{"id":25092,"date":"2021-03-29T23:12:37","date_gmt":"2021-03-29T15:12:37","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/swarma.org\/?p=25092"},"modified":"2021-03-29T23:12:37","modified_gmt":"2021-03-29T15:12:37","slug":"brian-arthur%e9%95%bf%e6%96%87%e7%bb%bc%e8%bf%b0%ef%bc%9a%e5%a4%8d%e6%9d%82%e7%bb%8f%e6%b5%8e%e5%ad%a6%e7%9a%84%e5%9f%ba%e7%a1%80","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/swarma.org\/?p=25092","title":{"rendered":"Brian Arthur\u957f\u6587\u7efc\u8ff0\uff1a\u590d\u6742\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u7684\u57fa\u7840"},"content":{"rendered":"
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W. Brian Arthur<\/span> <\/span>| \u4f5c\u8005<\/span><\/strong><\/strong><\/h3>\n

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\u675c\u65ed\u51b2<\/span> | \u8bd1\u8005<\/strong><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u674e\u7ea2\u521a\u3001\u5218\u57f9\u6e90\u3001\u8d75\u96e8\u4ead<\/span> | \u5ba1\u6821<\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

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Foundations of complexity economics<\/span><\/p>\n

\u8bba\u6587\u5730\u5740\uff1a<\/span><\/p>\n

https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s42254-020-00273-3<\/span><\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/blockquote>\n

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1. \u65b9\u6cd5\u7684\u903b\u8f91<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

2. \u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u751f\u6001<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

3. \u7b80\u5355\u7684\u6a21\u578b\uff0c\u590d\u6742\u7684\u73b0\u8c61<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

4. \u5173\u4e8e\u57fa\u4e8e\u4e3b\u4f53\u7684\u8ba1\u7b97<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

5. \u7f51\u7edc\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u4e2d\u7684\u4e8b\u4ef6\u4f20\u64ad<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

6. \u653f\u7b56<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

7. \u4e00\u4e9b\u524d\u6cbf\u7814\u7a76<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

8. \u6574\u4f53\u89c2\u70b9<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n


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\u5728\u8fc7\u53bb\u7684150\u5e74\u4e2d\uff0c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7406\u8bba\u5c06\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4e3b\u4f53<\/span>\uff08\u516c\u53f8\u3001\u6d88\u8d39\u8005\u3001\u6295\u8d44\u8005\uff09<\/span>\u89c6\u4e3a\u5b8c\u5168\u7406\u6027\u7684\u51b3\u7b56\u8005\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u9762\u5bf9\u5b9a\u4e49\u660e\u786e\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u53bb\u91c7\u53d6\u8fbe\u5230\u603b\u4f53\u5747\u8861\u7ed3\u679c\u7684\u6700\u4f73\u884c\u4e3a\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u89c2\u70b9\u5e26\u6765\u4e86\u5f88\u591a\u6d1e\u5bdf\u529b<\/span>\uff08insight\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u8bb8\u591a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u5bb6[1\u20137]\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u90e8\u5206\u57fa\u4e8e\u4e3a\u6570\u5b66\u65b9\u4fbf\u800c\u9009\u62e9\u7684\u5047\u8bbe\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u5bf9\u5b83\u662f\u5426\u666e\u904d\u9002\u7528\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u7591\u95ee\u3002\u81ea1990\u5e74\u4ee3\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u5bb6\u5f00\u59cb\u5c06\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e0d\u65ad\u6f14\u5316\u7684\u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf\u8fdb\u884c\u63a2\u7d22\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u4ece\u8fd9\u79cd\u63a2\u7d22\u4e2d\u8d70\u51fa\u4e86\u53e6\u4e00\u79cd\u65b9\u6cd5\u2014\u2014\u590d\u6742\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66<\/span>\uff08complexity economics\uff09<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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\u590d\u6742\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u8ba4\u4e3a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u2014\u2014\u6216\u8005\u8bf4\u6211\u4eec\u611f\u5174\u8da3\u7684\u90a3\u90e8\u5206\u2014\u2014\u4e0d\u4e00\u5b9a\u5904\u4e8e\u5747\u8861\u72b6\u6001\uff0c\u5176\u51b3\u7b56\u8005<\/span>\uff08\u4e3b\u4f53\uff09<\/span>\u4e0d\u662f\u8d85\u7406\u6027<\/span>\uff08super-rational\uff09<\/span>\u7684\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u9762\u4e34\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u4e0d\u4e00\u5b9a\u662f\u5b9a\u4e49\u660e\u786e\u7684\uff0c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4e0d\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u5b8c\u7f8e\u7684\u54fc\u5531\u673a\u5668\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4fe1\u5ff5\uff0c\u7ec4\u7ec7\u539f\u5219\u548c\u884c\u4e3a\u7ec4\u6210\u7684\u4e0d\u65ad\u53d8\u5316\u7684\u751f\u6001\u3002<\/span>\u8fd9\u79cd\u65b9\u6cd5\u4e8e1980\u5e74\u4ee3\u540e\u671f\u59cb\uff0c\u5728\u5723\u5854\u83f2\u7814\u7a76\u6240<\/span>\uff08Santa Fe Institute\uff0cSFI\uff09<\/span>\u5f97\u5230\u5927\u91cf\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u73b0\u5df2\u5728\u6574\u4e2a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u754c\u4f20\u64ad\u5f00\u6765\u3002<\/span>\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u590d\u6742\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u601d\u60f3\u5728\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u4e2d\u6709\u7740\u66f4\u957f\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u3002\u751a\u81f3\u5728\u4e9a\u5f53\u00b7\u65af\u5bc6\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u5bb6\u5c31\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7684\u603b\u4f53\u7ed3\u679c\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u8d38\u6613\u6a21\u5f0f\u3001\u5e02\u573a\u4ef7\u683c\u4ee5\u53ca\u751f\u4ea7\u548c\u6d88\u8d39\u7684\u5546\u54c1\u6570\u91cf\uff0c\u662f\u7531\u4e2a\u4eba\u884c\u4e3a\u5f62\u6210\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u4e2a\u4eba\u884c\u4e3a\u53c8\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e9b\u603b\u7ed3\u679c\u505a\u51fa\u53cd\u5e94\u3002\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u9012\u5f52\u5faa\u73af\uff0c\u6b63\u662f\u8fd9\u79cd\u9012\u5f52\u5faa\u73af\u4f7f\u7ecf\u6d4e\u6210\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u590d\u6742\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u3002\u5728\u6211\u770b\u6765\uff0c\u590d\u6742\u6027\u662f\u5168\u9762\u7684\u7efc\u5408[8-11]\uff0c\u5b83\u4e0d\u662f\u4e00\u95e8\u79d1\u5b66\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u79d1\u5b66\u5185\u90e8\u7684\u4e00\u6b21\u8fd0\u52a8\uff0c\u5b83\u6e90\u4e8e1970\u5e74\u4ee3\u5728\u5e03\u9c81\u585e\u5c14\u3001\u5b89\u963f\u4f2f\u548c\u65af\u56fe\u52a0\u7279\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u60f3\u6cd5\u3002\u5b83\u7814\u7a76\u4e86\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u4ea4\u4e92\u7684\u5143\u7d20\u5982\u4f55\u521b\u5efa\u6574\u4f53\u6a21\u5f0f\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6a21\u5f0f\u53c8\u5982\u4f55\u5bfc\u81f4\u5143\u7d20\u54cd\u5e94\u505a\u51fa\u66f4\u6539\u6216\u9002\u5e94\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5143\u7d20\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u5143\u80de\u81ea\u52a8\u673a\u4e2d\u7684\u5143\u80de\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u662f\u4ea4\u901a\u4e2d\u7684\u6c7d\u8f66\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u662f\u514d\u75ab\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u7684\u751f\u7269\u7ec6\u80de\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u5bf9\u90bb\u8fd1\u7ec6\u80de\u7684\u72b6\u6001\uff0c\u90bb\u8fd1\u6c7d\u8f66\u6216B\u7ec6\u80de\u548cT\u7ec6\u80de\u7684\u6d53\u5ea6\u505a\u51fa\u53cd\u5e94\u3002\u65e0\u8bba\u54ea\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\uff0c\u590d\u6742\u6027\u90fd\u63a2\u6c42\u5404\u4e2a\u5143\u7d20\u600e\u6837\u5bf9\u5b83\u4eec\u76f8\u4e92\u521b\u5efa\u7684\u5f53\u524d\u6a21\u5f0f<\/span>\uff08patterns\uff09<\/span>\u505a\u51fa\u53cd\u5e94\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5bfc\u81f4\u4e86\u4ec0\u4e48\u6a21\u5f0f\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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\u6211\u5c06\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\u63cf\u8ff0\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u653e\u5f03\u4e86\u5747\u8861\u548c\u7406\u6027\u7684\u5047\u8bbe\u3002\u4f46\u8fd9\u5e76\u975e\u662f\u653e\u5f03\u4e86\u5c1d\u8bd5\u6807\u51c6\u5047\u8bbe\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u601d\u8003\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b9e\u9645\u8fd0\u884c\u65b9\u5f0f\u7684\u9014\u5f84\u3002<\/span>\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u6211\u5c06\u4e0d\u4f1a\u7ed9\u51fa\u6b63\u5f0f\u7684\u63cf\u8ff0\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u57fa\u4e8e\u4e2a\u4eba\u7ecf\u9a8c\u6765\u89e3\u91ca\u8fd9\u79cd\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u4ea7\u751f\u7684<\/span>\u3002\u6211\u4e5f\u4e0d\u4f1a\u5c1d\u8bd5\u8c03\u67e5\u8be5\u9886\u57df\u4e2d\u7684\u6570\u767e\u9879\u7814\u7a76\u3002\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u6211\u5c06\u8ba8\u8bba\u590d\u6742\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u5982\u4f55\u53d1\u5c55\uff0c\u5b83\u57fa\u4e8e\u4ec0\u4e48\u903b\u8f91\uff0c\u5176\u4e3b\u8981\u4e3b\u9898\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\u4ee5\u53ca\u5b83\u5982\u4f55\u4e0e\u590d\u6742\u6027\u548c\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u8054\u7cfb\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\u3002\u6211\u5c06\u8c08\u8bba\u601d\u60f3\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u6280\u672f\uff0c\u5e76\u4ece\u6211\u81ea\u5df1\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u4eba\u4e4b\u524d\u7684\u8bba\u6587[12-21]\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u51fa\u53d1\u6765\u8bf4\u660e\u8981\u70b9\uff0c\u5e76\u6307\u51fa\u8fd9\u79cd\u65b9\u6cd5\u5177\u6709\u53d8\u4f53[22, 23]\u548c\u5148\u9a71<\/span>\uff08forerunners\uff09<\/span>[24, 25]\uff0c<\/span>\u8fd9\u5f88\u5927\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u8981\u5f52\u529f\u4e8e Thorsten Veblen[1]\u3001\u8d6b\u4f2f\u7279\u00b7\u897f\u8499[2]<\/span>\uff08Herbert Simon\uff09<\/span>\u548c\u5f17\u91cc\u5fb7\u91cc\u5e0c\u00b7\u54c8\u8036\u514b[26]<\/span>\uff08Friedrich Hayek\uff09<\/span>\u7684\u65e9\u671f\u5de5\u4f5c\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

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 <\/span><\/p>\n<\/section>\n

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1. \u65b9\u6cd5\u7684\u903b\u8f91<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n

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<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/h3>\n


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\u6807\u51c6\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u548c\u57fa\u672c\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u6027<\/span><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n


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\u6807\u51c6\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66<\/span>\uff08\u79f0\u4e3a\u65b0\u53e4\u5178\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\uff09<\/span>\u7814\u7a76\u884c\u4e3a\u8005\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u5982\u4f55\u5728\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4e2d\u5f62\u6210\u7ed3\u679c\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u4e3a\u6b64\uff0c\u5b83\u9009\u62e9\u505a\u51fa\u51e0\u4e2a\u6807\u51c6\u5047\u8bbe\uff1a<\/span><\/p>\n


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  • \n

    \u5b8c\u7f8e\u7406\u6027\u3002\u5b83\u5047\u5b9a\u6bcf\u4e2a\u4e3b\u4f53\u90fd\u4f7f\u7528\u5b8c\u5168\u5408\u7406\u7684\u903b\u8f91\u6765\u89e3\u51b3\u5176\u5b9a\u4e49\u660e\u786e\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u4ee5\u4f18\u5316\u5176\u884c\u4e3a\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

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  • \n
    \u5171\u540c\u77e5\u8bc6\u3002\u5047\u5b9a\u6240\u6709\u4e3b\u4f53\u90fd\u5177\u6709\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4e3b\u4f53\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u51c6\u786e\u77e5\u8bc6\uff1a\u5176\u4ed6\u4e3b\u4f53\u662f\u5b8c\u5168\u7406\u6027\u7684\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e5f\u5171\u4eab\u8fd9\u4e00\u5171\u540c\u77e5\u8bc6\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n<\/li>\n
  • \n

    \u5747\u8861\u3002\u5b83\u5047\u5b9a\u603b\u4f53\u7ed3\u679c\u4e0e\u4e3b\u4f53\u884c\u4e3a\u4e00\u81f4\u2014\u2014\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u6fc0\u52b1\u4e3b\u4f53\u6539\u53d8\u5176\u884c\u4e3a\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n


    <\/section>\n

    \u8fd9\u4e9b\u5047\u8bbe\u7edd\u4e0d\u662f\u5b8c\u5168\u50f5\u5316\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83\u4eec\u6784\u6210\u4e86\u516c\u8ba4\u7684\u89c4\u8303\u3002\u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u505a\u51fa\u5b83\u4eec\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u7406\u8bba\u5bb6\u5fc5\u7136\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5b83\u4eec\u662f\u771f\u5b9e\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u4eec\u6781\u5927\u5730\u7b80\u5316\u4e86\u5206\u6790\u3002\u5747\u8861\u5047\u8bbe\u662f\u65b0\u53e4\u5178\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u3002\u4e00\u822c\u5747\u8861\u7406\u8bba\u63a2\u6c42\uff0c\u6d88\u8d39\u548c\u751f\u4ea7\u7684\u5546\u54c1\u7684\u4ef7\u683c\u548c\u6570\u91cf\u4e0e\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5e02\u573a\u4e2d\u4ef7\u683c\u548c\u6570\u91cf\u7684\u6574\u4f53\u683c\u5c40\u662f\u5426\u76f8\u7b26<\/span>\uff08\u5373\u4e0e\u4e4b\u5747\u8861\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u4e0d\u4f1a\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e9b\u603b\u4f53\u683c\u5c40\u7684\u6539\u53d8\u4ea7\u751f\u6fc0\u52b1<\/span>\uff08incentives\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u53e4\u5178\u535a\u5f08\u8bba\u63a2\u6c42\u4e00\u4e2a\u73a9\u5bb6\u7684\u54ea\u4e9b\u7b56\u7565\u6216\u4e3e\u52a8\u5c06\u4e0e\u5176\u5bf9\u624b\u53ef\u80fd\u9009\u62e9\u7684\u7b56\u7565\u6216\u4e3e\u52a8\u4fdd\u6301\u4e00\u81f4\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u8fd9\u5c06\u662f\u8be5\u73a9\u5bb6\u7684\u6700\u4f73\u884c\u52a8\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002\u7406\u6027\u9884\u671f\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u63a2\u6c42\uff0c\u54ea\u79cd\u9884\u6d4b\u65b9\u6cd5\u5c06\u4e0e\u8fd9\u4e9b\u9884\u6d4b\u65b9\u6cd5\u6240\u5e26\u6765\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u76f8\u4e00\u81f4\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u4ece\u7edf\u8ba1\u5b66\u4e0a\u8bb2\uff0c\u5e73\u5747\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u5c06\u901a\u8fc7\u7ed3\u679c\u8fdb\u884c\u9a8c\u8bc1\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


    <\/p>\n

    \u603b\u4f53\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u5747\u8861\u65b9\u6cd5\u6548\u679c\u5f88\u597d\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u68c0\u67e5\u7ecf\u6d4e\u95ee\u9898\u5e76\u5c06\u5176\u5f00\u653e\u7ed9\u6570\u5b66\u5206\u6790\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u81ea\u7136\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u5b83\u9610\u660e\u4e86\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u4e2d\u7684\u8bb8\u591a\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u6211\u5f88\u6b23\u8d4f\u5b83\u7684\u4f18\u96c5\uff1b\u7528\u4fdd\u7f57\u00b7\u8428\u7f2a\u5c14\u68ee<\/span>\uff08Paul Samuelson\uff09<\/span>\u7684\u8bdd[27]\uff0c\u5b83\u4ea7\u751f\u4e86\u4e00\u79cd\u201c\u4e25\u8083\u7684\u7f8e\u5b66\u98ce\u5ea6\u201d\u3002\u4f46\u8fd9\u4e25\u91cd\u9650\u5236\u4e86\u53ef\u4ee5\u770b\u5230\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u3002\u6309\u7167\u5176\u5b9a\u4e49\uff0c\u5747\u8861\u4e0d\u5141\u8bb8\u521b\u9020\u65b0\u4ea7\u54c1\u6216\u65b0\u5b89\u6392\uff0c\u4e0d\u5141\u8bb8\u7ec4\u5efa\u65b0\u673a\u6784\uff0c\u63a2\u7d22\u65b0\u7b56\u7565\uff0c\u5f15\u53d1\u65b0\u9896\u4e8b\u4ef6\u7684\u4e8b\u4ef6\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u5386\u53f2\u672c\u8eab\u3002\u6240\u6709\u8fd9\u4e9b\u90fd\u5fc5\u987b\u4ece\u7406\u8bba\u4e2d\u4e22\u5f03\u3002\u6234\u7ef4\u00b7\u8f9b\u666e\u68ee<\/span>\uff08David Simpson\uff09<\/span>\u8bf4\uff1a\u201c\u6574\u4e2a20\u4e16\u7eaa\u5747\u8861\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u7a33\u6b65\u53d1\u5c55\uff0c\u65e0\u60c5\u5730\u62b9\u6740\u4e86\u6240\u6709\u4e0d\u9002\u5408\u5176\u5047\u8bbe\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u3002\u201d[28]\u5728\u8fc7\u53bb\u7684120\u5e74\u4e2d\uff0c\u7d22\u5c14\u65af\u5766\u00b7\u97e6\u52c3\u4f26[1]\uff0c\u7ea6\u745f\u592b\u00b7\u718a\u5f7c\u7279[7]\uff0c\u5f17\u91cc\u5fb7\u91cc\u5e0c\u00b7\u54c8\u8036\u514b[29]\uff0c\u743c\u00b7\u7f57\u5bbe\u900a[5, 30]\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u5bb6[4, 31\u201335]\u53cd\u5bf9\u5747\u8861\u6846\u67b6\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e2a\u4eba\u90fd\u6709\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u7406\u7531\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


    <\/span><\/p>\n

    \u6240\u6709\u4eba\u90fd\u8ba4\u4e3a\u9700\u8981\u4e0d\u4e00\u6837\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


    <\/span><\/p>\n

    \u6b63\u662f\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u80cc\u666f\u4e0b\uff0c1987\u5e74\uff0c\u5f53\u65f6\u7684\u65b0SFI\u53ec\u96c6\u4e86\u4e00\u6b21\u4f1a\u8bae\uff0c\u53ec\u96c6\u4e8610\u4f4d\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7406\u8bba\u5bb6\u548c10\u4f4d\u7269\u7406\u7406\u8bba\u5bb6\uff0c\u5171\u540c\u63a2\u8ba8\u4e86\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e0d\u65ad\u6f14\u5316\u7684\u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u3002\u4f1a\u8bae\u53d6\u5f97\u4e86\u6210\u529f\uff0c\u4e00\u5e74\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6700\u521d\u7684\u63a2\u7d22\u6210\u4e3a\u4e86SFI\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u7814\u7a76\u9879\u76ee[8, 36-38]\u3002\u6211\u88ab\u8981\u6c42\u4e3b\u6301\u8be5\u9879\u76ee\uff0c<\/span><\/span>\u7ecf\u8fc7\u591a\u6b21\u8ba8\u8bba\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u610f\u8bc6\u5230\u81ea\u5df1\u4e00\u76f4\u56de\u5230\u540c\u6837\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff1a\u5982\u679c\u8981\u8d85\u8d8a\u6807\u51c6\u5047\u8bbe\uff0c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u5c06\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\u6837\uff1f<\/span><\/p>\n


    <\/p>\n

    \u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u4e3b\u4f53\u4e0d\u540c\u3002\u5904\u4e8e\u65b0\u5174\u5e02\u573a\u4e2d\u7684\u516c\u53f8\u53ef\u80fd\u5177\u6709\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u6280\u672f\u3001\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u52a8\u673a\u548c\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u8d44\u6e90\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u4ed6\u4eec\u53ef\u80fd\u4e0d\u77e5\u9053\u7ade\u4e89\u5bf9\u624b\u662f\u8c01\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u4e0d\u77e5\u9053\u4ed6\u4eec\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u5c06\u5982\u4f55\u601d\u8003\u3002\u5b83\u4eec\u53d7\u5230\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u5bb6\u6240\u8c13\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\u7684\u7ea6\u675f[40]\u3002\u6b63\u5982\u7ea6\u7ff0\u00b7\u6885\u7eb3\u5fb7\u00b7\u51ef\u6069\u65af<\/span>\uff08John Maynard Keynes\uff09<\/span>\u57281937\u5e74\u6240\u63cf\u8ff0\u7684\u90a3\u6837\uff0c\u201c\u6b27\u6d32\u6218\u4e89\u7684\u524d\u666f\u2026\u2026\u4ece\u90a3\u65f6\u8d77\u4e8c\u5341\u5e74\u7684\u5229\u7387\u2026\u2026\u5173\u4e8e\u8fd9\u4e9b\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u5f62\u6210\u4efb\u4f55\u53ef\u8ba1\u7b97\u6982\u7387\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u4f9d\u636e\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u6839\u672c\u5c31\u4e0d\u77e5\u9053\u3002\u201d [41]\u7ed3\u679c\uff0c\u4e3b\u4f53\u9762\u4e34\u7684\u51b3\u7b56\u95ee\u9898\u4e0d\u662f\u903b\u8f91\u5b9a\u4e49\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5b83\u6ca1\u6709\u903b\u8f91\u89e3\u51b3\u65b9\u6848\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u7406\u6027\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e0d\u660e\u786e\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u201c\u6700\u4f18\u201d\u7684\u884c\u52a8<\/span>\uff08set of moves\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u4e5f\u6ca1\u6709\u6700\u4f18\u7684\u884c\u4e3a<\/span>\uff08behavior\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u9762\u5bf9\u8fd9\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u2014\u2014\u5177\u6709\u57fa\u672c\u7684\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\uff0c\u5b9a\u4e49\u56f0\u96be<\/span>\uff08ill-defined\uff09<\/span>\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u548c\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u7684\u7406\u6027\u2014\u2014\u6807\u51c6\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u5408\u4e4e\u60c5\u7406\u5730\u8d70\u5411\u4e86\u505c\u6ede\u3002\u5982\u4f55\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u9053\u8def\u8fd8\u4e0d\u662f\u5f88\u6e05\u6670\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


    <\/p>\n

    \n
    \n
    \n

    El Farol\u95ee\u9898<\/span><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n


    <\/p>\n

    \u7136\u800c\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u7684\u786e\u5728\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u91c7\u53d6\u884c\u52a8\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u4ed6\u4eec\u7ecf\u5e38\u8fd9\u6837\u505a\u3002\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\uff0c\u8003\u8651\u4e00\u4e0bEl Farol\u9152\u5427\u95ee\u9898[42]\u3002<\/span>\u4e00\u767e\u540d\u4e3b\u4f53\uff08\u6d4b\u8bd5\u8005\uff09\u6bcf\u5468\u4e00\u6b21\uff0c\u5c1d\u8bd5\u9884\u6d4b\u5468\u56db\u665a\u4e0a\u7684\u5230\u573a\u4eba\u6570\uff0c\u5728\u4ed6\u4eec\u6700\u559c\u6b22\u7684\u9152\u5427\u2014\u2014\u5723\u5854\u83f2\u7684\u57c3\u5c14\u6cd5\u7f57\uff08El Farol\uff09\u3002<\/span>\u5982\u679c\u4ed6\u4eec\u9884\u6d4b<\/span>\uff08believe\uff09<\/span>\u9152\u5427\u4f1a\u592a\u62e5\u6324\u2014\u2014\u6bd4\u5982\u8bf4\u5c06\u670960\u591a\u4eba\u2014\u2014\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e0d\u4f1a\u53bb\u3002\u5982\u679c\u4ed6\u4eec\u9884\u6d4b\u4f1a\u51fa\u73b0\u5c11\u4e8e60\u4e2a\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5c31\u4f1a\u53bb\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u5c06\u5982\u4f55\u884c\u52a8\uff1f<\/span><\/p>\n


    <\/p>\n

    \u6f14\u7ece\u903b\u8f91<\/span>\uff08deductive logic\uff09<\/span>\u65e0\u6d4e\u4e8e\u4e8b\u3002\u4e3b\u4f53\u4eec\u5bf9\u53c2\u52a0\u4eba\u6570\u7684\u9884\u6d4b\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u4ed6\u4eec\u5bf9\u4ed6\u4eba\u9884\u6d4b\u7684\u770b\u6cd5\uff0c\u800c\u540e\u8005\u53c8\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u4ed6\u4eba\u5bf9\u4ed6\u4eec\u9884\u6d4b\u7684\u770b\u6cd5\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u5b58\u5728\u65e0\u9650\u7684\u9012\u5f52\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u786e\u5b9e\u5b58\u5728\u5171\u4eab\u7684\u7406\u6027\u9884\u6d4b\u6a21\u578b\uff0c\u5b83\u4f1a\u5f88\u5feb\u5426\u5b9a\u81ea\u5df1\uff1a\u5982\u679c\u5b83\u9884\u6d4b\u5f88\u5c11\u6709\u4eba\u53c2\u52a0\uff0c\u5927\u5bb6\u90fd\u4f1a\u53bb\uff1b\u5982\u679c\u5b83\u9884\u6d4b\u4f1a\u6709\u5f88\u591a\u4eba\u53c2\u52a0\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u6ca1\u4eba\u4f1a\u53bb\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u4e3b\u4f53\u9762\u4e34\u6839\u672c\u7684\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\uff1a\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e0d\u77e5\u9053\u5176\u4ed6\u4e3b\u4f53\u5c06\u5982\u4f55\u51b3\u5b9a\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u9884\u6d4b\uff0c\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u8fd9\u7c7b\u77e5\u8bc6\u51b3\u5b9a\u4e86\u51fa\u52e4\u7387<\/span>\uff08attendence\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e0d\u660e\u786e<\/span>\uff08ill-defined\uff09<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


    <\/span><\/p>\n

    \u4e00\u65e6\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u5047\u8bbe\u4e3b\u4f53\u91c7\u53d6\u5f52\u7eb3\u6027<\/span>\uff08inductively\uff09<\/span>\u884c\u4e3a\u6765\u5bf9\u8fd9\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u8fdb\u884c\u5efa\u6a21\uff1a\u6bcf\u4e2a\u4e3b\u4f53\u90fd\u4f1a\u521b\u5efa\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u4e00\u5957\u5408\u7406\u7684\u5047\u8bbe\u6216\u9884\u6d4b\u53d8\u91cf\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u6bcf\u5468\u90fd\u4f1a\u6839\u636e\u5176\u5f53\u524d\u6700\u51c6\u786e\u7684\u9884\u6d4b\u6307\u6807\u8fdb\u884c\u884c\u4e3a\u64cd\u4f5c\u3002\u6362\u53e5\u8bdd\u8bf4\uff0c\u7814\u7a76\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7684\u6846\u67b6\u5e94\u5305\u62ec\u5f62\u6210\u4e2a\u4f53\u4fe1\u5ff5\u6216\u5047\u8bbe\u7684\u4e3b\u4f53\uff0c\u5373\u5173\u4e8e\u5982\u4f55\u5e94\u5bf9\u5176\u6240\u5904\u5883\u51b5\u7684\u5185\u90e8\u6a21\u578b\u3002<\/span>\uff08\u53ef\u80fd\u540c\u65f6\u5b58\u5728\u591a\u4e2a\u6a21\u578b\uff09<\/span><\/p>\n


    <\/span><\/p>\n

    \u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u4e3b\u4f53\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u5c0f\u578b\u3001\u72ec\u7acb\u7684\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u7a0b\u5e8f\u5b9e\u73b0\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7a0b\u5e8f\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u6709\u5dee\u5f02\u7684\u3001\u80fd\u63a2\u7d22\u5e76\u5b66\u4f1a\u53d8\u5f97\u806a\u660e\u3002\u7a0b\u5e8f\u5982\u4f55\u505a\u5230\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9<\/span>\uff08\u5982\u4f55\u53d8\u5f97\u806a\u660e\uff09<\/span>\u53d7\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6 John Holland \u7684\u542f\u53d1<\/span>\u3002\u5728\u4ed6\u7684\u804c\u4e1a\u751f\u6daf\u4e2d\uff0c\u4ed6\u82b1\u4e86\u5f88\u591a\u65f6\u95f4\u5f00\u53d1\u5404\u79cd\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u4f7f\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u7b97\u6cd5\u53ef\u4ee5\u5b66\u4e60\u4e0b\u897f\u6d0b\u68cb\/\u56fd\u9645\u8df3\u68cb\uff0c\u6216\u56fd\u9645\u8c61\u68cb<\/span>\u3002Holland \u7684\u7b97\u6cd5\u53ef\u4ee5\u201c\u8bc6\u522b\u201d\u6e38\u620f\u7684\u5f53\u524d\u72b6\u6001\uff0c\u5e76\u5b66\u4e60\u5c06\u9002\u5f53\u7684\u52a8\u4f5c\u4e0e\u6b64\u76f8\u5173\u8054\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u52a8\u4f5c\u4ece\u4e00\u5f00\u59cb\u5c31\u76f8\u5f53\u968f\u673a\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u6ca1\u6709\u4ec0\u4e48\u7528\u5904\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u5728\u8bb8\u591a\u6e38\u620f\u4e2d\uff0c\u7a0b\u5e8f\u90fd\u4f1a\u4e86\u89e3\u54ea\u4e9b\u52a8\u4f5c\u5728\u54ea\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u6709\u6548\uff0c\u201c\u63a2\u7d22\u201d\u65b0\u7684\u52a8\u4f5c\u5e76\u4e22\u5f03\u65e0\u6548\u7684\u52a8\u4f5c\u3002\u5b83\u4f1a\u53d8\u5f97\u66f4\u806a\u660e\u3002\u5728\u7ecf\u6d4e\u95ee\u9898\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e3b\u4f53\u53ef\u4ee5\u4ece\u5b83\u4eec\u81ea\u5df1\u4efb\u610f\u9009\u62e9\u6216\u968f\u673a\u7684\u4fe1\u5ff5\u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u4e86\u89e3\u54ea\u4e9b\u53ef\u884c\uff0c\u5e76\u5076\u5c14\u63a2\u7d22\u65b0\u7684\u4fe1\u5ff5\uff0c\u4e0d\u65f6\u629b\u5f03\u90a3\u4e9b\u8868\u73b0\u4e0d\u4f73\u7684\u4fe1\u5ff5\uff0c\u5e76\u7528\u65b0\u7684\u4fe1\u5ff5\u66ff\u4ee3\u5c1d\u8bd5[42-44]\u3002\u5b83\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u8fd9\u79cd\u65b9\u5f0f\u5728\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u7684\u73af\u5883\u4e2d\u8fdb\u884c\u64cd\u4f5c\u548c\u63a2\u7d22\uff0c\u5e76\u968f\u7740\u7ecf\u9a8c\u7684\u79ef\u7d2f\u53d8\u5f97\u66f4\u52a0\u806a\u660e\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


    <\/p>\n

    \u8bf7\u6ce8\u610f\u6709\u5173\u6b64\u6846\u67b6\u7684\u4e24\u4ef6\u4e8b\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


    <\/span><\/p>\n

    \u9996\u5148\uff0c\u5b83\u662f\u52a8\u6001\u7684\uff0c\u5bf9\u65b0\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u6301\u5f00\u653e\u6001\u5ea6\uff0c\u800c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u884c\u4e3a\u901a\u5e38\u662f\u6ca1\u6709\u60f3\u5230\u7684\u3002\u5728\u8bb8\u591a\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u7cfb\u7edf\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u6536\u655b\u5230\u5747\u8861\uff0c\u800c\u5728\u5176\u4ed6\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u5219\u53ef\u80fd\u4e0d\u4f1a\u2014\u2014\u5b83\u53ef\u80fd\u6c38\u4e45\u5730\u53d1\u73b0\u65b0\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u603b\u7684\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u6709\u975e\u5747\u8861\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u3002\u5176\u6b21\uff0c\u63a2\u6c42\u4eba\u5458\u5fc5\u987b\u6539\u53d8\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u5904\u5883\uff0c\u8fd9\u8981\u6c42\u4ed6\u4eec\u91cd\u65b0\u63a2\u7d22\u548c\u9002\u5e94\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u6539\u53d8\u4e86\u60c5\u51b5\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u5904\u4e8e\u4e00\u4e2a\u590d\u6742\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


    <\/span><\/p>\n

    \u5728El Farol\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u8ba1\u7b97\u5b9e\u9a8c\u8868\u660e<\/span>\uff08\u56fe1\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u9152\u5427\u7684\u51fa\u52e4\u7387<\/span>\uff08\u4ee5\u53ca\u6b63\u5728\u91c7\u53d6\u7684\u9884\u6d4b\u7684\u6536\u96c6\uff09<\/span>\u4f1a\u81ea\u7ec4\u7ec7\u6210\u4e00\u4e2a\u5e73\u8861\u7684\u6a21\u5f0f\uff0c\u5f98\u5f8a\u5728\u8212\u9002\u768460\u6c34\u5e73\u9644\u8fd1\u3002\u539f\u56e0\u662f\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u957f\u671f\u6765\u770b\u5c11\u4e8e60\u4e2a\uff0c\u4f4e\u503c\u9884\u6d4b<\/span>\uff08low forecastes\uff09<\/span>\u5c06\u662f\u6709\u6548\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u4f1a\u6709\u5f88\u591a\u4eba\u4f1a\u6765\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u5426\u5b9a\u8fd9\u4e9b\u9884\u6d4b\uff1b\u5982\u679c\u957f\u8fdc\u9884\u6d4b\u5f88\u591a\u4eba\u4f1a\u6765\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u5f88\u5c11\u7684\u4eba\u4f1a\u5728\u573a\u51fa\u73b0\u3002<\/span><\/span>\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5c42\u6b21\u7684\u5438\u5f15\u529b\u5c31\u6d8c\u73b0\u51fa\u6765\u4e86<\/span>\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5e73\u5747\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u9884\u6d4b\u603b\u6570\u652f\u6301\u6b64\u8212\u9002\u7ea7\u522b<\/span>\uff08confortable level\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u4f46\u5b9e\u9645\u4f7f\u7528\u4e2d\u7684\u9884\u6d4b\u4ecd\u5728\u53d8\u5316\u3002\u7ed3\u679c\u6709\u70b9\u50cf\u68ee\u6797\uff0c\u68ee\u6797\u7684\u5f62\u72b6\u4e0d\u4f1a\u6539\u53d8\uff0c\u4f46\u5355\u4e2a\u6811\u6728\u4f1a\u6539\u53d8\u3002\u8bf7\u6ce8\u610f\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u5047\u5b9a\u6b64\u95ee\u9898\u4e2d\u7684\u5747\u8861\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u51fa\u73b0\u4e86<\/span>\uff08\u81ea\u7ec4\u7ec7\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u662f\u81ea\u7136\u5438\u5f15\u5b50<\/span>\uff08natural attractor\uff09<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


    <\/span><\/p>\n

    <\/section>\n

    \u56fe1\uff1aEI Farol \u9152\u5427\u5230\u573a\u60c5\u51b5\uff081\u524d100\u5468\uff09<\/span><\/p>\n

    <\/span>
    <\/p>\n


    <\/p>\n

    \n
    \n
    \n

    \u4e3b\u4f53\u5bf9\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\uff08ill-defined\uff09\u505a\u51fa\u7684\u53cd\u5e94<\/span><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n


    <\/p>\n

    El Farol\u95ee\u9898\u662f\u4f7f\u7528\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u5728Santa Fe\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u8fdb\u884c\u7684\u4e00\u9879\u65e9\u671f\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u5176\u4ed6\u7814\u7a76\u5219\u7d27\u968f\u5176\u540e[45]\u3002\u4e0d\u53ef\u907f\u514d\u5730\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u88ab\u8981\u6c42\u547d\u540d\u8fd9\u79cd\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u57281999\u5e74\u7684\u300a\u79d1\u5b66\u300b\u6742\u5fd7[12]\u4e2d\uff0c\u6211\u5c06\u5176\u6807\u8bb0\u4e3a\u201c\u590d\u6742\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u201d\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u65b9\u6cd5\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u662f\u4e3b\u4f53\u901a\u8fc7\u201c\u5408\u4e4e\u60c5\u7406\u201d<\/span>\uff08make sense\uff09<\/span>\u7684\u6216\u8005\u8bf4\u8bc6\u522b\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u67d0\u4e9b\u65b9\u9762\u5e76\u76f8\u5e94\u5730\u9009\u62e9\u5176\u884c\u52a8\uff0c\u7b56\u7565\u6216\u9884\u6d4b\u6765\u5e94\u5bf9\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u3002\u73b0\u5728\uff0c\u5bf9\u6b64\u8fdb\u884c\u5efa\u6a21\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u5df2\u5927\u5927\u6269\u5c55\u3002\u884c\u4e3a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66[46]\u6d1e\u5bdf\u4e86\u771f\u5b9e\u7684\u4eba\u7c7b\u884c\u4e3a\u4e3b\u4f53\u5728\u6211\u4eec\u6240\u5173\u6ce8\u7684\u73af\u5883\u4e2d\u7684\u53cd\u5e94\u3002\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u6216\u795e\u7ecf\u7f51\u7edc[47]\u53ef\u7528\u4e8e\u5efa\u6a21\u4e3b\u4f53\u5982\u4f55\u56de\u5e94\u5176\u83b7\u53d6\u7684\u4fe1\u53f7\u3002\u6f14\u5316\u7b97\u6cd5\u53ef\u4ee5\u521b\u9020\u51fa\u65b0\u7684\u4e0d\u53ef\u9884\u89c1\u7684\u7b56\u7565<\/span>\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\u5728AlphaGo Zero\u4e2d\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u73b0\u4ee3\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u5411\u6211\u4eec\u5c55\u793a\u4e86\u4e3b\u4f53\u5982\u4f55\u5728\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u4f7f\u7528\u53d9\u4e8b\uff0c\u60f3\u8c61\u548c\u8ba1\u7b97\u6765\u4f7f\u81ea\u5df1\u6709\u610f\u4e49[48, 49]\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


    <\/span><\/p>\n

    \u590d\u6742\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u4e2d\u7684\u67d0\u4e9b\u6a21\u578b\u4f7f\u7528\u6570\u5b66\u65b9\u6cd5<\/span>\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\u975e\u7ebf\u6027\u968f\u673a\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u8ddf\u8e2a\u591a\u4e2a\u4e3b\u4f53\u7684\u51b3\u7b56\u8fc7\u7a0b\u7684\u7eaf\u7cb9\u590d\u6742\u6027\u5e38\u5e38\u8981\u6c42\u4f7f\u7528\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u3002\u7136\u540e\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u56f4\u7ed5\u4e3b\u4f53\u7684\u4e2a\u4eba\u884c\u4e3a\u5efa\u7acb\u6a21\u578b\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u57fa\u4e8e\u4e3b\u4f53\u7684\u5efa\u6a21\u81ea\u7136\u800c\u7136\u5730\u51fa\u73b0\u4e86[50]\u3002\u57fa\u4e8e\u4e3b\u4f53\u7684\u6a21\u578b[51-55]\u73b0\u5728\u5df2\u5728\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u7684\u5404\u79cd\u9886\u57df\u4e2d\u4f7f\u7528\u3002\u6709\u4e9b\u7814\u7a76\u6709\u51e0\u767e\u4e2a\u4e3b\u4f53\u3002\u6700\u8fd1\u4e00\u4e2a\u7814\u7a76\u67091.2\u4ebf\u4e3b\u4f53[56]\u3002\u6709\u4e9b\u8003\u8651\u5230\u6cd5\u5f8b\u548c\u76d1\u7ba1\u673a\u6784\u3002\u5176\u4e2d\u4e00\u4e9b\u65e8\u5728\u6a21\u62df\u73b0\u5b9e\u2014\u20142008\u5e74\u6b21\u7ea7\u62b5\u62bc\u8d37\u6b3e\u5d29\u6e83\u4ee5\u53ca2020\u5e74COVID-19\u5927\u6d41\u884c\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u3002\u4e00\u4e9b\u7814\u7a76\u7406\u8bba\u95ee\u9898\u2014\u2014\u91d1\u878d\u8d44\u4ea7\u5b9a\u4ef7\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u4e0d\u7ba1\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u8bbe\u8ba1\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\uff0c\u5c31\u50cf\u6240\u6709\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u5176\u601d\u60f3\u90fd\u662f\u63a2\u7d22\u7ed3\u679c\u5982\u4f55\u4ece\u5047\u5b9a\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u4e2d\u5f97\u51fa\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

    <\/p>\n
    \n


    <\/p>\n

     <\/span><\/p>\n<\/section>\n

    <\/span><\/section>\n

    \n
    \n
    \n
    \n
    \n

    <\/section>\n

    <\/section>\n
    \n
    <\/svg><\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n
    \n

    2. \u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u751f\u6001\uff08ecology\uff09<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n

    \n

    <\/section>\n

    <\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/h3>\n


    <\/p>\n

    \u5728El Farol\u95ee\u9898\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e3b\u4f53\u7684\u9884\u6d4b\u65b9\u6cd5\u5728\u4f9d\u8d56\u4e8e\u5176\u4ed6\u4e3b\u4f53\u7684\u9884\u6d4b\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u4f3c\u4e4e\u6709\u6548\u2014\u2014\u5b83\u4eec\u5728\u201c\u751f\u6001\u201d\u9884\u6d4b\u4e2d\u7ade\u4e89\u3002\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\uff0c\u590d\u6742\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u666e\u904d\u7279\u5f81\u662f\uff0c\u8981\u5bf9\u4e3b\u4f53\u7684\u4fe1\u5ff5\u3001\u7b56\u7565\u6216\u884c\u52a8\u8fdb\u884c\u6d4b\u8bd5\uff0c\u4ee5\u6c42\u5728\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4fe1\u5ff5\u3001\u7b56\u7565\u6216\u884c\u52a8\u5171\u540c\u521b\u9020\u7684\u73af\u5883\u6216\u751f\u6001\u73af\u5883\u4e2d\u751f\u5b58\u3002\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u5c31\u50cf\u7269\u79cd\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u4e0d\u65ad\u7ade\u4e89\u6216\u76f8\u4e92\u9002\u5e94\uff0c\u5171\u540c\u8fdb\u5316\u3002\u7ed3\u679c\uff0c\u51fa\u73b0\u4e86\u72ec\u7279\u7684\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u8fdb\u5316\u4e3b\u9898\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


    <\/span><\/p>\n

    \u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u4f8b\u5b50\u3002\u5728\u7ecf\u5178\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d[57]\uff0c\u6784\u5efa\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u5316\u7684\u9526\u6807\u8d5b\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u7b56\u7565\u4ee5\u968f\u673a\u9009\u62e9\u76841\u5bf91\u7ade\u4e89\uff0c\u4ee5\u8fdb\u884c\u53cd\u590d\u7684\u56da\u5f92\u56f0\u5883\u535a\u5f08\u3002<\/span>\uff08\u6ca1\u6709\u5fc5\u8981\u4e86\u89e3\u56da\u5f92\u56f0\u5883\u7684\u7ec6\u8282\uff1b\u53ea\u9700\u5c06\u5b9e\u9a8c\u60f3\u50cf\u6210\u662f\u7531\u5f53\u524d\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u7b56\u7565\u4ee5\u4e00\u5bf9\u4e00\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u8fdb\u884c\u7684\u91cd\u590d\u535a\u5f08\u3002\uff09<\/span>\u6bcf\u79cd\u7b56\u7565\u90fd\u662f\u9488\u5bf9\u5176\u5bf9\u624b\u8fd1\u671f\u884c\u52a8\u7684\u7b56\u7565\u7ed9\u5b9a\u7684\u4e00\u7ec4\u81ea\u5df1\u7b56\u7565\u7684\u56fa\u5b9a\u8bf4\u660e\u3002\u5982\u679c\u7b56\u7565\u5728\u8bb8\u591a\u906d\u9047\u4e2d\u8868\u73b0\u826f\u597d\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u5c31\u4f1a\u590d\u5236\u3002\u5982\u679c\u5b83\u4eec\u505a\u5f97\u4e0d\u597d\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u5c31\u4f1a\u6b7b\u4ea1\u5e76\u88ab\u79fb\u9664\u3002\u73b0\u6709\u7b56\u7565\u5e38\u5e38\u6bcf\u65f6\u6bcf\u523b\u90fd\u4f1a\u6539\u53d8\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u6307\u793a\uff0c\u5076\u5c14\u8fd8\u4f1a\u901a\u8fc7\u5bf9\u8fc7\u53bb\u7684\u8fd1\u671f\u884c\u52a8\u6709\u66f4\u957f\u7684\u8bb0\u5fc6\u800c\u52a0\u6df1\u3002\u5728\u9526\u6807\u8d5b\u5f00\u59cb\u65f6\uff0c\u8bf8\u5982\u9488\u950b\u76f8\u5bf9<\/span>\uff08tit-for-tat\uff09<\/span>\u7684\u7b80\u5355\u7b56\u7565\u5360\u636e\u4e86\u4e3b\u5bfc\u5730\u4f4d\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u968f\u7740\u65f6\u95f4\u7684\u6d41\u901d\uff0c\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u590d\u6742\u7684\u7b56\u7565\u9010\u6e10\u88ab\u4eba\u4eec\u5229\u7528\u3002\u6e10\u6e10\u5730\uff0c\u51fa\u73b0\u4e86\u66f4\u590d\u6742\u7684\u7b56\u7565\u6765\u5229\u7528\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7b56\u7565\uff0c\u800c\u66f4\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u7b56\u7565\u5219\u9000\u51fa\u4e86\uff0c\u76f8\u5bf9\u505c\u987f\u7684\u65f6\u671f\u4e0e\u52a8\u6001\u5267\u53d8\u7684\u65f6\u671f\u4ea4\u66ff\u51fa\u73b0<\/span>\uff08\u56fe2\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u53ef\u4ee5\u5c06\u6bcf\u79cd\u7b56\u7565\u7c7b\u578b\u89c6\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u7269\u79cd\uff0c\u5176\u5b9a\u4e49\u660e\u786e\u4e14\u4e0e\u5176\u4ed6\u7269\u79cd\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u5076\u5c14\u4f1a\u53d8\u5f02\u4ee5\u4ea7\u751f\u65b0\u7269\u79cd\u3002\u8fdb\u5316\u4ee5\u4e00\u79cd\u81ea\u7136\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u8fdb\u5165\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u8fdb\u5316\u662f\u7531\u7b56\u7565\u76f8\u4e92\u7ade\u4e89\u4ee5\u6c42\u751f\u5b58\u5e76\u968f\u7740\u7b56\u7565\u7684\u53d8\u5316\u800c\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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    \u56fe2\uff1a\u56da\u5f92\u56f0\u5883\u6a21\u62df\u6bd4\u8d5b\u4e2d\u7b56\u7565\u7684\u4f7f\u7528\u60c5\u51b5\u3002\u968f\u7740\u65f6\u95f4\u63a8\u79fb\uff0c\u7b56\u7565\u53ef\u4ee5\u6839\u636e\u5176\u4ed6\u7b56\u7565\u65bd\u52a0\u7684\u538b\u529b\u800c\u6f14\u53d8\u3002\u6807\u7b7e\u957f\u5ea6\u8868\u793a\u7b56\u7565\u7684\u8bb0\u5fc6\u6df1\u5ea6\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u5b83\u8003\u8651\u5230\u4e86\u535a\u5f08\u4e2d\u4e4b\u524d\u7684\u52a8\u4f5c\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


    <\/span><\/p>\n

    \u6bcf\u6b21\u8fd0\u884c\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u5316\u9526\u6807\u8d5b\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u90fd\u4f1a\u968f\u673a\u4e0d\u540c\u3002\u5728\u67d0\u4e9b\u8fd0\u884c\u4e2d\uff0c\u51fa\u73b0\u4e86\u4e00\u79cd\u6f14\u5316\u7a33\u5b9a\u7b56\u7565<\/span>\uff08\u4e00\u79cd\u65b0\u7b56\u7565\u65e0\u6cd5\u653b\u514b\u7684\u7b56\u7565\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u5728\u5176\u4ed6\u8fd0\u884c\u4e2d\uff0c\u7ed3\u679c\u4f1a\u65e0\u9650\u671f\u5730\u53d1\u5c55\u3002\u5728\u67d0\u4e9b\u8fd0\u884c\u4e2d\uff0c\u590d\u6742\u7684\u7b56\u7565\u4f1a\u8f83\u65e9\u51fa\u73b0\uff0c\u800c\u5728\u53e6\u4e00\u4e9b\u8fd0\u884c\u4e2d\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u53ea\u4f1a\u7a0d\u540e\u51fa\u73b0\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u6709\u8fd9\u4e9b\u53d8\u5316\uff0c\u5b9e\u9a8c\u4ecd\u663e\u793a\u51fa\u4e00\u81f4\u7684\u73b0\u8c61\uff1a\u5176\u4ed6\u7b56\u7565\u5bf9\u7b56\u7565\u7684\u5229\u7528\uff0c\u7b56\u7565\u4e4b\u95f4\u76f8\u4e92\u652f\u6301\u7684\u51fa\u73b0\uff0c\u7b56\u7565\u7684\u7a81\u7136\u5d29\u6e83\u4ee5\u53ca\u88ab\u65b0\u7b56\u7565\u6240\u63a5\u7ba1\u3002\u505c\u6ede\u671f\u4e4b\u540e\u662f\u6e4d\u6025\u53d8\u5316\u3002\u6574\u4e2a\u573a\u666f\u770b\u8d77\u6765\u50cf\u53e4\u751f\u7269\u65f6\u4ee3\u7684\u7269\u79cd\u7ade\u4e89\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u7ed3\u679c\u5728\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4e2d\u5341\u5206\u590d\u6742\u3002\u6784\u6210\u201c\u89e3\u51b3\u65b9\u6848\u201d<\/span>\uff08\u5373\u6a21\u578b\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\uff09<\/span>\u7684\u901a\u5e38\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u751f\u6001\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u7684\u7b56\u7565\u3001\u884c\u52a8\u548c\u9884\u6d4b\u76f8\u4e92\u7ade\u4e89\uff1b\u4e00\u79cd\u53ef\u80fd\u6c38\u8fdc\u4e0d\u4f1a\u5b89\u5b9a\u4e0b\u6765\u7684\u751f\u6001\uff0c\u5176\u751f\u6001\u7279\u6027\u53ef\u4ee5\u8fdb\u884c\u5b9a\u6027\u548c\u7edf\u8ba1\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u3002<\/span>\u8fd9\u4e00\u613f\u666f\u4e0e1890\u5e74\u963f\u5c14\u5f17\u96f7\u5fb7\u00b7\u9a6c\u6b47\u5c14<\/span>\uff08Alfred Marshall\uff09<\/span>\u7684\u8457\u540d\u683c\u8a00\u975e\u5e38\u543b\u5408\u2014\u2014\u201c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u5bb6\u7684\u9ea6\u52a0\uff0c\u5c31\u5728\u7ecf\u6d4e\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u4e2d<\/span>\uff08economic biology\uff09<\/span>\u201d\u3002[58]<\/span><\/p>\n

    \n
    \n

     <\/span><\/p>\n


    <\/span><\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n

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    \n
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    <\/section>\n

    <\/section>\n
    \n
    <\/svg><\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n
    \n

    3. \u7b80\u5355\u7684\u6a21\u578b\uff0c\u590d\u6742\u7684\u73b0\u8c61<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n

    \n

    <\/section>\n

    <\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/h3>\n


    <\/p>\n

    \u4e00\u4e2a\u79d1\u5b66\u65b0\u7406\u8bba\u6846\u67b6\uff0c\u9664\u975e\u89e3\u91ca\u4e86\u516c\u8ba4\u7684\u6846\u67b6\u65e0\u6cd5\u89e3\u91ca\u7684\u73b0\u8c61\uff0c\u5426\u5219\u4e0d\u4f1a\u771f\u6b63\u5730\u8bc1\u660e\u81ea\u5df1\u3002<\/span>\u590d\u6742<\/span>\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u53ef\u4ee5\u63d0\u51fa\u8fd9\u4e00\u4e3b\u5f20\u5417\uff1f\u6211\u76f8\u4fe1\u53ef\u4ee5\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


    <\/span><\/p>\n

    \u8003\u8651\u5723\u5854\u83f2\u4eba\u5de5\u80a1\u7968\u5e02\u573a\u6a21\u578b[59,60]\u3002\u6807\u51c6\u7684\u3001\u65b0<\/span>\u53e4\u5178<\/span>\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u91d1\u878d\u5e02\u573a\u7406\u8bba[61]\u5177\u6709\u7406\u6027\u9884\u671f\uff1a\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u6295\u8d44\u8005\u91c7\u7528\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u9884\u6d4b\u6a21\u578b\uff0c\u5e73\u5747\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u5176\u9884\u6d4b\u7684\u4ef7\u683c\u8fdb\u884c\u7edf\u8ba1\u9a8c\u8bc1\u3002\u8be5\u7406\u8bba\u4ee4\u4eba\u4fe1\u670d\u5730\u89e3\u91ca\u4e86\u5e02\u573a\u4ef7\u683c\u5982\u4f55\u4ea7\u751f\u4ee5\u53ca\u5b83\u4eec\u5982\u4f55\u53cd\u6620\u968f\u673a\u6536\u76ca\u6d41\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u5b83\u6709\u4e00\u4e9b\u5173\u952e\u7684\u7f3a\u9677\uff1a<\/span><\/p>\n


    <\/span><\/p>\n

    \u9996\u5148\uff0c\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7406\u8bba\u5e02\u573a\u4e0a\uff0c\u6839\u672c\u5c31\u4e0d\u5e94\u8be5\u6709\u4ea4\u6613\u53d1\u751f\u3002\u539f\u56e0\u5f88\u7b80\u5355\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


    <\/span><\/p>\n

    \u6295\u8d44\u8005\u662f\u76f8\u540c\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5982\u679c\u5176\u4e2d\u4e00\u4e2a\u60f3\u8981\u8d2d\u4e70\uff0c\u5219\u6240\u6709\u4eba\u90fd\u60f3\u8981\u8d2d\u4e70\uff0c\u800c\u6ca1\u6709\u5356\u65b9\u3002\u5982\u679c\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u60f3\u5356\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u90fd\u60f3\u5356\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u4e70\u5bb6\uff1b\u80a1\u7968\u4ef7\u683c\u53ea\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u53cd\u6620\u8fd9\u4e9b\u73b0\u5b9e\u800c\u8fdb\u884c\u8c03\u6574\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u8be5\u7406\u8bba\u65e0\u6cd5\u89e3\u91ca\u5b9e\u9645\u7684\u5e02\u573a\u73b0\u8c61\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u5e02\u573a\u5fc3\u7406\u7684\u51fa\u73b0\uff0c\u4ef7\u683c\u6ce1\u6cab\u548c\u5d29\u6e83\uff0c\u5927\u91cf\u4f7f\u7528\u6280\u672f\u4ea4\u6613<\/span>\uff08\u57fa\u4e8e\u8fd1\u671f\u4ef7\u683c\u6a21\u5f0f\u5386\u53f2\u7684\u4ea4\u6613\uff09<\/span>[62]\u4ee5\u53ca\u968f\u673a\u7684\u9ad8\u4f4e\u6c34\u5e73\u6ce2\u52a8<\/span>\uff08\u4ef7\u683c\u53d8\u5316\uff09<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


    <\/span><\/p>\n

    \u5728SFI\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u521b\u5efa\u4e86\u6807\u51c6\u6a21\u578b\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u7248\u672c\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u5728\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u5185\u90e8\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u201c\u4eba\u9020\u201d\u80a1\u7968\u5e02\u573a\uff0c\u800c\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u201c\u6295\u8d44\u8005\u201d\u662f\u5c0f\u578b\u3001\u667a\u80fd\u7684\u7a0b\u5e8f\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u53ef\u80fd\u5f7c\u6b64\u4e0d\u540c\u3002\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u5206\u4eab\u4e00\u79cd\u81ea\u6211\u5b9e\u73b0\u7684\u9884\u6d4b\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u8981\u6c42\u5b83\u4eec\u4ee5\u67d0\u79cd\u65b9\u5f0f\u5b66\u4e60\u6216\u53d1\u73b0\u6709\u6548\u7684\u9884\u6d4b\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u5141\u8bb8\u6295\u8d44\u8005\u968f\u673a\u751f\u6210\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u4e2a\u4eba\u9884\u6d4b\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u5c1d\u8bd5\u6709\u524d\u9014\u7684\u9884\u6d4b\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u820d\u5f03\u65e0\u6548\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u5e76\u5b9a\u671f\u4ea7\u751f\u65b0\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u6765\u66ff\u6362\u5b83\u4eec\u3002<\/span>\u5b83\u4eec\u6839\u636e\u5176\u5f53\u524d\u6700\u51c6\u786e\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u4ee5\u53ca\u6839\u636e\u8fd9\u4e9b\u65b9\u6cd5\u5f97\u51fa\u7684\u80a1\u7968\u4ef7\u683c\u5f62\u5f0f<\/span>\uff08\u6700\u7ec8\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u6211\u4eec\u6295\u8d44\u8005\u7684\u96c6\u4f53\u9884\u6d4b\uff09<\/span>\u6765\u51fa\u4ef7\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u52a0\u5165\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u53ef\u8c03\u7684\u53d8\u5316\u7387\u53c2\u6570\uff0c\u4ee5\u63a7\u5236\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u4eba\u5de5\u6295\u8d44\u8005\u591a\u4e45\u53ef\u4ee5\u63a2\u7d22\u4e00\u79cd\u65b0\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


    <\/span><\/p>\n

    \u5f53\u6211\u4eec\u8fd0\u884c\u6b64\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u5b9e\u9a8c\u65f6\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53d1\u73b0\u4e86\u4e24\u79cd\u72b6\u6001\u6216\u9636\u6bb5[60]\u3002\u5f53\u6295\u8d44\u8005\u5c1d\u8bd5\u65b0\u7684\u9884\u6d4b\u7684\u6bd4\u7387\u8f83\u4f4e\u65f6\uff0c\u5e02\u573a\u884c\u4e3a\u4fbf\u6f14\u5316\u4e3a\u6807\u51c6\u7684\u65b0\u53e4\u5178\u5747\u8861<\/span>\uff08\u5728\u8be5\u5747\u8861\u4e2d\uff0c\u9884\u6d4b\u6536\u655b\u5230\u4ea7\u751f\u4ef7\u683c\u53d8\u5316\u7684\u5e73\u5747\u6c34\u5e73\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u9a8c\u8bc1\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e9b\u9884\u6d4b\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u6295\u8d44\u8005\u53d8\u5f97\u76f8\u4f3c\uff0c\u4ea4\u6613\u9010\u6e10\u6d88\u5931\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u65b0\u53e4\u5178\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u4ecd\u7136\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u5468\u56f4\u56f4\u7ed5\u7740\u4e00\u5806\u968f\u673a\u53d8\u5316\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u6295\u8d44\u8005\u4ee5\u66f4\u5feb\u3001\u66f4\u73b0\u5b9e\u7684\u901f\u5ea6\u5c1d\u8bd5\u65b0\u7684\u9884\u6d4b\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u5219\u7cfb\u7edf\u5c06\u7ecf\u5386\u4e00\u4e2a\u9636\u6bb5\u6027\u8fc7\u6e21\u3002\u5e02\u573a\u53d1\u5c55\u51fa\u4e30\u5bcc\u7684\u5fc3\u7406\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5fc3\u7406\u4f1a\u968f\u7740\u65f6\u95f4\u7684\u6d41\u901d\u800c\u6539\u53d8\u5e76\u4e0d\u4f1a\u6536\u655b\uff1b\u51fa\u73b0\u4e86\u5065\u5eb7\u7684\u4ea4\u6613\u91cf\uff1b\u5c0f\u7684\u4ef7\u683c\u6ce1\u6cab\u548c\u6682\u65f6\u5d29\u6e83\uff1b\u6280\u672f\u4ea4\u6613\u5174\u8d77\uff1b\u5e76\u51fa\u73b0\u4e86\u6ce2\u52a8\u6027\u4ea4\u6613\u548c\u9759\u6b62\u7684\u968f\u673a\u65f6\u671f\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


    <\/span><\/p>\n

    \u6211\u4eec\u5728\u771f\u5b9e\u5e02\u573a\u4e2d\u770b\u5230\u7684\u73b0\u8c61\u51fa\u73b0\u4e86\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


    <\/span><\/p>\n

    \u6700\u540e\u4e00\u6b21\u51fa\u73b0\u968f\u673a\u6ce2\u52a8\u7684\u9ad8\u4f4e\u6ce2\u52a8\u73b0\u8c61\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u67d0\u4e9b\u6295\u8d44\u8005\u5076\u5c14\u53d1\u73b0\u65b0\u7684\u76c8\u5229\u9884\u6d4b\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u4f1a\u589e\u52a0\u6295\u8d44\uff0c\u8fd9\u4f1a\u7a0d\u5fae\u6539\u53d8\u5e02\u573a\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u5bfc\u81f4\u5176\u4ed6\u6295\u8d44\u8005\u4e5f\u6539\u53d8\u5176\u9884\u6d4b\u65b9\u6cd5\u4ee5\u53ca\u51fa\u4ef7\u548c\u8981\u7ea6\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u9884\u6d4b\u4fe1\u5ff5\u7684\u53d8\u5316\u5728\u5404\u79cd\u89c4\u6a21\u7684\u96ea\u5d29\u4e2d\u5e2d\u5377\u6574\u4e2a\u5e02\u573a\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u5bfc\u81f4\u9ad8\u4f4e\u6ce2\u52a8\u65f6\u671f\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


    <\/span><\/p>\n

    \u6211\u60f3\u5728\u6b64\u5f3a\u8c03\u4e00\u4e0b\uff1a\u968f\u673a\u6ce2\u52a8\u3001\u6280\u672f\u4ea4\u6613\u6216\u6ce1\u6cab\u548c\u5d29\u6e83\u7b49\u73b0\u8c61\u5e76\u975e\u201c\u504f\u79bb\u7406\u6027\u201d\u3002\u5c31\u5747\u8861\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u201c\u7406\u6027\u201d\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e0d\u660e\u786e<\/span>\u8fd9<\/span>\u4e9b\u73b0\u8c61\u662f\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4e3b\u4f53\u53d1\u73b0\u884c\u4e3a\u4e34\u65f6\u8d77\u4f5c\u7528\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\uff0c\u800c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u884c\u4e3a\u662f\u7531\u5176\u4ed6\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4e3b\u4f53\u53d1\u73b0\u884c\u4e3a\u4e34\u65f6\u8d77\u4f5c\u7528\u5f15\u8d77\u7684\u3002\u8fd9\u65e2\u4e0d\u662f\u7406\u6027\u5e26\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u662f\u975e\u7406\u6027\u7684\uff0c\u5b83\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u6d8c\u73b0\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


    <\/p>\n

    \u5176\u4ed6\u7814\u7a76[63-66]\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c\u5728\u975e\u5747\u8861\u6a21\u578b\u4e2d\uff0c\u4ece\u5747\u8861\u5230\u590d\u6742\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u8fc7\u6e21\u673a\u5236\u76f8\u4f3c\u3002\u53ef\u4ee5\u53cd\u5bf9\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53d1\u73b0\u7684\u65b0\u5174\u73b0\u8c61\u89c4\u6a21\u8f83\u5c0f\uff1a\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u4eba\u5de5\u5e02\u573a\u4e2d\u7684\u4ef7\u683c\u7ed3\u679c\u4e0e\u6807\u51c6\u5747\u8861\u7ed3\u679c\u4ec5\u76f8\u5dee2\uff05\u62163\uff05\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u2014\u2014\u8fd9\u5f88\u91cd\u8981\u2014\u2014\u6709\u8da3\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\u5728\u5b9e\u9645\u5e02\u573a\u4e2d\uff0c\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u4e0d\u662f\u5747\u8861\u884c\u4e3a\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u80cc\u79bb\u5747\u8861\u3002\u6bd5\u7adf\uff0c\u5728\u5b9e\u9645\u5e02\u573a\u4e2d\uff0c\u90a3\u5c31\u662f\u8d5a\u94b1\u7684\u5730\u65b9\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


    <\/span><\/p>\n

    \u4ee5\u4e0a\u8bf4\u660e\u5e76\u4e0d\u610f\u5473\u7740\u590d\u6742\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u603b\u662f\u4f1a\u4ea7\u751f\u5f88\u5c0f\u7684\u5dee\u5f02\u3002\u5b83\u7814\u7a76\u7ed3\u679c\u6216\u8005\u8bf4\u5e02\u573a\u7ed3\u6784\u662f\u600e\u4e48\u5f62\u6210\u7684\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u901a\u5e38\u5728\u5176\u4e2d\u5f62\u6210\u5b9a\u6027\u7684\u65b0\u73b0\u8c61\u6216\u91cd\u5927\u5dee\u5f02\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


    <\/p>\n

    <\/p>\n
    \n

     <\/span><\/p>\n<\/section>\n

    <\/span><\/section>\n

    \n
    \n
    \n
    \n
    \n

    <\/section>\n

    <\/section>\n
    \n
    <\/svg><\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n
    \n

    4. \u5173\u4e8e\u57fa\u4e8e\u4e3b\u4f53\u7684\u8ba1\u7b97<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n

    \n

    <\/section>\n

    <\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/h3>\n


    <\/p>\n

    \u6211\u6240\u63cf\u8ff0\u7684\u793a\u4f8b\u5305\u542b\u4e86\u6211\u4eec\u4f7f\u7528\u8ba1\u7b97\u6240\u9700\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u4e3b\u4f53\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u8db3\u591f\u590d\u6742\u6027\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u662f\u6b63\u5e38\u7684\u3002\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\uff0c\u4e00\u79cd\u5bc6\u5207\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u7a81\u51fa\u4e86\u8ba1\u7b97\uff0c\u5e76\u9075\u5faa\u4e86\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u57fa\u4e8e\u4e3b\u4f53\u7684\u8ba1\u7b97\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66[67-70]<\/span>\u3002\u5b83\u5f3a\u8c03\u4e86\u6211\u6b63\u5728\u63cf\u8ff0\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u662f\u5f53\u524d\u5f15\u8d77\u4eba\u4eec\u5e7f\u6cdb\u5173\u6ce8\u7684\u4e3b\u9898\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u6709\u5fc5\u8981\u7814\u7a76\u4e00\u4e0b\u4e24\u8005\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u3002\u6211\u4f1a\u8fd9\u6837\u8bf4\u3002\u57281980\u5e74\u4ee3\uff0c\u8ba1\u7b97\u4ee5\u7b80\u5355\u4f46\u5b9e\u7528\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u51fa\u73b0\uff0c\u5b83\u6bd4\u4efb\u4f55\u5176\u4ed6\u4e1c\u897f\u90fd\u4f7f\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7406\u8bba\u5bb6\u6562\u4e8e\u8d85\u8d8a\u6807\u51c6\u7684\u65b0\u53e4\u5178\u5047\u8bbe\u2014\u2014\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5141\u8bb8\u8fdb\u884c\u590d\u6742\u7684\u5f52\u7eb3\u63a8\u7406\u5e76\u8ba1\u7b97\u5176\u7ed3\u679c\uff0c\u8fd9\u6bd4\u5176\u4ed6\u4efb\u4f55\u4e8b\u60c5\u90fd\u91cd\u8981\u3002\u5982\u679c\u6211\u4eec\u5c06\u8fd9\u4e9b\u65b0\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u8f6c\u5316\u4e3a\u7406\u8bba\u6846\u67b6\uff0c\u5c31\u4f1a\u5f97\u5230\u590d\u6742\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u6216\u7c7b\u4f3c\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u3002\u8981\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u5c06\u5b83\u4eec\u8f6c\u5316\u4e3a\u6c42\u89e3\u65b9\u6cd5<\/span>\uff08solution methods\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5f97\u5230\u4e86\u57fa\u4e8e\u4e3b\u4f53\u7684\u8ba1\u7b97\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e24\u79cd\u65b9\u6cd5\u4e4b\u95f4\u6ca1\u6709\u660e\u663e\u7684\u754c\u9650\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u5c06\u57fa\u4e8e\u4e3b\u4f53\u7684\u8ba1\u7b97\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u89c6\u4e3a\u590d\u6742\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u6846\u67b6\u5185\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u5173\u952e\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002\u8981\u4e48\u53ef\u4ee5\u5c06\u590d\u6742\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u89c6\u4e3a\u57fa\u4e8e\u4e3b\u4f53\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5efa\u6a21\u80cc\u540e\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u57fa\u7840\u3002\u6211\u5e94\u8be5\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u4e24\u8005\u4e4b\u95f4\u5b58\u5728\u5dee\u5f02\uff1a\u590d\u6742\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u540c\u65f6\u4f7f\u7528\u6570\u5b66\u548c\u57fa\u4e8e\u4e3b\u4f53\u7684\u8ba1\u7b97\uff0c\u5e76\u7814\u7a76\u6a21\u5f0f\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7684\u5185\u751f\u5f62\u6210\u548c\u53d8\u5316[71]\u3002\u57fa\u4e8e\u4e3b\u4f53\u7684\u6a21\u578b\u901a\u5e38\u5c06\u81ea\u5df1\u4e0e\u8ba1\u7b97\u6280\u672f\u76f8\u5173\u8054\uff0c\u5e76\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5b83\u4eec\u662f\u72ec\u7acb\u7684\uff0c\u4e0d\u53d7\u4efb\u4f55\u7279\u5b9a\u7406\u8bba\u57fa\u7840\u7684\u7ea6\u675f\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u9274\u4e8e\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u91cd\u70b9\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e24\u79cd\u65b9\u6cd5\u878d<\/span>\u5408\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\u3002\u6839\u636e\u4e00\u9879\u7814\u7a76\u662f\u5426\u5f3a\u8c03\u7406\u8bba\u6216\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u5b83\u53ef\u4ee5\u9009\u62e9\u4e8c\u8005\u5176\u4e00\u6216\u4e24\u8005\u4e00\u8d77\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


    <\/span><\/p>\n

    \u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u88ab\u6807\u8bb0\u8fc7<\/span>\uff08lebelled\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u8ba1\u7b97\u7814\u7a76\u662f\u6709\u4ef7\u503c\u7684\uff1a\u5b83\u4eec\u63d0\u4f9b\u57fa\u4e8e\u4e3b\u4f53\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u73b0\u5b9e\u4e3b\u4e49\uff0c\u5e76\u5141\u8bb8\u73b0\u5b9e\u7684\u7ec6\u8282\u3002\u6807\u51c6\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u901a\u5e38\u5c06\u5e73\u5747\u603b\u91cf<\/span>\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u751f\u4ea7\u7684\u4ea7\u51fa\uff09<\/span>\u4e0e\u5e73\u5747\u603b\u91cf<\/span>\uff08\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u6295\u5165\uff09<\/span>\u76f8\u5173\u8054\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u901a\u5e38\uff0c\u6b64\u7c7b\u603b\u548c\u4e2d\u7684\u7ec6\u8282\u5f88\u91cd\u8981\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u4ee5\u6211\u7684\u7ecf\u9a8c\u6765\u770b\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u57fa\u4e8e\u8ba1\u7b97\u7684\u6a21\u578b\u5177\u6709\u4f18\u52bf\uff0c\u4f46\u5728\u4e3b\u6d41\u7ecf\u6d4e\u671f\u520a\u4e2d\u4ecd\u7136\u88ab\u6000\u7591\u4e3a\u57fa\u4e8e\u6a21\u578b\u7684\u6a21\u578b\u2014\u2014\u5b83\u4eec\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u4e13\u95e8\u5b89\u6392\u7684<\/span>\uff08ad hoc\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u4efb\u610f\u5047\u8bbe\u6216\u4e3a\u9884\u5b9a\u76ee\u7684\u9009\u62e9\u7684\u5047\u8bbe\u3002\u6211\u540c\u610f\uff0c\u6709\u5bb3\u6a21\u578b\u6709\u5f88\u5927\u7684\u8303\u56f4\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u6b63\u5982\u5df2\u7ecf\u6307\u51fa\u7684\u90a3\u6837\uff0c\u5728\u57fa\u4e8e\u65b9\u7a0b\u7684\u6a21\u578b\u4e2d\u4e5f\u662f\u5982\u6b64\u3002\u4e25\u683c\u5728\u8ba1\u7b97\u73af\u5883\u4e2d\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u4ece\u575a\u6301\u903b\u8f91\u6b63\u786e\u6027<\/span>\uff08\u5f53\u7136\uff0c\u4ecd\u7136\u662f\u5f53\u52a1\u4e4b\u6025\uff09<\/span>\u6269\u5927\u5230\u575a\u6301\u4e25\u683c\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u8bda\u5b9e\u3002\u5b83\u8981\u6c42\u8fdb\u884c\u4ed4\u7ec6\uff0c\u53ef\u9a8c\u8bc1\u7684\u5efa\u6a21\uff0c\u5e76\u5177\u6709\u771f\u5b9e\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u548c\u53ef\u91cd\u73b0\u7684\u5206\u6790\u7ed3\u679c\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


    <\/p>\n

    \u4e00\u4e2a\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u53cd\u5bf9\u610f\u89c1\u662f\uff0c\u57fa\u4e8e\u65b9\u7a0b\u5f0f\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u8fd0\u7528\u4e86\u6570\u5b66\u7684\u5168\u90e8\u79cd\u7c7b\u548c\u5a01\u529b\uff0c\u57fa\u4e8e\u8ba1\u7b97\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u4f7f\u7528\u4e86\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u533a\u522b\u662f\u80a4\u6d45\u7684\u3002\u4e24\u79cd\u65b9\u6cd5\u90fd\u8ddf\u8e2a\u4ece\u4e3b\u4f53\u884c\u4e3a\u5230\u5176\u9690\u542b\u7ed3\u679c\u7684\u9014\u5f84\u3002\u57fa\u4e8e\u65b9\u7a0b\u5f0f\u7684\u6a21\u578b\u4f7f\u4eba\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u9075\u5faa\u8fd9\u4e00\u9014\u5f84\u7684\u903b\u8f91\u6b65\u9aa4\u2014\u2014\u6a21\u578b\u5982\u4f55\u6697\u793a\u7ed3\u679c\u2014\u2014\u800c\u8ba1\u7b97\u6a21\u578b\u5219\u65e0\u6cd5\u505a\u5230\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u5b83\u4eec\u5728\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b9\u5411\u6709\u597d\u5904\u3002\u5b83\u4eec\u672c\u8eab\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u65b9\u7a0b\u5f0f\u7684\u96c6\u5408\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u5177\u6709\u53ef\u4ee5\u6269\u5c55\u4e3a\u5305\u542b\u4efb\u610f\u6570\u91cf\u7684\u5b9e\u9645\u7ec6\u8282\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u8fd8\u5141\u8bb8if-then\u6761\u4ef6\u3002\u8fd9\u610f\u5473\u7740\u5b83\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u5141\u8bb8\u73af\u5883\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u53d1\u751f\u53d8\u5316\u2014\u2014\u8ba1\u7b97\u5f53\u524d\u4f4d\u7f6e\u7684\u201c if\u201d\u5b50\u53e5\u662f\u2014\u2014\u901a\u8fc7\u9002\u5f53\u7684for\u6307\u793a[73]\u4e3b\u4f53\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u662f\u5f3a\u5927\u7684\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u518d\u6b21\u4e0e\u590d\u6742\u6027\u8054\u7cfb\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\uff1a\u4e3b\u4f53\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u6539\u53d8\u4e86\u73af\u5883\uff0c\u800c\u73af\u5883\u6539\u53d8\u4e86\u884c\u4e3a\u3002\u4ece\u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u65b9\u9762\u6765\u770b\uff0c\u8ba1\u7b97\u6269\u5927\u4e86\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u8303\u56f4\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


    <\/p>\n

     <\/span><\/p>\n

    \n
    \n
    \n
    \n
    \n

    <\/section>\n

    <\/section>\n
    \n
    <\/svg><\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n
    \n

    5. \u7f51\u7edc\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u4e2d\u7684\u4e8b\u4ef6\u4f20\u64ad<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n

    \n

    <\/section>\n

    <\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/h3>\n


    <\/p>\n

    \u901a\u5e38\uff0c\u5728\u590d\u6742\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\uff0c\u5404\u4e2a\u5143\u7d20\u6240\u91c7\u53d6\u7684\u884c\u52a8\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u5b83\u4eec\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u8fde\u63a5\u7f51\u7edc[74]\u8fdb\u884c\u5f15\u5bfc\u7684\u3002\u5728\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4f53\u5185\uff0c\u7f51\u7edc\u4ee5\u591a\u79cd\u65b9\u5f0f\u51fa\u73b0\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u4ea4\u6613\u3001\u4fe1\u606f\u4f20\u9012\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u5f71\u54cd\u6216\u501f\u8d37\u3002\u7f51\u7edc\u7684\u51e0\u4e2a\u65b9\u9762\u5f88\u6709\u8da3\uff1a\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u4ea4\u4e92\u7ed3\u6784\u6216\u8005\u8bf4\u62d3\u6251\u7ed3\u6784\u5982\u4f55\u6784\u6210\u5dee\u5f02\u5e02\u573a\uff1b\u5982\u4f55\u5728\u5176\u4e2d\u81ea\u7ec4\u7ec7[75]\uff1b\u5982\u4f55\u4f20\u9012\u98ce\u9669\uff1b\u4e8b\u4ef6\u5982\u4f55\u4f20\u64ad\uff1b\u5b83\u4eec\u5982\u4f55\u5f71\u54cd\u6743\u529b\u7ed3\u6784[76]\u3002\u8fd9\u91cc\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u6db5\u76d6\u7f51\u7edc\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u4e2d\u6240\u6709\u611f\u5174\u8da3\u7684\u4e3b\u9898[77]\u3002\u6211\u5c06\u7b80\u5355\u6307\u51fa\u4e09\u4e2a\u529f\u80fd\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


    <\/p>\n

    \n
    \n
    \n

    \u53d8\u5316\u7684\u4f20\u64ad<\/span><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n


    <\/p>\n

    \u7f51\u7edc\u7684\u62d3\u6251\u7ed3\u6784\u5bf9\u4e8e\u8fde\u901a\u6027\u80fd\u5426\u589e\u5f3a\u7f51\u7edc\u7a33\u5b9a\u6027\u81f3\u5173\u91cd\u8981\u3002\u8fde\u63a5\u7684\u5bc6\u5ea6\u4e5f\u5f88\u91cd\u8981\u3002\u53d1\u751f\u53ef\u4f20\u64ad\u4e8b\u4ef6\u65f6\u5728\u7a00\u758f\u8fde\u63a5\u7684\u7f51\u7edc\u4e2d\u7684\u67d0\u4e2a\u5730\u65b9\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u53d8\u5316\u5f88\u5feb\u5c31\u4f1a\u56e0\u7f3a\u4e4f\u8fde\u63a5\u800c\u6d88\u5931\uff0c\u4e0d\u518d\u7ee7\u7eed\u4f20\u64ad\uff1b\u5982\u679c\u5b83\u53d1\u751f\u5728\u7d27\u5bc6\u8fde\u63a5\u7684\u7f51\u7edc\u4e2d\uff0c\u5219\u8be5\u4e8b\u4ef6\u5c06\u7ee7\u7eed\u4f20\u64ad\u5e76\u6301\u7eed\u5f88\u957f\u65f6\u95f4\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u7f51\u7edc\u7684\u8fde\u63a5\u5ea6\u7f13\u6162\u589e\u52a0\uff0c\u5219\u7cfb\u7edf\u5c06\u4ece\u5f88\u5c11\u7684\u540e\u679c<\/span>\uff08\u5982\u679c\u6709\u7684\u8bdd\uff09<\/span>\u53d1\u5c55\u4e3a\u5f88\u591a\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u4f1a\u6c38\u6052\u3002\u5b83\u5c06\u7ecf\u5386\u76f8\u53d8<\/span>\uff08phase change\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u6b64\u5c5e\u6027\u662f\u590d\u6742\u6027\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u719f\u6089\u6807\u5fd7\u3002\u8bf7\u6ce8\u610f\uff0c\u4e8b\u4ef6\u7684\u4f20\u64ad\u5c06\u65f6\u95f4\u4e0d\u53ef\u907f\u514d\u5730\u5e26\u5165\u4e86\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u3002\u6ca1\u6709\u8fd9\u79cd\u4f20\u64ad\uff0c\u65f6\u95f4\u5c31\u4f1a\u6d88\u5931\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


    <\/p>\n

    \n
    \n
    \n

    \u5e42\u5f8b<\/span><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n


    <\/p>\n

    \u7f51\u7edc\u7814\u7a76\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u8fde\u9501\u4e8b\u4ef6\u5f15\u8d77\u7684\u6df1\u5165\u4e8b\u4ef6[79]\u901a\u5e38\u9075\u5faa\u5e42\u5f8b<\/span>\uff08\u9891\u7387p\u4f20\u64ad\u957f\u5ea6x\u9075\u5faap\uff08x\uff09\u301cx-a<\/sup>\uff08a> 0\uff09\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u4e0e\u8fde\u9501\u4e8b\u4ef6\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u6ce2\u52a8\u901a\u5e38\u5177\u6709\u957f\u5c3e\u6982\u7387\u5206\u5e03<\/span>\uff08\u5927\u81f4\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u8f83\u5927\u7684\u504f\u5dee\u6bd4\u5728\u9ad8\u65af\u5206\u5e03\u4e0b\u5177\u6709\u66f4\u9ad8\u7684\u6982\u7387\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7279\u5f81\u53d1\u751f\u5728\u6240\u6709\u7cfb\u7edf<\/span>\uff08\u7269\u7406\u3001\u751f\u7269\u3001\u5730\u8d28\uff09<\/span>\u4e2d\uff0c\u81f3\u5c11\u4ece1900\u5e74\u4ee3 Vilfredo Pareto \u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5c31\u5bf9\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u5f88\u719f\u6089\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u6807\u51c6\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u4f20\u7edf\u4e0a\u5047\u8bbe\u516c\u53f8\u3001\u6295\u8d44\u8005\u548c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4e8b\u4ef6\u662f\u6ca1\u6709\u8054\u7cfb\u548c\u72ec\u7acb\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u5f15\u8d77\u7684\u53d8\u5316\u4ee5\u6b63\u6001\u6216\u9ad8\u65af\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u504f\u79bb\u4e86\u67d0\u4e9b\u7cfb\u7edf\u5e73\u5747\u6c34\u5e73\u3002\u76f8\u5e94\u5730\uff0c\u91d1\u878d\u7406\u8bba\u5047\u8bbe\u4e86\u6b63\u6001\u6ce2\u52a8<\/span>\uff08\u5982\u8457\u540d\u76841973\u5e74Black-Sholes\u671f\u6743\u5b9a\u4ef7\u516c\u5f0f\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5047\u8bbe\u73b0\u5728\u6b63\u5728\u53d1\u751f\u6539\u53d8\u3002\u73b0\u4ee3\u7f51\u7edc\u7406\u8bba\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u5e42\u5f8b\u548c\u957f\u5c3e\u5206\u5e03\u5728\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u4e2d\u662f\u53ef\u4ee5\u9884\u89c1\u7684\uff0c\u5bf9\u4ef7\u683c\u6ce2\u52a8\u7684\u5b9e\u8bc1\u7814\u7a76\u8bc1\u660e\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9[62, 65, 80]\u3002\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u53d1\u73b0\u5728\u91d1\u878d\u4e0a\u5f88\u91cd\u8981\u3002\u5f53\u4ee3\u91d1\u878d\u884d\u751f\u54c1\u5e02\u573a\u6bcf\u5929\u4ea4\u6613\u6570\u4e07\u4ebf\u7f8e\u5143\uff0c\u4ea4\u6613\u8005\u88ab\u8feb\u8003\u8651\u8fd9\u79cd\u73b0\u5b9e[81]\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


    <\/p>\n

    \n
    \n
    \n

    \u7cfb\u7edf\u6027\u98ce\u9669<\/span><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n

    <\/span>
    <\/p>\n

    \u7f51\u7edc<\/span>\uff08networked\uff09<\/span>\u4e8b\u4ef6\u4f1a\u5bf9\u6574\u4e2a\u884c\u4e1a\u7684\u6574\u4f53\u98ce\u9669\u4ea7\u751f\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u5982\u679c\u4f01\u4e1a\u662f\u6ca1\u6709\u8054\u7cfb\u72ec\u7acb\u7684\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u8d77\u4f0f\u76f8\u4e92\u62b5\u6d88\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u4e00\u4e2a\u4f01\u4e1a\u6c34\u5e73\u7684\u8d1f\u9762\u4e8b\u4ef6\u53ef\u80fd\u5f15\u53d1\u884c\u4e1a\u548c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5d29\u6e83\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027<\/span>\uff08\u79f0\u4e3a\u7cfb\u7edf\u6027\u98ce\u9669\uff09<\/span>\u76f8\u5bf9\u8f83\u4f4e\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u5f53\u516c\u53f8\u901a\u8fc7\u8d22\u52a1\u4f9d\u8d56\u7f51\u7edc\u8054\u7cfb\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\u65f6\uff0c\u60c5\u51b5\u5c31\u4f1a\u6539\u53d8[82]\u3002\u94f6\u884c\u53ef\u4ee5\u76f4\u63a5\u4ece\u5176\u7f51\u7edc\u4e2d\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u201c\u5bf9\u624b\u65b9\u201d<\/span>\uff08counterparty\uff09<\/span>\u94f6\u884c\u501f\u8d37\u3002\u5982\u679c\u5355\u4e2a\u94f6\u884c\u53d1\u73b0\u5176\u6301\u6709\u4e0d\u826f\u8d44\u4ea7<\/span>\uff08\u65e0\u6cd5\u507f\u8fd8\u7684\u5bf9\u624b\u65b9\u8d37\u6b3e\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u5219\u627f\u62c5\u7740\u589e\u52a0\u6d41\u52a8\u6027\u5e76\u8981\u6c42\u5176\u5bf9\u624b\u65b9\u94f6\u884c\u63d0\u4f9b\u8d37\u6b3e\u7684\u538b\u529b\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u53cd\u8fc7\u6765\u53c8\u8981\u6c42\u5bf9\u65b9\u627f\u62c5\u63d0\u4f9b\u8d37\u6b3e\u7684\u538b\u529b\uff0c\u800c\u56f0\u6270\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u5728\u6574\u4e2a\u7f51\u7edc\u4e2d\u6269\u6563[83]\u3002\u7136\u540e\uff0c\u6574\u4e2a\u7cfb\u7edf\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u53d7\u5230\u5a01\u80c1\u6216\u5d29\u6e83\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f2008\u5e74\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u3002\u6709\u4eba\u63d0\u51fa[84]\uff0c\u5e94\u6839\u636e\u94f6\u884c\u5bf9\u5176\u4ed6\u5355\u4e2a\u94f6\u884c\u7684\u8d37\u6b3e\u5f15\u8d77\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u6027\u98ce\u9669\u7684\u53d8\u5316\u800c\u5f81\u7a0e\uff0c\u8fd9\u8feb\u4f7f\u8be5\u7cfb\u7edf\u4ee5\u4e00\u79cd\u6700\u5c0f\u5316\u98ce\u9669\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u8fdb\u884c\u81ea\u7ec4\u7ec7<\/span>\uff08self-organize\uff09<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


    <\/p>\n

    <\/p>\n
    \n

     <\/span><\/p>\n<\/section>\n

    <\/span><\/section>\n

    \n
    \n
    \n
    \n
    \n

    <\/section>\n

    <\/section>\n
    \n
    <\/svg><\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n
    \n

    6. \u653f\u7b56<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n

    \n

    <\/section>\n

    <\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/h3>\n


    <\/p>\n

    \u4e0e\u65b0\u53e4\u5178\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u652f\u6301\u8005\u76f8\u6bd4\uff0c\u590d\u6742\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u4f1a\u5bfc\u81f4\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u653f\u7b56\u5417\uff1f\u6211\u76f8\u4fe1\u662f\u8fd9\u6837\u3002\u5728\u5747\u8861\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u4e2d\uff0c\u653f\u7b56\u901a\u5e38\u610f\u5473\u7740\u8c03\u6574\u67d0\u4e9b\u6fc0\u52b1\u624b\u6bb5<\/span>\uff08\u7a0e\u6536\u3001\u6cd5\u89c4\u3001\u914d\u989d\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u4ee5\u83b7\u5f97\u7406\u60f3\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u3002\u5f53\u7136\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u65b9\u6cd5\u662f\u6709\u6548\u7684\u3002\u7136\u800c\u5728\u6709\u4e9b\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u653f\u7b56\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u5206\u6790\u65b9\u4fbf\u800c\u5efa\u7acb\u5728\u9009\u62e9\u7684\u5047\u8bbe\u4e0a\u6216\u8005\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001\u539f\u56e0\uff0c\u8fd9\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u5f15\u8d77\u8d28\u7591\u3002\u501f\u52a9\u590d\u6742\u6027\u6a21\u578b[85]\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u5e26\u6765\u8feb\u5207\u9700\u8981\u7684\u73b0\u5b9e\u4e3b\u4e49[86, 87]\uff1a\u4e3b\u4f53\u5728\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u5730\u533a\u3001\u56e2\u4f53\u6216\u53cd\u5e94\u80fd\u529b\u5dee\u5f02\u65b9\u9762\u53ef\u80fd\u6709\u6240\u4e0d\u540c\uff1b\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u6001\u5ea6<\/span>\uff08attitudes\uff09<\/span>\u53ef\u4ee5\u5185\u751f\u5730\u6539\u53d8[88]\uff1b\u673a\u6784\u7684\u8be6\u7ec6\u4fe1\u606f\u53ef\u4ee5\u5185\u90e8\u8bbe\u7f6e\uff1b\u57fa\u672c\u7684\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\u548c\u770b\u4e0d\u89c1\u7684\u5e72\u6270\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u5141\u8bb8\u3002\u53ef\u4ee5\u7a81\u7834\u72ed\u9698\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u201c\u6548\u7387\u201d\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u6765\u63a2\u7d22\u653f\u7b56\u7684\u542b\u4e49\u3002\u53ef\u4ee5\u5efa\u7acb\u7b56\u7565\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5ba4<\/span>\uff08\u7cbe\u5fc3\u63a7\u5236\u7684\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u5b9e\u9a8c\uff09<\/span>\u6765\u6d4b\u8bd5\u8bbe\u8ba1\u7684\u7b56\u7565\u5e76\u907f\u514d\u5176\u540e\u679c\u3002\u6240\u6709\u8fd9\u4e9b\u90fd\u662f\u653f\u7b56\u7684\u5b8c\u5584\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


    <\/p>\n

    \u8fd8\u53ef\u4ee5\u8d70\u5f97\u66f4\u8fdc\u3002\u629b\u5f03\u5747\u8861\u5047\u8bbe\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u63ed\u793a\u4e00\u79cd\u5bf9\u65b0\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u6301\u5f00\u653e\u6001\u5ea6\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u7ecf\u6d4e\u751a\u81f3\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u4e00\u5c0f\u7fa4\u53c2\u4e0e\u8005\u5229\u7528<\/span>\uff08exploited\uff09<\/span>\u6216\u64cd\u7eb5<\/span>\uff08Box1\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u53ef\u4ee5\u5236\u5b9a\u51fa\u9632\u6b62\u8fd9\u79cd\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002\u964d\u4f4e\u9690\u542b\u7684\u5047\u8bbe\u5e73\u5747\u4e3b\u4f53\u7684\u6a21\u578b\u7684\u7c97\u7565\u6027\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u67e5\u770b\u5206\u5e03\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u5373\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u4e3b\u4f53\u53d7\u7b56\u7565\u5f71\u54cd\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b<\/span>\uff08\u5982\u4e0b\u6240\u8ff0\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u590d\u6742\u6027\u6269\u5927\u4e86\u653f\u7b56\u9886\u57df\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


    <\/p>\n

    <\/p>\n
    \n

     <\/span><\/p>\n<\/section>\n

    <\/span><\/section>\n

    \n
    \n
    \n
    \n
    \n

    <\/section>\n

    <\/section>\n
    \n
    <\/svg><\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n
    \n

    7. \u4e00\u4e9b\u524d\u6cbf\u7814\u7a76<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n

    \n

    <\/section>\n

    <\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/h3>\n


    <\/p>\n

    \u81ea\u4ece\u6211\u4eec\u5728SFI\u5f00\u59cb\u5bf9\u590d\u6742\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u7684\u8ba8\u8bba\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u5df2\u670930\u591a\u5e74\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u4e86\uff0c\u5176\u8bb8\u591a\u601d\u60f3\u5df2\u88ab\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u6240\u5438\u6536\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u65b0\u65b9\u6cd5\u5c1a\u672a\u6210\u4e3b\u6d41\u3002\u6211\u76f8\u4fe1\u8fd9\u662f\u53ef\u4ee5\u9884\u6599\u7684\u3002\u4e3a\u4e86\u4ece\u6839\u672c\u4e0a\u6539\u53d8\u4efb\u4f55\u9886\u57df\uff0c\u5b83\u7684\u6559\u79d1\u4e66\u3001\u6559\u5b66\u3001\u671f\u520a\u7f16\u8f91\u548c\u8bad\u7ec3\u6709\u7d20\u7684\u4ece\u4e1a\u4eba\u5458\u5fc5\u987b\u81ea\u5df1\u6539\u53d8\u3002\u7684\u786e\uff0c\u535a\u5f08\u8bba\u548c\u884c\u4e3a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u5404\u81ea\u82b1\u4e8640-50\u5e74\u65f6\u95f4\u624d\u88ab\u7eb3\u5165\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u7684\u6838\u5fc3<\/span>\uff08Axtell\uff0cR.\u548cFarmer\uff0cD.\uff0c\u6b63\u5728\u51c6\u5907\u7684\u624b\u7a3f\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u901a\u8fc7\u8fd9\u79cd\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u590d\u6742\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u4ecd\u7136\u5728\u53d1\u5c55\u8def\u4e0a\u3002\u73b0\u5728\u6709\u5173\u4e8e\u8be5\u4e3b\u9898\u7684\u4e00\u822c\u6587\u7ae0[89-96]\u548c\u8de8\u5b50\u9886\u57df\u7684\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u5b8f\u89c2\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66[97-99]\u3001\u52b3\u52a8\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66[100, 101]\u3001\u5236\u5ea6\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66[102]\u3001\u73af\u5883\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66[103-106]\u3001\u91d1\u878d[107-109]\u3001\u75be\u75c5\u4f20\u64ad\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66[110, 111]\u3001\u4f01\u4e1a\u89c4\u6a21\u5206\u5e03[112]\u3001\u6807\u5ea6\u5f8b[113, 114]\u3001\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u4e2d\u7684\u904d\u5386\u6027[115]\u3001\u6280\u672f\u521b\u65b0[116-118]\u548c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u53d1\u5c55[119]\u3002\u5982\u679c\u6709\u8d8b\u52bf\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u5c06\u671d\u7740\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u73b0\u5b9e\u4e3b\u4e49\u65b9\u5411\u53d1\u5c55\uff0c\u5229\u7528\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u5b9e\u9a8c\u7814\u7a76\u548c\u8bbe\u8ba1\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u5e76\u57fa\u4e8e\u5927\u578b\u6570\u636e\u96c6\u5efa\u7acb\u6a21\u578b[120]\uff0c\u5e76\u4e86\u89e3\u5b8f\u89c2\u6a21\u5f0f\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u4ece\u5fae\u89c2\u5047\u8bbe\u4e2d\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u6211\u53d1\u73b0\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u6709\u8da3\u7684\u9886\u57df\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


    <\/p>\n

    \n
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    \u7ecf\u6d4e\u4e2d\u7684\u5f62\u6210<\/span><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n


    <\/p>\n

    \u65b0\u53e4\u5178\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u8003\u5bdf\u4e86\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4e2d\u7684\u5747\u8861\u6a21\u5f0f\uff1a\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5b9e\u4f53\u7684\u751f\u4ea7\u3001\u6d88\u8d39\u3001\u4ef7\u683c\u548c\u5b9a\u91cf\u589e\u957f\u7684\u6a21\u5f0f\u3002\u5b83\u4e0d\u80fd\u8f7b\u6613\u5730\u89c2\u5bdf\u5f62\u6210\u95ee\u9898\u2014\u2014\u8d44\u6e90\u5206\u914d\u548c\u5236\u5ea6\u5728\u521d\u59cb\u662f\u600e\u4e48\u8bbe\u7f6e\u7684\uff0c\u5982\u4f55\u968f\u65f6\u95f4\u53d8\u5316\u3002\u76f8\u6bd4\u4e4b\u4e0b\uff0c\u590d\u6742\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u5219\u8ba4\u4e3a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u662f\u5f00\u653e\u7684\u800c\u4e14\u5177\u6709\u65b0\u9896\u6027\uff0c\u5b83\u53ef\u4ee5\u81ea\u7136\u5730\u63a2\u7d22\u5f62\u6001<\/span>\uff08Box<\/span>2\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u5b83\u8fd8\u5047\u8bbe\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u6709\u6b63\u53cd\u9988<\/span>\uff08\u6216\u9012\u589e\u6536\u76ca\uff09<\/span>\u8fd9\u4e9b\u884c\u4e3a\u653e\u5927\u4e86\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\u7684\u5fae\u5c0f\u5dee\u5f02\uff0c\u5e76\u53ef\u80fd\u5bfc\u81f4\u5927\u578b\u4f01\u4e1a\u5730\u4f4d\u5de9\u56fa\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u5728\u6280\u672f\u9886\u57df<\/span>\uff08Box<\/span>3\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u800c\u4e14\u56e0\u4e3a\u590d\u6742\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u7740\u773c\u4e8e\u7ed3\u6784\u5f62\u5f0f\u548c\u7ed3\u679c\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u88ab\u9009\u4e2d\u7684\uff0c\u5176\u4e0e\u6f14\u5316\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u7684\u52a8\u529b\u7d27\u5bc6\u5730\u8054\u7cfb\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\u3002\u590d\u6742\u6027\u4e5f\u4e0e\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u7684\u524d\u65b0\u53e4\u5178\u4e3b\u4e49\u65b9\u6cd5\u2014\u2014\u653f\u6cbb\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u3001\u53e4\u5178\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u548c\u5965\u5730\u5229\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u6709\u5173\u8054\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u662f\u5177\u6709\u4e0d\u540c\u4fa7\u91cd\u70b9\u7684\u53e4\u8001\u4f20\u7edf\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\uff0c\u90fd\u5c06\u5386\u53f2\u5076\u7136\u6027\u89c6\u4e3a\u91cd\u8981\uff0c\u5c06\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7ed3\u6784\u89c6\u4e3a\u6c38\u4e45\u5f62\u6210\uff0c\u5c06\u7ecf\u6d4e\u89c6\u4e3a\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e30\u5bcc\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u4eec\u5f3a\u8c03\u8fc7\u7a0b\u548c\u5b9a\u6027\u7684\u5f62\u6210\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u4e0d\u5bb9\u6613\u5c06\u5b83\u4eec\u6570\u5b66\u5316\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u4e8c\u5341\u4e16\u7eaa\uff0c\u5747\u8861\u7406\u8bba\u4f7f\u4eba\u4eec\u671b\u800c\u5374\u6b65\u3002\u590d\u6742\u6027\u4e0e\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8f83\u65e9\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u8054\u7cfb\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\u5e76\u8d4b\u4e88\u5b83\u4eec\u65b0\u7684\u58f0\u97f3[14\u300128\u300131\u3001121\u3001122]\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


    <\/p>\n

    \n
    \n
    \n

    \u7ecf\u6d4e\u7269\u7406\u5b66<\/span><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n


    <\/p>\n

    \u81ea1990\u5e74\u4ee3\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u4e00\u76f4\u5c06\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u6a21\u578b\u548c\u65b9\u6cd5\u5e94\u7528\u4e8e\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u5728\u91d1\u878d\u9886\u57df\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u65b0\u9886\u57df\u6b63\u5728\u8fc5\u901f\u53d1\u5c55\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u548c\u590d\u6742\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u5e76\u4e0d\u5b8c\u5168\u91cd\u53e0\uff0c\u5b83\u503c\u5f97\u5173\u6ce8\u56e0\u4e3a\u8fd9\u662f\u57fa\u4e8e\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u7684\u3002\u7814\u7a76\u662f\u591a\u79cd\u591a\u6837\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u4e0e\u7269\u7406\u548c\u5de5\u7a0b\u5b66\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u5206\u652f\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u8d8b\u52bf\u662f\u63a2\u7d22\u5927\u578b\u771f\u5b9e\u6570\u636e\u96c6\u5e76\u5728\u5176\u4e2d\u5bfb\u627e\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u673a\u5236\u3002\u8fd9\u5728\u8fc7\u53bb\u5c31\u6807\u5fd7\u7740\u6210\u529f[124,125]\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


    <\/p>\n

    \n
    \n
    \n

    \u5206\u914d\u95ee\u9898<\/span><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n


    <\/p>\n

    \u65b0\u53e4\u5178\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u5bf9\u589e\u957f\u548c\u6548\u7387<\/span>\uff08\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7684\u4ea7\u51fa\uff09<\/span>\u7684\u5173\u6ce8\u5f88\u5927\uff0c\u800c\u5bf9\u5206\u914d\u95ee\u9898<\/span>\uff08\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7684\u6536\u76ca\uff09<\/span>\u7684\u5173\u6ce8\u5219\u5c11\u5f97\u591a\u3002\u539f\u56e0\u4e4b\u4e00\u662f\uff0c\u4e3a\u4e86\u4fbf\u4e8e\u5206\u6790\uff0c\u6807\u51c6\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u901a\u5e38\u5728\u7c97\u7c92\u7684\u5c42\u6b21\u4e0a<\/span>\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\u5728\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e00\u7ea7\uff09<\/span>\u5bf9\u95ee\u9898\u8fdb\u884c\u5efa\u6a21\uff0c\u5bfc\u81f4\u5355\u72ec\u5730\u533a\u6216\u4eba\u7fa4\u65e0\u6cd5\u88ab\u770b\u5230\u6216\u5728\u5e73\u5747\u4e2d\u6d88\u5931<\/span>\uff08averaged-away\uff09<\/span>[126]\u2014\u2014\u6a21\u578b\u662f\u5e73\u5747\u573a<\/span>\uff08mean-field\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u7136\u540e\uff0c\u770b\u770b\u8fd9\u4e9b\u770b\u4e0d\u89c1\u7684\u5355\u72ec\u4e3b\u4f53\u6216\u56e2\u4f53\u5982\u4f55\u5728\u65b0\u653f\u7b56\u4e0b\u83b7\u76ca\u7684\uff0c\u9ed8\u8ba4\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u5f88\u5bb9\u6613\u5047\u5b9a\u4ed6\u4eec\u4f1a\u5e73\u7b49\u53d7\u76ca\u3002\u5728\u5141\u8bb8\u663e\u5f0f\u591a\u6837\u5316\u4e3b\u4f53\u7684\u6a21\u578b\u4e2d\uff0c\u5c31\u590d\u6742\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0d\u518d\u5982\u6b64\uff1a\u6709\u4e9b\u4eba\u53ef\u80fd\u53d7\u76ca\uff0c\u6709\u4e9b\u4eba\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u635f\u5931\u3002\u57281990\u5e74\u4ee3\u521d\u671f\uff0c\u6807\u51c6\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u7684\u6559\u6761\u8ba4\u5b9a\u81ea\u7531\u8d38\u6613\u548c\u5168\u7403\u5316\u5728\u5927\u591a\u6570\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u662f\u6709\u76ca\u7684[127]\u3002\u4ece\u7f8e\u56fd\u79bb\u5cb8\u5230\u58a8\u897f\u54e5\u548c\u4e2d\u56fd\u7b49\u5730\u5c06\u6709\u597d\u5904\uff1a\u58a8\u897f\u54e5\u548c\u4e2d\u56fd\u5c06\u83b7\u5f97\u65b0\u7684\u4ea7\u4e1a\u548c\u5c31\u4e1a\u673a\u4f1a\uff0c\u800c\u7f8e\u56fd\u5c06\u83b7\u5f97\u66f4\u4fbf\u5b9c\u7684\u5546\u54c1\u3002\u5982\u679c\u7ed9\u5b9a\u56fd\u5bb6\u6216\u5730\u533a\u7684\u6240\u6709\u90e8\u5206\u90fd\u76f8\u540c\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u5b89\u6392\u786e\u5b9e\u5728\u793e\u4f1a\u4e0a\u662f\u6700\u4f73\u7684\uff1b\u4ed6\u4eec\u90fd\u4f1a\u5e73\u7b49\u53d7\u76ca\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\uff0c\u5730\u533a\u5dee\u5f02\u975e\u5e38\u91cd\u8981\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\u3002\u73b0\u5728\uff0c\u8bb8\u591a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u5bb6\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u5c06\u7f8e\u56fd\u7ecf\u6d4e\u8f6c\u79fb\u5230\u4e2d\u56fd\u548c\u58a8\u897f\u54e5\u662f\u638f\u7a7a\u7f8e\u56fd\u94c1\u9508\u5e26\u5730\u533a[128]\u5de5\u4f5c\u673a\u4f1a\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u56e0\u7d20\uff0c\u6b64\u4e8b\u540e\u6765\u5bf9\u793e\u4f1a\u798f\u7949[129]\u548c\u7f8e\u56fd\u653f\u6cbb\u5e26\u6765\u4e86\u91cd\u5927\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u5e26\u6709\u73b0\u5b9e\u610f\u4e49\u7684\u4e3b\u4f53\u6a21\u578b\u5728\u533a\u591a\u6837\u6027\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u5c06\u80fd\u9884\u89c1\u5230\u8fd9\u4e00\u7ed3\u679c\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u5b83\u4eec\u4e3a\u63a2\u7d22\u5206\u914d\u95ee\u9898\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u65b0\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


    <\/p>\n

    \n
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    \u66f4\u903c\u771f\u7684\u5efa\u6a21<\/span><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n


    <\/p>\n

    \u5982\u4e0a\u6240\u8ff0\uff0c\u590d\u6742\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u548c\u57fa\u4e8e\u4e3b\u4f53\u7684\u8ba1\u7b97\u5141\u8bb8\u8de8\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u548c\u76f8\u5173\u9886\u57df\u8fdb\u884c\u66f4\u73b0\u5b9e\u7684\u5efa\u6a21\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u6807\u51c6\u7684\u5e73\u5747\u573a\u4f20\u67d3\u75c5\u4f20\u64ad\u6a21\u578b\u5047\u8bbe\u666e\u901a\u611f\u67d3\u8005\uff0c\u5e73\u5747\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u4f1a\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u611f\u67d3R0<\/sub>\u4eba\u3002\u501f\u52a9\u57fa\u4e8e\u4e3b\u4f53\u7684\u5efa\u6a21\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u7a81\u51fa\u5177\u6709\u4e0d\u540c\u60c5\u51b5\u5047\u8bbe\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u4e3b\u4f53\u5728\u4f20\u8f93\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\uff0c\u5e76\u5207\u5b9e\u9075\u5faa\u9010\u4e2a\u4e8b\u4ef6\u7684\u4f20\u8f93\u8fc7\u7a0b\u3002\u66f4\u7cbe\u786e\u7684\u7ec6\u8282\u53ef\u4ee5\u5b9e\u73b0\u66f4\u6e05\u6670\u7684\u5206\u8fa8\u7387\u548c\u8ba9\u4eba\u4eec\u770b\u5230\u5176\u4ed6\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u4e0d\u53ef\u89c1\u7684\u7279\u5f81[110]\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


    <\/p>\n

    \n
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    \u884c\u4e1a\u5e94\u7528<\/span><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n


    <\/p>\n

    \u884c\u4e1a\u5e94\u7528\u4ecd\u5904\u4e8e\u8d77\u6b65\u9636\u6bb5\u3002\u590d\u6742\u6027\u601d\u7ef4\u548c\u57fa\u4e8e\u4e3b\u4f53\u7684\u8ba1\u7b97\u5b9e\u9a8c\u6709\u52a9\u4e8e\u5728\u4e8b\u4ef6\u7684\u987a\u5e8f\u548c\u5bf9\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u53cd\u9988\u81f3\u5173\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u5730\u65b9\u8fdb\u884c\u5904\u7406\uff0c\u5982\u8fd0\u8f93\u7269\u6d41[130]\u6216\u57ce\u5e02\u8303\u56f4\u7684\u4ea4\u901a\u7ba1\u7406[131]\u4e2d\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u3002\u5b83\u8fd8\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u5b58\u5728\u57fa\u672c\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\u7684\u5730\u65b9\u63d0\u4f9b\u5e2e\u52a9\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u5728\u9762\u5bf9\u4e0d\u53ef\u9884\u89c1\u7684\u91d1\u878d\u5371\u673a\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u6218\u4e89\u3001\u6d41\u884c\u75c5\u3001\u505c\u7535\u3001\u6cd5\u89c4\u7684\u7a81\u7136\u53d8\u66f4\u6216\u7ade\u4e89\u5bf9\u624b\u7684\u610f\u5916\u884c\u52a8\u65f6\u5b89\u6392\u672a\u6765\u7684\u8fd0\u8425\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u4f18\u5316\u53ef\u80fd\u4e0d\u5408\u9002\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u53ef\u80fd\u5b9a\u4e49\u56f0\u96be\u3002\u66f4\u597d\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u5c06\u5141\u8bb8\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u5316\u7684\u201c\u4e3b\u4f53\u201d\u8fdb\u884c\u591a\u79cd\u5019\u9009\u54cd\u5e94\uff0c\u5e76\u4f7f\u7528\u590d\u6742\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u9057\u4f20\u7b97\u6cd5\u6216\u6f14\u5316\u7f16\u7a0b\u201c\u5b66\u4e60\u201d\u5e76\u9488\u5bf9\u7ed9\u5b9a\u60c5\u51b5\u9009\u62e9\u9002\u5f53\u7684\u5e94\u5bf9\u63aa\u65bd\u3002\u8fd9\u6837\uff0c\u201c\u667a\u80fd\u201d\u884c\u4e3a\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u81ea\u7ec4\u7ec7\uff0c\u5c31\u50cf\u6211\u4e4b\u524d\u63cf\u8ff0\u7684\u590d\u6742\u6027\u6a21\u578b\u4e00\u6837\u3002\u5728\u5de5\u4e1a\u4e2d\uff0c\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u4e0d\u4ec5\u662f\u6548\u7387\uff0c\u8fd8\u5305\u62ec\u9c81\u68d2\u6027<\/span>\uff08robust\uff09<\/span>\u548c\u9002\u5e94\u529b\u2014\u2014\u5bf9\u610f\u5916\u60c5\u51b5\u505a\u51fa\u53cd\u5e94\u5e76\u5728\u51fa\u73b0\u95ee\u9898\u65f6\u8fc5\u901f\u6062\u590d\u6216\u8f6c\u578b\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u601d\u7ef4\u65b9\u5f0f\u5e26\u6765\u4e86\u4e0d\u4ec5\u9488\u5bf9\u4e1a\u52a1\u8fd0\u8425\uff0c\u8fd8\u9488\u5bf9\u7ba1\u7406\u672c\u8eab\u7684\u53e6\u4e00\u79cd\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002\u5b83\u8981\u6c42\u9002\u5e94\u6027\u3001\u5f39\u6027\u548c\u6709\u673a\u7684\u601d\u7ef4\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\uff0c\u81ea\u4e0a\u800c\u4e0b\u7684\u673a\u68b0\u63a7\u5236\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


    <\/p>\n

    \n
    \n
    \n

    \u81ea\u52a8\u5316\u7ecf\u6d4e<\/span><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n


    <\/p>\n

    \u57281960\u5e74\u4ee3\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u548c\u6b27\u6d32\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7279\u5f81\u5f88\u5927\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u5546\u54c1\u751f\u4ea7\u548c\u670d\u52a1\u7684\u5927\u578b\u5de5\u4e1a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u3002\u57281990\u5e74\u4ee3\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u53d1\u751f\u4e86\u53d8\u5316\uff0c\u751f\u4ea7\u88ab\u5927\u89c4\u6a21\u5730\u79bb\u5cb8\u3002\u73b0\u5728\uff0c\u5728\u5feb\u901f\u6570\u5b57\u5316\u7684\u80cc\u666f\u4e0b\uff0c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7684\u7279\u5f81\u518d\u6b21\u53d1\u751f\u53d8\u5316\uff0c\u90e8\u5206\u7ecf\u6d4e\u53d8\u5f97\u81ea\u52a8\u5316\uff0c\u72ec\u7acb\u4e8e\u4eba\u4e3a\u7684\u63a7\u5236\u3002\u91d1\u878d\u4ea4\u6613\u7cfb\u7edf\u3001\u540e\u52e4\u7cfb\u7edf\u548c\u5728\u7ebf\u670d\u52a1\u5df2\u7ecf\u5728\u5f88\u5927\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u662f\u81ea\u52a8\u5316\u7684\u4e86\uff1a\u5b83\u4eec\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u53d7\u5230\u6574\u4f53\u7684\u4eba\u4e3a\u76d1\u7ba1\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u5f53\u4e0b\u884c\u52a8\u662f\u81ea\u52a8\u7684\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u4e2d\u592e\u63a7\u5236\u5668\u7684\u3002\u540c\u6837\uff0c\u7535\u7f51\u4e5f\u53d8\u5f97\u81ea\u52a8\u5316\u4e86<\/span>\uff08\u4e00\u4e2a\u533a\u57df\u7684\u8d1f\u8f7d\u53ef\u4ee5\u81ea\u52a8\u6839\u636e\u7d27\u90bb\u533a\u57df\u7684\u8d1f\u8f7d\u53cd\u9988\u8fdb\u884c\u81ea\u6211\u8c03\u6574[134]\uff09<\/span>\uff1b\u7a7a\u4e2d\u4ea4\u901a\u7ba1\u5236\u7cfb\u7edf\u6b63\u5728\u53d8\u5f97\u81ea\u52a8\u5316\uff0c\u5e76\u72ec\u7acb\u4e8e\u4eba\u4e3a\u63a7\u5236[135]\uff1b\u8fd8\u6709\u672a\u6765\u7684\u65e0\u4eba\u9a7e\u9a76\u4ea4\u901a\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u65e0\u4eba\u9a7e\u9a76\u4f1a\u6839\u636e\u5176\u4ed6\u65e0\u4eba\u9a7e\u9a76\u7684\u6d41\u52a8\u8fdb\u884c\u5e94\u5bf9\uff0c\u8fd9\u5f88\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u81ea\u52a8\u5316\u7684\u3002\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e0e\u6211\u521a\u521a\u63cf\u8ff0\u7684\u64cd\u4f5c\u7cfb\u7edf\u6709\u5f88\u591a\u5171\u540c\u70b9\u3002\u9664\u4e86\u5177\u6709\u81ea\u52a8\u5316\u7279\u70b9\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u8fd8\u5177\u6709\u81ea\u7ec4\u7ec7\uff0c\u81ea\u914d\u7f6e\uff0c\u81ea\u4fee\u590d\u548c\u81ea\u7ea0\u6b63\u7684\u529f\u80fd\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5b83\u4eec\u8868\u73b0\u51fa\u4e00\u79cd\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u5f62\u5f0f\u3002\u53ef\u4ee5\u5c06\u8fd9\u4e9b\u81ea\u6cbb\u7cfb\u7edf\u89c6\u4e3a\u5fae\u578b\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4f53\uff0c\u9ad8\u5ea6\u4e92\u8fde\u4e14\u9ad8\u5ea6\u4e92\u52a8\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u4e3b\u4f53\u662f\u4e0e\u4e4b\u201c\u5bf9\u8bdd\u201d\u5e76\u4e0d\u65ad\u5bf9\u5176\u4ed6\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5143\u7d20\u7684\u52a8\u4f5c\u505a\u51fa\u53cd\u5e94\u7684\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5143\u7d20\u3002\u533a\u5757\u94fe\u7cfb\u7edf<\/span>\uff08\u5b89\u5168\u3001\u5206\u6563\u3001\u9ad8\u5ea6\u81ea\u6cbb\u7684\u6570\u5b57\u5206\u5e10\uff09<\/span>\u4ee5\u8fd9\u79cd\u65b9\u5f0f\u8fdb\u884c\u5bf9\u8bdd\u4ea4\u4e92\u3002\u786e\u5b9e\uff0c\u968f\u7740\u7ecf\u6d4e\u6570\u5b57\u5316\uff0c\u5b83\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u591a\u5730\u7531\u81ea\u52a8\u5316\u5bf9\u8bdd\u7cfb\u7edf\u7ec4\u6210\u3002<\/span>\u7ecf\u6d4e\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u6210\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u6f14\u5316\u7684\u3001\u590d\u6742\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

    <\/p>\n
    \n


    <\/span><\/p>\n

     <\/span><\/p>\n<\/section>\n

    <\/span><\/section>\n

    \n
    \n
    \n
    \n
    \n

    <\/section>\n

    <\/section>\n
    \n
    <\/svg><\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n
    \n

    8. \u6574\u4f53\u89c2\u70b9<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n

    \n

    <\/section>\n

    <\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/h3>\n


    <\/p>\n

    \u6700\u540e\uff0c\u6211\u5bf9\u8fd9\u79cd\u65b0\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u65b9\u6cd5\u6709\u4f55\u770b\u6cd5\uff1f\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u7b80\u77ed\u7684\u6458\u8981\u3002\u590d\u6742\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u653e\u5bbd\u4e86\u65b0\u53e4\u5178\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u7684\u5047\u8bbe\u2014\u2014\u4ee3\u8868\u6027\u7684\u5047\u8bbe\u3001\u8d85\u7406\u6027\u4e3b\u4f53\u3001\u6bcf\u4e2a\u4e3b\u4f53\u90fd\u9762\u4e34\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b9a\u4e49\u660e\u786e\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u5e76\u9488\u5bf9\u8be5\u95ee\u9898\u5f97\u51fa\u6700\u4f73\u884c\u4e3a<\/span>\uff08\u88681\uff09<\/span>\u2014\u2014\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u7684\u98ce\u683c\u6709\u6240\u4e0d\u540c\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u4e2d\uff0c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4e2d\u7684\u4e3b\u4f53\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u662f\u4eba\u7c7b\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u73b0\u5b9e\u4e2d\u662f\u591a\u79cd\u591a\u6837\u7684\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u8def\u5f84\u4f9d\u8d56\u548c\u5386\u53f2\u5f88\u91cd\u8981\uff0c\u5728\u54ea\u4e9b\u4e8b\u4ef6\u4e2d\u89e6\u53d1\u4e8b\u4ef6[136]\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5728\u54ea\u4e9b\u7f51\u7edc\u4e2d\u5f15\u5bfc\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4e8b\u4ef6\u5f88\u91cd\u8981\u3002\u5b83\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u4e0d\u5047\u8bbe\u5747\u8861<\/span>\uff08\u5982\u679c\u5b58\u5728\uff09<\/span>\u7684\u51fa\u73b0\uff1b\u4e00\u822c\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u5408\u7406\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u5047\u8bbe\u662f\u4e0d\u660e\u786e\u7684\uff1b\u53ef\u4ee5\u63d0\u524d\u53d1\u73b0\u548c\u8ba1\u5212\u7ecf\u6d4e\u610f\u5916\u5371\u673a\uff1b\u81ea\u7531\u5e02\u573a\u4e0d\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u5bf9\u793e\u4f1a\u6700\u4f73\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u53ef\u4ee5\u8fdb\u884c\u73b0\u5b9e\u8bc4\u4f30\uff1b\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u63a9\u76d6\u5176\u4e2d\u7684\u5206\u914d\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u4e14\u53ef\u4ee5\u5bf9\u5176\u8fdb\u884c\u4e25\u683c\u5ba1\u67e5\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


    <\/span><\/p>\n

    \u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u7684\u5047\u8bbe\u6b63\u5728\u6269\u5927\u65b0\u53e4\u5178\u4e3b\u4e49\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\uff0c\u590d\u6742\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u65e2\u4e0d\u662f\u5747\u8861\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u7684\u7279\u4f8b\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u662f\u5747\u8861\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u7684\u8865\u5145[137]\u3002\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c<\/span>\u590d\u6742\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u662f\u66f4\u5177\u666e\u904d\u6027\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66<\/span>\u3002\u539f\u5219\u7684\u8fd9\u79cd\u6269\u5c55\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u7531\u4e8e\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001\u7684\u8f6c\u53d8\u3002\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u6211\u76f8\u4fe1\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u53ef\u7528\u7684\u65b0\u5de5\u5177\uff1a\u5728\u57fa\u672c\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\u4e0b\u601d\u8003\u51b3\u7b56\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u5e76\u5904\u7406\u975e\u7ebf\u6027\u52a8\u529b\u5b66\u548c\u975e\u7ebf\u6027\u968f\u673a\u8fc7\u7a0b\u3002\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u7531\u8ba1\u7b97[138]\u5f15\u8d77\u7684\uff0c\u4f7f\u53ef\u4ee5\u5efa\u6a21\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u66f4\u590d\u6742\uff0c\u66f4\u73b0\u5b9e\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


    <\/span><\/p>\n

    \u4e0d\u592a\u597d\u8bf4\u8303\u56f4\u7684\u6269\u5927\u5c06\u662f\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u7684\u7075\u4e39\u5999\u836f\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83\u65e0\u7591\u4f7f\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u6446\u8131\u4e86\u5b83\u7684\u675f\u7f1a\uff1a\u65b0\u53e4\u5178\u5047\u8bbe\u3002\u6211\u8ba4\u4e3a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u7684\u8fd9\u79cd\u8f6c\u53d8\u662f\u79d1\u5b66\u672c\u8eab\u66f4\u5927\u8f6c\u53d8\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u3002\u6240\u6709\u79d1\u5b66\u90fd\u5728\u6446\u8131\u5176\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\uff0c\u62e5\u62b1\u5f00\u653e\u6027\u548c\u8fc7\u7a0b\u6027\uff0c\u5e76\u63a2\u7a76\u7ed3\u6784\u6216\u73b0\u8c61\u5982\u4f55\u5f62\u6210\u3002\u6ca1\u6709\u7406\u7531\u5728\u8fd9\u65b9\u9762\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u5e94\u8be5\u6709\u6240\u4e0d\u540c\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


    <\/span><\/p>\n

    \u590d\u6742\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u8ba4\u4e3a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4e0d\u662f\u673a\u68b0\u7684\u3001\u9759\u6001\u7684\u3001\u6c38\u6052\u7684\u548c\u5b8c\u7f8e\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u6709\u673a\u7684\u3001\u603b\u662f\u521b\u9020\u81ea\u6211\u3001\u5145\u6ee1\u6d3b\u529b\u548c\u51cc\u4e71\u7684\u751f\u547d\u529b\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


    <\/p>\n

    \n
    \n
    \n

    <\/section>\n
    <\/section>\n

    <\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n

    Box 1 \u6240\u6709\u7cfb\u7edf\u90fd\u4f1a\u88ab\u64cd\u7eb5<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n


    <\/span><\/p>\n

    \u6807\u51c6\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u5df2\u7ecf\u5b66\u4f1a\u4e86\u5982\u4f55\u7a33\u5b9a\u5b8f\u89c2\u7ecf\u6d4e\u6210\u679c\uff0c\u907f\u514d\u7ecf\u6d4e\u8427\u6761\uff0c\u8c03\u8282\u8d27\u5e01\u4f53\u7cfb\uff0c\u7ba1\u7406\u4e2d\u592e\u94f6\u884c\u4ee5\u53ca\u6267\u884c\u53cd\u6258\u62c9\u65af<\/span>\uff08\u53cd\u5784\u65ad\uff09<\/span>\u653f\u7b56\u3002\u5b83\u65e0\u6cd5\u505a\u7684\u662f\u9884\u9632\u91d1\u878d\u548c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5371\u673a\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


    <\/span><\/p>\n

    \u5f53\u5c0f\u4e8b\u4ef6\u89e6\u53d1\u4e00\u8fde\u4e32\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u5931\u63a7\u7684\u8fde\u9501\u4e8b\u4ef6\u65f6\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u5f53\u4e00\u5c0f\u7fa4\u53c2\u4e0e\u8005\u83b7\u5f97\u5bf9\u7cfb\u7edf\u67d0\u4e9b\u90e8\u5206\u7684\u63a7\u5236\u6743\u65f6\uff0c\u5c31\u4f1a\u53d1\u751f\u91d1\u878d\u5371\u673a[140, 141]\u4ee5\u5176\u81ea\u8eab\u7684\u79c1\u5229\u4e3a\u8ffd\u6c42\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u5374\u635f\u5bb3\u4e86\u6574\u4e2a\u7cfb\u7edf\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u57281990\u5e74\u4ee3\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u4ece\u5171\u4ea7\u4e3b\u4e49\u5411\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u8fc7\u6e21\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e00\u5c0f\u90e8\u5206\u79c1\u4eba\u4f01\u4e1a\u4e3a\u4e86\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u5229\u76ca\u63a7\u5236\u4e86\u56fd\u5bb6\u65b0\u91ca\u653e\u7684\u8d44\u4ea7\uff0c\u5de5\u4e1a\u751f\u4ea7\u9aa4\u964d[142\uff0c143]\u3002\u5728\u52a0\u5229\u798f\u5c3c\u4e9a\u5dde2000\u5e74\u6446\u8131\u80fd\u6e90\u5e02\u573a\u7684\u675f\u7f1a\u4e2d\uff0c\u5c11\u6570\u4f9b\u5e94\u5546\u64cd\u7eb5\u4e86\u8be5\u5e02\u573a\u4ee5\u725f\u53d6\u66b4\u5229\uff0c\u8be5\u5dde\u7684\u8d22\u653f\u56e0\u6b64\u906d\u53d7\u5de8\u5927\u635f\u5931[144]\u3002\u57282008\u5e74\u7f8e\u56fd\u62b5\u62bc\u8d37\u6b3e\u652f\u6301\u7684\u8bc1\u5238\u5e02\u573a\u4e2d\uff0c\u534e\u5c14\u8857\u7684\u91d1\u878d\u673a\u6784\u83b7\u5f97\u4e86\u66f4\u4e3a\u5bbd\u677e\u7684\u6cd5\u89c4\uff0c\u5e76\u521b\u9020\u4e86\u5b83\u4eec\u4ece\u4e2d\u53d7\u76ca\u532a\u6d45\u7684\u5947\u7279\u884d\u751f\u4ea7\u54c1\uff0c\u8fd9\u5bfc\u81f4\u4e86\u4e0d\u7a33\u5b9a\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u4f7f\u5176[143, 145]\u5d29\u6e83\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u7684\u6bcf\u4e00\u4e2a\u90fd\u88ab\u64cd\u7eb5\u6216\u88ab\u5229\u7528\u4e86\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u90fd\u5d29\u6e83\u4e86\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


    <\/span><\/p>\n

    \u7ecf\u6d4e\u5d29\u6e83\u7684\u540e\u679c\u662f\u4e25\u91cd\u7684\u3002\u90a3\u4e48\uff0c\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u5747\u8861\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u4e0d\u63d0\u524d\u8b66\u544a\u6211\u4eec\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6f5c\u5728\u7684\u5931\u8d25\u5462\uff1f\u539f\u56e0\u5f88\u5fae\u5999\uff1a\u5747\u8861\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u5e76\u975e\u51c6\u5907\u5bfb\u627e\u8fd9\u79cd\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u3002\u5982\u679c\u6211\u4eec\u5047\u8bbe\u4e00\u4e2a\u7cfb\u7edf\u5904\u4e8e\u505c\u6ede\u72b6\u6001\u6216\u5e73\u8861\u72b6\u6001\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\uff0c\u6839\u636e\u5b9a\u4e49\uff0c\u5371\u9669\u4e8b\u4ef6\u53ca\u5176\u540e\u6765\u7684\u8fde\u9501\u53cd\u5e94\u4e0d\u4f1a\u53d1\u751f\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u6839\u636e\u5b9a\u4e49\uff0c\u53c2\u4e0e\u8005\u4e5f\u65e0\u6cd5\u627e\u5230\u64cd\u7eb5\u73af\u5883\u5e76\u6539\u5584\u5176\u4f4d\u7f6e\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u8f7b\u5fae\u7684\u504f\u89c1<\/span>\uff08bias\uff09<\/span>\u628a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5d29\u6e83\u7684\u60f3\u6cd5\u6392\u9664\u5728\u5916\u3002\u76f8\u6bd4\u4e4b\u4e0b\uff0c\u590d\u6742\u6027\u662f\u5c06\u7ecf\u6d4e\u770b\u4f5c\u662f\u9f13\u52b1\u91c7\u53d6\u6df1\u5c42\u6b21\u7684\u884c\u52a8\u5e76\u4e14\u53ef\u4ee5\u5229\u7528\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u6fc0\u52b1\u7f51\u7edc\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5b83\u4f7f\u6211\u4eec\u80fd\u591f\u7814\u7a76\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4f53\u7cfb\u4e2d\u53ef\u80fd\u5bf9\u64cd\u7eb5\u6216\u7cfb\u7edf\u6027\u5931\u8d25\u5f00\u653e\u7684\u5730\u65b9\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


    <\/span><\/p>\n

    \u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u5bf9\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u8fdb\u884c\u7f16\u7a0b\u4ee5\u63a2\u6d4b\u5f31\u70b9\u5417\uff1f\u6211\u76f8\u4fe1\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u5bf9\u5927\u578b\u7b56\u7565\u7cfb\u7edf\u8fdb\u884c\u5efa\u6a21\uff0c\u5e76\u6709\u610f\u6216\u81ea\u52a8\u5730\u5bf9\u5176\u8fdb\u884c\u63a2\u67e5\uff0c\u4ee5\u4e86\u89e3\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u5728\u54ea\u91cc\u5229\u7528\u5b83\u4eec\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u9700\u8981\u4ece\u7ed3\u6784\u5de5\u7a0b\u3001\u98de\u673a\u8bbe\u8ba1[146]\u6216\u52a0\u5bc6\u4e2d\u91c7\u7528\u8fd9\u79cd\u6545\u969c\u6a21\u5f0f\u5b9e\u8df5\uff0c\u5e76\u7814\u7a76\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7cfb\u7edf\u5b58\u5728\u54ea\u4e9b\u5f31\u70b9\u5e76\u53ef\u80fd\u53d7\u5230\u64cd\u7eb5\u3002\u8fd9\u6837\u505a\u5c06\u4ea7\u751f\u66f4\u53ef\u9760\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u6210\u679c\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


    <\/p>\n

    Box 2 <\/span><\/strong>\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4ece\u81ea\u8eab\u521b\u9020<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n


    <\/span><\/p>\n

    \u7ecf\u6d4e\u4ece\u4f55\u800c\u6765\uff1f\u5b83\u5982\u4f55\u5f62\u6210\u81ea\u8eab\u5e76\u5728\u7ed3\u6784\u4e0a\u53d1\u751f\u53d8\u5316\uff1f\u6211\u4eec\u6b63\u5728\u95ee\u7684\u662f\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4ece\u8fd0\u6cb3\u5230\u94c1\u8def\u6216\u4ece\u7535\u5b50\u5230\u7b97\u6cd5\u5982\u4f55\u53d8\u5316\u800c\u6765\u7684\u3002\u957f\u671f\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u5bb6\u4e00\u76f4\u610f\u8bc6\u5230\uff0c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4e3b\u8981\u56f4\u7ed5\u5176\u751f\u4ea7\u8d44\u6599<\/span>\uff08\u5176\u6280\u672f\uff09<\/span>\u5f62\u6210\uff1a\u5de5\u4e1a\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff0c\u673a\u68b0\uff0c\u4e1a\u52a1\u7a0b\u5e8f\uff0c\u8fd0\u8f93\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002\u968f\u7740\u8fd9\u4e9b\u53d8\u5316\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u5728\u7ed3\u6784\u4e0a\u4e5f\u4f1a\u53d8\u5316\u3002\u5747\u8861\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u627f\u8ba4\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\uff0c\u4f46\u7b80\u5355\u5730\u52a0\u4ee5\u5904\u7406\u3002\u5b58\u5728\u67d0\u4e9b\u6280\u672f\u3002\u67d0\u4e9b\u65b0\u53d1\u660e\u662f\u4ee5\u67d0\u79cd\u65b9\u5f0f\u53d1\u660e\u7684\uff1b\u751f\u4ea7\u53d8\u5316\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u662f\u4ef7\u683c\u53d8\u5316\u5bfc\u81f4\u5747\u8861\u79fb\u52a8\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


    <\/span><\/p>\n

    \u590d\u6742\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u66f4\u4e30\u5bcc\u7684\u6545\u4e8b<\/span>\uff08\u6211\u5c06\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\u8fdb\u884c\u7cbe\u7b80\uff09<\/span>[116]\u3002\u9996\u5148\u8981\u89c2\u5bdf\u5230\uff0c\u6280\u672f\u662f\u5b9e\u73b0\u4eba\u7c7b\u76ee\u7684\u7684\u624b\u6bb5\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u662f\u7531\u96f6\u4ef6\uff0c\u7ec4\u4ef6\uff0c\u5b50\u7ec4\u4ef6\u7ec4\u6210\uff0c\u7ec4\u5408\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\u7684[116\u3001147\u3001148]\u3002\u540e\u8005\u4e5f\u662f\u76ee\u7684\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u65b0\u6280\u672f\u662f\u7531\u73b0\u6709\u6280\u672f<\/span>\uff08\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5177\u6709\u5f88\u591a\u4eba\u7684\u521b\u9020\u529b\uff09<\/span>\u7ec4\u5408\u800c\u6210\u7684[116]\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u4e8b\u60c5\u5e76\u4e0d\u4ec5\u9650\u4e8e\u6b64\u3002\u4e00\u9879\u65b0\u6280\u672f\u63a8\u52a8\u4e86\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u4e8b\u4ef6\u2014\u2014\u5982\u679c\u60a8\u613f\u610f\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u79f0\u4e4b\u4e3a\u201c\u7b97\u6cd5\u201d\u3002\u5f53\u51fa\u73b0\u65b0\u6280\u672f\u65f6\uff0c\u5b83\u5c06\u53d6\u4ee3\u73b0\u6709\u6280\u672f\u3002\u53ec\u96c6\u65b0\u7684\u6ee1\u8db3\u5176\u9700\u6c42\u7684\u4ea7\u54c1\uff1b\u6210\u4e3a\u7528\u4e8e\u521b\u9020\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u65b0\u6280\u672f\u7684\u53ef\u7528\u7ec4\u4ef6\uff1b\u5e76\u5bfc\u81f4\u7ecf\u6d4e\uff0c\u793e\u4f1a\u53ca\u5176\u673a\u6784\u91cd\u65b0\u8c03\u6574\u81ea\u8eab[149]\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5f53\u94c1\u8def\u673a\u8f66\u8fdb\u5165\u7ecf\u6d4e\u65f6\u4ee3\u65f6\uff0c\u5b83\u53d6\u4ee3\u4e86\u73b0\u6709\u7684\u9a6c\u62c9\u706b\u8f66\u3002\u5efa\u7acb\u5236\u9020\u94c1\u8f68\u548c\u7ec4\u7ec7\u94c1\u8def\u7684\u9700\u6c42\uff1b\u5bfc\u81f4\u8fd0\u6cb3\u548c\u9a6c\u8f66\u884c\u4e1a\u840e\u7f29\uff1b\u6210\u4e3a\u8d27\u7269\u8fd0\u8f93\u7684\u5173\u952e\u7ec4\u6210\u90e8\u5206\uff1b\u5e76\u53ca\u65f6\u5bfc\u81f4\u5de5\u5382\u642c\u8fc1\u548c\u57ce\u9547\u53d1\u5c55\u3002\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7ed3\u6784\u53d1\u751f\u4e86\u81ea\u6211\u8f6c\u53d8\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


    <\/span><\/p>\n

    \u4e00\u65e6\u542f\u52a8\uff0c\u6b64\u4e8b\u4ef6\u7684\u5e8f\u5217\u5c31\u4e0d\u4f1a\u505c\u6b62\u3002\u901a\u8fc7\u63d0\u51fa\u65b0\u6280\u672f\u5e76\u6210\u4e3a\u5176\u4ed6\u6280\u672f\u7684\u7ec4\u6210\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u4e00\u9879\u6280\u672f\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u5bfc\u81f4\u6dfb\u52a0\u8fdb\u5176\u4ed6\u6280\u672f\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u53cd\u8fc7\u6765\u53c8\u5e26\u6765\u4e86\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u8fde\u9501\u4e8b\u4ef6\u3002\u8be5\u7b97\u6cd5\u53ef\u80fd\u5f88\u7b80\u5355\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u81ea\u8eab\u5185\u90e8\u201c\u8c03\u7528\u81ea\u8eab\u201d\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u5e26\u6765\u4e30\u5bcc\u7684\u6a21\u5f0f\u53d8\u5316\u3002\u5b83\u5728\u6240\u6709\u7ea7\u522b\u540c\u65f6\u6267\u884c\u6b64\u64cd\u4f5c\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u5bfc\u81f4\u8fde\u7eed\u4e0d\u65ad\u7684\u7834\u574f\u5f0f\u521b\u65b0\u3002\u53cd\u8fc7\u6765\uff0c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u662f\u7531\u5176\u6280\u672f\u5f62\u6210\u7684\uff0c\u5b83\u8981\u6c42\u4e3a\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u6280\u672f\u7684\u521b\u9020\u505a\u51fa\u8d21\u732e\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u63a8\u52a8\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7684\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u53d1\u5c55\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4e0d\u65ad\u5730\u81ea\u6211\u521b\u9020\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


    <\/p>\n

    Box 3 <\/span><\/strong>\u7845\u8c37\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n


    <\/span><\/p>\n

    \u590d\u6742\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u65e9\u671f\u4e3b\u9898\u662f\u6b63\u53cd\u9988<\/span>\uff08\u6536\u76ca\u9012\u589e\uff09<\/span>\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u4f20\u7edf\u4e0a\uff0c\u6807\u51c6\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u5047\u8bbe\u8d1f\u53cd\u9988<\/span>\uff08\u6536\u76ca\u9012\u51cf\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u745e\u5178\u597d\u7684\u6c34\u529b\u53d1\u7535\u7ad9\u6570\u91cf\u662f\u6709\u9650\u7684\uff0c\u4e00\u65e6\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6c34\u529b\u53d1\u7535\u7ad9\u88ab\u7528\u5b8c\uff0c\u6c34\u80fd\u7684\u6536\u76ca\u5c31\u4f1a\u51cf\u5c11\uff0c\u8fd9\u4f1a\u53d8\u5f97\u6210\u672c\u66f4\u9ad8\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u6c34\u57fa\u548c\u77f3\u6cb9\u57fa\u80fd\u6e90\u4ee5\u6709\u6548\u4e14\u53ef\u9884\u6d4b\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u5171\u4eab\u5e02\u573a\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


    <\/span><\/p>\n

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    \u957f\u671f\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u5bb6\u90fd\u77e5\u9053\u6536\u76ca\u9012\u589e\u30021890\u5e74\uff0c\u963f\u5c14\u5f17\u96f7\u5fb7\u00b7\u9a6c\u6b47\u5c14<\/span>\uff08Alfrred Marshall\uff09<\/span>\u63a8\u6d4b\uff0c\u5982\u679cN\u5bb6\u516c\u53f8\u7ade\u4e89\u5e76\u4e14\u6bcf\u5bb6\u90fd\u5177\u6709\u9012\u589e\u7684\u6536\u76ca\uff0c\u5219\u5e02\u573a\u5c06\u8d70\u5411\u201c\u9996\u5148\u53d6\u5f97\u826f\u597d\u5f00\u7aef\u7684\u516c\u53f8\u201d\u3002[58]\u4f46\u5728\u9759\u6001\u5747\u8861\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u4e2d\uff0c\u8fd9\u4f1a\u5f15\u8d77\u95ee\u9898\uff1a\u5982\u679c\u5b58\u5728\u591a\u4e2a\u5747\u8861\u662f\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u77e5\u9053\u5230\u5e95\u53d1\u751f\u54ea\u4e00\u79cd\u3002\u7ed3\u679c\u662f\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u7684\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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    \u590d\u6742\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u901a\u8fc7\u5141\u8bb8\u8fd9\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u968f\u7740\u65f6\u95f4\u6d41\u901d\u800c\u89e3\u51b3\u4e86\u8fd9\u79cd\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u6027[150]\u3002\u201c\u5c0f\u968f\u673a\u4e8b\u4ef6\u201d\u53d1\u751f\u4e86<\/span>\uff08\u4ec0\u4e48\u4ea7\u54c1\u4f55\u65f6\u63a8\u51fa\uff0c\u8c01\u5750\u5728\u98de\u673a\u4e0a\u65c1\u8fb9\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u4ec0\u4e48\u6837\u7684\u8bbe\u8ba1\u5f15\u8d77\u4e86\u65e9\u671f\u7684\u60f3\u8c61\u529b\uff09<\/span>\u968f\u7740\u65f6\u95f4\u7684\u6d41\u901d\uff0c\u6536\u76ca\u7684\u589e\u52a0\u653e\u5927\u4e86\u6b64\u7c7b\u4e8b\u4ef6\u7684\u7d2f\u79ef\uff0c\u4ee5\u968f\u673a\u201c\u9009\u62e9\u201d\u7ed3\u679c\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u4e0a\u56de\u62a5\u4e0d\u65ad\u589e\u957f\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u6700\u597d\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u5177\u6709\u968f\u673a\u4e8b\u4ef6\u548c\u81ea\u7136\u6b63\u53cd\u9988\u7684\u52a8\u6001\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff0c\u5373\u975e\u7ebf\u6027\u968f\u673a\u8fc7\u7a0b[151]\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u53ef\u80fd\u5728\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u5b9e\u73b0\u4e2d\u4ea7\u751f\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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    \u6b63\u53cd\u9988\u7684\u56de\u62a5<\/span>\uff08\u6536\u76ca\u9012\u589e\uff09<\/span>\u5df2\u6210\u4e3a\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u4ec5\u4e86\u89e3\u6280\u672f\u5e02\u573a[152]\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u4e86\u89e3\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5730\u7406[153]\uff0c\u56fd\u9645\u8d38\u6613[154]\uff0c\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\u73b0\u8c61[155, 156]\u548c\u9694\u79bb[157]\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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    \u5217\u8868 1 | \u65b0\u53e4\u5178\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u548c\u590d\u6742\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u7684\u533a\u522b<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

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    \u53c2\u8003\u6587\u732e<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n

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    \u5728\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u5386\u53f2\u4e2d\uff0c\u5f3a\u8c03\u975e\u5747\u8861\u6027\u548c\u590d\u6742\u6027\u7684\u601d\u60f3\uff0c\u5df2\u7ecf\u6709\u5f88\u957f\u7684\u5386\u53f2\uff0c\u718a\u5f7c\u7279\u3001\u51e1\u52c3\u4f26\u3001\u54c8\u8036\u514b\u3001\u6c99\u514b\u5c14\u7b49\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u5bb6\u90fd\u6709\u8d21\u732e\u3002\u73b0\u5728\u6211\u4eec\u6709\u4e86\u66f4\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u590d\u6742\u6027\u7406\u8bba\uff0c\u66f4\u4e30\u5bcc\u7684\u5b9e\u8bc1\u7814\u7a76\u57fa\u7840\uff0c\u66f4\u5f3a\u5927\u7684\u8ba1\u7b97\u548c\u6a21\u62df\u5de5\u5177\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u66f4\u8feb\u5207\u7684\u73b0\u5b9e\u9700\u6c42\uff0c\u56e0\u800c\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bf4\u590d\u6742\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u6709\u5e78\u8d76\u4e0a\u4e86\u65b0\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u673a\u9047\uff0c\u53ec\u5524\u6211\u4eec\u6709\u5fd7\u9752\u5e74\u5b66\u8005\u5b66\u751f\u5728\u65b0\u7684\u5e73\u53f0\u4e0a\u63a8\u8fdb\u590d\u6742\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u7684\u4f20\u64ad\u548c\u7814\u7a76\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

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    \u6211\u4eec\u6b22\u8fce\u6b63\u5728\u4ece\u4e8b\u76f8\u5173\u95ee\u9898\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u8001\u5e08\u3001\u540c\u5b66\u62a5\u540d\u53c2\u4e0e\u4ea4\u6d41\uff0c\u4e0d\u9650\u4e13\u4e1a\u80cc\u666f\u3002\u7279\u522b\u6b22\u8fce\u6709\u4ea4\u53c9\u5b66\u79d1\u80cc\u666f\u7684\u670b\u53cb\u53c2\u52a0\u3002\u8bfb\u4e66\u4f1a\u7684\u5206\u4eab\u4ea4\u6d41\u4ee5\u8bba\u6587\u3001\u4e13\u8457\u4e3a\u57fa\u7840\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u4e00\u5b9a\u7684\u80cc\u666f\u77e5\u8bc6\u4e0e\u8bba\u6587\u9605\u8bfb\u80fd\u529b\u3002\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u7f3a\u5c11\u7814\u7a76\u57fa\u7840\u4f46\u5174\u8da3\u7279\u522b\u6d53\u539a\uff0c\u4e5f\u6b22\u8fce\u62a5\u540d\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

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    \u7b2c\u4e8c\u6b65\uff1a\u4fe1\u606f\u586b\u5199\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u4f1a\u5f39\u51fa\u5bf9\u5e94\u7684\u8bfe\u7a0b\u8d2d\u4e70\u4fe1\u606f\uff0c\u63d0\u4ea4\u4fdd\u8bc1\u91d1299\u5143\u3002<\/span>\uff08\u8d2d\u8bfe\u76f8\u5f53\u4e8e\u63d0\u4ea4\u4fdd\u8bc1\u91d1\uff0c\u7b26\u5408\u9000\u8d39\u6761\u4ef6\u540e\u53ef\u9000\u8d39\uff09<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

    \u7b2c\u4e09\u6b65\uff1a\u6dfb\u52a0\u8d1f\u8d23\u4eba\u5fae\u4fe1\uff0c\u62c9\u5165\u5bf9\u5e94\u7684\u8bfb\u4e66\u4f1a\u8ba8\u8bba\u7fa4<\/span>\uff08\u9700\u9075\u5b88\u7fa4\u89c4\uff09<\/span>\u3002 <\/span><\/p>\n

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    \u8be6\u60c5\u53ca\u62a5\u540d\u8bf7\u53c2\u8003\uff1a<\/span>\u590d\u6742\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u8bfb\u4e66\u4f1a\u542f\u52a8\u62db\u52df\uff0c\u4e00\u8d77\u63a2\u7d22\u975e\u5747\u8861\u7684\u3001\u6f14\u5316\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7cfb\u7edf<\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

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