7ef4\u65b9\u5411\u4e0a\u8868\u793a\u4e00\u4e2a\u70b9\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\u3002\u5047\u8bbe\u6211\u4eec\u4ece\u77e5\u9053\u7269\u4f53\u57281\u4e2a\u6807\u51c6\u5355\u4f4d\u957f\u5ea6\u5206\u8fa8\u7387\u4e0b\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\u5f00\u59cb\u3002\u5c06\u5206\u8fa8\u7387\u589e\u52a0\u4e00\u500d\uff0c\u5c31\u610f\u5473\u7740\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u533a\u5206\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4f4d\u7f6e\u662f\u5728\u5176\u4e2d\u7684\u54ea\u4e2a1\/2\u5355\u4f4d\u957f\u5ea6\u4e0a\u3002\u901a\u4fe1\u6b64\u4fe1\u606f\u9700\u8981\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e8c\u8fdb\u5236\u53d8\u91cf\u3002\u5206\u8fa8\u7387\u6bcf\u589e\u52a0\u52302\u500d\uff0c\u5c31\u67092\u4e2a\u989d\u5916\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u9700\u8981\u786e\u5b9a\u3002\u9700\u8981\u7684\u4e8c\u8fdb\u5236\u4f4d\u6570\u662f\u5206\u8fa8\u7387\u5c3a\u5ea6\u7684\u5bf9\u6570\uff08\u4ee52\u4e3a\u5e95\uff09\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5728\u5176\u4e34\u754c\u70b9\u72b6\u6001\u7684\u6db2\u4f53\uff0c\u4e3a\u4e86\u63cf\u8ff0\u5bc6\u5ea6\u7684\u6ce2\u52a8\uff0c\u4f4d\u6570\u589e\u52a0\u4e0d\u7b49\u4e8e\u5206\u8fa8\u7387\u7684\u589e\u52a0\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u589e\u957f\u8981\u6bd4\u5206\u8fa8\u7387\u52a0\u500d\u7684\u901f\u5ea6\u8981\u5feb\uff08\u89c1\u56fe4\uff09\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

\n<\/span><\/section>\n
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\n

\u56fe4\uff1a\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b9e\u6570\uff08\u4e0a\u9762\u7684\uff0cx\uff09\u6709\u65e0\u7a77\u7684\u4f4d\u6570\uff0c\u786e\u5b9a\u4e00\u4e2a\u70b9\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\uff0c\u5728\u7cbe\u5ea6\u52a0\u500d\uff08\u5c3a\u5ea6\u51cf\u534a\uff09\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u4f1a\u589e\u52a02\u79cd\uff08\u4f4d\u7f6e\u7684\uff09\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\uff0c\u4fe1\u606f\u91cf\u589e\u52a01\u3002\u5355\u4e2a\u5b9e\u6570\u503c\u5e76\u4e0d\u80fd\u5f88\u597d\u7684\u8868\u793a\u6574\u4e2a\u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u91cf\u4e0d\u540c\u4e8e\u5c3a\u5ea6\u589e\u52a0\uff08y\uff09\uff0c\u5176\u4f4d\u6570\u7684\u589e\u52a0\u5e94\u7c7b\u4f3c\u4e8e\u56fe3\u6240\u8868\u8ff0\u7684\u590d\u6742\u5ea6\u66f2\u7ebf\u90a3\u6837\u3002<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n


<\/p>\n

\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5bf9\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u5145\u5206\u7684\u8868\u793a\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u5728\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u5206\u8fa8\u7387\u4e0b\u90fd\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u53ef\u80fd\u72b6\u6001\u96c6\u80fd\u5bf9\u5e94\u5230\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e0d\u540c\u72b6\u6001\u96c6\uff0c\u81ea\u4e0a\u800c\u4e0b\uff0c\u76f4\u5230\u9700\u8981\u6211\u4eec\u53bb\u63cf\u8ff0\u7684\u90a3\u4e9b\u6211\u4eec\u6240\u5173\u5fc3\u7684\u6027\u8d28\u7684\u5c42\u6b21\uff08\u76f8\u5173\u53c2\u6570\uff09\uff0c\u4e0d\u7528\u518d\u7ec6\u3002\u5728\u8003\u8651\u5f71\u54cd\u7cfb\u7edf\u5927\u5c3a\u5ea6\u5c5e\u6027\uff08\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u8be6\u7ec6\u7ec6\u8282\uff09\u7684\u5e72\u9884\u65f6\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5e94\u8be5\u4ece\u7cfb\u7edf\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u6700\u5927\u5c3a\u5ea6\u7684\u6a21\u5f0f\u51fa\u53d1\uff0c\u589e\u52a0\u4e00\u4e9b\u9700\u8981\u7684\u8865\u5145\u4fe1\u606f\u3002\u6839\u636e\u590d\u6742\u5ea6\u66f2\u7ebf\uff0c\u5173\u4e8e\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u6bcf\u4e00\u4e2a\u4fe1\u606f\u5757\u90fd\u6709\u5176\u89c4\u6a21\uff08size\uff09\u5c5e\u6027\u2014\u2014\u5c31\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f00\u59cb\u68c0\u6d4b\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4fe1\u606f\u5757\u7684\u6700\u5927\u5c3a\u5ea6\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

\n<\/span><\/section>\n
\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u66f4\u4e00\u822c\u7684\uff0c\u63cf\u8ff0\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u662f\u5c3a\u5ea6\u7684\u51fd\u6570\uff08\u56fe3[1]\uff09\u3002\u76f4\u89c2\u5730\u770b\uff0c\u968f\u7740\u5c3a\u5ea6\u7684\u5347\u9ad8\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u9700\u8981\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u5c11\u3002\u5982\u679c\u4fe1\u606f\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5c3a\u5ea6\u7684\u51fd\u6570\u5b58\u5728\u9ad8\u539f\uff08plateaus\uff09\u6027\u72b6\uff0c\u5c31\u6709\u660e\u663e\u7684\u5c3a\u5ea6\u5206\u79bb\u60c5\u51b5\u3002\u800c\u5728\u4e8c\u7ea7\u76f8\u53d8\u65f6\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u627e\u5230\u4e00\u4e2a\u5e42\u5f8b\u884c\u4e3a\uff0c\u5b83\u662f\u5c3a\u5ea6\u7684\u51fd\u6570\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u65f6\u5019\u6ca1\u6709\u5c3a\u5ea6\u5206\u79bb\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

\n<\/span><\/section>\n
\u7269\u7406\u4e2d\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u91cd\u6574\u5316\u7fa4\u4e0e\u6211\u4eec\u6709\u5174\u8da3\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u7684\u5e94\u7528\u65b9\u5f0f\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u8981\u901a\u8fc7\u590d\u6742\u5ea6\u66f2\u7ebf\u5f62\u5f0f\u5316\u3002\u91cd\u6574\u5316\u7fa4\u4e5f\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u7cfb\u7edf\u80fd\u91cf\u6765\u63cf\u8ff0\uff0c\u5b83\u5927\u7ea6\u662f\u6700\u5927\u7684\u201c\u70ed\u529b\u5b66\u201d\u5c3a\u5ea6\uff0c\u5373\u65e0\u9650\u89c4\u6a21\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u5728\u8003\u8651\u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u65f6\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5bf9\u53d1\u751f\u611f\u5174\u8da3\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u5c42\u6b21\uff08\u5373\u4eba\u7c7b\u5065\u5eb7\u6216\u793e\u4f1a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u6d3b\u52a8\uff09\u66f4\u4e3a\u5173\u6ce8\u3002\u5bf9\u4e8e\u601d\u8003\u8fd9\u4e9b\u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u65e0\u9650\u89c4\u6a21\u5e76\u4e0d\u603b\u662f\u6709\u7528\u7684\u3002\u4e3a\u4e86\u5b9e\u73b0\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u76ee\u7684\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u8981\u8bc6\u522b\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u5c5e\u6027\u662f\u5728\u7279\u5b9a\u5c3a\u5ea6\u4e0a\u8868\u5f81\u5176\u52a8\u6001\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u53ef\u533a\u5206\u72b6\u6001\u96c6\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

\n<\/span><\/section>\n
\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u91cd\u6574\u5316\u7fa4\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u8bba\u5e26\u7ed9\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u4e0d\u53ea\u662f\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4e5f\u5f97\u5230\u5173\u4e8e\u5982\u4f55\u57fa\u4e8e\u7ec4\u5143\u7684\u6574\u5408\u8bc6\u522b\u76f8\u5173\u53d8\u91cf\u6784\u5efa\u6a21\u578b\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u5316\u6307\u5bfc\u3002\u968f\u7740\u5c3a\u5ea6\u7684\u63d0\u5347\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u770b\u5230\u7684\u7ec6\u8282\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u5c11\uff0c\u5c0f\u7684\u53ef\u533a\u5206\u5dee\u5f02\u6d88\u5931\u4e86\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u6d89\u53ca\u7cfb\u7edf\u8bb8\u591a\u90e8\u5206\u7684\u66f4\u5927\u7684\u5dee\u5f02\u4ecd\u7136\u5b58\u5728\u3002\u90e8\u5206\u7684\u7279\u5f81\u5982\u4f55\u805a\u5408\uff08aggregate\uff09\u4e3a\u89c2\u5bdf\u5230\u7684\uff08\u6216\u91cd\u8981\u7684\uff09\u603b\u4f53\u7279\u5f81\uff1f\u901a\u8fc7\u7814\u7a76\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7279\u5f81\u7684\u805a\u5408\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bc6\u522b\u786e\u5b9a\u51fa\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u5927\u5c3a\u5ea6\u7cfb\u7edf\u6027\u8d28\u3002\u805a\u5408\u7ed3\u679c\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u5404\u90e8\u5206\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u76f8\u4e92\u4f9d\u5b58\u5173\u7cfb<\/strong>\uff08Aggregation is determined by how the parts depend on each other\uff09\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
\n<\/section>\n
\u6700\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u662f\u7cfb\u7edf\u5404\u7ec4\u5143\u5b8c\u5168\u72ec\u7acb\u6216\u5b8c\u5168\u4e0d\u72ec\u7acb\uff0c\u5728\u524d\u4e00\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u805a\u5408\u7ed3\u679c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4ece\u7edf\u8ba1\u5b66\u4e2d\u6b63\u6001\uff08\u9ad8\u65af\uff09\u5206\u5e03\u63cf\u8ff0\u7684\u5747\u503c\u548c\u968f\u673a\u504f\u5dee\u77e5\u9053\uff0c\u800c\u5b8c\u5168\u4e0d\u72ec\u7acb\u4f1a\u4ea7\u751f\u5355\u4e00\u7684\u76f8\u5e72\u884c\u4e3a\u3002\u5f53\u5b58\u5728\u4e0b\u4e00\u8282\u8981\u8ba8\u8bba\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u4f9d\u5b58\u5173\u7cfb\u65f6\uff0c\u5c31\u4f1a\u53d1\u751f\u4e0e\u4e0a\u9762\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u884c\u4e3a\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u884c\u4e3a\u5305\u62ec\u52a8\u6001\u632f\u8361\u548c\u7a7a\u95f4\u6a21\u5f0f\uff08\u56fe5\uff09\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

\n<\/span><\/section>\n
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\u56fe5\uff1a\u5f53\u6211\u4eec\u5173\u6ce8\u6700\u5927\u5c3a\u5ea6\u65f6\uff0c\u7cfb\u7edf\u884c\u4e3a\u4f1a\u6620\u5c04\u5230\u7b80\u5316\u7684\u6a21\u578b\u4e0a\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e2a\u6a21\u578b\u90fd\u53ef\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u5177\u6709\u5e7f\u6cdb\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u5fae\u89c2\u7ec6\u8282\u7684\u5927\u91cf\u53ef\u80fd\u7cfb\u7edf\u3002\u6b64\u56fe\u663e\u793a\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u4f8b\u5b50\uff1a\u9ad8\u65af\u5206\u5e03\u3001\u6ce2\u52a8\u3001\u4ece\u6709\u5e8f\u5230\u65e0\u5e8f\uff08\u5982\u672c\u6587\u8ba8\u8bba\u7684\u76f8\u53d8\uff09\u3001\u56fe\u7075\u6591\u56fe\u3001Navier-Stokes\u65b9\u7a0b\u63cf\u8ff0\u7684\u6d41\u3001\u5438\u5f15\u5b50\u52a8\u529b\u5b66\u3002\u5c11\u6570\u51e0\u4e2a\u6a21\u578b\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u6355\u83b7\u5927\u91cf\u4e0d\u540c\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\uff0c\u5176\u6839\u6e90\u662f\u666e\u9002\u6027\uff0c\u5177\u4f53\u7cfb\u7edf\u662f\u666e\u9002\u6027\u884c\u4e3a\u7c7b\u7684\u6210\u5458\u3002<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n


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V. \u666e\u9002\u6027\u3001\u6b63\u6001\u5206\u5e03\u53ca\u66f4\u591a<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\uff08UNIVERSALITY, NORMAL DISTRIBUTIONS AND BEYOND\uff09<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n


<\/p>\n

\u5f53\u6211\u4eec\u7814\u7a76\u4e00\u4e2a\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u6700\u5927\u5c3a\u5ea6\u884c\u4e3a\u65f6\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u7b80\u5316\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u6570\u5b66\u63cf\u8ff0\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u53ef\u533a\u5206\u7684\u72b6\u6001\u8f83\u5c11\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u975e\u5e38\u6709\u9650\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u53ef\u80fd\u53d1\u751f\u3002\u8fd9\u4e5f\u610f\u5473\u7740\u5728\u5fae\u89c2\u5c3a\u5ea6\u4e0a\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u5728\u5b8f\u89c2\u4e0a\u53ef\u80fd\u770b\u8d77\u6765\u5e76\u65e0\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u6570\u5b66\u63cf\u8ff0\u53d8\u5f97\u4e00\u6837\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


\n<\/span><\/p>\n

\u4e00\u4e2a\u4f8b\u5b50\u662f\uff0c\u6db2\u4f53\u88ab\u52a0\u70ed\u5230\u6cb8\u817e\u8f6c\u53d8\u4e3a\u6c14\u6001\u548c\u78c1\u94c1\u53d7\u70ed\u8fbe\u5230\u67d0\u4e00\u70b9\u4f7f\u5b83\u53d8\u6210\u975e\u78c1\u6027\u7684\uff08\u4ece\u94c1\u78c1\u5230\u987a\u78c1\u8f6c\u53d8\uff09\u5177\u6709\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u6027\u8d28\u3002\u8fd9\u4e0d\u662f\u5de7\u5408\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u7c7b\u6bd4\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u76f4\u63a5\u7684\u6570\u5b66\u5173\u7cfb\u3002\u78c1\u4f53\u5177\u6709\u5c40\u90e8\u7684\u78c1\u5316\u5f3a\u5ea6\uff0c\u5728\u78c1\u6027\u4e34\u754c\u70b9\u5904\u8d77\u4f0f\uff0c\u5c31\u50cf\u6c34\u548c\u84b8\u6c14\u5728\u4e34\u754c\u70b9\u5904\u7684\u5bc6\u5ea6\u4e00\u6837\u3002\u6b63\u5982\u6c34\u5206\u5b50\u968f\u7740\u6e29\u5ea6\u7684\u5347\u9ad8\u7ecf\u5386\u4e86\u4ece\u6709\u5e8f\u5230\u65e0\u5e8f\u7684\u8f6c\u53d8\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5c0f\u78c1\u4f53\u4e5f\u7ecf\u5386\u4e86\u4ece\u6709\u5e8f\u5230\u65e0\u5e8f\u7684\u8f6c\u53d8\u3002\u5c40\u57df\u7684\u78c1\u5316\u5f3a\u5ea6\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\u5c31\u50cf\u4e34\u754c\u70b9\u5904\u6c34\u7684\u5bc6\u5ea6\u6ce2\u52a8\u4e00\u6837\u3002\u5176\u7ed3\u679c\u662f\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e24\u79cd\u770b\u4f3c\u4e0d\u540c\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u5728\u6570\u5b66\u4e0a\u5b58\u5728\u76f8\u4e92\u7684\u6620\u5c04\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


\n<\/span><\/p>\n

\u5c06\u6c34\u5230\u6c34\u84b8\u6c14\u7684\u8f6c\u53d8\u6620\u5c04\u5230\u78c1\u6027\u7684\u8f6c\u53d8\u9610\u91ca\u4e86\u4e00\u79cd\u884c\u4e3a\u7c7b\u578b\uff0c\u662f\u53ef\u4ee5\u63cf\u8ff0\u591a\u4e2a\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u3002\u968f\u7740\u91cd\u6574\u5316\u7fa4\u7684\u5e94\u7528\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u5e7f\u6cdb\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u53d1\u73b0\u4e86\u8bb8\u591a\u5177\u6709\u76f8\u540c\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5b83\u4eec\u5728\u7ec6\u8282\u4e0a\u4f1a\u5f88\u4e0d\u4e00\u6837\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6982\u5ff5\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u666e\u9002\u6027\uff08universality\uff09\u3002\u8bb8\u591a\u7cfb\u7edf\u5177\u6709\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\uff0c\u4f46\u8fd9\u4e9b\u884c\u4e3a\u4e5f\u6709\u4e0d\u540c\u79cd\u7c7b\u3002\u8fd9\u610f\u5473\u7740\u7cfb\u7edf\u53ef\u4ee5\u6309\u884c\u4e3a\u5206\u7c7b\uff0c\u8fd9\u5c31\u5bfc\u81f4\u4e86\u201c\u666e\u9002\u6027\u7c7b\u201d\uff08universality class\uff09\u8fd9\u4e2a\u672f\u8bed\u7684\u63d0\u51fa\u3002\u5e42\u5f8b\u73b0\u8c61\u5e38\u5e38\u51fa\u73b0\u5728\u8de8\u5c3a\u5ea6\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u573a\u666f\uff0c\u800c\u5e42\u5f8b\u6307\u6570\u7684\u503c\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f5c\u4e3a\u666e\u9002\u6027\u7c7b\u7684\u533a\u5206\u6807\u5fd7[4,5,9,10]\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


\n<\/span><\/p>\n

\u5728\u67d0\u79cd\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\uff0c\u8bb8\u591a\u7cfb\u7edf\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u5927\u5c3a\u5ea6\u884c\u4e3a\u6765\u63cf\u8ff0\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u5df2\u7ecf\u5728\u4f20\u7edf\u7406\u8bba\u4e2d\u5f97\u5230\u4e86\u5e94\u7528\u3002\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u5bf9\u8bb8\u591a\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u751f\u7269\u7cfb\u7edf\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u90fd\u4f7f\u7528\u4e86\u6b63\u6001\u5206\u5e03\u3002\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\uff0c\u4efb\u4f55\u7531\u5145\u5206\u72ec\u7acb\u6210\u5206\u6784\u6210\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u90fd\u6ee1\u8db3\u4e2d\u5fc3\u6781\u9650\u5b9a\u7406\uff08central limit theorem\uff09\u8981\u6c42\uff0c\u5c06\u6c34\u5230\u6c34\u84b8\u6c14\u7684\u8f6c\u53d8\u6620\u5c04\u5230\u78c1\u6027\u7684\u8f6c\u53d8\u9610\u91ca\u4e86\u4e00\u79cd\u884c\u4e3a\u7c7b\u578b\uff0c\u662f\u53ef\u4ee5\u63cf\u8ff0\u591a\u4e2a\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u3002\u800c\u5f53\u5b58\u5728\u4f9d\u5b58\u5173\u7cfb\u65f6\uff0c\u6b63\u6001\u5206\u5e03\u4e0d\u518d\u9002\u7528\uff0c\u5176\u4ed6\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u4f9d\u5b58\u5173\u7cfb\u7279\u5f81\u4f1a\u5bfc\u81f4\u5176\u4ed6\u7cfb\u7edf\u884c\u4e3a\u3002\u4e3a\u4e86\u7814\u7a76\u8fd9\u4e9b\u884c\u4e3a\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5fc5\u987b\u786e\u5b9a\u5404\u79cd\u4f9d\u5b58\u5173\u7cfb\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u5f15\u81f4\u5404\u79cd\u5927\u5c3a\u5ea6\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


\n<\/span><\/p>\n

\u5bf9\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u4e00\u822c\u6570\u5b66\u63cf\u8ff0\u6709\u4e00\u4e9b\u6bd4\u8f83\u57fa\u672c\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u5982\u7528\u70b9\u7c92\u5b50\u7684\u8fd0\u52a8\u6765\u63cf\u8ff0\u8bb8\u591a\u4e0d\u540c\u7269\u4f53\u7684\u8fd0\u52a8\uff0c\u7528\u6ce2\u52a8\u65b9\u7a0b\u6765\u63cf\u8ff0\u97f3\u4e50\u7247\u6bb5\u3001\u6c34\u6ce2\u548c\u5149\u3002\u867d\u7136\u5177\u4f53\u7cfb\u7edf\u975e\u5e38\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u5f15\u81f4\u5176\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u4f9d\u5b58\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u884c\u4e3a\u672c\u8eab\uff0c\u5728\u6570\u5b66\u4e0a\u662f\u76f8\u5173\u7684\uff08are related mathematically\uff09\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


\n<\/span><\/p>\n

\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u66f4\u4e00\u822c\u5730\u8003\u8651\u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u666e\u9002\u6027\u3002\u4e3a\u4e86\u4ece\u91cd\u6574\u5316\u7fa4\u6982\u62ec\u51fa\u666e\u9002\u6027\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u8003\u8651\u65e0\u9650\u7cfb\u7edf\u89c4\u6a21\u7684\u5b8f\u89c2\u6781\u9650\u548c\u5e42\u5f8b\u6307\u6570\u3002\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u91c7\u7528\u7684\u8868\u793a\u7684\u72b6\u6001\u5fc5\u987b\u5bf9\u5e94\u4e8e\u7cfb\u7edf\u5728\u89c2\u5bdf\u5c3a\u5ea6\u4e0a\u7684\u72b6\u6001\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u4f1a\u50cf\u76f8\u53d8\u7269\u7406\u4e2d\u505a\u7684\u90a3\u6837\u7528\u8fd9\u4e9b\u72b6\u6001\u6765\u63cf\u8ff0\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u80fd\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u7528\u5b83\u4eec\u6765\u63cf\u8ff0\u52a8\u6001\u53d8\u5316\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u7cfb\u7edf\u5bf9\u5916\u529b\u7684\u54cd\u5e94\u3002\u4efb\u4f55\u65b9\u7a0b\u90fd\u662f\u57fa\u4e8e\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u5047\u8bbe\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u53d8\u91cf\u662f\u5bf9\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u6709\u6548\uff08\u5145\u5206\uff09\u7684\u8868\u793a\u3002\u76f8\u5173\u53c2\u6570\u5728\u7279\u5b9a\u89c2\u6d4b\u5c3a\u5ea6\u4e0a\u662f\u91cd\u8981\u7684\uff0c\u7531\u5bf9\u89c2\u6d4b\u8005\u7684\u53ef\u5206\u8fa8\u6027\u51b3\u5b9a\u3002\u4e00\u4e2a\u7cfb\u7edf\u5728\u7279\u5b9a\u5c3a\u5ea6\u4e0a\u7684\u6570\u5b66\u8868\u793a\uff08\u63cf\u8ff0\uff09\u4e5f\u53ef\u80fd\u5bf9\u5e94\u4e8e\u5176\u4ed6\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7cfb\u7edf\u53ef\u80fd\u6709\u76f8\u5f53\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u5e95\u5c42\u7ec4\u5143\u3002\u8fd9\u5c31\u662f\u662f\u666e\u9002\u6027\u7684\u4e00\u822c\u6982\u5ff5\uff08\u56fe5\uff09\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


\n<\/span><\/p>\n

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\n<\/section>\n
\u5c06\u56fe\u7075\u6591\u56fe\u7eb3\u5165\u666e\u9002\u6027\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u662f\u5bf9\u7edf\u8ba1\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u4e2d\u666e\u9002\u6027\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u81ea\u7136\u800c\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u6982\u62ec\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6a21\u5f0f\u968f\u76f8\u5173\u53c2\u6570\u7684\u53d8\u5316\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5b83\u4eec\u5bf9\u73af\u5883\u6761\u4ef6\u7684\u53cd\u5e94\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u73b0\u8c61\u5b66\u89c2\u6d4b\u6765\u7814\u7a76\u3002\u5728\u89c2\u6d4b\u5c3a\u5ea6\u4e0b\uff0c\u6709\u80fd\u529b\u5bf9\u4ea4\u4e92\u884c\u4e3a\u8fdb\u884c\u9884\u5224\u3002\u5904\u7406\u8fd9\u4e9b\u95ee\u9898\u5e76\u4e0d\u7b80\u5355\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u7ed9\u6570\u5b66\u548c\u89c2\u5bdf\u7814\u7a76\u90fd\u5e26\u6765\u4e86\u6311\u6218\u3002\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u4e0a\u91c7\u7528\u56fe\u7075\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u6765\u63cf\u8ff0\u52a8\u7269\u76ae\u80a4\u4e0a\u7684\u6a21\u5f0f\u548c\u5f62\u6001\u53d1\u751f\u8fd8\u5b58\u5728\u4e89\u8bae[28,29]\uff0c\u4e00\u4e9b\u4eba\u8ba4\u4e3a\u6a21\u5f0f\u52a8\u6001\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u6355\u6349\u5230\u5fae\u89c2\u673a\u5236\u3002\u4f46\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4e89\u8fa9\u5ffd\u7565\u4e86\u666e\u9002\u6027\u7684\u5173\u952e\u4e4b\u5904\u3002\u666e\u9002\u6027\u5e94\u8be5\u662f\u76f4\u89c2\u7684\uff0c\u5206\u5b50\u8fc7\u7a0b\u7684\u7ec6\u8282\u4e0d\u5fc5\u7528\u6765\u523b\u753b\u5177\u6709\u76f8\u4f3c\u6a21\u5f0f\u7684\u4e2a\u4f53\u52a8\u7269\u4e4b\u95f4\u6216\u7269\u79cd\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u53d8\u5316\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u6a21\u5f0f\u5f62\u6210\u7684\u52a8\u6001\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5206\u5b50\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e5f\u4e0d\u4f1a\u5f71\u54cd\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6a21\u5f0f\u5728\u793e\u4f1a\u548c\u751f\u6001\u4ea4\u4e92\u4e2d\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u3002\u4e00\u65e6\u7528\u76f8\u5173\u53d8\u91cf\u786e\u5b9a\u4e86\u7cfb\u7edf\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u63cf\u8ff0\uff0c\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6a21\u5f0f\u7684\u4efb\u4f55\u9057\u4f20\u6216\u73af\u5883\u4f5c\u7528\u90fd\u4f1a\u5f71\u54cd\u5230\u8fd9\u4e9b\u76f8\u5173\u53d8\u91cf\u3002\u884c\u4e3a\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u76f8\u5173\u53d8\u91cf\u53ca\u51b3\u5b9a\u76f8\u5173\u53d8\u91cf\u7684\u8d77\u6e90\u548c\u53d8\u5316\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u673a\u5236\u8fdb\u884c\u7814\u7a76\u3002\u8fd9\u4e0e\u4e0d\u7528\u63cf\u8ff0\u884c\u661f\u7ed3\u6784\u7684\u7ec6\u8282\u800c\u53ef\u4ee5\u63cf\u8ff0\u884c\u661f\u8fd0\u52a8\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u662f\u76f8\u4f3c\u7684\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

\n<\/span><\/section>\n
\u5bf9\u666e\u9002\u6027\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u4f7f\u6211\u4eec\u80fd\u591f\u786e\u5b9a\u51fa\u4e00\u4e9b\u884c\u4e3a\u65b9\u5f0f\u76f8\u540c\u5e76\u4e14\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u4e00\u4e2a\u901a\u7528\u6570\u5b66\u6a21\u578b\u6765\u63cf\u8ff0\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u7c7b\uff08 classes of systems\uff09\u3002\u8fd9\u5c31\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u5bf9\u91cd\u6574\u5316\u7fa4\u7684\u5206\u6790\u548c\u5728\u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u91c7\u7528\u591a\u5c3a\u5ea6\u4fe1\u606f\u7406\u8bba\u6982\u62ec\u51fa\u6765\u7684\u666e\u9002\u6027\u539f\u5219\u3002\u7b80\u5355\u5730\u7406\u89e3\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u7528\u67d0\u4e2a\u6570\u5b66\u6a21\u578b\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e00\u7c7b\u95ee\u9898\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

\n<\/span><\/section>\n

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VI. \u52a8\u6001\u654f\u611f\u6027\u4e0e\u6df7\u6c8c\u6027<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\uff08DYNAMIC SENSITIVITY AND CHAOS\uff09<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n

\n
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\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n
\u5f53\u6211\u4eec\u8003\u8651\u4e00\u4e2a\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u5c3a\u5ea6\u65f6\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u8fd8\u5fc5\u987b\u8003\u8651\u5230\u653e\u5927\uff08amplification\uff09\u548c\u8017\u6563\uff08dissipation\uff09\u3002\u653e\u5927\u4f7f\u5f97\u8f83\u5c0f\u7684\u5c3a\u5ea6\u53d8\u5316\u80fd\u591f\u5f71\u54cd\u5230\u8f83\u5927\u7684\u5c3a\u5ea6\uff1b\u8017\u6563\u662f\u968f\u7740\u65f6\u95f4\u7684\u63a8\u79fb\u8f83\u5927\u7684\u5c3a\u5ea6\u884c\u4e3a\u88ab\u5c40\u9650\u5230\u5c0f\u5c3a\u5ea6\u4e0a\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u7814\u7a76\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u957f\u5ea6\u88ab\u7528\u6765\u786e\u5b9a\u4e3a\u63cf\u8ff0\u7cfb\u7edf\u5728\u53e6\u4e00\u65f6\u523b\u7684\u5927\u89c4\u6a21\u884c\u4e3a\u800c\u5728\u67d0\u4e00\u4e2a\u65f6\u523b\u6240\u9700\u8981\u7684\u7ec6\u8282\u5c42\u6b21\u3002\u653e\u5927\u7387\u6216\u8017\u6563\u7387\u53ef\u80fd\u4e0e\u9644\u52a0\u4fe1\u606f\u7684\u8303\u56f4\u6709\u5173\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u9644\u52a0\u4fe1\u606f\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f5c\u4e3a\u89c2\u6d4b\u65f6\u95f4\u5c3a\u5ea6\u7684\u51fd\u6570\u7528\u4e8e\u63cf\u8ff0\u67d0\u4e00\u7279\u5b9a\u5c3a\u5ea6\u4e0b\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u3002<\/span>
\n<\/section>\n

\n<\/span><\/section>\n
\u4f17\u6240\u5468\u77e5\u7684\u8774\u8776\u6548\u5e94\uff08butterfly effect\uff09\u662f\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\u6df7\u6c8c\uff08\u6587\u732e[1]\u4e2d\u76841.1\u8282\uff09\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u4f8b\u5b50\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6c14\u8c61\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u5c0f\u7684\u521d\u59cb\u5dee\u5f02\u4f1a\u968f\u7740\u65f6\u95f4\u6307\u6570\u6027\u589e\u957f\uff0c\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u5c3a\u5ea6\u548c\u65f6\u95f4\u662f\u6df7\u5408\u7684\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u6211\u4eec\u5bf9\u4e8e\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u89c2\u6d4b\u7cbe\u5ea6\u603b\u662f\u6709\u9650\u7684\uff0c\u4ece\u53ef\u9884\u62a5\u6027\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u6765\u770b\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u8ba8\u8bba\u7cfb\u7edf\u8fd0\u884c\u8f68\u8ff9\u7684\u5206\u6563\u3002\u5173\u4e8e\u521d\u59cb\u6761\u4ef6\u7684\u6709\u9650\u4fe1\u606f\u610f\u5473\u7740\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u7cfb\u7edf\u662f\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\u7684\uff0c\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u540e\u671f\u72b6\u6001\u4e5f\u65e0\u6cd5\u7531\u521d\u59cb\u65f6\u523b\u7684\u89c2\u6d4b\u503c\u51b3\u5b9a\u3002\u6df7\u6c8c\u7cfb\u7edf\u5177\u6709\u4e0d\u540c\u7a0b\u5ea6\u7684\u53ef\u9884\u6d4b\u6027\u3002\u884c\u661f\u8f68\u9053\u662f\u6df7\u6c8c\u7684\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u53ef\u9884\u6d4b\u6027\u5f88\u9ad8\u3002\u5bf9\u4e8e\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u53ef\u9884\u6d4b\u6027\u6765\u8bb2\uff0c\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u662f\u53d1\u6563\u7387\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u822c\u7528Luyaponov\u6307\u6570\u6765\u8861\u91cf\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u662f\u5728\u6700\u5927\u5c3a\u5ea6\u4e0a\u53d1\u751f\u53d1\u6563\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u5c3a\u5ea6\u3002\u5bf9\u4e8e\u884c\u661f\u8f68\u9053\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u65f6\u95f4\u5c3a\u5ea6\u662f\u6570\u767e\u4e07\u5e74\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

\n<\/span><\/section>\n
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\n<\/span><\/section>\n
\u5c06\u590d\u6742\u5ea6\u66f2\u7ebf\u5e94\u7528\u4e8e\u751f\u7269\u7cfb\u7edf\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u5176\u6311\u6218\u5728\u4e8e\u8bc6\u522b\u51fa\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u653e\u5927\uff08\u4e0e\u6df7\u6c8c\u65e0\u5173\uff09\u3002\u8003\u8651\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u4e2d\u5fae\u89c2\u548c\u5b8f\u89c2\u7684\u8054\u7cfb\u3002\u03b2-\u73e0\u86cb\u767d\u57fa\u56e0\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u7a81\u53d8\uff0c\u7f2c\u6c28\u9178\u53d6\u4ee3\u4e86\u7b2c6\u4f4d\uff08\u6216\u7b2c7\u4f4d\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u8d77\u59cb\u5bc6\u7801\u5b50\uff09\u7684\u8c37\u6c28\u9178\uff0c\u4f1a\u5bfc\u81f4\u5f02\u5e38\u7684\u8840\u7ea2\u86cb\u767d\u5206\u5b50\u3002\u4e2a\u4f53\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u7a81\u53d8\u4f1a\u5bfc\u81f4\u9570\u72b6\u7ec6\u80de\u7279\u5f81\uff0c\u5bf9\u759f\u75be\u5177\u6709\u62b5\u6297\u529b\uff0c\u800c\u4e24\u4e2a\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u7a81\u53d8\u4f1a\u5bfc\u81f4\u9570\u5200\u578b\u7ea2\u8840\u7403\u75be\u75c5\u3002\u8003\u8651\u793e\u4f1a\u4e2d\u7684\u5fae\u89c2\u548c\u5b8f\u89c2\u8054\u7cfb\u3002\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u7684\u60f3\u6cd5\u548c\u89c2\u70b9\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u4ea7\u751f\u5de8\u5927\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u53f2\u8482\u592b\u00b7\u4e54\u5e03\u65af\uff08Steve Jobs\uff09\u5728\u4ece\u4e2a\u4eba\u7535\u8111\u5230iPhone\u7684\u73b0\u4ee3\u8bbe\u5907\u53d1\u5c55\u4e2d\u6240\u8d77\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\uff0c\u4ed6\u6539\u53d8\u4e86\u6570\u767e\u4e07\u4eba\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u548c\u5a31\u4e50\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002\u968f\u7740\u65f6\u95f4\u7684\u63a8\u79fb\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u6709\u673a\u751f\u7269\u6216\u4e00\u4e2a\u793e\u4f1a\u5728\u751f\u7406\u4e0a\u7684\u5927\u5c3a\u5ea6\u5dee\u5f02\u4f3c\u4e4e\u53ef\u4ee5\u5c06\u751f\u7269\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e0e\u7269\u7406\u7cfb\u7edf\u533a\u5206\u5f00\u6765\uff0c\u4f46\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7cfb\u7edf\uff08\u5305\u62ec\u7269\u7406\u7cfb\u7edf\uff09\u5bf9\u5c0f\u89c4\u6a21\u4e8b\u4ef6\u4e5f\u53ef\u80fd\u6709\u76f8\u4f3c\u7684\u654f\u611f\u6027\u3002\u660e\u663e\u5730\uff0c\u5230\u66f4\u7cbe\u7ec6\u5c3a\u5ea6\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u6269\u5c55\u5bf9\u5927\u5c3a\u5ea6\u884c\u4e3a\u53ca\u5176\u53d1\u751f\u6761\u4ef6\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u662f\u6709\u9650\u7684\u3002\u7406\u89e3\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6709\u5f71\u54cd\u7684\u6761\u4ef6\u548c\u7ec6\u8282\u5bf9\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u662f\u5fc5\u4e0d\u53ef\u5c11\u7684\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

\n<\/span><\/section>\n

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\n

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VII. \u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u4f8b\u5b50<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\uff08COMPLEX SYSTEMS: EXAMPLES\uff09<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n

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\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n
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\n<\/section>\n

\n<\/span><\/section>\n
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\n<\/span><\/section>\n
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\n<\/span><\/section>\n
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\n<\/section>\n
A. \u8fdb\u5316\u52a8\u529b\u5b66 Evolutionary dynamics<\/span><\/strong><\/section>\n

\n<\/span><\/section>\n
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\n<\/span><\/section>\n
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\n<\/span><\/section>\n
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\n<\/span><\/section>\n
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\n<\/span><\/section>\n
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\n<\/section>\n
\u9053\u91d1\u65af<\/span>\u63cf\u8ff0\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u4f8b\u5b50\u662f\u8bf4\u82f1\u8bed\u548c\u8bf4\u5fb7\u8bed\u7684\u6868\u624b\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u7ade\u4e89\u3002\u8bed\u8a00\u4f1a\u5bf9\u6bd4\u8d5b\u4ea7\u751f\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u4e00\u8258\u8239\u4e0a\u8bf4\u540c\u4e00\u79cd\u8bed\u8a00\u4f1a\u66f4\u5177\u4f18\u52bf\u53bb\u8d62\u5f97\u6bd4\u8d5b\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u6868\u624b\u80fd\u76f8\u4e92\u7406\u89e3\u3002\u968f\u7740\u65f6\u95f4\u7684\u63a8\u79fb\uff0c\u50a8\u5907\u5e93\u4f1a\u53d1\u751f\u4ec0\u4e48\u53d8\u5316\uff1f\u5982\u679c\u5f00\u59cb\u8bf4\u82f1\u8bed\u7684\u6868\u624b\u6bd4\u8f83\u591a\uff0c\u4e00\u8258\u8239\u4e0a\u7684\u6868\u624b\u90fd\u8bf4\u82f1\u8bed\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u66f4\u5927\u3002\u800c\u4e00\u4e2a\u5fb7\u8bed\u6868\u624b\u7684\u540c\u4f34\u4e5f\u66f4\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u82f1\u8bed\u6868\u624b\u3002\u8fd9\u610f\u5473\u7740\u8bf4\u82f1\u8bed\u7684\u6868\u624b\u6bd4\u8bf4\u5fb7\u8bed\u7684\u6868\u624b\u66f4\u5bb9\u6613\u8d62\u5f97\u6bd4\u8d5b\u3002\u968f\u7740\u65f6\u95f4\u7684\u63a8\u79fb\uff0c\u8bf4\u82f1\u8bed\u7684\u6868\u624b\u6570\u91cf\u5c06\u4f1a\u589e\u52a0\uff0c\u8bf4\u5fb7\u8bed\u7684\u6868\u624b\u7684\u6570\u91cf\u5c06\u4f1a\u51cf\u5c11\u3002\u6700\u7ec8\u5c06\u4f1a\u53d8\u6210\u4e00\u4e2a\u5168\u90e8\u8bf4\u82f1\u8bed\u7684\u6868\u624b\u50a8\u5907\u5e93\u3002\u6216\u8005\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u6211\u4eec\u4ece\u4e00\u4e2a\u8bf4\u5fb7\u8bed\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u5e93\u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u968f\u7740\u65f6\u95f4\u7684\u63a8\u79fb\uff0c\u8bf4\u5fb7\u8bed\u7684\u6570\u91cf\u5c06\u4f1a\u589e\u52a0\uff0c\u6700\u7ec8\u6211\u4eec\u5c06\u5f97\u5230\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b8c\u5168\u8bf4\u5fb7\u8bed\u7684\u5e93\u3002\u5728\u4e0a\u9762\u4efb\u4f55\u4e00\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u90fd\u53ef\u4ee5\u628a\u8fd9\u770b\u4f5c\u662f\u6868\u624b\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u7ade\u4e89\uff0c\u968f\u7740\u65f6\u95f4\u7684\u63a8\u79fb\uff0c\u4e00\u79cd\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u6d46\u624b\u4f1a\u8d62\u8fc7\u53e6\u4e00\u79cd\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u6868\u624b\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

\n<\/span><\/section>\n
\u9053\u91d1\u65af<\/span>\u7684\u8bba\u70b9\u4f3c\u4e4e\u662f\u5408\u7406\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u8fd9\u513f\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u9690\u85cf\u7684\u5047\u8bbe\u4f1a\u4ea7\u751f\u610f\u60f3\u4e0d\u5230\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5047\u8bbe\u9690\u85cf\u5728\u6868\u624b\u4eec\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u88ab\u6311\u9009\u51fa\u6765\u653e\u5230\u8239\u4e0a\u7684\u3002\u4f5c\u8005\u5047\u8bbe\u8fd9\u662f\u968f\u673a\u7684\u6311\u9009\u3002\u4f46\u5982\u679c\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u8fd9\u4e48\u505a\u4f1a\u600e\u4e48\u6837\uff1f\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u8ba9\u50a8\u5907\u5e93\u4e2d\u6240\u6709\u7684\u6868\u624b\u603b\u662f\u6392\u6210\u4e00\u961f\uff0c\u524d\u9762\u7684\u4eba\u5148\u4e0a\u8239\u53c2\u52a0\u6bd4\u8d5b\uff0c\u800c\u8d62\u4e86\u56de\u6765\u7684\u4eba\u53ca\u5176\u590d\u5236\u54c1\u90fd\u6392\u5230\u961f\u5217\u540e\u9762\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u65b0\u5047\u8bbe\u4e0b\uff0c\u52a8\u529b\u5b66\u8fc7\u7a0b\u5c06\u53d8\u5f97\u975e\u5e38\u4e0d\u540c\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

\n<\/span><\/section>\n
\u65b0\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u5728\u961f\u5217\u7684\u67d0\u4e2a\u5730\u65b9\uff0c\u5f80\u5f80\u4f1a\u805a\u96c6\u540c\u4e00\u7c7b\u578b\uff08\u8bf4\u82f1\u8bed\u6216\u5fb7\u8bed\uff09\u7684\u4eba\u3002\u961f\u5217\u4e2d\u4e0d\u540c\u5730\u65b9\u6240\u805a\u96c6\u7684\u7c7b\u578b\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u4e0d\u4e00\u6837\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u533a\u5757\u72b6\u7ed3\u6784\u4f1a\u5bfc\u81f4\u6574\u4f53\u7684\u591a\u5c3a\u5ea6\u7ed3\u6784\u533a\u5757\u72b6\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u4f7f\u5f97\u8fd9\u4e00\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e0d\u540c\u4e8e\u524d\u8ff0\u7684\u6df7\u5408\u5f0f\u60c5\u51b5\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u5728\u63cf\u8ff0\u7cfb\u7edf\u65f6\uff0c\u4ec5\u4ec5\u8bc6\u522b\u51fa\u5b58\u5728\u533a\u5757\u72b6\u683c\u5c40\u7684\u662f\u4e0d\u591f\u7684\uff0c\u8fd8\u8981\u4e86\u89e3\u7531\u4e8e\u8fb9\u754c\u79fb\u52a8\u5bfc\u81f4\u7684\u533a\u5757\u53d8\u5316\u3002\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u52a8\u529b\u5b66\u63cf\u8ff0\u8981\u5305\u62ec\u8fd9\u4e9b\u533a\u5757\u7684\u591a\u5c3a\u5ea6\u52a8\u6001\u8fc7\u7a0b\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

\n<\/span><\/section>\n
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\n<\/span><\/section>\n

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\n<\/span><\/p>\n

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\n<\/span><\/p>\n

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\n<\/span><\/p>\n

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\n<\/section>\n
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\n<\/span><\/section>\n
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\n<\/span><\/section>\n
\u7b2c\u4e94\u4e2a\u7ed3\u679c\u4e0e\u73b0\u5b9e\u4e2d\u5168\u7403\u8303\u56f4\u5185\u4f7f\u7528\u98de\u673a\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u4ea4\u901a\u5de5\u5177\u7684\u51fa\u884c\u6bd4\u7387\u4e0d\u65ad\u4e0a\u5347[48]\u6709\u5173\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u5df2\u7ecf\u770b\u5230\uff0c\u6df7\u5408\u5bfc\u81f4\u7684\u5e73\u5747\u573a\u884c\u4e3a\u7c7b\u578b\u4e0e\u4e0a\u9762\u7684\u7a7a\u95f4\u6a21\u578b\u975e\u5e38\u4e0d\u540c\u3002\u65e5\u76ca\u589e\u957f\u7684\u8f93\u8fd0\u4f7f\u6211\u4eec\u66f4\u63a5\u8fd1\u6df7\u5408\u60c5\u51b5\uff0c\u8fd9\u4f1a\u4f7f\u5f97\u751f\u7269\u591a\u6837\u6027\u51cf\u5c11\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u786e\u5b9e\u770b\u5230\uff0c\u7269\u79cd\u5165\u4fb5\u6b63\u9010\u6b65\u6d88\u9664\u7269\u79cd\u7684\u5730\u65b9\u6027\u5dee\u5f02\u3002\u53e6\u5916\uff0c\u5e7f\u6cdb\u7684\u8fdc\u7a0b\u8f93\u8fd0\u4e5f\u4f1a\u5f15\u53d1\u4f20\u67d3\u75c5\u7684\u75c5\u539f\u4f53\u53d1\u751f\u6539\u53d8\u3002\u5f53\u4e00\u79cd\u75c5\u539f\u4f53\u53ea\u80fd\u5728\u5c40\u90e8\u4f20\u64ad\u65f6\uff0c\u6700\u5177\u4fb5\u7565\u6027\u7684\u6bd2\u682a\u4f1a\u706d\u7edd\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u4eec\u4f1a\u5728\u5176\u5c40\u90e8\u5730\u533a\u6740\u6b7b\u6240\u6709\u5f53\u5730\u5bbf\u4e3b\u3002\u4f46\u968f\u7740\u8f93\u8fd0\u91cf\u7684\u589e\u52a0\uff0c\u533a\u5757\u53d8\u5f97\u65e0\u5173\u7d27\u8981\uff0c\u90a3\u4e9b\u66f4\u5177\u4fb5\u7565\u6027\u548c\u81f4\u547d\u6027\u7684\u75c5\u539f\u4f53\u4f1a\u6210\u529f\uff0c\u9020\u6210\u81f4\u547d\u6027\u6d41\u884c\u75c5\u7684\u65e5\u76ca\u8513\u5ef6\u3002\u7406\u8bba\u5206\u6790\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u5730\u7403\u4e0a\u66fe\u51fa\u73b0\u8fc7\u533a\u57df\u6027\u7684\u7269\u79cd\u706d\u7edd\uff0c\u800c\u8fdc\u8ddd\u79bb\u8f93\u8fd0\u91cf\u7684\u589e\u957f\u4f1a\u5bfc\u81f4\u5371\u9669\u7a0b\u5ea6\u589e\u5927\uff0c\u8fd9\u53ef\u80fd\u9020\u6210\u5168\u7403\u6027\u7269\u79cd\u706d\u7edd\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5206\u6790\u8fd8\u53ef\u4ee5\u5bf9\u57c3\u535a\u62c9\u75c5\u6bd2\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u4e25\u91cd\u75be\u75c5\u7684\u9632\u6cbb\u63d0\u4f9b\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u5e94\u5bf9\u5efa\u8bae\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

\n<\/span><\/section>\n

\u7b2c\u516d\u4e2a\u7ed3\u679c\u662f\u5173\u4e8e\u5bff\u547d\u8fdb\u5316\u7684\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u6d89\u53ca\u5982\u4f55\u5ef6\u957f\u5bff\u547d\u7684\u5efa\u8bae[49]\u3002\u5728\u5bff\u547d\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\uff0c\u5e73\u5747\u573a\u8fd1\u4f3c\u8868\u660e\u8fdb\u5316\u4e0d\u80fd\u9009\u62e9\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u5bff\u547d\u957f\u5ea6\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5bff\u547d\u5ef6\u957f\u603b\u662f\u6709\u5229\u4e8e\u7e41\u6b96\u3002\u7136\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5730\u57df\u6027\u7684\u589e\u6b96\u7e41\u884d\u4f1a\u5c06\u5176\u6709\u673a\u4f53\u548c\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u540e\u4ee3\u5173\u8054\u8d77\u6765\uff0c\u4e2a\u4f53\u7684\u5bff\u547d\u7531\u5f71\u54cd\u597d\u51e0\u4ee3\u7684\u751f\u6001\u6761\u4ef6\u51b3\u5b9a\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u5f53\u5730\u7684\u53ef\u5229\u7528\u8d44\u6e90\u7b49\u3002\u5bff\u547d\u662f\u7531\u751f\u6001\u6761\u4ef6\u9009\u62e9\u51b3\u5b9a\u7684\uff0c\u5bf9\u751f\u6001\u8fd0\u884c\u673a\u5236\u7684\u5e72\u9884\u624d\u53ef\u80fd\u83b7\u5f97\u5bff\u547d\u7684\u5ef6\u957f\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\n<\/section>\n
\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u770b\u5230\uff0c\u65b0\u8fbe\u5c14\u6587\u8fdb\u5316\u8bba\u89c2\u70b9\u8fd8\u5b58\u5728\u8bb8\u591a\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u5b83\u662f\u601d\u8003\u8fdb\u5316\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u6709\u7528\u4e14\u6709\u529b\u7684\u8fd1\u4f3c\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83\u5e76\u4e0d\u603b\u662f\u6b63\u786e\u7684\u3002\u5728\u7406\u89e3\u751f\u7269\u591a\u6837\u6027\u3001\u7269\u79cd\u5206\u5316\u3001\u5229\u4ed6\u4e3b\u4e49\u3001\u75be\u75c5\u3001\u5bff\u547d\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u9886\u57df\uff0c\u65b0\u8fbe\u5c14\u6587\u7406\u8bba\u8fd8\u6ca1\u6709\u5b8c\u5168\u63cf\u8ff0\u6e05\u695a\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

\n<\/span><\/section>\n
B. \u591a\u5c3a\u5ea6\u751f\u7269\u591a\u6837\u6027\uff08Multiscale biodiversity\uff09<\/span><\/strong><\/section>\n

\n<\/span><\/section>\n
\u672c\u5c0f\u8282\u5c06\u590d\u6742\u5ea6\u66f2\u7ebf\u76f4\u63a5\u5e94\u7528\u4e8e\u751f\u7269\u591a\u6837\u6027\u5206\u6790\uff0c\u5bf9\u590d\u6742\u5ea6\u548c\u5c3a\u5ea6\u7684\u8bc4\u4f30\u4f1a\u76f4\u63a5\u5173\u7cfb\u5230\u5bf9\uff08\u591a\u6837\u6027\u4e27\u5931\u65f6\uff09\u7269\u79cd\u8106\u5f31\u6027\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

\n<\/span><\/section>\n
\u56e0\u4e3a\u76f4\u63a5\u5f00\u53d1\u3001\u81ea\u7136\u751f\u5883\u7684\u51cf\u5c11\u4ee5\u53ca\u5165\u4fb5\u7269\u79cd\u7684\u5168\u7403\u6027\u8f93\u8fd0\u7b49\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u751f\u7269\u591a\u6837\u6027\u7684\u4e27\u5931\u6b63\u5bf9\u5168\u7403\u4fdd\u62a4\u5de5\u4f5c\u63d0\u51fa\u6311\u6218\u3002\u7269\u79cd\u591a\u6837\u6027\u5728\u5168\u7403\u7684\u5f02\u8d28\u5206\u5e03\u5bf9\u5168\u7403\u7269\u79cd\u4fdd\u62a4\u6709\u91cd\u8981\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u8fd9\u4f53\u73b0\u5728\u9488\u5bf9\u591a\u6837\u6027\u70ed\u70b9\u7684\u4fdd\u62a4\u63aa\u65bd\u4e2d[50-52]\u3002\u5355\u4e2a\u7269\u79cd\u5185\u90e8\u57fa\u56e0\u591a\u6837\u6027\u7684\u4fdd\u62a4[53,54]\u662f\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7269\u79cd\u9762\u5bf9\u73af\u5883\u53d8\u5316\u548c\u75be\u75c5\u800c\u751f\u5b58\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u56e0\u7d20[55,56]\u3002\u751f\u7269\u591a\u6837\u6027\u7684\u591a\u5c3a\u5ea6\u7279\u5f81\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u7269\u79cd\u5185\u90e8\u7684\u591a\u6837\u6027\u4e5f\u662f\u5206\u5e03\u4e0d\u5747\u7684\u3002\u9057\u4f20\u6027\u7279\u8d28\u5177\u6709\u65e0\u6807\u5ea6\u7684\u5e42\u5f8b\u5206\u5e03\u7279\u5f81\uff0c\u8fd9\u610f\u5473\u7740\u591a\u6837\u6027\u4e0d\u662f\u7b49\u6bd4\u4f8b\u7684\uff0c\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u591a\u6837\u6027\u96c6\u4e2d\u5728\u5c0f\u7684\u4e9a\u79cd\u7fa4\u4e2d\u3002\u591a\u6837\u6027\u6709\u5176\u81ea\u8eab\u5185\u5728\u7684\u52a8\u529b\u5b66\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e0e\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u5916\u90e8\u5f71\u54cd\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\u751f\u5883\u53d8\u5316\u548c\u7269\u79cd\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\uff09\u4e0d\u540c\u3002\u591a\u6837\u6027\u7684\u589e\u957f\u53ea\u80fd\u662f\u9010\u6e10\u53d1\u751f\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u7531\u4e8e\u4e00\u4e9b\u7a00\u6709\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u6b7b\u4ea1\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u5728\u6ca1\u6709\u5916\u90e8\u5e72\u6270\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u4f1a\u53d1\u751f\u5927\u5e45\u5ea6\u7684\u4e0b\u964d\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

\n<\/span><\/section>\n
\u8981\u5206\u6790\u751f\u7269\u591a\u6837\u6027\uff0c\u4e0d\u4ec5\u8981\u8003\u8651\u7269\u79cd\u4e2d\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u57fa\u56e0\u7ec4\u7684\u591a\u6837\u6027\uff0c\u8fd8\u5e94\u8003\u8651\u7279\u5b9a\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u91cd\u6570\uff08\u91cd\u590d\u7684\u6570\u91cf\uff09\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u590d\u6742\u5ea6\u66f2\u7ebf\u7684\u53cd\u51fd\u6570\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u590d\u6742\u5ea6\u66f2\u7ebf\u662f\u591a\u6837\u6027\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5c3a\u5ea6\uff08\u89c4\u6a21\uff09\u7684\u51fd\u6570\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u57fa\u56e0\u7ec4\u7684\u591a\u6837\u6027\u5c31\u662f\u89c4\u6a21\uff08\u5197\u4f59\uff09\u4f5c\u4e3a\u591a\u6837\u6027\u7684\u51fd\u6570\u3002\u591a\u91cd\u6027\u662f\u79cd\u7fa4\u7ed3\u6784\u7684\u6307\u6807\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u7269\u79cd\u6210\u5458\u7684\u6570\u91cf\u6765\u5b9a\u4e49\uff0c\u5373\uff0c\u8861\u91cf\u7269\u79cd\u4e2d\u67d0\u4e2a\u8303\u56f4\u57fa\u56e0\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u89c4\u6a21\uff08\u5c3a\u5ea6\uff09\u3002\u8bc4\u4f30\u751f\u7269\u591a\u6837\u6027\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u6d4b\u7b97\u7269\u79cd\u95f4\u7684\u591a\u91cd\u6027\u5206\u5e03[57]\uff0c\u6216\u7269\u79cd\u5185\u4e9a\u578b\u7684\u591a\u91cd\u6027\u5206\u5e03\u8fdb\u884c\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

\n<\/span><\/section>\n
\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u5229\u7528\u591a\u91cd\u6027\u6765\u8bc4\u4f30\u751f\u7269\u591a\u6837\u6027\u5bf9\u707e\u5bb3\u7a33\u5065\u6027\uff08robustness\uff09\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u610f\u4e49\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u4f8b\u5b50\u3002\u6709\u4eba\u63d0\u51fa\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u706d\u7edd95%\u7684\u7269\u79cd\uff0c\u4e5f\u4f1a\u4fdd\u755980%\u7684\u751f\u547d\u6811\uff08\u603b\u7684\u591a\u6837\u6027\uff09\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u4fdd\u62a4\u591a\u6837\u6027\u7684\u751f\u6001\u89c4\u5212\u662f\u6ca1\u6709\u5efa\u8bbe\u6027\u610f\u4e49\u7684[58]\u3002\u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u83b7\u5f97\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u7ed3\u8bba\uff0c\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u5176\u5047\u8bbe\u4e86\u968f\u673a\u635f\u5931\uff0c\u8fd9\u6837\uff0c\u5f53\u6574\u4f53\u635f\u5931\u5f88\u5927\u65f6\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u4f1a\u6d88\u9664\u751f\u547d\u6811\u7684\u67d0\u4e00\u4e2a\u6df1\u5ea6\u5206\u652f\u4e0a\u7684\u6240\u6709\u4e2a\u4f53\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u6570\u91cf\u53ea\u5360\u603b\u4f53\u6570\u91cf\u7684\u5f88\u5c0f\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u80fd\u4fdd\u7559\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u591a\u6837\u6027\u3002\u591a\u91cd\u6027\u5206\u6790\u6070\u6070\u8868\u660e\u4fdd\u62a4\u89c4\u5212\u5f88\u91cd\u8981\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u5927\u5927\u6539\u5584\u591a\u6837\u6027\u7684\u4fdd\u62a4\u3002\u968f\u7740\u65f6\u95f4\u7684\u6d41\u901d\uff0c\u591a\u91cd\u6027\u5c0f\u7684\u7269\u79cd\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u76f4\u63a5\u635f\u5931\u4f1a\u56e0\u4e3a\u8fd9\u4e2a\u79cd\u7fa4\u7684\u751f\u6001\u8106\u5f31\u6027\uff08\u5c0f\u7684\u6b8b\u4f59\u6570\u91cf\u5bb9\u6613\u706d\u7edd\uff09\u800c\u6700\u540e\u62db\u81f4\u5927\u7684\u635f\u5931\u3002\u4ece\u79cd\u7fa4\u7684\u591a\u91cd\u6027\u53ef\u4ee5\u770b\u51fa\u76f8\u5173\u751f\u7269\u4f53\u7684\u6b8b\u5b58\u5c0f\u79cd\u7fa4\u7684\u8106\u5f31\u6027\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u4e5f\u53ef\u770b\u51fa\uff0c\u5c3a\u5ea6\u548c\u591a\u6837\u6027\u90fd\u5f88\u91cd\u8981\uff01\u4e00\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u8fd1\u4eb2\u7269\u79cd\uff08\u6216\u8fd1\u4eb2\u751f\u7269\uff09\u7684\u6d88\u5931\u4f1a\u4f7f\u8be5\u7fa4\u4f53\u7684\u5e78\u5b58\u90e8\u5206\u6781\u6613\u706d\u7edd\u3002\u867d\u7136\u4e00\u4e2a\u7fa4\u4f53\u4e2d\u81f3\u5c11\u6709\u4e00\u79cd\u751f\u7269\u53ef\u80fd\u5b58\u6d3b\uff0c\u4f46\u8be5\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u751f\u5b58\u80fd\u529b\u53d7\u5230\u635f\u5bb3\uff0c\u5f88\u53ef\u80fd\u968f\u540e\u5c31\u706d\u7edd\u4e86\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7ed3\u679c\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u5c0f\u5c3a\u5ea6\uff08\u89c4\u6a21\uff09\u591a\u6837\u6027\u7684\u4e0d\u7a33\u5065\u4e0e\u5927\u5c3a\u5ea6\uff08\u89c4\u6a21\uff09\u591a\u6837\u6027\u7684\u7a33\u5065\u6027\u9020\u6210\u7684\u3002\u5b83\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u5728\u7269\u79cd\u706d\u7edd\u671f\u95f4\u6216\u706d\u7edd\u540e\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u4fdd\u62a4\u89c4\u5212[54,55,59,60]\u6765\u786e\u4fdd\u7a00\u6709\u7269\u79cd\u7684\u7e41\u6b96\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u663e\u8457\u63d0\u9ad8\u7269\u79cd\u591a\u6837\u6027\u7684\u4fdd\u6301\u7387\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

\n<\/span><\/section>\n
C. \u79cd\u65cf\u66b4\u529b\uff08Ethnic violence\uff09<\/span><\/strong><\/section>\n

\n<\/span><\/section>\n
\u4f7f\u7528\u666e\u9002\u6027\u548c\u91cd\u6574\u5316\u7fa4\/\u591a\u5c3a\u5ea6\u4fe1\u606f\u65b9\u6cd5\u4f3c\u4e4e\u5f88\u96be\u7814\u7a76\u590d\u6742\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7cfb\u7edf\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u6709\u51e0\u4e2a\u4f8b\u5b50\u663e\u793a\u8fd9\u79cd\u5e94\u7528\u5177\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u4f8b\u5b50\u6709\u52a9\u4e8e\u9610\u660e\u79cd\u65cf\u66b4\u529b\u7684\u6839\u6e90\u53ca\u5176\u9884\u9632[61,62]\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

\n<\/span><\/section>\n
\u79cd\u65cf\u66b4\u529b\u901a\u5e38\u662f\u6839\u636e\u66b4\u529b\u51b2\u7a81\u53c2\u4e0e\u8005\u7684\u73af\u5883\u6761\u4ef6\u6765\u63cf\u8ff0\u7684\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u5386\u53f2\u3001\u7ecf\u6d4e\u3001\u653f\u6cbb\u3001\u9886\u5bfc\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u793e\u4f1a\u65b9\u9762\u3002\u79cd\u65cf\u66b4\u529b\u901a\u5e38\u662f\u7fa4\u4f53\u884c\u4e3a\uff0c\u6d89\u53ca\u591a\u4e2a\u51b3\u5b9a\u8005\u548c\u53c2\u4e0e\u8005\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u7c7b\u4f3c\u56fd\u5bb6\u653f\u6cbb\u9886\u5bfc\u90a3\u6837\u7684\u5355\u4e2a\u51b3\u7b56\u8005\u6240\u4fc3\u4f7f\u7684\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u60c5\u51b5\u6807\u5fd7\u7740\u76f8\u5173\u5927\u5c3a\u5ea6\uff08\u7fa4\u4f53\uff09\u53c2\u6570\u8fdb\u884c\u5206\u6790\u624d\u662f\u6709\u7528\u7684\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5982\u4f55\u5e94\u7528\u666e\u9002\u6027\u7684\u8bba\u70b9\uff0c\u4ee5\u786e\u5b9a\u4e0e\u79cd\u65cf\u66b4\u529b\u662f\u5426\u53d1\u751f\u6709\u5173\u7684\u5c11\u91cf\u793e\u4f1a\u7cfb\u7edf\u6307\u6807\uff08few measures of a social system\uff09\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u5e2e\u52a9\u786e\u5b9a\u53d1\u751f\u66b4\u529b\u7684\u5730\u70b9\u6216\u65f6\u95f4\u4ee5\u53ca\u8be5\u5982\u4f55\u9884\u9632\u66b4\u529b\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

\n<\/span><\/section>\n
\u8fd9\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u5efa\u7acb\u4e00\u4e2a\u7406\u8bba\u6846\u67b6\u5b8c\u6210\u7684\uff0c\u8be5\u6846\u67b6\u4ec5\u8003\u8651\u4e0d\u540c\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u800c\u6ca1\u6709\u660e\u786e\u5904\u7406\u5176\u4ed6\u56e0\u7d20\u3002\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u6846\u67b6\u5c06\u5206\u6790\u7b80\u5316\u5230\u53ea\u9650\u4e8e\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u63cf\u8ff0\uff0c\u5373\uff0c\u82e5\u4e0d\u533a\u5206\u7c7b\u578b\uff0c\u5c31\u4e0d\u4f1a\u6709\u79cd\u65cf\u51b2\u7a81\uff0c\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u5148\u9a8c\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u6761\u4ef6\u3002\u5176\u4ed6\u56e0\u7d20\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u8d77\u4f5c\u7528\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u5047\u5b9a\u5b83\u4eec\u53ea\u4e0e\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u52a8\u6001\u53d8\u5316\u76f8\u5173\u3002\u5982\u4e0a\u6587\u5728\u76f8\u53d8\u5904\u7406\u4e2d\u6240\u8ba8\u8bba\u7684\uff0c\u7a7a\u95f4\u7ef4\u5ea6\u4f1a\u662f\u76f8\u5173\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u4eba\u7c7b\u79cd\u7fa4\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u5927\u7ea6\u662f\u5728\u4e8c\u7ef4\u7a7a\u95f4\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u8ba8\u8bba\u5c06\u5305\u62ec\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7ef4\u5ea6\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
\n<\/section>\n
\u5177\u6709\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5c5e\u6027\u7684\u6700\u4e00\u822c\u7684\u6a21\u578b\u662f\u4e00\u4e9b\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u5177\u6709\u7a7a\u95f4\u5206\u5e03\u7279\u5f81\u7684\u7c7b\u578b\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u53d8\u5316\u9075\u5faa\u4e00\u4e2a\u5305\u542b\u7a7a\u95f4\u79fb\u52a8\u7684\u52a8\u529b\u5b66\u8fc7\u7a0b\u3002\u6a21\u578b\u6709\u4e24\u79cd\u4e0d\u540c\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\uff1a\u6df7\u5408\u548c\u5206\u79bb\u3002\u8fd9\u548c\u5408\u91d1\u6750\u6599\u4e2d\u5c40\u90e8\u8fd0\u52a8\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u6df7\u5408\u6216\u5206\u79bb\u3002\u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u53d1\u751f\u5206\u79bb\uff0c\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u80fd\u91cf\uff08\u539f\u5b50\uff09\u6216\u793e\u4f1a\uff08\u4eba\u7c7b\uff09\u504f\u597d\uff0c\u4e2a\u4f53\u503e\u5411\u4e8e\u5904\u4e8e\u540c\u4e00\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u6210\u5458\u9644\u8fd1\uff1b\u800c\u5206\u79bb\u8868\u73b0\u4e3a\u968f\u7740\u65f6\u95f4\u7684\u63a8\u79fb\u5f62\u6210\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u5927\u7684\u7fa4\u4f53\u3002\u666e\u9002\u6027\u610f\u5473\u7740\u5fae\u89c2\u53c2\u6570\u4e0d\u4f1a\u5f71\u54cd\u7cfb\u7edf\u884c\u4e3a\uff0c\u9664\u975e\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u63a7\u5236\u9010\u6e10\u589e\u5927\u7684\u56e2\u4f53\u5f62\u6210\u901f\u7387\u7684\u4e58\u6027\u5e38\u6570\uff08multiplicative constant\uff09\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u552f\u4e00\u63cf\u8ff0\u6027\u53c2\u6570\u662f\u533a\u5757\u7684\u5927\u5c0f\uff08patch size\uff09\u3002\u8fc1\u79fb\u4f1a\u5bfc\u81f4\u4e2a\u4f53\u5927\u89c4\u6a21\u79fb\u52a8\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u79fb\u52a8\u53c8\u4fc3\u8fdb\u4e86\u533a\u5757\u7684\u4ea7\u751f\uff0c\u5728\u6211\u4eec\u770b\u6765\uff0c\u533a\u5757\u7684\u5927\u5c0f\u662f\u5916\u52a0\u7684\uff08extrinsically imposed\uff09\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

\n<\/span><\/section>\n
\u65e2\u7136\u53ea\u6709\u533a\u5757\u7684\u5927\u5c0f\u4f5c\u4e3a\u76f8\u5173\u53c2\u6570\uff0c\u5c31\u5fc5\u987b\u8003\u8651\u8be5\u5927\u5c0f\u5982\u4f55\u5f71\u54cd\u79cd\u65cf\u66b4\u529b\u3002\u800c\uff08\u8ba8\u8bba\u5408\u91d1\u7684\uff09\u7269\u7406\u5b9a\u5f8b\u6ca1\u6709\u7ed9\u51fa\u8fd9\u79cd\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u6807\u51c6\u89e3\u7b54\uff0c\u4f46\u4ece\u76f4\u89c9\u4e0a\u8bb2\uff0c\u5728\u4e24\u4e2a\u6781\u7aef\u4e2d\u7684\u4efb\u4f55\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e2d\u90fd\u4e0d\u4f1a\u51fa\u73b0\u66b4\u529b\u884c\u4e3a\u3002\u9996\u5148\uff0c\u5f53\u90bb\u91cc\u5145\u5206\u6df7\u5408\u65f6\uff0c\u4e2a\u4f53\u4e0d\u80fd\u9009\u62e9\u5206\u79bb\uff0c\u4e2a\u4f53\u90fd\u662f\u5355\u4e2a\u5730\u770b\u5230\u5176\u4ed6\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u4e2a\u4f53\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5047\u8bbe\u8fd9\u79cd\u6781\u7aef\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u4e0d\u4f1a\u6709\u5927\u8303\u56f4\u7684\u66b4\u529b\u884c\u4e3a\u3002\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u6781\u7aef\u662f\u533a\u5757\u5f88\u5927\u65f6\uff0c\u6574\u4f53\u4e0a\u4e2a\u4f53\u770b\u4e0d\u5230\u5176\u4ed6\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u4e2a\u4f53\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u4f1a\u53d1\u751f\u81ea\u53d1\u7684\u66b4\u529b\u3002\u8fd9\u6837\uff0c\u66b4\u529b\u53ea\u4f1a\u53d1\u751f\u5728\u533a\u5757\u5177\u6709\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u4e2d\u95f4\u5c3a\u5bf8\u60c5\u51b5\u3002\u5728\u786e\u5b9a\u4e86\u5bfc\u81f4\u66b4\u529b\u7684\u5355\u4e2a\u76f8\u5173\u53c2\u6570\u662f\u533a\u5757\u7684\u5927\u5c0f\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u5269\u4e0b\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u5c31\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u5bf9\u5b9e\u9645\u66b4\u529b\u73b0\u8c61\u7684\u89c2\u5bdf\u6765\u9a8c\u8bc1\u5206\u6790\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

\n<\/span><\/section>\n
<\/section>\n
\n

\u56fe6\uff1a1991\u5e74\u5357\u65af\u62c9\u592b\u4eba\u53e3\u666e\u67e5\u6570\u636e\u88ab\u8f6c\u6362\u6210\u7a7a\u95f4\u8868\u793a\u5f62\u5f0f[\u5de6]\uff0c\u5e76\u7528\u591a\u4e2a\u4f53\u6a21\u62df\u9884\u6d4b\u53ef\u80fd\u4e0e\u90bb\u8fd1\u7fa4\u4f53\u53d1\u751f\u51b2\u7a81\u7684\u4eba\u53e3[\u7ea2\u8272\u53e0\u52a0\u5c42\uff0c\u5de6\u548c\u53f3]\u3002\u8be5\u9884\u6d4b\u4e0e\u62a5\u544a\u4e3a\u5927\u89c4\u6a21\u6218\u6597\u548c\u5c60\u6740\u5730\u70b9\u7684\u57ce\u5e02\u4f4d\u7f6e[\u9ec4\u8272\u5706\u70b9\uff0c\u53f3]\u975e\u5e38\u543b\u5408\uff08\u76f8\u5173\u6027\u4e3a90\uff05\uff09<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n


<\/p>\n

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\n<\/span><\/section>\n
\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7406\u8bba\u4e0e\u5357\u65af\u62c9\u592b\u3001\u5370\u5ea6\u548c\u745e\u58eb\u7684\u5b9e\u9645\u60c5\u51b5\u7684\u4e00\u81f4\u6027\u5f88\u597d\u5730\u9a8c\u8bc1\u4e86\u6211\u4eec\u7528\u6765\u786e\u5b9a\u9ad8\u5ea6\u590d\u6742\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u76f8\u5173\u53c2\u6570\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u8fd9\u4fc3\u6210\u4e86\u786e\u5b9a\u79cd\u65cf\u66b4\u529b\u53ca\u5176\u9884\u9632\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\u548c\u673a\u5236\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u3002\u8be5\u7814\u7a76\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u8bc1\u660e\uff0c\u7cbe\u5fc3\u8bbe\u8ba1\u7684\u5dde\u5185\u653f\u6cbb\u8fb9\u754c\u548c\u81ea\u7136\u5f62\u6210\u7684\u826f\u597d\u5730\u5f62\u8fb9\u754c\uff08\u5982\u745e\u58eb\uff09\u90fd\u53ef\u4ee5\u51cf\u5c11\u66b4\u529b\u503e\u5411\uff0c\u8fd9\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u5fc5\u8981\u65f6\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u6bd4\u5b8c\u5168\u878d\u5408\u6216\u5206\u79bb\u6765\u4fc3\u8fdb\u548c\u5e73\u5171\u5904\u7684\u66f4\u53ef\u53d6\u7684\u6709\u9650\u5e72\u9884\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u8003\u8651\u5e94\u7528\u5728\u4e16\u754c\u4e0a\u8bb8\u591a\u5bb9\u6613\u53d1\u751f\u66b4\u529b\u7684\u5730\u533a\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
\n<\/section>\n
\u5728\u6a21\u578b\u7684\u80cc\u666f\u4e0b\u53ef\u4ee5\u8003\u8651\u5176\u4ed6\u793e\u4f1a\u548c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u529b\u91cf\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\uff0c\u5c06\u5730\u7406\u533a\u5757\u7684\u5927\u5c0f\u786e\u5b9a\u4e3a\u76f8\u5173\u53c2\u6570\uff0c\u4e0d\u4ec5\u5141\u8bb8\u66b4\u529b\u4e0e\u533a\u5757\u7684\u5927\u5c0f\u76f8\u5173\u8054\uff0c\u8fd8\u6709\u8bb8\u591a\u5176\u4ed6\u793e\u4f1a\u5c5e\u6027\u4e5f\u53ef\u80fd\u6709\u5173\uff0c\u5982\u4e00\u4e9b\u7ecf\u6d4e\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u6761\u4ef6\u4e5f\u53ef\u80fd\u4e0e\u533a\u5757\u7684\u5927\u5c0f\u6709\u5173\u3002\u5982\u679c\u5c06\u533a\u5757\u7684\u5927\u5c0f\u7528\u4f5c\u81ea\u53d8\u91cf\uff0c\u5219\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5c5e\u6027\u4e0e\u66b4\u529b\u4ee5\u53ca\u5f7c\u6b64\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u76f8\u5173\u6027\u53ef\u4ee5\u63ed\u793a\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4f9d\u8d56\u5173\u7cfb\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

\n<\/span><\/section>\n
\u7b2c\u4e8c\uff0c\u7c7b\u4f3c\u4e8e\u8fc1\u79fb\u548c\u653f\u6cbb\u58c1\u5792\uff0c\u5176\u4ed6\u5916\u90e8\u529b\u91cf\u4e5f\u4f1a\u5f71\u54cd\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5927\u5c3a\u5ea6\u7684\u529b\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u5236\u6b62\u6216\u4fc3\u8fdb\u66b4\u529b\u3002\u4e00\u4e2a\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\u662f\u72ec\u88c1\u8005\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u524d\u5357\u65af\u62c9\u592b\u7684\u94c1\u6258\uff08Tito\uff09\uff0c\u5176\u94c1\u8155\u7edf\u6cbb\u538b\u5236\u4e86\u540e\u6765\u9891\u7e41\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u66b4\u529b\u884c\u4e3a\u3002\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u5916\u90e8\u529b\u91cf\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\u662f\u50cf\u745e\u58eb\u4e00\u6837\u7684\u96c6\u4f53\u51b3\u5b9a\u4ee5\u65bd\u52a0\u653f\u6cbb\u8fb9\u754c\uff0c\u6216\u662f\u50cf\u5728\u65b0\u52a0\u5761\u51b3\u5b9a\u5e76\u5b9e\u884c\u7684\u5f3a\u5236\u6df7\u5408\u5c45\u4f4f\u7684\u516c\u5171\u4f4f\u623f\uff08\u7ec4\u5c4b\uff09\u653f\u7b56\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4e0d\u53ea\u662f\u5916\u5728\u529b\u91cf\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u662f\u5728\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u5229\u7528\u4e86\u7406\u8bba\u4e2d\u53d1\u73b0\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u6765\u5f71\u54cd\u7cfb\u7edf\u672c\u8eab\u3002\u4e0e\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u5bf9\u7cfb\u7edf\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u80fd\u4fc3\u8fdb\u53d1\u73b0\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f71\u54cd\u7cfb\u7edf\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u5e72\u9884\u63aa\u65bd\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

\n<\/span><\/section>\n
\u6211\u4eec\u6ce8\u610f\u5230\uff0c\u5c06\u4eba\u53e3\u7684\u5730\u7406\u533a\u5757\u5927\u5c0f\u786e\u5b9a\u4e3a\u4e0e\u79cd\u65cf\u66b4\u529b\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u53c2\u6570\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u79d1\u5b66\u5047\u8bbe\uff0c\u5b9e\u8bc1\u6570\u636e\u7684\u9a8c\u8bc1\u662f\u5bf9\u8be5\u5047\u8bbe\u6709\u6548\u6027\u7684\u786e\u8ba4\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u591a\u5c3a\u5ea6\u4fe1\u606f\uff08\u91cd\u6574\u5316\u7fa4\uff09\u65b9\u6cd5\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f97\u5230\u540c\u6837\u7684\u5047\u8bbe\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e5f\u8bc1\u5b9e\u4e86\u8be5\u65b9\u6cd5\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e3a\u5e7f\u6cdb\u7684\u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf\u751f\u6210\u201c\u5047\u8bbe\u201d\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u65b9\u6cd5\u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u5f88\u91cd\u8981\uff0c\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u786e\u5b9a\u51fa\u7528\u4e8e\u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf\u68c0\u9a8c\u7684\u6b63\u786e\uff08\u4f4e\u7ef4\uff09\u5047\u8bbe\u672c\u8eab\u5c31\u662f\u4e00\u9879\u56f0\u96be\u4efb\u52a1\uff0c\u5f88\u5bb9\u6613\u4e0d\u6210\u529f\u2014\u2014\u7cfb\u7edf\u5b58\u5728\u5927\u91cf\u7684\u6f5c\u5728\u5047\u8bbe\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u865a\u5047\u76f8\u5173\u7b49\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u5728\u5bf9\u6bcf\u4e2a\u5047\u8bbe\u8fdb\u884c\u68c0\u9a8c\u65f6\uff0c\u7edf\u8ba1\u68c0\u9a8c\u7684\u6709\u6548\u6027\u4f1a\u53d7\u5230\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u5c31\u50cf\u5728\u591a\u5c3a\u5ea6\u5206\u6790\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u5e94\u7528\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u786e\u5b9a\u51fa\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u5047\u8bbe\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e3a\u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u63d0\u4f9b\u5f3a\u5927\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u57fa\u7840\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

\n<\/span><\/section>\n
D. \u5e02\u573a\u4ef7\u683c\u52a8\u529b\u5b66\uff08Dynamics of market prices\uff09<\/span><\/strong><\/section>\n

\n<\/span><\/section>\n
\u4f5c\u4e3a\u591a\u5c3a\u5ea6\u4fe1\u606f\u65b9\u6cd5\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u793a\u4f8b\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u56de\u987e\u4e86\u6700\u8fd1\u5bf9\u5546\u54c1\u5e02\u573a\u4e2d\u7684\u6ce1\u6cab\u548c\u5d29\u76d8\u8fdb\u884c\u7684\u5206\u6790[64,65]\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5206\u6790\u7ed3\u679c\u4e0e\u5b9e\u9645\u4ef7\u683c\u884c\u4e3a\u7cbe\u786e\u76f8\u7b26\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

\n<\/span><\/section>\n
<\/section>\n
\n

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<\/p>\n

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\n<\/span><\/section>\n
\u4e3a\u4e86\u6784\u5efa\u98df\u54c1\u4ef7\u683c\u53d8\u5316\u7684\u52a8\u529b\u5b66\u6a21\u578b\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5c06\u4ef7\u683c\u7684\u53d8\u5316\u5199\u4e3a\uff1a<\/span><\/section>\n

(1)<\/span><\/p>\n

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\n<\/span><\/section>\n
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\n<\/span><\/section>\n
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\n<\/section>\n
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\n<\/span><\/section>\n
E. \u7f51\u7edc\u52a8\u529b\u5b66\u53ca\u96c6\u7fa4\u884c\u4e3a\uff1a\u6050\u614c\u548c\u5e02\u573a\u4ef7\uff08Network dynamics and collective behaviors: Panic and market prices\uff09<\/span><\/strong><\/section>\n

\n<\/span><\/section>\n
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\n<\/span><\/section>\n
\u4ece\u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u4ee5\u4e0b\u65b9\u6cd5\u6765\u8bc4\u4f30\u5e02\u573a\u884c\u4e3a\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u7f51\u7edc\u62d3\u6251\u6a21\u578b\u3001\u57fa\u4e8e\u4ee3\u7406\u4eba\u7684\u6a21\u578b\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u6211\u4eec\u6b63\u5728\u8ba8\u8bba\u7684\u805a\u7126\u4e8e\u5927\u5c3a\u5ea6\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002\u672c\u6587\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u5927\u91cf\u53c2\u8003\u8d44\u6599\u6765\u8bf4\u660e\u548c\u5bf9\u6bd4\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u5728\u8fd9\u9996\u5148\u4ecb\u7ecd\u57fa\u672c\u95ee\u9898\u548c\u52a8\u673a\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

\n<\/span><\/section>\n
\u6050\u614c\u662f\u793e\u4f1a\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u96c6\u4f53\u884c\u4e3a\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u662f\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u548c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u4e2d\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u76f8\u5173\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u5728\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66[100-103]\u4e2d\uff0c\u6050\u614c\u88ab\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e3a\u79bb\u5f00\u5b9e\u9645\u5a01\u80c1\u6216\u60f3\u8c61\u5a01\u80c1\u7684\u96c6\u4f53\u9003\u907f\u3002\u5728\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u4e2d\uff0c\u94f6\u884c\u6324\u5151\u7684\u53d1\u751f\u81f3\u5c11\u90e8\u5206\u662f\u7531\u4e8e\u94f6\u884c\u6324\u5151\u672c\u8eab\u7ed9\u4e2a\u4eba\u5e26\u6765\u7684\u98ce\u9669\uff0c\u6324\u5151\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u7531\u4e8e\u8bf1\u53d1\u6761\u4ef6\u3001\u5916\u90e8\uff08\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u707e\u96be\u6027\u7684\uff09\u4e8b\u4ef6\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u662f\u67d0\u79cd\u968f\u673a\u5f15\u53d1\u7684[104,105]\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u901a\u5e38\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5e02\u573a\u884c\u4e3a\u53cd\u6620\u4e86\u5916\u90e8\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4fe1\u606f\uff0c\u4f46\u7ecf\u9a8c\u8bc1\u636e\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u5916\u90e8\u4e8b\u4ef6\u5e76\u975e\u552f\u4e00\u7684\u5e02\u573a\u6050\u614c\u539f\u56e0[106]\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5bf9\u6050\u614c\u7684\u5b9e\u8bc1\u7814\u7a76\u5f88\u96be\u8fdb\u884c[107-109]\uff0c\u4f46\u5c06\u5185\u6e90\u6027\uff08\u81ea\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\uff09\u548c\u5916\u6e90\u6027\u5e02\u573a\u6050\u614c\u4e0e\u5e02\u573a\u6307\u6570\u7684\u6ce2\u52a8\u533a\u5206\u5f00\u6765\u7684\u52aa\u529b\u5df2\u7ecf\u53d6\u5f97\u4e86\u4e00\u4e9b\u6210\u529f[110-114]\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5176\u7ed3\u8bba\u8fd8\u5b58\u5728\u4e89\u8bae[115-118]\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

\n<\/span><\/section>\n
2007\u5e74\u81f32008\u5e74\u7684\u91d1\u878d\u5371\u673a\u5f15\u8d77\u4e86\u4eba\u4eec\u5bf9\u5206\u6790\u5e02\u573a\u5d29\u76d8\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u5174\u8da3\u3002\u4e00\u4e2a\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u662f\uff0c2008\u5e74\u7684\u5d29\u76d8\u5230\u5e95\u662f\u7531\u4ee4\u4eba\u5173\u6ce8\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u65b0\u95fb\u9020\u6210\u7684\uff0c\u8fd8\u662f\u7531\u4e0e\u8d1f\u9762\u65b0\u95fb\u6709\u5173\/\u65e0\u5173\u7684\u7684\u6050\u614c\u5bfc\u81f4\u7684\uff1f\u901a\u5e38\uff0c\u8fc5\u901f\u4e0b\u8dcc\u7136\u540e\u4e0d\u4e45\u6062\u590d\u7684\u5e02\u573a\u884c\u4e3a\u4f7f\u4eba\u4eec\u6000\u7591\u201c\u5e02\u573a\u80fd\u53cd\u6620\u6709\u6548\u7ecf\u6d4e\u65b0\u95fb\u201d\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u5047\u8bbe\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5728\u201c\u57fa\u672c\u4ef7\u503c\u51b3\u5b9a\u4ef7\u683c\u201d\u7684\u5747\u8861\u6982\u5ff5\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7406\u8bba\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u4e3a\u5e02\u573a\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u63cf\u8ff0\u63d0\u4f9b\u575a\u5b9e\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u3002\u8fd9\u5e76\u4e0d\u5947\u602a\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5747\u8861\u7684\u60f3\u6cd5\u4e0e\u91cd\u6574\u5316\u7fa4\u4e4b\u524d\u7684\u70ed\u529b\u5b66\u548c\u7edf\u8ba1\u529b\u5b66\u4e2d\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u7edf\u8ba1\u6982\u5ff5\u548c\u6570\u5b66\u4f18\u5316\u65b9\u6cd5\u76f8\u540c\u3002\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u6050\u614c\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u96c6\u4f53\u6027\u793e\u4f1a\u884c\u4e3a\u5e94\u7406\u89e3\u4e3a\u81ea\u6211\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u6a21\u5f0f\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u4f17\u591a\u4e2a\u4f53\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\u5f15\u8d77\u5927\u5c3a\u5ea6\u7684\u52a8\u6001\u53d8\u5316\u800c\u65e0\u9700\u5916\u90e8\u529b\u91cf\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u6709\u5e8f\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u4ee5\u53ca\u53ef\u80fd\u7531\u4e8e\u6050\u614c\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u65e0\u5e8f\u548c\u6709\u5e8f\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u8f6c\u53d8\u6070\u597d\u7b26\u5408\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u6761\u4ef6\uff0c\u6b64\u65f6\uff0c\u57fa\u4e8e\u7a7a\u95f4\u5e73\u5747\uff08\u4e2a\u4f53\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u540c\u8d28\u6027\uff09\u548c\u65f6\u95f4\u5e73\u5747\uff08\u7a33\u6001\uff09\u7684\u7edf\u8ba1\u5047\u8bbe\u548c\u4f18\u5316\u4e0d\u518d\u9002\u7528\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
\n<\/section>\n
\u4ece\u57fa\u4e8e\u7f51\u7edc\u62d3\u6251\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u89d2\u5ea6\u6765\u770b\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u662f\u5c06\u7cfb\u7edf\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u7a00\u758f\u7f51\u7edc\u523b\u753b\uff0c\u5177\u6709\u5f02\u6784\u6027\u8282\u70b9[79]\u548c\u52a8\u6001\u6027\u8fde\u63a5[80,81]\u3002\u4e3a\u4e86\u786e\u5b9a\u98ce\u9669\u7684\u6807\u5fd7\uff0c\u91d1\u878d\u7f51\u7edc\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u6839\u636e\u80a1\u7968\u4ef7\u683c\u7684\u76f8\u5173\u6027\u5b9a\u4e49\u7684[82-85]\uff0c\u5f53\u4ef7\u683c\u7684\u76f8\u5173\u7cfb\u6570\u9ad8\u4e8e\u9608\u503c\u65f6\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u80a1\u7968\u5c31\u4f1a\u88ab\u8fde\u63a5\u8d77\u6765\uff0c\u8be5\u9608\u503c\u88ab\u8bbe\u7f6e\u5f97\u8db3\u591f\u9ad8\uff0c\u4ee5\u4f7f\u8fde\u63a5\u5177\u6709\u7a00\u758f\u6027 [82, 86-92]\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0cBonnanno\u7b49\u4eba[87]\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u76f8\u5173\u6027\u7684\u751f\u6210\u6811\u8868\u793a[82]\u5728\u201c\u5d29\u76d8\u201d\u671f\u95f4\u5448\u62d3\u6251\u6536\u7f29\u5e76\u4e14\u5177\u6709\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u5e42\u5f8b\u6307\u6570\u3002Harmon\u7b49[91]\u5206\u6790\u4e86\u7f51\u7edc\uff0c\u63ed\u793a\u4e86\u5371\u673a\u5982\u4f55\u5728\u7ecf\u6d4e\u90e8\u95e8\u4e4b\u95f4\u4f20\u64ad\uff0c\u8868\u660e\u90e8\u95e8\u95f4\u7684\u9632\u706b\u5899\u53ef\u4ee5\u51cf\u5c11\u5927\u5c3a\u5ea6\u98ce\u9669\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
\n<\/section>\n
\u57fa\u4e8e\u5e02\u573a\u53c2\u4e0e\u8005\u4ea4\u6613\u7b56\u7565\u7684\u4ee3\u7406\u6a21\u578b\u4e5f\u88ab\u7528\u6765\u63cf\u8ff0\u5e02\u573a\u884c\u4e3a\u3002\u6a21\u62df\u901a\u5e38\u4f1a\u8003\u8651\u4e24\u7ec4\u5e02\u573a\u53c2\u4e0e\u8005\uff1a\u201c\u57fa\u672c\u503c\u4ea4\u6613\u8005\u201d\u548c\u201c\u566a\u58f0\u4ea4\u6613\u8005\u201d[70\u201372]\u3002\u57fa\u672c\u503c\u4ea4\u6613\u8005\u8003\u8651\u8d44\u4ea7\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\uff0c\u800c\u566a\u58f0\u4ea4\u6613\u8005\u8fd8\u8003\u8651\u4ef7\u683c\u7684\u52a8\u6001\uff0c\u8fd9\u53ef\u80fd\u5bfc\u81f4\u7f8a\u7fa4\u6548\u5e94\u3002\u6a21\u62df\u8868\u660e[71]\u968f\u7740\u4ea4\u6613\u8005\u4ece\u4e00\u7ec4\u8f6c\u79fb\u5230\u53e6\u4e00\u7ec4\u4f1a\u6d8c\u73b0\u51fa\u5b9e\u8bc1\u6240\u89c2\u5bdf\u5230\u7684\u6ce2\u52a8\u6027\u805a\u7c7b\u548c\u5e42\u5f8b\u6807\u5ea6\u884c\u4e3a [89, 93, 94]\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

\n<\/span><\/section>\n
\u6211\u4eec\u5728\u672c\u6587\u4e2d\u63cf\u8ff0\u662f\u7b2c\u4e09\u79cd\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u591a\u5c3a\u5ea6\u8868\u5f81\uff0c\u5176\u91cd\u70b9\u5728\u4e8e\u5bf9\u5e02\u573a\u4ef7<\/span>\u683c [95\u201397] \u7684\u96c6\u4f53\u52a8\u6001\u8fdb\u884c\u5efa\u6a21\uff0c\u5e76\u901a\u8fc7\u6700\u5c11\u7684\u76f8\u5173\u53c2\u6570\u96c6\u6765\u8868\u793a\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
\n<\/section>\n
\u4e3a\u7814\u7a76\u5e02\u573a\u5d29\u6e83\u800c\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u591a\u5c3a\u5ea6\u6a21\u578b\u7740\u773c\u4e8e\u5e02\u573a\u4ef7\u683c\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u4e24\u4e2a\u7279\u5f81\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u6765\u81ea\u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7406\u8bba\uff0c\u5b83\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5e02\u573a\u4ef7\u683c\u53cd\u6620\u4e86\u5bf9\u57fa\u672c\u4ef7\u503c\u7684\u611f\u77e5\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5e02\u573a\u4ef7\u683c\u7684\u53d8\u5316\u662f\u7531\u65b0\u95fb\uff08\u5373\u6539\u53d8\u57fa\u672c\u4ef7\u503c\u7684\u611f\u77e5\u7684\u65b0\u4fe1\u606f\uff09\u9a71\u52a8\u7684\u3002\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4e2a\u662f\u5185\u90e8\u7684\u81ea\u5f3a\u5316\u884c\u4e3a\uff08internal self-reinforcing behaviors\uff09\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e5f\u53ef\u80fd\u5f15\u8d77\u4ef7\u683c\u52a8\u6001\u3002\u7ed3\u5408\u8fd9\u4e24\u8005\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u6784\u9020\u51fa\u5177\u6709\u5916\u90e8\u5f71\u54cd\u548c\u76f8\u4e92\u5f71\u54cd\u7684\u5927\u5c3a\u5ea6\u7cfb\u7edf\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u901a\u7528\u8868\u793a\u3002\u5206\u6790\u6240\u5f97\u7684\u7f51\u7edc\u54cd\u5e94\u6a21\u578b\u53ef\u4ee5\u83b7\u5f97\u4efb\u610f\u89c4\u6a21\u5927\u5c0f\u5168\u8fde\u63a5\u7f51\u7edc\u4e2d\u540c\u65f6\u540c\u5411\u79fb\u52a8\u7684\u5143\u7d20\u6bd4\u4f8b\uff08\u8054\u52a8\u6307\u6570\uff09\u7684\u7cbe\u786e\u7edf\u8ba1\u5206\u5e03 [95, 96]\u3002\u901a\u8fc7\u5f52\u4e00\u5316\u8003\u8651\u62d3\u6251\u5bf9\u73af\u5883\u8026\u5408\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u540e\uff0c\u5206\u6790\u7ed3\u679c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5176\u4ed6\u7f51\u7edc\u62d3\u6251\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u968f\u673a\u7f51\u7edc\u3001\u89c4\u5219\u6676\u683c\u7f51\u7edc\u3001\u65e0\u6807\u5ea6\u7f51\u7edc\u548c\u5c0f\u4e16\u754c\u7f51\u7edc\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u975e\u5e38\u597d\u7684\u8fd1\u4f3c\u3002\u4e0e\u666e\u9002\u6027\u6982\u5ff5\u4e00\u81f4\uff0c\u6b64\u6a21\u578b\u53ca\u5176\u5206\u6790\u7ed3\u679c\u53ef\u4ee5\u63cf\u8ff0\u5404\u79cd\u5404\u6837\u7684\u7f51\u7edc\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u4eceIsing\u6a21\u578b\u7684Glauber\u52a8\u529b\u5b66 [95, 96] \u548c\u79cd\u7fa4\u9057\u4f20\u5b66\u7684\u8fdb\u5316\u52a8\u529b\u5b66 [121, 122] \u5230\u53cd\u6620\u793e\u4f1a\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u4ece\u4f17\u548c\u975e\u4ece\u4f17\u7684\u793e\u4ea4\u7f51\u7edc\u4e0a\u7684\u610f\u89c1\u52a8\u529b\u5b66 [123]\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53ea\u662f\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e86\u5176\u5bf9\u91d1\u878d\u5e02\u573a\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u5e94\u7528\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
\n<\/section>\n

\n
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\n<\/section>\n
\u8be5\u6a21\u578b\u4e0e\u591a\u53ea\u80a1\u7968\u7684\u52a8\u6001\u6709\u5173\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u53ea\u662f\u5355\u4e2a\u80a1\u7968\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u884c\u4e3a\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u7531\u4ea4\u6613\u4ee3\u7406\u4eba\u6a21\u578b\u4ea7\u751f\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u5b83\u4eec\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u7f51\u7edc\u6765\u8868\u793a\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u8bb8\u591a\u7ec6\u8282\u662f\u4e0d\u76f8\u5173\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u9700\u8981\u88ab\u62bd\u8c61\u4e3a\u805a\u5408\u884c\u4e3a\u3002\u5982\u4e0a\u6240\u8ff0\uff0c\u7f51\u7edc\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\u4e0d\u4f1a\u6539\u53d8\u884c\u4e3a\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u4e0e\u4ea4\u6613\u8005\u4ee3\u7406\u4eba\u6a21\u578b\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u4ef7\u683c\u4ee3\u7406\u4eba\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u89c4\u5219\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u4e0d\u540c\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c\u81ea\u7136\u884c\u4e3a\u662f\u72ec\u7acb\u884c\u52a8\u548c\u96c6\u4f53\u884c\u52a8\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u8fc7\u6e21\uff0c\u540e\u8005\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u6050\u614c\u3002\u8fd9\u6709\u52a9\u4e8e\u786e\u5b9a\u96c6\u4f53\u6050\u614c\u7684\u5ea6\u91cf\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u5e76\u5c06\u5176\u7528\u4e8e\u9884\u6d4b\u6050\u614c\u53d1\u751f\u540e\u5f15\u8d77\u7684\u91d1\u878d\u5371\u673a\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
\n<\/section>\n
\u5c06\u6050\u614c\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u4e0e\u5f71\u54cd\u6a21\u578b\u8054\u7cfb\u8d77\u6765\uff0c\u6050\u614c\u4e2d\u7684\u6a21\u4eff\u5bf9\u5e94\u4e8e\u76f8\u4e92\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u8861\u91cf\u5e02\u573a\u52a8\u6001\u7684\u5927\u591a\u6570\u6807\u51c6\u6307\u6807\u662f\u6ce2\u52a8\u7387\u548c\u5e73\u5747\u76f8\u5173\u6027\u3002\u4f5c\u4e3a\u66ff\u4ee3\uff0c\u901a\u7528\u6a21\u578b\u5efa\u8bae\u5c06\u8054\u52a8\u6307\u6570\uff08co-movement\uff09\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5927\u89c4\u6a21\u96c6\u4f53\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u5ea6\u91cf\u3002\u8054\u52a8\u6307\u6570\u4e0e\u6ce2\u52a8\u7387\u6216\u76f8\u5173\u6027\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u672c\u8d28\u533a\u522b\u5728\u4e8e\uff0c\u82e5\u4ef7\u683c\u53d8\u52a8\u4e4b\u95f4\u5b58\u5728\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u4f46\u5355\u4e2a\u4ef7\u683c\u53d8\u52a8\u53d8\u5927\uff0c\u4f1a\u8ba9\u6ce2\u52a8\u7387\u548c\u76f8\u5173\u6027\u90fd\u4f1a\u53d8\u5927\u3002\u8fd9\u6837\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u4ef7\u683c\u8d70\u52bf\u5927\u591a\u662f\u72ec\u7acb\u7684\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e5f\u53ef\u80fd\u5bfc\u81f4\u8f83\u5927\u7684\u6ce2\u52a8\u7387\u6216\u5e73\u5747\u76f8\u5173\u6027\u3002\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u4ef7\u683c\u53d8\u52a8\u5f88\u5c0f\uff0c\u8054\u52a8\u6307\u6570\u4e5f\u53ef\u80fd\u5f88\u5927\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u8054\u52a8\u6307\u6570\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u4e00\u76f4\u5bfb\u627e\u7684\u96c6\u4f53\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u66f4\u76f4\u63a5\u7684\u5ea6\u91cf\u6307\u6807\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5047\u8bbe\u662f\u6709\u9053\u7406\u7684\uff0c\u8054\u52a8\u6307\u6570\u5bf9\u4e8e\u63cf\u8ff0\u6050\u614c\u548c\u795e\u7ecf\u7d27\u5f20\u4f1a\u5f88\u6709\u7528\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
\n<\/section>\n
\u901a\u7528\u6a21\u578b\u88ab\u5206\u6790\uff0c\u8054\u52a8\u6307\u6570\u7684\u5206\u5e03\u88ab\u8ba1\u7b97\u51fa\u6765\uff0c\u5176\u9884\u6d4b\u80fd\u529b\u88ab\u65e5\u5e02\u573a\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u5b9e\u8bc1\u5206\u6790\u6240\u8bc1\u5b9e\u3002\u503c\u5f97\u6ce8\u610f\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u9884\u6d4b\u5728\u771f\u5b9e\u7684\u91d1\u878d\u6570\u636e\u4e0a\u5f97\u5230\u4e86\u8bc1\u5b9e\uff0c\u6db5\u76d6\u4e86\u8fd1\u671f\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5371\u673a\u4ee5\u53ca\u65e9\u671f\u7684\u5e02\u573a\u52a8\u6001\u3002\u8054\u52a8\u6307\u6570\u6570\u636e\u8fd8\u53ef\u7528\u4e8e\u8bc4\u4f30\u6700\u8fd1\u7684\u5e02\u573a\u5371\u673a\u548c\u5386\u53f2\u7684\u5355\u65e5\u5d29\u76d8\u662f\u5185\u90e8\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u8fd8\u662f\u5916\u90e8\u89e6\u53d1\u7684\u3002\u5728\u5206\u6790\u65f6\uff0c\u73b0\u5b9e\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u5c06\u4ec5\u91c7\u7528\u53c2\u6570\u7a7a\u95f4\u7684\u5e73\u8861\u7684\u6b63\u8d1f\u65b0\u95fb\u4e00\u7ef4\u5b50\u7a7a\u95f4\u6765\u5904\u7406\u3002\u8054\u52a8\u6307\u6570\u7684\u9ad8\u6c34\u5e73\u4e34\u754c\u70b9\uff08\u5373\u6050\u614c\uff09\u88ab\u53d1\u73b0\u53ef\u4ee5\u5355\u4e00\u5730\u8bc6\u522b2008\u5e74\u7684\u5e02\u573a\u5d29\u76d8\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u4e34\u754c\u70b9\u662f\u552f\u4e00\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u65e0\u9700\u8c03\u6574\u6a21\u578b\u53c2\u6570\u5373\u53ef\u83b7\u5f97\u6b64\u5bf9\u5e94\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u53ef\u4ee5\u5c06\u5176\u89c6\u4e3a\u91d1\u878d\u5371\u673a\u7684\u96f6\u53c2\u6570\u7406\u8bba\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u8054\u52a8\u6307\u6570\u503c\u5728\u5e02\u573a\u5d29\u76d8\u4e4b\u524d\u4e00\u5929\u5c31\u5df2\u7ecf\u5927\u5927\u589e\u52a0\uff0c\u5b83\u4e3a\u5373\u5c06\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u5d29\u76d8\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u660e\u786e\u7684\u9884\u8b66\u4fe1\u53f7\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u6301\u7eed\u6027\u589e\u5f3a\u7684\u6050\u614c\u884c\u4e3a\u662f\u6bcf\u4e2a\u5e02\u573a\u5d29\u76d8\u7684\u9884\u8b66\u4fe1\u53f7\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
\n<\/section>\n
\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6a21\u578b\u9884\u6d4b\u6027\u80fd\u975e\u5e38\u597d\uff0c\u5b83\u9884\u6d4b\u4e8625\u5e74\u4ee5\u6765\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u6700\u5927\u65e5\u5d29\u76d8\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u8bef\u62a5\u6216\u6f0f\u62a5\u3002\u4e00\u4e9b\u5176\u4ed6\u6d4b\u7b97\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u6765\u9884\u6d4b\u5e02\u573a\u5371\u673a\uff0c\u5982\u6ce2\u52a8\u7387\u3001\u80a1\u7968\u4ef7\u683c\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u76f8\u5173\u6027\u548c\u534f\u65b9\u5dee\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6307\u6807\u4e2d\uff0c\u6ce2\u52a8\u7387\u548c\u76f8\u5173\u6027\u662f\u6700\u5e38\u7528\u7684\u98ce\u9669\u9884\u6d4b\u56e0\u5b50\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u9884\u6d4b\u80fd\u529b\u6700\u4f4e\uff0c\u6709\u4e09\u4e2a\u9519\u8bef\u9884\u6d4b\u548c\u56db\u4e2a\u6b63\u786e\u9884\u6d4b\uff1b\u534f\u65b9\u5dee\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u76f8\u5bf9\u8f83\u597d\u7684\u9884\u6d4b\u56e0\u5b50\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u9519\u8bef\uff1b\u591a\u5c3a\u5ea6\u6a21\u578b\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u6700\u4f73\u7684\u9884\u6d4b\u6548\u7528\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u9519\u8bef [97]\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
\n<\/section>\n
\u6211\u4eec\u6ce8\u610f\u5230\uff0c\u8054\u52a8\u5206\u6570\u7684\u5927\u5c0f\u5206\u5e03\uff08\u80a1\u7968\u4ef7\u683c\u5411\u540c\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b9\u5411\u53d8\u52a8\u7684\u6570\u91cf\uff0c\u5373\u884c\u4e3a\u4e00\u81f4\u7684\u6210\u5458\u6570\uff09\u662f\u7c7b\u4f3c\u4e8e\u590d\u6742\u5ea6\u66f2\u7ebf\u7684\u591a\u5c3a\u5ea6\u5206\u89e3\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
\n<\/section>\n
F. \u539f\u7406\u548c\u591a\u5c3a\u5ea6\u5206\u6790\uff08Principles and multiscale analysis\uff09<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/section>\n
\n<\/section>\n
\u5728\u672c\u8282\u4e2d\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5c06\u56de\u987e\u6839\u690d\u4e8e\u590d\u6742\u6027\u66f2\u7ebf\u4e2d\u7684\u591a\u5c3a\u5ea6\u5206\u6790\u4e2d\u7684\u51e0\u4e2a\u4e00\u822c\u6027\u7279\u5f81\u548c\u539f\u7406\uff0c\u4ee5\u4fbf\u5728\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e0a\u5e94\u7528\u3002\u5173\u4e8e\u591a\u5c3a\u5ea6\u5206\u6790\u7684\u539f\u7406\u53ca\u5176\u5728\u6784\u67b6\u57fa\u672c\u7ed3\u6784\u7406\u8bba\u4e2d\u7684\u4f7f\u7528\u4ee5\u53ca\u5bf9\u591a\u5c3a\u5ea6\u7ed3\u6784\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u5ea6\u91cf\uff08\u5982\u4fe1\u606f\u7684\u8fb9\u9645\u6548\u7528\uff09\u7684\u66f4\u591a\u8ba8\u8bba\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u53c2\u8003 [124]\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u539f\u7406\u5c06\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u4e00\u79cd\u5bf9\u793e\u4f1a\u548c\u751f\u7269\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u4e00\u7c7b\u5e94\u7528\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u8be5\u65b9\u6cd5\u5df2\u88ab\u53d1\u5c55\u7528\u4e8e\u7406\u89e3\u5404\u79cd\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\u548c\u529f\u80fd\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u3002\u5229\u7528\u591a\u5c3a\u5ea6\u4fe1\u606f\u5efa\u7acb\u6a21\u578b\u9700\u8981\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u6570\u636e\u6765\u63cf\u8ff0\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u5c3a\u5ea6\u548c\u52a8\u6001\u884c\u4e3a\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u5728\u67d0\u4e9b\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u7279\u5b9a\u5c3a\u5ea6\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u91cf\u672c\u8eab\u53ef\u4ee5\u63d0\u4f9b\u5bf9\u7cfb\u7edf\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u6d1e\u5bdf\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5173\u6ce8\u4e00\u4e9b\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u793a\u4f8b\uff0c\u4ee5\u8bf4\u660e\u590d\u6742\u5ea6\u66f2\u7ebf\u7684\u529f\u6548\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

\n<\/span><\/section>\n
G. \u6c42\u548c\u89c4\u5219\uff1a\u57fa\u672c\u6fc0\u53d1\u5f3a\u5ea6\uff08Sum rule: Elementary excitation strength\uff09<\/span><\/strong><\/section>\n

\n<\/span><\/section>\n
\u591a\u5c3a\u5ea6\u5206\u6790\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bc4\u4f30\u8de8\u5c3a\u5ea6\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u884c\u4e3a\u3002\u7279\u5b9a\u5c3a\u5ea6\u4e0a\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u5ea6\u7684\u7a0b\u5ea6\u6216\u6570\u91cf\u7531\u590d\u6742\u5ea6\u66f2\u7ebf\u7ed9\u51fa\uff0c\u800c\u590d\u6742\u5ea6\u66f2\u7ebf\u7684\u6d4b\u91cf\u65b9\u6cd5\u4e0e\u7528\u71b5\u63cf\u8ff0\u5fae\u89c2\u5c3a\u5ea6\u4e0a\u81ea\u7531\u5ea6\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u76f8\u540c\u3002\u6709\u7814\u7a76\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u8de8\u5c3a\u5ea6\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u5ea6\u4e4b\u95f4\u5b58\u5728\u57fa\u672c\u7684\u6b64\u6d88\u5f7c\u957f[1, 14, 15]\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u7531\u4e8e\u5927\u5c3a\u5ea6\u884c\u4e3a\u6e90\u81ea\u4e8e\u7ec4\u5143\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u76f8\u5173\u6027\uff0c\u8fd9\u5c31\u662f\u5bf9\u5fae\u89c2\u81ea\u7531\u5ea6\u4e0a\u7684\u7ea6\u675f\u3002\u884c\u4e3a\u6d89\u53ca\u7684\u7ec4\u5143\u6570\u91cf\u8d8a\u591a\uff0c\u8be5\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u5c3a\u5ea6\uff08\u89c4\u6a21\uff09\u5c31\u8d8a\u5927\uff0c\u76f8\u5e94\u5730\uff0c\u8f83\u5c0f\u89c4\u6a21\u4e0a\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u5ea6\u4e5f\u5c31\u51cf\u5c0f\u5f97\u8d8a\u591a\u3002\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u8fd9\u79cd\u57fa\u672c\u7279\u5f81\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u6c42\u548c\u89c4\u5219\u6765\u8868\u793a\uff0c\u5373\uff0c\u5c3a\u5ea6\u52a0\u6743\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u5ea6\u603b\u548c\u4e0e\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\u65e0\u5173\uff0c\u53ea\u51b3\u5b9a\u4e8e\u7ec4\u6210\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u7ec4\u5143\u7684\u6570\u91cf\u3002\u53ef\u4ee5\u770b\u51fa\uff0c\u8be5\u6c42\u548c\u89c4\u5219\u7c7b\u4f3c\u4e8e\u4ecb\u7535\u54cd\u5e94\u51fd\u6570\u7684\u6c42\u548c\u89c4\u5219\uff0c\u5373\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u96c6\u4f53\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u6fc0\u53d1\uff08\u5982\u7b49\u79bb\u6fc0\u5143\uff09\u51cf\u5c11\u4e86\u5355\u7c92\u5b50\u57fa\u7840\u6fc0\u53d1\u5bf9\u54cd\u5e94\uff08\u6743\u91cd\uff09\u7684\u8d21\u732e [125]\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

\n<\/span><\/section>\n
H. Ashby \u5b9a\u5f8b\u53ca\u591a\u5c3a\u5ea6\u4fe1\u606f\uff08Ashby\u2019s law and multiscale information\uff09<\/span><\/strong><\/section>\n

\n<\/span><\/section>\n
\u63a7\u5236\u8bba\u7684\u4e2d\u5fc3\u539f\u5219\u662f\uff0c\u8981\u4f7f\uff08\u8bd5\u56fe\u63a7\u5236\u5176\u73af\u5883\u7684\u751f\u7269\u6216\u5de5\u7a0b\u7cfb\u7edf\uff09\u63a7\u5236\u7cfb\u7edf\u6709\u529f\u6548\uff0c\u5176\u53ef\u80fd\u72b6\u6001\u6570\u91cf\u5fc5\u987b\u4e0e\u73af\u5883\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u72b6\u6001\u96c6\u76f8\u5339\u914d\u3002\u6700\u4f18\u5316\u8bbe\u8ba1\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e5f\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u63a7\u5236\u5931\u6548\uff0c\u5176\u5931\u6548\u7684\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0e\u5176\u53ef\u7528\u72b6\u6001\u76f8\u5bf9\u4e8e\u73af\u5883\u72b6\u6001\u6570\u7684\u76f8\u5bf9\u6570\u91cf\u5dee\u5f02\u6709\u5173\u3002\u8fd9\u5c31\u662f\u5fc5\u8981\u591a\u6837\u6027\u7684Ashby\u5b9a\u5f8b\uff0c\u5b83\u662f\u57fa\u4e8e\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u5047\u8bbe\u800c\u5f97\u5230\u8bc1\u660e\u7684\uff1a\u5fc5\u987b\u5c06\u73af\u5883\u7684\u6bcf\u4e2a\u72b6\u6001\u5339\u914d\u5230\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u72b6\u6001\uff0c\u4ee5\u4fbf\u5e94\u5bf9\u4ee5\u51cf\u8f7b\u73af\u5883\u5e26\u6765\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

\n<\/span><\/section>\n
\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u8bf4\u6cd5\u662f\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u73af\u5883\u5dee\u522b\u57fa\u672c\u4e0a\u5177\u6709\u76f8\u540c\u5c3a\u5ea6\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u8be5\u5c3a\u5ea6\u4e0e\u7cfb\u7edf\u72b6\u6001\u7684\u5dee\u5dee\u5f02\u76f8\u5339\u914d\u7684\u80cc\u666f\u4e0b\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u3002\u82e5\u5b8f\u89c2\u63a7\u5236\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u72b6\u6001\u5dee\u5f02\u6ca1\u6709\u6ee1\u8db3\u73af\u5883\u72b6\u6001\u7684\u5fae\u89c2\u5dee\u5f02\uff0c\u7cfb\u7edf\u72b6\u6001\u7684\u6539\u53d8\u53ef\u80fd\u6c38\u8fdc\u65e0\u6cd5\u6210\u529f\u5730\u62b5\u5fa1\u73af\u5883\u6240\u65bd\u52a0\u7684\u5de8\u5927\u529b\u91cf\u3002\u4e3a\u4e86\u7eb3\u5165\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5b9e\u9645\u60c5\u51b5\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u5bf9\u5fc5\u8981\u591a\u6837\u6027\u7684Ashby\u5b9a\u5f8b\u8fdb\u884c\u591a\u5c3a\u5ea6\u7684\u6cdb\u5316\uff0c\u5230\u8bc6\u522b\u7684\u73af\u5883\u548c\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u5c3a\u5ea6\u4e0a\u3002\u76f4\u63a5\u7684\u6cdb\u5316\u4f1a\u6d89\u53ca\u5728\u73af\u5883\u5f71\u54cd\u7684\u76f8\u5173\u5c3a\u5ea6\u4e0b\u8ba1\u7b97\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u72b6\u6001\u6570\u91cf [14]\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

\n<\/span><\/section>\n
\u8fd9\u5c31\u76f4\u63a5\u5c06\u4f5c\u4e3a\u591a\u5c3a\u5ea6\u53d8\u5f02\u6027\u91cf\u5ea6\u7684\u590d\u6742\u5ea6\u66f2\u7ebf\u4e0e\u7cfb\u7edf\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u6709\u6548\u6027\u8054\u7cfb\u8d77\u6765\u4e86\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

\n<\/span><\/section>\n
I. \u5173\u4e8e\u590d\u6742\u5ea6\u66f2\u7ebf\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u7406\u8bba\uff08Formal theorems about complexity profile\uff09<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/section>\n
\n<\/section>\n
\u8fd9\u91cc\u662f\u6709\u5173\u590d\u6742\u5ea6\u66f2\u7ebf\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u5b9a\u7406\uff0c\u7528\u4e8e\u5bf9\u5b9e\u9645\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u601d\u8003\u548c\u8fd1\u4f3c\u5206\u6790\u3002\u5f62\u5f0f\u5982\u4e0b\uff1a<\/span><\/section>\n
\n<\/section>\n
\u72ec\u7acb\u7ec4\u5143\u7279\u6027\u2014\u2014\u6574\u4f53\u590d\u6742\u5ea6\u66f2\u7ebf\u662f\u5404\u4e2a\u72ec\u7acb\u7ec4\u5143\u7684\u590d\u6742\u5ea6\u7684\u548c\uff0c\u5373<\/span><\/section>\n

\uff082\uff09<\/span><\/p>\n

\u5b8c\u5168\u975e\u72ec\u7acb\u7684\u7ec4\u5143\u7279\u5f81\u2014\u2014n\u4e2a\u5b8c\u5168\u975e\u72ec\u7acb\u7ec4\u5143X\u7684\u590d\u6742\u5ea6\u4e3a<\/span><\/section>\n

\uff083\uff09<\/span><\/p>\n

\u7ed3\u5408\u4e0a\u8ff0\u5b8c\u5168\u72ec\u7acb\u548c\u5b8c\u5168\u975e\u72ec\u7acb\u7ec4\u5143\u60c5\u51b5\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5f97\u5230\u53ef\u4ee5\u540c\u65f6\u63cf\u8ff0\u5b8c\u5168\u72ec\u7acb\u548c\u5b8c\u5168\u975e\u72ec\u7acb\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u7684\u590d\u6742\u5ea6\u66f2\u7ebf\uff0c<\/span><\/section>\n

\uff084\uff09<\/span><\/p>\n

\u5982\u679c\u8981\u6210\u7acb\uff0c n(X) \u7ec4\u4ef6\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u96c6\u5408X\u5fc5\u987b\u5f7c\u6b64\u72ec\u7acb\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u8ba4\u4e3an(X)\u662f\u7ec4\u5143\u96c6X\u7684\u5c3a\u5ea6\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

\n<\/span><\/section>\n
J. \u57fa\u4e8e\u6570\u636e\u7684\u591a\u5c3a\u5ea6\u4fe1\u606f\u8ba1\u7b97\uff08Calculations of multiscale information based upon data\uff09<\/span><\/strong><\/section>\n

\n<\/span><\/section>\n
\u6709\u4e00\u4e9b\u516c\u5f0f\u53ef\u4ee5\u57fa\u4e8e\u7cfb\u7edf\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u6570\u636e\u7528\u4e8e\u8ba1\u7b97\u590d\u6742\u5ea6\u66f2\u7ebf\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
\n<\/section>\n
\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u662f\u4ece\u7cfb\u7edf\u5728\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e0d\u540c\u72b6\u6001\u7684\u6982\u7387<\/span>P (si<\/sub>) <\/span>\u5f97\u51fa\u7684\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5df2\u8bc1\u660e\u8be5\u516c\u5f0f\u662f\u552f\u4e00\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u7531\u4e8e\u5bf9\u6240\u6709\u5b50\u7cfb\u7edf\u8fdb\u884c\u7ec4\u5408\u5904\u7406\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u8be5\u516c\u5f0f\u5728\u8ba1\u7b97\u4e0a\u6709\u96be\u5ea6\uff0c\u53ea\u80fd\u9488\u5bf9\u6709\u9650\u89c4\u6a21\u5927\u5c0f\u7684\u6a21\u578b\u7cfb\u7edf\uff08\u5305\u62ecIsing\u6a21\u578b\uff0c\u9ad8\u65af\u76f8\u5173\u6027\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u51e0\u4e2a\u7cfb\u7edf\uff09\u8fdb\u884c\u8ba1\u7b97 [126\u2013128]\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

\n<\/span><\/section>\n
\u5b66\u8005\u5df2\u7ecf\u7814\u7a76\u51fa\u4e86\u4e00\u79cd\u5728\u8ba1\u7b97\u4e0a\u66f4\u6613\u4e8e\u5904\u7406\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u7528\u4e8e\u57fa\u4e8e\u5173\u4e8e\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u62bd\u6837\u6570\u636e\u8fdb\u884c\u7684\u590d\u6742\u5ea6\u66f2\u7ebf\u7684\u8fd1\u4f3c\u8bc4\u4f30 [129]\u3002\u6b64\u65b9\u6cd5\u4e0d\u4f46\u8003\u8651\u4e86\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u5f7c\u6b64\u8fde\u63a5\u7684\u7ec4\u5143\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5728\u7ec4\u5143\u6570\u91cf\u7684\u5c3a\u5ea6\u5185\uff0c\u5bf9\u8fde\u63a5\u5230\u4e00\u5b9a\u7a0b\u5ea6\u7684\u7ec4\u5143\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u6570\u91cf\u6c47\u603b\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

\n<\/span><\/section>\n
\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u66f4\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u8fd1\u4f3c\u548c\u8ba1\u7b97\uff0c\u8fd9\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5b9e\u9645\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u5904\u7406\u53ef\u80fd\u4e5f\u5f88\u6709\u7528\u3002\u7279\u522b\u662f\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u8003\u8651\u76f8\u4e92\u8fde\u63a5\u7684\u7ec4\u5143\u96c6\u6765\u5f97\u5230\u590d\u6742\u5ea6\u66f2\u7ebf\u7684\u8fd1\u4f3c\u3002\u8ba1\u7b97\u6bcf\u4e2a\u96c6\u5408\u7684\u7ec4\u5143\u6570\u91cf\u65f6\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u628a\u5b83\u4eec\u8fd1\u4f3c\u4e3a\u5f7c\u6b64\u5b8c\u5168\u76f8\u8fde\u7684\u3002\u8ba1\u7b97\u67d0\u4e2a\u5c3a\u5ea6\u6216\u66f4\u5927\u5c3a\u5ea6\u7684\u96c6\u5408\u7684\u6570\u91cf\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f97\u5230\u4e0e\u8be5\u5c3a\u5ea6\u5bf9\u5e94\u7684\u7684\u590d\u6742\u5ea6\u66f2\u7ebf\u7684\u503c\u3002\u8fd9\u5c31\u662f\u6839\u636e\u524d\u8ff0\u7ae0\u8282\u7684\u5b9a\u7406\u5f97\u5230\u7684\u5bf9\u4e8e\u590d\u6742\u5ea6\u66f2\u7ebf\u7684\u8fd1\u4f3c\u3002\u5f53\u7cfb\u7edf\u5728\u72ec\u7acb\u548c\u975e\u72ec\u7acb\u6784\u6210\u4e4b\u95f4\u6709\u8db3\u591f\u6e05\u6670\u7684\u533a\u522b\u65f6\uff0c\u6b64\u6784\u9020\u4f1a\u6709\u6240\u5e2e\u52a9\u3002\u4e00\u4e9b\u6539\u8fdb\u7684\u8fd1\u4f3c\u65b9\u6cd5\u8fd8\u8003\u8651\u4e86\u4f9d\u5b58\u5ea6\uff0c\u8be6\u60c5\u53c2\u8003\u6587\u732e [129]\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

\n<\/span><\/section>\n
K. \u7ec4\u7ec7\u54cd\u5e94\uff08Organizational response\uff09<\/span><\/strong><\/section>\n

\n<\/span><\/section>\n
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\n<\/span><\/section>\n
\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u6bd4\u8f83\u4e0d\u540c\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u7ec4\u7ec7\uff0c\u5982\u57fa\u4e8e\u4e2a\u4eba\u6267\u884c\u72ec\u7acb\u4efb\u52a1\u7684\u7ec4\u7ec7\u6216\u5177\u6709\u534f\u540c\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u5927\u578b\u534f\u540c\u7ec4\u7ec7\u3002Ashby\u5b9a\u5f8b\u7684\u591a\u5c3a\u5ea6\u7248\u672c\u73b0\u5728\u6210\u4e3a\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u4e2a\u547d\u9898\uff0c\u5373\u5927\u5c3a\u5ea6\u4efb\u52a1\u9700\u8981\u4ee5\u534f\u8c03\u65b9\u5f0f\u884c\u52a8\u7684\u5927\u578b\u56e2\u961f\uff0c\u800c\u76f8\u5bf9\u5c0f\uff08\u4e2a\u4f53\uff09\u5c3a\u5ea6\u800c\u590d\u6742\u6027\u9ad8\u7684\u4efb\u52a1\u5219\u9700\u8981\u72ec\u7acb\u7684\u4e2a\u4f53\u6765\u6267\u884c\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u4efb\u52a1\u3002\u8fd9\u5728\u5927\u89c4\u6a21\u519b\u4e8b\u5bf9\u6297\u4e0e\u666e\u901a\u8bca\u7597\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5bf9\u6bd4\u4e2d\u663e\u800c\u6613\u89c1\u30021991\u5e742\u670824\u65e5\u81f328\u65e5\uff0c\u6d77\u6e7e\u6218\u4e89\u671f\u95f4\uff0c\u5730\u9762\u90e8\u961f\u6210\u5343\u4e0a\u4e07\u7684\u4eba\u4ee5\u534f\u8c03\u65b9\u5f0f\u8fd0\u52a8\u3002\u666e\u901a\u533b\u7597\u670d\u52a1\u4e2d\u6570\u5341\u4e07\u540d\u533b\u751f\u5bf9\u60c5\u51b5\u5404\u5f02\u7684\u4e2a\u4eba\u8fdb\u884c\u533b\u7597\u8bca\u65ad\u3002\u8ba4\u8bc6\u5230\u4e0d\u540c\u7c7b\u578b\u4efb\u52a1\u7684\u533a\u522b\u4ee5\u53ca\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7ed3\u6784\u4e0e\u6267\u884c\u4e0d\u540c\u4efb\u52a1\u9700\u8981\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u662f\u6210\u4e3a\u5236\u5b9a\u7ba1\u7406\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7ed3\u6784\u539f\u5219\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

\n<\/span><\/section>\n
\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u63a8\u65ad\u51fa\u7ed3\u6784\u4e0e\u529f\u80fd\u4e4b\u95f4\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u4e00\u822c\u5206\u6790\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u4e2d\u592e\u63a7\u5236\u7ed3\u6784\u5bf9\u6267\u884c\u9ad8\u5ea6\u590d\u6742\u7684\u96c6\u4f53\u4efb\u52a1\u7684\u5c40\u9650\u6027 [14]\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u5c40\u9650\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u5c42\u6b21\u7ed3\u6784\u9650\u5236\u4e86\u5728\u5c42\u6b21\u7ed3\u6784\u7684\u5b50\u90e8\u5206\u4e4b\u95f4\u4f20\u9012\u4fe1\u606f\u7684\u8303\u56f4\u548c\u7a0b\u5ea6\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

\n<\/span><\/section>\n
\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u83b7\u5f97\u4e00\u4e9b\u66f4\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u89c1\u89e3 [131]\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u8ba4\u8bc6\u5230\u73b0\u4ee3\u533b\u7597\u670d\u52a1\u8d22\u52a1\u7ba1\u7406\u7b56\u7565\u4e0e\u533b\u7597\u7cfb\u7edf\u5411\u4e2a\u4eba\u63d0\u4f9b\u5c0f\u5c3a\u5ea6\u590d\u6742\u62a4\u7406\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u662f\u80cc\u9053\u800c\u9a70\u7684 [130]\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u5176\u65e0\u6cd5\u63d0\u4f9b\u9ad8\u8d28\u91cf\u670d\u52a1\u7684\u6839\u672c\u539f\u56e0\u3002\u540c\u6837\uff0c\u6559\u80b2\u7cfb\u7edf\u901a\u8fc7\u96c6\u4e2d\u7684\u6807\u51c6\u5316\u6d4b\u8bd5\u65e0\u6cd5\u4f7f\u5176\u884c\u4e3a\u4e0e\u4e2a\u4f53\u7684\u5f02\u8d28\u6027\u76f8\u5339\u914d\u3002\u5728\u519b\u4e8b\u73af\u5883\u4e2d\uff0c\u5e38\u89c4\u90e8\u961f\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u6210\u529f\u5730\u5bf9\u9ad8\u5ea6\u590d\u6742\u7684\u519b\u4e8b\u906d\u9047\u505a\u51fa\u53cd\u5e94\uff0c\u800c\u8fdb\u884c\u56e0\u4eba\u800c\u5f02\u8bad\u7ec3\u7684\u6d77\u519b\u9646\u6218\u961f\u5458\u4eec\u4f1a\u6709\u66f4\u597d\u66f4\u6709\u6548\u7684\u5e94\u5bf9\u3002\u540c\u6837\uff0c\u5e38\u89c4\u7684\u7011\u5e03\u8fc7\u7a0b [133] \u4e5f\u65e0\u6cd5\u901a\u8fc7\u5c42\u6b21\u5206\u89e3\u6765\u89e3\u51b3\u590d\u6742\u7684\u5de5\u7a0b\u9879\u76ee\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

\n<\/span><\/section>\n
\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7ed3\u679c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4ece\u4e0d\u540c\u7cfb\u7edf\u590d\u6742\u5ea6\u66f2\u7ebf\u7684\u4e00\u9636\u7279\u5f81\u5f97\u51fa\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u53cd\u6620\u4e86\u65e8\u5728\u6267\u884c\u4e0d\u540c\u4efb\u52a1\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u6574\u4f53\u529f\u80fd\u3002\u590d\u6742\u5ea6\u66f2\u7ebf\u5728\u6b64\u7c7b\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e0a\u7684\u66f4\u7ec6\u8282\u7684\u5b9a\u91cf\u5e94\u7528\u662f\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u3002\u4f7f\u7528\u591a\u5c3a\u5ea6\u4fe1\u606f\u8bba\u548cAshby\u6cd5\u5219\u7684\u591a\u5c3a\u5ea6\u7248\u672c\uff0c\u82e5\u53d1\u73b0\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7ed3\u6784\u4e0e\u4efb\u52a1\u4e4b\u95f4\u5b58\u5728\u660e\u663e\u7684\u4e0d\u517c\u5bb9\u6027\uff0c\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f97\u5230\u7ed3\u6784\u6027\u65e0\u6548\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u89c1\u89e3\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
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VIII. \u603b\u7ed3\uff08SUMMARY\uff09<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n

\n<\/section>\n<\/h2>\n
\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u9884\u671f\uff0c\u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u6a21\u578b\u6784\u5efa\u5c06\u9700\u8981\u5927\u91cf\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u548c\u5b9e\u8bc1\u5de5\u4f5c\u6765\u8fdb\u884c\u9a8c\u8bc1\u3002\u53ea\u662f\u6784\u5efa\u51fa\u6a21\u578b\u662f\u4e0d\u591f\u7684\uff0c\u8fd8\u5fc5\u987b\u5206\u6790\u5176\u6355\u6349\u7cfb\u7edf\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u4ee5\u53ca\u5bf9\u7cbe\u7ec6\u5c3a\u5ea6\u7ec6\u8282\u7684\u7a33\u5065\u6027\u3002\u8bc6\u522b\u5176\u901a\u7528\u7c7b\u4ee5\u53ca\u5bf9\u76f8\u5173\u53c2\u6570\u7684\u4f9d\u8d56\u6027\u662f\u56f0\u96be\u7684\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u662f\u6280\u672f\u4e0a\u7684\u96be\u9898\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u8ba4\u771f\u5bf9\u5f85\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

\n<\/span><\/section>\n
\u6211\u4eec\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u4e0d\u5305\u62ec\u66f4\u591a\u7ec6\u8282\uff1f\u5982\u679c\u6211\u4eec\u5305\u542b\u7684\u8db3\u591f\u591a\uff0c\u6a21\u578b\u662f\u5426\u6b63\u786e\uff1f\u7b54\u6848\u662f\u5426\u5b9a\u7684\uff0c\u539f\u56e0\u6709\u4e24\u4e2a\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u7406\u7531\u5c31\u5f88\u5145\u5206\uff0c\u4f46\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4e2a\u66f4\u91cd\u8981\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u539f\u56e0\u662f\uff0c\u5305\u542b\u8bb8\u591a\u7ec6\u8282\u800c\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u4ec0\u4e48\u662f\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u4ec0\u4e48\u662f\u4e0d\u91cd\u8981\u7684\uff0c\u65e0\u6cd5\u544a\u8bc9\u6211\u4eec\u662f\u5426\u5df2\u5305\u542b\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u7ec6\u8282\u3002\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4e2a\u539f\u56e0\u662f\uff0c\u5305\u542b\u8bb8\u591a\u65e0\u5173\u7d27\u8981\u7684\u7ec6\u8282\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u4f1a\u59a8\u788d\u6211\u4eec\u89e3\u51b3\u771f\u6b63\u8981\u56de\u7b54\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff1a\u54ea\u4e9b\u6760\u6746\uff08levers\uff09\u5f88\u91cd\u8981\uff1f\u786e\u5b9a\u6760\u6746\u5f88\u91cd\u8981\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u76f8\u5f53\u4e8e\u786e\u5b9a\u5927\u5c3a\u5ea6\u4e0a\u4ec0\u4e48\u662f\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u771f\u6b63\u60f3\u56de\u7b54\u7684\u5173\u4e8e\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u5c31\u662f\u786e\u5b9a\u54ea\u4e9b\u662f\u76f8\u5173\u53d8\u91cf\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

\n<\/span><\/section>\n
\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u56f0\u96be\u8fc7\u7a0b\u662f\u65e0\u6cd5\u56de\u907f\u7684\u3002\u5927\u5c3a\u5ea6\u53ef\u9760\u6a21\u578b\u7684\u6784\u5efa\u4f7f\u5f97\u73b0\u8c61\u5b66\u7684\u6295\u8d44\u80fd\u591f\u5728\u89e3\u51b3\u5173\u952e\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u4e0a\u53d6\u5f97\u6210\u6548\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u52aa\u529b\u6784\u5efa\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6a21\u578b\u662f\u5f88\u91cd\u8981\u4e14\u503c\u5f97\u53bb\u505a\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

\n<\/span><\/section>\n
\u4ee5\u8fd9\u79cd\u65b9\u5f0f\u8003\u8651\u7cfb\u7edf\u65f6\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5e94\u8be5\u8ba4\u8bc6\u5230\uff0c\u65e0\u8bba\u662f\u4ece\u7406\u8bba\u8fd8\u662f\u73b0\u8c61\u6765\u770b\uff0c\u7528\u6587\u5b57\u3001\u56fe\u7247\u3001\u7535\u5f71\u3001\u6570\u5b57\u6216\u65b9\u7a0b\u5f0f\u63cf\u8ff0\u6216\u8868\u5f81\u7684\u4efb\u4f55\u6570\u5b66\u6a21\u578b\u90fd\u201c\u6709\u6548\u201d\uff08valid\uff09\u7684\u800c\u4e0e\u7ec6\u8282\u65e0\u5173\uff08irrelevance of details\uff09\u3002\u800c\u4e14\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u6a21\u578b\u7684\u8868\u793a\u5df2\u7ecf\u6355\u83b7\u4e86\u91cd\u8981\u53d8\u91cf\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u4fe1\u606f\u53ef\u4ee5\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u5b9e\u4f8b\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u89c2\u5bdf\u7684\u7684\u4efb\u4f55\u4e24\u4e2a\u7cfb\u7edf\uff08\u6216\u540c\u4e00\u7cfb\u7edf\u5728\u4e0d\u540c\u65f6\u95f4\u6216\u540c\u4e00\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u60c5\u51b5\uff09\u5728\u7ec6\u8282\u4e0a\u4f1a\u6709\u4e0d\u540c\u3002\u5982\u679c\u6211\u4eec\u60f3\u8bf4\u5173\u4e8e\u7cfb\u7edf\u4efb\u4f55\u6709\u610f\u4e49\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\u2014\u2014\u4ece\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u53ef\u91cd\u590d\u6027\u6216\u77e5\u8bc6\u7684\u5b9e\u7528\u6027\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u8bf4\u2014\u2014\u552f\u4e00\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u5c31\u662f\u5177\u6709\u666e\u9002\u6027\u7684\u63cf\u8ff0\uff0c\u5373\u72ec\u7acb\u4e8e\u7ec6\u8282\u3002\u5bf9\u4e8e\u4ec5\u5728\u7279\u5b9a\u5b9e\u4f8b\u4e2d\u6b63\u786e\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u662f\u6ca1\u6709\u6548\u7528\u7684\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u6240\u6709\u79d1\u5b66\u63a2\u7a76\u90fd\u5e94\u88ab\u7406\u89e3\u4e3a\u5bf9\u666e\u9002\u6027\u7684\u63a2\u7a76\u2014\u2014\u6765\u786e\u5b9a\u4fe1\u606f\u7684\u4e00\u822c\u6027\u6216\u5177\u4f53\u6027\u7684\u7a0b\u5ea6\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
 <\/span><\/section>\n

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IX. \u8865\u5145\u6750\u6599\uff1a\u6280\u672f\u8981\u70b9<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\uff08APPENDIX: TECHNICAL POINTS\uff09<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n

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\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n
\u5c3d\u7ba1\u672c\u6587\u4e0d\u6253\u7b97\u56de\u7b54\u201c\u8be5\u5982\u4f55\u505a\u201d\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u4f46\u603b\u4f53\u4e0a\u6709\u4e00\u4e9b\u4e0e\u5e94\u7528\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u6280\u672f\u8981\u70b9\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u5e94\u7528\u7b56\u7565\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u66f4\u4e00\u822c\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u6765\u5236\u5b9a\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

\n<\/span><\/section>\n
\u5c06\u5927\u5c3a\u5ea6\u884c\u4e3a\u5206\u6790\u65b9\u6cd5\u5e94\u7528\u4e8e\u590d\u6742\u7684\u7269\u7406\u3001\u751f\u7269\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u5173\u952e\u4e4b\u4e00\u662f\u8ba4\u8bc6\u5230\u5728\u8f83\u5927\u7684\u89c2\u5bdf\u5c3a\u5ea6\u4e0a\u8bc6\u522b\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u53ef\u533a\u5206\u72b6\u6001\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0e\u6211\u4eec\u63cf\u8ff0\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u89c2\u6d4b\u5c3a\u5ea6\u4fdd\u6301\u4e00\u81f4\uff0c\u5373\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e2d\u5141\u8bb8\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\u6216\u8bef\u5dee\u7684\u6c34\u5e73\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u6280\u672f\u95ee\u9898\u662f\u7531\u4e8e\u503e\u5411\u4e8e\u4f7f\u7528\u5b9e\u9645\u6570\u91cf\uff0c\u800c\u6ca1\u6709\u8bc6\u522b\u5b83\u4eec\u6240\u4ee3\u8868\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u72b6\u6001\u7684\u6570\u91cf\u6216\u4e0d\u540c\u53d8\u91cf\u7684\u76f8\u5bf9\u5927\u5c0f\u3002\u8fd9\u5728\u4ee3\u6570\u53d8\u6362\u4e2d\u5e38\u7528\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u7ecf\u5e38\u8ba4\u4e3ay\u6216log(y)\u6216ey\u62161\/y\u662f\u540c\u7b49\u6709\u6548\u7684\u53d8\u91cf\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u53d8\u6362\u4f1a\u6539\u53d8\u53d8\u91cf\u5728\u4e0d\u540c\u503c\u5904\u7684\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\u5927\u5c0f\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528\u771f\u5b9e\u6570\u636e\u800c\u6ca1\u6709\u5177\u4f53\u5f04\u6e05\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\u4ee5\u53ca\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\u5982\u4f55\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u53d8\u91cf\u7684\u503c\uff08\u5982\u679a\u4e3e\u53d8\u91cf\u7684\u53ef\u533a\u5206\u503c\uff09\u4f1a\u63a9\u76d6\u6211\u4eec\u8bd5\u56fe\u6355\u83b7\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

\n<\/span><\/section>\n
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\n<\/span><\/section>\n
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\n<\/section>\n
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\n<\/section>\n
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\n<\/section>\n
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\n<\/section>\n
    \n
  • \n

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    \n<\/li>\n

  • \n

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