{"id":23962,"date":"2021-02-21T21:23:16","date_gmt":"2021-02-21T13:23:16","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/swarma.org\/?p=23962"},"modified":"2021-02-21T21:23:16","modified_gmt":"2021-02-21T13:23:16","slug":"%e4%bb%80%e4%b9%88%e6%98%af%e5%8d%9a%e5%bc%88%e8%ae%ba-%e9%9b%86%e6%99%ba%e7%99%be%e7%a7%91","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/swarma.org\/?p=23962","title":{"rendered":"\u4ec0\u4e48\u662f\u535a\u5f08\u8bba | \u96c6\u667a\u767e\u79d1"},"content":{"rendered":"
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\u672c\u6587\u662f\u5bf9\u96c6\u667a\u767e\u79d1\u4e2d\u201c\u535a\u5f08\u8bba Game Theory\u201d\u8bcd\u6761\u7684\u6458\u5f55\uff0c\u53c2\u8003\u8d44\u6599\u53ca\u76f8\u5173\u8bcd\u6761\u8bf7\u53c2\u9605\u767e\u79d1\u8bcd\u6761\u539f\u6587\u3002
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\u535a\u5f08\u8bba Game Theory\uff08 \u4ea6\u79f0\u5bf9\u7b56\u8bba\u6216\u8d5b\u5c40\u7406\u8bba\uff09 \u662f\u7814\u7a76\u7406\u6027\u51b3\u7b56\u8005\u4e4b\u95f4\u6218\u7565\u4e92\u52a8\u7684\u6570\u5b66\u6a21\u578b Mathematical models \uff0c\u662f\u7814\u7a76\u5177\u6709\u6597\u4e89\u6216\u7ade\u4e89\u6027\u8d28\u73b0\u8c61\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u548c\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002\u535a\u5f08\u8bba\u65e2\u662f\u73b0\u4ee3\u6570\u5b66\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u5206\u652f\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u8fd0\u7b79\u5b66\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u91cd\u8981\u5b66\u79d1\uff0c\u5728\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66 Social science \u3001\u903b\u8f91\u5b66 Logic\u3001\u7cfb\u7edf\u79d1\u5b66 Systems science\u548c\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u79d1\u5b66 Computer science \u4e2d\u4e5f\u6709\u5e94\u7528\u3002\u535a\u5f08\u8bba\u6700\u521d\u4ea7\u751f\u4e8e\u96f6\u548c\u6e38\u620f Zero-sum game\uff08\u4e5f\u79f0\u96f6\u548c\u535a\u5f08\uff09\uff0c\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u6e38\u620f\u4e2d\uff0c\u8d62\u5bb6\u7684\u5229\u6da6\u6765\u81ea\u4e8e\u8f93\u5bb6\u7684\u4e8f\u635f\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e2a\u53c2\u4e0e\u8005\u7684\u6536\u76ca\u6216\u635f\u5931\u7531\u5176\u4ed6\u53c2\u4e0e\u8005\u7684\u635f\u5931\u6216\u6536\u76ca\u6765\u5e73\u8861\uff0c\u5404\u65b9\u635f\u76ca\u603b\u548c\u6c38\u8fdc\u4e3a\u201c\u96f6\u201d\u3002\u4eca\u5929\uff0c\u535a\u5f08\u8bba\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u5e7f\u6cdb\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u5df2\u6210\u4e3a\u4eba\u7c7b\u3001\u52a8\u7269\u548c\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u903b\u8f91\u51b3\u7b56\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u603b\u79f0\u3002<\/p>\n


\u73b0\u4ee3\u535a\u5f08\u7406\u8bba\u59cb\u4e8e\u53cc\u4eba\u96f6\u548c\u6e38\u620f Zero-sum games \u4e2d\u7684\u6df7\u5408\u7b56\u7565 mixed strategy \u5747\u8861\u601d\u60f3\u4ee5\u53ca\u7ea6\u7ff0\u00b7\u51af\u00b7\u8bfa\u4f9d\u66fc John von Neumann \u5bf9\u8be5\u601d\u60f3\u7684\u8bba\u8bc1\u3002\u7ea6\u7ff0\u00b7\u51af\u00b7\u8bfa\u4f9d\u66fc John von Neumann\u4f7f\u7528\u8fde\u7eed\u6620\u5c04\u5230\u7d27\u51f8\u96c6 Convex set \u7684\u5e03\u52b3\u5a01\u5c14\u4e0d\u52a8\u70b9\u5b9a\u7406 Brouwer fixed-point theorem \uff0c\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86\u535a\u5f08\u8bba\u548c\u6570\u5b66\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66 Mathemastical economics \u7684\u6807\u51c6\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002\u4ed6\u7684\u8bba\u6587\u53d1\u8868\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u53c8\u4e8e1944\u5e74\u4e0e\u5965\u65af\u5361\u00b7\u6469\u6839\u65af\u817e Oskar Morgenstern \u5408\u8457\u4e86\u300a\u535a\u5f08\u8bba\u4e0e\u7ecf\u6d4e\u884c\u4e3a Theory of Games and Economic Behavior\u300b \u4e00\u4e66\uff0c\u8be5\u4e66\u8003\u8651\u4e86\u591a\u4eba\u535a\u5f08\u3002\u8fd9\u672c\u4e66\u7684\u7b2c\u4e8c\u7248\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u516c\u7406\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u9884\u671f\u6548\u7528\uff0c\u5b83\u5141\u8bb8\u6570\u5b66\u7edf\u8ba1\u5b66\u5bb6\u548c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u5bb6\u5904\u7406\u5728\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u7684\u51b3\u7b56\u3002<\/p>\n

20\u4e16\u7eaa50\u5e74\u4ee3\uff0c\u4f17\u591a\u5b66\u8005\u5c06\u535a\u5f08\u8bba\u53d1\u626c\u5149\u5927\uff1b\u5230\u4e8670\u5e74\u4ee3\uff0c\u535a\u5f08\u8bba\u5728\u751f\u7269\u5b66 Biology \u4e2d\u5d2d\u9732\u5934\u89d2 \uff0c\u7c7b\u4f3c\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u5386\u7a0b\u81f3\u5c11\u53ef\u4ee5\u8ffd\u6eaf\u523030\u5e74\u4ee3\u3002\u535a\u5f08\u8bba\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u5de5\u5177\u5728\u8bb8\u591a\u9886\u57df\u5f97\u5230\u4e86\u5e7f\u6cdb\u7684\u8ba4\u540c\u30021999\u5e74\uff0c \u7ea6\u7ff0\u00b7\u6885\u7eb3\u5fb7\u00b7\u53f2\u5bc6\u65af John Maynard Smith \u56e0\u5c06\u535a\u5f08\u8bba\u5e94\u7528\u4e8e\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u800c\u88ab\u6388\u4e88\u514b\u96f7\u798f\u5fb7\u751f\u7269\u79d1\u5b66\u5956 Crafoord Prize \u3002\u5728\u4ed6\u4e00\u751f\u7684\u5b66\u672f\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\uff0c\u5176\u6700\u7a81\u51fa\u7684\u8d21\u732e\u5728\u4e8e\u5c06\u535a\u5f08\u8bba\u7684\u5206\u6790\u65b9\u6cd5\u5f15\u5165\u5230\u751f\u7269\u6f14\u5316\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u7684\u7ade\u4e89\u884c\u4e3a\u548c\u9009\u62e9\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u5e76\u5bf9\u7fa4\u4f53\u884c\u4e3a\u53d8\u5316\u7684\u52a8\u529b\u5b66\u673a\u5236\u8fdb\u884c\u76f8\u5173\u5206\u6790\u30022014\u5e74\uff0c\u8bfa\u8d1d\u5c14\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u5956 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences \u6388\u4e88\u535a\u5f08\u8bba\u5b66\u5bb6\u8ba9\u00b7\u68af\u82e5\u5c14 Jean Tirole \u3002\u5176\u540e\u53c8\u670911\u4f4d\u535a\u5f08\u8bba\u5b66\u5bb6\u83b7\u5f97\u4e86\u8bfa\u8d1d\u5c14\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u5956\u3002
<\/p>\n



\u5386\u53f2\u80cc\u666f




\u65e9\u5728\u73b0\u4ee3\u6570\u5b66\u535a\u5f08\u8bba\u5174\u8d77\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u5173\u4e8e\u4e8c\u4eba\u535a\u5f08\u7684\u8ba8\u8bba\u5c31\u5f00\u59cb\u4e86\u3002\u5df2\u77e5\u7684\u5bf9\u4e8e\u535a\u5f08\u8bba\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u8ba8\u8bba\uff0c\u6e90\u4e8e\u4e00\u5c011973\u5e74\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u6d3b\u8dc3\u7684\u96c5\u5404\u5bbe\u6d3e\u6210\u5458\u67e5\u5c14\u65af\u2022\u74e6\u5fb7\u683c\u62c9\u592b Charles Waldegrave \u5199\u7684\u4fe1\u3002\u4ed6\u662f\u82f1\u56fd\u5916\u4ea4\u5b98\u8a79\u59c6\u65af\u2022\u74e6\u5fb7\u683c\u62c9\u592b James Waldegrave \u7684\u53d4\u53d4\u3002\u9274\u4e8e\u73b0\u6709\u7684\u7ec6\u8282\u548c\u8bc1\u636e\u6709\u9650\u4e14\u5bf9\u539f\u4f5c\u8005\u7684\u4ecb\u7ecd\u8f83\u4e3a\u6a21\u7cca\uff0c\u539f\u4f5c\u8005\u7684\u771f\u5b9e\u8eab\u4efd\u5c1a\u96be\u786e\u8ba4\u3002
\u6709\u4e00\u79cd\u7406\u8bba\u8ba4\u4e3a James Waldegrave \u624d\u662f\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u4f5c\u8005\uff0c\u4f46\u8fd9\u8fd8\u6709\u5f85\u8bc1\u5b9e\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u5c01\u4fe1\u4e2d\uff0c James Waldegrave \u4e3a\u6cd5\u56fd\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u7eb8\u724c\u6e38\u620f le Her\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u6781\u5c0f\u6781\u5927\u7684\u6df7\u5408\u7b56\u7565\u89e3\u51b3\u65b9\u6848\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u65b9\u6848\u73b0\u5728\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u74e6\u5fb7\u683c\u62c9\u592b\u95ee\u9898 Waldegrave problem \u30021838\u5e74\uff0c\u5b89\u4e1c\u5c3c\u00b7\u5965\u53e4\u65af\u6c40\u00b7\u5e93\u5c14\u8bfa Antoine Augustin Cournot \u5728\u300a\u8d22\u5bcc\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u6570\u5b66\u539f\u7406 Principes de la Th\u00e9orie des Richesses \u300b \u4e00\u4e66\u4e2d\u8003\u8651\u4e86\u53cc\u5be1\u5934\u5784\u65ad\uff0c\u5e76\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u89e3\u51b3\u65b9\u6848\uff0c\u5373\u535a\u5f08\u8bba\u4e2d\u7684\u7eb3\u4ec0\u5e73\u8861 Nash equilibrium \u3002
1913\u5e74\uff0c\u6069\u65af\u7279\u00b7\u6cfd\u6885\u7f57 Ernst Zermelo \u53d1\u8868\u4e86\u300a\u5173\u4e8e\u96c6\u5408\u8bba\u5728\u56fd\u9645\u8c61\u68cb\u535a\u5f08\u7406\u8bba\u4e2d\u7684\u5e94\u7528 On a Application of Set Theory to the Theory of the Game of the Chess\u300b \uff0c\u8bc1\u660e\u4e86\u6700\u4f18\u7684\u56fd\u9645\u8c61\u68cb\u7b56\u7565\u662f\u4e25\u683c\u786e\u5b9a\u7684\u3002\u8fd9\u4e3a\u5b9a\u7406\u7684\u4e00\u822c\u5316\u94fa\u5e73\u4e86\u9053\u8def\u3002
1938\u5e74\uff0c\u4e39\u9ea6\u6570\u5b66\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u5bb6\u5f17\u96f7\u5fb7\u91cc\u514b\u00b7\u7956\u6069 Frederik Zeuthen \u5229\u7528\u5e03\u52b3\u5a01\u5c14\u4e0d\u52a8\u70b9\u5b9a\u7406 Brouwer’s fixed point theorem \uff0c\u8bc1\u660e\u4e86\u6570\u5b66\u6a21\u578b\u5177\u6709\u83b7\u80dc\u7b56\u7565\u3002\u5728\u6ce2\u83b1\u5c14 Emile Borel 1938\u5e74\u7684\u8457\u4f5c\u300a\u54c8\u8428\u5fb7\u7684\u5e94\u7528 Applications aux Jeux de Hasard\u300b \u548c\u66f4\u65e9\u7684\u7b14\u8bb0\u4e2d\uff0cBorel \u8bc1\u660e\u4e86\u5f53\u6536\u76ca\u77e9\u9635\u662f\u5bf9\u79f0\u65f6\uff0c \u4e8c\u4eba\u96f6\u548c\u77e9\u9635\u5bf9\u7b56\u7684\u6781\u5927\u6781\u5c0f\u5b9a\u7406\uff0c\u5e76\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u975e\u5e73\u51e1\u65e0\u9650\u5bf9\u7b56\u7684\u89e3\uff08\u5728\u82f1\u8bed\u4e2d\u79f0\u4e3aBlotto\u535a\u5f08\uff09\u3002Borel\u63a8\u6d4b\u6709\u9650\u4e8c\u4eba\u96f6\u548c\u535a\u5f08\u4e2d\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u6df7\u5408\u7b56\u7565\u5747\u8861\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u731c\u60f3\u88ab\u7ea6\u7ff0\u00b7\u51af\u00b7\u8bfa\u4f9d\u66fc John von Neumann \u8bc1\u660e\u662f\u9519\u8bef\u7684\u3002

\u76f4\u52301928\u5e74\u7ea6\u7ff0\u00b7\u51af\u00b7\u8bfa\u4f9d\u66fc John von Neumann \u53d1\u8868\u4e86\u5173\u4e8e\u6218\u7565\u535a\u5f08\u8bba\u7684\u8bba\u6587\uff0c\u535a\u5f08\u8bba\u624d\u771f\u6b63\u6210\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u72ec\u7acb\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u9886\u57df\u3002\u7ea6\u7ff0\u00b7\u51af\u00b7\u8bfa\u4f9d\u66fc John von Neumann\u7684\u539f\u59cb\u8bc1\u660e\u91c7\u7528\u4e86\u5e03\u52b3\u5a01\u5c14\u5173\u4e8e\u8fde\u7eed\u6620\u5c04\u5230\u7d27\u51f8\u96c6\u7684\u5e03\u52b3\u5a01\u5c14\u4e0d\u52a8\u70b9\u5b9a\u7406 Brouwer fixed-point theorem\u3002\u8be5\u79cd\u65b9\u6cd5\u6210\u4e3a\u7814\u7a76\u535a\u5f08\u8bba\u548c\u6570\u7406\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u7684\u6807\u51c6\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002\u968f\u540e\uff0c\u4ed6\u57281944\u5e74\u4e0e\u5965\u65af\u5361\u2022\u6469\u6839\u65af\u5766 Oskar Morgenstern \u5408\u8457\u4e86\u300a\u535a\u5f08\u8bba\u4e0e\u7ecf\u6d4e\u884c\u4e3a Theory of Games and Economic Behavior\u300b \u4e00\u4e66\u3002 \u8fd9\u672c\u4e66\u7684\u7b2c\u4e8c\u7248\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e0d\u8a00\u81ea\u660e\u7684\u6548\u7528\u7406\u8bba\uff0c\u5b83\u5c06\u4e39\u5c3c\u5c14\u00b7\u4f2f\u52aa\u5229 Daniel Bernoulli \u7684\u65e7\u7684\u6548\u7528\u7406\u8bba\uff08\u4e0e\u91d1\u94b1\u76f8\u5173\uff09\u8f6c\u53d8\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u72ec\u7acb\u7684\u5b66\u79d1\u3002\u7ea6\u7ff0\u00b7\u51af\u00b7\u8bfa\u4f9d\u66fc John von Neumann\u5728\u535a\u5f08\u8bba\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u7a81\u51fa\u53cd\u6620\u5728\u8fd9\u672c1944\u5e74\u51fa\u7248\u7684\u4e66\u4e2d\u3002\u8fd9\u9879\u57fa\u7840\u5de5\u4f5c\u5305\u542b\u4e86\u4e3a\u4e8c\u4eba\u96f6\u548c\u535a\u5f08\u627e\u5230\u76f8\u4e92\u4e00\u81f4\u89e3\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002\u968f\u540e\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u4e3b\u8981\u96c6\u4e2d\u5728\u5408\u4f5c\u535a\u5f08 cooperative game \u7406\u8bba\u4e0a\uff1a\u5047\u8bbe\u7fa4\u4f53\u4e2d\u7684\u6bcf\u4e2a\u4e2a\u4f53\u80fd\u591f\u6267\u884c\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e4b\u95f4\u5173\u4e8e\u9002\u5f53\u7b56\u7565\u7684\u534f\u8bae\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7406\u8bba\u5c06\u5206\u6790\u4e2a\u4f53\u7684\u6700\u4f73\u7b56\u7565\u3002
1950\u5e74\uff0c\u5173\u4e8e\u56da\u5f92\u56f0\u5883 prisoner’s dilemma \u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u6570\u5b66\u8ba8\u8bba\u51fa\u73b0\u4e86\u3002\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5170\u5fb7\u516c\u53f8 RAND Corporation\u7814\u7a76\u535a\u5f08\u8bba\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u8457\u540d\u6570\u5b66\u5bb6\u6885\u91cc\u5c14M.\u5f17\u62c9\u5fb7 Merrill M. Flood \u548c\u6885\u5c14\u6587\u5fb7\u96f7\u820d\u5c14 Melvin Dresher \u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u4e00\u9879\u5b9e\u9a8c\u3002\u5170\u5fb7\u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u8fdb\u884c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u4eec\u53ef\u80fd\u5e94\u7528\u4e8e\u5168\u7403\u6838\u6218\u7565\u3002\u7531John Forbes Nash\u6545\u4e8b\u7ffb\u62cd\u800c\u6765\u7684\u7535\u5f71\u300a\u7f8e\u4e3d\u5fc3\u7075\u300b
\u5927\u7ea6\u5728\u540c\u4e00\u65f6\u95f4\uff0c\u5c0f\u7ea6\u7ff0\u00b7\u798f\u5e03\u65af\u00b7\u7eb3\u4ec0 John Forbes Nash \u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u4e00\u79cd\u7403\u5458\u7b56\u7565\u76f8\u4e92\u4e00\u81f4\u6027\u7684\u6807\u51c6\uff0c\u79f0\u4e3a\u7eb3\u4ec0\u5747\u8861\uff0c\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u6bd4\u7ea6\u7ff0\u00b7\u51af\u00b7\u8bfa\u4f9d\u66fc John von Neumann \u548c Morgenstern\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u6807\u51c6\u66f4\u5e7f\u6cdb\u7684\u535a\u5f08\u3002
John Forbes Nash \u662f\u7f8e\u56fd\u6570\u5b66\u5bb6\uff0c\u524d\u9a6c\u8428\u8bf8\u585e\u7406\u5de5\u5b66\u9662\u6469\u5c14\u8363\u8a89\u8bb2\u5e08\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u7814\u7a76\u535a\u5f08\u8bba\u3001\u5fae\u5206\u51e0\u4f55\u5b66\u548c\u504f\u5fae\u5206\u65b9\u7a0b\u3002\u665a\u5e74\u6210\u4e3a\u666e\u6797\u65af\u987f\u5927\u5b66\u7684\u8d44\u6df1\u7814\u7a76\u6570\u5b66\u5bb6\u30021950\u5e74\uff0c John Forbes Nash \u83b7\u5f97\u7f8e\u56fd\u666e\u6797\u65af\u987f\u5927\u5b66\u7684\u535a\u58eb\u5b66\u4f4d\uff0c\u4ed6\u5728\u4ec5\u4ec528\u9875\u7684\u535a\u58eb\u8bba\u6587\u4e2d\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u91cd\u8981\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u8fd9\u6210\u4e3a\u535a\u5f08\u8bba\u4e2d\u4e00\u9879\u91cd\u8981\u7a81\u7834\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6982\u5ff5\u5c31\u662f\u524d\u6587\u63d0\u5230\u7684\u201c\u7eb3\u4ec0\u5747\u8861\u201d\u3002\u5b83\u88ab\u5e7f\u6cdb\u8fd0\u7528\u5728\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u3001\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u79d1\u5b66\u3001\u6f14\u5316\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u3001\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u3001\u4f1a\u8ba1\u5b66\u3001\u653f\u7b56\u548c\u519b\u4e8b\u7406\u8bba\u7b49\u65b9\u9762\u3002John Forbes Nash \u6700\u7a81\u51fa\u7684\u6570\u5b66\u6210\u5c31\u662f\u5728\u5fae\u5206\u51e0\u4f55\u548c\u504f\u5fae\u5206\u65b9\u7a0b\u9886\u57df\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u5c06\u9ece\u66fc\u6d41\u5f62\u7b49\u8ddd\u5d4c\u5165\u5230\u6b27\u6c0f\u7a7a\u95f4\u7684\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u7ed3\u679c\u5de9\u56fa\u4e86Nash\u5728\u6570\u5b66\u754c\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u5730\u4f4d\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u5728\u975e\u7ebf\u6027\u504f\u5fae\u5206\u65b9\u7a0b\u4e0a\u7684\u8d21\u732e\uff0c\u4ed6\u4e0e\u8def\u6613\u00b7\u5c3c\u4f26\u4f2f\u683c Louis Nierenberg \u5171\u540c\u83b7\u5f97\u4e862015\u5e74\u963f\u8d1d\u5c14\u5956 Abel Prize\u3002
\u8457\u540d\u51e0\u4f55\u5b66\u5bb6\u7c73\u54c8\u4f0a\u5c14\u00b7\u683c\u7f57\u9ed8\u592b Mikhail Gromov \u8fd9\u6837\u8bc4\u4ef7 John Forbes Nash \u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\uff1a\u201c\u4ed6\u6709\u5de8\u5927\u7684\u6570\u5b66\u5206\u6790\u80fd\u529b\u548c\u51e0\u4f55\u6d1e\u5bdf\u529b\u2026\u2026\u4ed6\u7684\u51e0\u4f55\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u4e0d\u8bba\u662f\u4ed6\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u3001\u6280\u672f\u3001\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u60f3\u6cd5\uff0c\u90fd\u4e0e\u4efb\u4f55\u4eba\u539f\u5148\u9884\u671f\u7684\u76f8\u53cd\u2026\u2026\u4ed6\u5728\u51e0\u4f55\u5b66\u6240\u505a\u7684\uff0c\u4ece\u6211\u770b\u6765\uff0c\u6bd4\u8d77\u4ed6\u5728\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u6240\u505a\u7684\u65e0\u53ef\u6bd4\u62df\u5730\u4f1f\u5927\u5f97\u591a,\u76f8\u5dee\u5f88\u591a\u4e2a\u6570\u91cf\u7ea7\u3002\u201d\u57281959\u5e74\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u51fa\u73b0\u7cbe\u795e\u4e0a\u7684\u75c7\u72b6\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u751f\u6daf\u66fe\u7ecf\u4e2d\u65ad\uff0c\u57281959\u5e74\u53ca1961\u5e74\u4e24\u5ea6\u8fdb\u5165\u533b\u9662\u7597\u517b\uff0c\u88ab\u8bca\u65ad\u4e3a\u601d\u89c9\u5931\u8c03\u75c7\u3002John Forbes Nash \u62d2\u7edd\u63a5\u53d7\u7cbe\u795e\u836f\u7269\u6cbb\u7597\u3002\u57281970\u5e74\u540e\uff0c\u75c7\u72b6\u9010\u6e10\u597d\u8f6c\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u518d\u5ea6\u56de\u5230\u5b66\u672f\u7814\u7a76\u5de5\u4f5c\u3002\u4ed6\u8fd9\u6bb5\u65f6\u95f4\u7684\u7ecf\u5386\uff0c\u7531\u897f\u5c14\u7ef4\u5a05\u00b7\u5a1c\u8428 Sylvia Nasar \u5199\u6210\u4f20\u8bb0\uff0c\u5e76\u7ffb\u62cd\u4e3a\u7535\u5f71\u300a\u7f8e\u4e3d\u5fc3\u7075\u300b\uff0c\u4f7f\u5f97\u4ed6\u7684\u4e8b\u8ff9\u5e7f\u4e3a\u4eba\u77e5\u3002John Forbes Nash \u8bc1\u660e\u4e86\u7eb3\u4ec0\u5747\u8861\u5728n\u4eba\u6709\u9650\u535a\u5f08\u4e2d\u7684\u666e\u904d\u5b58\u5728\u6027\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u5f00\u521b\u4e86\u4e0e\u7ea6\u7ff0\u00b7\u51af\u00b7\u8bfa\u4f9d\u66fc John von Neumann\u548cMorgenstern \u6846\u67b6\u8def\u7ebf\u5747\u5b8c\u5168\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u201c\u975e\u5408\u4f5c\u535a\u5f08 Non-cooperative Game\u201d\u7406\u8bba\u3002\u7531\u6b64\u63a8\u51fa\u975e\u5408\u4f5c\u535a\u5f08\u90fd\u5b58\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u6df7\u5408\u7b56\u7565\u7684\u7eb3\u4ec0\u5747\u8861\u70b9\u3002\u535a\u5f08\u8bba\u572820\u4e16\u7eaa50\u5e74\u4ee3\u7ecf\u5386\u4e86\u4e00\u573a\u8fd0\u52a8\uff0c\u5e7f\u4e49\u5f62\u5f0f\u6e38\u620f The extensive form game\u3001\u865a\u62df\u884c\u52a8 Fictitious play \u3001\u91cd\u590d\u535a\u5f08 Repeated games \u3001Shapley\u503c Shapley value\u7b49\u6838\u5fc3\u6982\u5ff5\u5728\u6b64\u671f\u95f4\u5f97\u5230\u53d1\u5c55\u3002
20\u4e16\u7eaa50\u5e74\u4ee3\uff0c\u535a\u5f08\u8bba\u9996\u6b21\u5e94\u7528\u4e8e\u54f2\u5b66\u548c\u653f\u6cbb\u5b66\u3002
1979\u5e74\uff0c\u7f57\u4f2f\u7279\u2022\u963f\u514b\u585e\u5c14\u7f57\u5fb7 Robert Axelrod \u8bd5\u56fe\u4ee5\u73a9\u5bb6\u8eab\u4efd\u8bbe\u7f6e\u7535\u8111\u7a0b\u5e8f\uff0c\u7ed3\u679c\u5728\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u9526\u6807\u8d5b\u4e2d\uff0c\u4ed6\u53d1\u73b0\u83b7\u80dc\u8005\u5f80\u5f80\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u201c\u4ee5\u7259\u8fd8\u7259\u201d\u7a0b\u5e8f\uff0c\u5728\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b65\u4e2d\u8fdb\u884c\u5408\u4f5c\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u5728\u63a5\u4e0b\u6765\u7684\u6b65\u9aa4\u4e2d\uff0c\u6309\u7167\u5bf9\u624b\u5728\u4e0a\u4e00\u6b65\u4e2d\u7684\u52a8\u4f5c\u8fdb\u884c\u81ea\u5df1\u4e0b\u4e00\u6b65\u7684\u52a8\u4f5c\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u4e8b\u5b9e\u88ab\u5e7f\u6cdb\u7528\u6765\u89e3\u91ca\u8fdb\u5316\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u4e2d\u7684\u5408\u4f5c\u73b0\u8c61\u3002
\u76f8\u5173\u6210\u679c<\/p>\n

1965\u5e74\uff0c\u6cfd\u5c14\u817e Reinhard Selten \u5f15\u5165\u4e86\u5b50\u535a\u5f08\u5b8c\u7f8e\u5747\u8861 Subgame perfect equilibria \u7684\u89e3\u51b3\u65b9\u6848\uff0c\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u5b8c\u5584\u4e86\u7eb3\u4ec0\u5e73\u8861\u3002\u540e\u6765\uff0c\u4ed6\u8fd8\u4ecb\u7ecd\u4e86\u98a4\u6296\u624b\u5b8c\u7f8e\u5747\u8861 Trembling hand perfection \u30021994\u5e74\uff0cJohn Nash \u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u4e24\u4f4d\u535a\u5f08\u8bba\u5b66\u5bb6\u7ea6\u7ff0\u00b7C\u00b7\u6d77\u8428\u5c3c John C. Harsany \u548c\u83b1\u56e0\u54c8\u5fb7\u00b7\u6cfd\u5c14\u817e Reinhard Selten \u7531\u4e8e\u5bf9\u7ecf\u6d4e\u535a\u5f08\u8bba\u7684\u8d21\u732e\u5171\u540c\u83b7\u5f97\u4e86\u8bfa\u8d1d\u5c14\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u5956\u3002\u5176\u4e2d\uff0cJohn nash 21\u5c81\u65f6\u5173\u4e8e\u201c\u7eb3\u4ec0\u5747\u8861\u201d\u7684\u535a\u58eb\u6bd5\u4e1a\u8bba\u6587\u4e3a\u4ed6\u83b7\u5f97\u8bfa\u8d1d\u5c14\u5b66\u5956\u5960\u5b9a\u4e86\u57fa\u7840\uff1bHarsanyi \u56e0\u4e3a\u4ed6\u5bf9\u4e0d\u5b8c\u5168\u4fe1\u606f\u535a\u5f08\uff08\u5373\u6240\u8c13\u7684\u8d1d\u53f6\u65af\u535a\u5f08\uff09\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u9ad8\u5ea6\u521b\u65b0\u7684\u5206\u6790\u800c\u4e3a\u4eba\u4eec\u6240\u719f\u77e5\u3002\u4ed6\u8fd8\u4e3a\u535a\u5f08\u8bba\u548c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u63a8\u7406\u5728\u653f\u6cbb\u548c\u9053\u5fb7\u54f2\u5b66\uff08\u7279\u522b\u662f\u529f\u5229\u4e3b\u4e49\u9053\u5fb7\uff09\u4e2d\u7684\u4f7f\u7528\u4ee5\u53ca\u4e3a\u5747\u8861\u9009\u62e9\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u505a\u51fa\u4e86\u91cd\u8981\u8d21\u732e\uff1bReinhard Selten\u56e0\u5728\u201c\u975e\u5408\u4f5c\u535a\u5f08\u7406\u8bba\u4e2d\u5f00\u521b\u6027\u7684\u5747\u8861\u5206\u6790\u201d\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u6770\u51fa\u8d21\u732e\u800c\u8363\u83b7\u8bfa\u8d1d\u5c14\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u5956\u3002
20\u4e16\u7eaa70\u5e74\u4ee3\uff0c\u535a\u5f08\u8bba\u5728\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u4e2d\u5f97\u5230\u4e86\u5e7f\u6cdb\u7684\u5e94\u7528\u3002\u8fd9\u5728\u5f88\u5927\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u5f52\u529f\u4e8e\u7ea6\u7ff0\u00b7\u6885\u7eb3\u5fb7\u00b7\u53f2\u5bc6\u65af John Maynard Smith \u5728\u8fdb\u5316\u7a33\u5b9a\u7b56\u7565\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u4ed6\u8fd8\u4ecb\u7ecd\u5e76\u5206\u6790\u4e86\u76f8\u5173\u5747\u8861 Correlated equilibrium \u3001\u98a4\u6296\u624b\u5b8c\u7f8e Trembling hand perfection \u3001\u548c\u5171\u540c\u77e5\u8bc6 Common konwledge \u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u3002
2005\u5e74\uff0c\u535a\u5f08\u8bba\u5b66\u5bb6\u6258\u9a6c\u65af\u00b7\u8c22\u6797 Thomas Schelling \u548c\u7f57\u4f2f\u7279\u00b7\u5965\u66fc Robert Aumann \u7d27\u968f John Forbes Nash \u3001\u585e\u5c14\u6ed5 Selten \u548c\u54c8\u8428\u5c3c Harsanyi \u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u83b7\u5f97\u4e86\u8bfa\u8d1d\u5c14\u5956\u3002Schelling \u7814\u7a76\u7684\u662f\u52a8\u6001\u6a21\u578b\uff0c\u5373\u6f14\u5316\u535a\u5f08\u7406\u8bba Evolutionary game theory\u7684\u65e9\u671f\u4f8b\u5b50\u3002Aumann\u5bf9\u5747\u8861\u5b66\u6d3e\u7684\u8d21\u732e\u66f4\u5927\uff0c\u4ed6\u5f15\u5165\u4e86\u5747\u8861\u7c97\u5316\u548c\u76f8\u5173\u5747\u8861\uff0c\u5e76\u5bf9\u5171\u540c\u77e5\u8bc6\u7684\u5047\u8bbe\u53ca\u5176\u7ed3\u679c\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u5e7f\u4e49\u5f62\u5f0f\u4e0a\u7684\u5206\u6790\u3002
2007\u5e74\uff0c\u83b1\u6602\u5c3c\u5fb7\u2022\u8d6b\u7ef4\u5947 Leonid Hurwicz \u3001\u57c3\u91cc\u514b\u2022\u9a6c\u65af\u91d1 Eric Maskin \u548c\u7f57\u6770\u2022\u8fc8\u5c14\u68ee Roger Myerson \u7531\u4e8e\u4e3a\u673a\u5236\u8bbe\u8ba1\u7406\u8bba\u5960\u5b9a\u4e86\u57fa\u7840\u800c\u88ab\u6388\u4e88\u8bfa\u8d1d\u5c14\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u5956\u3002\u5176\u4e2d\uff0cMyerson\u7684\u8d21\u732e\u5305\u62ec\u63d0\u51fa\u9002\u5ea6\u5747\u8861\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u4ee5\u53ca\u4e00\u7bc7\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u6bd5\u4e1a\u8bba\u6587\u300a\u535a\u5f08\u8bba\uff0c\u51b2\u7a81\u5206\u6790\u300b\uff1bHurwicz\u4ecb\u7ecd\u5e76\u6b63\u5f0f\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u6fc0\u52b1\u76f8\u5bb9 Incentive compatibility \u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u3002
2012\u5e74\uff0c\u963f\u5c14\u6587\u2022 E \u2022\u7f57\u65af Alvin E. Roth \u548c\u52b3\u57c3\u5fb7\u2022\u6c99\u666e\u5229 Lloyd S. Shapley \u56e0\u201c\u7a33\u5b9a\u914d\u7f6e\u7406\u8bba\u548c\u5e02\u573a\u8bbe\u8ba1\u5b9e\u8df5\u201d\u800c\u83b7\u5f97\u8bfa\u8d1d\u5c14\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u5956\u30022014\u5e74\uff0c\u8ba9\u2022\u68af\u82e5\u5c14 Jean Tirole \u56e0\u5176\u5728\u5e02\u573a\u529b\u91cf\u548c\u76d1\u7ba1\u7684\u5206\u6790\u53d6\u5f97\u91cd\u5927\u53d1\u73b0\u800c\u8363\u83b7\u8bfa\u8d1d\u5c14\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u5956 \u3002
<\/p>\n



\u535a\u5f08\u7c7b\u578b


\u5408\u4f5c\/\u975e\u5408\u4f5c<\/p>\n

\u5982\u679c\u73a9\u5bb6\u80fd\u591f\u5f62\u6210\u5177\u6709\u7ea6\u675f\u529b\u7684\u5916\u90e8\u5f3a\u5236\u627f\u8bfa\uff08\u5982\u901a\u8fc7\u5408\u540c\u6cd5 contract law \uff09\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u535a\u5f08\u5c31\u662f\u5408\u4f5c\u6027\u7684\u3002\u5982\u679c\u73a9\u5bb6\u4e0d\u80fd\u7ed3\u6210\u8054\u76df\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u6240\u6709\u534f\u8bae\u90fd\u9700\u8981\u81ea\u6211\u5b9e\u65bd self-enforcing \uff08\u5982\u901a\u8fc7\u53ef\u7f6e\u4fe1\u5a01\u80c1 Credible threats \uff09\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u535a\u5f08\u5c31\u662f\u975e\u5408\u4f5c\u7684\u3002
\u5408\u4f5c\u535a\u5f08\u901a\u5e38\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u5408\u4f5c\u535a\u5f08\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u6846\u67b6\u6765\u5206\u6790\u7684\u3002\u8be5\u7406\u8bba\u4fa7\u91cd\u4e8e\u9884\u6d4b\u54ea\u4e9b\u8054\u76df\u5c06\u4f1a\u5f62\u6210\uff0c\u7fa4\u4f53\u91c7\u53d6\u7684\u8054\u5408\u884c\u52a8\u4ee5\u53ca\u7531\u6b64\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u96c6\u4f53\u6536\u76ca\u3002\u5b83\u4e0e\u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u975e\u5408\u4f5c\u535a\u5f08\u8bba\u4e0d\u540c\u3002\uff08\u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u975e\u5408\u4f5c\u535a\u5f08\u8bba\u4fa7\u91cd\u4e8e\u9884\u6d4b\u4e2a\u4f53\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u548c\u7ed3\u679c\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5206\u6790\u7eb3\u4ec0\u5e73\u8861\uff09\u3002\u5408\u4f5c\u535a\u5f08\u8bba\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u4e00\u79cd\u9ad8\u5c42\u6b21\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u53ea\u63cf\u8ff0\u8054\u76df\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\u3001\u6218\u7565\u548c\u6536\u76ca\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u5408\u4f5c\u535a\u5f08\u8bba\u8fd8\u7814\u7a76\u8bae\u4ef7\u8fc7\u7a0b\u5f71\u54cd\u8054\u76df\u5185\u6536\u76ca\u5206\u914d\u7684\u56e0\u7d20\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u975e\u5408\u4f5c\u535a\u5f08\u8bba\u5177\u6709\u66f4\u5e7f\u6cdb\u7684\u9002\u7528\u6027\uff0c\u5408\u4f5c\u535a\u5f08\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u975e\u5408\u4f5c\u535a\u5f08\u8bba(\u9006\u5411\u4e0d\u6210\u7acb)\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u8fdb\u884c\u5206\u6790\u3002\u524d\u63d0\u662f\u4f5c\u51fa\u5145\u5206\u7684\u5047\u8bbe\uff0c\u4ee5\u6db5\u76d6\u7531\u4e8e\u5408\u4f5c\u5916\u90e8\u5b9e\u65bd\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u800c\u53ef\u80fd\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u6240\u6709\u7b56\u7565\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u975e\u5408\u4f5c\u6846\u67b6\u4e0b\u8868\u8fbe\u6240\u6709\u535a\u5f08\u662f\u6700\u4f73\u505a\u6cd5\uff0c\u4f46\u5728\u8bb8\u591a\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u4f1a\u7531\u4e8e\u6ca1\u6709\u8db3\u591f\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u51c6\u786e\u5730\u6a21\u62df\u6218\u7565\u8c08\u5224\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff0c\u6216\u7531\u6b64\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u6a21\u578b\u8fc7\u4e8e\u590d\u6742\uff0c\u800c\u65e0\u6cd5\u4e3a\u8fd0\u7528\u5728\u73b0\u5b9e\u4e16\u754c\u4e2d\u63d0\u4f9b\u8f83\u4e3a\u5b9e\u7528\u7684\u5de5\u5177\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u5408\u4f5c\u535a\u5f08\u7406\u8bba\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u4e00\u79cd\u7b80\u5316\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u8be5\u65b9\u6cd5\u5141\u8bb8\u5bf9\u6574\u4e2a\u535a\u5f08\u8fdb\u884c\u5206\u6790\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u5fc5\u5bf9\u8bae\u4ef7\u80fd\u529b\u505a\u51fa\u4efb\u4f55\u5047\u8bbe\u3002
\u5bf9\u79f0\/\u975e\u5bf9\u79f0\u535a\u5f08<\/p>\n

\u975e\u5bf9\u79f0\u535a\u5f08
\u5bf9\u79f0\u535a\u5f08\u662f\u6307\u535a\u5f08\u7684\u6536\u76ca\u53ea\u4f9d\u8d56\u4e8e\u9009\u624b\u6240\u9009\u62e9\u7684\u7b56\u7565\u800c\u4e0d\u4f9d\u8d56\u4e8e\u8fdb\u884c\u535a\u5f08\u7684\u9009\u624b\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u535a\u5f08\u3002\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u73a9\u5bb6\u7684\u8eab\u4efd\u53ef\u4ee5\u6539\u53d8\u800c\u7b56\u7565\u7684\u6536\u76ca\u4e0d\u80fd\u6539\u53d8\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u535a\u5f08\u5c31\u662f\u5bf9\u79f0\u7684\u3002\u8bb8\u591a\u5e38\u7528\u76842\u00d72\u5bf9\u7b56\u662f\u5bf9\u79f0\u7684\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff1a\u6597\u9e21\u535a\u5f08 Chicken game \u3001\u56da\u5f92\u56f0\u5883 Prisoner’s dilemma \u548c\u730e\u9e7f\u535a\u5f08 Stag hunt \u90fd\u662f\u5bf9\u79f0\u535a\u5f08\u3002\u4e00\u4e9b\u5b66\u8005\u4eec\u4e5f\u4f1a\u8003\u8651\u67d0\u4e9b\u975e\u5bf9\u79f0\u535a\u5f08\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\u3002\u4e0d\u8fc7\uff0c\u6700\u5e38\u89c1\u7684\u8fd8\u662f\u5bf9\u79f0\u535a\u5f08\u3002
\u975e\u5bf9\u79f0\u535a\u5f08\u662f\u7814\u7a76\u6700\u591a\u7684\u662f\u4e24\u4e2a\u535a\u5f08\u8005\u7684\u7b56\u7565\u4e0d\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u535a\u5f08\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u6700\u540e\u901a\u7252\u535a\u5f08 Ultimatum game\u548c\u7c7b\u4f3c\u7684\u72ec\u88c1\u8005\u535a\u5f08 Dictator game \u5bf9\u6bcf\u4e2a\u73a9\u5bb6\u90fd\u6709\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u7b56\u7565\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u4e00\u4e2a\u535a\u5f08\uff0c\u4e24\u4e2a\u73a9\u5bb6\u7684\u7b56\u7565\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u76f8\u540c\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u4e0d\u5bf9\u79f0\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u4e0a\u56fe\u6240\u793a\u7684\u535a\u5f08\u5c3d\u7ba1\u4e24\u540d\u73a9\u5bb6\u7684\u7b56\u7565\u8bbe\u7f6e\u76f8\u540c\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u6536\u76ca\u662f\u4e0d\u5bf9\u79f0\u7684\u3002
\u96f6\u548c\/\u975e\u96f6\u548c\u535a\u5f08<\/p>\n

\u96f6\u548c\u535a\u5f08
\u96f6\u548c\u535a\u5f08\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u7279\u6b8a\u7684\u5e38\u548c\u535a\u5f08\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u535a\u5f08\u4e0b\uff0c\u535a\u5f08\u8005\u7684\u9009\u62e9\u65e2\u4e0d\u80fd\u589e\u52a0\u4e5f\u4e0d\u80fd\u51cf\u5c11\u53ef\u7528\u8d44\u6e90\u3002\u5728\u96f6\u548c\u535a\u5f08\u4e2d\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u6bcf\u4e00\u79cd\u7b56\u7565\u7ec4\u5408\uff0c\u535a\u5f08\u4e2d\u6240\u6709\u73a9\u5bb6\u7684\u603b\u6536\u76ca\u603b\u662f\u4e3a\u96f6\uff08\u66f4\u901a\u4fd7\u5730\u8bf4\uff0c\u73a9\u5bb6\u53ea\u4f1a\u4ee5\u727a\u7272\u4ed6\u4eba\u5229\u76ca\u4e3a\u4ee3\u4ef7\u83b7\u5f97\u6536\u76ca\uff09\u3002\u6251\u514b\u6e38\u620f\u662f\u96f6\u548c\u535a\u5f08\u7684\u5178\u578b(\u5ffd\u7565\u4e86\u5e84\u5bb6\u5206\u724c\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027)\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u8d62\u5f97\u7684\u91d1\u989d\u6070\u597d\u4e0e\u5bf9\u624b\u8f93\u6389\u7684\u91d1\u989d\u76f8\u7b49\u3002\u5176\u4ed6\u7684\u96f6\u548c\u535a\u5f08\u5305\u62ec\u5339\u914d\u786c\u5e01 Matching pennies \u548c\u5927\u591a\u6570\u5305\u62ec\u56f4\u68cb\u548c\u56fd\u9645\u8c61\u68cb\u5728\u5185\u7684\u7ecf\u5178\u68cb\u76d8\u6e38\u620f\uff0c
\u535a\u5f08\u8bba\u5b66\u8005\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u8bb8\u591a\u535a\u5f08\uff08\u5305\u62ec\u8457\u540d\u7684\u56da\u5f92\u56f0\u5883 Prisoner’s dilemma \uff09\u90fd\u662f\u975e\u96f6\u548c\u535a\u5f08\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u7ed3\u679c\u7684\u51c0\u7ed3\u679c\u8981\u4e48\u5927\u4e8e\u96f6\uff0c\u8981\u4e48\u5c0f\u4e8e\u96f6\u3002\u4e0d\u592a\u6b63\u5f0f\u7684\u8bf4\u6cd5\u4e3a\uff1a\u5728\u975e\u96f6\u548c\u535a\u5f08\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e00\u65b9\u7684\u6536\u76ca\u4e0d\u4e00\u5b9a\u5bf9\u5e94\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u7684\u635f\u5931\u3002
\u5e38\u548c\u535a\u5f08\u5bf9\u5e94\u7684\u662f\u76d7\u7a83\u548c\u8d4c\u535a\u7b49\u6d3b\u52a8\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u4ece\u8d38\u6613\u4e2d\u83b7\u5f97\u6f5c\u5728\u5229\u76ca\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5f62\u52bf\u3002\u901a\u8fc7\u6dfb\u52a0\u4e00\u4e2a\u865a\u62df\u73a9\u5bb6\u6765\u8865\u507f\u73a9\u5bb6\u7684\u51c0\u8d62\u5229\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u5c06\u4efb\u4f55\u535a\u5f08\u8f6c\u5316\u4e3a\uff08\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u4e0d\u5bf9\u79f0\u7684\uff09\u96f6\u548c\u535a\u5f08\u3002
\u540c\u65f6\/\u5e8f\u8d2f\u535a\u5f08<\/p>\n

\u540c\u65f6\u884c\u52a8\uff1a\u77f3\u5934\u526a\u5200\u5e03\u535a\u5f08
\u540c\u65f6\u535a\u5f08 Simultaneous games \uff08\u6216\u9759\u6001\u535a\u5f08\uff09\u662f\u6307\u4e24\u4e2a\u73a9\u5bb6\u540c\u65f6\u884c\u52a8\u7684\u535a\u5f08\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u5982\u679c\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e0d\u540c\u65f6\u884c\u52a8\uff0c\u540e\u9762\u7684\u73a9\u5bb6\u5e76\u4e0d\u77e5\u9053\u524d\u9762\u7684\u73a9\u5bb6\u7684\u884c\u52a8\uff08\u4f7f\u5f97\u4ed6\u4eec\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u540c\u65f6\u884c\u52a8\uff09\u3002\u540c\u65f6\u535a\u5f08\u7528\u6b63\u89c4\u5f62\u5f0f\u8868\u793a\uff0c\u5e76\u7528\u7eb3\u4ec0\u5747\u8861\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u6c42\u89e3\u3002\u6700\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\u5c31\u662f\u77f3\u5934\u526a\u5200\u5e03.
\u5e8f\u8d2f\u535a\u5f08 Sequential games \uff08\u6216\u52a8\u6001\u535a\u5f08\uff09\u662f\u540e\u671f\u73a9\u5bb6\u5bf9\u65e9\u671f\u52a8\u4f5c\u6709\u4e00\u5b9a\u4e86\u89e3\u7684\u535a\u5f08\u3002\u8fd9\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u65e9\u671f\u73a9\u5bb6\u6bcf\u4e00\u4e2a\u52a8\u4f5c\u7684\u5b8c\u5168\u4fe1\u606f Perfect information ;\u5b83\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u975e\u5e38\u5c11\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u73a9\u5bb6\u53ef\u80fd\u77e5\u9053\u524d\u9762\u7684\u73a9\u5bb6\u6ca1\u6709\u6267\u884c\u67d0\u4e2a\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u52a8\u4f5c\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\/\u5979\u4e0d\u77e5\u9053\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u73a9\u5bb6\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u6267\u884c\u4e86\u54ea\u4e9b\u5176\u4ed6\u53ef\u7528\u7684\u52a8\u4f5c\u3002\u5e8f\u8d2f\u535a\u5f08\u5c31\u50cf\u4e00\u68f5\u5927\u6811\u751f\u6839\u53d1\u82bd\u4e00\u6837\u4ece\u521d\u59cb\u70b9\u5411\u524d\u63a8\u8fdb\uff0c\u6700\u7ec8\u5f62\u6210\u7684\u535a\u5f08\u6811\u5c31\u662f\u7528\u6765\u5206\u6790\u5747\u8861\u7b56\u7565\u7684\u5de5\u5177\uff0c\u4ece\u7ec8\u70b9\u7ed3\u6cbf\u7740\u6811\u679d\u5411\u524d\u9006\u63a8\uff0c\u6700\u7ec8\u7684\u5f97\u51fa\u6700\u4f18\u7b56\u7565\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u9006\u63a8\u5747\u8861\u3002\u5f88\u77e5\u540d\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\u5927\u6982\u662fIBM\u5f00\u53d1\u7684\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u201c\u6df1\u84dd\u201d\u6253\u8d25\u4e86\u56fd\u9645\u8c61\u68cb\u5927\u5e08\u7684\u6545\u4e8b\u3002\u4f46\u8fd9\u65b9\u6cd5\u672a\u5fc5\u603b\u884c\u5f97\u901a\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u535a\u5f08\u7684\u524d\u63d0\u662f\u5047\u8bbe\u6bcf\u4e2a\u53c2\u4e0e\u4eba\u90fd\u662f\u7406\u6027\u4eba\uff0c\u7ec8\u6781\u4ef7\u503c\u8ffd\u6c42\u5c31\u662f\u4e2a\u4eba\u7684\u6700\u5927\u6536\u76ca\uff0c\u800c\u73b0\u5b9e\u4e2d\u4eba\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u6a21\u5f0f\u53ef\u8981\u590d\u6742\u591a\u53d8\u5f97\u591a\u3002
\u540c\u65f6\u535a\u5f08\u548c\u5e8f\u8d2f\u535a\u5f08\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u533a\u522b\u4f53\u73b0\u5728\u4e0a\u9762\u8ba8\u8bba\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u8868\u73b0\u5f62\u5f0f\u4e2d\u3002\u901a\u5e38\uff0c\u6807\u51c6\u5f62\u5f0f\u7528\u4e8e\u8868\u793a\u540c\u65f6\u535a\u5f08\uff0c\u800c\u6269\u5c55\u5f62\u5f0f\u7528\u4e8e\u8868\u793a\u5e8f\u8d2f\u535a\u5f08\u3002\u6cdb\u5316\u5411\u8303\u5f0f\u7684\u8f6c\u6362\u662f\u540c\u4e00\u79cd\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u5373\u591a\u79cd\u6cdb\u5316\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u535a\u5f08\u5bf9\u5e94\u4e8e\u540c\u4e00\u8303\u5f0f\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u535a\u5f08\u7684\u5747\u8861\u6982\u5ff5\u4e0d\u8db3\u4ee5\u63a8\u51fa\u5e8f\u8d2f\u535a\u5f08\u3002
\u7b80\u800c\u8a00\u4e4b\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u535a\u5f08\u548c\u5e8f\u8d2f\u535a\u5f08\u7684\u533a\u522b\u5982\u4e0b:
\u5e8f\u8d2f\u535a\u5f08\u540c\u65f6\u535a\u5f08\u8868\u793a\u5f62\u5f0f\u51b3\u7b56\u6811\u652f\u4ed8\u77e9\u9635 Payoff matrix\u5bf9\u624b\u5148\u524d
\u7684\u884c\u52a8
YesNo\u65f6\u95f4\u5148\u540eYesNo\u5176\u4ed6\u6269\u5c55\u5f0f\u8d5b\u5c40
Extensive game
\u7b56\u7565\u535a\u5f08Strategic game<\/p>\n

\u5b8c\u7f8e\u4fe1\u606f\u4e0e\u975e\u5b8c\u7f8e\u4fe1\u606f\u535a\u5f08<\/p>\n

\u4e0d\u5b8c\u7f8e\u535a\u5f08\uff08\u865a\u7ebf\u4e3a\u73a9\u5bb62\u6240\u4e0d\u77e5\u9053\u7684\u4fe1\u606f \u6b63\u5f0f\u7684\u8bf4\u4e3a\u4fe1\u606f\u96c6\u5408\uff09
\u5b8c\u7f8e\u4fe1\u606f\u535a\u5f08\u662f\u5e8f\u8d2f\u535a\u5f08\u4e2d\u7279\u522b\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u3002\u5982\u679c\u6240\u6709\u73a9\u5bb6\u90fd\u77e5\u9053\u5176\u4ed6\u73a9\u5bb6\u4e4b\u524d\u6240\u505a\u7684\u52a8\u4f5c\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u535a\u5f08\u5c31\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b8c\u7f8e\u4fe1\u606f\u3002\u535a\u5f08\u8bba\u4e2d\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u5927\u591a\u6570\u535a\u5f08\u90fd\u662f\u4e0d\u5b8c\u7f8e\u4fe1\u606f\u535a\u5f08\u3002\u5b8c\u7f8e\u4fe1\u606f\u535a\u5f08\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\u5305\u62ec\u4e95\u5b57\u535a\u5f08 Tic-tac-toe \u3001\u8df3\u68cb Checkers \u3001\u65e0\u9650\u8c61\u68cb Infinite chess \u548c\u56f4\u68cb Go \u3002
\u8bb8\u591a\u7eb8\u724c\u6e38\u620f\u662f\u4e0d\u5b8c\u7f8e\u4fe1\u606f\u535a\u5f08\uff0c\u5982\u6251\u514b\u548c\u6865\u724c\u3002 \u5b8c\u7f8e\u4fe1\u606f\u535a\u5f08\u7ecf\u5e38\u4e0e\u5b8c\u5168\u4fe1\u606f\u535a\u5f08\u76f8\u6df7\u6dc6\u3002\u5b8c\u5168\u535a\u5f08\u8981\u6c42\u6bcf\u4e2a\u73a9\u5bb6\u90fd\u77e5\u9053\u5176\u4ed6\u73a9\u5bb6\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u7b56\u7565\u548c\u6536\u76ca\uff0c\u4f46\u4e0d\u4e00\u5b9a\u77e5\u9053\u6240\u91c7\u53d6\u7684\u884c\u52a8\u3002\u800c\u5b8c\u7f8e\u4fe1\u606f\u535a\u5f08\u6307\u4e00\u4e2a\u53c2\u4e0e\u4eba\u5bf9\u5176\u4ed6\u53c2\u4e0e\u4eba\uff08\u5305\u62ec\u81ea\u7136\uff09\u7684\u884c\u52a8\u9009\u62e9\u6709\u51c6\u786e\u4e86\u89e3\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\uff0c\u5373\u6bcf\u4e2a\u4fe1\u606f\u96c6\u91cc\u53ea\u5305\u542b\u4e00\u4e2a\u503c\u3002\u4e0d\u5b8c\u7f8e\u4fe1\u606f\u535a\u5f08\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u5f15\u5165\u81ea\u7136\u6ce2\u52a8 Moves by nature \u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u6765\u8fdb\u884c\u7b80\u5316\u3002
\u7ec4\u5408\u535a\u5f08<\/p>\n

\u897f\u6d0b\u53cc\u9646\u68cb Backgammon\uff1a\u4f60\u5fc5\u987b\u5728\u5bf9\u65b9\u5b8c\u6210\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u628a\u6240\u6709\u7684\u5341\u4e94\u4e2a\u68cb\u5b50\u9001\u5230\u4f60\u7684\u9886\u5730\u53bb
\u7ec4\u5408\u535a\u5f08\u662f\u7531\u53ef\u79fb\u52a8\u7684\u591a\u6837\u53d8\u5316\u51b3\u5b9a\u5bfb\u627e\u6700\u4f18\u7b56\u7565\u7684\u96be\u5ea6\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u535a\u5f08\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\u56fd\u9645\u8c61\u68cb\u548c\u56f4\u68cb\u3002\u5305\u542b\u4e0d\u5b8c\u7f8e\u4fe1\u606f\u7684\u535a\u5f08\u4e5f\u53ef\u80fd\u6709\u5f88\u5f3a\u7684\u7ec4\u5408\u7279\u5f81\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u897f\u6d0b\u53cc\u9646\u68cb Backgammon \u3002\u867d\u7136\u6ca1\u6709\u7edf\u4e00\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u6765\u5904\u7406\u535a\u5f08\u4e2d\u7684\u7ec4\u5408\u5143\u7d20\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u6709\u4e9b\u6570\u5b66\u5de5\u5177\u53ef\u4ee5\u89e3\u51b3\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u5e76\u56de\u7b54\u4e00\u822c\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u3002
\u5b8c\u7f8e\u4fe1\u606f\u535a\u5f08\u5df2\u7ecf\u5728\u7ec4\u5408\u535a\u5f08\u8bba Combinatorial game theory \u4e2d\u5f97\u5230\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u53d1\u5c55\u51fa\u65b0\u9896\u7684\u8868\u793a\u6cd5\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u8d85\u73b0\u5b9e\u6570\u5b57 Surreal numbers \uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5229\u7528\u7ec4\u5408\u548c\u4ee3\u6570\uff08\u6709\u65f6\u662f\u975e\u6784\u9020\u6027\u7684\uff09\u7684\u8bc1\u660e\u65b9\u6cd5\u6765\u89e3\u51b3\u7279\u5b9a\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u535a\u5f08\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u53ef\u80fd\u5bfc\u81f4\u65e0\u9650\u957f\u79fb\u52a8\u5e8f\u5217\u7684\u201c\u73af\u5f62\u201d\u535a\u5f08\u3002 \u6bd4\u8d77\u4f20\u7edf\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u7684\u535a\u5f08\u7406\u8bba\uff0c\u8be5\u65b9\u6cd5\u89e3\u51b3\u7684\u535a\u5f08\u95ee\u9898\u5177\u6709\u66f4\u9ad8\u7684\u7ec4\u5408\u590d\u6742\u6027\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u5178\u578b\u4f8b\u5b50\u5c31\u662f\u201c\u5341\u516d\u8fdb\u5236\u535a\u5f08\u201d\u3002\u535a\u5f08\u590d\u6742\u6027\u662f\u501f\u9274\u8ba1\u7b97\u590d\u6742\u6027\u7406\u8bba\u6765\u4f30\u8ba1\u8ba1\u7b97\u56f0\u96be\u7a0b\u5ea6\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u5bfb\u627e\u6700\u4f73\u7b56\u7565\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u76f8\u5173\u7814\u7a76\u9886\u57df\u3002
\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u5df2\u7ecf\u89e3\u51b3\u4e86\u5b8c\u7f8e\u548c\u4e0d\u5b8c\u7f8e\u4fe1\u606f\u535a\u5f08\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u535a\u5f08\u5177\u6709\u975e\u5e38\u590d\u6742\u7684\u7ec4\u5408\u7ed3\u6784(\u5982\u56fd\u9645\u8c61\u68cb\u3001\u56f4\u68cb\u6216\u897f\u6d0b\u53cc\u9646\u68cb) \uff0c\u4f46\u5c1a\u672a\u627e\u5230\uff08\u53ef\u8bc1\u660e\u7684\uff09\u6700\u4f18\u7b56\u7565\u3002\u5b9e\u9645\u7684\u89e3\u51b3\u65b9\u6848\u5305\u62ec\u8ba1\u7b97\u542f\u53d1\u5f0f\u7b97\u6cd5\uff0c\u5982 \u963f\u5c14\u6cd5\u8d1d\u5854\u526a\u679d Alpha\u2013beta pruning \u6216\u4f7f\u7528\u7531\u5f3a\u5316\u5b66\u4e60\u8bad\u7ec3 Reinforcement learning \u7684\u4eba\u5de5\u795e\u7ecf\u7f51\u7edc Artificial neural networks \uff0c\u8fd9\u4f7f\u5f97\u535a\u5f08\u5728\u8ba1\u7b97\u5b9e\u8df5\u4e2d\u66f4\u6613\u4e8e\u5904\u7406\u3002
\u65e0\u9650\u957f\u535a\u5f08\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u5bb6\u548c\u73b0\u5b9e\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u6e38\u620f\u73a9\u5bb6\u5f80\u5f80\u7814\u7a76\u6709\u9650\u6b65\u6570\u7684\u6b65\u6570\u3002\u800c\u7eaf\u6570\u5b66\u5bb6\u5c31\u4e0d\u90a3\u4e48\u53d7\u7ea6\u675f\u4e86\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u96c6\u5408\u8bba\u7406\u8bba\u5bb6\u5c24\u5176\u559c\u6b22\u7814\u7a76\u90a3\u4e9b\u65e0\u7a77\u591a\u6b65\u7684\u535a\u5f08\uff0c\u76f4\u5230\u6240\u6709\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6b65\u90fd\u5b8c\u6210\u540e\u624d\u80fd\u77e5\u9053\u8d62\u5bb6\uff08\u6216\u6536\u76ca\uff09\u3002
\u5728\u65e0\u9650\u957f\u535a\u5f08\u4e2d\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u7684\u6ce8\u610f\u529b\u901a\u5e38\u4e0d\u662f\u96c6\u4e2d\u5728\u73a9\u8fd9\u79cd\u6e38\u620f\u7684\u6700\u4f73\u65b9\u5f0f\u4e0a\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u96c6\u4e2d\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u73a9\u5bb6\u662f\u5426\u6709\u5236\u80dc\u7684\u7b56\u7565\u4e0a\u3002(\u6839\u636e\u9009\u62e9\u516c\u7406\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bc1\u660e\uff0c\u6709\u4e9b\u6e38\u620f\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u4fe1\u606f\u5b8c\u7f8e\uff0c\u7ed3\u5c40\u53ea\u6709\u201c\u8d62\u201d\u6216\u201c\u8f93\u201d\uff0c\u4f46\u53cc\u65b9\u90fd\u6ca1\u6709\u83b7\u80dc\u7684\u7b56\u7565\u3002)\u5bf9\u4e8e\u8bbe\u8ba1\u5de7\u5999\u7684\u535a\u5f08\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u7b56\u7565\u5728\u63cf\u8ff0\u96c6\u7406\u8bba\u4e2d\u6709\u7740\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u3002
\u79bb\u6563\u548c\u8fde\u7eed\u535a\u5f08<\/p>\n

\u8bb8\u591a\u535a\u5f08\u8bba\u90fd\u4e0e\u6709\u9650\u4e14\u79bb\u6563\u7684\u535a\u5f08\u6709\u5173\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u535a\u5f08\u5177\u6709\u6709\u9650\u6570\u91cf\u7684\u73a9\u5bb6\u3001\u6b65\u6570\u3001\u4e8b\u4ef6\u3001\u7ed3\u679c\u7b49\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u6269\u5c55\u8bb8\u591a\u6982\u5ff5\u3002\u8fde\u7eed\u535a\u5f08 Continuous games\u5141\u8bb8\u73a9\u5bb6\u4ece\u8fde\u7eed\u7b56\u7565\u96c6\u4e2d\u9009\u62e9\u7b56\u7565\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u53e4\u8bfa\u7ade\u4e89 Cournot competition \u901a\u5e38\u4ee5\u73a9\u5bb6\u7684\u7b56\u7565\u4e3a\u4efb\u4f55\u975e\u8d1f\u6570\u91cf\uff08\u5305\u62ec\u5c0f\u6570\uff09\u6765\u5efa\u6a21\u3002
\u5dee\u5206\u535a\u5f08 Differential games \u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u5728\u771f\u5b9e\u4e16\u754c\u4e2d\u7ecf\u5e38\u9047\u5230\u73af\u5883\u3001\u72b6\u6001\u3001\u884c\u4e3a\u90fd\u5904\u4e8e\u8fde\u7eed\u7a7a\u95f4\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u3002\u8fd9\u65f6\u4e00\u822c\u9009\u62e9\u7528\u5dee\u5206\u65b9\u7a0b\u6765\u8868\u8fbe\u8fde\u7eed\u7a7a\u95f4\u3002\u5728\u6b64\u7c7b\u535a\u5f08\u4e2d\uff0c\u7ec8\u6b62\u65f6\u95f4\u662f\u5177\u6709\u7ed9\u5b9a\u6982\u7387\u5206\u5e03\u51fd\u6570\u7684\u968f\u673a\u53d8\u91cf\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u53c2\u4e0e\u8005\u6700\u5927\u5316\u4e86\u6210\u672c\u51fd\u6570\u7684\u6570\u5b66\u671f\u671b\u3002\u7ed3\u679c\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u6539\u8fdb\u7684\u4f18\u5316\u95ee\u9898\u53ef\u4ee5\u8f6c\u5316\u4e3a\u65e0\u7a77\u65f6\u95f4\u533a\u95f4\u4e0a\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u6298\u73b0\u5dee\u5206\u535a\u5f08\u3002
\u8fde\u7eed\u8ffd\u9010\u548c\u9003\u907f\u7b49\u5dee\u5206\u535a\u5f08\u662f\u4e00\u7c7b\u72b6\u6001\u53d8\u91cf\u7684\u6f14\u5316\u53d7\u5dee\u5206\u65b9\u7a0b\u63a7\u5236\u7684\u8fde\u7eed\u535a\u5f08\u3002\u5dee\u5206\u535a\u5f08\u4e2d\u6700\u4f18\u7b56\u7565\u7684\u6c42\u89e3\u95ee\u9898\u4e0e\u6700\u4f18\u63a7\u5236\u7406\u8bba\u5bc6\u5207\u76f8\u5173\u3002\u7279\u522b\u5730\uff0c\u6709\u4e24\u79cd\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u7b56\u7565:\u4f7f\u7528Pontryagin\u6781\u5927\u503c\u539f\u7406 The Pontryagin maximum principle \u53d1\u73b0\u5f00\u73af\u7b56\u7565\uff0c\u800c\u4f7f\u7528Bellman\u52a8\u6001\u89c4\u5212\u65b9\u6cd5 Bellman’s Dynamic Programming \u53d1\u73b0\u95ed\u73af\u7b56\u7565\u3002
\u6f14\u5316\u535a\u5f08\u7406\u8bba<\/p>\n

\u4e0e\u4f20\u7edf\u535a\u5f08\u7406\u8bba\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u6f14\u5316\u535a\u5f08\u7406\u8bba\u5e76\u4e0d\u8981\u6c42\u53c2\u4e0e\u4eba\u662f\u5b8c\u5168\u7406\u6027\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u8981\u6c42\u5177\u5907\u5b8c\u5168\u4fe1\u606f\u7684\u6761\u4ef6\u3002\u5b83\u4e3b\u8981\u7814\u7a76\u6839\u636e\u5e76\u4e0d\u90a3\u4e48\u6709\u8fdc\u89c1\u7684\u89c4\u5219\u968f\u65f6\u95f4\u8c03\u6574\u653f\u7b56\u7684\u6709\u9650\u7406\u6027\u73a9\u5bb6\u3002\u4e00\u822c\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u535a\u5f08\u4e2d\uff0c\u7b56\u7565\u968f\u65f6\u95f4\u7684\u6f14\u5316\u4f1a\u88ab\u5efa\u6a21\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u72b6\u6001\u53d8\u91cf(\u5982\u5f53\u524d\u7b56\u7565\u914d\u7f6e\u6587\u4ef6\u6216\u6700\u8fd1\u7684\u6e38\u620f\u73a9\u6cd5)\u7684\u9a6c\u5c14\u79d1\u592b\u94fe Markov chain \u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u89c4\u5219\u7684\u7279\u5f81\u662f\uff1a\u53ef\u80fd\u6a21\u4eff\u3001\u4f18\u5316\u6216\u9002\u8005\u751f\u5b58\u3002
\u5728\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u4e2d\uff0c\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u6a21\u578b\u53ef\u4ee5\u4ee3\u8868(\u751f\u7269)\u8fdb\u5316\uff0c\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u8fdb\u5316\u4e2d\uff0c\u540e\u4ee3\u91c7\u7528\u7236\u6bcd\u7684\u7b56\u7565\uff0c\u800c\u91c7\u7528\u66f4\u6210\u529f\u7b56\u7565\u7684\u7236\u6bcd(\u5373\u4e0e\u66f4\u9ad8\u7684\u56de\u62a5\u76f8\u5bf9\u5e94)\u6709\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u540e\u4ee3\u3002\u5728\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u4e2d\uff0c\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u6a21\u578b\u901a\u5e38\u4ee3\u8868\u4e86\u73a9\u5bb6\u5728\u4e00\u751f\u4e2d\u591a\u6b21\u73a9\u6e38\u620f\uff0c\u5e76\u5076\u5c14\u6709\u610f\u6216\u65e0\u610f\u5730\u8c03\u6574\u7b56\u7565\u3002
\u968f\u673a\u535a\u5f08\uff08\u4ee5\u53ca\u4e0e\u5176\u4ed6\u9886\u57df\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\uff09<\/p>\n


\u300a\u9ed1\u5929\u9e45\u6548\u5e94:\u4f60\u8eab\u8fb9\u65e0\u5904\u4e0d\u5728\u7684\u98ce\u9669\u4e0e\u6050\u60e7\u300b\u4f5c\u8005\u4e39\u00b7\u52a0\u5fb7\u7eb3\uff1a\u9ed1\u5929\u9e45\u4e8b\u4ef6\uff08\u82f1\u6587\uff1a”Black swan” incidents)\u6307\u975e\u5e38\u96be\u4ee5\u9884\u6d4b\uff0c\u4e14\u4e0d\u5bfb\u5e38\u7684\u4e8b\u4ef6\uff0c\u901a\u5e38\u4f1a\u5f15\u8d77\u5e02\u573a\u8fde\u9501\u8d1f\u9762\u53cd\u5e94\u751a\u81f3\u98a0\u8986\u3002
\u5177\u6709\u968f\u673a\u535a\u5f08\u7684\u4e2a\u4eba\u51b3\u7b56\u95ee\u9898\u6709\u65f6\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u201c\u5355\u4eba\u535a\u5f08\u201d\u3002\u6709\u4e9b\u4f5c\u8005\u5e76\u4e0d\u8ba4\u4e3a\u8fd9\u4e9b\u60c5\u51b5\u662f\u535a\u5f08\u8bba\u8ba8\u8bba\u7684\u8303\u7574\u3002\u5b83\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u51b3\u7b56\u7406\u8bba\u3001\u8fd0\u7b79\u5b66\u548c\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u9886\u57df\u7684\u76f8\u5173\u5b66\u79d1\u4e2d\u4f7f\u7528\u7c7b\u4f3c\u7684\u5de5\u5177\u8fdb\u884c\u5efa\u6a21\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u89c4\u5212(\u5177\u6709\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u6027)\u548c\u591a\u667a\u80fd\u4f53\u7cfb\u7edf\u3002\u867d\u7136\u8fd9\u4e9b\u9886\u57df\u53ef\u80fd\u6709\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u6fc0\u53d1\u56e0\u7d20\uff0c\u4f46\u6240\u6d89\u53ca\u7684\u6570\u5b66\u57fa\u672c\u4e0a\u662f\u76f8\u540c\u7684\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u4f7f\u7528\u9a6c\u5c14\u53ef\u592b\u51b3\u7b56\u8fc7\u7a0b Markov decision processes\uff08MDPs\uff09 \u3002
\u968f\u673a\u535a\u5f08\u4e5f\u80fd\u4ee5\u6dfb\u52a0\u4e00\u4e2a\u968f\u673a\u884c\u52a8\u7684\u73a9\u5bb6\u8fdb\u884c\u968f\u673a\u79fb\u52a8\uff08\u201c\u81ea\u7136\u79fb\u52a8\u201d\uff09\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u6839\u636e\u535a\u5f08\u7406\u8bba\u8fdb\u884c\u5efa\u6a21\u3002\u5728\u53cc\u4eba\u6e38\u620f\u4e2d\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u73a9\u5bb6\u901a\u5e38\u4e0d\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u7b2c\u4e09\u4eba\uff0c\u800c\u53ea\u662f\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5728\u6e38\u620f\u9700\u8981\u7684\u5730\u65b9\u63b7\u9ab0\u5b50\u7684\u201c\u4eba\u201d\u3002
\u5bf9\u4e8e\u67d0\u4e9b\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u968f\u673a\u535a\u5f08\u5efa\u6a21\u65b9\u6cd5\u53ef\u80fd\u5bfc\u81f4\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u89e3\u51b3\u65b9\u6848\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u9a6c\u5c14\u53ef\u592b\u51b3\u7b56\u8fc7\u7a0bMDPs \u548c\u6700\u5927\u6700\u5c0f\u89e3Minimax solution\u89e3\u51b3\u65b9\u6848\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u533a\u522b\u5728\u4e8e\u540e\u8005\u8003\u8651\u7684\u662f\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u5bf9\u6297\u6027\u52a8\u4f5c\u7684\u6700\u574f\u60c5\u51b5\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u5728\u7ed9\u5b9a\u4e00\u4e2a\u56fa\u5b9a\u6982\u7387\u5206\u5e03\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e9b\u52a8\u4f5c\u4f5c\u4e00\u4e2a\u9884\u5224\u3002\u5728\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\u7684\u968f\u673a\u6a21\u578b\u4e0d\u53ef\u7528\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u6700\u5927\u6700\u5c0f\u89e3\u89e3\u51b3\u65b9\u6848\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u6709\u5229\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u4e5f\u53ef\u80fd\u9ad8\u4f30\u6781\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd(\u4f46\u4ee3\u4ef7\u9ad8\u6602)\u53d1\u751f\u4e8b\u4ef6\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u5047\u8bbe\u5bf9\u624b\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f3a\u884c\u8ba9\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u4e8b\u4ef6\u53d1\u751f\uff0c\u5219\u4f1a\u6781\u5927\u5730\u5f71\u54cd\u4e86\u6218\u7565\u3002\u5173\u4e8e\u8fd9\u7c7b\u6a21\u578b\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u4e0e\u9884\u6d4b\u548c\u9650\u5236\u6295\u8d44\u94f6\u884c\u4e1a\u7684\u635f\u5931\u6709\u5173\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u8bf7\u53c2\u9605\u9ed1\u5929\u9e45\u6548\u5e94\u7684\u66f4\u591a\u8ba8\u8bba\u3002
\u4e00\u822c\u6a21\u578b\u4e5f\u7814\u7a76\u4e86\u968f\u673a\u535a\u5f08\u7684\u6240\u6709\u5143\u7d20\u3001\u5bf9\u624b\u3001\u548c\u5c40\u90e8\u6216\u566a\u58f0\u53ef\u89c2\u5bdf\u6027(\u5176\u4ed6\u53c2\u4e0e\u8005\u7684\u884c\u52a8)\u3002\u201c\u9ec4\u91d1\u6807\u51c6 gold standard\u201d\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u90e8\u5206\u53ef\u89c2\u6d4b\u7684\u968f\u673a\u5bf9\u7b56 Partial Observable Stochastic Game\uff08POSG\uff09 \uff0c\u4f46\u5f88\u591a\u80fd\u5728 POSG \u4e2d\u8868\u793a\u7684\u73b0\u5b9e\u95ee\u9898\u5374\u65e0\u6cd5\u5728\u8ba1\u7b97\u4e0a\u5b9e\u73b0\u3002
\u5143\u535a\u5f08<\/p>\n

\u5143\u535a\u5f08\u7684\u73a9\u6cd5\u662f\u5728\u76ee\u6807\u535a\u5f08\u6216\u4e3b\u9898\u535a\u5f08\u4e2d\uff0c\u5b83\u8981\u6c42\u6700\u5927\u5316\u6240\u5f00\u53d1\u89c4\u5219\u96c6\u7684\u5b9e\u7528\u4ef7\u503c\u3002\u5143\u6a21\u578b\u7406\u8bba\u662f\u4e0e\u673a\u6784\u8bbe\u8ba1\u7406\u8bba\u76f8\u8054\u7cfb\u7684\u3002
\u4e9a\u5bf9\u7b56\u5206\u6790 metagame analysis \u8fd9\u4e2a\u672f\u8bed\u4e5f\u7528\u6765\u6307\u5948\u6770\u5c14 \u00b7 \u970d\u534e\u5fb7 Nigel Howar \u5f00\u53d1\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u5b9e\u7528\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u5206\u6790\u65b9\u6cd5\u4e2d\uff0c\u5c06\u4e00\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u6846\u5b9a\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u6218\u7565\u535a\u5f08\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u5728\u535a\u5f08\u4e2d\uff0c\u5229\u76ca\u76f8\u5173\u8005\u8bd5\u56fe\u901a\u8fc7\u4ed6\u4eec\u53ef\u4f5c\u51fa\u7684\u9009\u62e9\u6765\u5b9e\u73b0\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u76ee\u6807\u3002\u540e\u6765\u5728\u9010\u6b65\u53d1\u5c55\u4e2d\u4f7f\u5bf9\u6297\u5206\u6790 Confrontation analysis \u5f97\u4ee5\u63d0\u51fa\u3002
\u53f0\u7403\u535a\u5f08\u8bba<\/p>\n

\u5728\u7ecf\u9a8c\u8def\u5f84\u4e0a\uff0c\u53f0\u7403\u535a\u5f08\u8bba Pooling games \u4e00\u822c\u662f\u6307\u5728\u4e00\u6761\u7ecf\u9a8c\u8def\u5f84\u4e0a\u6709\u7740\u4e0d\u65ad\u53d8\u5316\u7684\u56de\u62a5\u8868\u7684\u91cd\u590d\u535a\u5f08\uff08\u90fd\u662f\u76db\u884c\u4e8e\u5404\u79cd\u793e\u4f1a\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u535a\u5f08\uff09\uff0c\u5176\u5747\u8861\u7b56\u7565\u901a\u5e38\u91c7\u7528\u8fdb\u5316\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u60ef\u4f8b\u548c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u60ef\u4f8b\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u3002\u53f0\u7403\u535a\u5f08\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u51fa\u73b0\u771f\u6b63\u4f7f\u4eba\u8ba4\u8bc6\u5230\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u535a\u5f08\u4e2d\u7684\u6700\u4f18\u9009\u62e9\u548c\u5373\u5c06\u5230\u6765\u7684\u6536\u76ca\u8868\u66f4\u65b0\u8def\u5f84\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\uff0c\u8bc6\u522b\u4e0d\u53d8\u6027\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u6027\u548c\u9c81\u68d2\u6027\uff08\u5b83\u662f\u5728\u5f02\u5e38\u548c\u5371\u9669\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u7cfb\u7edf\u751f\u5b58\u7684\u5173\u952e\uff09\uff0c\u5e76\u53ef\u968f\u7740\u65f6\u95f4\u7684\u53d8\u5316\u505a\u51fa\u9884\u6d4b\u3002\u8be5\u7406\u8bba\u57fa\u4e8e\u6536\u76ca\u8868\u968f\u65f6\u95f4\u53d8\u5316\u7684\u62d3\u6251\u53d8\u6362\u5206\u7c7b\u6765\u9884\u6d4b\u6536\u76ca\u8868\u7684\u65b9\u5dee\u548c\u4e0d\u53d8\u6027\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u4e5f\u5728\u6709\u5e8f\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u53ef\u8fbe\u6700\u4f18\u6027\u8ba1\u7b97\u89c4\u5f8b\u7684\u7ea6\u675f\u8303\u56f4\u5185\u3002
\u5e73\u5747\u573a\u535a\u5f08\u8bba<\/p>\n

\u5e73\u5747\u573a\u535a\u5f08\u8bba Mean field game theory \u7814\u7a76\u7684\u662f\u5728\u975e\u5e38\u5927\u7684\u5c0f\u578b\u4e92\u52a8\u4e3b\u4f53\u7fa4\u4f53\u4e2d\u7684\u6218\u7565\u51b3\u7b56\u3002\u8fd9\u7c7b\u95ee\u9898\u5728\u535a\u4f0a\u626c\u00b7\u4e54\u4e07\u8bfa\u7ef4\u5947 Boyan Jovanovic \u548c\u7f57\u4f2f\u7279\u00b7W\u00b7\u7f57\u68ee\u5854\u5c14 Robert W. Rosenthal \u3001\u5f7c\u5f97\u00b7\u51ef\u6069\u65af Peter E. Caines \u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u6587\u732e\u4e2d \u3001\u6570\u5b66\u5bb6\u76ae\u57c3\u5c14-\u8def\u6613\u00b7\u5229\u7fc1 Pierre-Louis Lions \u548c \u8ba9\u00b7\u7c73\u6b47\u5c14\u00b7\u62c9\u65af\u91cc Jean-Michel Lasry \u7684\u5de5\u7a0b\u6587\u732e\u4e2d\u6240\u63d0\u53ca\u3002





\u535a\u5f08\u8868\u793a\u5f62\u5f0f



\u535a\u5f08\u8bba\u4e2d\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u535a\u5f08\u662f\u5b9a\u4e49\u826f\u597d\u7684\u6570\u5b66\u5bf9\u8c61\u3002\u4e3a\u4e86\u5f97\u5230\u5145\u5206\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u535a\u5f08\u5fc5\u987b\u6307\u5b9a\u4ee5\u4e0b\u5143\u7d20: \u535a\u5f08\u7684\u73a9\u5bb6 player\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e2a\u73a9\u5bb6\u5728\u6bcf\u4e2a\u51b3\u5b9a\u70b9\u53ef\u4ee5\u83b7\u5f97\u7684\u4fe1\u606f information \u548c\u884c\u52a8 action\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u6bcf\u4e2a\u7ed3\u679c\u7684\u6536\u76ca payoffs\u3002\u57c3\u91cc\u514b\u00b7\u62c9\u65af\u7a46\u68ee Eric Rasmusen \u7528\u7f29\u5199\u8bcd\u201c PAPI\u201d\u6765\u6307\u8fd9\u56db\u4e2a\u201c\u57fa\u672c\u8981\u7d20\u201d\u3002\u535a\u5f08\u8bba\u5b66\u8005\u901a\u5e38\u4f7f\u7528\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5143\u7d20\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u4ed6\u4eec\u81ea\u5df1\u9009\u62e9\u7684\u89e3\u51b3\u65b9\u6848\uff0c\u4e3a\u6bcf\u4e2a\u53c2\u4e0e\u8005\u63a8\u5bfc\u51fa\u4e00\u5957\u5747\u8861\u7b56\u7565\u3002\u8fd9\u6837\uff0c\u5f53\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7b56\u7565\u88ab\u4f7f\u7528\u65f6\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u535a\u5f08\u8005\u80fd\u591f\u901a\u8fc7\u5355\u65b9\u9762\u504f\u79bb\u7b56\u7565\u800c\u83b7\u5229\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5747\u8861\u7b56\u7565\u51b3\u5b9a\u4e86\u535a\u5f08\u7684\u5747\u8861\u72b6\u6001\uff0c\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u72b6\u6001\u4e0b\uff0c\u8981\u4e48\u51fa\u73b0\u4e00\u4e2a\u7ed3\u679c\uff0c\u8981\u4e48\u51fa\u73b0\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u5df2\u77e5\u6982\u7387\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u3002
\u5408\u4f5c\u535a\u5f08\u591a\u4ee5\u7279\u5f81\u51fd\u6570\u5f62\u5f0f\u51fa\u73b0\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u5408\u4f5c\u535a\u5f08\u5219\u4ee5\u5e7f\u4e49\u5f62\u5f0f\u548c\u6807\u51c6\u5f62\u5f0f\u51fa\u73b0\u3002
\u5e7f\u4e49\u5f62\u5f0f<\/p>\n


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\u535a\u5f08\u8bba\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u5e94\u7528\u6570\u5b66\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u5df2\u88ab\u5e7f\u6cdb\u5e94\u7528\u4e8e\u7814\u7a76\u4eba\u7c7b\u548c\u52a8\u7269\u7684\u5404\u79cd\u884c\u4e3a\u3002\u5b83\u6700\u521d\u662f\u5728\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u4e2d\u53d1\u5c55\u8d77\u6765\u7684\uff0c\u65e8\u5728\u7406\u89e3\u7e41\u590d\u591a\u6837\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u884c\u4e3a\uff08\u5305\u62ec\u4f01\u4e1a\uff0c\u5e02\u573a\u548c\u6d88\u8d39\u8005\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\uff09\u3002\u5b89\u6258\u4e07\u00b7\u5965\u53e4\u65af\u4e01\u00b7\u53e4\u8bfa Antoine Augustin Cournot \u57281838\u5e74\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u53e4\u8bfa\u53cc\u5be1\u5934 Cournot duopoly\u7684\u89e3\u51b3\u65b9\u6cd5\u4e2d\u9996\u6b21\u5c06\u535a\u5f08\u8bba\u5206\u6790\u5e94\u7528\u5230\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u5206\u6790\u3002\u968f\u540e\uff0c\u535a\u5f08\u8bba\u9010\u6b65\u6269\u5c55\u5176\u5e94\u7528\u5230\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u4e2d\u3001\u653f\u6cbb\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u548c\u5fc3\u7406\u884c\u4e3a\u7b49\u9886\u57df\u3002
\u5c3d\u7ba1\u4e8c\u5341\u4e16\u7eaa\u4ee5\u524d\u7684\u535a\u7269\u5b66\u5bb6\uff0c\u5982\u67e5\u5c14\u65af\u00b7\u8fbe\u5c14\u6587 Charles Darwin \u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u535a\u5f08\u8bba\u7684\u5404\u79cd\u8bba\u8ff0\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u535a\u5f08\u8bba\u5206\u6790\u5728\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u4e2d\u7684\u5e94\u7528\u59cb\u4e8e20\u4e16\u7eaa30\u5e74\u4ee3\u7f57\u7eb3\u5fb7\u00b7\u8d39\u820d\u5c14 Ronald Fisher \u5bf9\u52a8\u7269\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u3002\u8fd9\u9879\u5de5\u4f5c\u65e9\u4e8e\u201c\u535a\u5f08\u8bba\u201d\u6b63\u5f0f\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\uff0c\u4f46\u8be5\u5de5\u4f5c\u8fd0\u7528\u5230\u4e86\u5f88\u591a\u4e0e\u535a\u5f08\u8bba\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u7279\u5f81\u3002\u540e\u6765\u7ea6\u7ff0\u2022\u6885\u7eb3\u5fb7\u2022\u53f2\u5bc6\u65af John Maynard Smith \u5728\u4ed6\u7684\u201c \u8fdb\u5316\u4e0e\u535a\u5f08\u7406\u8bba\u201d\u4e00\u4e66\u4e2d\u5c06\u535a\u5f08\u8bba\u5728\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u8fd0\u7528\u4e8e\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u3002
\u9664\u4e86\u7528\u4e8e\u63cf\u8ff0\uff0c\u9884\u6d4b\u548c\u89e3\u91ca\u884c\u4e3a\u5916\uff0c\u535a\u5f08\u8bba\u8fd8\u88ab\u7528\u4e8e\u53d1\u5c55\u9053\u5fb7\u6216\u89c4\u8303\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u4ee5\u89c4\u8303\u4eba\u4eec\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u3002\u5728\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u548c\u54f2\u5b66\u4e2d\uff0c\u5b66\u8005\u4eec\u8fd0\u7528\u535a\u5f08\u8bba\u6765\u5e2e\u52a9\u7406\u89e3\u826f\u597d\u6216\u9002\u5f53\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u535a\u5f08\u8bba\u8bba\u8bc1\u53ef\u4ee5\u8ffd\u6eaf\u5230\u67cf\u62c9\u56fe Plato \u3002\u535a\u5f08\u8bba\u4e2d\u7684\u5316\u5b66\u535a\u5f08\u8bba Chemical game theory \uff0c\u5b83\u5c06\u73a9\u5bb6\u7684\u9009\u62e9\u6bd4\u4f5c\u79f0\u4e3a\u201c\u77e5\u8bc6\u5206\u5b50\u201d\u7684\u5316\u5b66\u53cd\u5e94\u5206\u5b50\uff0c\u5c06\u535a\u5f08\u7ed3\u679c\u8ba1\u7b97\u4e3a\u5316\u5b66\u53cd\u5e94\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u5e73\u8861\u89e3\u3002
\u63cf\u8ff0\u548c\u5efa\u6a21<\/p>\n


\u8708\u86a3\u535a\u5f08
\u535a\u5f08\u8bba\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u7528\u9014\u662f\u63cf\u8ff0\u548c\u5efa\u6a21\u4eba\u7c7b\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u3002\u4e00\u4e9b\u5b66\u8005\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u627e\u5230\u535a\u5f08\u7684\u5e73\u8861\u70b9\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u9884\u6d4b\u5b9e\u9645\u4eba\u53e3\u5728\u9762\u5bf9\u4e0e\u6240\u7814\u7a76\u535a\u5f08\u76f8\u4f3c\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u65f6\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u7279\u6b8a\u7684\u535a\u5f08\u8bba\u89c2\u70b9\u5b58\u5728\u4e89\u8bae\u3002\u6709\u4eba\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u5728\u5e94\u7528\u4e8e\u73b0\u5b9e\u60c5\u51b5\u65f6\uff0c\u535a\u5f08\u8bba\u8005\u6240\u505a\u7684\u5047\u8bbe\u7ecf\u5e38\u88ab\u63a8\u7ffb\u3002\u535a\u5f08\u7406\u8bba\u5bb6\u901a\u5e38\u8ba4\u4e3a\u73a9\u5bb6\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u662f\u7406\u6027\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u5728\u5b9e\u8df5\u4e2d\uff0c\u4eba\u7c7b\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u5374\u5e38\u5e38\u504f\u79bb\u8fd9\u79cd\u6a21\u5f0f\u3002\u535a\u5f08\u8bba\u8005\u901a\u8fc7\u5c06\u5176\u5047\u8bbe\u4e0e\u7269\u7406\u5047\u8bbe\u76f8\u6bd4\u8f83\u6765\u8fdb\u884c\u9884\u6d4b\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u5047\u8bbe\u5e76\u4e0d\u603b\u662f\u6210\u7acb\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u5c06\u535a\u5f08\u8bba\u89c6\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u5408\u7406\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u7406\u60f3\uff0c\u7c7b\u4f3c\u4e8e\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u6240\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u6a21\u578b\u3002
\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u7ecf\u9a8c\u5de5\u4f5c\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u5728\u4e00\u4e9b\u7ecf\u5178\u535a\u5f08\u4e2d\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u8708\u86a3\u535a\u5f08 Centipede game \uff0c\u201c\u731c\u5747\u503c\u76842\/3\u201d\u6e38\u620f Guess 2\/3 of the average game \u548c\u72ec\u88c1\u8005\u535a\u5f08 Dictator game \uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u901a\u5e38\u4e0d\u4f1a\u5b8c\u5168\u6309\u7167\u7eb3\u4ec0\u5747\u8861\u7684\u6a21\u5f0f\u8fdb\u884c\u6e38\u620f\u3002\u76ee\u524d\u6b63\u5728\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5b9e\u9a8c\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u4ee5\u53ca\u5bf9\u5b9e\u9a8c\u7684\u5206\u6790\u662f\u5426\u80fd\u5145\u5206\u53cd\u6620\u51fa\u76f8\u5173\u60c5\u51b5\u7684\u5404\u4e2a\u65b9\u9762\u8fdb\u884c\u76f8\u5173\u8ba8\u8bba\u3002
\u5728\u7ea6\u7ff0\u00b7\u6885\u7eb3\u5fb7\u00b7\u53f2\u5bc6\u65af John Maynard Smith \u548c\u4e54\u6cbb\u00b7R\u00b7\u666e\u83b1\u65af George R. Price \u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u4e00\u4e9b\u535a\u5f08\u8bba\u8005\u8f6c\u5411\u6f14\u5316\u535a\u5f08\u7406\u8bba\u4ee5\u89e3\u51b3\u8fd9\u4e9b\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6a21\u578b\u5047\u5b9a\u53c2\u4e0e\u8005\u6ca1\u6709\u7406\u6027\u6216\u6709\u9650\u7406\u6027\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u79f0\u4e3a\u6f14\u5316\u535a\u5f08\u7406\u8bba\uff0c\u4f46\u6f14\u5316\u535a\u5f08\u7406\u8bba\u5e76\u4e0d\u4e00\u5b9a\u5047\u5b9a\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u7684\u81ea\u7136\u9009\u62e9\u3002\u6f14\u5316\u535a\u5f08\u7406\u8bba\u65e2\u5305\u62ec\u751f\u7269\u8fdb\u5316\u4e5f\u5305\u62ec\u6587\u5316\u8fdb\u5316\uff0c\u8fd8\u5305\u62ec\u4e2a\u4f53\u5b66\u4e60\u7684\u6a21\u578b\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u865a\u62df\u6e38\u620f Fictitious play\uff09\u3002
\u89c4\u8303\u6027\u4e0e\u89c4\u8303\u6027\u5206\u6790<\/p>\n


\u56da\u5f92\u56f0\u5883
\u6709\u4e9b\u5b66\u8005\u8ba4\u4e3a\u535a\u5f08\u8bba\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u9884\u6d4b\u4eba\u7c7b\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u5de5\u5177\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u5bf9\u4eba\u4eec\u5e94\u8be5\u5982\u4f55\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u5efa\u8bae\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u4e0e\u535a\u5f08\u4e2d\u7684\u7eb3\u4ec0\u5747\u8861 Nash equilibrium \u76f8\u5bf9\u5e94\u7684\u7b56\u7565\u6784\u6210\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u5bf9\u5176\u4ed6\u53c2\u4e0e\u8005\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u6700\u4f73\u53cd\u5e94\u2014\u2014\u5047\u8bbe\u4ed6\u4eec\u5904\u4e8e\uff08\u76f8\u540c\u7684\uff09\u7eb3\u4ec0\u5747\u8861\u4e2d\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u9009\u62e9\u4f5c\u4e3a\u7eb3\u4ec0\u5747\u8861\u76f8\u5bf9\u5e94\u7684\u7b56\u7565\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u5b9a\u4f9d\u636e\u4f3c\u4e4e\u662f\u5408\u9002\u7684\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u5bf9\u535a\u5f08\u8bba\u7684\u89c4\u8303\u6027\u8fd0\u7528\u4e5f\u5b58\u5728\u7740\u4e89\u8bae\u3002
\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4e0e\u5546\u4e1a<\/p>\n

\u535a\u5f08\u8bba\u662f\u6570\u7406\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66 Mathematical economics \u548c\u5546\u5b66\u4e2d\u5bf9\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\u7684\u4e3b\u4f53\u7684\u7ade\u4e89\u884c\u4e3a\u8fdb\u884c\u5efa\u6a21\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002\u5e94\u7528\u5305\u62ec\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u5e7f\u6cdb\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u73b0\u8c61\u548c\u65b9\u6cd5\uff1a\u5982\u62cd\u5356 Auctions\uff0c\u8bae\u4ef7 Bargaining\uff0c\u6536\u8d2d\u5b9a\u4ef7 Mergers & acquisitions pricing\uff0c\u516c\u5e73\u5212\u5206 Fair division\uff0c\u53cc\u5be1\u5934\u5784\u65ad Duopolies\uff0c\u5be1\u5934\u5784\u65ad Oligopolies\uff0c\u793e\u4f1a\u7f51\u7edc Social network formation\uff0c\u57fa\u4e8e\u4e3b\u4f53\u7684\u8ba1\u7b97\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66 Agent-based computational economics\uff0c\u4e00\u822c\u5747\u8861 General equilibrium\uff0c\u673a\u5236\u8bbe\u8ba1 Mechanism design \u548c\u6295\u7968\u7cfb\u7edf Voting systems \u3002\u535a\u5f08\u8bba\u5728\u5b9e\u9a8c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66 Experimental economics\uff0c\u884c\u4e3a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66 Behavioral economics\uff0c\u4fe1\u606f\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66 Information economics\uff0c\u5de5\u4e1a\u7ec4\u7ec7 Industrial organization \u4ee5\u53ca\u653f\u6cbb\u7ecf\u6d4e Political economy\u7b49\u9886\u57df\u4e5f\u6709\u7740\u5e7f\u6cdb\u5e94\u7528\u3002
\u8fd9\u79cd\u7814\u7a76\u901a\u5e38\u96c6\u4e2d\u5728\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u201c\u89e3\u6982\u5ff5\u201d\u6216\u201c\u5747\u8861\u201d\u7684\u7279\u5b9a\u7b56\u7565\u96c6\u4e0a\u3002\u4e00\u4e2a\u5e38\u89c1\u7684\u5047\u8bbe\u662f\u53c2\u4e0e\u8005\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u662f\u7406\u6027\u7684\u3002\u5728\u975e\u5408\u4f5c\u535a\u5f08\u4e2d\uff0c\u6700\u8457\u540d\u7684\u5c31\u662f\u7eb3\u4ec0\u5747\u8861\u3002\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u535a\u5f08\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u65e0\u8bba\u5bf9\u65b9\u7684\u7b56\u7565\u9009\u62e9\u5982\u4f55\uff0c\u5f53\u4e8b\u4eba\u4e00\u65b9\u90fd\u4f1a\u9009\u62e9\u67d0\u4e2a\u786e\u5b9a\u7684\u7b56\u7565\uff0c\u5219\u8be5\u7b56\u7565\u88ab\u79f0\u4f5c\u652f\u914d\u6027\u7b56\u7565\u3002\u5982\u679c\u4e24\u4e2a\u535a\u5f08\u7684\u5f53\u4e8b\u4eba\u7684\u7b56\u7565\u7ec4\u5408\u5206\u522b\u6784\u6210\u5404\u81ea\u7684\u652f\u914d\u6027\u7b56\u7565\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7b56\u7565\u7ec4\u5408\u5c31\u88ab\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e3a\u7eb3\u4ec0\u5747\u8861\u3002\u5982\u679c\u6240\u6709\u7684\u53c2\u4e0e\u8005\u90fd\u6309\u7167\u7eb3\u4ec0\u5747\u8861\u8fdb\u884c\u51b3\u7b56\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5c31\u4e0d\u4f1a\u6709\u5355\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u504f\u79bb\u52a8\u673a\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u7b56\u7565\u4fdd\u8bc1\u4ed6\u4eec\u83b7\u5f97\u6700\u4f73\u6536\u76ca\u3002
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\u9879\u76ee\u7ba1\u7406<\/p>\n

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\u5b89\u4e1c\u5c3c.\u5510\u65af Anthony Downs \u5c06\u535a\u5f08\u8bba\u5e94\u7528\u4e8e\u7ec4\u7ec7\u79d1\u5b66\u3002\u5728\u4ed6\u7684\u300a\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7406\u8bba An Economic Theory of Democracy\u300b \u4e00\u4e66\u4e2d\uff0c\u4ed6\u5c06\u970d\u7279\u6797\u7684\u516c\u53f8\u9009\u5740\u6a21\u578b\u5e94\u7528\u5230\u653f\u6cbb\u4e0a\u3002\u5728\u5510\u65af\u6a21\u578b\u4e2d\uff0c\u4ee5\u6295\u7968\u9009\u4e3e\u4e3a\u4f8b\uff0c\u82e5\u6536\u76ca\u5927\u4e8e\u6210\u672c\uff0c\u90a3\u5c31\u6536\u96c6\u4fe1\u606f\u3001\u6295\u7968\uff0c\u53cd\u4e4b\u5c31\u4e0d\u6295\u7968\u3002\u5510\u65af\u9996\u5148\u5c55\u793a\u4e86\u5982\u679c\u9009\u6c11\u5145\u5206\u4e86\u89e3\u67d0\u4f4d\u5019\u9009\u4eba\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\uff0c\uff08\u5bf9\u4e8e\u6295\u7968\u4eba\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u6295\u8c01\u7684\u7968\u4e3b\u8981\u4f9d\u636e\u81ea\u5df1\u6240\u638c\u63e1\u7684\u6709\u5173\u5019\u9009\u4eba\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\uff0c\u81f3\u4e8e\u662f\u5426\u6536\u96c6\u4fe1\u606f\u3001\u6295\u7968\uff0c\u90a3\u5c31\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u9884\u671f\u4ece\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6d3b\u52a8\u4e2d\u80fd\u83b7\u53d6\u7684\u6536\u76ca\u4e0e\u4ed8\u51fa\u7684\u4ee3\u4ef7\u3002\uff09\uff0c\u9009\u6c11\u5c31\u66f4\u504f\u597d\u4e8e\u9009\u62e9\u8be5\u5019\u9009\u4eba\uff1b\u4f46\u5f53\u9009\u6c11\u6570\u91cf\u548c\u5019\u9009\u4eba\u6570\u91cf\u589e\u52a0\u65f6\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u51fa\u73b0\u6536\u76ca\u5f88\u4f4e\u800c\u6295\u7968\u6210\u672c\u5f88\u9ad8\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\uff0c\u6b64\u65f6\u7406\u6027\u7684\u9009\u6c11\u5c31\u4f1a\u9009\u62e9\u4e0d\u53bb\u6295\u4efb\u4f55\u5019\u9009\u4eba\u7684\u7968\u3002\u535a\u5f08\u8bba\u57281962\u5e74\u5728\u7ea6\u7ff0\u00b7\u80af\u5c3c\u8fea John F. Kennedy \u603b\u7edf\u4efb\u671f\u5185\u5e94\u7528\u4e8e\u53e4\u5df4\u5bfc\u5f39\u5371\u673a Cuban missile crisis \u3002
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\u5f53\u6709\u65b0\u7684\u653f\u7b56\u6216\u6cd5\u5f8b\u8981\u5728\u56fd\u5bb6\u5b9e\u884c\u65f6\uff0c\u535a\u5f08\u8bba\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u5e2e\u52a9\u9884\u6d4b\u653f\u7b56\/\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5b9e\u884c\u540e\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u3002\u4e00\u4e2a\u4f8b\u5b50\u5c31\u662f\u5f7c\u5f97\u00b7\u7ea6\u7ff0\u00b7\u4f0d\u5fb7 Peter John Wood\uff082013\uff09\u7684\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u5f53\u65f6\u4ed6\u7814\u7a76\u4e86\u56fd\u5bb6\u53ef\u4ee5\u91c7\u53d6\u54ea\u4e9b\u63aa\u65bd\u6765\u51cf\u5c11\u6c14\u5019\u53d8\u5316\uff0c\u63d0\u51fa\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u4e0e\u5176\u4ed6\u56fd\u5bb6\u8fbe\u6210\u51cf\u5c11\u6e29\u5ba4\u6c14\u4f53\u6392\u653e\u7684\u6761\u7ea6\u6765\u5b9e\u73b0\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u4ed6\u603b\u7ed3\u8bf4\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u60f3\u6cd5\u884c\u4e0d\u901a\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u8fd9\u5c06\u7ed9\u5404\u56fd\u5e26\u6765\u7c7b\u4f3c\u50cf\u56da\u5f92\u56f0\u5883\u7684\u56f0\u6270\u3002
\u751f\u7269\u5b66<\/p>\n

\u4e0e\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u4e2d\u7684\u535a\u5f08\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u4e2d\u535a\u5f08\u7684\u6536\u76ca\u4e0e\u9002\u5e94\u6027\u76f8\u5bf9\u5e94\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u5bf9\u4e0e\u7406\u6027\u6982\u5ff5\u76f8\u5bf9\u5e94\u7684\u5747\u8861\u7684\u5173\u6ce8\u8f83\u5c11\uff0c\u800c\u66f4\u591a\u5730\u5173\u6ce8\u7531\u8fdb\u5316\u529b\u91cf\u7ef4\u6301\u7684\u5747\u8861\u3002\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u4e2d\u6700\u8457\u540d\u7684\u5e73\u8861\u79f0\u4e3a ESS \u5e73\u8861 Evolutional stable strategy \uff0c\u4e8e1973\u5e74\uff08Smith & Price 1973\uff09\u9996\u6b21\u5f15\u5165\u3002\u867d\u7136\u5b83\u6700\u521d\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u4e0e\u7eb3\u4ec0\u5747\u8861\u76f8\u8054\u7cfb\uff0c\u4f46\u6bcf\u4e00\u4e2a ESS \u5e73\u8861\u70b9\u90fd\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u7eb3\u4ec0\u5747\u8861\u70b9\u3002
\u5728\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u4e2d\uff0c\u535a\u5f08\u8bba\u88ab\u7528\u4f5c\u4e00\u79cd\u6a21\u578b\u6765\u7406\u89e3\u8bb8\u591a\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u73b0\u8c61\u3002\u5b83\u9996\u5148\u88ab\u7528\u6765\u89e3\u91ca\u7ea61:1\u7684\u6027\u522b\u6bd4\u4f8b\u7684\u7a33\u5b9a\u6027\u3002\u8d39\u5e0c\u5c14 Fisher(1930\uff09\u8ba4\u4e3a1:1\u7684\u6027\u522b\u6bd4\u662f\u8fdb\u5316\u529b\u91cf\u4f5c\u7528\u4e8e\u4e2a\u4f53\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u8fd9\u4fdd\u8bc1\u4e86\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u540e\u4ee3\u6570\u91cf\u7684\u6700\u5927\u5316\u3002

\u9e70\u9e3d\u535a\u5f08
\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u5bb6\u5df2\u7ecf\u4f7f\u7528\u6f14\u5316\u535a\u5f08\u7406\u8bba\u548cESS\u6765\u89e3\u91ca\u52a8\u7269\u4ea4\u6d41\u7684\u51fa\u73b0\u3002\u5bf9\u4fe1\u53f7\u535a\u5f08\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u4ea4\u6d41\u535a\u5f08\u7684\u5206\u6790\u4e5f\u4e3a\u52a8\u7269\u95f4\u4ea4\u6d41\u7684\u8fdb\u5316\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u601d\u8def\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u8bb8\u591a\u7269\u79cd\u7684\u7fa4\u5c45\u884c\u4e3a The mobbing behavior \uff0c\u5373\u5927\u91cf\u7684\u88ab\u6355\u98df\u52a8\u7269\u653b\u51fb\u66f4\u5927\u7684\u6355\u98df\u8005\u7684\u73b0\u8c61\u4f3c\u4e4e\u662f\u81ea\u53d1\u6d8c\u73b0\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u4f8b\u5b50\u3002\u8682\u8681\u4e5f\u8868\u73b0\u51fa\u7c7b\u4f3c\u7684\u524d\u9988\u884c\u4e3a(\u53c2\u89c1\u4fdd\u7f57\u2022\u5965\u9ed8\u7f57\u5fb7 Paul Ormerod\u7684\u8774\u8776\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66)\u3002\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u5bb6\u5229\u7528\u6597\u9e21\u535a\u5f08\u6765\u5206\u6790\u4e89\u6597\u884c\u4e3a\u548c\u9886\u5730\u610f\u8bc6\u3002
\u6885\u7eb3\u5fb7\u2022\u53f2\u5bc6\u65af Maynard Smith \u5728\u300a\u8fdb\u5316\u8bba\u4e0e\u535a\u5f08\u8bba Evolution and the Theory of Games\u300b\u4e00\u4e66\u7684\u5e8f\u8a00\u4e2d\u8868\u793a\uff0c\u201c\u77db\u76fe\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u4e8b\u5b9e\u8bc1\u660e\uff0c\u535a\u5f08\u8bba\u66f4\u5bb9\u6613\u5e94\u7528\u4e8e\u751f\u7269\u5b66\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u5b83\u6700\u521d\u6240\u6d89\u53ca\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u884c\u4e3a\u9886\u57df\u201d\u3002\u6f14\u5316\u535a\u5f08\u7406\u8bba\u5df2\u7ecf\u88ab\u7528\u6765\u89e3\u91ca\u81ea\u7136\u754c\u4e2d\u8bb8\u591a\u770b\u8d77\u6765\u4e0d\u534f\u8c03\u7684\u73b0\u8c61\u3002
\u5176\u4e2d\u4e00\u79cd\u73b0\u8c61\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u751f\u7269\u5229\u4ed6\u4e3b\u4e49\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u4e00\u79cd\u751f\u7269\u4f53\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u65b9\u5f0f\u4f3c\u4e4e\u6709\u5229\u4e8e\u5176\u4ed6\u751f\u7269\u4f53\uff0c\u4f46\u6709\u5bb3\u4e8e\u81ea\u5df1\u3002\u8fd9\u4e0d\u540c\u4e8e\u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u5229\u4ed6\u4e3b\u4e49\u89c2\u5ff5\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u8fd9\u79cd\u884c\u4e3a\u662f\u65e0\u610f\u8bc6\u7684\uff0c\u4f3c\u4e4e\u662f\u4e3a\u63d0\u9ad8\u6574\u4f53\u9002\u5e94\u6027\u800c\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u8fdb\u5316\u3002\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u4ee5\u4e0b\u7269\u79cd\u4e2d\u627e\u5230: \u5438\u8840\u8759\u8760\u5c06\u5b83\u4eec\u4ece\u591c\u95f4\u72e9\u730e\u4e2d\u83b7\u5f97\u7684\u8840\u6db2\u56de\u6d41\u7ed9\u672a\u8fdb\u98df\u7684\u7fa4\u4f53\u6210\u5458; \u5de5\u8702\u7167\u987e\u8702\u738b\u4e00\u8f88\u5b50\uff0c\u4ece\u4e0d\u4ea4\u914d; \u9ed1\u957f\u5c3e\u7334\u8b66\u544a\u7334\u7fa4\u6709\u6355\u98df\u8005\u9760\u8fd1\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u8fd9\u6837\u505a\u4f1a\u5371\u53ca\u5230\u4e2a\u4f53\u751f\u5b58\u3002\u6240\u6709\u8fd9\u4e9b\u884c\u52a8\u90fd\u589e\u52a0\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u7fa4\u4f53\u7684\u6574\u4f53\u9002\u5e94\u6027\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u4e2a\u4f53\u5374\u4ed8\u51fa\u4e86\u4ee3\u4ef7\u3002
\u6f14\u5316\u535a\u5f08\u7406\u8bba\u7528\u4eb2\u7f18\u9009\u62e9\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u6765\u89e3\u91ca\u8fd9\u79cd\u5229\u4ed6\u4e3b\u4e49\u3002\u5229\u4ed6\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u533a\u522b\u5bf9\u5f85\u4ed6\u4eec\u6240\u5e2e\u52a9\u7684\u4eba\u548c\u4eb2\u621a\u3002 \u6c49\u5bc6\u5c14\u987f\u5b9a\u5f8b Hamilton’s rule \u7528\u65b9\u7a0b\u5f0fc<b\u00d7r,\u89e3\u91ca\u4e86\u8fd9\u79cd\u9009\u62e9\u80cc\u540e\u7684\u8fdb\u5316\u539f\u7406\uff0c\u5373\u5229\u4ed6\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u7684\u6210\u672c c \u5fc5\u987b\u5c0f\u4e8e\u5229\u4ed6\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u7684\u6536\u76ca b \u4e58\u4ee5\u5173\u8054\u7cfb\u6570 r\u3002\u4e24\u79cd\u6709\u673a\u4f53\u7684\u4eb2\u7f18\u5173\u7cfb\u8d8a\u5bc6\u5207\uff0c\u5229\u4ed6\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u53d1\u751f\u7387\u5c31\u8d8a\u9ad8\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u4eec\u6709\u8bb8\u591a\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u7b49\u4f4d\u57fa\u56e0\u3002\u8fd9\u610f\u5473\u7740\u5229\u4ed6\u7684\u4e2a\u4f53\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u786e\u4fdd\u5176\u8fd1\u4eb2\u7684\u7b49\u4f4d\u57fa\u56e0\u80fd\u591f\u901a\u8fc7\u5176\u540e\u4ee3\u7684\u5b58\u6d3b\u800c\u8fdb\u884c\u4f20\u9012\u65f6\uff0c\u5c31\u4f1a\u653e\u5f03\u62e5\u6709\u540e\u4ee3\u7684\u9009\u62e9\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5e2e\u52a9\u5144\u5f1f\u59d0\u59b9(\u5728\u4e8c\u500d\u4f53\u52a8\u7269\u4e2d)\u7684\u6982\u7387\u4e3a1 \/ 2\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a(\u5e73\u5747\u800c\u8a00)\u6bcf\u4e2a\u4e2a\u4f53\u5728\u5176\u5144\u5f1f\u59d0\u59b9\u7684\u540e\u4ee3\u4e2d\u5206\u4eab1 \/ 2\u7684\u7b49\u4f4d\u57fa\u56e0\u3002\u5728\u786e\u4fdd\u5144\u5f1f\u59d0\u59b9\u7684\u540e\u4ee3\u5f88\u5927\u6982\u7387\u80fd\u591f\u5b58\u6d3b\u5e76\u4e14\u7e41\u884d\u540e\uff0c\u5c31\u6392\u9664\u4e86\u5229\u4ed6\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e2a\u4f53\u7e41\u884d\u540e\u4ee3\u7684\u5fc5\u8981\u6027\u3002\u8be5\u7cfb\u6570\u503c\u5f88\u5927\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u7ade\u4e89\u73af\u5883\u7684\u8303\u56f4\uff1a\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u9009\u62e9\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\u5305\u62ec\u4e86\u6240\u6709\u7684\u9057\u4f20\u751f\u7269\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u6211\u4eec\u5c31\u5047\u8bbe\u6240\u6709\u751f\u7269\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5dee\u5f02\u53ea\u5360\u4e86\u751f\u6001\u73af\u5883\u591a\u6837\u6027\u76841%\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u5bf9\u4e8e\u66f4\u5c0f\u7684\u751f\u5b58\u7a7a\u95f4\uff0c\u5173\u8054\u7cfb\u6570\u5c31\u4f1a\u75310.5\u53d8\u6210\u4e860.995\u3002\u540c\u6837\u5730\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u975e\u9057\u4f20\u6027\u8d28\u7684\u4fe1\u606f(\u5982\u8868\u89c2\u9057\u4f20\u5b66\u3001\u5b97\u6559\u3001\u79d1\u5b66\u7b49)\u4f1a\u968f\u7740\u65f6\u95f4\u7684\u63a8\u79fb\u800c\u6301\u7eed\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u7ade\u4e89\u73af\u5883\u5c31\u4f1a\u53d8\u5f97\u66f4\u5927\uff0c\u5dee\u5f02\u4e5f\u4f1a\u66f4\u5c0f\u3002
\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u79d1\u5b66\u4e0e\u903b\u8f91<\/p>\n

\u535a\u5f08\u8bba\u5728\u903b\u8f91\u5b66\u548c\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u79d1\u5b66\u4e2d\u53d1\u6325\u7740\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\uff0c\u6709\u51e0\u79cd\u903b\u8f91\u7406\u8bba\u662f\u5efa\u7acb\u5728\u535a\u5f08\u8bed\u4e49\u5b66\u57fa\u7840\u4e0a\u7684\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u5df2\u7ecf\u4f7f\u7528\u535a\u5f08\u6765\u6a21\u62df\u4ea4\u4e92\u8ba1\u7b97\u3002\u535a\u5f08\u8bba\u4e5f\u4e3a\u591a\u667a\u80fd\u4f53\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u7406\u8bba\u57fa\u7840\u3002
\u53e6\u5916\uff0c\u535a\u5f08\u8bba\u5728\u7ebf\u7b97\u6cd5\u4e2d\u4e5f\u626e\u6f14\u4e86\u91cd\u8981\u89d2\u8272\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f k -\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u8fd9\u5728\u8fc7\u53bb\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u5177\u6709\u79fb\u52a8\u6210\u672c\u548c\u8bf7\u6c42\u56de\u7b54\u6e38\u620f\u7684\u535a\u5f08\u3002\u59da\u671f\u667a\u6240\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u7684\u539f\u7406\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u535a\u5f08\u8bba\u6280\u672f\uff0c\u7528\u4e8e\u8bc1\u660e\u968f\u673a\u7b97\u6cd5\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u5728\u7ebf\u7b97\u6cd5\u7684\u8ba1\u7b97\u590d\u6742\u5ea6\u7684\u4e0b\u754c\u3002
\u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u7684\u51fa\u73b0\u63a8\u52a8\u4e86\u5728\u6e38\u620f\u3001\u5e02\u573a\u3001\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u62cd\u5356\u3001\u70b9\u5bf9\u70b9\u7cfb\u7edf\u3001\u5b89\u5168\u548c\u4fe1\u606f\u5e02\u573a\u4e2d\u5bfb\u627e\u5747\u8861\u7684\u7b97\u6cd5\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u3002\u7b97\u6cd5\u535a\u5f08\u8bba\u548c\u7b97\u6cd5\u673a\u5236\u8bbe\u8ba1\u5c06\u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u8ba1\u7b97\u7b97\u6cd5\u8bbe\u8ba1\u548c\u5206\u6790\u4e0e\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7406\u8bba\u76f8\u7ed3\u5408\u3002
\u54f2\u5b66<\/p>\n

\u535a\u5f08\u8bba\u5728\u54f2\u5b66\u4e2d\u6709\u51e0\u79cd\u7528\u9014\u3002\u770b\u5b8cW.V.O.\u594e\u6069\uff081960\u30011967\uff09\u7684\u4e24\u7bc7\u8bba\u6587\u540e\uff0c\u5218\u6613\u65af\uff081969\uff09\u8fd0\u7528\u535a\u5f08\u8bba\u53d1\u5c55\u4e86\u4e00\u79cd\u5bf9\u60ef\u4f8b\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\u89e3\u91ca\u3002\u5728\u6b64\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u4ed6\u9996\u6b21\u5bf9\u5171\u540c\u77e5\u8bc6\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u5206\u6790\uff0c\u5e76\u5c06\u5176\u7528\u4e8e\u534f\u8c03\u535a\u5f08\u4e2d\u7684\u535a\u5f08\u5206\u6790\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u4ed6\u9996\u5148\u63d0\u51fa\u4fe1\u53f7\u535a\u5f08\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u3002\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u8bb8\u591a\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u90fd\u5728\u7814\u7a76\u8fd9\u4fe1\u53f7\u535a\u5f08\u3002\u7ee7 Lewis\uff081969\uff09\u5bf9\u5171\u540c\u77e5\u8bc6\u7684\u535a\u5f08\u8bba\u8fdb\u884c\u89e3\u91ca\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u827e\u5fb7\u5a1c Edna Ullmann-Margalit\uff081977\uff09\u548c\u6bd4\u57fa\u8036\u91cc Bicchieri\uff082006\uff09\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u793e\u4f1a\u89c4\u8303\u7406\u8bba\uff0c\u5c06\u5176\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e3a\u5c06\u6df7\u5408\u52a8\u673a\u535a\u5f08\u8f6c\u5316\u4e3a\u534f\u8c03\u535a\u5f08\u7684\u7eb3\u4ec0\u5747\u8861\u3002
\u535a\u5f08\u8bba\u4e5f\u8981\u6c42\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u4eec\u4ece\u4ea4\u4e92\u8ba4\u8bc6\u8bba\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u601d\u8003:\u96c6\u4f53\u62e5\u6709\u5171\u540c\u7684\u4fe1\u5ff5\u6216\u77e5\u8bc6\u610f\u5473\u7740\u4ec0\u4e48\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u8fd9\u4e9b\u77e5\u8bc6\u5bf9\u4e3b\u4f53\u4e4b\u95f4\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\u6240\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u7ed3\u679c\u6709\u4ec0\u4e48\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u4e00\u9886\u57df\u5de5\u4f5c\u8fc7\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u5305\u62ecBicchieri\uff081989,1993\uff09\u3001\u5e03\u83b1\u6069\u00b7\u65af\u5409\u5c14\u59c6\u65af Brian Skyrms\uff081990\uff09\u3001\u4ee5\u53ca\u65af\u6258\u7eb3\u514b Stalnaker\uff081999\uff09\u3002\u5728\u4f26\u7406\u5b66\u4e0a\uff0c\u6709\u4e9b\u4eba\u8bd5\u56fe\u8ffd\u5bfb\u6258\u9a6c\u65af\u00b7\u970d\u5e03\u65af Thomas Hobbes \u4ece\u81ea\u8eab\u5229\u76ca\u51fa\u53d1\u63a8\u5bfc\u9053\u5fb7\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u3002\u65e2\u7136\u50cf\u56da\u5f92\u56f0\u5883\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u535a\u5f08\u5728\u9053\u5fb7\u548c\u79c1\u5229\u4e4b\u95f4\u5b58\u5728\u660e\u663e\u7684\u51b2\u7a81\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u89e3\u91ca\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u4e3a\u4e86\u79c1\u5229\u9700\u8981\u5408\u4f5c\u5c31\u662f\u8fd9\u4e2a\u9879\u76ee\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u91cd\u8981\u7ec4\u6210\u90e8\u5206\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u603b\u4f53\u6218\u7565\u662f\u653f\u6cbb\u54f2\u5b66\u4e2d\u4e00\u822c\u793e\u4f1a\u5951\u7ea6\u89c2\u7684\u7ec4\u6210\u90e8\u5206\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u53c2\u89c1\u6234\u7ef4\u00b7\u54e5\u68af\u5c14 David Gauthier\uff081986\uff09\u548c\u5361\u592b\u5361 Kavka\uff081986\uff09\uff09\u3002\u5176\u4ed6\u4f5c\u8005\u8bd5\u56fe\u7528\u6f14\u5316\u535a\u5f08\u7406\u8bba\u6765\u89e3\u91ca\u4eba\u7c7b\u5bf9\u9053\u5fb7\u7684\u6001\u5ea6\u548c\u76f8\u5e94\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u51fa\u73b0\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u8003\u5bdf\u4e86\u5305\u62ec\u56da\u5f92\u56f0\u5883 The prisoner’s dilemma \u3001\u730e\u9e7f\u535a\u5f08 Stag hunt \u548c\u7eb3\u4ec0\u8ba8\u4ef7\u8fd8\u4ef7\u7406\u8bba The Nash bargaining game \u5728\u5185\u7684\u51e0\u79cd\u535a\u5f08\uff0c\u4e3a\u4eba\u4eec\u5bf9\u9053\u5fb7\u7684\u770b\u6cd5\u8fdb\u884c\u5206\u6790\u89e3\u91ca\u3002
\u96f6\u552e\u4e0e\u6d88\u8d39\u54c1\u5b9a\u4ef7<\/p>\n

\u9ed1\u8272\u661f\u671f\u4e94\uff1a\u7f8e\u56fd\u6700\u53d7\u6b22\u8fce\u7684\u8d2d\u7269\u5047\u671f
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\u6d41\u884c\u6587\u5316<\/p>\n

\u5947\u7231\u535a\u58eb\uff1a\u8be5\u7247\u83b7\u5f97\u4e86\u7b2c37\u5c4a\u5965\u65af\u5361\u91d1\u50cf\u5956\u56db\u9879\u63d0\u540d\uff0c\u4e0e\u300a2001\u592a\u7a7a\u6f2b\u6e38\u300b\u3001\u300a\u53d1\u6761\u6a59\u300b\u5e76\u79f0\u4e3a\u201c\u672a\u6765\u4e09\u90e8\u66f2\u201d
\u57fa\u4e8eSylvia Nasar\u7684\u5173\u4e8eNash\u7684\u8457\u4f5c\u8bde\u751f\u4e86\u7535\u5f71\u300a\u7f8e\u4e3d\u5fc3\u7075 A Beautiful Mind\u300b(1998)\u30021959\u5e74\u7531\u7f57\u4f2f\u7279\u00b7\u6d77\u83b1\u56e0 Robert A. Heinlein\u521b\u4f5c\u7684\u519b\u4e8b\u79d1\u5e7b\u5c0f\u8bf4\u300a\u5c0f\u8bf4\u661f\u6cb3\u6218\u961f Starship Troopers\u300b\u63d0\u5230\u201cgames theory\u201d\u548c\u201ctheory of games\u201d\u3002\u57281997\u5e74\u7684\u540c\u540d\u7535\u5f71\u4e2d\uff0c\u89d2\u8272 Carl Jenkins \u628a\u4ed6\u7684\u519b\u4e8b\u60c5\u62a5\u4efb\u52a1\u79f0\u4e3a\u201cgames and theory\u201d\u30021964\u5e74\u7684\u7535\u5f71\u300a\u5947\u7231\u535a\u58eb Dr. Strangelove\u300b\u8bbd\u523a\u4e86\u5173\u4e8e\u5a01\u6151\u7406\u8bba deterrence theory\u7684\u535a\u5f08\u7406\u8bba\u89c2\u70b9\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u6838\u5a01\u6151\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u662f\u5426\u4e00\u65e6\u53d1\u73b0\u6838\u653b\u51fb\u5c31\u5a01\u80c1\u8981\u8fdb\u884c\u707e\u96be\u6027\u7684\u62a5\u590d\u3002\u535a\u5f08\u8bba\u8005\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u4e89\u8fa9\u8bf4\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u5a01\u80c1\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u201c\u4e0d\u53ef\u4fe1\u7684\u201d \uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u4eec\u53ef\u80fd\u5bfc\u81f4\u5b50\u535a\u5f08\u4e0d\u5b8c\u7f8e\u7684\u5747\u8861 subgame imperfect equilibria\u3002\u8fd9\u90e8\u7535\u5f71\u628a\u8fd9\u4e2a\u60f3\u6cd5\u53c8\u63a8\u8fdb\u4e86\u4e00\u6b65\uff0c\u82cf\u8054\u4e0d\u53ef\u9006\u8f6c\u5730\u505a\u51fa\u4e86\u707e\u96be\u6027\u7684\u6838\u53cd\u5e94\uff0c\u800c\u6ca1\u6709\u5c06\u8fd9\u4e00\u5a01\u80c1\u516c\u4e4b\u4e8e\u4f17\u300220\u4e16\u7eaa80\u5e74\u4ee3\u5f3a\u529b\u6d41\u884c power pop\u4e50\u961f\u201c\u535a\u5f08\u8bba(\u4e50\u961f)\u201d \u7531\u521b\u4f5c\u6b4c\u624bScott Miller (\u6d41\u884c\u97f3\u4e50\u4eba)\u521b\u7acb\uff0c\u4ed6\u5c06\u4e50\u961f\u7684\u540d\u5b57\u5f62\u5bb9\u4e3a\u6697\u6307\u201c\u7814\u7a76\u5982\u4f55\u5728\u5bf9\u624b\u9762\u524d\u8ba1\u7b97\u51fa\u6700\u9002\u5f53\u7684\u884c\u52a8… … \u8ba9\u81ea\u5df1\u5931\u8d25\u7684\u6b21\u6570\u6700\u5c11\u201d \u30022005\u5e74\u7684\u65e5\u672c\u6f2b\u753b\u300a\u9a97\u5b50\u6e38\u620f Liar Game \u300b\u548c2007\u5e74\u7684\u7535\u89c6\u5267\u300a\u9a97\u5b50\u6e38\u620f Liar Game \u300b\u4e2d\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e00\u96c6\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u89d2\u8272\u90fd\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u4ece\u535a\u5f08\u8bba\u4e2d\u62bd\u53d6\u51fa\u6765\u7684\u6e38\u620f\u6216\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u4ece\u6e38\u620f\u4e2d\u7684\u89d2\u8272\u8fd0\u7528\u7684\u7b56\u7565\u5c31\u8bc1\u660e\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u3002Len Deighton\uff0c1974\u5e74\u7684\u5c0f\u8bf4\u300a\u95f4\u8c0d\u6545\u4e8b Spy Story\u300b\u63a2\u8ba8\u4e86\u5173\u4e8e\u51b7\u6218\u519b\u961f\u6f14\u4e60\u7684\u535a\u5f08\u8bba\u5143\u7d20\u3002
<\/div>\n



\u53e6\u8bf7\u53c2\u9605




\u7ef4\u57fa\u767e\u79d1\u535a\u5f08\u8bba\u94fe\u63a5\u5e94\u7528\u4f26\u7406\u5b66 Applied ethics\u8fde\u9501\u5e97\u6096\u8bba Chainstore paradox\u5316\u5b66\u535a\u5f08\u8bba Chemical game theory\u96c6\u4f53\u610f\u5411 Collective intentionality\u7ec4\u5408\u535a\u5f08\u8bba Combinatorial game theory\u5bf9\u6297\u5206\u6790 Confrontation analysis\u535a\u5f08\u8bba\u8bcd\u6c47 Glossary of game theory\u5bb6\u5ead\u5185\u90e8\u8ba8\u4ef7\u8fd8\u4ef7 Intra-household bargaining\u91d1\u5320\u573a\u666f Kingmaker scenario\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4e0e\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66 Law and economics\u5e15\u9f99\u591a\u7684\u6096\u8bba Parrondo’s paradox\u9884\u9632\u539f\u5219 Precautionary principle\u91cf\u5b50\u535a\u5f08\u8bba Quantum game theory\u91cf\u5b50\u88c1\u5224\u6e38\u620f Quantum refereed game\u7406\u6027 Rationality\u53cd\u5411\u535a\u5f08\u8bba Reverse game theory\u98ce\u9669\u7ba1\u7406 Risk management\u81ea\u6211\u786e\u8ba4\u7684\u5747\u8861 Self-confirming equilibrium\u516c\u5730\u7684\u60b2\u5267 Tragedy of the commons\u7b56\u5c14\u6885\u6d1b\u5b9a\u7406 Zermelo’s theorem\u8ba4\u77e5\u504f\u89c1\u5217\u8868 List of cognitive biases\u65b0\u5174\u6280\u672f\u6e05\u5355 List of emerging technologies\u6e38\u620f\u7406\u8bba\u4e2d\u7684\u6e38\u620f\u6e05\u5355 List of games in game theory\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u6982\u8ff0 Outline of artificial intelligence




\u7f16\u8005\u63a8\u8350

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\u535a\u5f08\u8bba\u76f8\u5173\u63a8\u6587\uff1a
\u6e38\u620f\u535a\u5f08\u8bba\uff1a\u6d1e\u6089\u201c\u526a\u5200-\u77f3\u5934-\u5e03”\u80cc\u540e\u7684\u7eb3\u4ec0\u5747\u8861<\/a>
\u5bf9\u4e8e\u300a\u591a\u4eba\u535a\u5f08\u7eb3\u4ec0\u5747\u8861\u7684\u5168\u65b0\u89e3\u6cd5\u300b\u8bba\u6587\u89e3\u8bfb<\/a><\/p>\n

\u76f8\u5173\u8bfe\u7a0b\uff1a
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\u8bfe\u7a0b\u63a8\u8350\uff1a\u5468\u4e9a\uff1a\u6f14\u5316\u535a\u5f08\u4e0e\u673a\u5236\u8bbe\u8ba1 
https:\/\/campus.swarma.org\/course\/949<\/p>\n

\u6839\u636e\u7eb3\u4ec0\u7684\u4f20\u8bb0\u6539\u7f16\u7684\u7535\u5f71\uff1a\u300a\u7f8e\u4e3d\u5fc3\u7075\u300b\u3002<\/p>\n



\u767e\u79d1\u9879\u76ee\u5fd7\u613f\u8005\u62db\u52df




\u4f5c\u4e3a\u96c6\u667a\u767e\u79d1\u9879\u76ee\u56e2\u961f\u7684\u6210\u5458\uff0c\u672c\u6587\u5185\u5bb9\u7531\u674e\u6b23\u5112\uff0c\u5218\u4f69\u4f69\u3001\u9648\u5173\u8363\uff0cMeng\u83ab\u548c\u8d39\u7c73\u5b50\u53c2\u4e0e\u8d21\u732e\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u4e5f\u4e3a\u6bcf\u4f4d\u4f5c\u8005\u548c\u5fd7\u613f\u8005\u51c6\u5907\u4e86\u4e13\u5c5e\u7b80\u4ecb\u548c\u4e2a\u4eba\u96c6\u667a\u767e\u79d1\u4e3b\u9875\uff0c\u66f4\u591a\u4fe1\u606f\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bbf\u95ee\u5176\u96c6\u667a\u767e\u79d1\u4e2a\u4eba\u4e3b\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n

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\u96c6\u667a\u767e\u79d1\u62a5\u540d\u8868<\/p>\n

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