{"id":26067,"date":"2021-05-08T21:34:30","date_gmt":"2021-05-08T13:34:30","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/swarma.org\/?p=26067"},"modified":"2021-05-08T21:34:30","modified_gmt":"2021-05-08T13:34:30","slug":"%e6%bc%94%e5%8c%96%e5%b7%a5%e7%a8%8b%e5%b8%88%ef%bc%9a%e7%94%9f%e5%91%bd%e4%b8%8e%e7%8e%af%e5%a2%83%e5%a6%82%e4%bd%95%e7%9b%b8%e4%ba%92%e5%a1%91%e9%80%a0","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/swarma.org\/?p=26067","title":{"rendered":"\u6f14\u5316\u5de5\u7a0b\u5e08\uff1a\u751f\u547d\u4e0e\u73af\u5883\u5982\u4f55\u76f8\u4e92\u5851\u9020?"},"content":{"rendered":"
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Kevin Laland\u3001<\/span>Lynn Chiu<\/span> | \u4f5c\u8005<\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

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1. \u81ea\u7136\u9009\u62e9\uff1a\u767b\u9876\u8fd8\u662f\u79fb\u5c71\uff1f<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n

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\u4f46\u8fd9\u79cd\u89c2\u70b9\u4ecd\u6709\u4e89\u8bae\uff1a\u4e13\u5bb6\u4eec\u5bf9\u5176\u5b83\u751f\u7269\u901a\u8fc7\u6539\u53d8\u73af\u5883\u6765\u6307\u5bfc\u6f14\u5316\u7684\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4ea7\u751f\u4e86\u5206\u6b67\u3002\u5730\u5f62\u7684\u6bd4\u55bb\u53ef\u4ee5\u5e2e\u52a9\u7406\u89e3\u6f14\u5316\u8fc7\u7a0b\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u5c06\u6f14\u5316\u89c6\u4e3a<\/span>\u9002\u5e94\u6027\u666f\u89c2<\/span>\uff08adaptive landscapes\uff0c\u4e5f\u8bd1\u4e3a\u9002\u5e94\u6027\u5730\u5f62\u56fe\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u8be5\u56fe\u63ed\u793a\u4e86\u751f\u7269\u4f53\u7684\u9002\u5e94\u6027<\/span>\uff08\u5176\u751f\u5b58\u548c\u7e41\u6b96\u80fd\u529b\uff09<\/span>\u4e0e\u4e00\u79cd\u6216\u591a\u79cd\u751f\u7269\u4f53\u6027\u72b6\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5728\u4e00\u5f20\u9e1f\u7fa4\u9002\u5e94\u6027\u666f\u89c2\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u8f74\u53ef\u80fd\u4ee3\u8868\u4f53\u578b\u5927\u5c0f\uff0c\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u8f74\u53ef\u80fd\u4ee3\u8868\u5c3e\u5df4\u957f\u5ea6<\/span>\uff08\u6216\u8005\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u76f8\u5173\u57fa\u56e0\u7684\u9891\u7387\u6765\u66ff\u4ee3\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u8be5\u5730\u5f62\u56fe\u4e3a\u4e09\u7ef4\u7a7a\u95f4\u4e2d\u7684\u66f2\u9762\uff0c\u5177\u6709\u66f4\u9ad8\u9002\u5e94\u6027\u7684\u9e1f\u2014\u2014\u5373\u5f97\u5206\u6700\u9ad8\u7684\u90a3\u4e9b\u2014\u2014\u5177\u6709\u66f4\u4f18\u826f\u7684\u4f53\u578b\u4e0e\u5c3e\u5df4\u957f\u5ea6\u7ec4\u5408\uff0c\u800c\u9002\u5e94\u6027\u8f83\u5dee\u7684\u9e1f\u5219\u5904\u4e8e\u66f2\u7ebf\u4f4e\u8c37\u3002\u66f2\u9762\u6700\u9ad8\u5cf0\u7684\u533a\u57df\u4ee3\u8868\u5177\u6709\u6700\u4f73\u4f53\u578b\u548c\u5c3e\u5df4\u957f\u5ea6\u7684\u9e1f\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u4e5f\u662f\u751f\u5b58\u80fd\u529b\u6700\u5f3a\u7684\u9e1f\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

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\u56fe2. \u4e00\u79cd\u4e0d\u53d7\u751f\u7269\u5f71\u54cd\u7684\u9759\u6001\u5730\u5f62\u56fe\u3002\u5728\u56fe\u793a\u4e2d\uff0c\u65f6\u95f4\u5411\u4e0b\u79fb\u52a8\u3002<\/span>\u6539\u81ea Tanaka et al (2020), Philosophy of Science, 87: 478-98<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u5c0f\u5de7\u800c\u6709\u529b\u7684\u751f\u6001\u4f4d\u6784\u9020\u8005\u968f\u5904\u53ef\u89c1\u3002\u4f4e\u8c03\u7684\u86af\u8693\u5c31\u662f\u4e00\u4f4d\u201c\u751f\u6001\u7cfb\u7edf\u5de5\u7a0b\u5e08[4]\u201d\uff0c\u5b83\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u4f1a\u6539\u53d8\u7269\u7406\u4e0e\u5316\u5b66\u73af\u5883\u7684\u7269\u79cd\uff0c\u5e76\u5e38\u4ee5\u6539\u53d8\u751f\u6001\u7cfb\u7edf\u529f\u80fd\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u6539\u9020\u73af\u5883\u3002\u5947\u602a\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5728\u751f\u6001\u5b66\u4e0a\u86af\u8693\u662f\u6210\u529f\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u5728\u89e3\u5256\u5b66\u4e0a\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u5b9e\u9645\u5e76\u4e0d\u9002\u5408\u5728\u9646\u5730\u4e0a\u751f\u5b58\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5df2\u7ecf\u5728\u9646\u5730\u4e0a\u751f\u6d3b\u4e86\u6570\u5343\u4e07\u5e74<\/span>\uff08\u751a\u81f3\u53ef\u80fd\u6570\u4ebf\u5e74\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83\u4eec\u4ecd\u4fdd\u7559\u7740\u4ece\u6de1\u6c34\u4e2d\u6f14\u5316\u800c\u6765\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u751f\u7406\u7279\u6027\u3002\u4e0e\u5927\u591a\u6570\u9646\u751f\u52a8\u7269\u76f8\u5f02\uff0c\u86af\u8693\u4f1a\u5982\u6de1\u6c34\u52a8\u7269\u822c\u4ee3\u8c22\u4ea7\u751f\u5927\u91cf\u5c3f\u6db2\uff0c\u8fd9\u4f7f\u5b83\u4eec\u6781\u6613\u8131\u6c34\u800c\u4ea1\u2014\u2014\u5982\u679c\u5728\u6674\u5929\u6316\u51fa\u4e86\u86af\u8693\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u901a\u5e38\u4f1a\u5728\u77ed\u65f6\u95f4\u5185\u5e72\u67af\u3002\u90a3\u4e48\uff0c\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u79cd\u751f\u7406\u9002\u5e94\u6027\u5982\u6b64\u5dee\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u5728\u9646\u5730\u4e0a\u751f\u5b58\u8fd9\u4e48\u957f\u65f6\u95f4\u7684\u5462\uff1f<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/p>\n

\u7b54\u6848\u662f\u751f\u6001\u4f4d\u6784\u5efa<\/strong>\u2014\u2014\u76f8\u6bd4\u4e8e\u8c03\u6574\u751f\u7406\u7279\u5f81\u4ee5\u9002\u5e94\u9646\u751f\u73af\u5883\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u9009\u62e9\u4e86\u5728\u9646\u5730\u4e0a\u5236\u9020\u6c34\u751f\u4e16\u754c\u3002\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u6210\u529f\u76f4\u63a5\u6e90\u4e8e\u5bf9\u81ea\u7136\u6240\u5e72\u7684\u56ed\u827a\u6d3b\u3002\u86af\u8693\u901a\u8fc7\u677e\u571f\u51cf\u5c11\u571f\u58e4\u7684\u201c\u57fa\u8d28\u6f5c\u529b\u201d\u2014\u2014\u5373\u571f\u58e4\u4fdd\u6301\u6c34\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u3002\u8fd9\u4f7f\u86af\u8693\u66f4\u5bb9\u6613\u901a\u8fc7\u5468\u56f4\u73af\u5883\u6444\u53d6\u6c34\u5206\uff0c\u4ee5\u8865\u5145\u7531\u4e8e\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u6392\u6cc4\u800c\u9020\u6210\u7684\u6c34\u5206\u635f\u5931\u3002\u6362\u53e5\u8bdd\u8bf4\uff0c\u86af\u8693\u6709\u6548\u5730\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u50a8\u6c34\u6c60[5]\uff0c\u4f7f\u81ea\u5df1\u4fdd\u6301\u6e7f\u6da6\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/p>\n

\u5c31\u8fd9\u6837\uff0c\u86af\u8693\u53d1\u5c55\u4e86\u8bb8\u591a\u5c06\u73af\u5883\u6539\u9020\u4e3a\u9002\u5e94\u5176\u81ea\u8eab\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u5e76\u9020\u6210\u4e86\u4e0e\u4eba\u7c7b\u5165\u4fb5\u81ea\u7136\u7c7b\u4f3c\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u5982\u4eca\u6b27\u6d32\u86af\u8693\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u5317\u7f8e\u68ee\u6797\u690d\u7269\u7fa4\u843d\u53d1\u751f\u53d8\u5316\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u63a8\u52a8\u529b[6]\u2014\u2014\u5e76\u4e14\u4e0e\u4eba\u4eec\u8ba4\u4e3a\u86af\u8693\u5bf9\u571f\u58e4\u6709\u76ca\u7684\u56fa\u6709\u5370\u8c61\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u86af\u8693\u5bf9\u9614\u53f6\u6797\u5177\u6709\u6bc1\u706d\u6027\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u5317\u7f8e\u672c\u571f\u86af\u8693\u79cd\u7fa4\u5728\u7b2c\u56db\u7eaa\u51b0\u671f\u671f\u95f4\u51e0\u4e4e\u706d\u7edd\uff0c\u572816\u4e16\u7eaa\u548c17\u4e16\u7eaa\u6b27\u6d32\u6b96\u6c11\u8005\u5c06\u86af\u8693\u5f15\u5165\u524d\uff0c\u591a\u6570\u751f\u6001\u7cfb\u7edf\u6ca1\u6709\u86af\u8693\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u3002\u968f\u540e\uff0c\u6b27\u6d32\u86af\u8693\u8fc5\u901f\u6269\u6563\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u5165\u4fb5\u843d\u53f6\u6797\u5e76\u5feb\u901f\u6539\u53d8\u4e86\u571f\u58e4\u6027\u8d28\uff0c\u4f7f\u672c\u5730\u52a8\u690d\u7269\u7269\u79cd\u751f\u5b58\u56f0\u96be\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

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3. \u5165\u4fb5\u5bfc\u81f4\u7684\u7ea7\u8054\u53cd\u5e94<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n

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<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/h3>\n


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\u86af\u8693\u5c06\u6709\u673a\u7269\u4f5c\u4e3a\u98df\u7269\u6216\u7528\u4f5c\u6316\u6d1e\u7684\u6750\u6599\u62d6\u5165\u571f\u58e4\u4e2d\uff0c\u5bfc\u81f4\u67af\u679d\u843d\u53f6\u5c42\u8fc5\u901f\u6d41\u5931\uff0c\u5e76\u5bfc\u81f4\u571f\u58e4\u8868\u9762\u5347\u6e29\u3001\u8131\u6c34\u3002\u86af\u8693\u7684\u6d3b\u52a8\u6539\u53d8\u4e86\u78b3\u548c\u6c2e\u7b49\u5316\u5b66\u5143\u7d20\u5728\u6574\u4e2a\u751f\u6001\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u5faa\u73af\u7684\u901f\u7387\u2014\u2014\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u52a0\u5feb\u4e86\u690d\u7269\u6709\u673a\u4f53\u7684\u5206\u89e3\u901f\u5ea6\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u6316\u6398\u884c\u4e3a\u63d0\u5347\u4e86\u571f\u58e4\u7684\u901a\u6c14\u548c\u6392\u6c34\u6548\u679c\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u53d8\u5316\u901a\u5e38\u5728\u5165\u4fb5\u7684\u524d\u5341\u5e74\u5185\u53d1\u751f\uff0c\u8fdb\u800c\u5f15\u53d1\u4e86\u6301\u7eed\u6570\u5341\u5e74\u7684\u6f14\u66ff\u72b6\u6001\u3002\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\uff0c\u5728\u90a3\u4e9b\u6ca1\u6709\u86af\u8693\u7684\u68ee\u6797\u4e2d\uff0c\u5927\u91cf\u78b3\u5143\u7d20\u88ab\u9501\u4e8e\u68ee\u6797\u8868\u9762\u7684\u67af\u679d\u843d\u53f6\u5c42\u4e0b\u3002\u800c\u5f53\u86af\u8693\u6d88\u8017\u8fd9\u4e9b\u67af\u679d\u843d\u53f6\u65f6\uff0c\u5927\u91cf\u50a8\u5b58\u7684\u78b3\u5143\u7d20\u4ee5\u4e8c\u6c27\u5316\u78b3\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u88ab\u91ca\u653e\u5230\u5927\u6c14\u4e2d\uff0c\u5c31\u50cf\u4eba\u7c7b\u4f7f\u7528\u5316\u77f3\u71c3\u6599\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u5bfc\u81f4\u5168\u7403\u53d8\u6696[7]\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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\u56fe3. \u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u201c\u68ee\u6797\u5730\u677f\u201d\u7684\u67af\u679d\u843d\u53f6\u5c42\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u5305\u542b\u5927\u91cf\u7684\u6709\u673a\u7269\u8d28<\/span>
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\u906d\u9047\u86af\u8693\u5165\u4fb5\u7684\u6816\u606f\u5730\u4ea7\u751f\u4e86\u65b9\u65b9\u9762\u9762\u7684\u53d8\u5316\uff0c\u5bf9\u5176\u5b83\u7269\u79cd\u4ea7\u751f\u4e86\u6df1\u8fdc\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u6700\u8fd1\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u53d1\u73b0[8]\uff0c\u968f\u7740\u5f15\u5165\u7684\u86af\u8693\u79cd\u7fa4\u4e30\u5bcc\u6027\u589e\u52a0\uff0c\u690d\u7269\u591a\u6837\u6027\u4e0b\u964d\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u672c\u571f\u690d\u7269\u53d7\u5230\u7684\u51b2\u51fb\u6700\u5927\uff1b\u968f\u7740\u86af\u8693\u751f\u7269\u91cf\u7684\u589e\u52a0\uff0c\u571f\u58e4\u65e0\u810a\u690e\u52a8\u7269\u51cf\u5c11[9]\u3002\u672c\u571f\u52a8\u690d\u7269\u906d\u53d7\u51b2\u51fb\u7684\u539f\u56e0\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u4eec\u4ee5\u5f80\u9002\u5e94\u7684\u662f\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u86af\u8693\u7684\u73af\u5883\u3002\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u67d0\u4e9b\u7269\u79cd\u53d7\u76ca\uff1a\u5c31\u50cf\u4eba\u7c7b\u7684\u4fb5\u6270\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u86af\u8693\u7684\u5de5\u7a0b\u4fc3\u8fdb\u4e86\u5feb\u901f\u751f\u957f\u7684\u7ec6\u83cc\u3001\u8349\u672c\u690d\u7269\u4e0e\u4e00\u4e9b\u5927\u578b\u52a8\u7269<\/span>\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\u9e7f\uff09<\/span>\u7684\u5165\u4fb5\u548c\u7e41\u6b96\u3002\u86af\u8693\u7684\u6d1e\u7a74\u88ab\u5176\u5b83\u65e0\u810a\u690e\u52a8\u7269\u2014\u2014\u751a\u81f3\u67d0\u4e9b\u810a\u690e\u52a8\u7269<\/span>\uff08\u5982\u877e\u8788\uff09<\/span>\u2014\u2014\u7528\u4f5c\u5de2\u7a74[10]\uff0c\u800c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u751f\u7269\u7684\u7caa\u4fbf\u4e3a\u5fae\u751f\u7269\u6d3b\u52a8\u7684\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u5145\u8db3\u6761\u4ef6\u3002\u4e0e\u86af\u8693\u540c\u65f6\u51fa\u73b0\u7684\u5f80\u5f80\u8fd8\u6709\u4fb5\u5165\u6027\u704c\u6728\uff0c\u5982\u6c99\u68d8\u548c\u91d1\u94f6\u82b1\u3002\u90e8\u5206\u539f\u56e0\u662f\u86af\u8693\u901a\u8fc7\u9009\u62e9\u6027\u5730<\/span>\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\u6839\u636e\u79cd\u5b50\u5927\u5c0f\u7b49\u6027\u72b6\uff09<\/span>\u98df\u7528\u79cd\u5b50\uff0c\u6539\u53d8\u4e86\u79cd\u5b50\u5e93<\/span>\uff08\u79cd\u5b50\u5728\u571f\u58e4\u4e2d\u7684\u81ea\u7136\u50a8\u5b58\uff09<\/span>\u7684\u7ec4\u6210\u3002\u4ece\u86af\u8693\u53e3\u4e2d\u5b58\u6d3b\u4e0b\u6765\u7684\u79cd\u5b50\u968f\u540e\u53d7\u76ca\u4e8e\u86af\u8693\u7caa\u4fbf\u63d0\u4f9b\u7684\u8425\u517b\u53ca\u7269\u7406\u4fdd\u62a4\uff0c\u83b7\u76ca\u4e8e\u6b64\u7684\u4f9d\u7136\u662f\u975e\u672c\u571f\u690d\u7269\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

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\u86af\u8693\u7684\u5165\u4fb5\u65e0\u7591\u4f1a\u89e6\u53d1\u68ee\u6797\u751f\u6001\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u7ea7\u8054\u53cd\u5e94\u3002\u4e00\u4e9b\u7814\u7a76\u4eba\u5458\u751a\u81f3\u62c5\u5fc3\u86af\u8693\u53ef\u80fd\u5f15\u53d1\u201c\u5165\u4fb5\u5d29\u6e83<\/span>\uff08invasion meltdown\uff09<\/span>[11]\u201d\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u975e\u672c\u571f\u7269\u79cd\u52a0\u901f\u4fc3\u8fdb\u5f7c\u6b64\u7684\u5165\u4fb5[12]\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u4e0d\u591f\u76f4\u89c2\uff0c\u4f46\u86af\u8693\u81ea\u8eab\u4f1a\u4ece\u5176\u5de5\u7a0b\u8bbe\u8ba1\u53ca\u5176\u89e6\u53d1\u7684\u5165\u4fb5\u4e2d\u53d7\u76ca\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u4f7f\u5b83\u4eec\u80fd\u591f\u5728\u9002\u5e94\u6027\u666f\u89c2\u4e0a\u521b\u9020\u65b0\u7684\u5c71\u5cf0\u3002\u86af\u8693\u4fc3\u8fdb\u4fb5\u5165\u6027\u704c\u6728\u7684\u751f\u957f\uff0c\u4fb5\u5165\u6027\u704c\u6728\u53cd\u8fc7\u6765\u4fc3\u8fdb\u86af\u8693\u79cd\u7fa4\u7684\u751f\u957f[13]\u3002\u704c\u6728\u4ea7\u751f\u66f4\u9ad8\u8d28\u7684\u67af\u679d\u843d\u53f6\u5c42<\/span>\uff08\u5373\u8f83\u4f4e\u7684\u78b3\u6c2e\u6bd4\uff09<\/span>\u4ee5\u4f9b\u6b27\u6d32\u86af\u8693\u4eab\u7528\uff0c\u4f7f\u81ea\u6301\u7eed\u7684\u53cd\u9988\u95ed\u73af<\/strong>\u5f97\u4ee5\u5f62\u6210\u3002\u86af\u8693\u79ef\u6781\u53c2\u4e0e\u8015\u4f5c\u2014\u2014\u51c6\u5907\u571f\u58e4\uff0c\u6539\u53d8\u79cd\u5b50\u5e93\uff0c\u4f7f\u5f97\u5176\u504f\u7231\u7684\u4f5c\u7269\u8086\u610f\u751f\u957f\u3002\u5b83\u4eec\u4e0e\u9e7f\u3001\u732a\u548c\u5fae\u751f\u7269\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86\u7c7b\u4f3c\u7684\u4e92\u60e0\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u540e\u8005\u65e2\u4ece\u86af\u8693\u7684\u6d3b\u52a8\u4e2d\u53d7\u76ca\uff0c\u4e5f\u4fc3\u8fdb\u4e86\u86af\u8693\u7684\u6d3b\u52a8\u3002\u6709\u8da3\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u86af\u8693\u7269\u79cd\u7684\u591a\u6837\u6027\u4e0e\u5176\u751f\u7269\u91cf\u76f8\u5173[14]\uff0c\u8fd9\u8868\u660e\u67d0\u4e00\u79cd\u86af\u8693\u7684\u5de5\u7a0b\u5bf9\u5176\u5b83\u5404\u79cd\u86af\u8693\u5747\u6709\u76ca\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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4. \u751f\u6001\u9057\u4ea7\u7684\u7d2f\u79ef<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n

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<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/h3>\n


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\u86af\u8693\u4e5f\u4f1a\u901a\u8fc7\u5efa\u9020\u6d1e\u7a74\u6765\u79ef\u7d2f\u6f14\u5316\u4e0a\u4e0a\u7684\u4f18\u52bf\u3002\u76ee\u524d\u5730\u7403\u4e0a\u67096000\u591a\u79cd\u86af\u8693\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u5728\u751f\u6001\u548c\u884c\u4e3a\u4e0a\u6709\u5f88\u5927\u4e0d\u540c\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5927\u591a\u6570\u86af\u8693\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u95f2\u901b\u7684\u201c\u6e38\u6c11\u201d\uff0c\u5728\u571f\u5730\u4e0a\u56db\u5904\u6e38\u8361\u4ee5\u5bfb\u627e\u98df\u7269\uff0c \u800c\u5c06\u9057\u5f03\u7684\u571f\u5730\u6254\u5728\u8eab\u540e\u3002\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u86af\u8693\u53ef\u4ee5\u5efa\u9020\u534a\u6c38\u4e45\u7684\u6d1e\u7a74\uff0c\u5176\u5b58\u7559\u65f6\u95f4\u901a\u5e38\u8fdc\u8d85\u86af\u8693\u7684\u4e00\u751f\u3002\u67e5\u5c14\u65af\u00b7\u8fbe\u5c14\u6587\u66fe\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u86af\u8693\u7684\u6d1e\u7a74\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u6316\u6398\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u575a\u56fa\u7684\u5782\u76f4\u96a7\u9053\uff0c\u5176\u6df1\u5ea6\u6709\u65f6\u8d85\u8fc7\u4e00\u7c73\uff0c\u4ed6\u5c06\u5176\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e3a\u201c\u5185\u886c\u6c34\u6ce5\u201d\u3002\u86af\u8693\u7684\u201c\u6c34\u6ce5\u201d\u901a\u8fc7\u538b\u5b9e\u5176\u5206\u6ccc\u7269\u5f62\u6210[15]\uff0c\u5e76\u521b\u9020\u4e86\u539a\u5ea6\u8db3\u6709\u4e00\u5398\u7c73\u7684\u72ec\u7279\u6d1e\u7a74\uff0c\u79f0\u4e3a\u201c\u8693\u89e6\u5708<\/span>\uff08drilosphere\uff09<\/span>\u201d\u3002\u6bcf\u4e00\u4e2a\u86af\u8693\u7684\u6d1e\u7a74<\/span>\uff08\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u533a\uff09<\/span>\u4f1a\u5728\u571f\u58e4\u8868\u9762\u5f62\u6210\u7caa\u5806\uff0c\u65e2\u662f\u53a8\u623f\u53c8\u662f\u5395\u6240\uff0c\u7531\u67af\u679d\u843d\u53f6\u53ca\u5176\u6392\u6cc4\u7269\u7ec4\u6210\u3002\u86af\u8693\u751a\u81f3\u4f1a\u6316\u6398\u7528\u4e8e\u4ea7\u5375\u7684\u4fa7\u6d1e\u3002\u8bb8\u591a\u86af\u8693\u5728\u591c\u95f4\u5bfb\u627e\u98df\u7269\u548c\u914d\u5076\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u901a\u5e38\u628a\u5c3e\u5df4\u672b\u7aef\u7f6e\u4e8e\u6d1e\u5185\uff0c\u4ee5\u4fbf\u5feb\u901f\u54cd\u5e94\u5371\u673a\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/p>\n

<\/section>\n

\u56fe4. \u86af\u8693\u9519\u7efc\u590d\u6742\u7684\u6d1e\u7a74<\/span>
<\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/p>\n

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 <\/span><\/p>\n

\u6539\u826f\u7684\u571f\u58e4\u3001\u73b0\u6210\u7684\u623f\u5c4b\u548c\u66f4\u5145\u5206\u7684\u98df\u7269\u4f9b\u5e94\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u86af\u8693\u7559\u7ed9\u540e\u4ee3\u7684\u5168\u90e8\u3002\u6bcf\u4e00\u4e2a\u86af\u8693\u8327\u90fd\u7ee7\u627f\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u6765\u81ea\u5176\u7236\u6bcd\u80a0\u9053\u7684\u5fae\u751f\u7269\u7fa4\u843d\u3002\u86af\u8693\u7684\u73af\u5883\u4e0d\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u571f\u58e4\u548c\u5468\u56f4\u7684\u751f\u7269\uff0c\u8fd8\u6709\u5bc4\u5c45\u5728\u5176\u6d88\u5316\u7cfb\u7edf\u548c\u5468\u56f4\u8693\u89e6\u5708\u4e2d\u7684\u7ec6\u83cc\u3001\u771f\u83cc\u548c\u5355\u7ec6\u80de\u771f\u6838\u751f\u7269\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u5b89\u6392\u540c\u6837\u662f\u4e92\u5229\u7684\uff1a\u86af\u8693\u4e3a\u571f\u58e4\u5fae\u751f\u7269\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u98df\u7269\u4e30\u5bcc\u548c\u53ef\u79fb\u52a8\u7684\u73af\u5883\uff0c\u8ba9\u5b83\u4eec\u6709\u673a\u4f1a\u5728\u7f3a\u6c27\u7684\u7a74\u4e2d\u53d1\u9175\u5e76\u5728\u571f\u58e4\u4e2d\u7e41\u6b96\uff0c\u800c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5171\u751f\u4f53\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u589e\u52a0\u4e86\u86af\u8693\u7684\u9002\u5e94\u6027[17]\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/p>\n

\u5c31\u50cf\u4eba\u7c7b\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u86af\u8693\u5df2\u7ecf\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u751f\u6001\u4f4d\u3002\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u73af\u5883\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u4e00\u76f4\u4fdd\u6301\u8d2b\u7620\u6216\u5bcc\u5eb6\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u6839\u636e\u5176\u5185\u6816\u606f\u8005\u7684\u6d3b\u52a8\u5448\u73b0\u52a8\u6001\u7684\u53d8\u5316\u3002\u9664\u4e86\u6539\u53d8\u571f\u58e4\uff0c\u86af\u8693\u8fd8\u5982\u4eba\u7c7b\u4e00\u822c\u79cd\u690d\u519c\u4f5c\u7269\u3001\u91ca\u653e\u6e29\u5ba4\u6c14\u4f53\u3001\u5f62\u6210\u805a\u843d\u5e76\u5411\u5916\u62d3\u5c55\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span> <\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/section>\n

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<\/section>\n

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<\/svg><\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n
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5. \u751f\u6001\u4f4d\u6784\u5efa\uff1a\u523b\u610f\u7684\u8bbe\u8ba1<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n

\n

<\/section>\n

<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/h3>\n


<\/p>\n

\u86af\u8693\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u751f\u6001\u4f4d\u6784\u5efa\u6539\u5584\u73af\u5883\u7684\u552f\u4e00\u7269\u79cd\uff1a\u6d77\u85fb\u5206\u6ccc\u7684\u7c98\u6027\u5316\u5b66\u7269\u8d28\u4f1a\u675f\u7f1a\u6c99\u571f\u5e76\u7a33\u5b9a\u73af\u5883[18]\uff1b\u4e1b\u6797\u548c\u677e\u6811\u901a\u8fc7\u6563\u5e03\u6613\u71c3\u7684\u9488\u53f6\u3001\u679c\u76ae\u548c\u6cb9\u7c7b\u7269\u8d28\u6765\u63d0\u5347\u68ee\u6797\u706b\u707e\u89c4\u6a21[19]\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u6d88\u9664\u7ade\u4e89\uff1b\u8682\u8681\u5219\u901a\u8fc7\u55b7\u6d12\u9178\u6027\u9664\u8349\u5242\u6216\u79cd\u690d\u771f\u83cc\u4f5c\u7269[20]\uff0c\u6d88\u9664\u4e0d\u9002\u5408\u5176\u5c45\u4f4f\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\u6811\u6728[21]\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/p>\n

\u52a8\u7269\u6839\u636e\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u9700\u6c42\u6539\u5584\u73af\u5883\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u662f\u5426\u6fc0\u52b1\u4e86\u6211\u4eec\u4ee5\u65b0\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u601d\u8003\u6f14\u5316\u7684\u9002\u5e94\u6027\u666f\u89c2\uff1f\u4ece\u6700\u6839\u672c\u7684\u751f\u6001\u4f4d\u6784\u5efa\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u6765\u770b[22]\uff0c\u7b54\u6848\u662f\u201cYES\u201d\uff1a\u751f\u7269\u4e0d\u5355\u5355\u9002\u5e94\u73af\u5883\uff0c\u751f\u7269\u4e0e\u73af\u5883\u4e24\u8005\u5171\u540c\u6307\u5bfc\u6f14\u5316<\/strong>\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u6d77\u72f8\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u8981\u6bd4\u5b83\u4eec\u521b\u9020\u7684\u6c60\u5858\u8981\u5e7f\u6cdb\u5f97\u591a\u3002\u6d77\u72f8\u65e2\u662f\u6d88\u9632\u5458[23]\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u4e5f\u662f\u704c\u6e89\u7ba1\u7406\u4eba\u5458[24]\u2014\u2014\u5b83\u4eec\u6781\u5927\u5730\u6539\u53d8\u4e86\u6240\u5728\u7684\u751f\u6001\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u4f7f\u5176\u80fd\u591f\u62b5\u5fa1\u8bf8\u5982\u706b\u707e\u6216\u662f\u5e72\u65f1\u7b49\u6076\u52a3\u6c14\u5019\u7684\u5e72\u6270\u3002\u8fd9\u6837\uff0c\u6d77\u72f8\u4fbf\u4f1a\u6539\u53d8\u5176\u672c\u5730\u73af\u5883\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u6539\u53d8\u9009\u62e9\u5bf9\u5b83\u4eec\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u7269\u79cd\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002\u6d77\u72f8\u662f\u53cd\u9988\u4e0e\u56e0\u679c\u5173\u7cfb\u5faa\u73af\u7f51\u7edc\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u5728\u8be5\u7f51\u7edc\u4e2d\uff0c\u521d\u671f\u5360\u636e\u4f18\u52bf\u7684\u751f\u7269\u4f53\u4f1a\u9a71\u52a8\u73af\u5883\u53d8\u5316\uff0c\u800c\u7ecf\u4f18\u52bf\u7269\u79cd\u8c03\u6574\u7684\u73af\u5883\u968f\u540e\u4f1a\u9009\u62e9\u751f\u7269\u4f53\u7684\u6f14\u5316\u65b9\u5411\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/p>\n

\u751f\u6001\u4f4d\u6784\u5efa\u4e0e\u751f\u6001\u548c\u6f14\u5316\u4e2d\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u51e0\u4e2a\u6982\u5ff5\u91cd\u53e0\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u201c\u751f\u6001\u7cfb\u7edf\u5de5\u7a0b\u201d\u548c\u201c\u751f\u6001\u6f14\u5316\u52a8\u529b\u5b66\u201d\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u751f\u6001\u4f4d\u6784\u5efa\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u72ec\u7279\u4e4b\u5904\u5728\u4e8e\uff0c\u751f\u7269\u5bf9\u73af\u5883\u7684\u6539\u9020\uff08\u751f\u6001\u4f4d\u6784\u5efa\uff09\u53ca\u5176\u5bf9\u540e\u4e16\u7684\u9057\u4ea7\uff08\u751f\u6001\u7ee7\u627f\uff09\u662f\u6f14\u5316\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff0c\u6b63\u662f\u5b83\u4eec\u5f15\u53d1\u4e86\u6f14\u5316\u7684\u6539\u53d8\u3002<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/p>\n

\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5927\u591a\u6570\u6559\u79d1\u4e66\u90fd\u4fa7\u91cd\u4e8e\u63cf\u8ff0\u76f4\u63a5\u6539\u53d8\u57fa\u56e0\u9891\u7387\u7684\u73b0\u8c61\u2014\u2014\u4f8b\u5982\u81ea\u7136\u9009\u62e9\u3001\u7a81\u53d8\u6216\u968f\u673a\u9057\u4f20\u6f02\u53d8<\/span>\uff08\u5076\u7136\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u7fa4\u4f53\u9057\u4f20\u7ec4\u6210\u53d8\u5316\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u6f14\u5316\u8fc7\u7a0b\u7684\u8d77\u56e0\u76ee\u524d\u4ecd\u6709\u4e89\u8bae\u3002\u56de\u5230\u9002\u5e94\u6027\u666f\u89c2\u7684\u6bd4\u55bb\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u529b\u91cf\u63a8\u52a8\u7740\u751f\u7269\u7fa4\u5728\u73af\u5883\u4e2d\u7684\u9002\u5e94\u6027\u4e0a\u4e0b\u79fb\u52a8\u3002\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u751f\u6001\u4f4d\u6784\u5efa\u7406\u8bba\u5219\u63d0\u5021\u66f4\u5e7f\u6cdb\u7684\u6f14\u5316\u56e0\u679c\u5173\u7cfb\u6982\u5ff5\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

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\u5f15\u7528\u6f14\u5316\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u5bb6\u9053\u683c\u62c9\u65af\u00b7\u5bcc\u56fe\u739b<\/span>\uff08Douglas Futuyma\uff09<\/span>\u7684\u8bdd\u8bf4[25]\uff0c\u201c\u4f20\u7edf\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u201d\u4f1a\u8bf4\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u751f\u6001\u4f4d\u6784\u5efa\u201c\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f71\u54cd\u751a\u81f3\u5bfc\u81f4\u81ea\u7136\u9009\u62e9\u7684\u6f14\u5316\u8fc7\u7a0b\u201d\uff1b\u4f46\u201c\u751f\u6001\u4f4d\u6784\u5efa\u81ea\u8eab\u5e76\u975e\u6f14\u5316\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff0c\u6700\u591a\u5c31\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u53d8\u5316\u7684\u73af\u5883\u201d\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u89c2\u70b9\u6709\u6240\u6b20\u7f3a\uff1a\u66f4\u4e00\u822c\u5730\u5c06\u751f\u6001\u4f4d\u6784\u5efa\u4e0e\u73af\u5883\u53d8\u5316\u533a\u5206\u5f00\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u751f\u6001\u4f4d\u6784\u5efa\u4ee5\u6709\u5e8f\u3001\u6709\u9488\u5bf9\u6027\u4e0e\u6301\u7eed\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u6539\u53d8\u4e86\u81ea\u7136\u9009\u62e9<\/strong>\u3002\u751f\u6001\u4f4d\u6784\u5efa\u4e0d\u4ec5\u4ec5\u4f1a\u6539\u53d8\u81ea\u7136\u9009\u62e9\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u8fd8\u4f1a\u901a\u8fc7\u5bf9\u9009\u62e9\u7684\u65b9\u5411\u548c\u5f3a\u5ea6\u65bd\u52a0\u7edf\u8ba1\u504f\u5dee\u6765\u6307\u5bfc\u81ea\u9002\u5e94\u6f14\u5316\u3002\u751f\u7269\u5bf9\u9002\u5e94\u6027\u666f\u89c2\u8fdb\u884c\u8bbe\u8ba1\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5bf9\u7f8e\u56fd\u4e1c\u5317\u90e815\u4e2a\u68ee\u6797\u4e2d\u539f\u751f\u690d\u7269\u7fa4\u843d\u4e0a\u751f\u7269\u5165\u4fb5\u8fdb\u884c\u7684\u5206\u6790\u663e\u793a\u51fa\u60ca\u4eba\u7684\u4e00\u81f4\u6a21\u5f0f\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u86af\u8693\u79cd\u7c7b\u548c\u4e30\u5ea6\u3001\u672c\u5730\u690d\u7269\u7ec4\u6210\u4e0e\u7279\u6027\u3001\u4ee5\u53ca\u5730\u7406\u533a\u57df\u5b58\u5728\u5dee\u5f02\uff0c\u4f46\u5728\u6240\u6709\u5730\u70b9\u90fd\u68c0\u6d4b\u5230\u4e86\u4e0e\u86af\u8693\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u76f8\u540c\u53cd\u5e94\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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\u5982Lewontin\u6240\u5efa\u8bae\u7684\u90a3\u6837\uff0c\u76f8\u6bd4\u4e8e\u5c06\u6f14\u5316\u89c6\u4e3a\u9002\u5e94\u6027\u666f\u89c2\uff0c\u5c06\u5176\u89c6\u4e3a\u751f\u7269\u8d70\u8fc7\u8e66\u5e8a\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u66f4\u597d\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u5df2\u6709\u793a\u4f8b\u663e\u793a\uff0c\u968f\u7740\u751f\u7269\u5728\u6f14\u5316\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u7684\u53d8\u8fc1\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u4e0d\u4ec5\u4f1a\u6291\u5236\u81ea\u8eab\u7684\u9002\u5e94\u80fd\u529b\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u8fd8\u53ef\u4ee5\u6539\u5584\u73af\u5883\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u6539\u5584\u5176\u9002\u5e94\u80fd\u529b\u3002\u8be5\u8fc7\u7a0b\u5f3a\u5927\u5230\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f71\u54cd\u6f14\u5316\u7ed3\u679c\u7684\u786e\u5b9a\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u86af\u8693\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u4e0a\u5347\u5230\u5178\u578b\u7684\u9646\u751f\u52a8\u7269\u751f\u7406\u7684\u9002\u5e94\u9ad8\u5cf0\u3002\u5b83\u4eec\u53cd\u800c\u53c8\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u4e00\u6b21\u6f14\u5316\u65c5\u7a0b\uff0c\u5728\u9646\u5730\u5230\u8fbe\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u96be\u4ee5\u7f6e\u4fe1\u7684\u6c34\u751f\u52a8\u7269\u751f\u7406\u9002\u5e94\u9ad8\u5cf0\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

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\u56fe5. \u88ab\u751f\u7269\u6291\u5236\u7684\u9002\u5e94\u6027\u666f\u89c2\u3002\u5728\u56fe\u793a\u4e2d\uff0c\u65f6\u95f4\u5411\u4e0b\u79fb\u52a8\u3002<\/span>\u56fe\u6539\u81eaTanaka et al (2020), Philosophy of Science, 87: 478-98\u3002<\/span>
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\u6700\u8fd1\uff0cMark Tanaka\u3001Peter Godfrey-Smith\u548cBenjamin Kerr\u2014\u2014\u4e00\u4e2a\u7406\u8bba\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u5bb6\u4e0e\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u7ec4\u5408\u7684\u56e2\u961f\u2014\u2014\u8bbe\u8ba1\u4e86\u4e00\u79cd\u65b0\u9896\u7684\u6570\u5b66\u6846\u67b6[26]\uff0c\u7528\u4e8e\u5bf9\u81ea\u7136\u9009\u62e9\u548c\u751f\u6001\u4f4d\u6784\u5efa\u8fdb\u884c\u5efa\u6a21\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u4ee5\u4e24\u4e2a\u5173\u8054\u7684\u5730\u5f62\u5171\u540c\u63cf\u8ff0\u9002\u5e94\u6027\u6f14\u5316\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u4ec5\u7528\u5355\u4e00\u7684\u9002\u5e94\u6027\u66f2\u9762\uff1a\u6709\u673a\u4f53\u901a\u8fc7\u5728<\/span>\u9002\u5e94\u6027\uff08adaptive\uff09\u666f\u89c2<\/span><\/strong><\/span>\u4e0a\u6500\u767b\u800c\u6f14\u5316\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u73af\u5883\u7684\u6f14\u5316\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u5728\u6784\u5efa<\/strong><\/span>\u6027\uff08constructive\uff09\u666f\u89c2<\/span><\/strong><\/span>\u4e0a\u6500\u767b\u800c\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u3002\u4e24\u8005\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u51b3\u5b9a\u4e86\u7279\u5b9a\u751f\u7269\u7684\u6210\u529f\u7a0b\u5ea6\u3002\u5c31\u597d\u50cf\u4e0d\u8ffd\u8e2a\u96cc\u5b54\u96c0\u62e9\u5076\u504f\u597d\u7684\u6f14\u53d8\uff0c\u5c31\u65e0\u6cd5\u5145\u5206\u4e86\u89e3\u96c4\u5b54\u96c0\u5c3e\u5df4\u8fd9\u7c7b\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6027\u5f81\u7684\u6f14\u5316\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u4e0d\u8003\u8651\u751f\u6001\u4f4d\u7684\u6784\u5efa\uff0c\u5c31\u65e0\u6cd5\u63cf\u8ff0\u9002\u5e94\u6027\u968f\u751f\u7269\u5bf9\u73af\u5883\u7279\u5f81\u7684\u6539\u53d8\u6240\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u6f14\u53d8\u3002Tanaka\u548c\u540c\u4e8b\u4f7f\u7528\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u751f\u6001\u4f4d\u6784\u5efa\u6f14\u5316\u6846\u67b6\u6765\u5206\u6790\u4e09\u79cd\u5fae\u751f\u7269\u6f14\u5316\u6848\u4f8b\u7684\u52a8\u529b\u5b66\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u5fae\u751f\u7269\u53c2\u4e0e\u4e86\u4e0d\u540c\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u751f\u6001\u4f4d\u6784\u5efa\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

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\u56fe6. \u9002\u5e94\u6027\u666f\u89c2\uff08\u4e0b\u90e8\u7ea2\u8272\u66f2\u9762\uff09\u4e0e\u5efa\u8bbe\u6027\u5730\u5f62\u56fe\uff08\u4e0a\u90e8\u84dd\u8272\u66f2\u9762\uff09\u3002\u9ec4\u8272\u7684\u5411\u91cf\u7bad\u5934\u6307\u793a\u4e86\u5728\uff08P,E\uff09\u70b9\u4e0a\u8868\u73b0\u578b\uff08Phenotype\uff09\u65b9\u5411\uff08\u4e0b\u56fe\uff09\u4e0e\u73af\u5883\uff08Environment\uff09\u65b9\u5411\uff08\u4e0a\u56fe\uff09\u4e0a\u7684\u504f\u5fae\u5206\u3002\u6a59\u8272\u7684\u7ad6\u7ebf\u5c06\u4e24\u5411\u91cf\u76f8\u8fde\u3002<\/span>
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\u6240\u8c13\u7684\u8d39\u820d\u5c14\u57fa\u672c\u5b9a\u7406<\/strong><\/span>\uff08Fisher’s fundamental theorem\uff09<\/span>\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e86\u81ea\u7136\u9009\u62e9\u63a8\u52a8\u79cd\u7fa4\u5411\u6539\u53d8\u81ea\u8eab\u6765\u9002\u5e94\u5730\u5f62\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\uff1a\u901a\u8fc7\u81ea\u7136\u9009\u62e9\u6f14\u5316\u7684\u79cd\u7fa4\u9002\u5e94\u6027\u7684\u589e\u957f\u7387\u7b49\u4e8e\u9002\u5e94\u6027\u7684\u9057\u4f20\u65b9\u5dee<\/span>\uff08\u5373\u5bfc\u81f4\u751f\u5b58\u53ca\u7e41\u884d\u80fd\u529b\u4ea7\u751f\u53d8\u5316\u7684\u9057\u4f20\u53d8\u5f02\u91cf\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u5bfc\u81f4\u751f\u5b58\u548c\u7e41\u6b96\u5dee\u5f02\u3002\u7edf\u8ba1\u5b66\u5bb6\u517c\u9057\u4f20\u5b66\u5bb6\u7f57\u7eb3\u5fb7\u00b7\u8d39\u820d\u5c14<\/span>\uff08Ronald Fisher\uff09<\/span>\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u79cd\u7fa4\u9002\u5e94\u6027\u65e0\u6cd5\u65e0\u9650\u589e\u957f\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5fc5\u987b\u8003\u8651\u73af\u5883\u7684\u6076\u5316\u6765\u5e73\u8861\u8fd9\u4e00\u8fc7\u7a0b\u3002Tanaka\u548c\u4ed6\u7684\u540c\u4e8b\u4eec\u6784\u5efa\u7684\u5730\u5f62\u8026\u5408\u6a21\u578b\u4ece\u6570\u5b66\u4e0a\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u5728\u751f\u6001\u4f4d\u6784\u5efa\u4e2d\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u9002\u5e94\u6027\u7684\u5b88\u6052\u4e0d\u4e00\u5b9a\u5b58\u5728\u3002\u751f\u7269\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u6539\u53d8\u5176\u73af\u5883\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u6765\u63d0\u9ad8\u5176\u7edd\u5bf9\u9002\u5e94\u6027<\/span>\uff08\u5982\u5728\u5c71\u5cf0\u7b51\u4e18\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u7834\u574f\u5176\u73af\u5883\u5e76\u964d\u4f4e\u5176\u9002\u5e94\u6027<\/span>\uff08\u5982\u6316\u5751\uff09<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

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\u8be5\u6a21\u578b\u548c\u89e3\u91ca\u4e86\u86af\u8693\u4e0e\u5176\u4ed6\u91cd\u5851\u73af\u5883\u7684\u7269\u79cd<\/span>\uff08\u5305\u62ec\u4eba\u7c7b\uff09<\/span>\u7684\u6f14\u5316\u6709\u5173\u3002\u6b27\u6d32\u86af\u8693\u5728\u5317\u7f8e\u68ee\u6797\u4e2d\u53d6\u5f97\u7684\u5de8\u5927\u6210\u529f\uff0c\u5f88\u53ef\u80fd\u4e0d\u662f\u81ea\u7136\u9009\u62e9\u4f7f\u5176\u9002\u5e94\u68ee\u6797\u73af\u5883\u7684\u8868\u73b0\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u5b83\u4eec\u6539\u53d8\u68ee\u6797\u751f\u6001\u4ee5\u4f7f\u68ee\u6797\u66f4\u9002\u5e94\u81ea\u8eab\u80fd\u529b\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u3002\u5bf9\u4e8e\u4eba\u7c7b\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u4e5f\u9002\u7528\u3002\u9a6f\u5316\u690d\u7269\u3001\u8015\u79cd\u571f\u58e4\u3001\u91c7\u7528\u65b0\u7684\u704c\u6e89\u65b9\u6cd5\u548c\u65bd\u7528\u80a5\u6599\u2014\u2014\u5b83\u4eec\u90fd\u589e\u52a0\u4e86\u571f\u5730\u4f9b\u517b\u4eba\u7c7b\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u3002\u901a\u8fc7\u53cd\u590d\u6539\u5584\u73af\u5883\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5df2\u7ecf\u63d0\u9ad8\u4e86\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u7edd\u5bf9\u9002\u5e94\u80fd\u529b\uff0c\u8fd9\u5c31\u597d\u4f3c\u6211\u4eec\u5728\u9002\u5e94\u6027\u666f\u89c2\u4e0a\u5efa\u9020\u4e86\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u9ad8\u7684\u5854\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u722c\u4e0a\u5854\u6765\u5230\u8fbe\u5730\u5f62\u7684\u5dc5\u5cf0\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

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7. \u6027\u72b6\u6f14\u5316\uff1a\u81ea\u7136\u9009\u62e9+\u751f\u6001\u9057\u4ea7<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n

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\u6f14\u5316\u751f\u6001\u5b66\u5bb6Tobias Uller \u4e0e Heikki Helanter\u00e4\u8bbe\u8ba1\u4e86\u4e00\u79cd\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u5c06\u751f\u6001\u4f4d\u6784\u5efa\u7ed3\u5408\u5230\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u666e\u904d\u7684\u6f14\u5316\u6a21\u578b\u4e2d\uff0c\u5373\u4ee5\u7fa4\u4f53\u9057\u4f20\u5b66\u5bb6\u4e54\u6cbb\u00b7\u666e\u83b1\u65af\uff08George Price\uff09\u547d\u540d\u7684\u666e\u83b1\u65af\u65b9\u7a0b[27]\u3002\u8be5\u6a21\u578b\u5efa\u7acb\u5728\u4e24\u4e2a\u6838\u5fc3\u7684\u6f14\u5316\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e4b\u4e0a\uff1a\u5bf9\u6027\u72b6\u7684\u81ea\u7136\u9009\u62e9\u968f\u65f6\u95f4\u7684\u6f14\u5316\uff1b\u4ee5\u53ca\u6027\u72b6\u5728\u51e0\u4ee3\u4e4b\u95f4\u6709\u504f\u597d\u6027\u7684\u4f20\u9012\uff08\u6216\u7ee7\u627f\uff09<\/strong>\u3002<\/span>\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u7684\u6bcf\u4e00\u6b65\u90fd\u53ef\u4ee5\u8fdb\u884c\u7edf\u8ba1\u5b9a\u4e49\u548c\u6d4b\u91cf\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e00\u79cd\u8ba1\u7b97\u6027\u72b6\u968f\u65f6\u95f4\u53d8\u5316<\/span>\uff08\u5373\u6f14\u5316\uff09<\/span>\u4ee5\u53ca\u9009\u62e9\u6216\u4f20\u9012\u8d21\u732e\u91cf\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002\u81ea\u7136\u9009\u62e9\u9879\u7531\u6027\u72b6\u7684\u53ef\u9057\u4f20\u6027<\/span>\uff08\u9057\u4f20\u5dee\u5f02\u5bfc\u81f4\u6027\u72b6\u5dee\u5f02\u7684\u7a0b\u5ea6\uff09<\/span>\u4e0e\u9009\u62e9\u5dee\u5f02<\/span>\uff08\u8861\u91cf\u6027\u72b6\u5bf9\u9002\u5e94\u6027\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u7a0b\u5ea6\uff09<\/span>\u7684\u4e58\u79ef\u7ed9\u51fa\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u5927\u578b\u72d7\u76f8\u6bd4\u5c0f\u578b\u72d7\u62e5\u6709\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u5e7c\u72d7\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u8033\u6735\u76f4\u7acb\u7684\u72d7\u4e0e\u5782\u8033\u7684\u72d7\u540e\u4ee3\u6570\u91cf\u76f8\u4f3c\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u4f53\u578b\u5927\u5c0f\u4f1a\u5177\u6709\u8f83\u5927\u7684\u9009\u62e9\u5dee\u5f02\uff0c\u800c\u8033\u6735\u5f62\u72b6\u7684\u9009\u62e9\u5dee\u5f02\u5c06\u4f1a\u5f88\u5c0f\u3002\u611f\u5174\u8da3\u7684\u6027\u72b6\u53ef\u4ee5\u662f\u4efb\u4f55\u4e8b\u7269\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u5bf9\u73af\u5883\u7684\u9002\u5e94\u7a0b\u5ea6\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u9057\u4f20\u529b\u4e0e\u9057\u4f20\u53d8\u5f02\u7684\u6570\u91cf\u6709\u5173\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5f53\u5173\u6ce8\u7684\u6027\u72b6\u662f\u9002\u5e94\u6027\u65f6\uff0c\u666e\u83b1\u65af\u65b9\u7a0b\u4e2d\u7684\u81ea\u7136\u9009\u62e9\u9879\u5e7f\u4e49\u4e0a\u4e0e\u8d39\u820d\u5c14\u57fa\u672c\u5b9a\u7406\u7b49\u4ef7\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/p>\n

<\/section>\n
\u56fe7. <\/span>\u666e\u83b1\u65af\u65b9\u7a0b\u6a21<\/span>\u578b\u6a21\u62df\u4e86\u81ea\u7136\u9009\u62e9\uff08\u53ef\u4ee5\u5206\u89e3\u4e3a\u4e24\u4e2a\u7ec4\u6210\u90e8\u5206\uff1a\u9057\u4f20\u529b\u548c\u9009\u62e9\u5dee\u5f02\uff09\u548c\u975e\u9009\u62e9\u56e0\u7d20\uff08\u5982\u4f20\u9012\u504f\u5dee\uff09\u5bfc\u81f4\u7684\u6f14\u5316\u53d8\u5316\u3002\u751f\u6001\u4f4d\u7684\u5efa\u8bbe\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f71\u54cd\u6f14\u5316\u7684\u6240\u6709\u4e09\u4e2a\u7ec4\u6210\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u86af\u8693\u5c31\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5f88\u597d\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\u3002\u56fe\u7247\u7531\u4f5c\u8005\u63d0\u4f9b<\/span>
<\/section>\n

 <\/span><\/p>\n

\u76f8\u6bd4\u4e4b\u4e0b\uff0c\u6027\u72b6\u4f20\u9012\u9879\u4ee3\u8868\u7684\u662f\u81ea\u7136\u9009\u62e9\u4e4b\u5916\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u56e0\u7d20\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u56e0\u7d20\u4f1a\u5f71\u54cd\u6027\u72b6\u968f\u65f6\u95f4\u7684\u53d8\u5316\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u5176\u5bf9\u9057\u4f20\u4f55\u79cd\u6027\u72b6\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u6709\u8da3\u7684\u662f\uff0cPrice\u5c06\u5176\u79f0\u4e3a\u201c\u73af\u5883\u53d8\u5316\u9879\u201d\uff0c\u8fd9\u4f3c\u4e4e\u7279\u522b\u9002\u5408\u4e8e\u6b64\u7c7b\u573a\u666f\u3002\u86af\u8693\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u968f\u610f\u5730\u6539\u53d8\u571f\u58e4\u2014\u2014\u6709\u65f6\u4f1a\u7ed9\u540e\u4ee3\u7559\u4e0b\u4e00\u4e2a\u66f4\u597d\u7684\u4e16\u754c\uff0c\u6709\u65f6\u4f1a\u53d8\u5f97\u66f4\u7cdf\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u4e5f\u6ca1\u6709\u6301\u7eed\u5206\u89e3\u571f\u58e4\u3002\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u86af\u8693\u4e00\u4ee3\u53c8\u4e00\u4ee3\u5730\u63d0\u9ad8\u4e86\u571f\u58e4\u7684\u8d28\u91cf\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u751f\u6001\u4f4d\u7684\u6784\u5efa\u63d0\u9ad8\u4e86\u81ea\u8eab\u7684\u9002\u5e94\u80fd\u529b\uff0c\u5e76\u4e3a\u5176\u540e\u4ee3\u7559\u4e0b\u4e86\u6709\u504f\u597d\u6027\u7684\u751f\u6001\u9057\u4ea7\u3002\u6b63\u5982\u8d39\u820d\u5c14<\/span>\uff08Fisher\uff09<\/span>\u8ba4\u4e3a\u73af\u5883\u5e94\u8be5\u6076\u5316\u7684\u5047\u8bbe\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\uff0c\u5f53\u5173\u6ce8\u7684\u6027\u72b6\u4e3a\u9002\u5e94\u6027\u65f6\uff0c\u7814\u7a76\u4eba\u5458\u503e\u5411\u4e8e\u8ba4\u4e3a\u666e\u83b1\u65af\u65b9\u7a0b<\/span>\u4e2d\u4f20\u9012\u504f\u5dee\u9879\u4e3a\u8d1f\u503c\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u7a81\u53d8\u901a\u5e38\u5bf9\u751f\u7269\u4e0d\u5229\uff0c\u4e5f\u56e0\u4e3a\u73af\u5883\u5f71\u54cd\u88ab\uff08\u9519\u8bef\u5730<\/strong>\uff09\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4e0d\u4f1a\u88ab\u9057\u4f20\u3002\u7ed3\u679c\uff0c\u4e0e\u4f20\u9012\u9879\u6709\u5173\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u5728\u6f14\u5316\u4e2d\u6240\u8d77\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u76f8\u5f53\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u5df2\u88ab\u5ffd\u7565\u3002\u5f53\u6709\u673a\u4f53\u4e3a\u5176\u540e\u4ee3\u6784\u5efa\u6216\u9009\u62e9\u66f4\u597d\u7684\u73af\u5883\u65f6\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u6ca1\u6709\u81ea\u7136\u9009\u62e9\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u4e5f\u53ef\u80fd\u5f15\u8d77\u9002\u5e94\u6027\u6f14\u5316[28]\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/p>\n

Uller\u548cHelanter\u00e4\u4f7f\u7528\u666e\u83b1\u65af\u65b9\u7a0b<\/span>\u6307\u51fa\u4e86\u751f\u6001\u4f4d\u6784\u5efa\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f71\u54cd\u6f14\u5316\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u65b9\u5f0f[29]\u3002\u5728\u6f14\u5316\u5206\u6790\u4e2d\uff0c\u53ef\u9057\u4f20\u6027<\/span>\uff08\u7531\u4e8e\u9057\u4f20\u5dee\u5f02\u800c\u5bfc\u81f4\u7684\u6027\u72b6\u5dee\u5f02\u7684\u591a\u5c11\uff09<\/span>\u901a\u5e38\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u7edf\u8ba1<\/span>\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u7236\u8f88\u4e0e\u5b50\u8f88\u95f4\u7684\u56de\u5f52\uff09<\/span>\u6765\u4f30\u8ba1\u7684\uff0c\u8be5\u7edf\u8ba1\u6570\u636e\u6bd4\u8f83\u4e86\u7236\u6bcd\u548c\u540e\u4ee3\u7684\u6027\u72b6\u76f8\u4f3c\u6027<\/span>\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5927\u72d7\u7684\u5e7c\u72ac\u662f\u5426\u66f4\u5927\uff1f\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u7236\u8f88\u5c06\u6539\u9020\u540e\u7684\u73af\u5883\u4f20\u9012\u7ed9\u540e\u4ee3\uff0c\u4f7f\u5f97\u53ef\u9057\u4f20\u6027\u7684\u4f30\u8ba1\u503c\u504f\u5927\u3002<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/p>\n

\u5bf9\u8be5\u53ef\u9057\u4f20\u6027\u4f30\u503c\u504f\u5927\u7684\u73b0\u8c61\uff0c\u86af\u8693\u53c8\u4e00\u6b21\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u6709\u7528\u7684\u4f8b\u8bc1\u2014\u2014\u8fd9\u6b21\u662f\u662f\u7c98\u6db2\u2014\u2014\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u4eec\u5206\u6ccc\u7c98\u6db2\u4ee5\u4fdd\u62a4\u5176\u76ae\u80a4\u5916\u5c42\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u7c98\u6db2\u7684\u5206\u6ccc\u5bf9\u571f\u58e4\u7279\u6027\u5341\u5206\u654f\u611f[30]\u3002\u5728\u86af\u8693\u5904\u7406\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u571f\u58e4\u6761\u4ef6\u4e0b\u8fdb\u884c\u6d4b\u91cf\uff0c\u86af\u8693\u7236\u8f88\u4e0e\u5b50\u8f88\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u7c98\u6db2\u6c34\u5e73\u4e4b\u95f4\u5b58\u5728\u5f88\u5f3a\u7684\u76f8\u5173\u6027\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u8fd9\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u86af\u8693\u4f1a\u5c06\u201c\u591a\u4f59\u7684\u7c98\u6db2\u201d\u57fa\u56e0\u4f20\u7ed9\u5a74\u513f\u3002\u4eb2\u5b50\u540e\u4ee3\u7684\u76f8\u4f3c\u6027\u548c\u9ad8\u9057\u4f20\u529b\u7684\u51fa\u73b0\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u7531\u4e8e\u751f\u6001\u5b66\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u9057\u4f20\u9057\u4f20\uff1a\u540e\u4ee3\u201c\u7ee7\u627f\u201d\u4e86\u5176\u7236\u6bcd\u7684\u571f\u58e4<\/span>\uff08\u7269\u8d28\u73af\u5883\u4e0e\u5fae\u751f\u7269\u7ec4\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u4ea7\u751f\u4e86\u7c7b\u4f3c\u6570\u91cf\u7684\u7c98\u6db2\u3002\u5982\u679c\u7814\u7a76\u4eba\u5458\u8c03\u67e5\u7c98\u6db2\u6c34\u5e73\u5982\u4f55\u5bf9\u5165\u4fb5\u7684\u86af\u8693\u8fdb\u884c\u81ea\u7136\u9009\u62e9\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u4ed6\u4eec\u5f88\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u68c0\u6d4b\u5230\u6027\u72b6\u53d1\u751f\u5f3a\u70c8\u53d8\u5316\uff0c\u8fd9\u610f\u5473\u7740\u9009\u62e9\u4f4e\u91cf\u7684\u7c98\u6db2\u5206\u6ccc\u3002\u4f46\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u751f\u6001\u4f4d\u6784\u5efa\u7684\u751f\u6001\u6548\u5e94\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u86af\u8693\u4eb2\u672c\u5df2\u7ecf\u4e3a\u540e\u4ee3\u6539\u5584\u4e86\u571f\u58e4\u73af\u5883\u3002\u76ee\u524d\u5c1a\u65e0\u5bf9\u81ea\u7136\u9009\u62e9\u7684\u9057\u4f20\u53cd\u5e94\uff0c\u4f46\u6027\u72b6\u53d1\u751f\u4e86\u7cfb\u7edf\u6027\u548c\u65b9\u5411\u6027\u53d8\u5316\uff0c\u8868\u660e\u6027\u72b6\u4e0e\u73af\u5883\u9002\u5e94\u6027\u5bc6\u5207\u76f8\u5173\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

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8. \u9002\u5e94\u6027\u8df7\u8df7\u677f<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n

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<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/h3>\n


<\/p>\n

\u751f\u6001\u4f4d\u6784\u5efa\u5bf9\u6f14\u5316\u7684\u53e6\u4e00\u79cd\u5f71\u54cd\u65b9\u5f0f\u662f\u6539\u53d8\u6027\u72b6\u5f71\u54cd\u9002\u5e94\u6027\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f<\/span>\uff08\u5373\u6539\u53d8\u9009\u62e9\u5dee\u5f02\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f<\/span>\u666e\u83b1\u65af\u65b9\u7a0b<\/span>\u4e2d\u81ea\u7136\u9009\u62e9\u9879\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u86af\u8693\u9047\u5230\u8d2b\u7620\u571f\u58e4\u53ca\u98df\u7269\u7f3a\u4e4f\u503e\u5411\u4e8e\u8fc1\u5f99\u7684\u6027\u72b6[31]\uff0c\u5b9e\u9a8c\u7814\u7a76\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u6539\u5584\u6816\u606f\u5730\u8d28\u91cf\u6765\u51cf\u5c11\u81ea\u8eab<\/span>\uff08\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u86af\u8693\u7269\u79cd\uff09<\/span>\u8fc1\u5f99\u7684\u9700\u6c42[32]\u3002\u5b83\u4eec\u6ca1\u6709\u8fc1\u79fb\u5230\u66f4\u5bcc\u88d5\u7684\u73af\u5883\u4e2d\u2014\u2014\u800c\u662f\u704c\u6e89\u3001\u65bd\u80a5\u548c\u91cd\u65b0\u79cd\u690d\u571f\u5730\uff0c\u5c06\u5176\u8f6c\u53d8\u4e3a\u4f18\u8d28\u571f\u58e4\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

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\u73b0\u5728\u8003\u8651\u5728\u5165\u4fb5\u7684\u86af\u8693\u79cd\u7fa4\u4e2d\uff0c\u5b58\u5728\u201c\u5feb\u901f\u201d\u548c\u201c\u6162\u901f\u201d\u4e24\u79cd\u6269\u6563\u8005\u3002\u62e5\u6709\u201c\u5feb\u901f\u6269\u6563\u201d\u57fa\u56e0\u7684\u86af\u8693\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u5b9a\u5c45\u5728\u571f\u58e4\u4e2d\uff0c\u4f46\u7531\u4e8e\u539f\u59cb\u571f\u58e4\u7684\u8d28\u91cf\u8f83\u5dee\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u6700\u521d\u9002\u5e94\u6027\u8f83\u4f4e\u3002\u4f46\u968f\u7740\u5b83\u4eec\u52aa\u529b\u6539\u5584\u73af\u5883\uff0c\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u65e0\u810a\u690e\u7269\u79cd\u4ee5\u53ca\u6709\u76ca\u7684\u4fb5\u5165\u6027\u704c\u6728\u548c\u52a8\u7269<\/span>\uff08\u5bf9\u5b83\u4eec\u6709\u76ca\uff09<\/span>\u88ab\u5438\u5f15\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u9002\u5e94\u6027\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u63d0\u9ad8\u3002\u6700\u7ec8\uff0c\u86af\u8693\u79cd\u7fa4\u53d8\u5f97\u5bc6\u96c6\uff0c\u4ee5\u81f3\u4e8e\u5176\u9002\u5e94\u6027<\/span>\u56e0\u7ade\u4e89\u548c\u8d44\u6e90\u8fc7\u5ea6\u5f00\u53d1\u800c\u4e0b\u964d\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u5f15\u53d1\u4e86\u65b0\u4e00\u8f6e\u7684\u4f20\u64ad\u6d6a\u6f6e\u3002\u76f8\u6bd4\u4e4b\u4e0b\uff0c\u62e5\u6709\u201c\u6162\u901f\u6269\u6563\u201d\u57fa\u56e0\u7684\u86af\u8693\u6700\u521d\u6bd4\u5b9a\u5c45\u8005\u5177\u6709\u66f4\u9ad8\u7684\u76f8\u5bf9\u9002\u5e94\u6027<\/span>\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u968f\u7740\u88ab\u5165\u4fb5\u68ee\u6797\u571f\u58e4\u8d28\u91cf\u7684\u6539\u5584\uff0c\u6162\u901f\u6269\u6563\u7684\u86af\u8693\u76f8\u5bf9\u9002\u5e94\u6027<\/span>\u4f1a\u4e0b\u964d\uff0c\u76f4\u5230\u5b83\u4eec\u8fc7\u5ea6\u5206\u6563\u4e3a\u6b62\u3002\u5728\u751f\u6001\u4f4d\u6784\u5efa\u548c\u7ade\u4e89\u7684\u63a8\u52a8\u4e0b\uff0c\u5feb\u901f\u548c\u7f13\u6162\u7684\u6269\u6563\u8005\u9677\u5165\u4e86\u5468\u671f\u6027\u7684\u6218\u6597\u3002\u56de\u5230\u9002\u5e94\u6027\u666f\u89c2<\/span>\u7684\u6bd4\u55bb\uff0c\u8fd9\u91cc\u7684\u5730\u5f62\u5c31\u50cf\u4e00\u4e2a\u8df7\u8df7\u677f\uff1a\u6162\u901f\u6269\u6563\u53d7\u5230\u9752\u7750\uff0c\u4f46\u968f\u7740\u5feb\u901f\u6269\u6563\u8005\u6539\u5584\u571f\u58e4\uff0c\u8df7\u8df7\u677f\u5411\u53e6\u4e00\u7aef\u503e\u659c\uff0c\u800c\u5feb\u901f\u6269\u6563\u5219\u6210\u4e3a\u9002\u5e94\u6027<\/span>\u65f6\u7684\u6700\u9ad8\u70b9\uff0c\u76f4\u5230\u8df7\u8df7\u677f\u518d\u6b21\u7ffb\u8f6c\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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\u56fe8. \u9002\u5e94\u6027\u8df7\u8df7\u677f\uff0c\u9002\u5e94\u7684\u65b9\u5411\u56e0\u751f\u7269\u800c\u6539\u53d8\u3002\u5728\u56fe\u793a\u4e2d\uff0c\u65f6\u95f4\u5411\u4e0b\u79fb\u52a8\u3002<\/span>\u56fe\u6539\u81eaTanaka et al (2020), Philosophy of Science, 87: 478-98<\/span>
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\u6240\u6709\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5f62\u5f0f\u5316\u7684\u6570\u5b66\u5206\u6790\u90fd\u6709\u52a9\u4e8e\u52a0\u6df1\u5bf9\u751f\u7269\u6539\u53d8\u73af\u5883\u540e\u679c\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u3002\u4e3a\u4e86\u7406\u89e3\u9002\u5e94\u6027<\/span>\u6f14\u5316\uff0c\u7814\u7a76\u4eba\u5458\u4e0d\u4ec5\u9700\u8981\u4e86\u89e3\u751f\u6001\u4f4d\u6784\u5efa\u5982\u4f55\u901a\u8fc7\u81ea\u7136\u9009\u62e9\u800c\u6f14\u5316\uff0c\u8fd8\u9700\u8981\u4e86\u89e3\u751f\u6001\u4f4d\u6784\u5efa\u5982\u4f55\u6539\u53d8\u81ea\u7136\u9009\u62e9\u7684\u73af\u5883\u6765\u6e90\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u9700\u8981\u6269\u5c55\u9002\u5e94\u6027\u666f\u89c2\u7684\u6bd4\u55bb\uff0c\u4ee5\u523b\u753b\u7531\u751f\u7269\u6240\u5f15\u5bfc\u7684\u73af\u5883\u53d8\u5316\u3002\u4e0d\u65ad\u6f14\u5316\u7684\u79cd\u7fa4\u4e0d\u50cf\u50f5\u5c38\u767b\u5c71\u8005\u90a3\u6837\u76f2\u76ee\u5730\u6500\u767b\u9002\u5e94\u6027<\/span>\u9ad8\u5cf0\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u66f4\u50cf\u52e4\u52b3\u7684\u5730\u5f62\u8bbe\u8ba1\u5e08\u3002\u5b83\u4eec\u914d\u5907\u4e86\u6316\u6398\u548c\u5efa\u9020\u8bbe\u5907\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u6839\u636e\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u9700\u6c42\u5bf9\u5730\u5f62\u8fdb\u884c\u91cd\u5851\u3002\u5728\u4eba\u7c7b\u751f\u6001\u4f4d\u6784\u5efa\u548c\u751f\u6001\u9057\u4ea7\u6b63\u5728\u7834\u574f\u5730\u7403\u7684\u751f\u6001\u5e76\u63a8\u52a8\u4eba\u53e3\u7206\u70b8\u589e\u957f\u7684\u73b0\u72b6\u4e0b\uff0c\u4e86\u89e3\u751f\u7269\u4f53\u5982\u4f55\u901a\u8fc7\u91cd\u6784\u751f\u6001\u800c\u63d0\u9ad8\u9002\u5e94\u6027<\/span>\u53d8\u5f97\u66f4\u52a0\u7d27\u8feb\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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\u539f\u6587\u94fe\u63a5\uff1a<\/span><\/p>\n

https:\/\/aeon.co\/essays\/organisms-are-not-passive-recipients-of-evolutionary-forces<\/span><\/p>\n


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\u53c2\u8003\u8d44\u6599<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n

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<\/section>\n

[1]https:\/\/journals.plos.org\/ploscompbiol\/article?id=10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1006340<\/span><\/p>\n

[2]https:\/\/nicheconstruction.com\/<\/span><\/p>\n

[3] https:\/\/www.hup.harvard.edu\/catalog.php?isbn=9780674202832<\/span><\/p>\n

[4]https:\/\/www.hup.harvard.edu\/catalog.php?isbn=9780674202832<\/span><\/p>\n

[5]https:\/\/www.esf.edu\/efb\/turner\/pubsPages\/extendedorganism.html<\/span><\/p>\n

[6]https:\/\/conbio.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1111\/j.1523-1739.2009.01168.x<\/span><\/p>\n

[7]https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/nclimate1692<\/span><\/p>\n

[8]https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/gcb.13446<\/span><\/p>\n

[9]https:\/\/besjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full\/10.1111\/1365-2656.12746<\/span><\/p>\n

[10]https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10530-006-9021-9<\/span><\/p>\n

[11]https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC6944502\/<\/span><\/p>\n

[12]https:\/\/experts.umn.edu\/en\/publications\/european-buckthorn-and-asian-soybean-aphid-as-components-of-an-ex<\/span><\/p>\n

[13]https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10530-008-9281-7<\/span><\/p>\n

[14]https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/gcb.13446<\/span><\/p>\n

[15]https:\/\/link.springer.com\/chapter\/10.1007%2F978-3-642-14636-7_8<\/span><\/p>\n

[16]https:\/\/link.springer.com\/chapter\/10.1007%2F978-3-642-14636-7_8<\/span>0<\/p>\n

[17]https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007%2Fs00374-009-0393-8<\/span><\/p>\n

[18]https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/20511426\/<\/span><\/p>\n

[19]https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/bioscience\/article\/56\/7\/570\/234327<\/span><\/p>\n

[20]https:\/\/www.journals.uchicago.edu\/doi\/10.1086\/379351<\/span><\/p>\n

[21]https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/437495a<\/span><\/p>\n

[22]https:\/\/press.princeton.edu\/books\/paperback\/9780691044378\/niche-construction<\/span><\/p>\n

[23]https:\/\/esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/epdf\/10.1002\/eap.2225<\/span><\/p>\n

[24]https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1002\/eco.1993<\/span><\/p>\n

[25]https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/doi\/10.1098\/rsfs.2016.0145<\/span><\/p>\n

[26]https:\/\/www.journals.uchicago.edu\/doi\/abs\/10.1086\/708692?af=R<\/span><\/p>\n

[27]https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/doi\/10.1098\/rstb.2019.0361<\/span><\/p>\n

[28]https:\/\/www.cell.com\/trends\/ecology-evolution\/fulltext\/S0169-5347(19)30043-6<\/span><\/p>\n

[29]https:\/\/oxford.universitypressscholarship.com\/view\/10.1093\/oso\/9780199377176.001.0001\/oso-9780199377176-chapter-10<\/span><\/p>\n

[30]https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0167198715300660<\/span><\/p>\n

[31]https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/abs\/pii\/S0038071709003952<\/span><\/p>\n

[32]https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/abs\/pii\/S0929139314002091?via%3Dihub<\/span><\/p>\n


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\uff08\u53c2\u8003\u6587\u732e\u53ef\u4e0a\u4e0b\u6ed1\u52a8<\/strong>\u67e5\u770b\uff09<\/p>\n


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\u96c6\u667a\u6591\u56fe\u9876\u520a\u8bba\u6587\u901f\u9012\u680f\u76ee\u4e0a\u7ebf\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u6301\u7eed\u6536\u5f55\u6765\u81eaNature\u3001Science<\/span>\u7b49\u9876\u520a\u7684\u6700\u65b0\u8bba\u6587\uff0c\u8ffd\u8e2a\u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf\u3001\u7f51\u7edc\u79d1\u5b66\u3001\u8ba1\u7b97\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u7b49\u9886\u57df\u7684\u524d\u6cbf\u8fdb\u5c55\u3002\u73b0\u5728\u6b63\u5f0f\u63a8\u51fa\u8ba2\u9605\u529f\u80fd\uff0c\u6bcf\u5468\u901a\u8fc7\u5fae\u4fe1\u670d\u52a1\u53f7\u300c\u96c6\u667a\u6591\u56fe\u300d\u63a8\u9001\u8bba\u6587\u4fe1\u606f\u3002\u626b\u63cf\u4e0b\u65b9\u4e8c\u7ef4\u7801\u5373\u53ef\u4e00\u952e\u8ba2\u9605\uff1a<\/span>
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