{"id":26240,"date":"2021-05-14T22:08:08","date_gmt":"2021-05-14T14:08:08","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/swarma.org\/?p=26240"},"modified":"2021-05-14T22:08:08","modified_gmt":"2021-05-14T14:08:08","slug":"%e3%80%8a%e5%a4%8d%e6%9d%82%e3%80%8b%e4%bd%9c%e8%80%85%e6%a2%85%e6%8b%89%e5%a6%ae%c2%b7%e7%b1%b3%e6%ad%87%e5%b0%94%e5%8f%91%e6%96%87%e7%9b%b4%e6%8c%87ai%e5%9b%9b%e5%a4%a7%e8%b0%ac%e8%ae%ba%ef%bc%8c","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/swarma.org\/?p=26240","title":{"rendered":"\u300a\u590d\u6742\u300b\u4f5c\u8005\u6885\u62c9\u59ae\u00b7\u7c73\u6b47\u5c14\u53d1\u6587\u76f4\u6307AI\u56db\u5927\u8c2c\u8bba\uff0c\u63a2\u7a76AI\u51e0\u5ea6\u5174\u8870\u80cc\u540e\u7684\u6839\u6e90"},"content":{"rendered":"
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\u6885\u62c9\u59ae\u00b7\u7c73\u6b47\u5c14 | \u4f5c\u8005<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

AI\u79d1\u6280\u8bc4\u8bba<\/span> | \u6765\u6e90<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n

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\u8bba\u6587\u9898\u76ee\uff1a<\/span><\/p>\n

Why AI is Harder Than We Think<\/span><\/h1>\n

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https:\/\/arxiv.org\/pdf\/2104.12871.pdf<\/span><\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/blockquote>\n


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20\u4e16\u7eaa60\u5e74\u4ee3\u548c70\u5e74\u4ee3\u521d\u4e50\u89c2\u7684\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u4e4b\u6625\uff0c\u53cd\u6620\u5728\u8fd9\u4e9b\u9884\u6d4b\u4e2d\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u5f88\u5feb\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u865a\u5047\u7684\u7e41\u8363\u5c31\u8868\u73b0\u51fa\u4e86\u5404\u79cd\u5f0a\u7aef\uff0c\u8fdb\u800c\u5bfc\u81f4\u4e86\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u5bd2\u51ac\u3002\u660e\u65af\u57fa\u548c\u5e15\u666e\u72791969\u5e74\u7684\u300a\u611f\u77e5\u5668\u300b\u4e00\u4e66[13]\u8868\u793a\uff0c\u7f57\u68ee\u5e03\u62c9\u7279\u7684\u611f\u77e5\u5668\u53ef\u89e3\u51b3\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u79cd\u7c7b\u975e\u5e38\u6709\u9650\u3002
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1973\u5e74\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u7684 Lighthill\u62a5\u544a[14]\u548c\u7f8e\u56fd\u56fd\u9632\u90e8\u7684\u201c\u7f8e\u56fd\u7814\u7a76\u5c0f\u7ec4\u5206\u522b\u53d7\u5230\u5404\u81ea\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u59d4\u6258\uff0c\u6765\u8bc4\u4f30\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u5728\u4e0d\u4e45\u7684\u5c06\u6765\u7684\u524d\u666f\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u90fd\u5bf9\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u7684\u672a\u6765\u8868\u793a\u6d88\u6781\u7684\u60c5\u7eea\u3002\u8fd9\u76f4\u63a5\u5bfc\u81f4\u4e86\u4e24\u56fd\u76f8\u5173\u6295\u5165\u7684\u5927\u5e45\u51cf\u5c11\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u5bf9\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u7684\u70ed\u60c5\u8fdb\u800c\u4e0b\u964d\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u4e9b\u9ad8\u8c03\u7684\u8a00\u8bba\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u662f\u5f53\u65f6\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u9886\u57df\u5de8\u5927\u7684\u70ed\u5ea6\u3001\u58f0\u8a89\u548c\u80cc\u540e\u50cf\u6ce1\u6cab\u4e00\u6837\u8106\u5f31\u7684\u4e8b\u5b9e\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u572820\u4e16\u7eaa60\u5e74\u4ee3\u548c70\u5e74\u4ee3\u521d\u8fc7\u5ea6\u4e50 \u89c2\u548c\u77ed\u6682\u7684\u201c\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u4e4b\u6625\u201d\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u8be5\u9886\u57df\u8fce\u6765\u4e86\u7b2c\u4e00\u6ce2\u5bd2\u6f6e\uff0c\u53f2\u79f0\u201c\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u7684\u51ac\u5929\u201d\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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\u4f46\u662f\u6ca1\u7ecf\u8fc7\u591a\u4e45\uff0c\u57281980\u5e74\u521d\uff0c\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u9886\u57df\u4fbf\u518d\u6b21\u5448\u73b0\u4e86\u53cd\u5f39\u4e4b\u52bf\uff0c\u8fd9\u5f97\u76ca\u4e8e\u5f53\u65f6\u7684\u51e0\u9879\u6210\u529f\u7684\u5e94\u7528\u3002\u5728\u5de5\u4e1a\u9886\u57df\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e13\u5bb6\u7cfb\u7edf\u5927\u884c\u5176\u9053 [15]\uff1b\u540c\u65f6\u65e5\u672c\u5bf9\u5176\u201c\u7b2c\u4e94\u4ee3\u201d\u9879\u76ee\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u5de8\u989d\u7684\u6295\u8d44 [16]\uff0c\u800c\u8be5\u9879\u76ee\u65e8\u5728\u5c06\u96c4\u5fc3\u52c3\u52c3\u7684\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u7b97 \u6cd5\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5176\u65b0\u4e00\u4ee3\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\uff1b\u6b64\u5916\u4f5c\u4e3a\u56de\u5e94\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u201c\u6218\u7565\u8ba1\u7b97\u5021\u8bae\u201d[17]\uff0c\u8be5\u5021\u8bae\u4e3a\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u8fdb\u5c55\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u5927\u91cf\u7684\u8d44\u91d1\uff1b\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u795e\u7ecf\u7f51\u7edc\u9886\u57df\u5728\u6b64\u65f6\u4e5f\u6709\u7740\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u65b0\u7684\u6210\u679c\u51fa\u73b0[18,19]\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4e3e\u63aa\u90fd\u4e3a\u8be5\u9886\u57df\u5e26\u6765\u4e86\u4e00\u4e1d\u65b0\u7684\u632f\u5174\u7684\u66d9\u5149\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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\u4f46\u662f\u597d\u666f\u4e0d\u957f\uff0c\u5230\u4e861980\u5e74\u4ee3\u540e\u671f\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4e50\u89c2\u7684\u5e0c\u671b\u90fd\u7834\u706d\u4e86\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6280\u672f\u4e5f\u90fd\u6ca1\u6709\u8fbe\u5230\u4eba\u4eec\u5e0c\u671b\u7684\u8db3\u591f\u667a\u80fd\u7684\u6837\u5b50\u3002\u5176\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e13\u5bb6\u7cfb\u7edf\u9700\u8981\u4f9d\u8d56\u4eba\u7c7b\u6765\u521b\u5efa\u89c4\u5219\uff0c\u624b\u5de5\u5730\u4ece\u9886\u57df\u4e13\u5bb6\u7684\u64cd\u4f5c\u548c\u4e00\u8a00\u4e00\u884c\u4e2d\u603b\u7ed3\u5f52\u7eb3\u51fa\u5404\u79cd\u89c4\u5219\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u8fd9\u6837\u7e41\u7410\u590d\u6742\u7684\u64cd\u4f5c\u5374\u53ea\u80fd\u6362\u6765\u4e00\u4e2a\u8106\u5f31\u548c\u6b8b\u7f3a\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u5b83\u6ca1\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u7684\u5ef6\u4f38\u6027\u3002\u5728\u9762\u4e34\u65b0\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u5b83\u5f80\u5f80\u65e0\u6cd5\u6b63\u786e\u5730\u6982\u62ec\u548c\u9002\u5e94\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/span><\/p>\n

\u4ece\u672c\u8d28\u4e0a\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u7f16\u5199\u89c4\u5219\u7684\u9886\u57df\u4e13\u5bb6\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u4f9d\u8d56\u7684\u662f\u4ed6\u7684\u7ecf\u9a8c\u548c\u81ea\u6211\u6f5c\u610f\u8bc6\u4e2d\u7684\u5f52\u7eb3\u603b\u7ed3\u80fd\u529b\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5bf9\u76f8\u5173\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u6cdb\u5316\u80fd\u529b\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u901a\u5e38\u79f0\u4e4b\u4e3a\u201c\u5e38\u8bc6\u201d\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u6f5c\u610f\u8bc6\u7684\u5e38\u8bc6\u5374\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u65e0\u6cd5\u6559\u4f1a\u7b97\u6cd5\u548c\u4ee3\u7801\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u3002<\/span><\/strong>\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u5728\u7b2c\u4e94\u4ee3\u9879\u76ee\u548c\u7f8e\u56fd\u6218\u7565\u8ba1\u5212\u5021\u8bae\u4e0b\u5f00\u53d1\u7684\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u65b9\u6cd5\u4e5f\u9047\u5230\u4e86\u7c7b\u4f3c\u7684\u901a\u7528\u6027\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u572820\u4e16\u7eaa80\u5e74\u4ee3\u548c90\u5e74\u4ee3\u65f6\uff0c\u795e\u7ecf\u7f51\u7edc\u65b9\u6cd5\u5bf9\u4e8e\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u80fd\u591f\u5de5\u4f5c\u7684\u5f88\u597d\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u5f53\u5176\u9762\u5bf9\u590d\u6742\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u65f6\u5019\u5374\u5f80\u5f80\u65e0\u80fd\u4e3a\u529b\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c20\u4e16\u7eaa80\u5e74\u4ee3\u672b\u6807\u5fd7\u7740\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u7684\u4e00\u8f6e\u65b0\u7684\u5bd2\u51ac\u7684\u6765\u4e34\uff0c\u5f7c\u65f6\uff0c\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u7684\u58f0\u8a89\u53d7\u5230\u4e86\u6781\u5927\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u5f53\u6211\u57281990\u5e74\u83b7\u5f97\u535a\u58eb\u5b66\u4f4d\u65f6\uff0c\u4e1a\u5185\u4eba\u58eb\u6084\u6084\u5730\u544a\u8bc9\u6211\u8bf4\uff0c\u5c3d\u91cf\u522b\u518d\u7b80\u5386\u4e2d\u7528\u5230\u201c\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u201d\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7565\u5e26\u8d2c\u4e49\u7684\u8bcd\u6c47\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/span><\/p>\n

\u57281956\u5e74Dartmouth\u590f\u5b63\u7814\u8ba8\u4f1a50\u5468\u5e74\u7eaa\u5ff5\u6d3b\u52a8\u4e0a\uff0c\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u5148\u9a71\u7ea6\u7ff0\u30fb\u9ea6\u5361\u9521<\/span>(John McCarthy\uff09<\/span>\u7b80\u6d01\u5730\u89e3\u91ca\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\uff1a\u201c\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u6bd4\u6211\u4eec\u60f3\u8c61\u7684\u8981\u96be\u201d[20]\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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\u65f6\u95f4\u6765\u523020\u4e16\u7eaa90\u5e74\u4ee3\u548c21\u4e16\u7eaa\uff0c\u673a\u5668\u5b66\u4e60\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u53d8\u5f97\u5341\u5206\u8fc5\u731b\uff1a\u4eba\u4eec\u5f00\u59cb\u4ee5\u6570\u636e\u4e3a\u9a71\u52a8\u63d0\u51fa\u9884\u6d4b\u6a21\u578b\u7b97\u6cd5\u3002\u672c\u8d28\u4e0a\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u65b9\u6cd5\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u57fa\u7840\u662f\u7edf\u8ba1\u5b66\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u795e\u7ecf\u79d1\u5b66\u6216\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u3002<\/strong>\u5b83\u4eec\u65e8\u5728\u6267\u884c\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u4efb\u52a1\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u8d4b\u4e88\u673a\u5668\u901a\u7528\u7684\u667a\u80fd\u3002\u800c\u4e3a\u4e86\u80fd\u591f\u548c\u65e9\u5df2\u81ed\u540d\u662d\u8457\u7684\u8001\u4e00\u4ee3\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u65b9\u6cd5\u5212\u6e05\u754c\u9650\uff0c\u5f53\u65f6\u7684\u673a\u5668\u5b66\u4e60\u4ece\u4e1a\u8005\u901a\u5e38\u4f1a\u5c06\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u5b66\u79d1\u51a0\u4ee5\u673a\u5668\u5b66\u4e60\u7684\u540d\u53f7\uff0c\u4ee5\u514d\u88ab\u62c9\u4e0b\u6c34\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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\u7136\u800c\u57282010\u5e74\u5de6\u53f3\uff0c\u6df1\u5ea6\u5b66\u4e60\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u53d7\u5230\u5927\u8111\u795e\u7ecf\u7ed3\u6784\u542f\u53d1\u7684\u591a\u5c42\u795e\u7ecf\u7f51\u7edc\u6a21\u578b\u5f00\u59cb\u5927\u884c\u5176\u9053\u3002\u5b83\u4ece\u5927\u91cf\u7684\u6570\u636e\u4e2d\u62bd\u4e1d\u5265\u8327\uff0c\u8868\u73b0\u51fa\u4e86\u60ca\u4eba\u7684\u603b\u7ed3\u548c\u5f52\u7eb3\u80fd\u529b\uff0c\u8fd9\u4f7f\u5176\u7edd\u5730\u53cd\u6740\uff0c\u4e00\u8dc3\u4e0a\u5347\u5230\u4e86\u673a\u5668\u5b66\u4e60\u4e00\u54e5\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\u3002\u5176\u5b9e\uff0c\u6df1\u5ea6\u795e\u7ecf\u7f51\u7edc\u4ece20\u4e16\u7eaa70\u5e74\u4ee3\u5c31\u5df2\u7ecf\u5b58\u5728\u4e86\uff0c\u4f46\u76f4\u5230\u6700\u8fd1\uff0c\u5f97\u76ca\u4e8e\u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u4e0a\u5f97\u6765\u7684\u5de8\u5927\u6570\u636e\u96c6\u3001 \u5feb\u901f\u5e76\u884c\u8ba1\u7b97\u82af\u7247\u548c\u8bad\u7ec3\u65b9\u6cd5\u7b49\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u521b\u65b0\uff0c \u6df1\u5ea6\u5b66\u4e60\u4fbf\u6269\u5c55\u5230\u4e86\u5927\u91cf\u4ee5\u524d\u672a\u89e3\u51b3\u7684\u9886\u57df\u4e4b\u4e2d\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u83b7\u5f97\u4e86\u4e0d\u4fd7\u7684\u6210\u7ee9\u3002\u6df1\u5ea6\u795e\u7ecf\u7f51\u7edc\u9a71\u52a8\u4e86\u6211\u4eec\u5728\u8fc7\u53bb\u5341\u5e74\u4e2d\u51e0\u4e4e\u6240\u6709\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u8fdb\u6b65\uff0c \u5305\u62ec\u8bed\u97f3\u8bc6\u522b\u3001\u673a\u5668\u7ffb\u8bd1\u3001\u804a\u5929\u673a\u5668\u4eba\u3001\u56fe\u50cf \u8bc6\u522b\u3001\u6e38\u620f\u548c\u86cb\u767d\u8d28\u7ed3\u6784\u5206\u6790\u7b49\u7b49\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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\u4eff\u4f5b\u4e00\u591c\u4e4b\u95f4\uff0c\u201c\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u201d\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8bcd\u6c47\u5f00\u59cb\u904d\u5e03\u8857\u5934\u5df7\u5c3e\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u518d\u6b21\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e9b\u88ab\u51a0\u4ee5\u201c\u4e00\u822c\u201d\u3001\u201c\u771f \u5b9e\u201d\u548c\u201c\u4eba\u7c7b\u5c42\u9762\u201d\u7b49\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u8bcd\u6c47\u51fa\u73b0\u4e86\u65b0\u4e00\u8f6e\u7684\u4e50\u89c2\u7684\u60c5\u7eea\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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\u5728\u4e00\u98792016\u5e74\u548c2018\u5e74\u7684\u9762\u5411\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u7814\u7a76\u4eba\u5458\u7684\u8c03\u67e5\u4e2d\uff0c\u6570\u636e\u7684\u4e2d\u4f4d\u6570\u663e\u793a\uff0c\u5728\u88ab\u8c03\u67e5\u4eba\u5458\u4e2d\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u8ba4\u4e3a\u57282040-2060\u5e74\u95f4\uff0c\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u7b97\u6cd5\u80fd\u591f\u8fbe\u5230\u4eba\u7c7b\u667a\u529b\u6c34\u5e73\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u4e3a50%\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5728\u65e9\u671f\u548c\u540e\u671f\u7684\u4f30\u8ba1\u4e2d\uff0c\u7ed3\u679c\u5b58\u5728\u5f88\u5927\u7684\u5dee\u5f02[21, 22]\uff0c\u4f46\u4ece\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6574\u4f53\u7ed3\u679c\u4e0a\u53ef\u89c1\u4e00\u6591\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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\u56e0\u4e3a\u5373\u4f7f\u662f\u4e00\u4e9b\u6700\u77e5\u540d\u7684\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u4e13\u5bb6\u548c\u4f01\u4e1a\u5bb6\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u4f30\u8ba1\u548c\u7edf\u8ba1\u4e5f\u662f\u5341\u5206\u76f2\u76ee\u4e50\u89c2\u7684\u3002\u4e3e\u4e2a\u4f8b\u5b50\uff0c\u4e00\u672c\u5e7f\u6cdb\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u6559\u79d1\u4e66\u7684\u4f5c\u8005Stuart Russell\u5c31\u9884\u6d4b\uff0c\u201c\u8d85\u7ea7\u667a\u80fd\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u53d1\u751f\u5728\u6211\u5b69\u5b50\u90a3\u4ee3\u4eba\u4e2d\u201d[23]\uff1b\u800c\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u516c\u53f8OpenAl\u7684\u9996\u5e2d\u6267\u884c\u5b98Sam Altman \u4e5f\u9884\u6d4b\u8bf4\uff0c\u5728\u51e0\u5341\u5e74\u5185\uff0c\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u7a0b\u5e8f\u51e0\u4e4e\u53ef\u4ee5 \u4e00\u5207\u4e8b\u60c5\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u505a\u51fa\u65b0\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u53d1\u73b0\u3001\u6269\u5927\u6211\u4eec\u5bf9\u4e07\u4e8b\u4e07\u7269\u7684\u8ba4\u77e5\u548c\u6982\u5ff5[24]\u3002\u8c37\u6b4cDeepMind\u7684\u8054\u5408\u521b\u59cb\u4ebaShane Legg\u57282008\u5e74\u7684\u65f6\u5019\u5c31\u9884\u6d4b\u9053\uff0c\u201c\u4eba\u7c7b\u6c34\u5e73\u7684\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u5c06\u57282020\u5e74\u4ee3\u4e2d\u671f\u5b9e\u73b0\u201d[25], Face book\u9996\u5e2d\u6267\u884c\u5b98\u9a6c\u514b\u30fb\u624e\u514b\u4f2f\u683c\u57282015\u5e74\u5ba3\u5e03\uff0c”Facebook\u672a\u67655\u523010\u5e74\u7684\u76ee\u6807\u4e4b\u4e00\u4fbf\u662f\u8ba9\u673a\u5668\u5b66\u4e60\u5728\u57fa\u672c\u4e0a\u6240\u6709\u65b9\u9762\u90fd\u8d85\u8d8a\u4eba\u7c7b\u3002\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n


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\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5b66\u672f\u548c\u5de5\u4e1a\u754c\u5bf9\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u90fd\u6709\u7740\u5341\u5206\u4e50\u89c2\u7684\u9884\u671f\uff0c\u4f46\u6ca1\u8fc7\u591a\u4e45\uff0c\u6df1\u5ea6\u5b66\u4e60\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u5c31\u51fa\u73b0\u4e86\u77ed\u677f\u3002\u4e8b\u5b9e\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u548c\u6240\u6709\u8fc7\u53bb\u7684\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u6df1\u5ea6\u5b66\u4e60\u7cfb\u7edf\u5728\u9762\u5bf9\u4e0e\u8bad\u7ec3\u6570\u636e\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u65b0\u7684\u6570\u636e\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u8868\u73b0\u51fa\u5fc5\u4e0d\u53ef\u514d\u7684\u9519\u8bef\u548c\u8106\u5f31\u6027\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u4f1a\u51fa\u73b0\u65e0\u6cd5\u9884\u6d4b\u7684\u9519\u8bef\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7cfb\u7edf\u5bb9\u6613\u53d7\u5230\u6377\u5f84\u5b66\u4e60\uff08shortcut learning) [27,28]\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u3002<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n


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\u6377\u5f84\u5b66\u4e60\u662f\u6307\uff0c\u7b97\u6cd5\u662f\u4ece\u8bad\u7ec3\u6570\u636e\u4e2d\u6316\u6398\u548c\u7edf\u8ba1\u5173\u8054\u6027\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u4f7f\u7b97\u6cd5\u8ba1\u7b97\u5f97\u51fa\u6b63\u786e\u7684\u7b54\u6848\uff0c\u4f46\u6709\u65f6\u4f1a\u9519\u8bef\u7684\u5b66\u4e60\u5230\u5176\u4e2d\u9519\u8bef\u7684\u5173\u8054\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u800c\u6ca1\u6709\u6293\u4f4f\u6570\u636e\u80cc\u540e\u7684\u91cd\u70b9\u3002\u6362\u53e5\u8bdd\u8bf4\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7b97\u6cd5\u6ca1\u6709\u5b66\u4e60\u5230\u6211\u4eec\u8bd5\u56fe\u6559\u7ed9\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u548c\u6620\u5c04\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u5728\u6284\u8fd1\u9053\uff0c\u5728\u8bad\u7ec3\u96c6\u4e2d\u627e\u5230\u6377\u5f84\u6765\u8fbe\u5230\u4ec5\u5728\u8bad\u7ec3\u96c6\u4e2d\u5b8c\u6210\u4efb\u52a1\u7684\u76ee\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u6377\u5f84\u4f1a\u5bfc\u81f4\u9519\u8bef\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u3002
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\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u6df1\u5ea6\u5b66\u4e60\u7cfb\u7edf\u5f80\u5f80\u65e0\u6cd5\u5b66\u4e60\u62bd\u8c61\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u65e0\u6cd5\u4f7f\u5b83\u4eec\u80fd\u591f\u5c06\u6240\u5b66\u5230\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u5e94\u7528\u5230\u65b0\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u6216\u4efb\u52a1\u4e2d[29]\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7cfb\u7edf\u5f88\u5bb9\u6613\u53d7\u5230\u201c\u5bf9\u6297\u6027\u6270\u52a8\uff08adversarial perturbations)”[30]\u7684\u653b\u51fb\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u6027\u6270\u52a8\u662f\u6307\u4eba\u4eec\u5bf9\u8f93\u5165\u8fdb\u884c\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u66f4\u6539\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u66f4\u6539\u8981\u4e48\u662f\u4e0d\u77e5\u4e0d\u89c9\u7684\uff0c\u8981\u4e48\u662f\u4e0e\u4eba\u7c7b\u65e0\u5173\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u4f1a\u5bfc\u81f4\u7cfb\u7edf\u72af\u9519\u8bef\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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\u5c3d\u7ba1\u4e1a\u754c\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u4eba\u5458\u5df2\u7ecf\u5bf9\u6df1\u5ea6\u795e\u7ecf\u7f51\u7edc\u7684\u5c40\u9650\u6027\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u5e7f\u6cdb\u7684\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u4f46\u4eba\u4eec\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5176\u8106\u5f31\u6027\u7684\u6839\u6e90\u4ecd\u672a\u5b8c\u5168\u4e86\u89e3\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7f51\u7edc\u6a21\u578b\u5f80\u5f80\u5305\u542b\u4e86\u5927\u91cf\u7684\u53c2\u6570\uff0c\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u590d\u6742\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5176\u80cc\u540e\u7684\u51b3\u7b56\u673a\u5236\u5341\u5206\u7684\u4e0d\u900f\u660e\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7b97\u6cd5\u901a\u5e38\u5bf9\u4e00\u4e9b\u5bf9\u6297\u6027\u5e72\u6270\u4ea7\u751f\u9519\u8bef\u7684\u51b3\u7b56\uff0c \u4e5f\u4f1a\u4ea7\u751f\u4e00\u4e9b\u4eba\u7c7b\u65e0\u6cd5\u89e3\u91ca\u7684\u9519\u8bef\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u770b\u51fa\u5b83\u4eec\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u5e76\u4e0d\u7406\u89e3\u6240\u5904\u7406\u548c\u6240\u8f93\u5165\u7684\u6570\u636e\uff0c\u81f3\u5c11\u4e0d\u662f\u4eba\u7c7b\u5927\u8111\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u7684\u201c\u7406\u89e3\u201d\u3002\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u9886\u57df\u662f\u5426\u80fd\u591f\u901a\u8fc7\u589e\u52a0\u7f51\u7edc\u5c42\u6570\u3001\u8f93\u5165\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u8bad\u7ec3\u6570\u636e\u6765\u5b9e\u73b0\u8fd9\u79cd\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u7406\u89e3\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u751a\u81f3\u662f\u4e3a\u7f51\u7edc\u589e\u52a0\u66f4\u591a\u5173\u952e\u800c\u57fa\u672c\u7684\u56e0\u7d20\uff0c\u624d\u80fd\u5b9e\u73b0\u8fd9\u79cd\u201c\u7406\u89e3\u201d\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5c1a\u672a\u53ef\u77e5\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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\u5728\u64b0\u5199\u672c\u6587\u65f6<\/span>\uff082021\u5e74\u5e74\u4e2d\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u5b66\u672f\u754c\u548c\u5de5\u4e1a\u754c\u53c8\u4ea7\u51fa\u4e86\u51e0\u79cd\u65b0\u7684\u6df1\u5ea6\u5b66\u4e60\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u5728\u5237\u65b0\u4e2a\u5927\u699c\u5355\u8bb0\u5f55\u7684\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u518d\u6b21\u5728\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u793e\u533a\u4e2d\u4ea7\u751f\u4e86\u76f8\u5f53\u5927\u7684\u4e50\u89c2\u60c5\u7eea\u3002
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<\/span><\/p>\n

\u4e00\u4e9b\u6700\u70ed\u95e8\u7684\u65b0\u9886\u57df\u662f\u4f7f\u7528\u81ea\u76d1\u7763\u5b66\u4e60[31]\u3001\u5143\u5b66\u4e60 [32\uff3d\u548c\u6df1\u5ea6\u5f3a\u5316\u5b66\u4e60\uff3b33\uff3d\u7684Transformer \u7ed3\u6784\uff1b\u8fd9\u91cc\u9762\u7684\u6bcf\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b9\u5411\u90fd\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u671d\u7740\u66f4\u4e00\u822c\u3001\u66f4\u7c7b\u4f3c\u4eba\u7c7b\u7684\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u76ee\u6807\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u8fdb\u6b65\u3002<\/span><\/strong>\u867d\u7136\u8fd9\u4e9bTransforme\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u7684\u521b\u65b0\u5df2\u7ecf\u663e\u793a\u51fa\u4e00\u4e9b\u5e0c\u671b\uff0c\u4f46\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u7684\u5174\u8870\u5faa\u73af\u5f88\u53ef\u80fd\u8fd8\u4f1a\u7ee7\u7eed\u3002\u8be5\u9886\u57df\u5728\u76f8\u5bf9\u72ed\u7a84\u7684\u65b9\u5411\u4e0a\u4e0d\u65ad\u8fdb\u6b65\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u5426\u4ee5\u53ca\u4f55\u65f6\u624d\u80fd\u591f\u8ba9\u673a\u5668\u8fbe\u5230\u548c\u4eba\u7c7b\u667a\u529b\u76f8\u5f53\u7684\u667a\u80fd\u6c34\u5e73\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53ea\u80fd\u62ed\u76ee\u4ee5\u5f85\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/span><\/p>\n

\u5728\u63a5\u4e0b\u6765\u7684\u7ae0\u8282\u4e2d\uff0c\u6211\u5c06\u8ba8\u8bba\u4eba\u4eec\u5bf9\u4e8e\u7b97\u6cd5\u8fbe\u5230\u4eba\u7c7b\u6c34\u5e73\u7684\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u65f6\u95f4\u7684\u9884\u6d4b\uff0c \u5728\u67d0\u4e9b\u65b9\u9762\u53cd\u6620\u4e86\u6211\u4eec\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u504f\u89c1\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u4eba\u7c7b\u5bf9\u4e8e\u667a\u80fd\u672c\u8d28\u7406\u89e3\u7684\u7f3a\u4e4f\u3002\u7279\u522b\u662f\uff0c\u6211\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e86\u6211\u4eec\u5bf9\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u7684\u601d\u8003\u4e2d\u7684\u56db\u4e2a\u8c2c\u8bba<\/span>\uff08Fallacy\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8c2c\u8bba\u5bf9\u6211\u6765\u8bf4\u4f3c\u4e4e\u662f\u6700\u6838\u5fc3\u7684\u3002\u867d\u7136\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8c2c\u8bba\u5728\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u754c\u53ef\u80fd\u4eba\u5c3d\u7686\u77e5\uff0c\u4f46\u4e13\u5bb6\u4eec\u505a\u51fa\u7684\u8bb8\u591a\u5047\u8bbe\u4ecd\u7136\u4f34\u968f\u7740\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8c2c\u8bba\u7684\u5f71\u5b50\uff0c\u5e76\u8ba9\u6211\u4eec\u5bf9 \u201c\u771f\u6b63\u201d\u667a\u80fd\u673a\u5668\u7684\u8fd1\u671f\u524d\u666f\u4ea7\u751f\u4e86\u9519\u8bef\u7684\u4fe1\u5fc3\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/section>\n

\n

\u8c2c\u8bba1\uff1a\u5404\u4e2a\u72ed\u4e49\u7684\u667a\u80fd\u5c0f\u8fdb\u6b65\u90fd\u662f\u901a\u5f80\u6700\u7ec8\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u8def\u4e0a\u7684\u57fa\u77f3<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n


<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/h1>\n

\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e3a\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u4efb\u52a1\u8bbe\u8ba1\u4e13\u95e8\u7684\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u7a0b\u5e8f\uff0c\u5b83\u867d\u7136\u4e0d\u50cf\u4eba\u7c7b\u4e00\u6837\u901a\u7528\u548c\u806a\u660e\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u80fd\u591f\u5b8c\u7f8e\u7684\u5904\u7406\u4e00\u4e9b\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u4efb\u52a1\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u5f80\u5f80\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u8fc8\u5411\u66f4\u901a\u7528\u7684\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u7684\u201c\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b65\u201d\u3002\u6bd4\u5982\uff0cIBM\u90a3\u53f0\u4f1a\u4e0b\u68cb\u7684\u7535\u8111\u201c\u6df1\u84dd\u201d\u88ab\u8a89\u4e3a\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u9769\u547d\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b65[34]\u3002IBM\u66f4\u662f\u5c06\u5176\u6c83\u68ee\u7cfb\u7edf\u5938\u8d5e\u4e3a\u201c\u8fc8\u5411\u8ba4\u77e5\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b65\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u7684\u8ba1\u7b97\u65f6\u4ee3\u7684\u6807\u5fd7\u201d[35]\u3002OpenAI\u7684GPT-3\u8bed\u8a00\u751f\u6210\u5668\u4e5f\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u201c\u8fc8\u5411\u901a\u7528\u667a\u80fd\u7684\u4e00\u5927\u6b65\u201d[36]\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/span><\/p>\n

\u4f46\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u4eba\u4eec\u770b\u5230\u4e00\u53f0\u673a\u5668\u5b8c\u6210\u4e86\u4e9b\u5f88\u60ca\u4eba\u7684\u4efb\u52a1\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u662f\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u72ed\u7a84\u7684\u533a\u57df\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u901a\u5e38\u4e5f\u4f1a\u8ba4\u4e3a\u8fd9\u4e2a\u9886\u57df\u79bb\u901a\u7528\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u8fd8\u6709\u5341\u5206\u9065\u8fdc\u7684\u8ddd\u79bb\u3002\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u65e5Hubert Dreyfus<\/span>\uff08\u56e0\u5f15\u7528Yehoshua Bar-Hillell\u521b\u9020\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u672f\u8bed\uff09<\/span>\u5c06\u8fd9\u79cd \u8ba4\u77e5\u79f0\u4e3a\u201c\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b65\u8c2c\u8bba\u201d\u3002\u6b63\u5982Dreyfus\u6240\u63cf\u8ff0\u7684\u90a3\u6837\uff0c\u201c\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b65\u8c2c\u8bba\u662f\u6307\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u603b\u662f\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u81ea\u4ece\u6211\u4eec\u5728\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u667a\u80fd\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u5de5\u4f5c\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5c31\u4e00\u76f4\u5728\u671d\u7740\u901a\u7528\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u7f13\u6162\u524d\u8fdb\uff0c\u5e76\u6700\u7ec8\u5b9e\u73b0\u7ec8\u6781\u6001\u7684\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u8fd8\u76f2\u76ee\u7684\u76f8\u4fe1\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5bf9\u4ee3\u7801\u548c\u7a0b\u5e8f\u7684\u4efb\u4f55\u6539\u8fdb\uff0c\u65e0\u8bba\u591a\u4e48\u5fae\u4e0d\u8db3\u9053\uff0c\u90fd\u7b97\u4f5c\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u7684\u8fdb\u6b65\u3002\u201dDreyfus\u5f15\u7528\u4e86\u4ed6\u7684\u5de5\u7a0b\u5e08\u54e5\u54e5Stuart Dreyfus\u7684\u4e00\u53e5\u8bdd\u8c03\u4f83\u9053\uff1a\u201c\u8fd9\u5c31\u50cf\u662f\u8bf4\u7b2c\u4e00\u53ea\u722c\u4e0a\u6811\u7684\u7334\u5b50\u6b63\u5728\u671d\u7740\u767b\u9646\u6708\u7403\u524d\u8fdb\u4e00\u6837\u8352\u8bde\u4e0d\u7ecf\u201d[37]\u3002<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n


<\/span><\/p>\n

Dreyfus\u548c\u8bb8\u591a\u524d\u8f88\u4e0e\u540e\u8f88\u7684\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u4e13\u5bb6\u4e00\u6837\u6301\u6709\u7c7b\u4f3c\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u4ed6\u8bf4\uff0c\u5728\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u8fde\u7eed\u8fdb\u6b65\u7684\u5047\u8bbe\u4e2d\uff0c\u201c\u610f\u60f3\u4e0d\u5230\u7684\u969c\u788d\u201d\u4e00\u76f4\u662f\u5e38\u8bc6\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u6211\u5c06\u5728\u6700\u540e\u4e00\u8282\u4e2d\u66f4\u591a\u5730\u8c08\u8bba\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5e38\u8bc6\u969c\u788d\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/section>\n

\n

\u8c2c\u8bba2\uff1a\u5bb9\u6613\u7684\u4efb\u52a1\u5f88\u5bb9\u6613\u505a\uff0c\u96be\u529e\u7684\u4efb\u52a1\u5f88\u56f0\u96be<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n


<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<\/h1>\n

\u867d\u7136John McCarthy\u54c0\u53f9\u8bf4\u201c\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u6bd4\u6211\u4eec\u60f3\u8c61\u7684\u8981\u96be\u201d\uff0c\u4f46Marvin Minsky\u89e3\u91ca\u8bf4\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u201c\u5bb9\u6613\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\u5f88\u96be\u201d<\/strong>[38]\u3002\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4eba\u7c7b\u5728\u6ca1\u6709\u592a\u591a\u601d\u8003\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u6240\u505a\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u773a\u671b\u4e16\u754c\uff0c\u7406\u89e3\u6211\u4eec\u6240\u770b\u5230\u7684\uff0c\u8fdb\u884c\u5bf9\u8bdd\uff0c\u8d70\u5728\u62e5\u6324\u7684\u4eba\u884c\u9053\u4e0a\u800c\u4e0d\u649e\u5230\u4efb\u4f55\u4eba\u7b49\u7b49\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4e8b\u60c5\u5bf9\u673a\u5668\u6765\u8bf4\u662f\u6700\u56f0\u96be\u7684\u6311\u6218\u3002<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n


<\/span><\/p>\n

\u800c\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u8ba9\u673a\u5668\u505a\u5bf9\u4eba\u7c7b\u6765\u8bf4\u975e\u5e38\u56f0\u96be\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\u5f80\u5f80\u66f4\u5bb9\u6613\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u89e3\u51b3\u590d\u6742\u7684\u6570\u5b66\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u638c\u63e1\u56fd\u9645\u8c61\u68cb\u548c\u56f4\u68cb\u7b49\u6e38\u620f\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5728\u6570\u767e\u79cd\u8bed\u8a00\u4e4b\u95f4\u4e92\u76f8\u7ffb\u8bd1\u2026\u2026\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5bf9\u673a\u5668\u6765\u8bf4\u90fd\u76f8\u5bf9\u5bb9\u6613\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u201c\u83ab\u62c9\u97e6\u8328\u6096\u8bba\u201d<\/span>(Moravec’s paradox\uff09<\/span>\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u5b83\u4ee5\u673a\u5668\u4eba\u5b66\u5bb6Hans Moravec\u7684\u540d\u5b57\u6765\u547d\u540d\uff0c\u4ed6\u5199\u9053\uff1a\u201c\u8ba9\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u5728\u667a\u529b\u6d4b\u9a8c\u6216\u8df3\u68cb\u65f6\u8868\u73b0\u51fa\u6210\u4eba\u6c34\u5e73\u7684\u8868\u73b0\u76f8\u5bf9\u5bb9\u6613\uff0c\u4f46\u5728\u611f\u77e5\u548c\u884c\u52a8\u80fd\u529b\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u7a77\u6781\u4e00\u751f\u5f88\u53ef\u80fd\u4e5f\u8fbe\u5230\u4e00\u5c81\u5b69\u5b50\u7684\u6c34\u5e73\u2018’\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/span><\/p>\n

\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8c2c\u8bba\u4ece\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u9886\u57df\u7684\u840c\u82bd\u4e4b\u521d\u4fbf\u5f71\u54cd\u4e86\u4eba\u4eec\u5bf9\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u6280\u672f\u7684\u601d\u8003\u3002\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u5148\u9a71 Herbert Simon\u8bf4\uff1a\u201c\u4eba\u4eec\u8ba4\u77e5\u4e2d\u6240\u6709\u611f\u5174\u8da3\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\u53d1\u751f\u5728100\u6beb\u79d2\u4ee5\u4e0a\uff0c\u800c100ms\u5176\u5b9e\u5c31\u662f\u4f60\u8ba4\u51fa\u6bcd\u4eb2\u6240\u9700\u8981\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u201d[40]\u3002Simon\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u8981\u7406\u89e3\u8ba4\u77e5\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u5fc5\u62c5\u5fc3\u65e0\u610f\u8bc6\u7684\u611f\u77e5\u8fc7\u7a0b\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u5047\u8bbe\u53cd\u6620\u5728\u5927\u591a\u6570\u8c61\u5f81\u6027\u7684\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u4f20\u7edf\u4e2d\uff0c\u5b83\u4fa7\u91cd\u4e8e\u5bf9\u5df2\u7ecf\u611f\u77e5\u5230\u7684\u8f93\u5165\u7684\u63a8\u7406\u8fc7\u7a0b\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/span><\/p>\n

\u5728\u8fc7\u53bb\u7684\u51e0\u5341\u5e74\u91cc\uff0c\u7b26\u53f7\u6d3e\u7684\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u65b9\u6cd5\u5728\u5b66\u672f\u754c\u5931\u53bb\u4e86\u9752\u7750\uff0c\u5b66\u672f\u754c\u4e3b\u8981\u7531\u6df1\u5ea6\u5b66\u4e60\u4e3b\u5bfc\u3002\u6df1\u5ea6\u5b66\u4e60\u786e\u5b9e\u89e3\u51b3\u4e86\u611f\u77e5\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c \u8fd9\u4e00\u8c2c\u8bba\u80cc\u540e\u7684\u5047\u8bbe\uff0c\u4ecd\u7136\u51fa\u73b0\u5728\u5f88\u591a\u8fd1\u671f\u53d1\u8868\u7684\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u7684\u8a00\u8bba\u5f53\u4e2d\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u57282016\u5e74\u7684\u4e00\u7bc7\u6587\u7ae0\u4e2d\uff0c\u6df1\u5ea6\u5b66\u4e60\u5148\u9a71Andrew Ng\u5f15\u7528\u4e86 Simon\u7684\u5047\u8bbe\uff0c\u5927\u5927\u4f4e\u4f30\u4e86\u65e0\u610f\u8bc6\u611f\u77e5\u548c\u601d\u7ef4\u7684\u590d\u6742\u6027\uff1a\u201c\u5982\u679c\u4e00\u4e2a\u5178\u578b\u7684\u4eba\u80fd\u591f\u7528\u4e0d\u5230\u4e00\u79d2\u949f\u7684\u601d\u7ef4\u5b8c\u6210\u4e00\u9879\u8111\u529b\u4efb\u52a1\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u73b0\u5728\u6216\u4e0d\u4e45\u7684\u5c06\u6765\u90fd\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u6765\u5c06\u5176\u81ea\u52a8\u5316\u201d[41]\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/span><\/p>\n

\u800c\u66f4\u5fae\u5999\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u8c37\u6b4cDeepMind\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u4eba\u5458\u5728\u8c08\u5230AlphaGo\u7684\u80dc\u5229\u65f6\uff0c\u5c06\u56f4\u68cb\u6e38\u620f\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e3a\u201c\u6700\u5177\u6311\u6218\u6027\u7684\u9886\u57df\u201d\u4e4b\u4e00[42]\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6311\u6218\u662f\u5bf9\u8c01\u800c\u8a00\uff1f\u4e5f\u8bb8\u5bf9\u4eba\u7c7b\u6765\u8bf4\u662f\u5982\u6b64\u3002\u4f46\u6b63\u5982\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6 Gary Marcus\u6240\u6307\u51fa\u7684\uff0c\u6709\u4e9b\u9886\u57df\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u6e38\u620f\uff0c\u867d\u7136\u5bf9\u4eba\u7c7b\u6765\u8bf4\u5f88\u5bb9\u6613\uff0c\u4f46\u5bf9\u6bd4\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4efb\u52a1\u5bf9\u4e8e\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u7a0b\u5e8f\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982Alpha Go\uff0c\u4f1a\u66f4\u5177\u6311\u6218\u6027\u3002\u4e00\u4e2a\u4f8b\u5b50\u662f\u731c\u8c1c\u6e38\u620f\uff0c\u5b83\u65e2\u9700\u8981\u8868\u6f14\u6280\u80fd\u3001\u8bed\u8a00\u6280\u80fd\uff0c\u66f4\u9700\u8981\u590d\u6742\u7684\u601d\u7ef4\u7406\u8bba[43]\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u80fd\u529b\u8fdc\u8fdc\u8d85\u51fa\u4e86\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u4eca\u5929\u6240\u80fd\u5b8c\u6210\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/span><\/p>\n

\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u6bd4\u6211\u4eec\u60f3\u8c61\u7684\u8981\u96be\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u6211\u4eec\u5728\u5f88\u5927\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u6ca1\u6709\u610f\u8bc6\u5230\u81ea\u5df1\u601d\u7ef4\u8fc7\u7a0b\u7684\u590d\u6742\u6027\u3002Hans Moravec\u8fd9\u6837\u89e3\u91ca\u4e86\u4ed6\u7684\u6096\u8bba\uff1a\u201c\u4eba\u7c7b\u7ecf\u5386\u4e86\u4e0a\u4ebf\u5e74\u7684\u8fdb\u5316\uff0c\u5927\u8111\u4e2d\u6df1\u6df1\u70d9\u5370\u7740\u4e00\u4e9b\u539f\u59cb\u7684\u751f\u5b58\u6280\u80fd\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u5305\u542b\u4e86\u5de8\u5927\u3001\u9ad8\u5ea6\u8fdb\u5316\u7684\u611f\u5b98\u548c\u8fd0\u52a8\u673a\u5236\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u90fd\u662f\u4eba\u7c7b\u5173\u4e8e\u4e16\u754c\u672c\u8d28\u4ee5\u53ca\u5982\u4f55\u5728\u5176\u4e2d\u751f\u5b58\u7684\u4e0a\u4ebf\u5e74\u7684\u7ecf\u9a8c\u3002\u6211\u76f8\u4fe1\uff0c\u6267\u884c\u8fd9\u79cd\u9700\u8981\u6df1\u601d\u719f\u8651\u7684\u601d\u8003\u8fc7\u7a0b\u662f\u4eba\u7c7b\u6700\u5916\u5316\u7684\u8868\u73b0\uff0c\u800c\u5176\u80cc\u540e\u6df1\u5c42\u6b21\u548c\u6709\u6548\u7684\uff0c\u5219\u662f\u6e90\u4e8e\u8fd9\u79cd\u66f4\u53e4\u8001\u548c\u66f4\u5f3a\u5927\u7684\u611f\u77e5\u548c\u8fd0\u52a8\u80fd\u529b\u7684\u672c\u80fd\u53cd\u5e94\u3002\u800c\u8fd9\u79cd\u652f\u6301\u901a\u5e38\u662f\u65e0\u610f\u8bc6\u7684\u3002\u6362\u53e5\u8bdd\u8bf4\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u6211\u4eec\u7956\u5148\u7684\u5f3a\u5927\u8fdb\u5316\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u6bcf\u4e2a\u4eba\u90fd\u662f\u611f\u6027\u7406\u89e3\u3001\u4eba\u60c5\u4e16\u6545\u548c\u8fd0\u52a8\u9886\u57df\u7684\u6770\u51fa\u8fd0\u52a8\u5458\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5b9e\u5728\u662f\u592a\u4f18\u79c0\u4e86\uff0c\u4ee5\u81f3\u4e8e\u6211\u4eec\u5728\u9762\u5bf9\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u5341\u5206\u56f0\u96be\u7684\u4efb\u52a1\u65f6\u8fd8\u80fd\u9a7e\u8f7b\u5c31\u719f\u201d[44]\u3002<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n


<\/span><\/p>\n

\u7b80\u800c\u8a00\u4e4b\uff0cMarvin Minsky\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u603b\u7684\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u5176\u5b9e\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u77e5\u9053\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u5927\u8111\u6700\u64c5\u957f\u4ec0\u4e48[45]\u3002<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\n

 <\/span><\/p>\n<\/h1>\n

\n

\u8c2c\u8bba3\uff1a\u52a9\u8bb0\u6cd5\u7684\u9677\u9631<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n


<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<\/h1>\n

\u201c\u52a9\u8bb0\u6cd5\u9677\u9631\u201d<\/span>\uff08wishful mnemonic\uff09<\/span>\u4e00\u8bcd\u662f\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6Drew McDermott\u57281976\u5e74\u5bf9\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u7684\u6279\u8bc4\u4e2d\u6240\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\uff0c\u4ed6\u8bf4\uff1a<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201c\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u7a0b\u5e8f\u5934\u8111\u7b80\u5355\uff0c\u5176\u4e3b\u8981\u6839\u6e90\u4e4b\u4e00\u4fbf\u662f\u5b83\u4f1a\u6ee5\u7528\u52a9\u8bb0\u7b26\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u5b83\u4f1a\u7528\u201c\u7406\u89e3\u201d\u6216\u201c\u76ee\u6807\u201d\u6765\u6307\u4ee3\u7a0b\u5e8f\u548c\u6570\u636e\u7ed3\u6784\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u5728\u7a0b\u5e8f\u8fd0\u884c\u65f6\u8868\u73b0\u51fa\u7406\u89e3\u7684\u6837\u5b50\uff0c\u4f46\u5176\u5b9e\u53ea\u662f\u8f93\u51fa\u4e86\u201c\u7406\u89e3\u201d\u7684\u5b57\u6837\u3002<\/span><\/strong>\u8fd9\u662f\u5f88\u8352\u8bde\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u8fd9\u5c31\u50cf\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5de5\u7a0b\u5e08\u628a\u5b83\u7684\u4e3b\u5faa\u73af\u79f0\u4e3a\u201c\u7406\u89e3\u201d\uff0c\u90a3\u4ed6\u5c31\u7b97\u6280\u827a\u518d\u9ad8\u8d85\uff0c\u80fd\u529b\u518d\u8d85\u7fa4\uff0c\u4e5f\u6ca1\u529e\u6cd5\u771f\u6b63\u7406\u89e3\u6570\u636e\u80cc\u540e\u7684\u610f\u4e49\uff0c\u66f4\u6ca1\u529e\u6cd5\u7528\u7b97\u6cd5\u903c\u8fd1\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u76ee\u6807\u3002\u4ed6\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u8bef\u5bfc\u5f88\u591a\u4eba\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u9996\u5f53\u5176\u51b2\u800c\u4e0d\u81ea\u77e5\u7684\u5c31\u662f\u5b83\u81ea\u5df1\u3002\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\uff0c\u4ed6\u5e94\u8be5\u5c06\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4e3b\u5faa\u73af\u79f0\u4e3a\u201cG0034\u201d\u4e4b\u7c7b\u7684\u6ca1\u6709\u5b9e\u9645\u610f\u4e49\u7684\u4ee3\u53f7\uff0c\u770b\u770b\u5b83\u662f\u5426\u80fd\u8bf4\u670d\u81ea\u5df1\u6216\u5176\u4ed6\u4eba\uff0c\u8ba9\u4ed6\u4eec\u76f8\u4fe1G0034\u5b9e\u73b0\u6216\u7406\u89e3\u4e86\u67d0\u4e9b\u90e8\u5206\u3002\u4e00\u65e6\u4f60\u770b\u5230\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\uff0c\u4f60\u5c31\u4f1a\u5728\u8111\u5b50\u91cc\u6d6e\u73b0\u51fa\u79cd\u79cd\u7814\u7a76\u4eba\u5458\u4f1a\u72af\u7684\u52a9\u8bb0\u6cd5\u9677\u9631\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50[46]\u3002\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n


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\u53ef\u60b2\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u65f6\u81f3\u5341\u5e74\u540e\u7684\u4eca\u5929\uff0c\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u5de5\u4f5c\u4e2d\u8fd8\u662f\u52a9\u8bb0\u7b26\u9677\u9631\u7684\u91cd\u707e\u533a\u3002<\/span><\/strong>\u5176\u4e2d\u6700\u4e25\u91cd\u7684\u6ce5\u6dd6\u4e4b\u5730\u4fbf\u662f\u672f\u8bed\uff0c\u4e0e\u4eba\u7c7b\u667a\u80fd\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u672f\u8bed\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u672f\u8bed\u88ab\u7528\u6765\u63cf\u8ff0\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u7a0b\u5e8f\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\uff0c\u4e5f\u7528\u6765\u8bc4\u4f30\u6a21\u578b\u7684\u6548\u679c\u548c\u6027\u80fd\u3002\u795e\u7ecf\u7f51\u7edc\u7684\u7075\u611f\u6765\u81ea\u4e8e\u4eba\u7c7b\u5927\u8111\uff0c\u4f46\u672c\u8d28\u4e0a\u6765\u8bf4\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e4b\u95f4\u5b58\u5728\u5f88\u5927\u7684\u5dee\u5f02\u3002\u673a\u5668\u5b66\u4e60\u6216\u6df1\u5ea6\u5b66\u4e60\u65b9\u6cd5\u80cc\u540e\u7684\u5b66\u4e60\u673a\u5236\uff0c\u548c\u4eba\u7c7b<\/span>\uff08\u6216\u8005\u52a8\u7269\uff09<\/span>\u7684\u5b66\u4e60\u673a\u5236\u5b58\u5728\u7740\u5929\u58e4\u4e4b\u522b\u3002\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u4e00\u53f0\u673a\u5668\u5b66\u5230\u4e86\u4eba\u7c7b\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5e0c\u671b\u4ed6\u80fd\u591f\u5728\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u73af\u5883\u4e2d\u8fd0\u7528\u8fd9\u4e9b\u77e5\u8bc6\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u4e8b\u5b9e\u8bc1\u660e\uff0c\u60c5\u51b5\u5f80\u5f80\u5e76\u975e\u5982\u6b64\u3002\u5728\u673a\u5668\u5b66\u4e60\u4e2d\uff0c\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e13\u95e8\u7684\u5b50\u9886\u57df\u53eb\u505a\u8fc1\u79fb\u5b66\u4e60\uff0c\u5b83\u5173\u6ce8\u5982\u4f55\u8ba9\u7b97\u6cd5\u80fd\u591f\u5c06\u4ed6\u4eec\u5728\u67d0\u4e2a\u9886\u57df\u4e2d\u5b66\u4e60\u5230\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u8fc1\u79fb\u5230\u65b0\u7684\u573a\u666f\u4e2d\u3002\u800c\u8fd9\u662f\u4eba\u7c7b\u5b66\u4e60\u7684\u57fa\u7840\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u8bf4\u662f\u4e0e\u751f\u4ff1\u6765\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u3002\u663e\u7136\uff0c\u673a\u5668\u5b66\u4e60\u76ee\u524d\u65e0\u6cd5\u505a\u5230\u8fd9\u70b9\u2014\u2014\u5b83\u8fd8\u4e0d\u662f\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u667a\u80fd\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/span><\/p>\n

\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5728\u8ba8\u8bba\u6216\u8005\u8bc4\u4ef7\u673a\u5668\u5b66\u4e60\u80fd\u529b\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u4e5f\u5f71\u54cd\u4e86\u6211\u4eec\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e9b\u80fd\u529b\u7684\u5ba2\u89c2\u8bc4\u4ef7\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u65e0\u6cd5\u4e3a\u5b83\u7ed9\u51fa\u4e00\u4e2a\u5408\u9002\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\u3002<\/span><\/strong>\u5177\u4f53\u6765\u8bf4\uff0cIBM\u7684\u4e00\u4f4d\u9ad8\u7ba1\u66fe\u7ecf\u5728\u65e0\u610f\u4e4b\u4e2d\u8c08\u5230McDermott\u7684\u8a00\u8bba\uff0c\u4ed6\u8bf4\u201c\u6c83\u68ee\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u51e0\u79d2\u5185\u9605\u8bfb\u4e16\u754c\u4e0a\u6240\u6709\u7684\u533b\u7597\u4fdd\u5065\u6587\u672c\u201d[47]\u3002\u800cIBM\u7684\u7f51\u7ad9\u5219\u58f0\u79f0\u6c83\u68ee\u9879\u76ee\u80fd\u591f\u201c\u7406\u89e3\u5176\u4e2d\u8bed\u8a00\u7684\u4e0a\u4e0b\u6587\u548c\u7ec6\u5fae\u5dee\u522b\u201d[48]\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0cDeepMind\u7684\u8054\u5408\u521b\u59cb\u4ebaDemis Hassabis\u544a\u8bc9\u6211\u4eec\uff0c\u201cAlphaGo\u7684\u76ee\u6807\u662f\u51fb\u8d25\u4e16\u754c\u4e0a\u6700\u597d\u7684\u4eba\u7c7b\u73a9\u5bb6\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u6a21\u4eff\u4ed6\u4eec\u201d[49]\u3002ALphaGo\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u7814\u7a76\u4eba\u5458David Silver\u8fd9\u6837\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u73b0\u8c61\uff1a\u201c\u6211\u4eec\u5728\u6bd4\u8d5b\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u603b\u662f\u53bb\u95eeAlphaGo\uff0c\u95ee\u5b83\u89c9\u5f97\u5b83\u5728\u6bd4\u8d5b\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u8868\u73b0\u5982\u4f55\u3002\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u76f4\u5230\u6bd4\u8d5b\u5feb\u7ed3\u675f\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0cAlphaGo\u624d\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5b83\u5c06\u83b7\u80dc[50]\u3002\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/span><\/p>\n

\u4eba\u4eec\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u4e89\u8fa9\u8bf4\uff0c\u7c7b\u4f3c\u4e8e\u52a9\u8bb0\u6cd5\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u53ea\u662f\u65b9\u4fbf\u673a\u5668\u901f\u8bb0\u800c\u5df2\uff1a<\/span><\/strong>IBM\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u77e5\u9053\u6c83\u68ee\u5e76\u4e0d\u80fd\u50cf\u4eba\u7c7b\u90a3\u6837\u9605\u8bfb\u6216\u7406\u89e3\uff1bDeepMind\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u77e5\u9053AlphaGo\u6ca1\u6709\u4eba\u7c7b\u90a3\u6837\u7684\u76ee\u6807\u6216\u8005\u60f3\u6cd5\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u6ca1\u6709\u7c7b\u4f3c\u4eba\u7c7b\u7684\u201c\u6e38\u620f\u201d\u6216\u8005\u201c\u80dc\u5229\u201d\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u901f\u8bb0\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u8bef\u5bfc\u90a3\u4e9b\u8bd5\u56fe\u7406\u89e3\u7ed3\u679c\u7684\u5403\u74dc\u7fa4\u4f17\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u8fde\u5e26\u7740\u5f71\u54cd\u5a92\u4f53\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7ed3\u679c\u7684\u62a5\u9053\u3002<\/strong>\u800c\u4e14\u8fd9\u8fd8\u4f1a\u6f5c\u79fb\u9ed8\u5316\u5730\u6539\u53d8\u4eba\u7c7b\u5bf9\u4e8eAI\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u601d\u8003\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u662f\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u4e13\u5bb6\u4e5f\u4f1a\u53d7\u6b64\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u5bf9AI\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e0e\u4eba\u7c7b\u667a\u80fd\u7684\u76f8\u4f3c\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4f5c\u51fa\u9519\u8bef\u7684\u5224\u65ad\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/span><\/p>\n

McDermott\u7684\u201c\u52a9\u8bb0\u6cd5\u7684\u9677\u9631\u201d\u6307\u7684\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u7528\u6765\u63cf\u8ff0\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u9879\u76ee\u7684\u672f\u8bed\uff0c\u4f46\u7814\u7a76\u754c\u4e5f\u9002\u7528\u52a9\u8bb0\u6cd5\u7684\u9677\u9631\u6765\u547d\u540d\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u7684\u8bc4\u4ef7\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u8bc4\u4ef7\u6211\u4eec\u6d4b\u8bd5\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u6280\u80fd\u7684\u4f18\u52a3\u7a0b\u5ea6\u3002<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n


<\/span><\/p>\n

\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u4ee5\u4e0b\u662f\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u5b50\u9886\u57df\u4e2d\u6700\u5e38\u7528\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u8bc4\u4ef7\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002\u5728\u201c\u81ea\u7136\u8bed\u8a00\u5904\u7406NLP\u201d\u9886\u57df\u4e2d\uff0c\u201c\u65af\u5766\u798f\u95ee\u7b54\u6570\u636e\u96c6[51]\u201c\u3001\u201dRACE\u9605\u8bfb\u7406\u89e3\u6570\u636e\u96c6[52]”\u548c\u201c\u901a\u7528\u8bed\u8a00\u7406\u89e3\u8bc4\u4f30[53]\u201d\u8fd9\u4e09\u4e2a\u5e38\u7528\u7684\u6570\u636e\u96c6\u51fa\u73b0\u7684\u9891\u7387\u5f88\u9ad8\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/span><\/p>\n

\u5728\u6240\u6709\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8bc4\u4ef7\u6807\u51c6\u4e2d\uff0c\u6700\u597d\u7684\u673a\u5668\u7b97\u6cd5\u7684\u6027\u80fd\u5df2\u7ecf\u8d85\u8fc7\u4e86\u4eba\u7c7b\uff08Amazon Mechanical Turk workers\uff09\u3002\u8fd9\u5c31\u5f15\u6765\u4e86\u4e00\u4e9b\u5a92\u4f53\u7684\u8fc7\u5ea6\u5ba3\u4f20\uff0c<\/span><\/strong>\u5982\u201c\u65b0\u7684\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u6a21\u578b\u5728\u56de\u7b54\u95ee\u9898\u65f6\u8d85\u8d8a\u4e86\u4eba\u7c7b\u7684\u8868\u73b0\u201d[54]\uff0c\u201c\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u5728\u9605\u8bfb\u7406\u89e3\u65b9\u9762\u6bd4\u4eba\u7c7b\u597d[55]”\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u201c\u5fae\u8f6f\u7684\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u6a21\u578b\u5728\u81ea\u7136\u8bed\u8a00\u7406\u89e3\u65b9\u9762\u8d85\u8d8a\u4e86\u4eba\u7c7b\u201d[56]\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/span><\/p>\n

\u8003\u8651\u5230\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8bc4\u4ef7\u6807\u51c6\u7684\u540d\u79f0\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u5f97\u51fa\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u7ed3\u8bba\u5e76\u4e0d\u5947\u602a\u3002\u4f46\u95ee\u9898\u662f\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u57fa\u7840\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u5e76\u4e0d\u80fd\u8861\u91cf\u56de\u7b54\u95ee\u9898\u3001\u9605\u8bfb\u7406\u89e3\u6216\u8005\u81ea\u7136\u8bed\u8a00\u7406\u89e3\u7684\u4e00\u534a\u80fd\u529b\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6d4b\u8bd5\u4ec5\u4ec5\u80fd\u591f\u4ece\u67d0\u4e9b\u65b9\u9762\u6765\u5bf9\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u7684\u6027\u80fd\u8fdb\u884c\u8bc4\u4ef7\uff1b\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u57fa\u51c6\u4e2d\u7684\u8bb8\u591a\u9879\u76ee\u662f\u5141\u8bb8\u673a\u5668\u5b66\u4e60\u8fdb\u884c\u6377\u5f84\u5b66\u4e60\u7684\u3002<\/strong>\u6b63\u5982\u524d\u6587\u6240\u8ff0\uff0c\u673a\u5668\u53ef\u4ee5\u5229\u7528\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7edf\u8ba1\u76f8\u5173\u6027\u7684\u6377\u5f84\u5728\u8bad\u7ec3\u548c\u6d4b\u8bd5\u6570\u636e\u96c6\u4e2d\u5b9e\u73b0\u9ad8\u6027\u80fd\u3001\u800c\u65e0\u9700\u5256\u6790\u6316\u6398\u548c\u5b66\u4e60\u5230\u7406\u89e3\u4efb\u52a1\u771f\u6b63\u9700\u8981\u7684\u5b9e\u9645\u6280\u80fd\u7684[57,58]\u3002\u867d\u7136\u673a\u5668\u5728\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7279\u5b9a\u6807\u51c6\u4e0a\u7684\u8868\u73b0\u53ef\u4ee5\u8d85\u8fc7\u4eba\u7c7b\uff0c\u4f46\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u7cfb\u7edf\u4ecd\u8fdc\u672a\u8fbe\u5230\u4eba\u4eec\u4ece\u57fa\u51c6\u6d4b\u8bd5\u96c6\u4e2d\u6240\u770b\u5230\u7684\u90a3\u6837\u795e\u901a\u5e7f\u5927\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\n

 <\/span><\/p>\n<\/h1>\n

\n

\u8c2c\u8bba\u56db\uff1a\u667a\u80fd\u90fd\u5728\u5927\u8111\u4e2d<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n


<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<\/h1>\n

\u667a\u80fd\u662f\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e0e\u8eab\u4f53\u5206\u79bb\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\uff0c\u5b83\u65e2\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u975e\u7269\u8d28\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u5b8c\u5168\u5c01\u88c5\u5728\u5927\u8111\u4e2d\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u89c2\u70b9\u5728\u54f2\u5b66\u548c\u8ba4\u77e5\u79d1\u5b66\u4e2d\u6709\u7740\u60a0\u4e45\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u3002<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n


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\u572820\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e2d\u53f6\u7684\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u9886\u57df\u4e2d\u51fa\u73b0\u4e86\u6240\u8c13\u7684\u201c\u5fc3\u91cc\u4fe1\u606f\u5904\u7406\u6a21\u578b\u201d\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6a21\u578b\u5c06\u5927\u8111\u89c6\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\uff0c\u5b83\u6709\u8f93\u5165\u3001\u5b58\u50a8\u3001\u5904\u7406\u548c\u8f93\u51fa\u4fe1\u606f\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u7406\u8bba\u4e2d\uff0c\u9664\u4e86\u5728\u8f93\u5165<\/span>\uff08\u611f\u77e5\uff09<\/span>\u548c\u8f93\u51fa<\/span>\uff08\u884c\u4e3a\uff09<\/span>\u7684\u9636\u6bb5\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u56db\u80a2\u548c\u8eab\u4f53\u51e0\u4e4e\u6ca1\u6709\u5b9e\u9645\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u89c2\u70b9\u4e0b\uff0c\u8ba4\u77e5\u5b8c\u5168\u53d1\u751f\u5728\u5927\u8111\u4e2d\uff0c\u7406\u8bba\u4e0a\uff0c\u8ba4\u77e5\u4e0e\u8eab\u4f53\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u90e8\u5206\u662f\u5206\u5f00\u3001\u72ec\u7acb\u7684\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u89c2\u70b9\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u6781\u7aef\u63a8\u8bba\u662f\uff0c\u5728\u672a\u6765\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u80fd\u591f\u5c06\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u5927\u8111\u201c\u4e0a\u4f20\u201d\u5230\u4e00\u53f0\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e5f\u80fd\u591f\u5c06\u4eba\u7c7b\u7684\u8ba4\u77e5\u548c\u610f\u8bc6\u4e0a\u4f20\u5230\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u5f53\u4e2d[59]\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201c\u667a\u80fd\u5728\u539f\u5219\u4e0a\u662f\u975e\u5b9e\u4f53\u7684\u201d\u8fd9\u79cd\u5047\u8bbe\u5728\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\u51e0\u4e4e\u6240\u6709\u5173\u4e8e\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u4e2d\u90fd\u51fa\u73b0\u8fc7\u3002\u5176\u4e2d\uff0c\u65e9\u8d77\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u6700\u5177\u5f71\u54cd\u529b\u7684\u60f3\u6cd5\u4e4b\u4e00\u662fNewell \u548cSimon\u7684\u201c\u7269\u7406\u7b26\u53f7\u7cfb\u7edf\u5047\u8bf4PSSH\u201c\uff0c\u8be5\u5047\u8bf4\u6307\u51fa\uff1a\u7269\u7406\u7b26\u53f7\u7cfb\u7edf\u5177\u6709\u4e00\u822c\u667a\u80fd\u884c\u52a8\u5fc5\u8981\u548c\u5145\u5206\u7684\u624b\u6bb5[60]\u3002\u5176\u4e2d\u201d\u7269\u7406\u7b26\u53f7\u7cfb\u7edf\u201c\u6307\u7684\u662f\u975e\u5e38\u7c7b\u4f3c\u6570\u5b57\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u3002PSSH\u5047\u8bbe\uff0c\u901a\u7528\u667a\u80fd\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u6570\u5b57\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u4e2d\u5b9e\u73b0\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u4e0d\u5305\u62ec\u5927\u8111\u6216\u8eab\u4f53\u7684\u4efb\u4f55\u975e\u7b26\u53f7\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u3002<\/span>\uff08\u5173\u4e8e\u7b26\u53f7\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e0e\u6b64\u7b26\u53f7\u8fc7\u7a0b\u7684\u8ba8\u8bba\uff0c\u8bf7\u53c2\u89c1[61]Hofstadter\u7684Waking up from the Bollen Dream\uff09<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/span><\/p>\n

Newell\u548cSimon\u7684PSSH\u662f\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u7b26\u53f7\u6d3e\u5927\u8425\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u57fa\u7840\uff0c\u572820\u4e16\u7eaa90\u5e74\u4ee3\u548c21\u4e16\u7eaa\u7edf\u8ba1\u548c\u795e\u7ecf\u542f\u53d1\u7684\u673a\u5668\u5b66\u4e60\u5174\u8d77\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u8be5\u9886\u57df\u4e00\u76f4\u662f\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u9886\u57df\u7684\u9886\u5934\u7f8a\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u540e\u4e00\u79cd\u975e\u7b26\u53f7\u6027\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u4e5f\u8ba4\u4e3a\u8eab\u4f53\u4e0e\u667a\u529b\u662f\u6ca1\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u5173\u8054\u7684\u3002<\/span><\/strong>\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u4ece20\u4e16\u7eaa80\u5e74\u4ee3\u7684\u8fde\u63a5\u8bba\uff0c\u518d\u5230\u4eca\u5929\u5927\u884c\u5176\u9053\u7684\u6df1\u5ea6\u795e\u7ecf\u7f51\u7edc\uff0c\u8fd9\u7c7b\u795e\u7ecf\u5143\u542f\u53d1\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u901a\u5e38\u90fd\u4f1a\u5047\u8bbe\u667a\u529b\u4ec5\u4ec5\u6765\u6e90\u4e8e\u5927\u8111\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\u548c\u52a8\u6001\u3002\u4eca\u5929\u7684\u6df1\u5ea6\u5b66\u4e60\u7f51\u7edc\u7c7b\u4f3c\u4e8e\u8c1a\u8bed\u4e2d\u7684brain-in-a-vat\uff1a\u5b83\u88ab\u52a8\u5730\u4ece\u5916\u754c\u63a5\u6536\u6570\u636e\uff0c\u8f93\u51fa\u884c\u4e3a\u6307\u4ee4\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u5728\u4e16\u754c\u4e2d\u4e0e\u4efb\u4f55\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u7269\u4f53\u4e3b\u52a8\u4e92\u52a8\u3002\u5f53\u7136\uff0c\u673a\u5668\u4eba\u548c\u81ea\u52a8\u9a7e\u9a76\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u4e4b\u5904\u5728\u4e8e\u5b83\u4eec\u5728\u4e16\u754c\u4e0a\u6709\u7269\u7406\u7684\u5b9e\u4f53\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u4f46\u5230\u76ee\u524d\u4e3a\u6b62\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u7269\u7406\u4ea4\u4e92\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u5bf9\u5b83\u4eec\u201c\u667a\u80fd\u201c\u53cd\u9988\u7684\u8d21\u732e\u662f\u76f8\u5f53\u6709\u9650\u7684\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/span><\/p>\n

\u667a\u80fd\u4ec5\u5b58\u5728\u4e8e\u5927\u8111\u7684\u8fd9\u79cd\u5047\u8bbe\u5bfc\u81f4\u4e86\u4eba\u4eec\u7684\u731c\u6d4b\uff0c\u8981\u5b9e\u73b0\u4eba\u7c7b\u7ea7\u522b\u7684\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53ea\u9700\u8981\u6269\u5927\u673a\u5668\u7684\u8ba1\u7b97\u5b58\u50a8\u5355\u5143\uff0c\u4ee5\u5339\u914d\u5927\u8111\u7684\u201c\u8ba1\u7b97\u80fd\u529b\u201c\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u4e3a\u8fd9\u79cd\u5927\u8111\u5339\u914d\u7684\u201c\u786c\u4ef6\u201d\u5f00\u53d1\u5408\u9002\u7684\u201c\u8f6f\u4ef6\u201d\u3002<\/span><\/strong>\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u4e00\u4f4d\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u66fe\u7ecf\u5199\u4e86\u4e00\u4efd\u62a5\u544a\uff0c\u7ed3\u8bba\u662f\uff0c\u4ed6\u8ba4\u4e3a\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u9700\u898110^15FLOP\/s\u7684\u541e\u5410\u91cf\u624d\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u6765\u6267\u884c\u548c\u4eba\u8111\u7c7b\u4f3c\u7684\u4efb\u52a1<\/span>\uff08\u4f46\u662f\u8003\u8651\u5230\u5b9e\u9645\u60c5\u51b5\u548c\u53ef\u884c\u6027\uff0c\u8fd9\u53ef\u80fd\u6709\u70b9\u96be\uff09<\/span>[62]\u3002\u6362\u53e5\u8bdd\u8bf4\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u8981\u65e0\u8111\u7684\u808c\u8089\u68d2\u5b50\u6216\u8005\u65e0\u8eaf\u5e72\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u5e7d\u7075\uff01<\/span><\/p>\n


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\u9876\u5c16\u7684\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u7814\u7a76\u4eba\u5458\u4e5f\u540c\u610f\u8fd9\u4e00\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u9700\u8981\u6269\u5927\u786c\u4ef6\u7684\u8ba1\u7b97\u80fd\u529b\u4ee5\u5339\u914d\u5927\u8111\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u5b9e\u73b0\u4eba\u7c7b\u7ea7\u522b\u7684\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u6df1\u5ea6\u5b66\u4e60\u5148\u9a71Geoffrey Hinton\u9884\u6d4b\u9053\uff0c\u201c\u8981\u5728\u4eba\u7c7b\u5c42\u9762\u7406\u89e3\u8bed\u8a00\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u80fd\u9700\u8981\u4eba\u7c7b\u5c42\u9762\u7684\u5927\u8111\u8d44\u6e90\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u5927\u8111\u4e2d\u6709\u6570\u4ee5\u4ebf\u8ba1\u7684\u795e\u7ecf\u5143\u8fde\u63a5\u3002\u4f46\u8fc4\u4eca\u4e3a\u6b62\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5efa\u7acb\u7684\u6700\u5927\u7684\u795e\u7ecf\u7f51\u7edc\u4ec5\u6709\u5341\u4ebf\u4e2a\u8fde\u63a5\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u6211\u4eec\u8fd8\u5dee\u4e86\u597d\u51e0\u4e2a\u91cf\u7ea7\uff0c\u4f46\u6211\u76f8\u4fe1\u786c\u4ef6\u4eba\u5458\u4f1a\u89e3\u51b3\u8fd9\u4e9b\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u3002\u5176\u4ed6\u4eba\u5219\u9884\u6d4b\uff0c\u201c\u786c\u4ef6\u7ec8\u6709\u4e00\u5929\u4f1a\u6ee1\u8db3\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u9700\u6c42\uff0c\u5b9e\u73b0\u4eba\u7c7b\u7ea7\u522b\u7684\u8fd0\u7b97\u901f\u5ea6\u548c\u5b58\u50a8\u5bb9\u91cf\uff0c\u800c\u8fd9\u79cd\u786c\u4ef6\u6700\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u5c31\u662f\u91cf\u5b50\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a[64]\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/span><\/p>\n

\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u591a\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u4eba\u5458\u5219\u5f00\u59cb\u8d28\u7591\u201c\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u4ec5\u5b58\u5728\u4e8e\u5927\u8111\u201d\u8fd9\u4e00\u6a21\u578b\u7684\u57fa\u7840\uff0c\u5e0c\u671b\u4ece\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u89d2\u5ea6\u7406\u89e3\u548c\u521b\u9020\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u3002\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6Rod Brooks\u5728\u4ed6\u6240\u8457\u7684\u201c\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u9690\u55bb\u7684\u6b7b\u80e1\u540c<\/span>\uff08The cul de sac of the computational metaphor\uff09<\/span>\u201d\u4e2d\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u201c\u6211\u4eec\u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u88ab\u56f0\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6b7b\u80e1\u540c\u91cc\u8fd9\u4e48\u4e45\uff0c\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u6469\u5c14\u5b9a\u5f8b\u4e00\u76f4\u5728\u7ed9\u6211\u4eec\u6e29\u6c34\u716e\u9752\u86d9\uff0c\u5b83\u603b\u662f\u505a\u51fa\u6b63\u5411\u4f46\u662f\u5fae\u5c0f\u7684\u63d0\u5347\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4e00\u76f4\u5728\u60f3\uff0c\u54e6\uff0c\u4eba\u7c7b\u4e00\u76f4\u5728\u8fdb\u6b65\uff0c\u5728\u8fdb\u6b65\uff0c\u5728\u8fdb\u6b65\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u6ca1\u6709\u771f\u6b63\u60f3\u8fc7\u53e6\u8f9f\u8e4a\u5f84\u6765\u5b9e\u73b0\u66f4\u5927\u66f4\u5feb\u7684\u7a81\u7834\u3002\u201d[65]\u3002<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n


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\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u51e0\u5341\u5e74\u6765\uff0c\u8bb8\u591a\u8ba4\u77e5\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u4e00\u76f4\u5728\u4e3b\u5f20\u8ba9\u4eba\u4eec\u5173\u6ce8\u8eab\u4f53\u5728\u6240\u6709\u8ba4\u77e5\u6d3b\u52a8\u4e2d\u7684\u4e2d\u5fc3\u5730\u4f4d\u3002<\/span><\/strong>\u5176\u4e2d\u4e00\u4f4d\u6770\u51fa\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\uff0c\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6Mark Johnson\u5728Embodied Congnition\u9879\u76ee\u4e2d\u5199\u9053\uff0c<\/span>\uff08Embodied Congnition\u9879\u76ee\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u572820\u4e16\u7eaa70\u5e74\u4ee3\u4e2d\u671f\u5f00\u5c55\u7684\u5173\u4e8e\u5177\u8eab\u8ba4\u77e5\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u9879\u76ee\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u8be5\u9879\u76ee\u201c\u5f00\u59cb\u4ee5\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u5927\u8111\u548c\u8eab\u4f53\u5728\u6211\u4eec\u6240\u7ecf\u5386\u3001\u601d\u8003\u548c\u6267\u884c\u7684\u4e00\u5207\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u4f5c\u7528\u63d0\u4f9b\u8bc1\u636e\u201d[66]\u3002\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6Rebecca Fincher-Kiefer\u8fd9\u6837\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e86\u5177\u8eab\u8ba4\u77e5\u8303\u5f0f\uff1a\u5177\u8eab\u8ba4\u77e5\u610f\u5473\u7740\u6982\u5ff5\u77e5\u8bc6\u7684\u8868\u5f81\u4f9d\u8d56\u4e8e\u8eab\u4f53\uff1a\u5b83\u662f\u591a\u6a21\u6001\u7684\u3002\u5b83\u4e0d\u662f\u975e\u6a21\u6001\u7684\u3001\u7b26\u53f7\u6027\u6216\u8005\u62bd\u8c61\u7684\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7406\u8bba\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u662f\u5efa\u7acb\u5728\u4e00\u4e9b\u57fa\u7840\u4e0a\u7684\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u4e0e\u611f\u77e5\u3001\u884c\u52a8\u548c\u60c5\u611f\u5bc6\u4e0d\u53ef\u5206\u7684\u8054\u7cfb\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\u7684\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u5927\u8111\u548c\u8eab\u4f53\u4e00\u8d77\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u4ee5\u83b7\u5f97\u611f\u77e5[67]”\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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\u5f88\u591a\u5b66\u79d1\u4e5f\u90fd\u4e3a\u8fd9\u4e00\u7406\u8bba\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u8bf8\u591a\u8bc1\u636e\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u795e\u7ecf\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u63a7\u5236\u8ba4\u77e5\u7684\u795e\u7ecf\u7ed3\u6784\uff0c\u4e0e\u63a7\u5236\u611f\u5b98\u548c\u8fd0\u52a8\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u795e\u7ecf\u7ed3\u6784\u5bc6\u5207\u76f8\u5173\uff0c\u62bd\u8c61\u601d\u7ef4\u5229\u7528\u4e86\u57fa\u4e8e\u8eab\u4f53\u7684\u795e\u7ecf\u201c\u5730\u56fe\u201d[68]\u3002\u6b63\u5982\u795e\u7ecf\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u5510\u00b7\u5854\u514b\u6240\u6307\u51fa\u7684\uff0c\u201c\u6ca1\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u5927\u8111\u90e8\u5206\u53ef\u4ee5\u8fdb\u884c\u975e\u5b9e\u4f53\u611f\u77e5\u201d[69]\u3002\u8ba4\u77e5\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u548c\u8bed\u8a00\u5b66\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u8bb8\u591a\u62bd\u8c61\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u51e0\u4e4e\u90fd\u662f\u57fa\u4e8e\u7269\u7406\u7684\u3001\u57fa\u4e8e\u81ea\u8eab\u7684\u5185\u90e8\u6a21\u578b\u7684[70]\uff0c\u8fd8\u6709\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u662f\u7531\u65e5\u5e38\u8bed\u8a00\u4e2d\u53d1\u73b0\u7684\u57fa\u4e8e\u8eab\u4f53\u7684\u9690\u55bb\u7cfb\u7edf\u6240\u63ed\u793a\u7684[71]\u3002<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n


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\u5176\u4ed6\u51e0\u4e2a\u5b66\u79d1\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u53d1\u5c55\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\uff0c\u4e5f\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u5177\u8eab\u8ba4\u77e5\u7684\u8bc1\u636e\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u5927\u591a\u5ffd\u7565\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7ed3\u679c\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u6709\u4e00\u5c0f\u7fa4\u7814\u7a76\u4eba\u5458\u5728\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u201c\u5177\u8eab\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u201d\u3001\u201c\u53d1\u5c55\u673a\u5668\u4eba\u5b66\u201d\u3001\u201c\u57fa\u7840\u8bed\u8a00\u7406\u89e3\u201d\u7b49\u7684\u5b50\u9886\u57df\u63a2\u7d22\u8fd9\u4e9b\u771f\u7406\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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\u4e0e\u5177\u8eab\u8ba4\u77e5\u7406\u8bba\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u4f34\u968f\u7740\u6211\u4eec\u6df1\u5c42\u793e\u4f1a\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\u60c5\u611f\u548c\u201c\u975e\u7406\u6027\u201d\u7684\u504f\u89c1\uff0c\u901a\u5e38\u4f1a\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4e0e\u667a\u529b\u662f\u5206\u5f00\u7684\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u963b\u788d\u7406\u6027\u7684\u3002\u4f46\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u5b83\u662f\u4f7f\u667a\u529b\u6210\u4e3a\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u5173\u952e\u3002<\/span><\/strong>\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u901a\u5e38\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u9488\u5bf9\u4e00\u79cd\u201c\u7eaf\u7cb9\u7684\u667a\u529b\u201d\uff0c\u4e00\u79cd\u72ec\u7acb\u4e8e\u5982\u996e\u98df\u548c\u7761\u7720\u7b49\u60c5\u7eea\u3001\u975e\u7406\u6027\u548c\u751f\u5b58\u9700\u6c42\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u5bf9\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\u5728\u67d0\u4e9b\u65b9\u9762\u5c40\u9650\u4e86\u5b83\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u7eaf\u7cb9\u7684\u7406\u6027\u667a\u80fd\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u7684\u5047\u8bbe\u662f\u6709\u5931\u504f\u9887\u7684\uff0c\u5f88\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u5bfc\u81f4\u4eba\u7c7b\u5bf9\u672a\u6765\u201c\u8d85\u7ea7\u667a\u80fd\u673a\u5668\u4eba\u201d\u7684\u6050\u614c\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6Nick Bostrom\u65ad\u8a00\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u667a\u529b\u53ca\u5176\u76ee\u6807\u662f\u6b63\u4ea4\u7684\u3002<\/strong>\u4ed6\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u201c\u4efb\u4f55\u6c34\u5e73\u7684\u667a\u529b\u90fd\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e0e\u4efb\u4f55\u6700\u7ec8\u76ee\u6807\u7ed3\u5408\u8d77\u6765\u201d[72]\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0cBostrom\u60f3\u8c61\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u8d85\u7ea7\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u5176\u552f\u4e00\u76ee\u6807\u662f\u751f\u4ea7\u56de\u5f62\u9488\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u60f3\u8c61\u51fa\u6765\u7684\u8d85\u7ea7\u673a\u5668\u4eba\u53d1\u660e\u4e86\u751f\u4ea7\u56de\u5f62\u9488\u7684\u5de7\u5999\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u4f46\u8fd9\u4e2a\u65b9\u6cd5\u6d88\u8017\u4e86\u5730\u7403\u4e0a\u7684\u6240\u6709\u7684\u8d44\u6e90\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/span><\/p>\n

\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u7814\u7a76\u5458Stuart Russell\u540c\u610fBostrom\u5173\u4e8e\u667a\u80fd\u548c\u76ee\u6807\u7684\u6b63\u4ea4\u6027\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u3002\u201c\u5f88\u5bb9\u6613\u60f3\u8c61\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u901a\u7528\u7684\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u7cfb\u7edf\u80fd\u591f\u6216\u591a\u6216\u5c11\u5730\u8d4b\u4e88\u67d0\u4e2a\u4efb\u52a1\u76ee\u6807\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u6700\u5927\u9650\u5ea6\u5730\u589e\u52a0\u56de\u5f62\u9488\u7684\u6570\u91cf\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u6c42\u53d6\u5706\u5468\u7387\u5c0f\u6570\u70b9\u540e\u7684\u82e5\u5e72\u82e5\u5e72\u4f4d\u7684\u6570\u5b57[73]\u3002\u201cRussel\u5bf9\u6b64\u5341\u5206\u62c5\u5fc3\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5982\u679c\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u52a0\u4efb\u4f55\u9650\u5236\u5730\u8ba9\u8fd9\u79cd\u8d85\u7ea7\u667a\u80fd\u4f53\u6765\u89e3\u51b3\u95ee\u9898\u65f6\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u5bfc\u81f4\u5f88\u591a\u4e0d\u53ef\u9884\u6d4b\u7684\u540e\u679c\uff1a\u201c\u5982\u679c\u4e00\u4e2a\u8d85\u7ea7\u667a\u80fd\u7684\u6c14\u5019\u63a7\u5236\u7cfb\u7edf\u60f3\u8981\u89e3\u51b3\u5168\u7403\u53d8\u6696\uff0c\u964d\u4f4e\u4e8c\u6c27\u5316\u78b3\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u5b83\u53d1\u73b0\u5176\u4e2d\u6700\u884c\u4e4b\u6709\u6548\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u662f\u5c06\u4e8c\u6c27\u5316\u78b3\u7684\u6392\u653e\u91cf\u964d\u4f4e\u5230\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6b21\u5de5\u4e1a\u9769\u547d\u524d\u7684\u6c34\u5e73\u3002\u800c\u8fbe\u5230\u8fd9\u4e2a\u76ee\u7684\u7684\u552f\u4e00\u8def\u5f84\u5c31\u662f\u5c06\u4eba\u53e3\u51cf\u5c11\u5230\u96f6\uff0c\u90a3\u5b83\u4f1a\u600e\u6837\u505a\u5462\uff1f<\/span>\uff08\u6bd4\u706d\u9738\u8fd8\u72e0\uff0c\u4e0d\u5bf9\u2026\u2026\u5965\u3001\u5965\u521b\uff1f\uff09<\/span>\u201d\u5982\u679c\u6211\u4eec\u628a\u9519\u8bef\u7684\u76ee\u6807\u8f93\u5165\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u673a\u5668\uff0c\u800c<\/span>\u5b83\u6bd4\u6211\u4eec\u66f4\u806a\u660e\uff0c\u90a3\u5c40\u9762\u5f88\u53ef\u80fd\u5c31\u4e0d\u53ef\u63a7\u4e86[74]\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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\u4e0a\u6587\u4e2dBostrom\u548cRussel\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u5b9e\u9a8c\u6709\u7740\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u7684\u5047\u8bbe\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u5047\u8bbe\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u7cfb\u7edf\u662f\u201c\u8d85\u7ea7\u667a\u80fd\u201d\u7684\uff0c\u662f\u6ca1\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u57fa\u672c\u7684\u4eba\u7c7b\u5e38\u8bc6\u7684\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u5b83\u62e5\u6709\u5b8c\u7f8e\u7684\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u786c\u4ef6\u60ca\u4eba\u7684\u8fd0\u7b97\u901f\u5ea6\u3001\u7cbe\u5ea6\u548c\u53ef\u7f16\u7a0b\u6027\u3002\u4f46\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5173\u4e8e\u8d85\u7ea7\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u7684\u5047\u8bbe\uff0c\u5728\u672c\u8d28\u4e0a\u5219\u4f1a\u53d7\u5230\u667a\u80fd\u672c\u8d28\u7f3a\u9677\u6027\u7684\u56f0\u6270\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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\u5728\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u6216\u795e\u7ecf\u79d1\u5b66\u77e5\u8bc6\u4e2d\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u4e1c\u897f\u80fd\u591f\u5728\u6ca1\u6709\u60c5\u611f\u3001\u6ca1\u6709\u6587\u5316\u57fa\u7840\u4e5f\u6ca1\u6709\u4eba\u7c7b\u5bf9\u4e8e\u4e8b\u7269\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u7ba1\u7406\u4f53\u7cfb\u7684\u524d\u63d0\u4e0b\uff0c\u8fbe\u5230\u201c\u7eaf\u7cb9\u7684\u7406\u6027\u201d\u3002\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4ece\u5177\u8eab\u8ba4\u77e5\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u5b66\u5230\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u4eba\u7c7b\u7684\u667a\u529b\u4f3c\u4e4e\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u7531\u5404\u79cd\u9519\u7efc\u590d\u6742\u7684\u3001\u7d27\u5bc6\u76f8\u8fde\u7684\u5c5e\u6027\u6240\u7ec4\u6210\u7684\u590d\u6742\u96c6\u6210\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u5305\u62ec\u60c5\u611f\u3001\u6b32\u671b\u3001\u5f3a\u70c8\u7684\u81ea\u6211\u610f\u8bc6\u548c\u81ea\u4e3b\u610f\u8bc6\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5bf9\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u5e38\u8bc6\u6027\u7406\u89e3\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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\u76ee\u524d\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u8fd8\u4e0d\u6e05\u695a\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5c5e\u6027\u662f\u5426\u53ef\u4ee5\u5206\u5f00\u3002<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n


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\u590d\u6742\u79d1\u5b66\u6700\u65b0\u8bba\u6587<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n

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\u96c6\u667a\u6591\u56fe\u9876\u520a\u8bba\u6587\u901f\u9012\u680f\u76ee\u4e0a\u7ebf\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u6301\u7eed\u6536\u5f55\u6765\u81eaNature\u3001Science<\/span>\u7b49\u9876\u520a\u7684\u6700\u65b0\u8bba\u6587\uff0c\u8ffd\u8e2a\u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf\u3001\u7f51\u7edc\u79d1\u5b66\u3001\u8ba1\u7b97\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u7b49\u9886\u57df\u7684\u524d\u6cbf\u8fdb\u5c55\u3002\u73b0\u5728\u6b63\u5f0f\u63a8\u51fa\u8ba2\u9605\u529f\u80fd\uff0c\u6bcf\u5468\u901a\u8fc7\u5fae\u4fe1\u670d\u52a1\u53f7\u300c\u96c6\u667a\u6591\u56fe\u300d\u63a8\u9001\u8bba\u6587\u4fe1\u606f\u3002\u626b\u63cf\u4e0b\u65b9\u4e8c\u7ef4\u7801\u5373\u53ef\u4e00\u952e\u8ba2\u9605\uff1a<\/span>
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\u63a8\u8350\u9605\u8bfb<\/span><\/strong><\/strong>
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