{"id":18862,"date":"2020-03-30T18:06:43","date_gmt":"2020-03-30T10:06:43","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/swarma.org\/?p=18862"},"modified":"2020-03-30T18:06:43","modified_gmt":"2020-03-30T10:06:43","slug":"%e5%87%9d%e8%81%9a%e6%80%81%e7%89%a9%e7%90%86%e5%a5%a0%e5%9f%ba%e4%ba%ba%e8%8f%b2%e5%88%a9%e6%99%ae%c2%b7%e5%ae%89%e5%be%b7%e6%a3%ae%e5%8e%bb%e4%b8%96%ef%bc%8cmore-is-different-%e6%80%9d%e6%83%b3","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/swarma.org\/?p=18862","title":{"rendered":"\u51dd\u805a\u6001\u7269\u7406\u5960\u57fa\u4eba\u83f2\u5229\u666e\u00b7\u5b89\u5fb7\u68ee\u53bb\u4e16\uff0cMore is Different \u601d\u60f3\u957f\u5b58"},"content":{"rendered":"
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\u83f2\u5229\u666e\u00b7\u5b89\u5fb7\u68ee\u662f\u51dd\u805a\u6001\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u5960\u57fa\u4eba\uff0c\u81f4\u529b\u4e8e\u63a8\u52a8\u590d\u6742\u6027\u79d1\u5b66\u4e0e\u8de8\u5b66\u79d1\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u662f\u5723\u5854\u83f2\u7814\u7a76\u6240\u7684\u53d1\u8d77\u4eba\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002\u4ed6\u4e8e1972\u5e74\u5728Science\u53d1\u8868\u4e86\u9898\u4e3a\u201cMore is Different\u201d\u7684\u8bba\u6587\uff0c<\/span>\u901a\u8fc7\u4ecb\u7ecd\u5728\u5404\u4e2a\u5c3a\u5ea6\u7684\u7269\u7406\u7cfb\u7edf\u90fd\u666e\u904d\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u201c\u5bf9\u79f0\u6027\u201d\u548c\u5bf9\u79f0\u6027\u7834\u7f3a\uff0c<\/span>\u5bf9\u201c\u8fd8\u539f\u8bba\u201d\u601d\u60f3\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u6df1\u523b\u7684\u8d28\u7591\u3002<\/span>\u6211\u4eec\u66fe\u5bf9\u8fd9\u7bc7\u7ecf\u5178\u8bba\u6587\u505a\u4e86\u5168\u6587\u7ffb\u8bd1\uff0c\u65e7\u6587\u91cd\u53d1\uff0c\u4f9b\u8bfb\u8005\u53c2\u8003\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n


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More is different<\/span>\uff1a<\/span>Broken Symmetry and the Nature of the Hierarchical Structure of Science<\/span><\/p>\n

\u8bba\u6587\u5730\u5740\uff1a<\/span><\/p>\n

https:\/\/science.sciencemag.org\/content\/177\/4047\/393<\/span><\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/blockquote>\n


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\u5728\u9762\u5bf9\u5c3a\u5ea6\uff08Scale\uff09\u548c\u590d\u6742\u6027\uff08Complexity\uff09\u7684\u5b6a\u751f\u96be\u9898\u65f6\uff0c\u5efa\u6784\u8bba\u5047\u8bf4\u8f70\u7136\u74e6\u89e3\u3002\u4e8b\u5b9e\u8bc1\u660e\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u65e0\u6cd5\u6839\u636e\u5c11\u6570\u7c92\u5b50\u7684\u6027\u8d28\u7684\u7b80\u5355\u5916\u63a8\uff0c\u6765\u7406\u89e3\u5927\u91cf\u4e14\u590d\u6742\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u7c92\u5b50\u96c6\u5408\u4f53\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u3002\u76f8\u53cd\u7684\uff0c\u5728\u4efb\u4f55\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u590d\u6742\u6027\u5c42\u7ea7\u4e0b\uff0c\u7269\u8d28\u4f1a\u51fa\u73b0\u5168\u65b0\u7684\u6027\u8d28\u3002\u5e76\u4e14\uff0c\u5bf9\u65b0\u6027\u8d28\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u9700\u8981\u672c\u8d28\u4e0a\u4e00\u6837\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u7814\u7a76\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u6211\u8ba4\u4e3a\u53ef\u4ee5\u57fa\u4e8e\u4e0b\u8ff0\u8bbe\u60f3\u7c97\u7565\u5730\u5c06\u5b66\u79d1\u7ebf\u6027\u6392\u5217\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u5c42\u7ea7\u7ed3\u6784\u4e2d\uff1a\u5b66\u79d1 X \u7684\u57fa\u672c\u5b9e\u4f53\u9075\u5faa\u5b66\u79d1 Y \u7684\u5b9a\u5f8b\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

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            <\/span>\u56fe1\uff1a<\/span><\/strong>\u8fd8\u539f\u8bba\u4e0d\u7b49\u4e8e\u5efa\u6784\u8bba\u56fe\u793a<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u56fe\u7247\u51fa\u81ea<\/span><\/strong><\/span>https:\/\/xkcd.com\/435\/<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/section>\n

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\u6211\u81ea\u5df1\u6240\u5728\u7684\u9886\u57df\uff0c\u591a\u4f53\u7269\u7406\u5b66\uff0c\u6216\u8bb8\u6bd4\u5176\u4ed6\u4efb\u4f55\u5b66\u79d1\u66f4\u63a5\u8fd1\u57fa\u7840\u7684\u5185\u6db5\u6027\u7814\u7a76\u3002\u8be5\u9886\u57df\u4e2d\u5b58\u5728\u975e\u5e73\u51e1\u7684*\u590d\u6742\u6027\uff08non-trivial complexities\uff09\uff0c\u4e8e\u662f\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5f00\u59cb\u6784\u60f3\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e00\u822c\u5316\u7684\u7406\u8bba\uff0c\u6765\u8bf4\u660e\u4ece\u5b9a\u91cf\u5230\u5b9a\u6027\u7684\u8f6c\u53d8\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u7406\u8bba\u6784\u60f3\uff0c\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u201c\u5bf9\u79f0\u6027\u7834\u7f3a\uff08broken-symmetry\uff09*\u201d<\/strong>\u7406\u8bba\uff0c\u6216\u8bb8\u6709\u52a9\u4e8e\u8ba9\u8fd8\u539f\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u5bf9\u7acb\u9762\u2014\u2014\u6784\u5efa\u4e3b\u4e49\u2014\u2014\u7684\u74e6\u89e3\u66f4\u52a0\u6e05\u6670\u3002\u6211\u5c06\u7ed9\u51fa\u8fd9\u4e9b\u89c2\u70b9\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u4e14\u5c1a\u4e0d\u5b8c\u5584\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u5c06\u7ed9\u51fa\u5173\u4e8e\u5176\u4ed6\u5c42\u7ea7\u7684\u7c7b\u4f3c\u73b0\u8c61\u7684\u66f4\u4e00\u822c\u5316\u7684\u63a8\u65ad\u6027\u89e3\u91ca\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

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*non-trivial \u5728\u6570\u5b66\uff0c\u7269\u7406\u4e0e\u8ba1\u7b97\u79d1\u5b66\u4e2d\u88ab\u5e7f\u6cdb\u7528\u4e8e\u63cf\u8ff0\u5bf9\u7814\u7a76\u5458\u6765\u8bb2\u4e0d\u76f4\u89c2\u6216\u8005\u4e0d\u5bb9\u6613\u8bc1\u660e\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff0cnon-trivial\u4e0etrivial\u4e4b\u95f4\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u660e\u663e\u754c\u9650\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

*\u5bf9\u79f0\u6027\u7834\u7f3a\u53ef\u4ee5\u7c97\u7565\u7406\u89e3\u4e3a\u539f\u6765\u5177\u6709\u8f83\u9ad8\u5bf9\u79f0\u6027\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u51fa\u73b0\u4e0d\u5bf9\u79f0\u56e0\u7d20\uff0c\u5176\u5bf9\u79f0\u7a0b\u5ea6\u81ea\u53d1\u964d\u4f4e\u7684\u73b0\u8c61\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/p>\n

\u9996\u5148\u9700\u8981\u6f84\u6e05\u4e24\u70b9\uff1a<\/span><\/p>\n

\u4e00\uff0c\u5f53\u6211\u8bf4\u5c3a\u5ea6\u53d8\u5316\u5bfc\u81f4\u6839\u672c\u6027\u53d8\u5316\u65f6\uff0c\u6211\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u5728\u8bf4\u90a3\u4e2a\u5e7f\u4e3a\u4eba\u77e5\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u5373\u65b0\u5c3a\u5ea6\u4e0b\u7684\u73b0\u8c61\u9075\u5faa\u5b8c\u5168\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u5b9a\u5f8b\u2014\u2014\u6bd4\u5982\uff0c\u5b87\u5b99\u5c3a\u5ea6\u9075\u5faa\u5e7f\u4e49\u76f8\u5bf9\u8bba\uff0c\u539f\u5b50\u5c3a\u5ea6\u9075\u5faa\u91cf\u5b50\u529b\u5b66\u3002\u6211\u60f3\u5927\u5bb6\u5e94\u8be5\u90fd\u627f\u8ba4\uff0c\u6240\u6709\u666e\u901a\u7269\u8d28\u90fd\u9075\u5faa\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u7535\u52a8\u529b\u5b66\u548c\u91cf\u5b50\u8bba\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e5f\u662f\u6211\u6240\u8ba8\u8bba\u7684\u8303\u7574\u3002\uff08\u6b63\u5982\u6211\u6240\u8bf4\u7684\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5fc5\u987b\u4ece\u6211\u4eec\u6df1\u4fe1\u4e0d\u7591\u7684\u8fd8\u539f\u8bba\u51fa\u53d1\u3002\uff09<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/span><\/p>\n

\u8bef\u89e3\u4e4b\u4e8c\u6e90\u4e8e\u7c92\u5b50\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u501f\u7528\u4e86\u5bf9\u79f0\u6027\u7834\u7f3a\u8fd9\u4e00\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u4e8b\u5b9e\uff0c\u4e0d\u8fc7\u4ed6\u4eec\u5bf9\u8be5\u672f\u8bed\u7684\u4f7f\u7528\u53ea\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u7c7b\u6bd4\uff0c\u5176\u8868\u8fbe\u7684\u662f\u6df1\u5c42\u542b\u4e49\u8fd8\u662f\u6d45\u5c42\u542b\u4e49\u4ecd\u6709\u5f85\u5546\u69b7\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/p>\n

\u6211\u5c06\u7528\u4e00\u4e2a\u5c3d\u53ef\u80fd\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u5c42\u7ea7\u4e2d\u7684\u5b9e\u4f8b\u5f00\u59cb\u6211\u7684\u8ba8\u8bba\uff0c\u6211\u5728\u8bfb\u7814\u7684\u65f6\u5019\u63a5\u89e6\u8fc7\u5b83\uff1a\u6c28\u5206\u5b50\u3002\u90a3\u4e2a\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e2a\u4eba\u90fd\u5bf9\u6c28\u6709\u6240\u4e86\u89e3\uff0c\u5e76\u7528\u5176\u6765\u6821\u51c6\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u548c\u4eea\u5668\uff0c\u6211\u4e5f\u4e0d\u4f8b\u5916\u3002\u5316\u5b66\u5bb6\u4f1a\u8bf4\u6c28\u201c\u662f\u201d\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e09\u68f1\u9525\uff0c\u6c2e\u539f\u5b50\u5e26\u8d1f\u7535\uff0c\u6c22\u539f\u5b50\u5e26\u6b63\u7535\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u6c28\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u7535\u5076\u6781\u77e9\uff08\u03bc\uff09\uff0c\u4e14\u8d1f\u5411\u6307\u5411\u68f1\u9525\u7684\u9876\u7aef\u3002\u6211\u5f88\u96be\u7406\u89e3\u5316\u5b66\u5bb6\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u4ee5\u524d\u7684\u8001\u5e08\u544a\u8bc9\u6211\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u6709\u7535\u5076\u6781\u77e9\u7684\u7269\u8d28\u3002\u90a3\u4f4d\u6559\u6388\u771f\u7684\u8bc1\u660e\u4e86\u539f\u5b50\u6838\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u6709\u5076\u6781\u77e9\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u4ed6\u662f\u6559\u6388\u6838\u7269\u7406\u5b66\uff0c\u4e0d\u8fc7\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u4ed6\u7684\u8ba8\u8bba\u662f\u57fa\u4e8e\u65f6\u7a7a\u5bf9\u79f0\u6027\u7684\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u4ed6\u5e94\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u5177\u6709\u666e\u904d\u6027\u7684\u7ed3\u8bba\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/span><\/p>\n

\u56fe2\uff1a<\/span><\/strong>\u5177\u6709\u5076\u6781\u77e9\u7684\u6c28\u5206\u5b50<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

<\/span>
<\/p>\n

\u6211\u5f88\u5feb\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u7684\u8fd9\u4e9b\u89c2\u70b9\u662f\u6b63\u786e\u7684\uff08\u6216\u8005\u66f4\u51c6\u786e\u7684\u8bf4\u6cd5\u662f\u8fd9\u4e9b\u89c2\u70b9\u4e0d\u662f\u9519\u8bef\u7684\uff09\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u6559\u6388\u7684\u8868\u8ff0\u975e\u5e38\u8c28\u614e\uff1a\u6ca1\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u5b9a\u6001\uff08stationary state\uff0c\u5373\u4e0d\u968f\u65f6\u95f4\u53d8\u5316\u7684\u72b6\u6001\uff09\u5b58\u5728\u7535\u5076\u6781\u77e9\u3002\u5982\u679c\u6c28\u5206\u5b50\u5f00\u59cb\u65f6\u662f\u4e0a\u8ff0\u7684\u975e\u5bf9\u79f0\u6001\uff08\u5373\u5177\u6709\u5076\u6781\u77e9\u7684\u72b6\u6001\uff09\uff0c\u5b83\u65e0\u6cd5\u4fdd\u6301\u8be5\u6001\u5f88\u957f\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u5b58\u5728\u91cf\u5b50\u96a7\u9053\u6548\u5e94\uff0c\u6c2e\u539f\u5b50\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u6c22\u539f\u5b50\u7ec4\u6210\u7684\u4e09\u89d2\u5f62\u6cc4\u9732\u5230\u53e6\u4e00\u4fa7\uff0c\u5c06\u68f1\u9525\u98a0\u5012\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8fc7\u7a0b\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u53d1\u751f\u5730\u975e\u5e38\u5feb\u3002\u8fd9\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u6240\u8c13\u7684\u201c\u53cd\u8f6c\uff08inversion\uff09\u201d\uff0c\u53d1\u751f\u9891\u7387\u4e3a\u6bcf\u79d2 3 X 10^10 \u3002\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u5b9a\u6001\u53ea\u80fd\u662f\u4e0d\u5bf9\u79f0\u68f1\u9525\u548c\u5176\u53cd\u8f6c\u7684\u7b49\u6743\u53e0\u52a0\u3002\u90a3\u79cd\u6df7\u5408\u72b6\u6001\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u5076\u6781\u77e9\u3002\uff08\u8bfb\u8005\u503c\u5f97\u6ce8\u610f\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u8fd9\u91cc\u662f\u9ad8\u5ea6\u7b80\u5316\u7684\u8bf4\u6cd5\uff0c\u8be6\u7ec6\u5185\u5bb9\u8bf7\u67e5\u9605\u6559\u79d1\u4e66\u3002\uff09<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/p>\n

\u6211\u4e0d\u6253\u7b97\u63cf\u8ff0\u6574\u4e2a\u8bc1\u660e\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff0c\u4f46\u7ed3\u8bba\u5c31\u662f\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u4e00\u4e2a\u7cfb\u7edf\u72b6\u6001\u662f\u5b9a\u6001\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u5b83\u4e00\u5b9a\u62e5\u6709\u4e0e\u63a7\u5236\u5b83\u8fd0\u52a8\u7684\u52a8\u529b\u5b66\u4e00\u6837\u7684\u5bf9\u79f0\u6027\u3002<\/strong>\u539f\u56e0\u5f88\u7b80\u5355\uff1a\u5728\u91cf\u5b50\u529b\u5b66\u4e2d\uff0c\u9664\u975e\u5b58\u5728\u5bf9\u79f0\u6027\u7684\u9650\u5236\uff0c\u7cfb\u7edf\u603b\u662f\u5b58\u5728\u4ece\u4e00\u4e2a\u6001\u53d8\u5316\u5230\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u6001\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u6211\u4eec\u4ece\u4efb\u4f55\u975e\u5bf9\u79f0\u6001\u51fa\u53d1\uff0c\u7cfb\u7edf\u5c06\u8f6c\u53d8\u4e3a\u5176\u4ed6\u6001\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u53ea\u6709\u4ee5\u5bf9\u79f0\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u53e0\u52a0\u6240\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u975e\u5bf9\u79f0\u6001\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u624d\u80fd\u5f97\u5230\u5b9a\u6001\u3002\u6c28\u5206\u5b50\u6d89\u53ca\u7684\u5bf9\u79f0\u6027\u662f\u5b87\u79f0\uff08parity\uff0c\u5373\u7a7a\u95f4\u53cd\u6f14\u5bf9\u79f0\uff09\u2014\u2014\u5b87\u79f0\u7684\u7c92\u5b50\u5de6\u624b\u6027\u4e0e\u53f3\u624b\u6027\u7b49\u4ef7\u3002\uff08\u5173\u4e8e\u57fa\u672c\u7c92\u5b50\u5b9e\u9a8c\u4eba\u5458\u53d1\u73b0\u7684\u7279\u5b9a\u8fdd\u80cc\u5b87\u79f0\u73b0\u8c61\u7684\u6761\u4ef6\u548c\u672c\u95ee\u9898\u65e0\u5173\uff1b\u90a3\u4e9b\u6761\u4ef6\u80fd\u9020\u6210\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u592a\u5f31\u4e86\u4ee5\u81f3\u4e8e\u65e0\u6cd5\u5f71\u54cd\u666e\u901a\u7269\u8d28\u3002\uff09<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/p>\n

\u6211\u4eec\u5df2\u7ecf\u77e5\u9053\u4e86\u6c28\u5206\u5b50\u5982\u4f55\u6ee1\u8db3\u6ca1\u6709\u5076\u6781\u77e9\u80cc\u540e\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u5206\u6790\uff0c\u73b0\u5728\u6211\u4eec\u5f00\u59cb\u8003\u8651\u5176\u4ed6\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u5f53\u7cfb\u7edf\u6e10\u8fdb\u5b8f\u89c2\u65f6\uff0c\u4ee5\u5224\u65ad\u6001\u548c\u5bf9\u79f0\u6027\u662f\u5426\u603b\u662f\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u3002\u81ea\u7136\u754c\u4e2d\u5b58\u5728\u7740\u548c\u6c28\u7c7b\u4f3c\u7684\u91d1\u5b57\u5854\u72b6\u7684\u5206\u5b50\uff0c\u7531\u539f\u5b50\u91cf\u66f4\u5927\u7684\u5143\u7d20\u7ec4\u6210\u3002\u78f7\u5316\u6c22\uff0cPH3\uff0c\u662f\u6c28\u7684\u4e24\u500d\u91cd\uff0c\u4e5f\u4f1a\u53cd\u8f6c\uff0c\u4e0d\u8fc7\u9891\u7387\u662f\u6c28\u7684\u5341\u5206\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002\u4e09\u6c1f\u5316\u78f7\u4e2d\uff0cPF3\uff0c\u66f4\u91cd\u7684\u6c1f\u539f\u5b50\u53d6\u4ee3\u4e86\u6c22\u539f\u5b50\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u7406\u8bba\u4e0a\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u786e\u5b9a\u53cd\u8f6c\u7684\u53d1\u751f\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u65e0\u6cd5\u5728\u53ef\u6d4b\u6c34\u5e73\u4e2d\u89c2\u6d4b\u5230\u4e09\u6c1f\u5316\u78f7\u7684\u53cd\u8f6c\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/p>\n

\u63a5\u4e0b\u6765\u6211\u4eec\u8003\u8651\u66f4\u590d\u6742\u7684\u5206\u5b50\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u542b\u6709 40 \u4e2a\u539f\u5b50\u7684\u7cd6\u5206\u5b50\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u5c3a\u5ea6\u4e0b\uff0c\u671f\u5f85\u5206\u5b50\u53cd\u8f6c\u662f\u6ca1\u6709\u610f\u4e49\u7684\u3002\u751f\u547d\u6709\u673a\u4f53\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u7cd6\u5206\u5b50\u90fd\u5177\u6709\u7a33\u5b9a\u7684\u540c\u4e00\u87ba\u65cb\u65b9\u5411\uff08\u5de6\u65cb\uff09\uff0c\u6b64\u65f6\u7cd6\u5206\u5b50\u5de6\u624b\u6027\u4e0e\u53f3\u624b\u6027\u4e0d\u7b49\u4ef7\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u4e0d\u5177\u5907\u5b87\u79f0\u5bf9\u79f0\u6027\u3002\u5e76\u4e14\uff0c\u65e0\u8bba\u662f\u91cf\u5b50\u529b\u5b66\u96a7\u9053\u6548\u5e94\u8fd8\u662f\u5e38\u6e29\u4e0b\u7684\u70ed\u6270\u52a8\u90fd\u65e0\u6cd5\u4f7f\u5176\u53cd\u8f6c\u3002\u6b64\u65f6\u7814\u7a76\u7cd6\u5206\u5b50\u7684\u6027\u8d28\u5fc5\u987b\u629b\u5f00\u53cd\u8f6c\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u5e76\u5ffd\u7565\u5b87\u79f0\u5bf9\u79f0\u6027\uff08parity symmetry\uff09\uff1a<\/span>\u5bf9\u79f0\u6027\u5b9a\u5f8b\u6ca1\u6709\u88ab\u8fdd\u80cc\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u7834\u7f3a\u4e86\u3002<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\u56fe3\uff1a<\/span><\/strong>\u6c28\u57fa\u9178\u5206\u5b50\u662f\u624b\u6027\u7684\uff0c\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u5b87\u79f0\u5bf9\u79f0 by NASA<\/span><\/strong>\u7248\u6743\uff1a<\/span><\/strong>\u516c\u6709\u9886\u57df<\/span><\/strong><\/section>\n

<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

 \u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u6211\u4eec\u901a\u8fc7\u70ed\u5e73\u8861\u4e2d\u7684\u5316\u5b66\u53cd\u5e94\u5408\u6210\u7cd6\u5206\u5b50\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4f1a\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c\u4e00\u822c\u60c5\u51b5<\/span>\u4e0b\uff0c\u5de6\u624b\u6027\u5206\u5b50\u548c\u53f3\u624b\u6027\u5206\u5b50\u7684\u6570\u91cf\u662f\u4e00\u6837\u7684\u3002<\/span>\u5982\u679c\u6ca1\u6709\u6bd4\u81ea\u7531\u5206\u5b50\u96c6\u5408\u4f53\u66f4\u590d\u6742\u7684\u7269\u8d28\uff0c\u4e00\u822c\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u5bf9\u79f0\u6027\u5b9a\u5f8b\u4e0d\u4f1a\u88ab\u6253\u7834\u3002<\/span>\u6211\u4eec<\/span>\u9700\u8981\u751f\u547d\u4f53\u6765\u4ea7\u751f\u4e0d\u540c\u5bf9\u79f0\u6027\u5206\u5b50\u5206\u5e03\u7684\u4e0d\u5747\u5300\u6027\u3002<\/strong><\/p>\n


<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u5927\u89c4\u6a21\u7684\u4f46\u662f\u65e0\u751f\u547d\u7684\u539f\u5b50\u805a\u5408\u7269\u4e2d\uff0c\u4f1a\u51fa\u73b0\u4e00\u79cd\u5b8c\u5168\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u5bf9\u79f0\u6027\u7834\u7f3a<\/span><\/strong>\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u5bfc\u81f4\u51c0\u5076\u6781\u77e9\uff08net dipole moment\uff09\u6216\u8005\u51c0\u65cb\u5149\u5ea6\uff08net optical rotating power\uff09\u7684\u4ea7\u751f*\uff0c\u6216\u540c\u65f6\u5bfc\u81f4\u4e24\u8005\u3002\u5f88\u591a\u6676\u4f53\u5728\u6bcf\u4e2a\u6676\u80de\uff08\u6676\u4f53\u7684\u6700\u5c0f\u91cd\u590d\u5355\u4f4d\uff09\u90fd\u5b58\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u51c0\u5076\u6781\u77e9\uff08\u70ed\u7535\u6027 pyroelectricity\uff09\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u67d0\u4e9b\u57fa\u672c\u5355\u5143\u7684\u77e9\u53ef\u88ab\u7535\u573a\u53cd\u8f6c\uff08\u94c1\u7535\u6027 ferroelectricity\uff0c\u6307\u7684\u662f\u5916\u52a0\u7535\u573a\u53ef\u4ee5\u6539\u53d8\u5076\u6781\u77e9\u65b9\u5411\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u6027\u8d28\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u94c1\u7535\u6027\uff09\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u975e\u5bf9\u79f0\u6027\u662f\u6676\u4f53\u5bfb\u6c42\u5230\u8fbe\u5176\u6700\u4f4e\u80fd\u91cf\u6001\u65f6\u7684\u81ea\u53d1\u6548\u5e94\u3002\u5f53\u7136\uff0c\u5177\u6709\u76f8\u53cd\u77e9\u7684\u6001\u4e5f\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u5bf9\u79f0\u5730\u5177\u6709\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u80fd\u91cf\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u7cfb\u7edf\u5982\u6b64\u4e4b\u5927\uff0c\u4ee5\u81f3\u4e8e\u6ca1\u6709\u70ed\u529b\u6216\u91cf\u5b50\u529b\u80fd\u591f\u5728\u6709\u9650\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u4e2d\uff08\u76f8\u8f83\u4e8e\u5b87\u5b99\u7684\u5e74\u9f84\uff09\uff0c\u5c06\u4e00\u79cd\u6001\u8f6c\u6362\u4e3a\u53e6\u4e00\u79cd\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/span><\/p>\n

*\u51c0\u5076\u6781\u8ddd\u6307\u7684\u662f\u5206\u5b50\u7684\u5316\u5b66\u952e\u5177\u5907\u5076\u6781\u77e9\uff0c\u4f46\u7531\u4e8e\u7ec4\u6210\u5206\u5b50\u7684\u5076\u6781\u77e9\u5728\u7a7a\u95f4\u5404\u4e2a\u65b9\u5411\u4e0a\u62b5\u6d88\uff0c\u6700\u540e\u5206\u5b50\u603b\u5076\u6781\u77e9\u4f53\u73b0\u4e3a\u5206\u91cf\u7684\u77e2\u91cf\u5408\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/span><\/p>\n

\u57fa\u4e8e\u6b64\u81f3\u5c11\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f97\u5230\u4e09\u4e2a\u63a8\u8bba\uff1a<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/span><\/p>\n

\u4e00\uff0c\u5bf9\u79f0\u6027\u5728\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u4e2d\u610f\u4e49\u91cd\u5927\u3002<\/span>\u5bf9\u79f0\u6027\u610f\u5473\u7740\u5373\u4fbf\u89c2\u5bdf\u8005\u89c6\u89d2\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u7cfb\u7edf\u4ecd\u7136\u5177\u5907\u539f\u6765\u7684\u7279\u8d28\u3002<\/span>\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bf4\uff0c\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u662f\u7814\u7a76\u5bf9\u79f0\u6027\u7684\u5b66\u79d1\u3002<\/span>\u725b\u987f\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u5c55\u793a\u4e86\u8be5\u89c2\u70b9\u7684\u5a01\u529b\uff0c\u4ed6\u6216\u8bb8\u4f1a\u95ee\u81ea\u5df1\uff1a<\/span>\u5982\u679c\u6211\u624b\u91cc\u7684\u7269\u4f53\u548c\u5929\u7a7a\u4e2d\u7684\u7269\u4f53\u9075\u5faa\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u5b9a\u5f8b\u4f1a\u600e\u6837\u2014\u2014\u5982\u679c\u7a7a\u95f4\u548c\u7269\u8d28\u662f\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u4e14\u5404\u65b9\u5411\u540c\u6027\u7684\u4f1a\u600e\u6837\uff1f<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/span><\/p>\n

\u4e8c\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u4e00\u4e2a\u7269\u4f53\u7684\u603b\u6001\uff08total state\uff09\u662f\u5bf9\u79f0\u7684\uff0c\u5176\u5185\u90e8\u7ed3\u6784\u5e76\u4e0d\u4e00\u5b9a\u662f\u5bf9\u79f0\u7684\u3002<\/span>\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u4ece\u91cf\u5b50\u529b\u5b66\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u5b9a\u5f8b\u51fa\u53d1\u5e76\u9884\u6d4b\u6c28\u5206\u5b50\u7684\u53cd\u8f6c\u548c\u5176\u6613\u88ab\u89c2\u5bdf\u5230\u7684\u6027\u8d28\uff0c\u800c\u65e0\u9700\u7a77\u5c3d\u975e\u5bf9\u79f0\u7684\u91d1\u5b57\u5854\u72b6\u7ed3\u6784\u7684\u6001\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u6ca1\u6709\u201c\u6001\u201d\u6709\u90a3\u79cd\u7ed3\u6784\uff08\u610f\u4e3a\u4ece\u4e25\u8c28\u7684\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u89d2\u5ea6\uff0c\u6c28\u5206\u5b50\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u91d1\u5b57\u5854\u7ed3\u6784\u7684\uff09\u3002<\/span>\u76f4\u5230\u51e0\u5341\u5e74\u524d\uff0c\u6838\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u624d\u505c\u6b62\u5c06\u539f\u5b50\u6838\u89c6\u4e3a\u6ca1\u6709\u7279\u5f81\u7684\u3001\u5bf9\u79f0\u7684\u5c0f\u7403\u3002<\/span>\u5e76\u4e14\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5f00\u59cb\u610f\u8bc6\u5230\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u539f\u5b50\u6838\u6ca1\u6709\u5076\u6781\u77e9\uff0c\u4f46\u5e76\u4e0d\u59a8\u788d\u539f\u5b50\u7684\u7535\u5b50\u4e91\u53d8\u6210\u6a44\u6984\u7403\u72b6\u6216\u76d8\u5b50\u72b6\u3002<\/span>\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7ed3\u679c\u80fd\u591f\u5728\u6838\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u6240\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u53cd\u5e94\u5149\u8c31\u548c\u6fc0\u53d1\u5149\u8c31\u4e2d\u89c2\u5bdf\u5230\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5176\u6bd4\u6c28\u53cd\u8f6c\u66f4\u96be\u4ee5\u88ab\u76f4\u63a5\u8bc1\u660e\u3002<\/span>\u5728\u6211\u770b\u6765\uff0c\u65e0\u8bba\u662f\u5426\u5c06\u5176\u79f0\u4e3a\u5185\u6db5\u6027\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u5b83\u90fd\u548c\u4eba\u4eec\u6240\u8ba4\u4e3a\u7684\u672c\u8d28\u89c4\u5f8b\u4e00\u6837\u57fa\u7840\u3002<\/span>\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u73b0\u8c61\u5e76\u4e0d\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u65b0\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u5b9a\u5f8b\u53bb\u89e3\u91ca\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u4ece\u90a3\u4e9b\u5df2\u6709\u5b9a\u5f8b\u4e2d\u5c06\u5176\u63a8\u5bfc\u51fa\u6765\u5341\u5206\u56f0\u96be\uff1b<\/span>\u5b83\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u57fa\u4e8e\u65e5\u5e38\u76f4\u89c9\u7684\u7075\u611f\uff0c\u7a81\u7136\u5c31\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u6240\u6709\u4e8b\u7269\u5951\u5408\u5730\u975e\u5e38\u597d\u3002<\/span> <\/span><\/p>\n


<\/span><\/p>\n

\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7ed3\u679c\u5f88\u96be\u63a8\u5bfc\u7684\u539f\u56e0\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u63a5\u4e0b\u6765\u9700\u8981\u8ba8\u8bba\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u95ee\u9898\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002<\/span>\u5982\u679c\u539f\u5b50\u6838\u8db3\u591f\u5c0f\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u6ca1\u6709\u80fd\u591f\u4e25\u683c\u5b9a\u4e49\u5176\u5f62\u72b6\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\uff1a<\/span>\u6211\u4eec\u65e0\u6cd5\u5c06\u6570\u4e2a\u7f20\u7ed5\u7684\u7c92\u5b50\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e3a\u65cb\u8f6c\u7684\u201c\u76d8\u5b50\u201d\u6216\u201c\u6a44\u6984\u7403\u201d\u3002<\/span>\u53ea\u6709\u5c06\u539f\u5b50\u6838\u89c6\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u591a\u4f53\u7cfb\u7edf\u2014\u2014\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f N\u2192\u221e \u6781\u9650 \u2014\u2014 \u624d\u80fd\u8bf4\u5b9a\u4e49\u5f62\u72b6\u662f\u4e25\u8c28\u7684\u3002<\/span>\u90a3\u6837\u5f62\u72b6\u7684\u5b8f\u89c2\u7269\u4f53\u5c06\u5177\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u6240\u8c13\u7684\u65cb\u8f6c\u6216\u9707\u52a8\u6fc0\u53d1\u5149\u8c31\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u672c\u8d28\u4e0a\u548c\u65e0\u7279\u5f81\u7cfb\u7edf\uff08featureless system\uff09\u5b8c\u5168\u4e0d\u540c\u3002<\/span>\u5f53\u6211\u4eec\u770b\u5230\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u5149\u8c31\u65f6\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u90a3\u4e48\u6e05\u6670\u548c\u5b8c\u7f8e\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4ecd\u7136\u4f1a\u627f\u8ba4\u539f\u5b50\u6838\u4e0d\u662f\u5b8f\u89c2\u7684\uff0c\u5b83\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u8d8b\u8fd1\u4e8e\u5b8f\u89c2\u3002<\/span>\u4ece\u57fa\u7840\u5b9a\u5f8b\u548c\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u51fa\u53d1\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u5f97\u4e0d\u5b9e\u73b0\u4e24\u4ef6\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\u2014\u2014\u89e3\u51b3\u65e0\u9650\u591a\u4f53\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u5e76\u5c06\u5176\u8fd0\u7528\u4e8e\u6709\u9650\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u2014\u2014\u5728\u6211\u4eec\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5236\u5907\u4e4b\u524d\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/span><\/p>\n

\u4e09\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u8db3\u591f\u5927\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u6001\u4e0d\u4e00\u5b9a\u9075\u5faa\u5bf9\u79f0\u6027\u5b9a\u5f8b\uff1b<\/span>\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u5176\u901a\u5e38\u5177\u6709\u8f83\u4f4e\u7684\u5bf9\u79f0\u6027\u3002<\/span>\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u6676\u4f53\u7531\u539f\u5b50\u548c\u7a7a\u95f4\u4f9d\u636e\u5b8c\u7f8e\u7684\u7a7a\u95f4\u9f50\u6027\uff08homogeneous space\uff09\u6784\u6210\uff0c\u4f46\u6676\u4f53\u5374\u7a81\u7136\u6beb\u65e0\u5f81\u5146\u5730\u5c55\u73b0\u4e86\u5168\u65b0\u4e14\u7f8e\u5999\u7684\u5bf9\u79f0\u6027\u3002<\/span>\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u66f4\u4e00\u822c\u5316\u7684\u89c4\u5219\u662f\u5927\u7cfb\u7edf\u8f83\u5176\u5e95\u5c42\u7ed3\u6784\u5177\u6709\u66f4\u4f4e\u7684\u5bf9\u79f0\u6027\uff0c\u6676\u4f53\u4e5f\u4e0d\u4f8b\u5916\uff1a<\/span>\u5c3d\u7ba1\u6676\u4f53\u5177\u6709\u5bf9\u79f0\u6027\uff0c\u4f46\u5176\u5bf9\u79f0\u6027\u8fdc\u4f4e\u4e8e\u5b8c\u7f8e\u7a7a\u95f4\u9f50\u6027\u60c5\u51b5\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/span><\/p>\n

\u6676\u4f53\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\u4e2d\u6211\u7684\u8bba\u8bc1\u4e5f\u8bb8\u8fc7\u4e8e\u6a21\u7cca\u7c97\u6d45\u3002<\/span>\u4f46\u662f19\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e2d\u671f\uff0c\u6676\u4f53\u7684\u89c4\u5f8b\u6027\u5c31\u5df2\u88ab\u534a\u7ecf\u9a8c\u5730\u63a8\u5bfc\u4e86\u51fa\u6765\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u4e1d\u6beb\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u590d\u6742\u7684\u8bba\u8bc1\u3002<\/span>\u4f46\u662f\u67d0\u4e9b\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u5982\u8d85\u5bfc\u6027\uff0c\u65b0\u7684\u5bf9\u79f0\u6027\u2014\u2014\u73b0\u5728\u6211\u4eec\u79f0\u5176\u4e3a\u7834\u7f3a\u7684\u5bf9\u79f0\u6027\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u539f\u59cb\u7684\u5bf9\u79f0\u6027\u4e0d\u518d\u660e\u663e\u4e86\u2014\u2014\u662f\u8ba9\u4eba\u5b8c\u5168\u96be\u4ee5\u9884\u6d4b\u548c\u76f4\u89c2\u7406\u89e3\u7684\u3002<\/span>\u4ece\u77e5\u6653\u8d85\u5bfc\u6027\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u5b9a\u5f8b\uff0c\u5230\u771f\u6b63\u505a\u51fa\u8d85\u5bfc\u73b0\u8c61\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\uff0c\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u7528\u4e86 30 \u5e74\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/span><\/p>\n

\u8d85\u5bfc\u6027\u662f\u5bf9\u79f0\u6027\u7834\u7f3a\u7684\u6700\u4e3a\u7a81\u51fa\u7684\u5b8f\u89c2\u5b9e\u4f8b\uff0c\u4f46\u5176\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u552f\u4e00\u7684\u5b9e\u4f8b\u3002<\/span>\u53cd\u94c1\u78c1\u4f53\u3001\u94c1\u7535\u4f53\u3001\u6db2\u6676\u7b49\u90fd\u9075\u5faa\u4e00\u4e2a\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u3001\u975e\u5e38\u666e\u904d\u7684\u89c4\u5219\u548c\u7406\u5ff5\uff0c\u90a3\u5c31\u662f\u4e00\u4e9b\u591a\u4f53\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u6240\u8c13\u7684\u5bf9\u79f0\u6027\u7834\u7f3a\u3002<\/span>\u6211\u4e0d\u4f1a\u7ee7\u7eed\u8ba8\u8bba\u8fd9\u6bb5\u5386\u53f2\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u5728\u6587\u7ae0\u672b\u5c3e\u7ed9\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u53c2\u8003\u76ee\u5f55\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/span><\/p>\n

\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u5173\u952e\u662f\uff0c\u5728\u5927\u7cfb\u7edf\uff08\u5c31\u6211\u4eec\u800c\u8a00\u7684\u5b8f\u89c2\u5c3a\u5ea6\uff09\u7684N \u2192\u221e \u6781\u9650\u4e2d\uff0c\u7269\u8d28\u4f1a\u7ecf\u5386\u6570\u5b66\u4e0a\u5c16\u9510\u7684\u3001\u5947\u5f02\u7684\u201c\u76f8\u53d8\u201d\uff0c\u6700\u7ec8\u5230\u8fbe\u8fdd\u53cd\u5fae\u89c2\u5bf9\u79f0\u6027\u751a\u81f3\u5fae\u89c2\u8fd0\u52a8\u65b9\u7a0b\u7684\u6001\u3002<\/span>\u5bf9\u79f0\u6027\u53ea\u5728\u4e00\u4e9b\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u6027\u8d28\u4e0a\u6709\u6240\u4f53\u73b0\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u957f\u6ce2\u632f\u52a8\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u6211\u4eec\u975e\u5e38\u719f\u6089\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\u5c31\u662f\u58f0\u6ce2\uff1b<\/span>\u6216\u8d85\u5bfc\u4f53\u4e0d\u540c\u5bfb\u5e38\u7684\u5b8f\u89c2\u5bfc\u7535\u73b0\u8c61\uff1b<\/span>\u8fd8\u6709\u6676\u4f53\u70b9\u9635\u548c\u5927\u591a\u6570\u56fa\u4f53\u7684\u521a\u6027\u3002<\/span>\u5f53\u7136\uff0c\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e0d\u662f\u771f\u7684\u5728\u8fdd\u80cc\uff08violate\uff09\u65f6\u7a7a\u5bf9\u79f0\u6027\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u8868\u73b0\u51fa\u4e00\u79cd\u5bf9\u79f0\u6027\u7834\u7f3a\uff08break\uff09\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u4ece\u80fd\u91cf\u89d2\u5ea6\u8003\u8651\uff0c\u7cfb\u7edf\u5404\u90e8\u5206\u4fdd\u6301\u56fa\u5b9a\u5173\u7cfb\u662f\u66f4\u6709\u5229\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5bf9\u79f0\u6027\u53ea\u5141\u8bb8\u6574\u4f53\u5bf9\u5916\u529b\u505a\u51fa\u56de\u5e94\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/span><\/p>\n

\u8fd9\u5bfc\u81f4\u4e86\u201c\u521a\u6027\u201d\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u8d85\u5bfc\u6027\u548c\u8d85\u6d41\u6027\u7684\u6070\u5f53\u63cf\u8ff0\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5b83\u4eec\u6709\u663e\u7136\u7684\u201c\u6d41\u4f53\u201d\u6027\u8d28\u3002<\/span>\uff08London \u5f88\u65e9\u5c31\u6ce8\u610f\u5230\u4e86\u8d85\u5bfc\u6027\u3002<\/span>\uff09 \u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5047\u60f3\u7684\u6728\u661f\u4e0a\u7684\u6c14\u6001\u667a\u6167\u516c\u6c11\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u94f6\u6cb3\u4e2d\u5fc3\u67d0\u5904\u7684\u6c22\u4e91\u4e2d\u7684\u516c\u6c11\uff0c\u666e\u901a\u6676\u4f53\u7684\u6027\u8d28\u5f88\u53ef\u80fd\u6bd4\u8d85\u6d41\u6c2e\u66f4\u590d\u6742\u548c\u4ee4\u4eba\u56f0\u60d1\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/span><\/p>\n

\u6211\u5e76\u4e0d\u60f3\u8ba9\u5927\u5bb6\u4ee5\u4e3a\u6240\u6709\u95ee\u9898\u5df2\u7ecf\u89e3\u51b3\u4e86\u3002<\/span>\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u6211\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u73bb\u7483\u4ee5\u53ca\u975e\u6676\u4f53\u4ecd\u7136\u5b58\u5728\u4ee4\u4eba\u7740\u8ff7\u7684\u539f\u7406\u6027\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u89e3\u51b3\u6216\u8bb8\u4f1a\u63ed\u793a\u66f4\u590d\u6742\u7684\u6027\u8d28\u3002<\/span>\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u81f3\u5c11\u5df2\u7406\u89e3\u4e86\u5728\u60f0\u6027\u5b8f\u89c2\u7684\u7269\u4f53\u7684\u6027\u8d28\u4e2d\uff0c\u8fd9\u7c7b\u5bf9\u79f0\u6027\u7834\u7f3a\u5728\u7406\u8bba\u5c42\u9762\u5145\u5f53\u7684\u89d2\u8272\u3002<\/span>\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u6211\u4eec\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c\u6574\u4f53\u4e0d\u4ec5\u4ec5\u591a\u4e8e\u90e8\u5206\u4e4b\u548c\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u4e0d\u540c\u4e8e\u90e8\u5206\u4e4b\u548c\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/span><\/p>\n

\u63a5\u4e0b\u6765\u6211\u4eec\u4f1a\u5f88\u81ea\u7136\u5730\u8003\u8651\uff0c\u65f6\u7a7a\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u5bf9\u79f0\u6027\u662f\u5426\u6709\u66f4\u5f7b\u5e95\u7684\u74e6\u89e3\uff0c\u662f\u5426\u4f1a\u4ea7\u751f\u65b0\u7684\u3001\u672c\u8d28\u4e0a\u4e0d\u540c\u4e8e\u201c\u7b80\u5355\u201d\u76f8\u53d8\uff08\u5373\u51dd\u7ed3\u6001\u5230\u5177\u6709\u66f4\u4f4e\u5bf9\u79f0\u6027\u7684\u6001\uff09\u7684\u73b0\u8c61\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/span><\/p>\n

\u6211\u4eec\u5df2\u7ecf\u6392\u9664\u4e86\u663e\u7136\u4e0d\u5bf9\u79f0\u7684\u6db2\u4f53\u3001\u6c14\u4f53\u548c\u73bb\u7483\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u3002<\/span>\uff08\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u5b83\u4eec\u6bd4\u6211\u4eec\u60f3\u8c61\u5730\u66f4\u4e3a\u5bf9\u79f0\u3002<\/span>\uff09\u4e0b\u4e00\u4e2a\u9636\u6bb5\u5e94\u8be5\u8003\u8651\u89c4\u5f8b\u7684\u4f46\u662f\u5305\u542b\u4fe1\u606f\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\u8be5\u7cfb\u7edf\u5728\u7a7a\u95f4\u4e0a\u662f\u89c4\u5f8b\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u800c\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u201c\u8bfb\u51fa\uff08read out\uff09\u201d\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u76f8\u90bb\u5355\u5143\u6709\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u5143\u7d20\u3002<\/span>\u4e00\u4e2a\u663e\u7136\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\u662f DNA\uff1b<\/span>\u65e5\u5e38\u751f\u6d3b\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e00\u884c\u5b57\u6216\u4e00\u5377\u7535\u5f71\u80f6\u7247\u4e5f\u5177\u6709\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\u3002<\/span>\u8fd9\u79cd\u201c\u8f7d\u6709\u4fe1\u606f\u7684\u7ed3\u6676\u6027\u201d\u4f3c\u4e4e\u5bf9\u751f\u547d\u81f3\u5173\u91cd\u8981\u3002<\/span>\u751f\u547d\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u662f\u5426\u9700\u8981\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u7684\u5bf9\u79f0\u6027\u7834\u7f3a\u5c1a\u4e0d\u6e05\u695a\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\n
\n
\n
\n
<\/p>\n

\u79d1\u5b66\u5c42\u7ea7\u7ed3\u6784\u7684\u672c\u8d28 <\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

<\/strong><\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n

<\/span>
<\/p>\n

\u7ee7\u7eed\u63a2\u8ba8\u751f\u547d\u4f53\u4e2d\u7684\u5bf9\u79f0\u6027\u7834\u7f3a\uff0c\u6211\u53d1\u73b0\u81f3\u5c11\u8fd8\u6709\u4e00\u79cd\u73b0\u8c61\u662f\u53ef\u8bc6\u522b\u7684\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u662f\u76f8\u5f53\u666e\u904d\u7684\uff0c\u5373\u65f6\u95f4\u7ef4\u5ea6\u7684\u6b21\u5e8f\uff08ordering\uff09\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ef\u79f0\u4e4b\u4e3a\u65f6\u95f4\u7ef4\u5ea6\u7684\u89c4\u5f8b\u6027\uff08regularity\uff09\u6216\u5468\u671f\u6027\uff08periodicity\uff09\u3002\u5927\u91cf\u5173\u4e8e\u751f\u547d\u8fc7\u7a0b\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u4e2d\uff0c\u65f6\u95f4\u4e0a\u7684\u89c4\u5219\u8109\u52a8\u90fd\u975e\u5e38\u91cd\u8981\uff1a\u5173\u4e8e\u53d1\u80b2\u3001\u751f\u957f\u3001\u751f\u957f\u6781\u9650\u7406\u8bba\u548c\u8bb0\u5fc6\u7406\u8bba\u3002\u65f6\u95f4\u89c4\u5f8b\u6027\u5728\u751f\u547d\u4f53\u4e2d\u975e\u5e38\u666e\u904d\uff0c\u4e14\u81f3\u5c11\u8d77\u7740\u4e24\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u3002\u4e00\uff0c\u5927\u591a\u6570\u4ece\u73af\u5883\u4e2d\u83b7\u53d6\u80fd\u91cf\u4ee5\u786e\u4fdd\u6301\u7eed\u3001\u51c6\u7a33\u6001\u8fc7\u7a0b\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u7275\u6d89\u5230\u65f6\u95f4\u5468\u671f\u88c5\u7f6e\uff08time-periodic machines\uff09\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u632f\u8361\u5668\uff08oscillator\uff09\u548c\u53d1\u751f\u5668\uff08generator\uff09\uff0c\u751f\u547d\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e5f\u4e0d\u4f8b\u5916\u3002\u4e8c\uff0c\u65f6\u95f4\u89c4\u5f8b\u6027\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u5904\u7406\u4fe1\u606f\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u548c\u4fe1\u606f\u643a\u5e26\u7684\u7a7a\u95f4\u89c4\u5f8b\u6027\u7c7b\u4f3c\uff0c\u4eba\u7c7b\u7684\u53e3\u8bed\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b9e\u4f8b\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u503c\u5f97\u6ce8\u610f\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u6240\u6709\u7684\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u90fd\u4f7f\u7528\u65f6\u95f4\u8109\u51b2\u3002\u4e0a\u8ff0\u63d0\u5230\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u4e5f\u6697\u793a\u4e86\u7b2c\u4e09\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\uff1a\u5229\u7528\u65f6\u5e8f\u8109\u51b2\u7684\u76f8\u4f4d\u5173\u7cfb\u6765\u5904\u7406\u4fe1\u606f\u5e76\u63a7\u5236\u7ec6\u80de\u548c\u6709\u673a\u4f53\u7684\u751f\u957f\u548c\u53d1\u80b2\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/span><\/p>\n

\u5728\u67d0\u79cd\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\uff0c\u7ed3\u6784\u2014\u2014\u76ee\u7684\u8bba\uff08teleological\uff09\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u7684\u529f\u80fd\u6027\u7ed3\u6784\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u6676\u4f53\u7684\u5f62\u6001\u7ed3\u6784\u2014\u2014\u5fc5\u987b\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u5bf9\u79f0\u6027\u7834\u7f3a\u7b49\u7ea7\u7ed3\u6784\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u9636\u6bb5\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u5904\u4e8e\u7ed3\u6676\u6027\uff08crystallinity\uff09\u548c\u643a\u5e26\u4fe1\u606f\u7684\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\uff08information strings\uff09 \u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u9636\u6bb5\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/p>\n

\u57fa\u4e8e\u5c42\u5c42\u63a8\u6d4b\uff0c\u6211\u89c9\u5f97\u4e0b\u4e00\u4e2a\u9636\u6bb5\u662f\u529f\u80fd\u7684\u5c42\u7ea7\u7ed3\u6784\u6216\u4e13\u95e8\u5316\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u540c\u65f6\u5305\u62ec\u4e24\u8005\u3002\u67d0\u79cd\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5e94\u8be5\u505c\u6b62\u8ba8\u8bba\u964d\u4f4e\u7684\u5bf9\u79f0\u6027\uff0c\u800c\u5c06\u5176\u79f0\u4e3a\u589e\u52a0\u7684\u590d\u6742\u6027\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u968f\u7740\u6bcf\u4e2a\u5c42\u7ea7\u7684\u590d\u6742\u6027\u4e0d\u65ad\u589e\u52a0\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u6cbf\u7740\u5b66\u79d1\u7684\u5c42\u7ea7\u7ed3\u6784\u4e0a\u5347\u3002\u5728\u5c06\u590d\u6742\u6027\u8f83\u4f4e\u7684\u90e8\u5206\u7ec4\u5408\u4e3a\u66f4\u590d\u6742\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u3001\u5e76\u7406\u89e3\u7531\u6b64\u5bfc\u81f4\u7684\u65b0\u6027\u8d28\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5728\u6bcf\u4e2a\u5c42\u7ea7\u90fd\u4f1a\u9047\u5230\u8ff7\u4eba\u7684\u4e14\u57fa\u7840\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

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\u6d77\u660e\u5a01\uff1a<\/span>\u662f\u7684\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u6709\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u94b1\u3002<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n


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[1] V. F. Weisskopf, in Brookhaven Nat. Lab. Publ. 888T360 (1965). Also see Nuovo Cimento Suppl. Ser 1 4, 465 (1966); Phy. Today 20 (No. 5), 23 (1967).<\/span><\/section>\n
[2] A. Bohr and B. R. Mottelson, Kgl. Dan. Vidensk. Selsk. Mat Fys. Medd. 27, 16 (1953).<\/span><\/section>\n
[3] Broken symmetry and phase transitions: L. D. Landau, Phys. Z. Sowjetunion 11, 26, 542 (1937). Broken symmetry and<\/span> collective motion, general: J. Goldstone, A. Salam, S. Weinberg, Phys. Rev. 127, 965 (1962); P. W. Anderson, Concepts in Solids (Benjamin, New York, 1963), pp. 175-182; B. D. Josephson, thesis, Trinity College, Cambridge University (1962). Special cases: antiferromagnetism, P. W. Anderson, Phys. Rev. 86, 694 (1952); super-conductivity, \u2014\u2014, ibid. 110, 827 (1958); ibid. 112, 1900 (1958); Y. Nambu, ibid. 117, 648 (1960).<\/span><\/section>\n
[4] F. London, Superfluids (Wiley, New York,1950), vol. 1.
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[5] M. H. Cohen, J. Theor. Biol. 31, 101 (1971).
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[6] J. Clarke, Amer. J. Phys. 38, 1075 (1969); P. W. Anderson, Phys. Today 23 (No. 11), 23 (1970).
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[7] A. B. Pippard, Reconciling Physics with Reality (Cambridge Univ. Press, London, 1972).<\/span><\/section>\n

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Science\u7ecf\u5178\u7efc\u8ff0\u6587\u7ae0\uff1a\u4ec0\u4e48\u662f\u79d1\u5b66\u5b66<\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

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\u5546\u52a1\u5408\u4f5c\u53ca\u6295\u7a3f\u8f6c\u8f7d\uff5cswarma@swarma.org
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\u25c6 <\/span>\u25c6 <\/span>\u25c6<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/strong><\/h1>\n<\/section>\n

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\u8ba9\u82f9\u679c\u7838\u5f97\u66f4\u731b\u70c8\u4e9b\u5427\uff01<\/span><\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n


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