{"id":21322,"date":"2020-10-20T21:50:52","date_gmt":"2020-10-20T13:50:52","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/swarma.org\/?p=21322"},"modified":"2020-10-20T21:50:52","modified_gmt":"2020-10-20T13:50:52","slug":"%e4%bb%80%e4%b9%88%e6%98%af%e9%9d%9e%e5%b9%b3%e8%a1%a1%e6%80%81%e7%83%ad%e5%8a%9b%e5%ad%a6-%e9%9b%86%e6%99%ba%e7%99%be%e7%a7%91","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/swarma.org\/?p=21322","title":{"rendered":"\u4ec0\u4e48\u662f\u975e\u5e73\u8861\u6001\u70ed\u529b\u5b66 | \u96c6\u667a\u767e\u79d1"},"content":{"rendered":"
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\u975e\u5e73\u8861\u6001\u70ed\u529b\u5b66 Non-equilibrium thermodynamics <\/span><\/strong>\u662f\u70ed\u529b\u5b66\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u5206\u652f\uff0c\u7814\u7a76\u67d0\u4e9b\u4e0d\u5904\u4e8e\u70ed\u529b\u5b66\u5e73\u8861\u4e2d\u7684\u7269\u7406\u7cfb\u7edf\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7cfb\u7edf\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u4e00\u4e9b\u53d8\u91cf<\/span>\uff08\u975e\u5e73\u8861\u6001\u53d8\u91cf\uff09<\/span>\u6765\u63cf\u8ff0\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u53d8\u91cf\u6765\u6e90\u4e8e\u7528\u6765\u63cf\u8ff0\u70ed\u529b\u5b66\u5e73\u8861\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u53d8\u91cf\u7684\u5916\u63a8\u3002\u975e\u5e73\u8861\u6001\u70ed\u529b\u5b66\u4e0e\u8f93\u8fd0\u8fc7\u7a0b\u548c\u5316\u5b66\u53cd\u5e94\u901f\u7387\u76f8\u5173\u3002\u5b83\u4f9d\u8d56\u4e8e\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u6216\u591a\u6216\u5c11\u63a5\u8fd1\u70ed\u529b\u5b66\u5e73\u8861\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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\u5e73\u8861\u6001\u70ed\u529b\u5b66\u548c\u975e\u5e73\u8861\u6001\u70ed\u529b\u5b66\u4e4b\u95f4\u5b58\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u5de8\u5927\u7684\u533a\u522b\uff1a<\/span>\u5e73\u8861\u6001\u70ed\u529b\u5b66\u5ffd\u7565\u4e86\u7269\u7406\u8fc7\u7a0b\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u8fdb\u7a0b\uff1b<\/span>\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u975e\u5e73\u8861\u6001\u70ed\u529b\u5b66\u8bd5\u56fe\u4e0d\u65ad\u8be6\u7ec6\u5730\u63cf\u8ff0\u7269\u7406\u8fc7\u7a0b\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u8fdb\u7a0b\u3002<\/span>
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\u975e\u5e73\u8861\u6001\u53d8\u91cf<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

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<\/span><\/p>\n<\/section>\n

\n
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<\/p>\n

\u4e8c\u3001\u975e\u5e73\u8861\u6001\u70ed\u529b\u5b66\u6982\u8ff0<\/strong><\/span>
<\/p>\n

<\/strong><\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/h1>\n

 <\/span><\/p>\n

\u975e\u5e73\u8861\u6001\u70ed\u529b\u5b66\u662f\u4e00\u9879\u6b63\u5728\u8fdb\u884c\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u4e00\u5ea7\u5df2\u7ecf\u5efa\u7acb\u7684\u5927\u53a6\u3002\u975e\u5e73\u8861\u6001\u70ed\u529b\u5b66\u4e2d\u4e00\u4e9b\u7279\u522b\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u80fd\u91cf\u8017\u6563\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u901f\u7387 time rate of dissipation of energy \u3001\u71b5\u4ea7\u751f\u901f\u7387 time rate of entropy production\u3001\u70ed\u529b\u5b66\u573athermodynamic fields\u3001\u8017\u6563\u7ed3\u6784 dissipative structure, and non-linear dynamical structure\u548c\u975e\u7ebf\u6027\u52a8\u529b\u7ed3\u6784 non-linear dynamical structure\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

\u4e00\u4e2a\u6709\u8da3\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u662f\u975e\u5e73\u8861\u5b9a\u6001\u7684\u70ed\u529b\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u71b5\u4ea7\u751f\u548c\u4e00\u4e9b\u6d41\u662f\u975e\u96f6\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u6ca1\u6709\u7269\u7406\u91cf\u968f\u65f6\u95f4\u53d8\u5316\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

\u975e\u5e73\u8861\u6001\u70ed\u529b\u5b66\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u65e9\u671f\u65b9\u6cd5\u6709\u65f6\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u7ecf\u5178\u4e0d\u53ef\u9006\u70ed\u529b\u5b66\u3002\u7814\u7a76\u975e\u5e73\u8861\u6001\u70ed\u529b\u5b66\u8fd8\u6709\u5176\u4ed6\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u5982\u6269\u5c55\u4e0d\u53ef\u9006\u70ed\u529b\u5b66\u548c\u5e7f\u4e49\u70ed\u529b\u5b66\uff0c\u4f46\u5728\u672c\u6587\u4e2d\u5f88\u5c11\u6d89\u53ca\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5ba4\u6761\u4ef6\u4e0b\u7269\u8d28\u7684\u51c6\u65e0\u8f90\u5c04\u975e\u5e73\u8861\u70ed\u529b\u5b66<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u6839\u636e Wildt \u7684\u8bf4\u6cd5\uff0c\u5f53\u524d\u7248\u672c\u7684\u975e\u5e73\u8861\u6001\u70ed\u529b\u5b66\u5ffd\u7565\u4e86\u8f90\u5c04\u70ed; \u4ed6\u4eec\u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u53ef\u4ee5\u8fd9\u6837\u505a\uff0c\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u4ed6\u4eec\u53c2\u7167\u7684\u662f\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5ba4\u6761\u4ef6\u4e0b\u7684\u7269\u8d28\u6570\u91cf\uff0c\u800c\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5ba4\u6761\u4ef6\u4e0b\u7684\u7269\u8d28\u6e29\u5ea6\u8fdc\u4f4e\u4e8e\u6052\u661f\u7684\u6e29\u5ea6\u3002\u5728\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5ba4\u6e29\u5ea6\u4e0b\uff0c\u5728\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5ba4\u6570\u91cf\u7684\u7269\u8d28\u4e2d\uff0c\u70ed\u8f90\u5c04\u5f88\u5f31,\u51e0\u4e4e\u53ef\u4ee5\u5ffd\u7565\u4e0d\u8ba1\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u5927\u6c14\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5173\u6ce8\u7684\u662f\u5360\u636e\u4ee5\u7acb\u65b9\u516c\u91cc\u8ba1\u7684\u5927\u91cf\u7269\u8d28\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u6574\u4f53\uff0c\u4e0d\u5728\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5ba4\u6570\u91cf\u7684\u8303\u56f4\u5185\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u70ed\u8f90\u5c04\u5c31\u4e0d\u80fd\u88ab\u5ffd\u89c6\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

\u5c40\u90e8\u5e73\u8861\u70ed\u529b\u5b66<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u201c\u7ecf\u5178\u4e0d\u53ef\u9006\u70ed\u529b\u5b66 classical irreversible thermodynamics \u201d\u548c\u201c\u5c40\u90e8\u5e73\u8861\u70ed\u529b\u5b66 local equilibrium thermodynamics \u201d\u6709\u65f6\u88ab\u7528\u6765\u6307\u4ee3\u4e00\u7c7b\u975e\u5e73\u8861\u70ed\u529b\u5b66\u3002\u5b83\u9700\u8981\u5982\u4e0b\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u7b80\u5316\u5047\u8bbe\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5047\u8bbe\u7684\u6548\u679c\u662f\u4f7f\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u6bcf\u4e2a\u975e\u5e38\u5c0f\u7684\u4f53\u79ef\u5143\u662f\u7b49\u6548\u540c\u8d28\u7684\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u662f\u5145\u5206\u6df7\u5408\u7684\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u6ca1\u6709\u6709\u6548\u7684\u7a7a\u95f4\u7ed3\u6784\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u6ca1\u6709\u4f53\u6d41\u52a8\u80fd\u6216\u6269\u6563\u901a\u91cf\u3002\u5373\u4f7f\u5728\u7ecf\u5178\u4e0d\u53ef\u9006\u70ed\u529b\u5b66\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u6846\u67b6\u5185\uff0c\u5728\u9009\u62e9\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u72ec\u7acb\u53d8\u91cf\u65f6\u4e5f\u9700\u8981\u8c28\u614e\u3002\u5728\u67d0\u4e9b\u8457\u4f5c\u4e2d\uff0c\u5047\u8bbe\u5e73\u8861\u70ed\u529b\u5b66\u7684\u5f3a\u5ea6\u91cf\u8db3\u591f\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4efb\u52a1\u7684\u72ec\u7acb\u53d8\u91cf(\u8fd9\u4e9b\u53d8\u91cf\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u6ca1\u6709\u201c\u8bb0\u5fc6\u201d\uff0c\u4e0d\u663e\u793a\u8fdf\u6ede\u73b0\u8c61);\u7279\u522b\u5730\uff0c\u5c40\u90e8\u6d41\u7684\u5f3a\u5ea6\u91cf\u4e0d\u5141\u8bb8\u4f5c\u4e3a\u72ec\u7acb\u53d8\u91cf;\u5c40\u90e8\u6d41\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4f9d\u8d56\u4e8e\u51c6\u9759\u6001\u5c40\u90e8\u5f3a\u5ea6\u91cf\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

\u540c\u65f6\u5047\u8bbe\u5c40\u90e8\u71b5\u5bc6\u5ea6\u4e0e\u5176\u4ed6\u5c40\u90e8\u5f3a\u5ea6\u91cf\u7684\u51fd\u6570\u5173\u7cfb\u548c\u5e73\u8861\u6001\u76f8\u540c\uff0c\u8fd9\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u5c40\u90e8\u70ed\u529b\u5b66\u5e73\u8861\u5047\u8bbe\u3002\u8f90\u5c04\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u5ffd\u7565\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u662f\u80fd\u91cf\u5728\u533a\u57df\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u8f6c\u79fb\uff0c\u800c\u533a\u57df\u4e4b\u95f4\u53ef\u4ee5\u76f8\u4e92\u8fdc\u79bb\u3002\u5728\u7ecf\u5178\u4e0d\u53ef\u9006\u70ed\u529b\u5b66\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u4e2d\uff0c\u5141\u8bb8\u4ece\u5fae\u5c0f\u4f53\u79ef\u5143\u5230\u76f8\u90bb\u7684\u5fae\u5c0f\u7684\u4f53\u79ef\u5143\u6709\u975e\u5e38\u5c0f\u7684\u7a7a\u95f4\u53d8\u5316\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u5047\u5b9a\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u603b\u71b5\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u5c40\u90e8\u71b5\u5bc6\u5ea6\u7684\u7a7a\u95f4\u79ef\u5206\u5f97\u5230\uff0c\u8fd9\u610f\u5473\u7740\u7a7a\u95f4\u7ed3\u6784\u4e0d\u80fd\u5bf9\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u603b\u71b5\u4f5c\u51fa\u8d21\u732e\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u65b9\u6cd5\u5047\u8bbe\u7a7a\u95f4\u548c\u65f6\u95f4\u7684\u8fde\u7eed\u6027\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u5047\u8bbe\u5c40\u90e8\u5b9a\u4e49\u7684\u5f3a\u5ea6\u91cf\u662f\u53ef\u5fae\u7684\uff0c\u5982\u6e29\u5ea6\u548c\u5185\u90e8\u80fd\u91cf\u5bc6\u5ea6\u3002\u6240\u6709\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5047\u8bbe\u90fd\u662f\u975e\u5e38\u4e25\u683c\u7684\u8981\u6c42\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u65b9\u6cd5\u53ea\u80fd\u5904\u7406\u8303\u56f4\u975e\u5e38\u6709\u9650\u7684\u73b0\u8c61\u3002\u7136\u800c\u8fd9\u79cd\u65b9\u6cd5\u662f\u6709\u4ef7\u503c\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f88\u597d\u5730\u5904\u7406\u4e00\u4e9b\u5b8f\u89c2\u4e0a\u53ef\u89c2\u5bdf\u5230\u7684\u73b0\u8c61\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

\u5728\u5176\u4ed6\u8457\u4f5c\u4e2d\uff0c\u8003\u8651\u4e86\u5c40\u90e8\u6d41\u53d8\u91cf\uff1b\u8fd9\u4e9b\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u7ecf\u5178\u7684\uff0c\u7c7b\u6bd4\u4e8e\u7531\u65e0\u4f11\u6b62\u7684\u91cd\u590d\u5faa\u73af\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u6d41\u52a8\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u4e0d\u53d8\u7684\u957f\u671f\u65f6\u95f4\u5e73\u5747\u503c\uff1b\u6709\u5173\u6d41\u52a8\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\u662f\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a Seebeck \u548c Peltier \u6548\u5e94\u7684\u70ed\u7535\u73b0\u8c61\uff0cKelvins \u5728\u5341\u4e5d\u4e16\u7eaa\u4ee5\u53ca Onsager \u5728\u4e8c\u5341\u4e16\u7eaa\u8003\u8651\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e00\u73b0\u8c61\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6548\u5e94\u53d1\u751f\u5728\u91d1\u5c5e\u8fde\u63a5\u5904\uff0c\u6700\u521d\u88ab\u6709\u6548\u5730\u5904\u7406\u4e3a\u4e8c\u7ef4\u8868\u9762\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u7a7a\u95f4\u4f53\u79ef\uff0c\u4e5f\u6ca1\u6709\u7a7a\u95f4\u53d8\u5316\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

\u201c\u8bb0\u5fc6\u201d\u6750\u6599\u7684\u5c40\u90e8\u5e73\u8861\u70ed\u529b\u5b66<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u5c40\u90e8\u5e73\u8861\u70ed\u529b\u5b66\u7684\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u6269\u5c55\u662f\u5141\u8bb8\u6750\u6599\u5177\u6709\u201d\u8bb0\u5fc6\u201d \uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u672c\u6784\u65b9\u7a0b\u4e0d\u4ec5\u4f9d\u8d56\u4e8e\u5f53\u524d\u503c\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u4f9d\u8d56\u4e8e\u5c40\u57df\u5e73\u8861\u53d8\u91cf\u7684\u8fc7\u53bb\u503c\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\u76f8\u6bd4\u4e8e\u65e0\u8bb0\u5fc6\u6750\u6599\u4f9d\u8d56\u65f6\u95f4\u7684\u5c40\u57df\u5e73\u8861\u70ed\u529b\u5b66\uff0c\u5728\u6709\u8bb0\u5fc6\u6750\u6599\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u65f6\u95f4\u5728\u7269\u7406\u56fe\u50cf\u4e2d\u66f4\u4e3a\u6df1\u5165\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u6d41\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u72b6\u6001\u7684\u72ec\u7acb\u53d8\u91cf\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

\u6269\u5c55\u7684\u4e0d\u53ef\u9006\u70ed\u529b\u5b66<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u6269\u5c55\u7684\u4e0d\u53ef\u9006\u70ed\u529b\u5b66\u662f\u975e\u5e73\u8861\u6001\u70ed\u529b\u5b66\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u5206\u652f\uff0c\u5b83\u8d85\u8d8a\u4e86\u5c40\u90e8\u5e73\u8861\u5047\u8bbe\u7684\u9650\u5236\u3002\u72b6\u6001\u53d8\u91cf\u7a7a\u95f4\u901a\u8fc7\u5305\u542b\u8d28\u91cf\u3001\u52a8\u91cf\u548c\u80fd\u91cf\u7684\u6d41\u4ee5\u53ca\u6700\u7ec8\u7684\u9ad8\u9636\u6d41\u800c\u88ab\u6269\u5927\u3002\u5176\u5f62\u5f0f\u975e\u5e38\u9002\u5408\u4e8e\u63cf\u8ff0\u9ad8\u9891\u8fc7\u7a0b\u548c\u5c0f\u5c3a\u5ea6\u6750\u6599\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

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\u4e09\u3001\u76f8\u5173\u6982\u5ff5 <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

<\/strong><\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n

<\/strong><\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n


<\/p>\n

\u6709\u8bb8\u591a\u9759\u6001\u975e\u5e73\u8861\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u4e00\u4e9b\u975e\u5e38\u7b80\u5355\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u88ab\u9650\u5236\u5728\u4e24\u4e2a\u4e0d\u540c\u6e29\u5ea6\u6052\u6e29\u5668\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u5e38\u89c1\u7684\u5e93\u57c3\u7279\u6d41\u52a8 Couette flow<\/strong>\uff0c\u4e24\u4e2a\u6cbf\u76f8\u53cd\u65b9\u5411\u8fd0\u52a8\u7684\u5e73\u677f\u58c1\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u6d41\u4f53\uff0c\u5e76\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e86\u58c1\u4e0a\u7684\u975e\u5e73\u8861\u6761\u4ef6\u3002\u6fc0\u5149\u4f5c\u7528\u4e5f\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u975e\u5e73\u8861\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83\u4f9d\u8d56\u4e8e\u8131\u79bb\u5c40\u90e8\u70ed\u529b\u5b66\u5e73\u8861\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u8d85\u51fa\u4e86\u7ecf\u5178\u4e0d\u53ef\u9006\u70ed\u529b\u5b66\u7684\u8303\u56f4\uff1b\u8fd9\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u4e24\u4e2a\u5206\u5b50\u81ea\u7531\u5ea6<\/span>\uff08\u5206\u5b50\u6fc0\u5149\uff0c\u632f\u52a8\u548c\u8f6c\u52a8\u5206\u5b50\u8fd0\u52a8\uff09<\/span>\u4e4b\u95f4\u4fdd\u6301\u4e86\u5f88\u5927\u7684\u6e29\u5dee\uff0c\u8fd9\u8981\u6c42\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u5f88\u5c0f\u7684\u7a7a\u95f4\u533a\u57df\u5b58\u5728\u4e24\u4e2a\u90e8\u5206\u7684\u201c\u6e29\u5ea6\u201d\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u6392\u9664\u4e86\u5c40\u90e8\u70ed\u529b\u5b66\u5e73\u8861\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u70ed\u529b\u5b66\u5e73\u8861\u53ea\u9700\u8981\u4e00\u4e2a\u6e29\u5ea6\u3002\u58f0\u6270\u52a8\u6216\u6fc0\u6ce2\u7684\u963b\u5c3c\u662f\u975e\u9759\u6001\u975e\u5e73\u8861\u8fc7\u7a0b\u3002\u88ab\u9a71\u52a8\u7684\u590d\u6742\u6d41\u4f53\u3001\u6e4d\u6d41\u7cfb\u7edf\u548c\u73bb\u7483\u662f\u975e\u5e73\u8861\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u4f8b\u5b50\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

\u5b8f\u89c2\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u529b\u5b66\u4f9d\u8d56\u4e8e\u5927\u91cf\u7684\u5e7f\u5ef6\u91cf\u3002\u5e94\u5f53\u5f3a\u8c03\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u6240\u6709\u7cfb\u7edf\u90fd\u4e0e\u5176\u5468\u56f4\u73af\u5883\u6c38\u4e45\u5730\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u9020\u6210\u5e7f\u5ef6\u91cf\u4e0d\u53ef\u907f\u514d\u7684\u6ce2\u52a8\u3002\u70ed\u529b\u5b66\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u5e73\u8861\u6761\u4ef6\u4e0e\u71b5\u6700\u5927\u7684\u6027\u8d28\u6709\u5173\u3002\u5982\u679c\u552f\u4e00\u5141\u8bb8\u6ce2\u52a8\u7684\u5e7f\u5ef6\u91cf\u662f\u5185\u80fd\uff0c\u800c\u5176\u5b83\u91cf\u90fd\u4e25\u683c\u4fdd\u6301\u6052\u5b9a\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u6e29\u5ea6\u5c31\u662f\u53ef\u6d4b\u91cf\u548c\u6709\u610f\u4e49\u7684\u3002\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u6027\u8d28\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u70ed\u529b\u5b66\u52bf\u80fd\u4ea5\u59c6\u970d\u5179\u81ea\u7531\u80fd Helmholtz free energy\uff08A = U – TS \uff09\u6765\u63cf\u8ff0\uff0c\u5b83\u662f\u80fd\u91cf\u7684Legendre\u53d8\u6362 Legendre transformation<\/strong> \u3002\u5982\u679c\u9664\u4e86\u80fd\u91cf\u7684\u6ce2\u52a8\uff0c\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u5b8f\u89c2\u5c3a\u5bf8(\u4f53\u79ef)\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u6ce2\u52a8\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4f7f\u7528\u5409\u5e03\u65af\u81ea\u7531\u80fd Gibbs free energy\uff08G = U + PV – TS \uff09\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u6027\u8d28\u65e2\u7531\u6e29\u5ea6\u51b3\u5b9a\uff0c\u4e5f\u7531\u538b\u5f3a\u51b3\u5b9a\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

\u975e\u5e73\u8861\u7cfb\u7edf\u8981\u590d\u6742\u5f97\u591a\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u53ef\u80fd\u5b58\u5728\u66f4\u591a\u5e7f\u5ef6\u91cf\u7684\u6da8\u843d\u3002\u8fb9\u754c\u6761\u4ef6\u65bd\u52a0\u7ed9\u5b83\u4eec\u67d0\u4e9b\u5f3a\u5ea6\u91cf\uff0c\u5982\u6e29\u5ea6\u68af\u5ea6\u6216\u5f62\u53d8\u96c6\u4f53\u8fd0\u52a8<\/span>\uff08\u526a\u5207\u8fd0\u52a8\u3001\u6da1\u65cb\u7b49\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u901a\u5e38\u79f0\u4e3a\u70ed\u529b\u5b66\u529b\u3002\u5982\u679c\u81ea\u7531\u80fd\u5728\u5e73\u8861\u6001\u70ed\u529b\u5b66\u4e2d\u975e\u5e38\u6709\u7528\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u5fc5\u987b\u5f3a\u8c03\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u50cf\u5e73\u8861\u6001\u70ed\u529b\u5b66\u4e2d\u71b5\u7684\u70ed\u529b\u5b66\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5b9a\u5f8b\u90a3\u6837\u5b9a\u4e49\u80fd\u91cf\u7684\u9759\u6001\u975e\u5e73\u8861\u6027\u8d28\u7684\u4e00\u822c\u5b9a\u5f8b\u3002\u8fd9\u5c31\u662f\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u5e94\u8be5\u8003\u8651\u4e00\u4e2a\u66f4\u4e00\u822c\u7684Legendre\u53d8\u6362\uff0c\u8fd9\u5c31\u662f\u62d3\u5c55\u7684\u9a6c\u4f11\u51fd\u6570 extended Massieu function<\/strong> \u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

\u6839\u636e\u5b9a\u4e49\uff0c\u71b5\uff08S \uff09\u662f\u5e7f\u5ef6\u91cf<\/span>\u7684\u51fd\u6570\u3002\u6bcf\u4e2a\u5e7f\u5ef6\u91cf\u90fd\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e0e\u4e4b\u5171\u8f6d\u7684\u5f3a\u5ea6\u91cf\u5bc6\u96c6\u53d8\u91cf<\/span>\uff08\u901a\u8fc7\u4e0e\u672c\u94fe\u63a5\u4e2d\u7ed9\u51fa\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\u8fdb\u884c\u6bd4\u8f83\uff0c\u8fd9\u91cc\u4f7f\u7528\u4e86\u5f3a\u5ea6\u91cf\u7684\u72ed\u4e49\u5b9a\u4e49\uff09 \uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\uff1a<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\u7136\u540e\u6211\u4eec\u5c06\u6269\u5c55\u7684\u9a6c\u4f11\u51fd\u6570\u5b9a\u4e49\u5982\u4e0b\uff1a<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\u5176\u4e2d<\/span>\u662f<\/span>\u73bb\u5c14\u5179\u66fc\u5e38\u6570 Boltzmann’s constant<\/strong>\uff0c\u7531\u6b64<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

\u8fd9\u4e9b\u72ec\u7acb\u53d8\u91cf\u662f\u5f3a\u5ea6\u91cf\u3002\u5f3a\u5ea6\u91cf\u5177\u6709\u5168\u5c40\u7684\u503c\uff0c\u5bf9\u6574\u4e2a\u7cfb\u7edf\u90fd\u6709\u6548\u3002\u5f53\u8fb9\u754c\u5bf9\u7cfb\u7edf\u65bd\u52a0\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u5c40\u90e8\u6761\u4ef6\u65f6<\/span>\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\u6e29\u5ea6\u5dee\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u6709\u7684\u5f3a\u5ea6\u91cf\u4ee3\u8868\u5e73\u5747\u503c\uff0c\u5176\u4ed6\u5f3a\u5ea6\u91cf\u4ee3\u8868\u68af\u5ea6\u6216\u66f4\u9ad8\u9636\u77e9\u3002\u540e\u8005\u662f\u9a71\u52a8\u7cfb\u7edf\u5e7f\u5ef6\u6027\u8d28\u6d41\u52a8\u7684\u70ed\u529b\u5b66\u529b\u3002\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bf4\u660e\uff0c\u65e0\u8bba\u662f\u5426\u5904\u4e8e\u5e73\u8861\u72b6\u6001\uff0c\u52d2\u8ba9\u5fb7\u53d8\u6362\u6539\u53d8\u4e86\u9759\u6001\u7684\u6269\u5c55\u9a6c\u4f11\u51fd\u6570\u7684\u6700\u5c0f\u6761\u4ef6\u4e0b\u71b5\u7684\u6700\u5927\u6761\u4ef6<\/span>\uff08\u5e73\u8861\u65f6\u6709\u6548\uff09<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u5b9a\u6001\u3001\u6da8\u843d\u548c\u7a33\u5b9a\u6027<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u5728\u70ed\u529b\u5b66\u4e2d\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u7ecf\u5e38\u5bf9\u4e00\u4e2a\u8fc7\u7a0b\u7684\u5b9a\u6001\u611f\u5174\u8da3\uff0c\u5141\u8bb8\u7cfb\u7edf\u72b6\u6001\u7684\u5b9a\u6001\u5305\u62ec\u4e0d\u53ef\u9884\u6d4b\u548c\u5b9e\u9a8c\u4e0a\u4e0d\u53ef\u91cd\u590d\u7684\u6da8\u843d\u7684\u53d1\u751f\u3002\u6da8\u843d\u662f\u7531\u4e8e\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u5185\u90e8\u5b50\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4ee5\u53ca\u4e0e\u7cfb\u7edf\u5468\u56f4\u73af\u5883\u4ea4\u6362\u7269\u8d28\u6216\u80fd\u91cf\u6240\u9020\u6210\u7684\uff0c\u5468\u56f4\u73af\u5883\u7ed9\u8fd9\u4e00\u8fc7\u7a0b\u589e\u6dfb\u4e86\u9650\u5236\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

\u5982\u679c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8fc7\u7a0b\u7684\u5b9a\u6001\u662f\u7a33\u5b9a\u7684\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u4e0d\u53ef\u590d\u5236\u7684\u6da8\u843d\u5c31\u5305\u542b\u4e86\u5c40\u90e8\u77ac\u65f6\u7684\u71b5\u51cf\u3002\u7136\u540e\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u53ef\u91cd\u590d\u54cd\u5e94\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u4e0d\u53ef\u9006\u8fc7\u7a0b\u5c06\u71b5\u91cd\u65b0\u589e\u52a0\u5230\u6700\u5927\u503c: \u6da8\u843d\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u4ee5\u663e\u8457\u7684\u6982\u7387\u518d\u73b0\u3002\u9664\u4e86\u4e34\u754c\u70b9\u9644\u8fd1\uff0c\u7a33\u5b9a\u5b9a\u6001\u7684\u6da8\u843d\u6781\u5c0f\u3002\u7a33\u5b9a\u7684\u5b9a\u6001\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u5c40\u90e8\u6700\u5927\u71b5\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u662f\u7cfb\u7edf\u5c40\u90e8\u6700\u53ef\u518d\u73b0\u7684\u72b6\u6001\u3002\u5173\u4e8e\u6da8\u843d\u7684\u4e0d\u53ef\u9006\u8017\u6563\u6709\u51e0\u4e2a\u5b9a\u7406\u3002\u8fd9\u91cc\u201c\u5c40\u90e8\u201d\u662f\u6307\u76f8\u5bf9\u4e8e\u7cfb\u7edf\u72b6\u6001\u70ed\u529b\u5b66\u5750\u6807\u7684\u62bd\u8c61\u7a7a\u95f4\u7684\u5c40\u90e8\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

\u5982\u679c\u5b9a\u6001\u662f\u4e0d\u7a33\u5b9a\u7684\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u4efb\u4f55\u6da8\u843d\u51e0\u4e4e\u80af\u5b9a\u4f1a\u89e6\u53d1\u7cfb\u7edf\u51e0\u4e4e\u7206\u70b8\u6027\u5730\u504f\u79bb\u4e0d\u7a33\u5b9a\u7684\u5b9a\u6001\u3002\u8fd9\u53ef\u80fd\u4f34\u968f\u7740\u71b5\u8f93\u51fa\u7684\u589e\u52a0\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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\u56db\u3001\u5c40\u90e8\u70ed\u529b\u5b66\u5e73\u8861<\/strong><\/section>\n<\/section>\n

<\/strong><\/strong><\/span><\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n

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<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n
\u76ee\u524d\u975e\u5e73\u8861\u6001\u70ed\u529b\u5b66\u7684\u8303\u56f4\u5e76\u4e0d\u5305\u62ec\u6240\u6709\u7684\u7269\u7406\u8fc7\u7a0b\u3002\u5728\u7269\u8d28\u7684\u975e\u5e73\u8861\u6001\u70ed\u529b\u5b66\u4e2d\uff0c\u8bb8\u591a\u7814\u7a76\u6709\u6548\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u6761\u4ef6\u662f\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5904\u7406\u7684\u662f\u6240\u8c13\u7684\u5c40\u90e8\u70ed\u529b\u5b66\u5e73\u8861\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/section>\n
\u6709\u91cd\u91cf\u7269\u8d28<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/section>\n
\u7269\u8d28\u7684\u5c40\u90e8\u70ed\u529b\u5b66\u5e73\u8861\u610f\u5473\u7740\uff0c\u4ece\u6982\u5ff5\u4e0a\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u4e3a\u4e86\u7814\u7a76\u548c\u5206\u6790\uff0c\u7cfb\u7edf\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u7a7a\u95f4\u548c\u65f6\u95f4\u4e0a\u5206\u5272\u4e3a\u5c0f\uff08\u65e0\u9650\u5c0f\uff09\u5c3a\u5bf8\u7684\u201c\u5355\u5143\u201d\u6216\u201c\u5fae\u76f8\u201d \uff0c\u6bcf\u4e2a\u5355\u5143\u4e2d\u7269\u8d28\u7684\u7ecf\u5178\u70ed\u529b\u5b66\u5e73\u8861\u6761\u4ef6\u5f97\u5728\u5f88\u597d\u7684\u8fd1\u4f3c\u4e0b\u5f97\u4ee5\u6ee1\u8db3\u3002\u7ecf\u5178\u70ed\u529b\u5b66\u5e73\u8861\u6761\u4ef6\u5bf9\u7cfb\u7edf\u6574\u4f53\u53ef\u80fd\u4e0d\u80fd\u6ee1\u8db3\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u5728\u975e\u5e38\u7a00\u8584\u7684\u6c14\u4f53\u4e2d\uff0c\u5206\u5b50\u78b0\u649e\u5f88\u5c11\u53d1\u751f; \u5728\u6052\u661f\u7684\u8fb9\u754c\u5c42\u4e2d\uff0c\u8f90\u5c04\u5c06\u80fd\u91cf\u4f20\u9012\u5230\u7a7a\u95f4; \u5728\u975e\u5e38\u4f4e\u7684\u6e29\u5ea6\u4e0b\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\u7684\u8d39\u7c73\u5b50\u4e2d\uff0c\u8017\u6563\u8fc7\u7a0b\u53d8\u5f97\u65e0\u6548\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u5f53\u6211\u4eec\u5b9a\u4e49\u8fd9\u4e9b\u201c\u5355\u5143\u201d\u65f6\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u627f\u8ba4\u7269\u8d28\u548c\u80fd\u91cf\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u76f8\u90bb\u7684\u201c\u5355\u5143\u201d\u4e4b\u95f4\u81ea\u7531\u901a\u8fc7\uff0c\u6162\u5230\u8db3\u4ee5\u5728\u5b83\u4eec\u5404\u81ea\u5173\u4e8e\u5f3a\u5ea6\u91cf\u7684\u5c40\u90e8\u70ed\u529b\u5b66\u5e73\u8861\u4e2d\u79bb\u5f00\u201c\u5355\u5143\u201d\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/section>\n
\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\u60f3\u8c61\u4e00\u4e0b\u4e24\u4e2a\u88ab\u6570\u91cf\u7ea7\u5206\u5f00\u7684\u201c\u5f1b\u8c6b\u65f6\u95f4 relaxation times\u201d\u3002\u8f83\u957f\u7684\u5f1b\u8c6b\u65f6\u95f4\u662f\u7cfb\u7edf\u5b8f\u89c2\u52a8\u529b\u5b66\u7ed3\u6784\u6539\u53d8\u6240\u9700\u65f6\u95f4\u7684\u6570\u91cf\u7ea7\u3002\u8f83\u77ed\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u6570\u91cf\u7ea7\u662f\u5355\u4e2a\u201c\u5355\u5143\u201d\u5230\u8fbe\u5c40\u90e8\u70ed\u529b\u5b66\u5e73\u8861\u6240\u9700\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u3002\u5982\u679c\u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u5f1b\u8c6b\u65f6\u95f4\u6ca1\u6709\u5f88\u597d\u5730\u5206\u5f00\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u5c40\u90e8\u70ed\u529b\u5b66\u5e73\u8861\u7684\u7ecf\u5178\u975e\u5e73\u8861\u70ed\u529b\u5b66\u6982\u5ff5\u5c31\u5931\u53bb\u4e86\u610f\u4e49\uff0c\u5fc5\u987b\u63d0\u51fa\u5176\u4ed6\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u6269\u5c55\u7684\u4e0d\u53ef\u9006\u70ed\u529b\u5b66\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5728\u5927\u6c14\u4e2d\uff0c\u58f0\u901f\u8fdc\u8fdc\u5927\u4e8e\u98ce\u901f\uff1b\u8fd9\u5c31\u652f\u6301\u572860\u516c\u91cc\u4ee5\u4e0b\u9ad8\u5ea6\u7684\u5927\u6c14\u70ed\u4f20\u5bfc\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u4f7f\u7528\u5c40\u90e8\u7269\u8d28\u70ed\u529b\u5b66\u5e73\u8861\u7684\u60f3\u6cd5\uff0c\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u9ad8\u5ea6\u8303\u56f4\u5185\u58f0\u97f3\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f20\u64ad\uff0c\u4f46\u4e0d\u80fd\u8d85\u8fc7100\u516c\u91cc\uff0c\u5728\u90a3\u91cc\u7531\u4e8e\u5206\u5b50\u95f4\u7684\u78b0\u649e\uff0c\u58f0\u97f3\u4e0d\u80fd\u4f20\u64ad\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/section>\n
\u7c73\u5c14\u6069\u4f9d\u636e\u8f90\u5c04\u5e73\u8861\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/section>\n
\u8003\u8651\u5230\u6052\u661f\uff0c\u7231\u5fb7\u534e\u00b7\u4e9a\u745f\u00b7\u7c73\u5c14\u6069 Edward Arthur Milne \u6839\u636e\u6bcf\u4e2a\u5c0f\u5c40\u90e8\u201c\u5355\u5143\u201d\u4e2d\u7269\u8d28\u7684\u70ed\u8f90\u5c04\uff0c\u7ed9\u51fa\u4e86\u5c40\u90e8\u70ed\u529b\u5b66\u5e73\u8861\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\u3002\u4ed6\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e00\u4e2a\u201c\u5355\u5143\u201d\u4e2d\u7684\u5c40\u90e8\u70ed\u529b\u5b66\u5e73\u8861\uff0c\u8981\u6c42\u5b83\u5728\u5b8f\u89c2\u4e0a\u5438\u6536\u548c\u81ea\u53d1\u653e\u5c04\u8f90\u5c04\u65f6\uff0c\u5c31\u597d\u50cf\u5b83\u5904\u4e8e\u8be5\u201c\u5355\u5143\u201d\u4e2d\u7269\u8d28\u6e29\u5ea6\u7684\u8f90\u5c04\u5e73\u8861\u4e2d\u4e00\u6837\u3002\u7136\u540e\u4f7f\u7528\u4e00\u4e2a\u9ed1\u4f53\u6e90\u51fd\u6570\uff0c\u4e25\u683c\u9075\u5b88\u57fa\u5c14\u970d\u592b\u8f90\u5c04\u53d1\u5c04\u7387\u548c\u5438\u6536\u7387\u76f8\u7b49\u7684\u5b9a\u5f8b\uff08\u5373\u57fa\u5c14\u970d\u592b\u5b9a\u5f8b Kirchoff’s law \uff09\u3002\u8fd9\u91cc\u5c40\u90e8\u70ed\u529b\u5b66\u5e73\u8861\u7684\u5173\u952e\u5728\u4e8e\uff0c\u50cf\u5206\u5b50\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u6709\u91cd\u91cf\u7269\u8d28\u7c92\u5b50\u7684\u78b0\u649e\u901f\u7387\uff0c\u5e94\u8be5\u8fdc\u8fdc\u8d85\u8fc7\u5149\u5b50\u7684\u4ea7\u751f\u548c\u6e6e\u706d\u901f\u7387\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/section>\n


<\/p>\n

\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
<\/p>\n

\u4e94\u3001\u6f14\u5316\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u71b5<\/strong>
<\/strong><\/p>\n

<\/strong><\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/h1>\n


<\/section>\n

W.T. Grandy Jr \u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u71b5\u867d\u7136\u5728\u975e\u5e73\u8861\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u53ef\u4ee5\u5b9a\u4e49\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u4e25\u683c\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u5b83\u53ea\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5173\u4e8e\u6574\u4e2a\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u5b8f\u89c2\u91cf\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u52a8\u529b\u5b66\u53d8\u91cf\uff0c\u4e00\u822c\u4e0d\u4f5c\u4e3a\u63cf\u8ff0\u5c40\u90e8\u529b\u7684\u5c40\u90e8\u52bf\u80fd\u3002\u7136\u800c\u5728\u7279\u6b8a\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u9690\u55bb\u5730\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u70ed\u529b\u5b66\u53d8\u91cf\u8868\u73b0\u5f97\u50cf\u5c40\u90e8\u7269\u7406\u529b\u3002\u6784\u6210\u7ecf\u5178\u4e0d\u53ef\u9006\u70ed\u529b\u5b66\u7684\u8fd1\u4f3c\u662f\u5efa\u7acb\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u9690\u55bb\u601d\u7ef4\u4e4b\u4e0a\u7684\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

\u8fd9\u79cd\u89c2\u70b9\u4e0e\u8fde\u7eed\u70ed\u529b\u5b66\u4e2d\u71b5\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u548c\u4f7f\u7528\u6709\u8bb8\u591a\u5171\u540c\u70b9\uff0c\u8fde\u7eed\u70ed\u529b\u5b66\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u5b8c\u5168\u72ec\u7acb\u4e8e\u7edf\u8ba1\u529b\u5b66\u548c\u6700\u5927\u71b5\u539f\u7406\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

\u975e\u5e73\u8861\u4e2d\u7684\u71b5<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u4e3a\u4e86\u63cf\u8ff0\u70ed\u529b\u5b66\u7cfb\u7edf\u504f\u79bb\u5e73\u8861\u72b6\u6001\uff0c\u9664\u4e86\u7528\u4e8e\u786e\u5b9a\u5e73\u8861\u72b6\u6001\u7684\u672c\u6784\u53d8\u91cf<\/span>\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u8fd8\u5f15\u5165\u4e86\u4e00\u7ec4\u79f0\u4e3a\u201c\u5185\u90e8\u53d8\u91cf\u201d\u7684\u53d8\u91cf<\/span>\u3002\u5e73\u8861\u6001\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u7a33\u5b9a\u7684\uff0c\u5185\u90e8\u53d8\u91cf\u4f5c\u4e3a\u7cfb\u7edf\u975e\u5e73\u8861\u7684\u5ea6\u91cf\uff0c\u5176\u4e3b\u8981\u6027\u8d28\u662f\u5b83\u4eec\u8d8b\u4e8e\u6d88\u5931\uff0c\u6d88\u5931\u7684\u5c40\u90e8\u89c4\u5f8b\u53ef\u4ee5\u5199\u6210\u6bcf\u4e2a\u5185\u53d8\u90e8\u91cf\u7684\u5f1b\u8c6b\u65b9\u7a0b\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/p>\n


<\/section>\n

\u5176\u4e2d\uff0c<\/span>\u662f\u76f8\u5e94\u53d8\u91cf\u7684\u5f1b\u8c6b\u65f6\u95f4\u3002\u8003\u8651\u521d\u59cb\u503c<\/span>\u7b49\u4e8e\u96f6\u662f\u65b9\u4fbf\u7684\u3002\u4e0a\u8ff0\u65b9\u7a0b\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u504f\u79bb\u5e73\u8861\u8f83\u5c0f\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\uff0cPokrovskii \u8003\u8651\u4e86\u4e00\u822c\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u5185\u90e8\u53d8\u91cf\u7684\u52a8\u529b\u5b66\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

\u975e\u5e73\u8861\u6001\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u71b5\u662f\u6240\u6709\u53d8\u91cf\u96c6\u5408\u7684\u51fd\u6570\uff1a<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\u5bf9\u975e\u5e73\u8861\u7cfb\u7edf\u70ed\u529b\u5b66\u7684\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u8d21\u732e\u662f\u7531\u4f0a\u5229\u4e9a\u00b7\u666e\u5229\u9ad8\u6d25 Ilya Prigogine \u505a\u51fa\u7684\uff0c\u5f53\u65f6\u4ed6\u548c\u4ed6\u7684\u5408\u4f5c\u8005\u7814\u7a76\u4e86\u5316\u5b66\u53cd\u5e94\u7269\u8d28\u7cfb\u7edf\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u4e0e\u73af\u5883\u4ea4\u6362\u7c92\u5b50\u548c\u80fd\u91cf\uff0c\u8fd9\u7c7b\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u5b9a\u6001\u662f\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u3002\u5728\u4ed6\u7684\u4e66\u7684\u7b2c\u4e09\u7ae0\u7684\u7b2c8\u8282\u4e2d\uff0cPrigogine\u8be6\u7ec6\u8bf4\u660e\u4e86\u5728\u7ed9\u5b9a\u4f53\u79ef\u548c\u6052\u5b9a\u6e29\u5ea6<\/span>\u4e0b\uff0c\u88ab\u8003\u8651\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u71b5\u7684\u53d8\u5316\u6709\u4e09\u79cd\u8d21\u732e\u3002\u6839\u636e\u8be5\u516c\u5f0f\u53ef\u4ee5\u8ba1\u7b97\u51fa\u71b5<\/span>\u7684\u589e\u91cf\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\u65b9\u7a0b\u5f0f\u53f3\u8fb9\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u9879\u4ee3\u8868\u8fdb\u5165\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u70ed\u80fd\uff1b\u6700\u540e\u4e00\u9879\u4e3a\u4f34\u968f\u7740\u7c92\u5b50\u8fdb\u5165\u7cfb\u7edf\u800c\u5e26\u6765\u7684\u80fd\u91cf\u6d41\uff0c\u7c92\u5b50\u6d41<\/span>\u53ef\u4ee5\u662f\u6b63\u7684\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u662f\u8d1f\u7684\uff0c<\/span>\u662f\u7269\u8d28<\/span>\u7684\u5316\u5b66\u52bf\u3002\u65b9\u7a0b\u53f3\u8fb9\u4e2d\u95f4\u9879\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e86\u7531\u4e8e\u5185\u90e8\u53d8\u91cf<\/span>\u7684\u5f1b\u8c6b\u800c\u5f15\u8d77\u7684\u80fd\u91cf\u8017\u6563\uff08\u71b5\u4ea7\u751f\uff09\u3002\u5728Prigogine\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u5316\u5b66\u53cd\u5e94\u7269\u8d28\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u5185\u90e8\u53d8\u91cf\u770b\u8d77\u6765\u662f\u6d4b\u91cf\u5316\u5b66\u53cd\u5e94\u7684\u672a\u5b8c\u6210\u5ea6\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u6d4b\u91cf\u8003\u8651\u7684\u5316\u5b66\u53cd\u5e94\u4f53\u7cfb\u8fdc\u79bb\u5e73\u8861\u7684\u7a0b\u5ea6\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7406\u8bba\u53ef\u4ee5\u63a8\u5e7f<\/span>\uff0c\u628a\u4efb\u4f55\u5bf9\u5e73\u8861\u6001\u7684\u504f\u79bb\u770b\u4f5c\u662f\u5185\u90e8\u53d8\u91cf\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u6211\u4eec\u8ba4\u4e3a\u65b9\u7a0b\u5f0f\u4e2d\u7684\u5185\u90e8\u53d8\u91cf<\/span>\u96c6\u5408\u4e0d\u4ec5\u5305\u542b\u4e86\u5b9a\u4e49\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u6240\u6709\u5316\u5b66\u53cd\u5e94\u5b8c\u6210\u7a0b\u5ea6\u7684\u91cf\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u8fd8\u5305\u542b\u4e86\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\u3001\u6e29\u5ea6\u68af\u5ea6\u3001\u7269\u8d28\u6d53\u5ea6\u5dee\u7b49\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/span><\/p>\n

\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
<\/p>\n

\u516d\u3001\u6d41\u548c\u529b<\/strong>
<\/strong><\/p>\n

<\/strong><\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/h1>\n


<\/span><\/p>\n

\u7ecf\u5178\u5e73\u8861\u6001\u70ed\u529b\u5b66\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u5173\u7cfb\u4e3a<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

\u8868\u793a\u7cfb\u7edf\u71b5\u7684\u53d8\u5316\uff0c\u662f\u5f3a\u5ea6\u91cf\u6e29\u5ea6<\/span>\u3001\u538b\u5f3a<\/span>\u3001\u7b2ci\u4e2a\u5316\u5b66\u52bf<\/span>\u4ee5\u53ca\u5e7f\u5ef6\u91cf\u80fd\u91cfU\u3001\u4f53\u79efV\u3001\u7b2ci\u4e2a\u7c92\u5b50\u6570\u76ee<\/span>\u7684\u5fae\u5206\u7684\u51fd\u6570\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n


<\/p>\n

\u8ddf\u968f\u62c9\u65af\u00b7\u6602\u8428\u683c Lars Onsager\uff0c\u8ba9\u6211\u4eec\u6269\u5c55\u5230\u70ed\u529b\u5b66\u975e\u5e73\u8861\u7cfb\u7edf\u3002\u4f5c\u4e3a\u57fa\u7840\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u9700\u8981\u5b9a\u4e49\u5b8f\u89c2\u5e7f\u5ef6\u91cf U\u3001V\u3001<\/span>\u548c\u5b8f\u89c2\u5f3a\u5ea6\u91cf, \u3001\u7684\u5c40\u90e8\u7248\u672c\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

\u5bf9\u4e8e\u7ecf\u5178\u7684\u975e\u5e73\u8861\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5c06\u8003\u8651\u4e00\u4e9b\u65b0\u5b9a\u4e49\u7684\u5c40\u90e8\u5b8f\u89c2\u5f3a\u5ea6\u91cf\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u9002\u5f53\u7684\u6761\u4ef6\u4e0b\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u5c40\u90e8\u5b9a\u4e49\u57fa\u672c\u5c40\u90e8\u5b8f\u89c2\u91cf\u7684\u68af\u5ea6\u548c\u6d41\u5bc6\u5ea6\uff0c\u5bfc\u51fa\u8fd9\u4e9b\u65b0\u7684\u53d8\u91cf\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

\u8fd9\u79cd\u5c40\u90e8\u5b9a\u4e49\u7684\u5b8f\u89c2\u5f3a\u5ea6\u91cf\u7684\u68af\u5ea6\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u201c\u70ed\u529b\u5b66\u529b\u201d\u3002\u5b83\u4eec\u201c\u9a71\u52a8\u201d\u6d41\u5bc6\u5ea6\uff0c\u4e5f\u8bb8\u5e38\u88ab\u8bef\u79f0\u4e3a\u201c\u6d41\u201d \uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u53cc\u91cd\u7684\u529b\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u91cf\u5728\u5173\u4e8e\u6602\u8428\u683c\u5012\u6613\u5173\u7cfb Onsager reciprocal relations \u7684\u6587\u7ae0\u4e2d\u6709\u5b9a\u4e49\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/span><\/p>\n

\u5efa\u7acb\u8fd9\u79cd\u529b\u548c\u6d41\u5bc6\u5ea6\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u7edf\u8ba1\u529b\u5b66\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u6d41\u5bc6\u5ea6\uff08<\/span>\uff09\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u8026\u5408\u7684\u3002\u6602\u8428\u683c\u5012\u6613\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u6587\u7ae0\u8003\u8651\u4e86\u7a33\u5b9a\u7684\u8fd1\u5b9a\u6001\u70ed\u529b\u5b66\u975e\u5e73\u8861\u6001\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u529b\u548c\u6d41\u5bc6\u5ea6\u5177\u6709\u7ebf\u6027\u52a8\u529b\u5b66\u6027\u8d28\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

\u5728\u7a33\u6001\u6761\u4ef6\u4e0b\uff0c\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u529b\u548c\u5bf9\u5e94\u7684\u6d41\u5bc6\u5ea6\u6839\u636e\u5b9a\u4e49\u662f\u4e0d\u968f\u65f6\u95f4\u53d8\u5316\u7684\uff0c\u5c31\u50cf\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u5c40\u90e8\u5b9a\u4e49\u7684\u71b5\u548c\u71b5\u4ea7\u751f\u7387\u4e00\u6837\u3002\u503c\u5f97\u6ce8\u610f\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u6839\u636ePrigogine\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u4eba\u7684\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u5f53\u4e00\u4e2a\u5f00\u653e\u7cfb\u7edf\u5904\u4e8e\u5141\u8bb8\u5b83\u8fbe\u5230\u7a33\u5b9a\u7684\u70ed\u529b\u5b66\u975e\u5e73\u8861\u72b6\u6001\u7684\u6761\u4ef6\u4e0b\u65f6\uff0c\u5b83\u4f1a\u81ea\u6211\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4ee5\u4f7f\u5c40\u90e8\u5b9a\u4e49\u7684\u603b\u71b5\u4ea7\u751f\u6700\u5c0f\u5316\u3002\u4e0b\u6587\u5c06\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u8ba8\u8bba\u8fd9\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

\u4eba\u4eec\u60f3\u8981\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u5206\u6790\u975e\u9759\u6001\u5c40\u90e8\u91cf\u7684\u8868\u9762\u548c\u4f53\u79ef\u79ef\u5206\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u79ef\u5206\u662f\u5b8f\u89c2\u7684\u6d41\u548c\u4ea7\u751f\u7387\u3002\u4e00\u822c\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u79ef\u5206\u7684\u52a8\u529b\u5b66\u7528\u7ebf\u6027\u65b9\u7a0b\u4e0d\u80fd\u5145\u5206\u63cf\u8ff0\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5728\u7279\u6b8a\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u5b83\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u8fd9\u6837\u63cf\u8ff0\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

\u6602\u8428\u683c\u5012\u6613\u5173\u7cfb<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u57fa\u4e8e\u7ea6\u7ff0\u00b7\u5a01\u5ec9\u00b7\u65af\u7279\u62c9\u7279 John William Strutt\uff08\u5c0a\u79f0\u745e\u5229\u7537\u7235\u4e09\u4e16 Third Baron Rayleigh\uff09\u7684\u7814\u7a76\uff0cOnsager\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u5728\u6d41\uff08\uff09\u8f83\u5c0f\u4e14\u70ed\u529b\u5b66\u529b\uff08\uff09\u53d8\u5316\u7f13\u6162\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u71b5\u7684\u4ea7\u751f\u7387<\/span>\u4e0e\u6d41\u5448\u7ebf\u6027\u5173\u7cfb:<\/span><\/p>\n

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\u5e76\u4e14\u6d41\u4e0e\u529b\u7684\u68af\u5ea6\u6709\u5173\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u4e00\u4e2a\u7cfb\u6570\u77e9\u9635\u53c2\u6570\u5316\uff0c\u901a\u5e38\u8868\u793a\u4e3a:<\/span><\/p>\n

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\u7531\u6b64\u53ef\u89c1:<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\u70ed\u529b\u5b66\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5b9a\u5f8b\u8981\u6c42\u77e9\u9635<\/span>\u662f\u6b63\u5b9a\u7684\u3002\u7edf\u8ba1\u529b\u5b66\u52a8\u529b\u5b66\u7684\u5fae\u89c2\u53ef\u9006\u6027\u6697\u793a\u4e86\u77e9\u9635\u662f\u5bf9\u79f0\u7684\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4e8b\u5b9e\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u6602\u8428\u683c\u5012\u6613\u5173\u7cfb\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

\u4e0a\u8ff0\u71b5\u4ea7\u751f\u7387\u65b9\u7a0b\u7684\u63a8\u5e7f\u7531 Pokrovskii \u7ed9\u51fa\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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\u4e03\u3001\u63a8\u6d4b\u975e\u5e73\u8861\u8fc7\u7a0b\u7684\u6781\u503c\u539f\u7406<\/strong>
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<\/section>\n

\u76f4\u5230\u6700\u8fd1\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u9886\u57df\u4e2d\u6709\u7528\u7684\u6781\u7aef\u539f\u7406\u7684\u524d\u666f\u4f3c\u4e4e\u8fd8\u5f88\u6a21\u7cca\u3002Nicolis\u5f97\u51fa\u7ed3\u8bba\uff0c\u5927\u6c14\u52a8\u529b\u5b66\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u6a21\u578b\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u5438\u5f15\u5b50\uff0c\u5b83\u4e0d\u662f\u6700\u5927\u6216\u6700\u5c0f\u8017\u6563\u7684\u8303\u7574; \u5979\u8bf4\u8fd9\u4f3c\u4e4e\u6392\u9664\u4e86\u5168\u5c40\u7ec4\u7ec7\u539f\u5219\u7684\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u5e76\u8bc4\u8bba\u8bf4\uff0c\u8fd9\u5728\u67d0\u79cd\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u662f\u4ee4\u4eba\u5931\u671b\u7684\uff1b\u5979\u8fd8\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u5f88\u96be\u627e\u5230\u4e00\u4e2a\u70ed\u529b\u5b66\u4e0a\u4e00\u81f4\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u71b5\u4ea7\u751f\u3002\u53e6\u4e00\u4f4d\u9876\u7ea7\u4e13\u5bb6\u5bf9\u71b5\u4ea7\u751f\u6781\u503c\u539f\u7406\u548c\u80fd\u91cf\u8017\u6563\u539f\u7406\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u5e7f\u6cdb\u7684\u8ba8\u8bba\uff1aGrandy\u53d1\u73b0\u5728\u8bb8\u591a\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u96be\u4ee5\u5b9a\u4e49\u201c\u5185\u90e8\u71b5\u4ea7\u751f\u901f\u7387\u201d\uff0c\u5e76\u53d1\u73b0\u5728\u9884\u6d4b\u4e00\u4e2a\u8fc7\u7a0b\u7684\u8fdb\u7a0b\uff0c\u6709\u65f6\u80fd\u91cf\u8017\u6563\u901f\u7387\u7684\u6781\u503c\u53ef\u80fd\u6bd4\u71b5\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u901f\u7387\u66f4\u6709\u7528\uff1b\u80fd\u91cf\u8017\u6563\u901f\u7387\u662f\u7531Onsager\u57281931\u5e74\u5efa\u7acb\u8fd9\u95e8\u5b66\u79d1\u65f6\u88ab\u63d0\u51fa\u3002\u5305\u62ecGlansdorff and Prigogine\uff081971\uff09\u3001Lebon, Jou and Casas-V\u00e1squez\uff082008\uff09\u4ee5\u53ca\u0160ilhav\u00fd\uff081997\uff09\u5728\u5185\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u4e5f\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4e00\u822c\u7684\u5168\u5c40\u6781\u503c\u539f\u7406\u7684\u524d\u666f\u662f\u6a21\u7cca\u7684\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

\u6700\u8fd1\u7684\u4e00\u9879\u63d0\u8bae\u6216\u8bb8\u53ef\u4ee5\u7ed5\u8fc7\u8fd9\u4e9b\u9634\u4e91\u5bc6\u5e03\u7684\u524d\u666f\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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\u975e\u5e73\u8861\u6001\u70ed\u529b\u5b66\u5df2\u6210\u529f\u5730\u5e94\u7528\u4e8e\u63cf\u8ff0\u86cb\u767d\u8d28\u6298\u53e0\/\u5c55\u5f00\u548c\u819c\u8f6c\u8fd0\u7b49\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u8fc7\u7a0b\u3002\u5b83\u4e5f\u88ab\u7528\u6765\u63cf\u8ff0\u7eb3\u7c73\u9897\u7c92\u7684\u52a8\u529b\u5b66\uff0c\u5728\u6d89\u53ca\u50ac\u5316\u548c\u7535\u5316\u5b66\u8f6c\u5316\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\uff0c\u7eb3\u7c73\u9897\u7c92\u53ef\u4ee5\u8fdc\u79bb\u70ed\u529b\u5b66\u5e73\u8861\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u6765\u81ea\u975e\u5e73\u8861\u6001\u70ed\u529b\u5b66\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u548c\u71b5\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u8bba\u5df2\u7ecf\u88ab\u7528\u6765\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e00\u822c\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7cfb\u7edf<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/span><\/p>\n

\u76f8\u5173\u8bcd\u6761\uff1a<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u8bcd\u6761\u540d\u79f0\uff1a<\/span>\u70ed\u529b\u5b66 Thermodynamics<\/em><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n

\u8bcd\u6761\u5730\u5740\uff1a<\/span>https:\/\/wiki.swarma.org\/index.php?title=\u70ed\u529b\u5b66<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/span><\/p>\n

\u8bcd\u6761\u540d\u79f0\uff1a<\/span>\u70ed\u529b\u5b66\u5e73\u8861 Thermodynamic equilibrium<\/em><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u8bcd\u6761\u5730\u5740\uff1a<\/span>https:\/\/wiki.swarma.org\/index.php?title=\u70ed\u529b\u5b66\u5e73\u8861<\/span><\/p>\n


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\u4f5c\u4e3a\u96c6\u667a\u767e\u79d1\u9879\u76ee\u56e2\u961f\u7684\u6210\u5458\uff0c\u672c\u6587\u5185\u5bb9\u7531Jxzhou\u3001Jing.liu\u3001\u4e0d\u662f\u6d77\u7ef5\u5b9d\u5b9d\u53c2\u4e0e\u8d21\u732e<\/strong>\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u4e5f\u4e3a\u6bcf\u4f4d\u4f5c\u8005\u548c\u5fd7\u613f\u8005\u51c6\u5907\u4e86\u4e13\u5c5e\u7b80\u4ecb\u548c\u4e2a\u4eba\u96c6\u667a\u767e\u79d1\u4e3b\u9875\uff0c\u66f4\u591a\u4fe1\u606f\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bbf\u95ee\u5176\u96c6\u667a\u767e\u79d1\u4e2a\u4eba\u4e3b\u9875\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/section>\n

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\u4ee5\u4e0a\u5185\u5bb9\u90fd\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u505a\u8fd9\u9879\u76ee\u7684\u8d77\u70b9\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u6765\u81ea\u4e0d\u540c\u5b66\u79d1\u548c\u9886\u57df\u7684\u5fd7\u613f\u8005\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5efa\u7acb\u8d77\u4e00\u4e2a\u6709\u6548\u7684\u767e\u79d1\u56e2\u961f\uff0c\u5206\u914d\u6709\u5ba1\u6821\u3001\u7ffb\u8bd1\u3001\u7f16\u8f91\u3001\u5ba3\u4f20\u7b49\u5de5\u4f5c\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u79c9\u6301\uff1a\u77e5\u8bc6\u4ece\u6211\u800c\u6765\uff0c\u95ee\u9898\u5230\u6211\u4e3a\u6b62\u7684\u4fe1\u5ff5\uff0c\u8ba4\u771f\u8d1f\u8d23\u7f16\u64b0\u6bcf\u4e00\u4e2a\u8bcd\u6761\u3002<\/span>
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\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\u4ece\u590d\u6742\u6027\u77e5\u8bc6\u51fa\u53d1\u4e0e\u4f19\u4f34\u540c\u884c\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u6211\u4eec\u5e0c\u671b\u6709\u66f4\u591a\u5fd7\u613f\u8005\u52a0\u5165\u8fd9\u4e2a\u56e2\u961f\uff0c\u4f7f\u767e\u79d1\u8bcd\u6761\u5185\u5bb9\u5f97\u5230\u6269\u5145\uff0c\u5e76\u4e3a\u6bcf\u4f4d\u5fd7\u613f\u8005\u63d0\u4f9b\u76f8\u5e94\u5956\u52b1\u4e0e\u8d44\u6e90\uff0c\u5efa\u7acb\u4e2a\u4eba\u4e3b\u9875\u4e0e\u8d21\u732e\u8bb0\u5f55\uff0c\u4f7f\u5176\u80fd\u591f\u7ee7\u7eed\u63a2\u7d22\u590d\u6742\u4e16\u754c\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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\u6b22\u8fce\u626b\u63cf\u4e0b\u65b9\u4e8c\u7ef4\u7801\u6dfb\u52a0\u8d1f\u8d23\u4eba\u52a0\u5165\u96c6\u667a\u767e\u79d1\u56e2\u961f\uff01<\/span><\/p>\n


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\u6765\u6e90\uff1a\u96c6\u667a\u767e\u79d1<\/span><\/section>\n
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\u63a8\u8350\u9605\u8bfb<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

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\u6df7\u6c8c\u7406\u8bba | \u96c6\u667a\u767e\u79d1<\/strong><\/span><\/a>
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\u5206\u5f62\u51e0\u4f55\uff1a\u5bfb\u627e\u9690\u85cf\u7684\u7ef4\u5ea6 | \u96c6\u667a\u767e\u79d1<\/strong><\/span><\/a>
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\u4ec0\u4e48\u662f\u8017\u6563\u7cfb\u7edf | \u96c6\u667a\u767e\u79d1<\/strong><\/span><\/a>
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\u4ec0\u4e48\u662f\u71b5 | \u96c6\u667a\u767e\u79d1<\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u52a0\u5165\u96c6\u667a\uff0c\u4e00\u8d77\u590d\u6742\uff01<\/strong><\/span><\/a>
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\u96c6\u667a\u4ff1\u4e50\u90e8QQ\u7fa4\uff5c877391004<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u5546\u52a1\u5408\u4f5c\u53ca\u6295\u7a3f\u8f6c\u8f7d\uff5cswarma@swarma.org
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\u25c6 <\/span>\u25c6 <\/span>\u25c6<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/strong><\/h1>\n<\/section>\n

\u641c\u7d22\u516c\u4f17\u53f7\uff1a\u96c6\u667a\u4ff1\u4e50\u90e8<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n


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\u52a0\u5165\u201c\u6ca1\u6709\u56f4\u5899\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u6240\u201d<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

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\u8ba9\u82f9\u679c\u7838\u5f97\u66f4\u731b\u70c8\u4e9b\u5427\uff01<\/span><\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n


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