{"id":27322,"date":"2021-06-29T19:27:32","date_gmt":"2021-06-29T11:27:32","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/swarma.org\/?p=27322"},"modified":"2021-06-29T19:27:32","modified_gmt":"2021-06-29T11:27:32","slug":"%e5%89%8d%e6%b2%bf%e7%bb%bc%e8%bf%b0%ef%bc%9a%e7%94%9f%e5%91%bd%e7%bd%91%e7%bb%9c%e7%9a%84%e5%90%88%e6%88%90%e8%b7%af%e7%ba%bf","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/swarma.org\/?p=27322","title":{"rendered":"\u524d\u6cbf\u7efc\u8ff0\uff1a\u751f\u547d\u7f51\u7edc\u7684\u5408\u6210\u8def\u7ebf"},"content":{"rendered":"
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<\/strong>CRISPR-Cas \u57fa\u56e0\u7f16\u8f91\u5de5\u5177\u5c06\u7814\u7a76\u4eba\u5458\u5e26\u5165\u53ef\u4ee5\u6539\u53d8\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u5408\u6210\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u65f6\u4ee3\u3002\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5de5\u5177\u5728\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u548c\u533b\u5b66\u9886\u57df\u53d6\u5f97\u7684\u7a81\u7834\u800c\u611f\u5230\u5174\u594b\u4e4b\u4f59\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u4e5f\u4f1a\u5bf9\u5b83\u4eec\u5728\u5f00\u653e\u73af\u5883\u4e2d\u5e94\u7528\u65f6\u53ef\u80fd\u5bfc\u81f4\u9519\u8bef\u800c\u611f\u5230\u62c5\u5fe7\u3002\u7814\u7a76\u4eba\u5458\u4e0d\u77e5\u9053\u8fd9\u4e9b\u57fa\u56e0\u8868\u8fbe\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff08\u5305\u62ec\u57fa\u56e0\u8c03\u63a7\u548c\u8868\u89c2\u9057\u4f20\u4fee\u9970\uff09\u3001\u8fdb\u5316\u53d8\u5316\u3001\u751f\u6001\u7cfb\u7edf\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u66f4\u9ad8\u7ea7\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u5c06\u5982\u4f55\u5f71\u54cd\u81ea\u7136\u754c\u4e2d\u88ab\u57fa\u56e0\u7f16\u8f91\u7684\u751f\u7269\u4f53\u7684\u6027\u72b6\u3001\u9002\u5e94\u6027\u548c\u5bf9\u73af\u5883\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5728\u201c\u57fa\u56e0\u9a71\u52a8\u65f6\u4ee3\u5373\u5c06\u5230\u6765\u201d\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u9884\u6d4b\u88ab\u7f16\u8f91\u7684\u6027\u72b6\u6216\u751f\u7269\u5728\u5f02\u8d28\u3001\u4e0d\u65ad\u53d8\u5316\u7684\u73af\u5883\u4e2d\u7684\u4f20\u64ad\u3001\u53d8\u5316\u548c\u5f71\u54cd\u5c24\u4e3a\u91cd\u8981\u3002\u4e3a\u4e86\u9884\u6d4bSynthetic threads\u201c\u5408\u6210\u7ebf\u201d\u5bf9\u5730\u7403\u4e0a\u7684\u751f\u547d\u7f51\u7edc\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u4eec\u5fc5\u987b\u76f4\u9762\u8de8\u8d8a\u591a\u4e2a\u751f\u7269\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5c42\u6b21\u7684\u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\u3002\u76ee\u524d\uff0c\u7814\u7a76\u4eba\u5458\u7f3a\u4e4f\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u8ba1\u5212\u3001\u57fa\u7840\u8bbe\u65bd\u548c\u8d44\u91d1\u6765\u8ba9\u8fd9\u4e2a\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u5728\u6709\u6216\u6ca1\u6709\u57fa\u56e0\u9a71\u52a8\u6539\u9020\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u8ffd\u8e2a\u4e0d\u65ad\u5728\u5f00\u653e\u73af\u5883\u4e2d\u8fd0\u52a8\u7684\u65b0\u7684\u5408\u6210\u751f\u7269\u3002<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n


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\u7814\u7a76\u9886\u57df\uff1a<\/strong><\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/strong>\u5408\u6210\u751f\u7269\u5b66\uff0c<\/span>\u751f\u7269\u7f51\u7edc\uff0c<\/span>\u751f\u6001\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c<\/span>\u57fa\u56e0\u7f16\u8f91<\/span><\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n

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Mary E. Power<\/span> | \u4f5c\u8005<\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

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CRISPR-Cas \u57fa\u56e0\u7f16\u8f91\u5de5\u5177\u5c06\u7814\u7a76\u4eba\u5458\u5e26\u5165\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u5c06\u6539\u53d8\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u5408\u6210\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u65f6\u4ee3[1\uff0c2]\u3002CRISPR\u5de5\u5177\u5df2\u7ecf\u5728\u57fa\u7840\u7814\u7a76\u548c\u533b\u5b66\u65b9\u9762\u53d6\u5f97\u4e86\u7a81\u7834\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u5c06\u5728\u519c\u4e1a\u3001\u516c\u5171\u536b\u751f\u548c\u73af\u5883\u4fdd\u62a4\u65b9\u9762\u6709\u66f4\u5e7f\u9614\u7684\u524d\u666f[1-3]\u3002\u5f53\u628a\u57fa\u56e0\u7f16\u8f91\u5e94\u7528\u4e8e\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5ba4\u6216\u533b\u9662\u4ee5\u5916\u73af\u5883\u65f6\uff0c\u7814\u7a76\u4eba\u5458\u9700\u8981\u9884\u6d4b\u57fa\u56e0\u7f16\u8f91\u751f\u7269\u53ca\u5176\u6027\u72b6\u5c06\u5982\u4f55\u4f20\u64ad\u3001\u6539\u53d8\u548c\u5f71\u54cd\u5176\u4ed6\u751f\u7269\u7fa4\u548c\u751f\u6001\u7cfb\u7edf\u3002\u4f5c\u8005\u57282020\u5e74\u64b0\u5199\u8fd9\u7bc7\u6587\u7ae0\u65f6\uff0c\u53d1\u73b0\u8eab\u5904\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u4eba\u4eec\u5df2\u7ecf\u5728\u62b5\u5fa1\u4e00\u79cd\u65b0\u7684\u4eba\u7c7b\u75c5\u6bd2\u7684\u52aa\u529b\u4e2d\u9677\u5165\u4e86\u762b\u75ea\uff0c\u800c\u8fd9\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u7f3a\u4e4f\u5bf9\u75c5\u6bd2\u7684\u91ce\u5916\u76d1\u6d4b\uff0c\u4f7f\u5f97\u7814\u7a76\u4eba\u5458\u5bf9\u5176\u4f20\u64ad\u89c6\u800c\u4e0d\u89c1\u3002\u90a3\u4e48\u5f53<\/span>\uff08\u6216\u4e4b\u524d\uff09<\/span>\u7814\u7a76\u4eba\u5458\u5c06\u81ea\u5df1\u901a\u8fc7\u57fa\u56e0\u7f16\u8f91\u5f97\u5230\u7684\u65b0\u751f\u7269\u6295\u653e\u5230\u5730\u7403\u751f\u7269\u5708\u65f6\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u4f1a\u5728\u8ffd\u8e2a\u68c0\u6d4b\u65b9\u9762\u505a\u5f97\u66f4\u597d\u5417\uff1f<\/span><\/section>\n
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\u968f\u7740\u65b0\u7684\u5408\u6210\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u7684\u7ebf\u7d22\uff08threads\uff09\u5728\u5168\u4e16\u754c\u4eba\u4eec\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u548c\u4e16\u754c\u4e2d\u7a7f\u68ad\uff0c\u4eba\u7c7b\u548c\u81ea\u7136\u5c06\u4f1a\u53d1\u751f\u600e\u6837\u7684\u6539\u53d8\u5462\uff1f<\/span><\/strong>\u7814\u7a76\u4eba\u5458\u8be5\u5982\u4f55\u505a\u624d\u80fd\u9884\u6d4b\u3001\u8ddf\u8e2a\u548c\u63a7\u5236\u8fd9\u4e9b\u53d8\u5316\uff1f\u5982\u679c\u7814\u7a76\u4eba\u5458\u8981\u5f97\u5230CRISPR \u6280\u672f\u5e26\u6765\u7684\u597d\u5904\u5e76\u51cf\u5c11\u5176\u6f5c\u5728\u5371\u5bb3\uff0c\u751f\u6001\u5b66\u5bb6\u2014\u2014\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u91ce\u5916\u751f\u6001\u5b66\u5bb6\u2014\u2014\u5fc5\u987b\u5728\u57fa\u56e0\u7f16\u8f91\u751f\u7269\u8fdb\u5165\u5730\u7403\u751f\u7269\u5708\u4e4b\u524d\u3001\u8fdb\u5165\u4e4b\u4e2d\u548c\u8fdb\u5165\u4e4b\u540e\u7684\u5f88\u957f\u4e00\u6bb5\u65f6\u95f4\u5185\u9762\u5bf9\u5e76\u9700\u8981\u89e3\u51b3\u8fd9\u4e9b\u95ee\u9898\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
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\u89e3\u51b3\u4e0a\u8ff0\u95ee\u9898\u9700\u524d\u9700\u8981\u8003\u8651\u4ee5\u4e0b\u95ee\u9898\uff1a1) \u5982\u679c\u5bf9\u751f\u7269\u4f53\u8fdb\u884c\u57fa\u56e0\u7f16\u8f91\u5728\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5ba4\u6761\u4ef6\u4e0b\u662f\u53ef\u884c\u7684\uff0c\u90a3\u5728\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5ba4\u4ee5\u5916\u7684\u5f00\u653e\u73af\u5883\u4e2d\uff0c\u88ab\u7f16\u8f91\u7684\u57fa\u56e0\u5728\u77ed\u65f6\u95f4\u5185\u4ee5\u53ca\u968f\u7740\u65f6\u95f4\u7684\u63a8\u79fb\u4f1a\u5bf9\u751f\u7269\u4ea7\u751f\u4ec0\u4e48\u5f71\u54cd\uff1f2\uff09\u5982\u679c\u57fa\u56e0\u7f16\u8f91\u751f\u7269\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u5f00\u653e\u73af\u5883\u4e2d\u7e41\u6b96\uff0c\u5b83\u7684\u540e\u4ee3\u5c06\u5982\u4f55\u6539\u53d8\u5e76\u5728\u79cd\u7fa4\u4e2d\u4f20\u64ad\uff1f\u57fa\u56e0\u7f16\u8f91\u6280\u672f\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u4e5f\u8feb\u4f7f\u4eba\u4eec\u5173\u6ce8\u8fd9\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898 [3-7]\u30023\uff09\u8fd9\u4e9b\u57fa\u56e0\u7f16\u8f91\u751f\u7269\u5728\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u751f\u6001\u7cfb\u7edf\u6210\u5206\u4e2d\u5c06\u5982\u4f55\u8868\u73b0\uff1f4) \u4ee5\u53ca\u5c06\u5982\u4f55\u5f71\u54cd\u5b83\u4eec\u6240\u5904\u7684\u751f\u6001\u7cfb\u7edf\uff1f5) \u6211\u4eec\u6216\u672a\u6765\u7684\u4eba\u4eec\u5c06\u5982\u4f55\u770b\u5f85\u8fd9\u4e9b\u65b0\u751f\u7269\uff1f\u6211\u4eec\u4f1a\u559c\u6b22\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u76f4\u63a5\u6216\u95f4\u63a5\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u5417\uff1f<\/span><\/section>\n
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\u4e0b\u9762\uff0c\u4f5c\u8005\u9996\u5148\u56de\u987e\u4e86\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\u751f\u7269\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u5d4c\u5957\u5c3a\u5ea6\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u51b3\u5b9a\u4e86\u57fa\u56e0\u7f16\u8f91\u751f\u7269\u4f53\u5728\u5f00\u653e\u73af\u5883\u4e2d\u7684\u547d\u8fd0\u548c\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u5176\u6b21\uff0c\u4f5c\u8005\u9610\u8ff0\u4e86\u5e94\u7528\u57fa\u56e0\u9a71\u52a8\u5728\u91ce\u751f\u79cd\u7fa4\u4e2d\u4f20\u64ad\u5408\u6210\u7b49\u4f4d\u57fa\u56e0\u800c\u5f15\u8d77\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u7b2c\u4e09\uff0c\u4f5c\u8005\u63a2\u8ba8\u4e86\u5728\u5e72\u65f1\u4e0e\u6b63\u5e38\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u6cb3\u6d41\u7845\u85fb\u56fa\u6c2e\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u95ee\u9898\u53d8\u6210\u4e86\uff1a\u201c\u53ef\u80fd\u51fa\u4ec0\u4e48\u95ee\u9898\u4e86\uff1f\u201d\u4ee5\u53ca\u201c\u7814\u7a76\u4eba\u5458\u5982\u4f55\u624d\u80fd\u68c0\u6d4b\u5230\u53d8\u5316\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5bf9\u53d8\u5316\u51fa\u9519\u7684\u65e9\u671f\u505a\u51fa\u9884\u8b66\uff1f\u201d\u3002\u66fe\u7ecf\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u53ea\u5c5e\u4e8e\u5206\u5b50\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u6216\u91ce\u5916\u751f\u6001\u5b66\u9886\u57df\u7684\u6709\u524d\u9014\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u73b0\u5728\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u591a\u5730\u5728\u4e0a\u8ff0\u4e24\u4e2a\u9886\u57df\u90fd\u5f97\u5230\u5e94\u7528\uff0c\u5e76\u5c06\u5e2e\u52a9\u7814\u7a76\u4eba\u5458\u5408\u4f5c\u5e94\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6311\u6218<\/strong>\u3002\u63a5\u4e0b\u6765\uff0c\u4f5c\u8005\u8ba8\u8bba\u4ef7\u503c\u89c2\u3002\u5f52\u529f\u4e8e\u5904\u4e8e CRISPR \u9769\u547d\u524d\u6cbf\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u7b49\u76f8\u5173\u4eba\u5458\uff0c\u5e7f\u6cdb\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u4ef7\u503c\u89c2\u4ece\u4e00\u5f00\u59cb\u5c31\u6210\u4e3a\u8ba8\u8bba\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u7ec4\u6210\u90e8\u5206[1-7]\u3002\u6700\u540e\uff0c\u672c\u6587\u5c06\u63cf\u8ff0\u7814\u7a76\u4eba\u5458\u5728\u7ed9\u90a3\u4e9b\u5c06\u57fa\u56e0\u7f16\u8f91\u751f\u7269\u6295\u653e\u5230\u5f00\u653e\u73af\u5883\u4e2d\u7684\u4eba\u63d0\u4f9b\u7684\u57f9\u8bad\u548c\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u8d44\u6e90\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u57f9\u8bad\u7b49\u8d44\u6e90\u5c06\u66f4\u597d\u5730\u5e2e\u52a9\u5176\u5c65\u884c\u8ddf\u8e2a\u548c\u7ba1\u7406\u8fd9\u4e9b\u65b0\u751f\u7269\u4ea7\u751f\u5f71\u54cd\u7684\u8d23\u4efb\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
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1. \u628a\u57fa\u56e0\u3001\u5f62\u72b6\u3001\u751f\u7269\u4f53\u548c\u751f\u6001\u7cfb\u7edf\u5173\u8054\u8d77\u6765\uff1a<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n

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\u7814\u7a76\u4eba\u5458\u5229\u7528\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u5fc3\u667a\u5206\u79bb\u51fa\u6765\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u4e0d\u4ec5\u5305\u542b\u5728\u66f4\u5927\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u8fd8\u76f8\u4e92\u91cd\u53e0\u3001\u76f8\u4e92\u8054\u7cfb\u548c\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

Arthur Tansley, 1935 [8]<\/span><\/p>\n

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\u57fa\u56e0\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u7f16\u8f91\u8fc7\u7684\u57fa\u56e0\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u5f71\u54cd\u751f\u7269\u4f53\u7684\u6027\u72b6\uff0c\u8fdb\u800c\u6539\u53d8\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u8868\u73b0\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u67d0\u4e9b\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u4e5f\u4f1a\u5bf9\u751f\u6001\u7cfb\u7edf\u4ea7\u751f\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u4e0a\u8ff0\u5f71\u54cd\u4e5f\u4f1a\u4ece\u73af\u5883\u5230\u751f\u6001\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\u4e2d\u53cd\u65b9\u5411\u5f71\u54cd\u5230\u57fa\u56e0\u8868\u8fbe\u3002\u5f88\u5c11\u6709\u901a\u8def\u662f\u4ee5\u76f4\u63a5\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u8de8\u8d8a\u4e0d\u540c\u5c42\u7ea7\u7684\u751f\u7269\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5c06\u56e0\u679c\u8054\u7cfb\u8d77\u6765\u3002\u5728\u5404\u4e2a\u751f\u7269\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5c42\u7ea7\uff0c\u90fd\u4f1a\u6709\u5f3a\u70c8\u7684\u975e\u7ebf\u6027\u63a7\u5236\u6027\u3001\u53ef\u53d8\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u6ede\u540e\u6027\u548c\u73af\u5883\u4f9d\u8d56\u6027\u201c\u6539\u53d8\u4e86\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u89c4\u5219\u201d[9]\u548c\u6709\u65f6\u4f1a\u7a81\u7136\u53d7\u5230\u6027\u72b6\u7684\u5f71\u54cd[10]\u3002\u5c06\u4e30\u5bcc\u591a\u6837\u7684\u6210\u5206<\/span>\uff08\u57fa\u56e0\u3001\u751f\u7269\u4f53\u548c\u5177\u6709\u7279\u6b8a\u8fdb\u5316\u548c\u81ea\u7136\u5386\u53f2\u7684\u666f\u89c2\uff09<\/span>\u6dfb\u52a0\u5230\u8fd9\u79cd\u7cfb\u7edf\u7ea7\u590d\u6742\u6027\u4e4b\u4e2d\uff0c\u5f88\u660e\u663e\u8fd9\u5c31\u662f\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u6240\u6709\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4e0d\u540c\u5c42\u7ea7\u7684\u751f\u7269\u7ec4\u7ec7\u53d1\u751f\u5d4c\u5957\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528<\/span>\uff08nested interactions\uff09<\/span>\u7684\u9876\u70b9\u7684\u7814\u7a76-\u5373\u751f\u6001\u5b66\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u6709\u7406\u7531\u79f0\u4e3a\u6700\u590d\u6742\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u79d1\u5b66[11]\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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2. \u4ece\u57fa\u56e0\u9884\u6d4b\u5f62\u72b6<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n

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\u957f\u671f\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u4e00\u76f4\u8ba4\u4e3a\u57fa\u56e0\u7ec4\u4e2d\u7684\u57fa\u56e0\u5e8f\u5217\u662f\u4e86\u89e3\u8be5\u751f\u7269\u4f53\u7684\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u4fe1\u606f\u6240\u9700\u8981\u7684\u5168\u90e8\u5185\u5bb9\u3002\u6700\u8fd1\uff0c\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u4eec\u610f\u8bc6\u5230\u8fd8\u6709\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u5c42\u9762\u7684\u63a7\u5236\u4fe1\u606f\uff1a\u8868\u89c2\u9057\u4f20\u4fee\u9970\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

Joseph Ecker, 2020 [12]<\/span>
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 <\/span><\/section>\n
\u9057\u4f20\u5b66\u5bb6\u66fe\u5e0c\u671b\u901a\u8fc7\u9057\u4f20\u5bc6\u7801\u76f4\u63a5\u9884\u6d4b\u751f\u7269\u7684\u8868\u578b\uff0c\u4f46\u8fd9\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5927\u591a\u6570\u5177\u6709\u751f\u6001\u5b66\u610f\u4e49\u7684\u6027\u72b6\u6765\u8bf4\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u3002\u5f53\u5206\u5b50\u548c\u53d1\u80b2\u9057\u4f20\u5b66\u5bb6\u63a2\u7d22\u57fa\u56e0\u8c03\u63a7\u7f51\u7edc\u65f6\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u53d1\u73b0\u4e86\u65e5\u76ca\u589e\u52a0\u7684\u590d\u6742\u6027\u3002\u57fa\u56e0\u8868\u8fbe\u5728\u4e2a\u4f53\u53d1\u80b2\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u53d1\u751f\u660e\u663e\u7684\u53d8\u5316\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83\u5982\u4f55\u53d8\u5316\u4f7f\u5176\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u7ec6\u80de\u548c\u751f\u6001\u7cfb\u7edf\u5c3a\u5ea6\u7684\u5f3a\u5927\u73af\u5883\u63a7\u5236\u4e0b\u8fdb\u884c<\/strong>\u3002\u7ed9\u5b9a\u7684\u57fa\u56e0\u5e8f\u5217\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u7f16\u8f91\u8fc7\u7684\u5e8f\u5217\uff0c\u5982\u4f55\u5728\u751f\u7269\u4f53\u4e2d\u5b9e\u9645\u8868\u73b0\u4e3a\u6027\u72b6\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u5404\u79cd\u57fa\u56e0\u7ec4\u7279\u5f81<\/span>\uff08\u8f6c\u5ea7\u5143\u4ef6\u3001\u62f7\u8d1d\u6570\u53d8\u5f02\u3001\u67d3\u8272\u4f53\u975e\u6574\u500d\u6027\uff09<\/span>\uff1b\u8868\u89c2\u9057\u4f20\u6548\u5e94<\/span>\uff08\u80de\u5627\u5576\u78b1\u57fa\u88ab\u7532\u57fa\u4fee\u9970\u3001\u67d3\u8272\u4f53\u4fee\u9970\u3001small RNA\u7b49\uff09<\/span>\uff1b\u4ee5\u53ca\u521d\u7ea7\u548c\u6b21\u7ea7\u57fa\u56e0\u591a\u6548\u6027\u3001\u540c\u6e90\u6846DNA\u5e8f\u5217\u7684\u8c03\u8282\u3001\u8868\u578b\u53ef\u5851\u6027\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u73b0\u8c61[13-15]\u3002\u6539\u53d8\u57fa\u56e0\u8868\u8fbe\u7684\u8868\u89c2\u9057\u4f20\u5143\u4ef6\u4ee5\u590d\u6742\u7684\u975e\u7ebf\u6027\u65b9\u5f0f\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528<\/strong>\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u5728\u690d\u7269\u7684\u51cf\u6570\u5206\u88c2\u548c\u6709\u4e1d\u5206\u88c2\u671f\u95f4 [16]\u3002\u73af\u5883\u8bf1\u5bfc\u7684\u57fa\u56e0\u8f6c\u5f55\u53d8\u5316\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u5f71\u54cd\u7ec8\u751f\u751a\u81f3\u4f1a\u5bf9\u540e\u4ee3\u7684\u8868\u578b\u4ea7\u751f\u5f71\u54cd[14, 17, 18]\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
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\u8868\u89c2\u9057\u4f20\u5b66\u5bf9\u4e8e\u4ece\u57fa\u56e0\u578b\u9884\u6d4b\u8868\u578b\u7684\u521d\u6b65\u63a2\u7d22\u7ed3\u679c\u663e\u5f97\u7279\u522b\u4ee4\u4eba\u5174\u594b\u4e14\u503c\u5f97\u6df1\u8015\u3002\u4f46\u76ee\u524d\uff0c\u5bf9\u81ea\u7136\u73af\u5883\u4e2d\u975e\u6a21\u5f0f\u751f\u7269\u7684\u8868\u578b\u3001\u751f\u6001\u5b66\u548c\u8fdb\u5316\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u7684\u8868\u89c2\u9057\u4f20\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u624d\u521a\u521a\u5f00\u59cb<\/strong>\uff0c\u4e14\u8fd9\u9879\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\u5982\u679c\u662f\u5177\u6709\u5927\u578b\u590d\u6742\u57fa\u56e0\u7ec4\u6216\u591a\u500d\u4f53\u7684\u690d\u7269\uff0c\u5219\u4f1a\u5177\u6709\u5f88\u5927\u7684\u6311\u6218\u6027[17]\u3002\u751f\u6001\u8868\u89c2\u9057\u4f20\u5b66\u5bb6\u9700\u8981\u4ece\u6a21\u5f0f\u751f\u7269\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u5f97\u5230\u66f4\u591a\u53ef\u501f\u9274\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u548c\u65b9\u6cd5\u6765\u7814\u7a76\u8fdb\u5316\u6210\u4e0d\u540c\u7269\u79cd\u7684\u57fa\u56e0\u7ec4\uff0c\u4e5f\u9700\u8981\u5728\u590d\u6742\u7684\u81ea\u7136\u73af\u5883\u4e2d\u8fdb\u884c\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u673a\u7406\u63a2\u8ba8\u548c\u5b9e\u9a8c\u7814\u7a76 <\/strong>[17, 18]\u3002\u6b63\u5982\u7406\u67e5\u5179\u7b49\u4eba[17]\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u4e3a\u4e86\u9884\u6d4b\u8fd9\u4e9b\u57fa\u56e0\u7ec4\u6c34\u5e73\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u5bf9\u771f\u5b9e<\/span>\uff08\u5f00\u653e\uff09<\/span>\u73af\u5883\u4e2d\u4e0d\u540c\u975e\u6a21\u5f0f\u751f\u7269\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u7814\u7a76\u4eba\u5458\u9700\u8981\u4e86\u89e3\u5929\u7136\u79cd\u7fa4\u4e2d\u8868\u89c2\u9057\u4f20\u53d8\u5316\u7684\u7a0b\u5ea6\u548c\u6765\u6e90\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u8fd9\u79cd\u53d8\u5316\u662f\u5426\u4f1a\u6539\u53d8\u751f\u6001\u7cfb\u7edf\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\u5e76\u4ea7\u751f\u8fdb\u5316\u7ed3\u679c\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
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\u57fa\u56e0\u7ec4\u5143\u4ef6\u7684\u590d\u6742\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\u3001\u5927\u591a\u6570\u751f\u7269\u4f53\u7f3a\u4e4f\u8be6\u7ec6\u7684\u57fa\u56e0\u7ec4\u4fe1\u606f\u4ee5\u53ca\u6765\u81ea\u4e8e\u590d\u6742\u751f\u6001\u7cfb\u7edf\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\u7684\u53cd\u9988\uff0c\u4f7f\u5f97\u57fa\u56e0\u7f16\u8f91\u5728\u6574\u4e2a\u751f\u7269\u7fa4\u4f53\u4e2d\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u96be\u4ee5\u9884\u6d4b\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u7814\u7a76\u4eba\u5458\u80fd\u591f\u5c06\u751f\u7269\u4f53\u7f16\u8f91\u540e\u7684\u57fa\u56e0\u53ef\u9760\u5730\u6620\u5c04\u5230\u6295\u653e\u5230\u81ea\u7136\u73af\u5883\u4e2d\u7684\u751f\u7269\u4f53\u7684\u6027\u72b6\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u5728\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u73af\u5883\u6761\u4ef6\u4e0b\uff0c\u7814\u7a76\u4eba\u5458\u80fd\u5728\u591a\u5927\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u9884\u6d4b\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u5bf9\u751f\u6001\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\uff1f\u73af\u5883\u7684\u4f9d\u8d56\u6027\u5728\u6240\u6709\u751f\u6001\u5c42\u7ea7\u4e0a\u90fd\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u5728\u6700\u5927\u5c42\u7ea7\u4e0a\uff0c\u662f\u9884\u6d4b\u81ea\u7136\u754c\u4e2d\u57fa\u56e0\u7f16\u8f91\u751f\u7269\u7684\u547d\u8fd0\u548c\u5f71\u54cd\u7684\u4e00\u9879\u5de8\u5927\u6311\u6218\u3002<\/strong><\/span><\/section>\n
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3. \u4ece\u57fa\u56e0\u548c\u5f62\u72b6\u9884\u6d4b\u751f\u7269\u4f53\u7684\u8868\u73b0<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n

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\u5373\u4f7f\u5728\u53d7\u5230\u9ad8\u5ea6\u8c03\u63a7\u7684\u519c\u4e1a\u3001\u533b\u9662\u6216\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5ba4\u751f\u6001\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\uff0c\u9009\u62e9\u6027\u73af\u5883\u4e5f\u4f1a\u53d1\u751f\u53d8\u5316\u3002\u4e5f\u8bb8\u5730\u7403\u751f\u547d\u53f2\u4e0a\u6700\u53d7\u63a7\u5236\u7684\u73af\u5883\u4ecd\u7136\u5e26\u6765\u4e86\u8fdb\u5316\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u60ca\u559c\u3002\u622a\u6b62 2020 \u5e74 4 \u6708\uff0c\u5f53\u5b9e\u9a8c\u56e0 COVID-19 \u6682\u505c\u65f6\uff0cRichard Lenski \u548c\u4ed6\u7684\u5b66\u751f\u4ee5\u53ca\u540c\u4e8b\u5df2\u7ecf\u8ffd\u8e2a\u4e8612\u4e2a\u6700\u521d\u9057\u4f20\u4fe1\u606f\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u5927\u80a0\u6746\u83cc\u7fa4\u4f53\u5728\u7e41\u6b96\u8d85\u8fc770,000\u4ee3\u4e4b\u540e\u7684\u9057\u4f20\u4fe1\u606f\u7684\u53d8\u5316[19]\u3002\u6bcf\u5929\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e2a\u79cd\u7fa4\u76841% \u88ab\u8f6c\u79fb\u5230\u4e00\u74f6\u65b0\u9c9c\u7684\u6210\u5206\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u57f9\u517b\u57fa\u4e2d\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e2a\u79cd\u7fa4\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b50\u6837\u672c\u6bcf\u9694500\u4ee3\u4e4b\u540e\u4f1a\u88ab\u51b7\u51bb\u4fdd\u5b58\u3002<\/span>
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\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5bf9\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u57fa\u56e0\u578b\u548c\u73af\u5883\u65bd\u52a0\u4e86\u8fd9\u79cd\u975e\u51e1\u7684\u63a7\u5236\uff0c\u8fd912\u4e2a\u5927\u80a0\u6746\u83cc\u514b\u9686\u7fa4\u4f53\u8fd8\u662f\u5e26\u6765\u4e86\u8bb8\u591a\u8fdb\u5316\u4e0a\u7684\u60ca\u559c\u3002\u4e00\u4e2a\u7279\u522b\u9700\u8981\u5c0f\u5fc3\u7684\u662f\u4f7f\u7528\u57fa\u56e0\u9a71\u52a8\u5728\u91ce\u751f\u79cd\u7fa4\u4e2d\u4f20\u64ad\u7f16\u8f91\u7684\u57fa\u56e0\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u3002\u4e24\u4e2a\u5927\u80a0\u6746\u83cc\u7a81\u53d8\u4f53\u7684\u514b\u9686\u6700\u7ec8\u4f1a\u63a5\u7ba1\u6574\u4e2a\u79cd\u7fa4\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83\u4eec\u6700\u521d\u88ab\u5176\u4ed6\u4e24\u4e2a\u540e\u6765\u706d\u7edd\u7684\u7a81\u53d8\u4f53\u514b\u9686\u6240\u51fb\u8d25\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u7a81\u53d8\u4f1a\u6539\u53d8\u67d3\u8272\u4f53\u8d85\u87ba\u65cb\u5e76\u5f71\u54cd\u57fa\u56e0\u8f6c\u5f55\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u63d0\u9ad8\u7a81\u53d8\u7387\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u8d62\u5f97\u957f\u671f\u80dc\u5229\u7684\u514b\u9686\u5177\u6709\u66f4\u5927\u7684\u9002\u5e94\u6f5c\u529b [20]\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u6700\u521d\u88ab\u8d4b\u4e88\u9002\u5e94\u6027\u52a3\u52bf\uff0c\u4f46\u4ece\u957f\u8fdc\u6765\u770b\uff0c\u6539\u53d8\u67d3\u8272\u4f53\u8d85\u87ba\u65cb\u7684\u62d3\u6251\u5f02\u6784\u9176\u7a81\u53d8\u5141\u8bb8\u8fd9\u4e9b\u514b\u9686\u4ea7\u751f\u5177\u6709\u65b0\u7684\u6709\u76ca\u7a81\u53d8\u7684\u540e\u4ee3\u3002<\/strong><\/span><\/section>\n
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\u5728\u679c\u8747\u4e2d\u8bb0\u5f55\u4e86\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u620f\u5267\u6027\u7684\u201c\u547d\u8fd0\u9006\u8f6c\u201d\uff0c\u5176Sxl\u57fa\u56e0\u7a81\u53d8\u901a\u5e38\u4f1a\u4f7f\u96cc\u6027\u679c\u8747\u7684\u53d7\u7cbe\u5375\u5b8c\u5168\u4e0d\u80b2\u3002Starr \u548c Cline [21] \u53d1\u73b0\u6c83\u5c14\u5df4\u514b\u6c0f\u4f53<\/span>\uff08Wolbachia<\/em>\uff09<\/span>\u7684\u5bc4\u751f\u6709\u5229\u4e8e\u88ab\u5bc4\u751f\u4e14Sxl\u57fa\u56e0\u7a81\u53d8\u7684\u96cc\u6027\u679c\u8747\u4ea7\u4e0b\u6709\u6d3b\u529b\u7684\u53d7\u7cbe\u5375\u3002\u4f5c\u8005\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528<\/span>\uff08\u8fd9\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u9884\u6599\u5230\u7684\uff09<\/span>\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u5c06\u7269\u79cd\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\u7684\u6d88\u6781\u5f71\u54cd\u8f6c\u53d8\u4e3a\u79ef\u6781\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u4f7f\u5bbf\u4e3b\u4e0e\u524d\u5bc4\u751f\u866b\u7684\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\u6210\u4e3a\u5fc5\u7136 [21]\u3002\u968f\u540e\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u5de5\u4f5c\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u7ec6\u83cc\u88ab\u5e26\u6709\u7ec6\u80de\u81f4\u6b7b\u81a8\u80c0\u6bd2\u7d20<\/span>\uff08Cytolethal Distending Toxins\uff09<\/span>\u7684\u57fa\u56e0\u7684\u566c\u83cc\u4f53\u611f\u67d3\uff0c\u5219\u542b\u6709\u8be5\u5185\u5171\u751f\u4f53\u7ec6\u83cc\u7684\u869c\u866b\u4f1a\u5bf9\u5bc4\u751f\u8702\u4ea7\u751f\u6297\u6027 [22, 23]\u3002Whiteman\u548c\u4ed6\u7684\u5b66\u751f\u53ca\u540c\u4e8b[24]\u7ecf\u8fc7\u7814\u7a76\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c\u4e0a\u8ff0\u7f16\u7801\u6bd2\u7d20\u7684cdtB\u57fa\u56e0\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u6c34\u5e73\u57fa\u56e0\u8f6c\u79fb\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u4f7f\u5176\u5728\u4e24\u79cd\u5bbf\u4e3b\u869c\u866b <\/span>(Myzus spp.) <\/span>\u7684\u57fa\u56e0\u7ec4\u4e2d\u7f16\u7801\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u8fd8\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c\u539f\u6838\u751f\u7269\u7684cdtB\u57fa\u56e0\u7684\u8fd9\u79cd\u201c\u9a6f\u5316\u201d\u53d1\u751f\u5728\u51e0\u4e2a\u679c\u8747\u8c31\u7cfb\u4e2d\uff0c\u800c\u8fd9\u5f88\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u87a8\u866b\u548c\u77ed\u94fe\u75c5\u6bd2<\/span>\uff08brachoviruses\uff09<\/span>\u4ecb\u5bfc\u7684\u6c34\u5e73\u57fa\u56e0\u8f6c\u79fb\u5b9e\u73b0\u7684\uff0c\u6216\u901a\u8fc7\u566c\u83cc\u4f53\u76f4\u63a5\u6574\u5408\u5230\u869c\u866b\u548c\u679c\u8747\u57fa\u56e0\u7ec4\u4e2d [24]\u3002\u5bf9\u4e8e\u7814\u7a76\u4eba\u5458\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\u7684\u8ba8\u8bba\uff0c\u6709\u4e24\u70b9\u5f88\u5173\u952e\u3002\u9996\u5148\uff0c\u57fa\u56e0\u5e8f\u5217\u548c\u6027\u72b6\u7684\u53d8\u5316\u662f\u7531\u566c\u83cc\u4f53\u3001\u7ec6\u83cc\u548c\u6606\u866b\u7684\u7269\u79cd\u95f4\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\u5f15\u53d1\u7684<\/strong>\u3002\u8fd9\u751f\u52a8\u5730\u8bf4\u660e\u4e86 Tansley [8]\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u5373\u201c\u7814\u7a76\u4eba\u5458\u5229\u7528\u81ea\u5df1\u5fc3\u667a\u5206\u79bb\u51fa\u6765\u7684\u751f\u6001\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e0d\u4ec5\u4f5c\u4e3a\u66f4\u5927\u751f\u6001\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5b83\u4eec\u8fd8\u76f8\u4e92\u91cd\u53e0\u3001\u76f8\u4e92\u8fde\u63a5\u548c\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\u3002\u201d\u5176\u6b21\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u66f2\u6298\u7684\u8fdb\u5316\u6b65\u9aa4\u548c\u201c\u866b\u6d1e\u201d\u901a\u8fc7\u591a\u7ea7\u653e\u5927\u548c\u7f29\u5c0f\u8fc7\u7a0b\u5c06\u57fa\u56e0\u4e0e\u751f\u6001\u7cfb\u7edf\u8054\u7cfb\u8d77\u6765<\/strong>\u3002\u6b63\u5982\u4e54\u7eb3\u68ee\u00b7\u6d1b\u7d22\u65af<\/span> (Jonathan Losos) <\/span>[25] \u7684\u4e66\u300a\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u547d\u8fd0\uff1a\u5929\u610f\u3001\u673a\u4f1a\u548c\u8fdb\u5316\u7684\u672a\u6765\u300b\u6240\u63cf\u8ff0\u7684\u90a3\u6837\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u5f88\u96be\u89e3\u91ca\uff0c\u66f4\u4e0d\u7528\u8bf4\u9884\u6d4b\u4e86\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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4. \u57fa\u56e0\u9a71\u52a8<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n

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\u5728\u9762\u4e34\u5177\u6709\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u7684\u672a\u6765\u7684\u91ce\u751f\u79cd\u7fa4\u4e4b\u65f6\uff0c\u4fdd\u6301\u5bf9\u672a\u6765\u8fdb\u5316\u7684\u4fe1\u5fc3\u53cd\u5bf9\u4ee5\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u5bfc\u81f4\u91ce\u751f\u9057\u4f20\u591a\u6837\u6027\u51cf\u5c11\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u4fee\u8865\u751f\u547d\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u8986\u76d6\u53ef\u53d8\u7684\u201c\u91ce\u751f\u578b\u201d\u7b49\u4f4d\u57fa\u56e0\u7684\u57fa\u56e0\u9a71\u52a8\u529b\u91cf\u5728\u79cd\u7fa4\u4e2d\u4f20\u64ad\u65f6\u6b63\u662f\u8fd9\u6837\u505a\u7684\u3002\u57fa\u56e0\u9a71\u52a8\u81f3\u5c11\u4f1a\u4f7f\u7528\u50cf CRISPR-Cas9 \u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u57fa\u56e0\u624b\u672f\u5200\u800c\u975e\u9ed1\u66dc\u77f3\u5200\u90a3\u6837\u7684\u65e9\u671f\u57fa\u56e0\u6539\u9020\u6280\u672f\u6765\u8986\u76d6\u66f4\u77ed<\/span>\uff08\u901a\u5e38 <1 kb\uff09<\/span>\u7684\u76f8\u90bb\u57fa\u56e0\u7ec4\u5e8f\u5217\u3002<\/span>
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\u57fa\u56e0\u9a71\u52a8\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u4f7f\u6709\u6027\u751f\u6b96\u7269\u79cd\u4e2d\u7b49\u4f4d\u57fa\u56e0\u7684\u4f20\u9012\u6982\u7387\u9ad8\u4e8e\u9884\u671f\u7684\u7684\u5b5f\u5fb7\u5c14\u6982\u7387<\/span>\uff0850%\uff09<\/span>\u7684\u57fa\u56e0\u5de5\u7a0b\u6280\u672f\u3002\u57fa\u56e0\u9a71\u52a8\u4e5f\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u81ea\u7136\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff0c\u5df2\u7ecf\u5728\u81ea\u7136\u754c\u4e2d\u6f14\u5316\u4e86\u4e00\u6bb5\u65f6\u95f4<\/span> [\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u6c83\u5c14\u5df4\u514b\u6c0f\u4f53\uff08Wolbachia<\/em>\uff09\u3001\u8f6c\u5ea7\u5b50\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u201c\u81ea\u79c1\u7684\u201d\u9057\u4f20\u5143\u4ef6 [3, 4]]<\/span>\u3002\u6c83\u5c14\u5df4\u514b\u6c0f\u57fa\u56e0\u9a71\u52a8\u6280\u672f\u53ef\u88ab\u7528\u4e8e\u5bb3\u866b\u7684\u751f\u7269\u9632\u6cbb [26]\uff0c\u76ee\u524d\u5df2\u90e8\u7f72\u5728\u5df4\u897f\u3001\u6cd5\u5c5e\u6ce2\u5229\u5c3c\u897f\u4e9a\u3001\u6fb3\u5927\u5229\u4e9a\u4e1c\u5357\u90e8 [27] \u548c\u52a0\u5229\u798f\u5c3c\u4e9a\u4e2d\u592e\u5c71\u8c37 [28]\u7684\u5f00\u653e\u73af\u5883\u4e2d\uff0c\u7528\u4e8e\u53ef\u9020\u6210\u4eba\u7c7b\u75be\u75c5\u7684\u868a\u5a92\u751f\u7269\u9632\u6cbb\u3002\u5229\u7528 CRISPR-Cas\u6280\u672f\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u7cbe\u51c6\u7f16\u8f91\u76ee\u7684\u57fa\u56e0\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u4ee5\u6bd4\u6c83\u5c14\u5df4\u514b\u6c0f\u4f53\u4e2d\u7684\u53ef\u8f6c\u79fb\u9057\u4f20\u56e0\u5b50\u66f4\u9ad8\u7684\u6548\u7387<\/span>\uff08> 99% \u590d\u5236\u4fdd\u771f\u5ea6\u548c\u4f20\u8f93\u7387\uff09<\/span>\u8fdb\u884c\u9a71\u52a8 [3, 29]\u3002CRISPR-Cas 9\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u96cc\u6027\u5188\u6bd4\u4e9a\u6309\u868a<\/span>\uff08Anopholes gambiae<\/em>\uff09<\/span>\uff08\u5728\u975e\u6d32\u4f20\u64ad\u759f\u75be\uff09<\/span>\u4e0d\u80b2\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u5df2\u5728\u4f26\u6566\u5e1d\u56fd\u7406\u5de5\u5b66\u9662\u5c55\u5f00\uff0c\u76ee\u524d\u7814\u7a76\u4eba\u5458\u6b63\u5728\u8003\u8651\u672a\u6765\u628a\u8fd9\u79cd\u6280\u672f\u5e94\u7528\u5230\u975e\u6d32 [30]\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5bf9\u868a\u5b50\u548c\u6606\u866b\u8fdb\u884c\u751f\u7269\u9632\u6cbb\u7684\u57fa\u56e0\u9a71\u52a8\u5e94\u7528\u76ee\u524d\u6b63\u53d7\u5230\u5bbf\u4e3b\u6297\u6027\u5feb\u901f\u8fdb\u5316\u7684\u6311\u6218 [31, 32]\u3002\u76ee\u524d\u6709\u5f88\u591a\u89e3\u51b3\u65b9\u6848\u6765\u5e94\u5bf9\u6311\u6218\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u9488\u5bf9\u53cc\u6027\u57fa\u56e0\uff0c\u8be5\u57fa\u56e0\u7684\u7a81\u53d8\u65e2\u4f1a\u963b\u788d\u57fa\u56e0\u53d8\u5f02\u4e5f\u4f1a\u4f7f\u5188\u6bd4\u4e9a\u6309\u868a\u96cc\u6027\u4e0d\u80b2\u3002\u5982\u679c\u57fa\u56e0\u6709\u591a\u4e2a\u4f4d\u70b9\u53ef\u4ee5\u7f16\u8f91\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u6297\u6027\u8fdb\u5316\u7684\u673a\u4f1a\u53ef\u4ee5\u51cf\u5c11[30-32]\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
 <\/span><\/section>\n
\u53e6\u4e00\u79cd\u5bf9\u4ed8\u5bbf\u4e3b\u6297\u6027\u8fdb\u5316\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u662f\u4f7f\u7528\u53ef\u80fd\u589e\u5f3a\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u964d\u4f4e\u57fa\u56e0\u7f16\u8f91\u5bbf\u4e3b\u5bf9\u73af\u5883\u7684\u9002\u5e94\u6027\u7684\u57fa\u56e0\u7f16\u8f91\u5668\u3002<\/span><\/strong>Anthony James \u53ca\u5176\u540c\u4e8b[33]\u5df2\u4f7f\u7528 CRISPR \u7f16\u8f91\u7528\u4e8e\u5728\u5370\u5ea6\u4f20\u64ad\u759f\u75be\u7684\u65af\u6c0f\u6309\u868a<\/span>\uff08Anopholes stephensi<\/em>\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u5c06\u4e24\u4e2a\u72ec\u7acb\u7684\u7b49\u4f4d\u57fa\u56e0\u8f6c\u5165\u868a\u5b50\u5bbf\u4e3b\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u57fa\u56e0\u7f16\u7801\u7684\u6297\u4f53\u5206\u522b\u80fd\u653b\u51fb\u5904\u5728\u4e0d\u540c\u751f\u547d\u9636\u6bb5\u7684\u759f\u539f\u866b<\/span>\uff08\u4e00\u79cd\u759f\u539f\u866b\u611f\u67d3\u5bbf\u4e3b\u7684\u80a0\u9053\uff0c\u53e6\u4e00\u79cd\u611f\u67d3\u5bbf\u4e3b\u7684\u553e\u6db2\u817a\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u540c\u6837\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u529f\u80fd\u83b7\u5f97\u6027\u7b49\u4f4d\u57fa\u56e0\u4f7f\u759f\u539f\u866b\u6297\u6027\u8fdb\u5316\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u964d\u4f4e\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u5bf9\u759f\u539f\u866b\u7684\u6297\u6027\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u63d0\u9ad8\u868a\u5b50\u5bbf\u4e3b\u7684\u9002\u5e94\u6027\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\uff0c\u5229\u7528\u57fa\u56e0\u7f16\u8f91\u6280\u672f\u6539\u9020\u7684\u65af\u6c0f\u6309\u868a\u5728\u5f15\u5165\u5370\u5ea6\u6b21\u5927\u9646\u540e\u5176\u5b58\u6d3b\u548c\u4f20\u64ad\u7684\u6982\u7387\u589e\u52a0\u4e86\u3002\u7c7b\u4f3c\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u57fa\u56e0\u6539\u9020\u540e\u7269\u79cd\u7684\u5f15\u5165\u9700\u8981\u5f53\u5730\u516c\u4f17\u548c\u76d1\u7ba1\u673a\u6784\u8fdb\u884c\u5927\u91cf\u8ba8\u8bba\u4e0e\u534f\u5546<\/strong>\u3002\u4e0d\u8fc7\uff0c\u4e0e\u6b64\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u57fa\u56e0\u7f16\u8f91\u6539\u9020\u8fc7\u7684\u65af\u6c0f\u6309\u868a\u5728\u73af\u5883\u4e2d\u7684\u8868\u73b0\u4e5f\u5728\u66f4\u52a0\u903c\u771f\u4f46\u5c01\u95ed\u7684\u5b9e\u9a8c\u73af\u5883\u4e2d\u8fdb\u884c\u4ed4\u7ec6\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5b9e\u9a8c\u73af\u5883\u4f4d\u4e8e\u52a0\u5229\u798f\u5c3c\u4e9a\u5dde\u5c14\u6e7e\u3002\u5728\u53e6\u5916\u4e00\u4e2a\u8bd5\u9a8c\u5730<\/span>\uff08\u4f26\u6566\u7684\u8bd5\u9a8c\u5730\uff09<\/span>\u4e2d\uff0c\u57fa\u56e0\u7f16\u8f91\u7684\u868a\u5b50\u5982\u679c\u9003\u9038\u81f3\u81ea\u7136\u73af\u5883\u5219\u65e0\u6cd5\u5b58\u6d3b [7]\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
 <\/span><\/section>\n
\u5982\u679c\u57fa\u56e0\u9a71\u52a8\u6280\u672f\u51fa\u73b0\u4e86\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u90a3\u662f\u5426\u80fd\u5728\u6295\u653e\u57fa\u56e0\u9a71\u52a8\u6539\u9020\u7684\u751f\u7269\u4f53\u540e\u628a\u8fd9\u4e00\u5207\u53c8\u6062\u590d\u539f\u6837\u5462\uff1f\u76ee\u524d\u7814\u7a76\u4eba\u5458\u5df2\u7ecf\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u4e00\u4e9b\u5173\u4e8e\u5982\u4f55\u63a7\u5236\u57fa\u56e0\u9a71\u52a8\u6539\u9020\u751f\u7269\u5728\u81ea\u7136\u73af\u5883\u4e2d\u8513\u5ef6\u5e76\u4ea7\u751f\u6709\u5bb3\u5f71\u54cd\u7684\u60f3\u6cd5[2, 29]\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u5176\u4e2d\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u60f3\u6cd5\u5df2\u5728\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5ba4\u4e2d\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u6d4b\u8bd5 [34]\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u60f3\u6cd5\u5305\u62ec\u514d\u75ab\u9a71\u52a8<\/span>\uff08immunization drives)\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u4fdd\u62a4\u4f1a\u53d7\u5230\u5916\u6765\u7269\u79cd\u6392\u6324\u7684\u539f\u751f\u7269\u79cd\uff09<\/span>\u3001\u6062\u590d\u9a71\u52a8<\/span>\uff08recall drives\uff09\uff08\u4e3b\u8981\u901a\u8fc7\u79cd\u7fa4\u4f20\u64ad\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u6765\u5bfb\u627e\u548c\u6740\u6b7b\u7ecf\u8fc7\u57fa\u56e0\u7f16\u8f91\u7684\u3001\u5728\u73af\u5883\u4e2d\u5e7f\u6cdb\u5206\u5e03\u7684\u751f\u7269\u4f53\uff09<\/span>\u3001\u5316\u5b66\u7ea6\u675f<\/span>\uff08chemical tethers\uff09\uff08\u4e00\u4e2a\u5df2\u7ecf\u5728\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5ba4\u8bd5\u9a8c\u6210\u529f\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5[34]\uff0c\u5b83\u80fd\u4f7f\u57fa\u56e0\u9a71\u52a8\u6539\u9020\u7684\u751f\u7269\u56e0\u4e3a\u4f9d\u8d56\u4e8e\u5b83\u4eec\u5728\u91ce\u5916\u65e0\u6cd5\u83b7\u5f97\u7684\u5316\u5b66\u7269\u8d28\u800c\u65e0\u6cd5\u5728\u91ce\u5916\u751f\u5b58\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u7814\u7a76\u4eba\u5458\u76ee\u524d\u65e0\u6cd5\u8bc4\u4f30\u514d\u75ab\u6216\u6062\u590d\u9a71\u52a8\u5b9e\u65bd\u4e00\u6bb5\u65f6\u95f4\u540e\u5728\u5f00\u653e\u7684\u81ea\u7136\u73af\u5883\u4e2d\u7684\u6548\u679c\uff0c\u4e5f\u6ca1\u6709\u8db3\u591f\u7684\u8d44\u91d1\u3001\u7ec4\u7ec7\u548c\u4eba\u5458\u6765\u8ddf\u8e2a\u5728\u5f00\u653e\u73af\u5883\u4e2d\u4f20\u64ad\u7684\u7f16\u8f91\u57fa\u56e0<\/strong>\u3002\u800c\u4e14\u76ee\u524d\u5c1a\u4e0d\u6e05\u695a\uff0c\u5728\u7ed9\u4e88\u868a\u5b50\u7279\u5b9a\u5bc4\u751f\u866b\u6297\u6027\u7684\u57fa\u56e0\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u662f\u5426\u4f1a\u4f7f\u868a\u5b50\u53d8\u5f97\u66f4\u5bb9\u6613\u611f\u67d3\u53e6\u4e00\u79cd\u75c5\u539f\u4f53 [4]\u3002\u5728\u5927\u591a\u6570\u759f\u75be\u6d41\u884c\u5730\u533a\u7684\u868a\u5b50\u611f\u67d3\u7387\u4f4e\uff0c[35] \u8fd9\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u51cf\u5c11\u8fd9\u79cd\u62c5\u5fe7<\/span>\uff08\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u672a\u53d7\u611f\u67d3\u7684\u868a\u5b50\u4e0d\u643a\u5e26\u5176\u4ed6\u75c5\u539f\u4f53\uff1f\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u9664\u975e\u57fa\u56e0\u7f16\u8f91\u63d0\u9ad8\u4e86\u868a\u5b50\u611f\u67d3\u5176\u4ed6\u75c5\u539f\u4f53\u7684\u6982\u7387\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u53d8\u5316\u76ee\u524d\u4f3c\u4e4e\u6ca1\u6709\u660e\u663e\u7684\u6548\u7528\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u968f\u7740\u65f6\u95f4\u7684\u63a8\u79fb\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u57fa\u56e0\u7a81\u53d8\u6216\u975e\u57fa\u56e0\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u539f\u56e0\u5f15\u53d1\u4e86\u57fa\u56e0\u9a71\u52a8\u6539\u9020\u7684\u751f\u7269\u4f53\u4ea7\u751f\u4e0a\u8ff0\u53d8\u5316\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u7814\u7a76\u4eba\u5458\u5bf9\u6b64\u4f9d\u7136\u675f\u624b\u65e0\u7b56\u7684\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
 <\/span><\/section>\n
\u57fa\u56e0\u7f16\u8f91\u6280\u672f\u8fd8\u6709\u4e00\u4e9b\u5176\u4ed6\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u95ee\u9898\u4e0e\u7814\u7a76\u4eba\u5458\u4e4b\u524d\u6709\u610f\u5229\u7528\u5b83\u6765\u6291\u5236\u3001\u589e\u5f3a\u6216\u7b80\u5355\u5730\u6539\u9020\u91ce\u751f\u52a8\u690d\u7269\u79cd\u7fa4\u662f\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u3002\u9274\u4e8e Lenski \u7684\u957f\u671f\u7684\u8fdb\u5316\u5b9e\u9a8c\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u4ee4\u4eba\u62c5\u5fe7\u7684\u662f\uff0cCRISPR-Cas9 \u57fa\u56e0\u7f16\u8f91\u6280\u672f\u4f1a\u4f7f\u5f97\u914d\u5bf9\u67d3\u8272\u4f53\u4e0a\u7684\u540c\u6e90\u7b49\u4f4d\u57fa\u56e0\u5728\u4f20\u64ad\u65f6\u88ab\u8986\u76d6\u3002\u7b49\u4f4d\u57fa\u56e0\u591a\u6837\u6027\u7684\u4e27\u5931\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u51cf\u5c11\u540e\u4ee3\u79cd\u7fa4\u7684\u591a\u6837\u6027 [20, 25]\u3002\u6700\u540e\uff0c\u751f\u6001\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u73af\u5883\u4f9d\u8d56\u6027\u4f1a\u963b\u788d\u66f4\u5927\u89c4\u6a21\u7684\u9884\u6d4b<\/strong>\u3002\u751f\u7269\u4f53\u57fa\u56e0\u9a71\u52a8\u6539\u9020\u540e\u5f97\u5230\u7684\u65b0\u6027\u72b6\u5728\u67d0\u4e9b\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b<\/span>\uff08\u5bf9\u751f\u7269\u7fa4\u6216\u793e\u4f1a\uff09<\/span>\u4f3c\u4e4e\u6709\u76ca\u800c\u5728\u5176\u4ed6\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u5219\u53ef\u80fd\u6709\u5bb3\uff0c\u53cd\u4e4b\u4ea6\u7136\u3002\u4e0a\u8ff0\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8003\u8651\u8bf4\u660e\u5728\u73af\u5883\u4e2d\u6295\u653e\u57fa\u56e0\u9a71\u52a8\u6539\u9020\u4ee5\u53ca\u57fa\u56e0\u5b9a\u65f6\u70b8\u5f39\u3001\u6062\u590d\u9a71\u52a8\u6216\u5176\u4ed6\u65b9\u6cd5\u6539\u9020\u7684\u751f\u7269\u4f53\u4e4b\u524d\u5fc5\u987b\u8fdb\u884c\u4ed4\u7ec6\u8bc4\u4f30\u3001\u8ba4\u771f\u51c6\u5907\u5e76\u4f7f\u516c\u4f17\u548c\u76d1\u7ba1\u90e8\u95e8\u8fbe\u6210\u5171\u8bc6 [3-6]\uff0c\u8fd9\u6837\u624d\u80fd\u5728\u5b9e\u9a8c\u4e4b\u540e\u907f\u514d\u4e0d\u5fc5\u8981\u7684\u9ebb\u70e6\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
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5. \u4ece\u6027\u72b6\u9884\u6d4b\u5f71\u54cd<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n

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\u751f\u6001\u5b66\u6307\u7684\u662f\u5bf9\u751f\u7269\u5206\u5e03\u548c\u4e30\u5ea6\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u56e0\u7d20\u7684\u7814\u7a76 [36]\u3002\u5927\u591a\u6570\u89c2\u5bdf\u8005\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u8bb8\u591a\u751f\u6001\u5b66\u5bb6\uff0c\u90fd\u8ba4\u4e3a\u751f\u7269\u79cd\u7fa4\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u53d7\u73af\u5883\u6761\u4ef6\u548c\u8d44\u6e90\u7684\u9650\u5236<\/strong>\u3002\u751f\u7269\u4f53\u4e00\u822c\u4f1a\u751f\u5b58\u5728\u7269\u7406\u5316\u5b66\u6761\u4ef6\u826f\u597d\u548c\u8d44\u6e90\u4f9b\u5e94\u5145\u8db3\u7684\u5730\u65b9 [37]\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u4e3a\u4e86\u9884\u6d4b\u751f\u7269\u4f53\u5bf9\u6c14\u5019\u53d8\u6696\u7684\u53cd\u5e94\uff0c\u4e00\u79cd\u666e\u904d\u7684\u505a\u6cd5\u662f\u5206\u6790\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u6c14\u5019\u5305\u7edc<\/span>\uff08climate envelopes\uff0c\u6e29\u5ea6\u3001\u6e7f\u5ea6\u7684\u8303\u56f4\uff0c\u6709\u65f6\u8fd8\u5305\u62ec\u5b83\u4eec\u76ee\u524d\u6240\u5904\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u6761\u4ef6\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u5e76\u5047\u8bbe\u5b83\u4eec\u4f1a\u5728\u5177\u6709\u8fd9\u79cd\u6c14\u5019\u6761\u4ef6\u5730\u533a\u751f\u5b58\u6216\u5c06\u6765\u4f1a\u8fc1\u5165\u8fd9\u79cd\u5730\u533a[38-40]\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
 <\/span><\/section>\n
\u8fd9\u4e9b\u89c2\u70b9\u5ffd\u7565\u4e86\u7269\u79cd\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5728\u67d0\u79cd\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u7c7b\u4f3c\u4e8e\u201c\u8c46\u888b\u201d\u9057\u4f20\u5b66<\/span>\uff08\u201cbean bag\u201dgenetics\uff09<\/span> [41]\u3002\u8d44\u6e90\u4f9b\u5e94\u548c\u73af\u5883\u6761\u4ef6\u56fa\u7136\u5f88\u91cd\u8981\uff0c\u4f46\u751f\u7269\u4f53\u5f80\u5f80\u4e0d\u80fd\u5230\u8fbe\u5b83\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u5230\u8fbe\u7684\u5730\u65b9\uff0c\u8981\u4e48\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u4eec\u8fd8\u6ca1\u6709\u5230<\/span>\uff08\u6269\u6563\u9650\u5236\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u8981\u4e48\u662f\u5373\u4f7f\u5230\u4e86\u76ee\u7684\u5730\u4e5f\u56e0\u4e3a\u7ade\u4e89\u8005\u6216\u5929\u654c\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u800c\u96be\u4ee5\u5728\u5f53\u5730\u751f\u5b58\u4e0b\u6765\u3002<\/span>\u6d88\u8d39\u8005\uff08consumers\uff09\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u6355\u98df\u8005\u548c\u75c5\u539f\u4f53\u4f1a\u5bf9\u751f\u7269\u4f53\u4ea7\u751f\u5f88\u5927\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u5b83\u4eec\u5728\u81ea\u7136\u754c\u4e2d\u5f88\u96be\u88ab\u89c2\u6d4b\u5230\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5f80\u5f80\u88ab\u7814\u7a76\u4eba\u5458\u4f4e\u4f30<\/span><\/strong><\/span>\u3002\u7814\u7a76\u4eba\u5458\u7ecf\u5e38\u8ba4\u4e3a\u201c\u4e16\u754c\u662f\u7eff\u8272\u7684\u201d\uff0c\u90a3\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4e16\u754c\u7ed9\u4e88\u7684\u6761\u4ef6\u548c\u8d44\u6e90\u652f\u6301\u690d\u7269\u751f\u957f\u3002\u5982\u679c\u4e16\u754c\u770b\u8d77\u6765\u5f88\u8d2b\u7620\uff0c\u5219\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u4e0d\u9002\u5b9c\u690d\u7269\u7684\u751f\u957f\u3002\u4e0e\u672a\u7ecf\u5b9e\u9a8c\u6216\u957f\u671f\u89c2\u5bdf\u7684\u666e\u904d\u7406\u89e3\u76f8\u6bd4\uff0c\u6d88\u8d39\u8005\u6b63\u5728\u5bf9\u751f\u6001\u7fa4\u843d\u65bd\u52a0\u795e\u79d8\u7684\u3001\u5f3a\u6709\u529b\u7684\u76f4\u63a5\u548c\u95f4\u63a5\u5f71\u54cd\uff1a\u9650\u5236\u67d0\u4e9b\u7269\u79cd\uff0c\u5e76\u95f4\u63a5\u91ca\u653e\u5176\u4ed6\u7269\u79cd\uff1a\u730e\u7269\u7684\u730e\u726942]\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
 <\/span><\/section>\n
Paine \u7b49\u4eba[43-45]\u5c55\u793a\u4e86\u201c\u8425\u517b\u7ea7\u8054\u201d\u8fd9\u4e2a\u751f\u6001\u73b0\u8c61\u5bf9\u57fa\u56e0\u8fdb\u5316\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\u548c\u6f5c\u5728\u9884\u6d4b\u80fd\u529b\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u201c\u8425\u517b\u7ea7\u8054\u201d\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u4e2a\u4f53\u4e4b\u95f4\u901a\u8fc7\u76f4\u63a5\u6216\u95f4\u63a5\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\u8054\u7cfb\u8d77\u6765\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u5173\u8054\u94fe\u6761\uff0c\u80fd\u591f\u628a\u690d\u7269\u901a\u8fc7\u6d88\u8d39\u8005\u4e0e\u6355\u98df\u8005\u8054\u7cfb\u8d77\u6765\u3002\u5e76\u4e14\u5982\u679c\u201c\u5f3a\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\u8005\u201d\u7269\u79cd\u7684\u4e30\u5ea6\u548c\u8868\u73b0\u53d1\u751f\u53d8\u5316\uff0c\u4fbf\u4f1a\u5728\u751f\u6001\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u4ea7\u751f\u5f88\u5927\u7684\u6270\u52a8\u3002\u5982\u679c\u5f3a\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\u7269\u79cd\u80fd\u4fdd\u6301\u8db3\u591f\u7684\u751f\u7269\u91cf\u6765\u6784\u5efa\u5176\u751f\u6001\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u5b83\u4eec\u4fbf\u4f1a\u6210\u4e3a\u201c\u57fa\u7840\u201d\u6216\u201c\u4f18\u52bf\u201d\u7269\u79cd\uff1b\u800c\u4e00\u4e9b\u201c\u5173\u952e\u7269\u79cd\u201d\u867d\u7136\u4e0d\u5e38\u89c1\u4f46\u6709\u65f6\u4f1a\u901a\u8fc7\u6291\u5236\u6216\u652f\u6301\u4f18\u52bf\u7269\u79cd[43, 46]\u4f7f\u5176\u4ecd\u7136\u80fd\u591f\u5f3a\u70c8\u5730\u5f71\u54cd\u751f\u6001\u7cfb\u7edf\u7ed3\u6784<\/strong>\u3002\u5982\u679c\uff0c\u6b63\u5982Paine\u7b49\u4eba\u6240\u5047\u8bbe\u7684\u90a3\u6837\uff0c\u76f8\u5bf9\u8f83\u5c11\u7684\u5f3a\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\u8005\u4f1a\u89e6\u53d1\u6574\u4e2a\u751f\u6001\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u95f4\u63a5\u7ea7\u8054\u6548\u5e94\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u8bb8\u591a\u5171\u751f\u79cd\u7fa4\u7684\u52a8\u6001\u884c\u4e3a\u4f1a\u53d7\u5230\u5c11\u6570\u5f3a\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\u8005\u7684\u5f71\u54cd[43]\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u4f7f\u751f\u6001\u5b66\u53d8\u5f97\u66f4\u52a0\u53ef\u9884\u6d4b\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
 <\/span><\/section>\n
\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u73af\u5883\u4f9d\u8d56\u4ecd\u7136\u662f\u751f\u6001\u9884\u6d4b\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u5de8\u5927\u6311\u6218[46-48]\u3002\u5f53\u73af\u5883\u6761\u4ef6\u548c\u8d44\u6e90\u6539\u53d8\u4e86\u751f\u6001\u7f51\u7edc\u5404\u4e2a\u6210\u5458\u7684\u8868\u73b0\u65f6\uff0c\u7269\u79cd\u4e4b\u95f4\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\u5f3a\u5ea6\u4e5f\u4f1a\u968f\u7740\u7a7a\u95f4\u548c\u65f6\u95f4\u800c\u53d1\u751f\u53d8\u5316\u3002\u5411\u751f\u6001\u7f51\u7edc\u4e2d\u589e\u52a0\u6216\u51cf\u5c11\u6210\u5458\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u6539\u53d8\u6574\u4e2a\u751f\u6001\u7f51\u7edc\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u6d77\u736d\u4fdd\u62a4\u6d77\u5e26\u68ee\u6797\u514d\u4e8e\u8fc7\u5ea6\u653e\u7267\u800c\u5f62\u6210\u7684\u8425\u517b\u7ea7\u8054 [49] \u4f1a\u7531\u4e8e\u864e\u9cb8\u6355\u98df\u5e76\u4f7f\u6d77\u736d\u706d\u7edd [50] \u800c\u5d29\u6e83\uff0c\u800c\u8fd9\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u864e\u9cb8\u9996\u9009\u730e\u7269\u7684\u5927\u9cb8\u9c7c\u6570\u91cf\u7a00\u7f3a\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5176\u4ed6\u80a5\u7f8e\u7684\u6d77\u6d0b\u54fa\u4e73\u52a8\u7269\u7684\u79cd\u7fa4\u6570\u91cf\u9510\u51cf[51]\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u65e0\u6cd5\u4ece\u6027\u72b6\u9884\u6d4b\u751f\u7269\u4f53\u5bf9\u73af\u5883\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u4f46\u5e94\u8be5\u6709\u4e00\u4e9b\u89c4\u5219\u53ef\u4ee5\u8ba9\u7814\u7a76\u4eba\u5458\u4e86\u89e3\u751f\u7269\u4f53\u4e4b\u95f4\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\u548c\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\u5f3a\u5ea6\u968f\u7a7a\u95f4\u548c\u65f6\u95f4\u7684\u53d8\u5316<\/strong>\u3002\u53d1\u80b2\u9057\u4f20\u5b66\u5bb6\u53d1\u73b0\u4e86\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u89c4\u5219\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u715e\u8d39\u82e6\u5fc3\u5730\u7406\u6e05\u4e86\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5bf9\u57fa\u56e0\u8868\u8fbe\u4ea7\u751f\u5f71\u54cd\u7684\u590d\u6742\u3001\u7279\u6b8a\u7684\u63a7\u5236\u8def\u5f84 [14, 15]\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5728\u66f4\u5927\u5c3a\u5ea6\u7684\u751f\u6001\u7f51\u7edc\u4e2d\u5de5\u4f5c\u4f1a\u9762\u4e34\u6311\u6218\uff0c\u4f46\u751f\u6001\u5b66\u5bb6\u9700\u8981\u5728\u666f\u89c2\u3001\u6d77\u666f\u548c\u6de1\u6c34\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7814\u7a76\u4eba\u5458\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u9886\u57df\u63a8\u8fdb\u7c7b\u4f3c\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
 <\/span><\/section>\n

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6. \u9690\u85cf\u7684\u8c03\u63a7\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff0c\u795e\u79d8\u7684\u53c2\u4e0e\u8005<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n

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<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/h3>\n


<\/p>\n

\u8096\u6069\u00b7\u5361\u7f57\u5c14 [52] \u5728\u4ed6\u975e\u51e1\u7684\u8457\u4f5c\u300a\u585e\u4f26\u76d6\u8482\u89c4\u5219\u300b\u4e2d\uff0c\u6307\u51fa\u4e86\u751f\u6001\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u7684\u8425\u517b\u7ea7\u8054\u4e0e\u57fa\u56e0\u8c03\u63a7\u7f51\u7edc\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u76f8\u4f3c\u4e4b\u5904\u3002\u57fa\u56e0\u56de\u8def\u2014\u2014\u5206\u5b50\u547d\u4ee4\u94fe\u2014\u2014\u5c06\u8c03\u8282\u57fa\u56e0\u5982\u4f55\u3001\u4f55\u65f6\u4ee5\u53ca\u662f\u5426\u4f1a\u88ab\u8868\u8fbe\u3001\u6291\u5236\u6216\u8bf1\u5bfc\u3002\u76f4\u5230 Monod \u548c Jacob \u610f\u8bc6\u5230\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u795e\u79d8\u7684\u53c2\u4e0e\u8005\uff0c\u5373\u4e00\u79cd\u963b\u904f\u86cb\u767d\uff0c\u5b83\u4f1a\u6291\u5236 \u03b2-\u534a\u4e73\u7cd6\u82f7\u9176\u57fa\u56e0\u7684\u8868\u8fbe\uff0c\u800c\u5176\u5e95\u7269\u4e73\u7cd6\u5219\u53c8\u4f1a\u6291\u5236\u963b\u904f\u86cb\u767d\u7684\u6d3b\u6027 [52]\uff0c \u4e73\u7cd6\u64cd\u7eb5\u5b50\u624d\u771f\u6b63\u5237\u65b0\u4e86\u4eba\u4eec\u5bf9\u57fa\u56e0\u8c03\u63a7\u65b9\u5f0f\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u3002\u5361\u7f57\u5c14\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u57fa\u56e0\u8c03\u63a7\u8def\u5f84\u4e0e\u4e09\u7ea7\u8425\u517b\u7ea7\u8054\u7684\u8fd0\u4f5c\u65b9\u5f0f\u76f8\u540c\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u8089\u98df\u52a8\u7269\u901a\u8fc7\u6291\u5236\u98df\u8349\u52a8\u7269\u6765\u95f4\u63a5\u4fdd\u62a4\u690d\u7269 [42]<\/strong>\u3002\u5f53\u7814\u7a76\u4eba\u5458\u53d1\u73b0\u5e76\u7406\u6e05\u57fa\u56e0\u8c03\u63a7\u7f51\u7edc\u3001\u4ee3\u8c22\u7f51\u7edc\u6216\u751f\u6001\u7f51\u7edc\u4e2d\u95f4\u63a5\u3001\u7279\u6b8a\u7684\u63a7\u5236\u901a\u8def\u65f6\uff0c\u7814\u7a76\u4eba\u5458\u4e5f\u63d0\u9ad8\u4e86\u9884\u6d4b\u3001\u7406\u89e3\u548c\u7ba1\u7406\u51fa\u73b0\u610f\u5916\u4e8b\u4ef6\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u6982\u7387\u3002\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u5145\u6ee1\u5e0c\u671b\u7684\u8ff9\u8c61\u662f\uff0c\u4ece\u57fa\u56e0\u5230\u751f\u6001\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u6700\u521d\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u76f8\u4e92\u77db\u76fe\u7684\u591a\u79cd\u8868\u73b0\u5f62\u5f0f\u5728\u6f5c\u5728\u673a\u5236\u88ab\u6316\u6398\u51fa\u4e4b\u540e\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u90fd\u80fd\u591f\u5728\u6982\u5ff5\u4e0a\u88ab\u7edf\u4e00 [14, 15, 53]\uff0c\u8fd9\u901a\u5e38\u4e0e\u53d1\u73b0\u4e86\u66f4\u9ad8\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5c42\u6b21\u7684\u8c03\u63a7\u73b0\u8c61\u6709\u5173\u3002<\/span>
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\u5355\u4e2a\u57fa\u56e0\u7684\u7a81\u53d8\u53ef\u901a\u8fc7\u57fa\u56e0\u591a\u6548\u6027\u3001\u62f7\u8d1d\u6570\u53d8\u5f02\u3001\u5355\u6838\u82f7\u9178\u66ff\u6362\u548c\u8868\u89c2\u9057\u4f20\u5931\u8c03\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u5bfc\u81f4\u5404\u79cd\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u8111\u90e8\u75be\u75c5\uff0c\u800c\u591a\u57fa\u56e0\u7a81\u53d8\u53ef\u901a\u8fc7\u7834\u574f\u5e38\u89c1\u7684\u795e\u7ecf\u53d1\u80b2\u9014\u5f84\u5bfc\u81f4\u8d8b\u540c\u8868\u578b\uff08convergent phenotypes \uff09[14, 15]<\/span><\/strong>\u3002\u7c7b\u4f3c\u5730\uff0c\u9e1f\u7c7b\u3001\u8725\u8734\u548c\u690d\u7269\u751f\u6001\u5b66\u5bb6\u90fd\u8d5e\u540c\u521d\u7ea7\u7ade\u4e89\u662f\u6784\u5efa\u751f\u6001\u7fa4\u843d\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u529b\u91cf[\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u53c2\u8003\u6587\u732e 54]\uff0c\u800c\u8fd9\u79cd\u89c2\u70b9\u5728\u6606\u866b\u751f\u6001\u5b66\u5bb6\u4e2d\u66f4\u4e3a\u7f55\u89c1[\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u53c2\u8003\u6587\u732e 55]\u3002\u5982\u679c\u4e09\u7ea7\u98df\u7269\u94fe\u5f88\u5e38\u89c1\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u89c2\u70b9\u53ef\u80fd<\/span>\uff08\u6709\u70b9\u7b80\u5355\u5730\uff09<\/span>\u4f1a\u76f8\u4e92\u8c03\u548c\uff0c\u4ee5\u81f3\u4e8e\u98df\u7269\u94fe\u9876\u90e8\u7684\u9e1f\u7c7b\u6216\u8725\u8734\u548c\u98df\u7269\u94fe\u5e95\u90e8\u7684\u690d\u7269\u901a\u5e38\u4f1a\u53d7\u5230\u8d44\u6e90\u7684\u9650\u5236<\/span>\uff08resource limited\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u800c\u6606\u866b<\/span>\uff08\u5728\u7b2c\u4e8c\u8425\u517b\u7ea7\uff09<\/span>\u4f1a\u53d7\u5230\u6355\u98df\u8005\u7684\u9650\u5236\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u4e0d\u4f1a\u4e3a\u4e86\u6709\u9650\u7684\u8d44\u6e90\u800c\u7ade\u4e89 [53]\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
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7. \u6027\u72b6\u5f71\u54cd\u7684\u73af\u5883\u4f9d\u8d56\u6027\uff1a\u56fa\u6c2e<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n

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\u751f\u7269\u53ef\u5229\u7528\u7684\u6c2e\u5e7f\u6cdb\u5206\u5e03\u4e8e\u9646\u5730\u3001\u6d77\u6d0b\u548c\u8bb8\u591a\u6de1\u6c34\u73af\u5883\u7684\u751f\u7269\u7fa4\u4e2d\u3002\u5728\u5730\u7403\u5927\u6c14\u542b\u6c27\u91cf\u4e0a\u5347\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u56fa\u6c2e<\/span>\uff08\u5c06\u6c2e\u6c14\u8fd8\u539f\u4e3a\u6c28\uff09<\/span>\u4f3c\u4e4e\u53ea\u8fdb\u5316\u8fc7\u4e00\u6b21\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u4ecd\u7136\u4ec5\u9650\u4e8e\u5c11\u6570\u53e4\u7ec6\u83cc\u548c\u7ec6\u83cc [56]\u3002\u5176\u4e2d\u4e00\u4e9b\u5df2\u7ecf\u4e0e\u771f\u6838\u751f\u7269\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86\u5171\u751f\u4f19\u4f34\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u4ece\u7845\u85fb [57] \u5230\u7ef4\u7ba1\u690d\u7269 [56]\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u56fa\u6c2e\u5fae\u751f\u7269<\/span>\uff08microbial nitrogen fixers\uff09<\/span>\u7528\u81ea\u5df1\u5408\u6210\u4e14\u5bbf\u4e3b\u53ef\u5229\u7528\u7684\u6c2e\u6765\u4ea4\u6362\u5bbf\u4e3b\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u78b3\u548c\u80fd\u91cf<\/span>\uff08reduced carbon and energy from their hosts\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u81ea 1970 \u5e74\u4ee3\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u519c\u4e1a\u9886\u57df\u57fa\u56e0\u7f16\u8f91\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e3b\u8981\u76ee\u6807\u662f\u5c06\u8fd9\u4e9b\u56fa\u6c2e\u5fae\u751f\u7269\u7684\u5bbf\u4e3b\u8303\u56f4\u6269\u5c55\u5230\u975e\u8c46\u79d1\u4f5c\u7269\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u8c37\u7269 [58]<\/strong>\u3002\u53e6\u4e00\u79cd\u65b9\u6cd5\u662f\u5c06\u7528\u4e8e\u56fa\u6c2e\u9176\u751f\u7269\u5408\u6210\u7684\u539f\u6838 nif \u57fa\u56e0\u76f4\u63a5\u8f6c\u79fb\u5230\u690d\u7269\u57fa\u56e0\u7ec4\u4e2d [59]\u3002\u5728\u519c\u4e1a\u4e2d\u5e7f\u6cdb\u5730\u7528\u751f\u7269\u56fa\u6c2e\u4ee3\u66ff\u5316\u5b66\u5408\u6210\u7684\u6c2e\u80a5\u5c06\u5e26\u6765\u660e\u663e\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u548c\u73af\u5883\u6548\u76ca\uff0c\u4e5f\u8282\u7701\u4e86\u5de5\u4e1a\u4e0a\u54c8\u4f2f\u5236\u6c28\u6240\u9700\u6d88\u8017\u7684\u5de8\u5927\u80fd\u6e90\u6210\u672c\uff0c\u5e76\u51cf\u5c11\u4e86\u4ece\u519c\u7530\u5230\u5730\u8868\u548c\u6cbf\u6d77\u6c34\u57df\u7684\u5bcc\u8425\u517b\u5316\u5f84\u6d41\u3002\u8fd9\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u51fa\u9519\u5417\uff1f<\/span><\/section>\n
 <\/span><\/section>\n
\u81ea\u4ece\u628aGMO<\/span>\uff08\u8f6c\u57fa\u56e0\u751f\u7269\uff09<\/span>\u4f5c\u7269\u5f15\u5165\u81ea\u7136\u73af\u5883\u4e2d\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u73af\u4fdd\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u548c\u516c\u4f17\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u4e00\u4e9b\u73af\u5883\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u62c5\u5fe7 [60]\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u62c5\u5fe7\u5305\u62ec\u8c37\u7269\u4f53\u5185\u7684\u56fa\u6c2e\u57fa\u56e0\u4f1a\u901a\u8fc7\u98ce\u5a92\u4f20\u7c89\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u4f20\u64ad\u5230\u91ce\u751f\u8fd1\u7f18\u79cd<\/span>\uff08wild relatives\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u56fa\u6c2e\u4f5c\u7528\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u4f7f\u91ce\u751f\u79be\u672c\u79d1\u690d\u7269\u53d8\u6210\u5177\u6709\u4fb5\u7565\u6027\u7684\u6742\u8349\u3002\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u968f\u7740\u6c2e\u542b\u91cf\u7684\u589e\u52a0\uff0c\u57fa\u56e0\u88ab\u7f16\u8f91\u7684\u519c\u4f5c\u7269\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u690d\u7269\u7531\u4e8e\u8425\u517b\u4ef7\u503c\u7684\u589e\u52a0\u66f4\u4f1a\u906d\u5230\u98df\u8349\u52a8\u7269\u91c7\u98df[61]\u3002\u5982\u679c\u57fa\u56e0\u7f16\u8f91\u519c\u4f5c\u7269\u6216\u57fa\u56e0\u88ab\u4fee\u9970\u7684\u91ce\u751f\u690d\u7269\u7684\u6839\u7cfb\u5206\u6ccc\u7269\u6216\u51cb\u843d\u7269\u4f7f\u571f\u58e4\u7684\u6c2e\u542b\u91cf\u589e\u52a0\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u4fc3\u8fdb\u6742\u8349\u5165\u4fb5\uff0c\u4e5f\u4f1a\u4e0d\u5229\u4e8e\u539f\u672c\u9002\u5e94\u4f4e\u8425\u517b\u6761\u4ef6\u7684\u672c\u5730\u690d\u7269\u7fa4\u7684\u751f\u957f<\/strong>\u3002\u6bd4\u5982\uff0c\u5f53\u975e\u672c\u5730\u6768\u6885\u5165\u4fb5\u5e76\u6210\u4e3a\u590f\u5a01\u5937\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u68f5\u56fa\u6c2e\u704c\u6728\u65f6\uff0c\u5b83\u6539\u53d8\u4e86\u672c\u5730\u690d\u7269\u7684\u201c\u751f\u5b58\u57fa\u672c\u89c4\u5219\u201d\uff0c\u5e76\u4f7f\u5f97\u8bb8\u591a\u672c\u5730\u7269\u79cd\u706d\u7edd [9]\u3002\u5927\u7247\u5177\u6709\u4e30\u5bcc\u591a\u6837\u7684\u672c\u5730\u690d\u7269\u548c\u8282\u80a2\u52a8\u7269\u7684\u5730\u533a\u6b63\u5728\u6d88\u5931\u5f53\u4e2d\uff0c\u56fa\u6c2e\u690d\u7269<\/span>\uff08\u91ce\u8c4c\u8c46\u548c\u7fbd\u6247\u8c46\uff09<\/span>\u7684\u8301\u58ee\u751f\u957f\uff0c\u5df2\u7ecf\u4f7f\u5f97\u6742\u8349\u5165\u4fb5\u52a0\u5229\u798f\u5c3c\u4e9a\u6cbf\u6d77[62]\u548c\u5185\u9646[63]\u8349\u539f\u5730\u533a\u3002\u5728\u4e9a\u5229\u6851\u90a3\u5dde\u7684\u5361\u5854\u5229\u5a1c\u5c71\u8109\uff0c\u5165\u4fb5\u7684\u6c34\u725b\u8349\u5e26\u6765\u4e86\u718a\u718a\u91ce\u706b<\/span> [\u622a\u81f3 2020 \u5e74 6 \u6708\u4ecd\u5728\u71c3\u70e7 [64]]<\/span>\uff0c\u70e7\u6b7b\u4e86\u53e4\u8001\u7684\u4ed9\u4eba\u638c\u68ee\u6797\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
 <\/span><\/section>\n
\u5bf9\u4eba\u7c7b\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u5f53\u6cb3\u6d41\u6c34\u6587\u73af\u5883\u6539\u53d8\u56fa\u6c2e\u751f\u7269\u7684\u547d\u8fd0\u65f6\uff0c\u56fa\u6c2e\u751f\u7269\u5bf9\u6cb3\u6d41\u751f\u6001\u7cfb\u7edf\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u4e5f\u53ef\u80fd\u4ece\u6709\u5229\u53d8\u4e3a\u4e0d\u5229\u3002\u5728\u6e05\u6f88\u3001\u9633\u5149\u666e\u7167\u7684\u6cb3\u6d41\u4e2d\uff0c\u9644\u7740\u7684\u85fb\u7c7b\u4e3a\u98df\u7269\u94fe\u548c\u98df\u7269\u7f51\u63d0\u4f9b\u80fd\u91cf [65]\u3002\u7845\u85fb\u901a\u5e38\u5728\u6cb3\u6d41\u85fb\u7c7b\u4e2d\u5360\u4e3b\u5bfc\u5730\u4f4d\uff0c\u662f\u6240\u6709\u521d\u7ea7\u751f\u4ea7\u8005\u4e2d\u6700\u6709\u8425\u517b\u7684\u3002\u7845\u85fb\u9664\u4e86\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u5c5e\u662f\u6709\u6bd2\u7684\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u5176\u4f59\u7684\u4f1a\u5408\u6210\u5bf9\u52a8\u7269\u6709\u76ca\u7684\u6b21\u751f\u4ee3\u8c22\u7269\uff0c\u5982\u7c7b\u80e1\u841d\u535c\u7d20\uff0c\u4e14\u5176\u5bcc\u542b\u8102\u8d28\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u5bf9\u52a8\u7269\u7ec6\u80de\u819c\u548c\u795e\u7ecf\u5065\u5eb7\u6240\u5fc5\u9700\u4f46\u81ea\u8eab\u4e0d\u80fd\u5408\u6210\u7684\u591a\u4e0d\u9971\u548c\u8102\u80aa\u9178 [66]\u3002\u7a97\u7eb9\u85fb\u79d1<\/span>\uff08Epithemicaceae\uff09<\/span>\u7684\u6de1\u6c34\u9644\u7740\u7845\u85fb\u8425\u517b\u7279\u522b\u4e30\u5bcc\u3002\u7a97\u7eb9\u85fb\u5c5e<\/span>\uff08Epithemia spp.<\/em>\uff09<\/span>\u4f3c\u4e4e\u62e5\u6709\u5730\u7403\u4e0a\u6700\u5e74\u8f7b\u7684\u5185\u5171\u751f\u4f53\uff1a\u56fa\u6c2e\u201c\u7403\u4f53\u201d\uff0c\u5176\u73b0\u5b58\u7684\u6700\u8fd1\u4eb2\u7f18\u79cd<\/span>\uff08closest free-living relatives\uff09<\/span>\u662f\u67d0\u79cd\u84dd\u7ec6\u83cc<\/span>\uff08Cyanothece<\/em> \uff09<\/span>\uff08cyanobacteria\uff09<\/span> [67, 68]\u3002\u867d\u7136\u5176\u4ed6\u56fa\u6c2e\u84dd\u7ec6\u83cc\u4f1a\u5408\u6210\u542b\u6c2e\u6bd2\u7d20\uff08nitrogen-bearing toxins\uff09\uff0c\u4e14\u5176\u57fa\u56e0\u7ec4\u4e2d\u5df2\u7ecf\u51cf\u5c11\u4e86\u4e24\u4e2a\u5149\u7cfb\u7edf\uff08photosystems\uff09 [68, 69]\uff0c\u4f46\u7a97\u7eb9\u85fb\u5c5e\u7684\u5185\u5171\u751f\u4f53\u4f1a\u5408\u6210\u52a8\u7269\u6240\u6709\u7684 23 \u79cd\u5fc5\u9700\u6c28\u57fa\u9178 [68]\u3002\u5728\u5b83\u4eec\u7ecf\u5e38\u76db\u4ea7\u7684\u672a\u53d7\u6c61\u67d3\u7684\u6e56\u6cca\u548c\u6cb3\u6d41\u4e2d\uff0c\u8be5\u5c5e\u7684\u85fb\u7c7b\u7ec4\u5408\u4f1a\u4f18\u5148\u88ab\u98df\u85fb\u6606\u866b [70] \u548c\u874c\u86aa[71]\u91c7\u98df\uff0c\u5f53\u8fd9\u4e9b\u85fb\u7c7b\u987a\u7740\u6cb3\u6d41\u6d41\u5230\u6cb3\u53e3\u65f6\uff0c\u5219\u4f1a\u88ab\u7247\u811a\u7c7b\u548c\u7b49\u8db3\u7c7b\u52a8\u7269\u541e\u98df\uff0c\u800c\u5b83\u4eec\u53c8\u662f\u4e00\u4e9b\u9c7c\u7c7b\u548c\u6ee8\u9e1f\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u730e\u7269[72]<\/strong>\u3002\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u7845\u85fb\u84dd\u7ec6\u83cc\u6f14\u53d8\u800c\u6765\u7684\u7269\u79cd\uff0c\u4ee5\u8be5\u5c5e\u4e3a\u98df\u7684\u6c34\u751f\u6606\u866b [70] \u548c\u874c\u86aa[71] \u76f8\u6bd4\u4e8e\u4ee5\u5176\u4ed6\u788e\u5c51\u6216\u85fb\u7c7b\u4e3a\u98df\u4f1a\u6709\u66f4\u9ad8\u751f\u957f\u7387\u548c\u51fa\u73b0\u7387\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
 <\/span><\/section>\n
\u5c06\u7845\u85fb\u53d8\u6210\u50cf\u7a97\u7eb9\u85fb\u5c5e\u8fd9\u6837\u5b8c\u6574\u7684\u201c\u8d85\u7ea7\u98df\u7269\u201d\u4f3c\u4e4e\u662f\u57fa\u56e0\u7f16\u8f91\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u6709\u4ef7\u503c\u7684\u76ee\u6807\uff0c\u81ea\u7136\u8fdb\u5316\u8fd8\u6ca1\u80fd\u505a\u5230\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5728\u5e72\u65f1\u671f\u95f4\uff0c\u4e14\u6cb3\u6d41\u6d41\u91cf\u5f88\u9ad8\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u5f53\u628a\u7a97\u7eb9\u85fb\u5c5e\u4f5c\u4e3a\u542b\u9c91\u9c7c\u6cb3\u6d41\u7684\u98df\u7269\u94fe\u7684\u98df\u7269\u65f6\uff0c\u5f88\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u5f15\u53d1\u6c34\u534e\u5e76\u95f4\u63a5\u5a01\u80c1\u516c\u5171\u5065\u5eb7[73]\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
 <\/span><\/section>\n
\u5728\u52a0\u5229\u798f\u5c3c\u4e9a\u897f\u5317\u90e8\u7684\u5730\u4e2d\u6d77\u5b63\u8282\uff0c\u591a\u96e8\u7684\u51ac\u5b63\u4e4b\u540e\u662f\u5e72\u65f1\u7684\u590f\u5b63\u3002\u51ac\u5b63\u548c\u590f\u5b63\u7684\u8f6c\u53d8\u63a7\u5236\u7740\u85fb\u7c7b\u7269\u5019\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5728\u751f\u7269\u6d3b\u8dc3\u7684\u590f\u5b63\u671f\u95f4\u6cb3\u6d41\u98df\u7269\u7f51\u7ec4\u6210\u5f62\u5f0f [48, 73, 74]\u3002\u6625\u5b63\uff0c\u6cb3\u6d41\u6c34\u6d41\u6d88\u9000\uff0c\u6cb3\u6c34\u53d8\u6e05\u3001\u53d8\u6696\uff0c\u4e1d\u72b6\u7eff\u8272\u5927\u578b\u85fb\u7c7b<\/span>\uff08Cladophora glomerata<\/em>\uff09<\/span>\u53ef\u4ee5\u957f\u5230\u51e0\u7c73\u957f\uff0c\u5176\u8868\u9762\u9644\u7740\u7684\u7845\u85fb\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u9644\u751f\u690d\u7269\u7684\u6816\u606f\u5730\u6570\u76ee\u4f1a\u589e\u52a0\u4e94\u5230\u516d\u4e2a\u6570\u91cf\u7ea7[70]\u3002\u5230\u4e86\u4ef2\u590f\uff0c\u521a\u6bdb\u85fb\u5c5e<\/span>\uff08Cladophora<\/em>\uff09<\/span>\u7684\u7fa4\u4f53\u4ece\u7eff\u8272\u53d8\u6210\u4e86\u9508\u7ea2\u8272\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u4eec\u8868\u9762\u88ab\u7a97\u7eb9\u85fb\u5c5e\u8986\u76d6\u4e86\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u85fb\u7c7b\u4e3a\u6cb3\u6d41\u4ee5\u53ca\u6cb3\u53e3\u7684\u9c91\u9c7c\u7684\u730e\u7269\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u8425\u517b\u6765\u6e90\u3002\u7531\u81ea\u7136\u6f02\u6d41\u6216\u5b9e\u9a8c\u7814\u7a76\u800c\u5f15\u5165\u6cb3\u53e3\u7684\u7845\u85fb-\u521a\u6bdb\u85fb\u7ec4\u5408\u4f53\u4f1a\u5728\u51e0\u5206\u949f\u5185\u88ab\u6210\u7fa4\u7684\u7247\u811a\u7c7b\u548c\u7b49\u8db3\u7c7b\u52a8\u7269\u5403\u6389\uff0c\u4e0e\u5f53\u5730\u7684\u8f6f\u7eff\u8272\u6d77\u85fb\uff08\u77f3\u83bc\u5c5e\u548c\u6d52\u82d4\u5c5e\uff09\uff08Ulva and Enteromorpha\uff09\u76f8\u6bd4\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u52a8\u7269\u66f4\u559c\u6b22\u524d\u8005\uff0c\u800c\u540e\u8005\u901a\u5e38\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u6cbf\u6d77\u6d77\u6d0b\u98df\u7269\u7f51\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u98df\u7269\u6765\u6e90 [72]<\/strong>\u3002\u4e0a\u8ff0\u8fd9\u4e9b\u89c2\u5bdf\u7ed3\u679c\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u6cb3\u6d41\u4e2d\u7684\u6f02\u6d41\u85fb\u7c7b\u5bf9\u4e8e\u6cb3\u53e3\u548c\u6cbf\u6d77\u98df\u7269\u7f51\u6765\u8bf4\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u91cd\u8981\u4e14\u795e\u79d8\u7684\u80fd\u91cf\u548c\u8425\u517b\u6765\u6e90\uff0c\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u4f8b\u5b50\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u5f3a\u5927\u7684\u81ea\u4e0a\u800c\u4e0b\u7684\u5b9a\u5411\u9009\u62e9\u53ef\u4ee5\u9690\u85cf\u98df\u7269\u94fe\u4e2d\u7684\u5f3a\u5927\u8054\u7cfb\uff0c\u76f4\u5230\u5b9e\u9a8c\u6216\u4e0d\u65ad\u53d8\u5316\u7684\u73af\u5883\u63ed\u793a\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
 <\/span><\/section>\n
\u5728\u590f\u5b63\u7684\u5e72\u65f1\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u7a97\u7eb9\u85fb\u5c5e\u7684\u85fb\u7c7b\u7ec4\u5408\u4f53\u53ca\u5176\u56fa\u6c2e\u7684\u547d\u8fd0\u4e5f\u4f1a\u53d1\u751f\u6539\u53d8\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u85fb\u7c7b\u7684\u7e41\u6b96\u4e0d\u518d\u4e3a\u542b\u9c91\u9c7c\u7684\u98df\u7269\u94fe\u63d0\u4f9b\u80fd\u91cf\uff0c\u76f8\u53cd\u5b83\u4eec\u4f1a\u4fc3\u8fdb\u5177\u6709\u6f5c\u5728\u795e\u7ecf\u6bd2\u6027\u7684\u84dd\u85fb\u5927\u91cf\u7e41\u6b96 [73, 75]\u3002\u9633\u5149\u7167\u5c04\u4e0b\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u6cb3\u6d41\u7684\u6d41\u91cf\u964d\u81f3\u4e34\u754c\u6c34\u5e73\u4ee5\u4e0b<\/span>[\u4eba\u7c7b\u53d6\u6c34\u800c\u5bfc\u81f4\u591a\u96e8\u7684\u51ac\u5b63\u4e5f\u53ef\u80fd\u53d1\u751f [76]]<\/span>\uff0c\u6c34\u6c60\u6e29\u6696\u800c\u4e0d\u6d41\u52a8\uff0c\u8425\u517b\u4e30\u5bcc\u7684\u521a\u6bdb\u85fb-\u7a97\u7eb9\u85fb\u7ec4\u5408\u4f53\u83cc\u7fa4\u5c06\u88ab\u8010\u70ed\u7684\u3001\u6f5c\u5728\u7684\u795e\u7ecf\u6bd2\u6027\u84dd\u7ec6\u83cc-\u9c7c\u8165\u85fb\u5c5e<\/span>\uff08Anabaena spp.<\/em>\uff09<\/span>[75,77]\u5360\u636e\u4e3b\u5bfc\u3002\u5f53\u9c7c\u8165\u85fb\u901a\u8fc7\u521a\u6bdb\u85fb-\u7a97\u7eb9\u85fb\u7ec4\u5408\u4f53\u4f20\u64ad\u65f6\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u4f1a\u4ee5\u5176\u84dd\u7eff\u8272\u5230\u9ed1\u8272\u7684\u6597\u7bf7\u8986\u76d6\u7ea2\u68d5\u8272\u5bbf\u4e3b\u85fb\u7c7b\u7ec4\u5408\u4f53\u3002\u8fd9\u6837\u9c7c\u8165\u85fb\u65e2\u53ef\u4ee5\u83b7\u5f97\u9633\u5149\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ef\u80fd\u4ece\u5782\u6b7b\u7684\u5bbf\u4e3b\u85fb\u7c7b\u90a3\u91cc\u83b7\u5f97\u8425\u517b\u6216\u80fd\u91cf\u3002\u867d\u7136\u9c7c\u8165\u85fb\u56fa\u6c2e\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83\u901a\u8fc7\u5f02\u517b\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u6444\u53d6\u78b3\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u4f7f\u5f97\u5b83\u5728\u56fa\u6c2e\u7684\u540c\u65f6\u4e5f\u8ba9\u6cb3\u6d41\u9677\u5165\u4e86\u6570\u5c0f\u65f6\u7684\u9ed1\u6697\u4e2d [78]<\/strong>\u3002\u5728\u8fc7\u53bb\u7684\u5341\u5e74\u4e2d\uff0c\u795e\u7ecf\u6bd2\u6027\u84dd\u7ec6\u83cc\u5df2\u7ecf\u6740\u6b7b\u4e86\u5728Eel\u3001\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u5317\u52a0\u5dde\u6cb3\u6d41\u533a\u57df\u7684\u5341\u51e0\u6761\u72d7[73, 75]\u3002\u5728\u5357\u90e8\uff0c\u8499\u7279\u96f7\u6e7e\u9644\u8fd1\u7684 20 \u53ea\u6d77\u736d\u7684\u6b7b\u4ea1\u4e0e\u519c\u4e1a\u53d1\u8fbe\u5730\u533a\u7684\u6cb3\u6d41\u4e2d\u5176\u4ed6\u84dd\u7ec6\u83cc\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u5fae\u56ca\u85fb\u6bd2\u7d20<\/span>\uff08microcystins\uff09<\/span>-\u809d\u6bd2\u7d20<\/span>\uff08hepatotoxins\uff09<\/span>\u6709\u5173 [79]\u3002\u56fa\u6c2e\u7845\u85fb\u6216\u5176\u4ed6\u8425\u517b\u6765\u6e90\u662f\u5426\u4f1a\u4e3a\u6cb3\u6d41\u548c\u76f8\u8fde\u7684\u9ad8\u5730\u4ee5\u53ca\u6cbf\u6d77\u751f\u6001\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u7684\u98df\u7269\u7f51\u63d0\u4f9b\u8425\u517b\u6216\u6bd2\u7d20\uff0c\u4e5f\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u51ac\u5b63\u548c\u590f\u5b63\u7684\u6c34\u6587\u3001\u6c14\u5019\u4ee5\u53ca\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u591a\u7684\u4eba\u7c7b\u884c\u4e3a[73, 76]\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
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8. \u4fee\u8865\u57fa\u56e0\u3001\u751f\u547d\u4f53\u548c\u751f\u6001\u7cfb\u7edf\uff1a\u4ef7\u503c\u89c2<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n

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\u67e5\u5c14\u65af\u00b7\u66fc<\/span> (Charles Mann) <\/span>[80] \u5bf9\u6bd4\u4e86 20 \u4e16\u7eaa\u601d\u60f3\u5bb6\u548c\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u7684\u4e24\u4e2a\u6d41\u6d3e\uff1a\u201c\u5deb\u5e08\u6d3e\u201d\u2014\u2014\u4f7f\u7528\u6280\u672f\u89e3\u51b3\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u5de5\u7a0b\u5e08\u3001\u53d1\u660e\u5bb6\u6216\u4fee\u8865\u5320\uff0c\u656c\u754f\u81ea\u7136\u7684\u201c\u5148\u77e5\u6d3e\u201d\u2014\u2014\u8ba4\u4e3a\u751f\u547d\u4f53\u548c\u666f\u89c2\u5e76\u4e0d\u5728\u4eba\u7c7b\u7684\u63a7\u5236\u8303\u56f4\u5185\u3002\u5deb\u5e08\u6d3e\u201c\u5c06\u4eba\u4eec\u89c6\u4e3a\u5177\u6709\u65e0\u4f11\u6b62\u521b\u9020\u529b\u7684\u2026\u2026\u72e1\u733e\u7684\u7ba1\u7406\u8005\u3001\u601d\u60f3\u5bb6\u548c\u5b9e\u5e72\u5bb6\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u65e0\u4f11\u6b62\u5730\u6269\u5f20\u3002<\/span>[\u5148\u77e5\u6d3e] <\/span>\u8ba4\u4e3a\u7814\u7a76\u4eba\u5458\u4ece\u6839\u672c\u4e0a\u662f\u88ab\u5d4c\u5165\u5728……\u66f4\u5927\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u4e2d\uff0c\u7814\u7a76\u4eba\u5458\u4e0d\u5e94\u8be5\u7834\u574f\u90a3\u4e2a\u66f4\u5927\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u201d[81]\u300221 \u4e16\u7eaa\u7684 CRISPR \u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u4e4d\u4e00\u770b\u4f3c\u4e4e\u5904\u4e8e\u6280\u672f\u4e50\u89c2\u4e3b\u4e49\u5deb\u5e08\u6d3e\u9635\u8425\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u5e0c\u671b\u5e94\u7528 CRISPR \u7f16\u8f91\u548c\u57fa\u56e0\u9a71\u52a8\u6765\u4fdd\u62a4\u91ce\u751f\u7269\u79cd\u548c\u6062\u590d\u534a\u81ea\u7136\u751f\u6001\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u5e76\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u66f4\u5fae\u5999\u7684\u60f3\u6cd5 [2]\u3002\u57fa\u56e0\u7f16\u8f91\u3001\u57fa\u56e0\u9a71\u52a8\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u73b0\u4ee3\u9057\u4f20\u5de5\u5177\u4e3a\u73af\u4fdd\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u65b0\u7684\uff0c\u5728\u67d0\u4e9b\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u4e5f\u8bb8\u662f\u7814\u7a76\u4eba\u5458\u552f\u4e00\u7684\u5e0c\u671b\uff0c\u7528\u4ee5\u6d88\u9664\u4eba\u7c7b\u5bf9\u91ce\u751f\u7269\u79cd\u548c\u534a\u81ea\u7136\u751f\u6001\u7cfb\u7edf\u9020\u6210\u7684\u7834\u574f<\/strong>\u3002\u79cd\u95f4\u4f53\u7ec6\u80de\u6838\u8f6c\u79fb<\/span>\uff08Interspecies somatic cell nuclear transfer\uff09<\/span>\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u589e\u5f3a\u7269\u79cd\u7684\u9057\u4f20\u591a\u6837\u6027\uff0c\u5982\u9ed1\u811a\u96ea\u8c82\u6216\u7070\u72fc\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7269\u79cd\u7531\u4e8e\u4e4b\u524d\u4eba\u7c7b\u7684\u7834\u574f\u6d3b\u52a8\u5bfc\u81f4\u5176\u79cd\u7fa4\u89c4\u6a21\u5df2\u7ecf\u5f88\u5c0f\u4e86 [82]\u3002\u73ca\u745a\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u5bb6\u6b63\u5728\u63a2\u7d22\u57fa\u56e0\u7f16\u8f91\uff0c\u4ee5\u4f7f\u73ca\u745a\u6216\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u97ad\u6bdb\u85fb\u5185\u5171\u751f\u4f53\u5728\u5f53\u524d\u548c\u672a\u6765\u7684\u6d77\u6d0b\u4e2d\u53d1\u6325\u4f5c\u7528\u5e76\u51cf\u8f7b\u6c14\u5019\u53d8\u6696\u548c\u6d77\u6d0b\u9178\u5316\u7684\u538b\u529b[83]\u3002\u57fa\u56e0\u7f16\u8f91\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u5728\u6d88\u706d\u88ab\u7814\u7a76\u4eba\u5458\u5f15\u5165\u5c9b\u5c7f\u7684\u5bb3\u866b\u3001\u75be\u75c5\u5bbf\u4e3b\u548c\u6355\u98df\u8005<\/span>\uff08\u5b83\u4eec\u73b0\u5728\u5a01\u80c1\u7740\u5f53\u5730\u7269\u79cd\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u5730\u65b9\u6027\u7269\u79cd [3, 4, 84]\uff09<\/span>\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u76f8\u6bd4\u4e8e\u4e2d\u6bd2\u6709\u66f4\u5c0f\u7684\u8131\u9776\u7387\u7684\u6280\u672f\u800c\u88ab\u5e7f\u6cdb\u8ba8\u8bba\u3002\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u4f7f\u7528\u9700\u8981\u5c1d\u8bd5\u9884\u6d4b\u6240\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u7ed3\u679c<\/span>\uff08\u4f5c\u8005\u5728\u672c\u6587\u4e2d\u7684\u91cd\u70b9\uff09<\/span>\uff1b\u98ce\u9669\u3001\u6536\u76ca\u548c\u673a\u4f1a\u6210\u672c\u5206\u6790\uff1b\u516c\u4f17\u53c2\u4e0e\u548c\u63a5\u53d7\uff1b\u548c\u76d1\u7763\u2014\u2014\u6851\u5fb7\u52d2 [85] \u5c06\u5176\u5f52\u7c7b\u4e3a\u201c\u5de5\u5177\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u7684\u4f26\u7406\u89c2\u70b9\u201d\u7684\u6807\u51c6\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u6280\u672f\u6216\u5de5\u5177\u201c\u65e2\u4e0d\u597d\u4e5f\u4e0d\u574f\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u4e2d\u7acb\u7684\u201d\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
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\u6851\u5fb7\u52d2\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u867d\u7136\u5de5\u5177\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u7684\u4f26\u7406\u89c2\u70b9\u5f88\u91cd\u8981\uff0c\u4f46\u5982\u679c\u6ca1\u6709\u53e6\u4e00\u79cd\u201c\u751f\u547d\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u201d\uff0c\u5373\u8003\u8651\u57fa\u56e0\u7f16\u8f91\u5c06\u5982\u4f55\u91cd\u7ec4\u7814\u7a76\u4eba\u5458\u7684\u6d3b\u52a8\u4ee5\u53ca\u7814\u7a76\u4eba\u5458\u4e0e\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u5de5\u5177\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u4f26\u7406\u89c2\u70b9\u662f\u4e0d\u5b8c\u6574\u7684<\/strong>\u3002\u57fa\u56e0\u7f16\u8f91\u4e0d\u4ec5\u662f\u8fbe\u5230\u67d0\u4e9b\u76ee\u7684\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u6709\u6548\u7684\u3001\u6709\u65f6\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u5fc5\u8981\u7684\u624b\u6bb5\u2014\u2014\u5b83\u4f1a\u6539\u53d8\u7814\u7a76\u4eba\u5458\u548c\u672a\u6765\u7684\u4eba\u7c7b\u5bf9\u81ea\u7136\u7684\u770b\u6cd5\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u57fa\u56e0\u7f16\u8f91\u7684\u751f\u7269\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u591a\uff0c\u800c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u751f\u7269\u5373\u4f7f\u53ea\u662f\u7814\u7a76\u4eba\u5458\u4fdd\u62a4\u7684\u7269\u79cd\u6216\u751f\u6001\u7cfb\u7edf\u6062\u590d\u7684\u4ee3\u7406\u4eba\u3002\u5bf9\u4e8e\u7814\u7a76\u4eba\u5458\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u4eba\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u201c\u590d\u6d3b\u201d\u7269\u79cd\u662f\u975e\u5e38\u6709\u5438\u5f15\u529b\u7684\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7269\u79cd\u53ef\u4ee5\u91cd\u6784\u51fa\u7814\u7a76\u4eba\u5458\u54c0\u60bc\u7684\u3001\u8fc7\u53bb\u666f\u89c2\u548c\u751f\u6001\u7cfb\u7edf\uff1a\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u4ece\u5317\u7f8e\u4e2d\u90e8\u548c\u4e1c\u90e8[86-88]\u4ee5\u7f8e\u6d32\u677f\u6817\u4e3a\u4e3b\u7684\u68ee\u6797\u5230\u767d\u4ee4\u9646\u6865\u7684\u731b\u72b8\u8c61\u8349\u539f[89, 90]\u3002\u5982\u679c\u7814\u7a76\u4eba\u5458\u9650\u5236\u4eba\u7c7b\u6d3b\u52a8\u5e76\u817e\u51fa\u8db3\u591f\u7684\u7a7a\u95f4\u548c\u65f6\u95f4\uff0c\u4f7f\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7269\u79cd\u80fd\u591f\u81ea\u884c\u8fdb\u5316\u548c\u91cd\u65b0\u914d\u7f6e\u751f\u6001\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u7814\u7a76\u4eba\u5458\u5c31\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u4fdd\u6301\u5bf9\u4eca\u5929\u67d0\u4e9b\u611f\u5174\u8da3\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u4eba\u5458\u6765\u8bf4[80]\uff0c\u5f88\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u8352\u91ce\u73af\u5883\u3002\u5982\u679c\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u66f4\u52a0\u62e5\u6324\u3001\u4ee5\u4eba\u7c7b\u4e3a\u4e3b\u5bfc\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u4e2d\uff0c\u7814\u7a76\u4eba\u5458\u53c8\u4e0d\u9650\u5236\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\uff0c\u90a3\u4ed6\u4eec\u5c06\u4f1a\u4e3a\u4e86\u89e3\u51b3\u95ee\u9898\u5e76\u5c06\u751f\u547d\u652f\u6301\u53c2\u6570\u4fdd\u6301\u5728\u53ef\u63a5\u53d7\u7684\u8303\u56f4\u5185\u4e0d\u5f97\u4e0d\u65e0\u4f11\u6b62\u5730\u4fee\u8865\u5730\u7403\u7684\u751f\u7269\u7fa4\u548c\u751f\u6001\u7cfb\u7edf<\/strong>[91]<\/span>\uff08\u7528\u521b\u53ef\u8d34\u6765\u89e3\u51b3\u521b\u53ef\u8d34\u5f0f\u95ee\u9898\uff09<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
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\u5373\u4f7f\u57fa\u56e0\u7f16\u8f91\u7684\u751f\u7269\u5145\u5f53\u4e86\u7814\u7a76\u4eba\u5458\u7269\u79cd\u4fdd\u62a4\u6216\u751f\u6001\u7cfb\u7edf\u6062\u590d\u7684\u4ee3\u7406\u4eba\uff0c\u90a3\u5f53\u524d\u548c\u672a\u6765\u7684\u4eba\u7c7b\u5c06\u5982\u4f55\u770b\u5f85\u5b83\u4eec\u5462\uff1fPaolo Bacigalupi [92] \u5728\u4ed6\u5173\u4e8e\u7316\u7357\u7684\u5408\u6210\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u53ca\u5176\u6f5c\u529b\u7684\u79d1\u5e7b\u5c0f\u8bf4\u4e2d\uff0c\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e86\u519c\u4e1a\u4f01\u4e1a\u4e4b\u95f4\u7206\u53d1\u7684\u7ade\u4e89\u6027\u751f\u7269\u6218\u4f7f\u4eba\u7c7b\u98df\u7269\u4f9b\u5e94\u53d8\u5f97\u7d27\u7f3a\u8fd9\u4e00\u573a\u666f\u3002\u5c0f\u8bf4\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u4eba\u4e5f\u5bf9\u5408\u6210\u751f\u7269\u7684\u6587\u5316\u975e\u5e38\u538c\u6076\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u4eba\u7c7b\u7684\u89c2\u5ff5\u548c\u4ef7\u503c\u89c2\u4f1a\u53d1\u751f\u53d8\u5316<\/strong>\u3002\u6b27\u6d32\u8840\u7edf\u7684\u7f8e\u56fd\u73af\u4fdd\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u66fe\u7ecf\u5d07\u656c\u5317\u7f8e\u7684\u201c\u539f\u59cb\u8352\u91ce\u201d\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u4eec\u6700\u8fd1\u5f00\u59cb\u610f\u8bc6\u5230\u4e4b\u524d\u6b27\u6d32\u6b96\u6c11\u8005\u53d1\u73b0\u7684\u53e4\u8001\u68ee\u6797\u548c\u5404\u79cd\u690d\u7269\u548c\u730e\u7269\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u4f9d\u8d56\u4e8e\u7f8e\u6d32\u539f\u4f4f\u6c11\u7684\u7cbe\u5fc3\u7167\u6599\u548c\u706b\u707e\u7ba1\u7406[93-95]\u3002\u8352\u5730\u7ba1\u7406\u8005\u548c\u4fdd\u62a4\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u5bb6\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u610f\u8bc6\u5230\uff0c\u7814\u7a76\u4eba\u5458\u9700\u8981\u91cd\u65b0\u8fdb\u884c\u8fd9\u79cd\u7ba1\u7406\uff0c\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u6539\u53d8\u533a\u57df\u706b\u707e\u548c\u65f1\u6d9d\u72b6\u51b5\u6765\u7ef4\u6301\u897f\u90e8\u68ee\u6797\u53ca\u5176\u751f\u7269\u7fa4\u548c\u751f\u547d\u652f\u6301\u529f\u80fd [95]\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5f53\u5730\u4eba\u5bf9\u4f7f\u7528\u5408\u6210\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u6765\u6062\u590d\u5176\u571f\u5730\u4e0a\u7684\u7269\u79cd<\/span>\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\u7f8e\u6d32\u6817\u6216\u9c91\u9c7c\uff09<\/span>\u6216\u751f\u6001\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u770b\u6cd5\u76ee\u524d\u4f3c\u4e4e\u4ecd\u7136\u662f\u8d1f\u9762\u7684\u6216\u8005\u83ab\u8877\u4e00\u662f\u7684 [93]\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
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9. \u5728\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5ba4\u4e4b\u5916\u5f97\u65f6\u523b\u5c0f\u5fc3\u8c28\u614e\uff1a<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u8ffd\u8e2a\u5408\u6210\u7ebf\u5728\u771f\u5b9e\u73af\u5883\u4e2d\u7684\u8868\u73b0\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n

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\u7814\u7a76\u4eba\u5458\u60f3\u8981\u8f6c\u79fb\u3001\u589e\u5f3a\u6216\u6c89\u9ed8\u57fa\u56e0\uff0c\u4ee5\u4fbf\u8ba9\u5fae\u751f\u7269\u4e3a\u81ea\u5df1\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u4f7f\u7814\u7a76\u4eba\u5458\u4e0d\u5fc5\u4e3a\u81ea\u7136\u9009\u62e9\u800c\u70e6\u607c\u3002\u7814\u7a76\u4eba\u5458\u5c06\u6210\u4e3a\u5fae\u751f\u7269\u4ee3\u8c22\u7684\u521b\u9020\u8005\uff0c\u5e76\u5c06\u8bbe\u8ba1\u5fae\u751f\u7269\u6765\u6ee1\u8db3\u7814\u7a76\u4eba\u5458\u7684\u8981\u6c42\u3002\u7814\u7a76\u4eba\u5458\u6709\u80fd\u529b\u8fd9\u6837\u505a\uff0c\u4f46\u8fd9\u79cd\u80fd\u529b\u4f3c\u4e4e\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u4f7f\u7814\u7a76\u4eba\u5458\u5bf9\u5fae\u751f\u7269\u8fdb\u5316\u5e26\u6765\u7684\u6f5c\u5728\u5de8\u5927\u540e\u679c\u6709\u6df1\u5165\u7684\u7406\u89e3\uff0c\u66f4\u4e0d\u7528\u8bf4\u8ba9\u4ed6\u4eec\u80fd\u6539\u53d8\u5730\u7403\u672a\u6765\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u8f68\u8ff9\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

Paul Falkowski [56]
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\u53ea\u8981\u4fdd\u6301\u8b66\u60d5\u2014\u2014\u901a\u8fc7\u5b9e\u5730\u76d1\u6d4b\u2014\u2014\u4eba\u4eec\u5c31\u4f1a\u8ba4\u8bc6\u5230\u53d8\u5316\u3002\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u6211\u4eec\u719f\u77e5\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u4f1a\u53d1\u751f\u5982\u6b64\u5927\u7684\u53d8\u5316\uff1f<\/span><\/p>\n

Robert T. Paine [96]<\/span>
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 <\/span><\/section>\n

\u5f17\u5170\u80af\u65af\u5766\u535a\u58eb\u7684\u7f6a\u884c\u4e0d\u5728\u4e8e\u4ed6\u628a\u72c2\u5984\u81ea\u5927\u548c\u9ad8\u79d1\u6280\u7ed3\u5408\u8d77\u6765\u521b\u9020\u4e86\u4e00\u79cd\u751f\u7269\uff0c\u800c\u5728\u4e8e\u4ed6\u629b\u5f03\u4e86\u8fd9\u79cd\u751f\u7269\u3002[\u62c9\u56fe\u5c14\u968f\u540e\u5f15\u7528\u4e86\u739b\u4e3d\u96ea\u83b1\u7684\u5f17\u5170\u80af\u65af\u5766\uff1a\u201c\u8bb0\u4f4f\uff0c\u6211\u662f\u4f60\u7684\u751f\u7269\uff0c\u201d\u602a\u7269\u6297\u8bae\u9053\uff0c\u201c\u6211\u5e94\u8be5\u662f\u4f60\u7684\u4e9a\u5f53\uff1b\u4f46\u6211\u66f4\u50cf\u662f\u88ab\u4f60\u65e0\u7f18\u65e0\u6545\u4ece\u6b22\u4e50\u4e2d\u9a71\u8d76\u7684\u5815\u843d\u7684\u5929\u4f7f\u2026\u2026\u6211\u662f\u4ec1\u6148\u4e14\u5584\u826f\u7684\uff1b\u82e6\u96be\u4f7f\u6211\u53d8\u6210\u4e86\u6076\u9b54\u3002\u8ba9\u6211\u5feb\u4e50\u5427\uff0c\u6211\u5c06\u518d\u6b21\u8d24\u5fb7\u3002\u201d]<\/span><\/p>\n

Bruno LaTour [97]<\/span>
<\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/section>\n
\u5728\u5bf9\u975e\u6a21\u5f0f\u751f\u7269\u7cfb\u7edf\u8fdb\u884c\u57fa\u56e0\u7f16\u8f91\u7684\u65e9\u671f\u9636\u6bb5\uff0c\u8bb8\u591a\u5408\u6210\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u5bb6\u4e13\u6ce8\u4e8e\u4ed6\u4eec\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5ba4\u4e2d\u65b0\u521b\u9020\u7684\u751f\u547d\u4f53\u5728\u6ca1\u6709\u88ab\u6089\u5fc3\u7167\u6599\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u662f\u5426\u53ef\u5b58\u6d3b\u3002\u73b0\u5728\u4e3b\u8981\u5173\u6ce8\u201c\u5982\u679c\u5b83\u4eec\u5b58\u6d3b\u4e0b\u6765\u4e86\u3001\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u7fa4\u843d\u4e14\u5411\u5916\u4f20\u64ad\u53c8\u4f1a\u600e\u6837\u5462\uff1f\u5982\u679c\u5b83\u4eec\u88ab\u2018\u9a71\u4f7f\u2019\u5728\u91ce\u751f\u79cd\u7fa4\u4f20\u64ad\u4f1a\u600e\u6837\u5462\uff1f\u201d<\/span><\/section>\n
 <\/span><\/section>\n
\u5bf9\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u672a\u6765\u4ee5\u53ca\u5b83\u4eec\u5c06\u5982\u4f55\u5f71\u54cd\u7814\u7a76\u4eba\u5458\u7684\u672a\u6765\u7684\u524d\u77bb\u6027\u9884\u6d4b\u5c06\u4f1a\u53d7\u5230\u6311\u6218\uff0c\u5e76\u7ecf\u5e38\u53d7\u5230\u8de8\u8d8a\u89c4\u6a21\u7684\u590d\u6742\u6027\u548c\u7a81\u53d1\u4e8b\u4ef6\u7684\u963b\u788d\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u4f5c\u8005\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\u56de\u987e\u7684\u90a3\u4e9b\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u7814\u7a76\u4eba\u5458\u8d8a\u662f\u5bfb\u6c42\u5bf9\u63a8\u52a8\u53d8\u5316\u548c\u5c06\u57fa\u56e0\u4e0e\u751f\u6001\u7cfb\u7edf\u8054\u7cfb\u8d77\u6765\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u7684\u9884\u6d4b\u6027\u673a\u5236\u7406\u89e3\uff08predictive mechanistic understanding\uff09\uff0c\u7814\u7a76\u4eba\u5458\u5c31\u4f1a\u5728\u89e3\u91ca\u610f\u5916\u65b9\u9762\u66f4\u52a0\u6e38\u5203\u6709\u4f59<\/strong>\u3002\u65e0\u8bba\u662f\u5148\u89c1\u4e4b\u660e\u8fd8\u662f\u540e\u89c1\u4e4b\u660e\uff0c21 \u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u5de5\u5177\u90fd\u4f1a\u5e2e\u52a9\u7814\u7a76\u4eba\u5458\u5b9e\u73b0\u5408\u6210\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u613f\u666f\u5e76\u964d\u4f4e\u5176\u6f5c\u5728\u5371\u5bb3\u3002\u66fe\u7ecf\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u53ea\u5c5e\u4e8e\u5206\u5b50\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u6216\u91ce\u5916\u751f\u6001\u5b66\u9886\u57df\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u73b0\u5728\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u591a\u5730\u5728\u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u9886\u57df\u90fd\u5f97\u5230\u5e94\u7528 [17, 98]\u3002\u8de8\u9886\u57df\u65b9\u6cd5\u7684\u6ea2\u51fa\u4f1a\u52a0\u5f3a\u5206\u5b50\u9057\u4f20\u5b66\u5bb6\u3001\u7ec6\u80de\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u5bb6\u3001\u8868\u89c2\u9057\u4f20\u5b66\u5bb6\u3001\u751f\u6001\u5b66\u5bb6\u3001\u8fdb\u5316\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u5bb6\u548c\u5730\u7403\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u4ea4\u6d41\uff0c\u4ee5\u5e94\u5bf9\u5168\u7403\u4f7f\u7528 CRISPR-Cas 9 \u6280\u672f\u5e26\u6765\u7684\u6311\u6218\u548c\u8d23\u4efb\u3002\u62c9\u683c\u6717\u65e5\u5bf9\u72ec\u7acb\u751f\u5b58\u4e2a\u4f53\uff08free-living individuals\uff09\u7684\u89c2\u5bdf\u6781\u5927\u5730\u542f\u53d1\u4e86\u91ce\u5916\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u5bb6\uff0c\u73b0\u5728\u4e5f\u4f7f\u5f97\u7ec6\u80de\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u5bb6\u80fd\u591f\u4e86\u89e3\u5355\u7ec6\u80de\u5728\u5176\u751f\u6d3b\u5fae\u73af\u5883\u4e2d\u8de8\u65f6\u7a7a\u8fd0\u52a8\u548c\u53d8\u5316\u65f6\u7684\u529f\u80fd\u548c\u547d\u8fd0 [99, 100]<\/strong>\u3002\u5b9a\u91cf\u7a33\u5b9a\u540c\u4f4d\u7d20\u63a2\u6d4b\u8ba9\u751f\u6001\u5b66\u5bb6\u548c\u751f\u6001\u7cfb\u7edf\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u80fd\u591f\u8bc6\u522b\u5173\u952e\u5fae\u751f\u7269\u5206\u7c7b\u7fa4\u5e76\u8ddf\u8e2a\u5b83\u4eec\u5728\u81ea\u7136\u754c\u4e2d\u4ecb\u5bfc\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u7684\u548c\u5206\u5b50\u7684\u4ea4\u6362 [99,101]\u3002\u9057\u4f20\u5b66\u5bb6\u4f7f\u7528\u201cknockin\u201d\u548c\u201cknockout\u201d\u5b9e\u9a8c\u6765\u7814\u7a76\u57fa\u56e0\u5982\u4f55\u5f71\u54cd\u8868\u578b\uff1b\u751f\u6001\u5b66\u5bb6\u4f7f\u7528enclosure\/exclosures\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u5b9e\u9a8c\u6765\u63ed\u793a\u7279\u5b9a\u7269\u79cd\u5bf9\u98df\u7269\u7f51<\/span>\uff08food web\uff09<\/span>\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u751f\u6001\u5b66\u5bb6 [43\u201350, 102] \u5bfb\u627e\u7531\u5f3a\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\u7269\u79cd<\/span>\uff08\u57fa\u7840\u6216\u5173\u952e\u7269\u79cd\uff09<\/span>\u5f15\u53d1\u7684\u8425\u517b\u7ea7\u8054\u73b0\u8c61\uff0c\u5e0c\u671b\u80fd\u89e3\u91ca\u6216\u9884\u6d4b\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5e26\u6765\u7684\u95f4\u63a5\u201cknockon\u201d\u6548\u5e94\u3002\u7c7b\u4f3c\u5730\uff0c\u5206\u5b50\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u5bb6\u5bfb\u627e\u5173\u952e\u7684\u201c\u57fa\u56e0\u7a0b\u5e8f\u201d\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u57fa\u56e0\u8c03\u63a7\u901a\u8def\u5305\u542b\u8bb8\u591a\u5176\u4ed6\u901a\u8def\u5e76\u51b3\u5b9a\u66f4\u9ad8\u9636\u7684\u8868\u578b\u7279\u5f81\uff0c\u5982\u6027\u522b[103]\u3002\u5728\u751f\u7269\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u6240\u6709\u5c42\u6b21\u4e0a\uff0c\u73af\u5883\u63a7\u5236\u7740\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\u7684\u5f3a\u5ea6\u548c\u7ed3\u679c\uff0c\u666f\u89c2\u751f\u6001\u5b66<\/span>\uff08landscape ecology\uff09<\/span>\u4e2d\u201c\u8fc7\u7a0b\u6a21\u5f0f\u201d\u7684\u5f71\u54cd[104]\u7f29\u5c0f\u5230\u7a7a\u95f4\u57fa\u56e0\u7ec4\u5b66\u4e2d\u57fa\u56e0\u8868\u8fbe\u7684\u62d3\u6251\u76f8\u5173\u57df[105]\u3002\u5730\u7403\u7cfb\u7edf\u79d1\u5b66\u4e2d\u9065\u611f\u7684\u8fdb\u6b65\u4f7f\u7814\u7a76\u4eba\u5458\u80fd\u591f\u4ece\u98de\u673a\u6216\u592a\u7a7a\u8ffd\u8e2a\u751f\u7269\u7fa4\u7684\u5206\u5e03\u3001\u4e30\u5ea6\u548c\u751f\u7406\u72b6\u6001\u4ee5\u53ca\u73af\u5883\u6761\u4ef6\u7684\u53d8\u5316 [106]\u3002\u56fd\u5bb6\u79d1\u7814\u57fa\u91d1\u673a\u6784\u5bf9\u201c\u878d\u5408\u201d\u7684\u5e7f\u6cdb\u547c\u5401\u8981\u6c42\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u5bb6\u548c\u5730\u7403\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u65e2\u8981\u6709\u660e\u667a\u7684\u8c26\u900a\uff0c\u53c8\u8981\u6709\u7efc\u5408\u7684\u60f3\u8c61\u529b\uff0c\u4ee5\u7a81\u7834\u5b66\u79d1\u58c1\u5792\uff0c\u5f25\u5408\u7814\u7a76\u4eba\u5458\u5404\u4e2a\u5b50\u5b66\u79d1\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u6df1\u523b\u5386\u53f2\u5206\u6b67\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
 <\/span><\/section>\n
\u8fd9\u79cd\u56e2\u961f\u5408\u4f5c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u6784\u5efa\u68c0\u6d4b\u7f51\u7edc\u4ee5\u5728\u5f00\u653e\u73af\u5883\u4e2d\u8ffd\u8e2a\u57fa\u56e0\u7f16\u8f91\u751f\u7269\u4f53\u81f3\u5173\u91cd\u8981\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8ffd\u8e2a\u5de5\u4f5c\u5e94\u8be5\u96c6\u4e2d\u5728\u201c\u5173\u952e\u70b9\u6216\u5173\u952e\u65f6\u523b\u201d\u4e0a\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u57fa\u56e0\u7f16\u8f91\u751f\u7269\u4f53\u5728\u201c\u5173\u952e\u70b9\u6216\u5173\u952e\u65f6\u523b\u201d\u7684\u8868\u73b0\u3001\u9009\u62e9\u529b\u6216\u5f71\u54cd\u6700\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u53d1\u751f\u53d8\u5316\u3002\u7814\u7a76\u4eba\u5458\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u6765\u81ea\u65e0\u4eba\u673a\u3001\u98de\u673a\u6216\u592a\u7a7a\u89c2\u6d4b\u5e73\u53f0\u7684\u91cd\u590d\u6444\u5f71\u6d4b\u91cf\u6765\u8868\u5f81\u4e0d\u65ad\u53d8\u5316\u7684\u73af\u5883\u63a7\u5236\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u57fa\u56e0\u7f16\u8f91\u751f\u7269<\/span>\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\u6811\u6728\u6216\u5de8\u578b\u52a8\u7269\uff09<\/span>\u7684\u4f20\u64ad\u6216\u663e\u8457\u53d8\u5316\u72b6\u51b5[106]\u3002\u5982\u679c\u751f\u7269\u4f53\u53d7\u5230CRISPRCas \u6539\u9020\u7684DNA\u6ca1\u6709\u4ea7\u751f\u53ef\u89c1\u7684\u8868\u578b\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u5c31\u9700\u8981\u5bf9\u8be5\u751f\u7269\u4f53\u6216\u73af\u5883 DNA (eDNA) \u8fdb\u884c\u9057\u4f20\u76d1\u6d4b\u3002<\/strong><\/span><\/section>\n
 <\/span><\/section>\n
\u79d1\u5b66\u548c\u6280\u672f\u521b\u65b0\u4f7f\u5f97 CRISPR-Cas \u6280\u672f\u4e0d\u4ec5\u7528\u4e8e\u7f16\u8f91\u7ec6\u80de\u6216\u751f\u7269\u4f53\uff0c\u8fd8\u7528\u4e8e\u8ddf\u8e2a\u5b83\u4eec\u7684eDNA\uff0c\u4f7f\u5f97\u540e\u7eed\u7814\u7a76\u53d8\u5f97\u66f4\u52a0\u53ef\u884c\u3002\u4e3a\u4e34\u5e8a\u8bca\u65ad\u800c\u5f00\u53d1\u7684\u65b0 CRISPR-Cas12a<\/span> [\u4f8b\u5982 DETECTR [107]] \u548c CRISPR-Cas13 [SHERLOCK [108]] <\/span>\u5e73\u53f0\u5177\u6709\u4f4e\u81f3\u963f\u6469\u5c14\u6d53\u5ea6\u7684\u68c0\u6d4b\u7075\u654f\u5ea6\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u53ef\u4ee5\u533a\u5206\u4ec5\u6709\u51e0\u4e2a\u78b1\u57fa\u5bf9\u5dee\u5f02\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u6838\u82f7\u9178\u94fe\u3002\u5728\u4f7f\u7528\u91cd\u7ec4\u9176\u805a\u5408\u9176\u6269\u589e(RPA)\u5bf9\u76ee\u6807 DNA \u8fdb\u884c\u9884\u6269\u589e\u540e\uff0c\u5411\u5bfc RNA \u5c06 CRISPR-Cas12a \u6838\u9178\u9176\u5f15\u5bfc\u81f3\u76ee\u6807\u4f4d\u70b9\u3002\u4e00\u65e6\u9176\u5207\u5272\u8be5\u4f4d\u70b9\uff0cCRISPR-Cas12a \u5c31\u4f1a\u4e0d\u52a0\u9009\u62e9\u5730\u5207\u5272\u5176\u4ed6\u5355\u94fe DNA<\/span>\uff08\u201c\u53cd\u5f0f\u5207\u5272\u201d\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u5982\u679c\u6dfb\u52a0\u4e86\u5355\u94fe DNA \u8367\u5149\u56e2-\u731d\u706d\u5242\u5206\u5b50\uff0cCas12a\u7684\u53cd\u5f0f\u5207\u5272\u5c06\u4ece\u5176\u731d\u706d\u5242\u4e2d\u91ca\u653e\u8367\u5149\u56e2\uff0c\u89e6\u53d1\u968f\u540e\u53ef\u5728\u6837\u54c1\u4e2d\u6d4b\u91cf\u7684\u8367\u5149\u4fe1\u53f7\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u68c0\u6d4b\u7cfb\u7edf\u4ef7\u683c\u4f4e\u5ec9\u4e14\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u73b0\u573a\u5e94\u7528\uff1a\u53ef\u4ee5\u51bb\u5e72\u4ee5\u5b9e\u73b0\u72ec\u7acb\u51b7\u94fe\u8fd0\u8f93\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u4e0e\u7eb8\u5f20\u70b9\u6837 [108] \u6216\u667a\u80fd\u624b\u673a\u68c0\u6d4b\u8bbe\u5907 [109]\u4e00\u8d77\u4f7f\u7528\uff1b\u6216\u6700\u8fd1\u5f00\u53d1\u7684\u7528\u4e8e\u7ec6\u83cc\u68c0\u6d4b\u7684\u624b\u6301\u8367\u5149\u76d1\u6d4b\u5668 [110, 111]\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
 <\/span><\/section>\n
\u5a01\u5ec9\u59c6\u65af\u7b49\u4eba [110, 112]\u4f3c\u4e4e\u662f\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u5c06\u8be5\u6280\u672f\u5e94\u7528\u4e8e\u81ea\u7136\u754c\u7269\u79cd\u68c0\u6d4b\u7684\u4eba\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u4ece\u56db\u4e2a\u7231\u5c14\u5170\u6eaa\u6d41\u91c7\u96c6\u5230\u7684eDNA\u6837\u672c\u4e2d\u53ef\u4ee5\u68c0\u6d4b\u548c\u533a\u5206\u51fa\u5bc6\u5207\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u5927\u897f\u6d0b\u9c91\u9c7c <\/span>(Salmo salar) <\/span>\u548c\u8910\u9cdf\u9c7c<\/span> (Salmo trutta)<\/span>\u3002\u7075\u654f\u7684 CRISPR-Cas12a \u68c0\u6d4b\u6781\u5927\u5730\u589e\u5f3a\u4e86\u5bf9\u6709\u4ef7\u503c\u7684\u3001\u7a00\u6709\u7684\u6216\u6f5c\u5728\u5165\u4fb5\u7684\u5916\u6765\u7269\u79cd [109\u3001110\u3001112] \u7684 eDNA\u201c\u9884\u8b66\u201d\u80fd\u529b\uff0c\u8fd8\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u57fa\u56e0\u9a71\u52a8\u8ffd\u8e2a\u5728\u5f00\u653e\u73af\u5883\u4e2d\u4f20\u64ad\u7684\u57fa\u56e0\u7f16\u8f91\u751f\u7269\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
 <\/span><\/section>\n
\u5728\u8fc4\u4eca\u4e3a\u6b62\u6700\u8be6\u5c3d\u7684\u57fa\u56e0\u9a71\u52a8\u76d1\u6d4b\u8ba1\u5212\u4e4b\u4e2d\uff0c\u514b\u52b3\u798f\u5fb7\u7b49\u4eba[28] \u5728\u52a0\u5229\u798f\u5c3c\u4e9a\u4e2d\u90e8\u8fd1 400 \u516c\u9877<\/span>\uff08\u5305\u62ec 3,000 \u4e2a\u5bb6\u5ead\uff09<\/span>\u7684\u533a\u57df\u5185\u8ffd\u8e2a\u4e86\u5e26\u6709 \u6c83\u5c14\u5df4\u514b\u6c0f\u4f53\u3001\u57fa\u56e0\u9a71\u52a8\u6280\u672f\u6539\u9020\u7684\u57c3\u53ca\u4f0a\u868a<\/span>\uff08Aedes aegypti<\/em>\uff09\uff08\u662f\u767b\u9769\u70ed\u3001\u57fa\u5b54\u80af\u96c5\u70ed\u3001\u5be8\u5361\u75c5\u6bd2\u548c\u9ec4\u70ed\u75c5\u7684\u5bbf\u4e3b\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u5982\u679c\u53d7\u6c83\u5c14\u5df4\u514b\u6c0f\u4f53\u611f\u67d3\u7684\u96c4\u6027\u868a\u5b50\u4e0e\u672a\u611f\u67d3\u7684\u96cc\u6027\u868a\u5b50\u4ea4\u914d\uff0c\u751f\u6210\u7684\u53d7\u7cbe\u5375\u5c31\u4f1a\u6b7b\u4ea1\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u53d7\u611f\u67d3\u7684\u96cc\u6027\u4e0e\u53d7\u611f\u67d3\u6216\u672a\u53d7\u611f\u67d3\u7684\u96c4\u6027\u4ea4\u914d\uff0c\u5219\u53d7\u7cbe\u5375\u4f1a\u6b63\u5e38\u5b58\u6d3b\u3002\u82e5\u8981\u4f7f\u8fd9\u79cd\u6606\u866b\u751f\u7269\u9632\u6cbb\u5de5\u4f5c\u80fd\u6b63\u5e38\u8fdb\u884c\u4e0b\u53bb\uff0c\u5c31\u4e0d\u80fd\u91ca\u653e\u53d7\u6c83\u5c14\u5df4\u514b\u6c0f\u4f53\u611f\u67d3\u7684\u96cc\u6027\u3002\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u81ea\u52a8\u5316\u5e7c\u866b\u9972\u517b\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\uff0c\u514b\u52b3\u798f\u5fb7\u53ca\u5176\u540c\u4e8b\u8ba9\u4e24\u79cd\u6027\u522b\u7684\u5e7c\u866b\u90fd\u611f\u67d3\u4e86\u6c83\u5c14\u5df4\u514b\u6c0f\u4f53\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u901a\u8fc7\u57fa\u4e8e\u5927\u5c0f\u7684\u81ea\u52a8\u5316\u6027\u522b\u7b5b\u9009\u5668\u5206\u79bb\u96cc\u6027\u86f9\uff0c\u63a5\u7740\u901a\u8fc7\u5de5\u4e1a\u56fe\u50cf\u5206\u6790\u548c\u673a\u5668\u5b66\u4e60\u5206\u7c7b\u5668<\/span>\uff08\u8fdb\u884c\u4e00\u4e9b\u4eba\u5de5\u68c0\u67e5\uff09<\/span>\u8fdb\u884c\u6838\u67e5\u3002\u5bf9\u4e8e\u8fd9\u9879\u5de5\u4f5c\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u6295\u653e\u7684\u5e26\u6709\u6c83\u5c14\u5df4\u514b\u6c0f\u4f53\u7684\u96c4\u6027\u868a\u5b50\u548c\u6574\u4e2a\u57c3\u53ca\u4f0a\u868a\u79cd\u7fa4\u90fd\u5728\u5927\u9762\u79ef\u8303\u56f4\u5185\u53d7\u5230\u76d1\u6d4b\u3002\u5728\u5730\u56fe\u4e0a\u4ed4\u7ec6\u6807\u5b9a\u6295\u653e\u5730\u70b9\u548c\u968f\u540e\u7684\u8bf1\u6355\u5668\u76d1\u6d4b\u8ba9\u8c03\u67e5\u4eba\u5458\u53ef\u4ee5\u68c0\u67e5\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u751f\u7269\u9632\u6cbb\u8ba1\u5212\u7684\u6210\u529f\u4e0e\u5426\uff0c\u5e76\u76d1\u6d4b\u4e8b\u6545\u7684\u53d1\u751f\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u610f\u5916\u6295\u653e\u4e86\u88ab\u6c83\u5c14\u5df4\u514b\u6c0f\u4f53\u611f\u67d3\u7684\u96cc\u6027\u868a\u5b50\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
 <\/span><\/section>\n
\u672c\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u7684\u6709\u7b56\u7565\u7684\u5e7f\u6cdb\u76d1\u6d4b\u884c\u4e3a\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u5728\u6709\u8db3\u591f\u8d44\u6e90\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u8d1f\u8d23\u4efb\u5730\u8ffd\u8e2a\u5df2\u6295\u653e\u81ea\u7136\u754c\u7684\u57fa\u56e0\u7f16\u8f91\u751f\u7269\u4f53\u662f\u53ef\u884c\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5<\/strong>\u3002\u4f5c\u8005\u7684\u6280\u672f\u521b\u65b0 [28] \u53ef\u4ee5\u4fc3\u8fdb\u5176\u4ed6\u52aa\u529b\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u76d1\u6d4b\u8ba1\u5212\u9700\u8981\u7531\u672c\u9886\u57df\u7684\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u5bb6\u76f8\u4e92\u534f\u4f5c\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u4ed6\u4eec\u8fd8\u5f97\u5728\u5f53\u5730\u57f9\u8bad\u8fc7\u3001\u6709\u8d44\u91d1\u8d44\u52a9\u4e14\u6709\u7ec4\u7ec7\u3002\u5982\u679c\u56e2\u961f\u7531\u5f53\u5730\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u9886\u5bfc\u5e76\u96c7\u7528\u5f53\u5730\u9752\u5e74\u53c2\u4e0e\u5176\u4e2d\uff0c\u90a3\u5c06\u4f1a\u5f88\u7406\u60f3\uff0c\u5982 Dan Janzen \u5728\u54e5\u65af\u8fbe\u9ece\u52a0\u7684\u5206\u7c7b\u5b66\u5de5\u4f5c\u8005\u4f1a\u8bae [113]\u3002\u7406\u60f3\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u56e2\u961f\u5e94\u5305\u62ec\u63a5\u53d7\u8fc7\u57fa\u56e0\u7ec4\u5b66\u548c\u8868\u89c2\u57fa\u56e0\u7ec4\u5b66\u3001\u751f\u6001\u751f\u7406\u5b66\u548c\u76f8\u5173\u5b66\u79d1\u8bad\u7ec3\u7684\u6210\u5458\uff0c\u4ee5\u4fbf\u4ed6\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u9884\u6d4b\u5177\u6709\u4e0d\u540c\u8fdb\u5316\u548c\u81ea\u7136\u5386\u53f2\u7684\u7269\u79cd\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u548c\u547d\u8fd0<\/strong>\u3002\u5728\u793e\u533a\u548c\u751f\u6001\u7cfb\u7edf\u751f\u6001\u5b66\u4ee5\u53ca\u9065\u611f\u65b9\u6cd5\u65b9\u9762\u53d7\u8fc7\u8bad\u7ec3\u7684\u56e2\u961f\u6210\u5458\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bbe\u8ba1\u8de8\u8d8a\u4e00\u5b9a\u65f6\u7a7a\u95f4\u9694\u7684\u91c7\u6837\uff0c\u4ee5\u786e\u5b9a\u8fd9\u4e9b\u751f\u7269\u7684\u6027\u72b6\u548c\u5f71\u54cd\u662f\u5426\u4ecd\u7136\u7b26\u5408\u9884\u671f\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
 <\/span><\/section>\n
\u5b9e\u5730\u68c0\u6d4b\u7814\u7a76\u4eba\u5458\u57fa\u56e0\u7f16\u8f91\u521b\u9020\u7684\u751f\u7269\uff0c\u4e0d\u4ec5\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e3a\u4e16\u754c\u8d2b\u56f0\u5730\u533a<\/span>\uff08\u5305\u62ec\u7f8e\u56fd\uff09<\/span>\u7684\u4eba\u4eec\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e00\u4efd\u6709\u610f\u4e49\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5e94\u8be5\u62db\u52df\u5177\u6709\u91cd\u8981\u4f20\u7edf\u751f\u6001\u77e5\u8bc6\u7684\u4eba\u6765\u4e3a\u7ba1\u7406\u5de5\u4f5c\u63d0\u4f9b\u5efa\u8bae\u3002\u53ea\u6709\u5f53\u5730\u6240\u6709\u571f\u8457\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u5f53\u5730\u4eba\u90fd\u540c\u610f\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u7814\u7a76\u4eba\u5458\u624d\u80fd\u5728\u8fd9\u5757\u533a\u57df\u6295\u653e\u57fa\u56e0\u7f16\u8f91\u751f\u7269<\/strong>\u3002\u66f4\u591a\u53ef\u80fd\u4ece\u5730\u7403\u4e0a\u6d88\u706d\u76ee\u6807\u7269\u79cd\u7684\u4e0d\u53d7\u63a7\u5236\u7684\u751f\u7269\u6295\u653e\u5e94\u8be5\u9700\u8981\u66f4\u5e7f\u6cdb\u7684\u5171\u8bc6 [6]\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5982\u4f55\u4ece\u7ea6 80 \u4ebf\u4eba\u4e2d\u8fbe\u6210\u8fd9\u4e00\u5171\u8bc6\u4ecd\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u60ac\u800c\u672a\u51b3\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u5373\u4f7f\u7ecf\u8fc7\u4eba\u4eec\u957f\u65f6\u95f4\u7684\u53c2\u4e0e\u548c\u8ba4\u771f\u503e\u542c\uff0c\u8fbe\u6210\u6216\u8fbe\u4e0d\u6210\u5171\u8bc6\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u4e5f\u53ef\u80fd\u4e0d\u4f1a\u53d1\u5c55\uff0c\u4f46\u8be5\u8fc7\u7a0b\u5c06\u4f7f\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u548c\u5229\u76ca\u76f8\u5173\u8005\u4e86\u89e3\u5728\u81ea\u7136\u754c\u4e2d\u4f7f\u7528\u57fa\u56e0\u7f16\u8f91\u751f\u7269\u7684\u5371\u9669\u548c\u81ea\u5df1\u5bf9\u8be5\u884c\u4e3a\u6240\u4f5c\u7684\u627f\u8bfa\u3002\u5b83\u4e5f\u53ef\u80fd\u5e2e\u52a9\u7814\u7a76\u4eba\u5458\u66f4\u591a\u4eba\u601d\u8003\u81ea\u7136<\/span>\uff08\u5305\u62ec\u4eba\u6027\uff09<\/span>\u5728\u7814\u7a76\u4eba\u5458\u65e5\u76ca\u8bbe\u8ba1\u7684\u672a\u6765\u4e2d\u5c06\u5728\u54ea\u91cc\u627e\u5230\u4e00\u5e2d\u4e4b\u5730\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
 <\/span><\/section>\n
\u7814\u7a76\u4eba\u5458\u4ec0\u4e48\u65f6\u5019\u53ef\u4ee5\u653e\u677e\u5bf9\u201c\u6709\u5e0c\u671b\u7684\u602a\u7269\u201d\u2014\u2014\u7814\u7a76\u4eba\u5458\u57fa\u56e0\u7f16\u8f91\u6539\u9020\u7684\u751f\u7269\uff0c\u53ca\u5176\u5f15\u53d1\u53cd\u9988\u7684\u8b66\u60d5\u7ba1\u7406\uff1f\u4e5f\u8bb8\u6c38\u8fdc\u4e0d\u4f1a\uff0c\u7814\u7a76\u4eba\u5458\u8d8a\u662f\u5bfb\u6c42\u5bf9\u4ece\u529f\u80fd\u57fa\u56e0\u7ec4\u5b66\u5230\u7269\u79cd\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\u548c\u751f\u6001\u7cfb\u7edf\u54cd\u5e94\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u548c\u8054\u7cfb\u7684\u9884\u6d4b\u6027\u7406\u89e3\uff0c\u5728 CRISPR \u6539\u53d8\u7684\u4eba\u7c7b\u4e16\u5f00\u59cb\u4e4b\u9645\uff0c\u7814\u7a76\u4eba\u5458\u8d8a\u80fd\u5f88\u597d\u5730\u5c65\u884c\u7814\u7a76\u4eba\u5458\u7684\u4e24\u9879\u5173\u952e\u804c\u8d23\uff1a\u9996\u5148\uff0c\u8bbe\u8ba1\u6709\u6548\u7684\u65b9\u6848\u4ee5\u8ffd\u8e2a\u88ab\u7f16\u8f91\u7684\u57fa\u56e0\u5728\u4e0d\u540c\u573a\u666f\u4e2d\u7684\u4f20\u64ad\u3001\u53d8\u5316\u548c\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u5176\u6b21\uff0c\u5206\u6790\u4e8b\u60c5\u51fa\u9519\u7684\u539f\u56e0\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u53ef\u80fd\u5f88\u5feb\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u7ea0\u6b63\u9519\u8bef\u5e76\u4f7f\u81ea\u5df1\u5e78\u514d\u4e8e\u96be\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u53c2\u8003\u6587\u732e<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n

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2. G. Church, E. Regis, Regenesis (Basic Books, 2012). <\/span><\/p>\n

3. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, Gene Drives on the Horizon: Advancing Science, Navigating Uncertainty, and Aligning Research with Public Values (The National Academies Press, 2016).<\/span><\/p>\n

4. G. E. Kaebnick et al., Precaution and governance of emerging technologies. Science 354, 710\u2013711 (2016). <\/span><\/p>\n

5. E. Heitman, K. Sawyer, J. P. Collins, Gene drives on the horizon: Issues for biosafety. Applied Biosafety International 21, 173\u2013176 (2016). <\/span><\/p>\n

6. K. A. Oye et al., Biotechnology. Regulating gene drives. Science 345, 626\u2013628 (2014).<\/span><\/p>\n

7. J. Kahn, The gene drive dilemma: We can alter entire species, but should we? New York Times Magazine, 8 January 2020. https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2020\/01\/08\/magazine\/gene-drive-mosquitoes.html. Accessed 19 January 2020. <\/span><\/p>\n

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10. M. Scheffer, S. Carpenter, J. A. Foley, C. Folke, B. Walker, Catastrophic shifts in ecosystems. Nature 413, 591\u2013596 (2001). 1<\/span><\/p>\n

1. M. E. Power et al., The role of experiments in ecology. Science 270, 561 (1995). 12. Salk Institute for Biological Studies, Joseph Ecker. https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/scientist\/josephecker\/. Accessed 31 March 2020. <\/span><\/p>\n

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14. E. Charney, Behavior genetics and postgenomics. Behav. Brain Sci. 35, 331\u2013358 (2012). <\/span><\/p>\n

15. C. K. Deutsch, W. J. McIlvane, Non-mendelian etiologic factors in neuropsychiatric illness: Pleiotropy, epigenetics, and convergence. Behav. Brain Sci. 35, 363\u2013364 (2012). <\/span><\/p>\n

16. T. Kawakatsu, J. R. Ecker, Diversity and dynamics of DNA methylation: Epigenomic resources and tools for crop breeding. Breed. Sci. 69, 191\u2013204 (2019). <\/span><\/p>\n

17. C. L. Richards et al., Ecological plant epigenetics: Evidence from model and nonmodel species, and the way forward. Ecol. Lett. 20, 1576\u20131590 (2017). <\/span><\/p>\n

18. O. Bossdorf, C. L. Richards, M. Pigliucci, Epigenetics for ecologists. Ecol. Lett. 11, 106\u2013115 (2008). <\/span><\/p>\n

19. Wikipedia, E. coli long-term evolution experiment. https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/E._ coli_long-term_evolution_experiment. Accessed 20 January 2020. <\/span><\/p>\n

20. R. J. Woods et al., Second-order selection for evolvability in a large Escherichia coli population. Science 331, 1433\u20131436 (2011). <\/span><\/p>\n

21. D. J. Starr, T. W. Cline, A host parasite interaction rescues Drosophila oogenesis defects. Nature 418, 76\u201379 (2002). <\/span><\/p>\n

22. K. M. Oliver, P. H. Degnan, M. S. Hunter, N. A. Moran, Bacteriophages encode factors required for protection in a symbiotic mutualism. Science 325, 992\u2013994 (2009).<\/span><\/p>\n

23. K. M. Oliver, P. H. Degnan, G. R. Burke, N. A. Moran, Facultative symbionts in aphids and the horizontal transfer of ecologically important traits. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 55, 247\u2013266 (2010). <\/span><\/p>\n

24. K. I. Verster et al., Horizontal transfer of bacterial cytolethal distending toxin B genes to insects. Mol. Biol. Evol. 36, 2105\u20132110 (2019). <\/span><\/p>\n

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26. A. Burt, Site-specific selfish genes as tools for the control and genetic engineering of natural populations. Proc. Biol. Sci. 270, 921\u2013928 (2003). <\/span><\/p>\n

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