{"id":27986,"date":"2021-08-07T23:37:09","date_gmt":"2021-08-07T15:37:09","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/swarma.org\/?p=27986"},"modified":"2021-08-07T23:37:09","modified_gmt":"2021-08-07T15:37:09","slug":"%e4%bb%80%e4%b9%88%e6%98%af%e6%b6%8c%e7%8e%b0%e8%bf%9b%e5%8c%96-%e9%9b%86%e6%99%ba%e7%99%be%e7%a7%91","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/swarma.org\/?p=27986","title":{"rendered":"\u4ec0\u4e48\u662f\u6d8c\u73b0\u8fdb\u5316 | \u96c6\u667a\u767e\u79d1"},"content":{"rendered":"
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\u6d8c\u73b0\u8fdb\u5316 Emergent evolution\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u5047\u8bbe\uff0c\u5373\u5728\u8fdb\u5316\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e00\u4e9b\u5168\u65b0\u7684\u7279\u6027\uff0c\u5982\u5fc3\u667a\u548c\u610f\u8bc6\uff0c\u5728\u67d0\u4e9b\u5173\u952e\u70b9\u51fa\u73b0\uff0c\u901a\u5e38\u662f\u7531\u4e8e\u5df2\u7ecf\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u5b9e\u4f53\u53d1\u751f\u4e86\u4e0d\u53ef\u9884\u6d4b\u7684\u91cd\u65b0\u6392\u5217\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u672f\u8bed\u662f\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u5eb7\u97e6\u00b7\u52b3\u57c3\u5fb7\u00b7\u6469\u6839 C. Lloyd Morgan\u4e8e1922\u5e74\u5728\u5723\u5b89\u5fb7\u9c81\u65af\u7684\u300a\u5409\u798f\u5fb7\u8bb2\u5ea7\u300b\u4e2d\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\uff0c\u8be5\u8bb2\u5ea7\u540e\u6765\u4f5c\u4e3a1923\u5e74\u7684\u300a\u6d8c\u73b0\u8fdb\u5316\u8bba\u300b\u4e00\u4e66\u51fa\u7248\u3002<\/span>
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\u4e54\u6cbb\u00b7\u5218\u6613\u65af George Henry Lewes\u51761875\u5e74\u51fa\u7248\u7684\u300a\u751f\u547d\u548c\u5fc3\u7075\u95ee\u9898 Problems of Life and Mind\u300b\u4e00\u4e66\u7684\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5377\u4e2d\u9996\u6b21\u4f7f\u7528\u4e86\u6d8c\u73b0\u4e00\u8bcd\u6765\u63cf\u8ff0\u8fd9\u4e00\u6982\u5ff5(p. 412)\u3002Henri Bergson\u5728\u4ed61907\u5e74\u6d41\u884c\u7684\u300a\u521b\u9020\u8fdb\u5316\u8bba Creative Evolution\u300b\uff08\u00c9lan vital\uff09\u4e00\u4e66\u4e2d\u4e5f\u6d89\u53ca\u4e86\u7c7b\u4f3c\u7684\u4e3b\u9898\u30021916-1918\u5e74\u95f4\uff0c\u585e\u7f2a\u5c14\u00b7\u4e9a\u5386\u5c71\u5927 Samuel Alexander\u5728\u683c\u62c9\u65af\u54e5\u7684\u300a\u5409\u798f\u5fb7\u8bb2\u5ea7 Gifford lectures\u300b\u4e2d\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u53d1\u5c55\u4e86\u6d8c\u73b0\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u5e76\u4ee5\u300a\u7a7a\u95f4\u3001\u65f6\u95f4\u548c\u795e\u6027 Space, Time, and Deity\u300b\uff081920\uff09\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u51fa\u7248\u3002\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u672f\u8bed”\u6d8c\u73b0\u8fdb\u5316”\u662f\u7531C.Lloyd Morgan\u4e8e1921-1922\u5e74\u5728\u81ea\u5df1\u5728\u5723\u5b89\u5fb7\u9c81\u65af\u7684\u5409\u798f\u5fb7\u8bb2\u5ea7\u4e2d\u521b\u9020\u7684\uff0c\u5e76\u4ee5\u300a\u6d8c\u73b0\u8fdb\u5316\u300b\uff081923\uff09\u51fa\u7248\u3002C.Lloyd Morgan\u5728\u5176\u4e66\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u7bc7\u8bb2\u5ea7\u7684\u9644\u5f55\u4e2d\uff0c\u627f\u8ba4\u4e86\u585e\u62c9\u65af\u7684\u300a\u8fdb\u5316\u7684\u81ea\u7136\u4e3b\u4e49 Evolutionary Naturalism\u300b\uff081922\uff09\u7684\u8d21\u732e\u3002<\/span>
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\u67e5\u5c14\u65af\u00b7\u8fbe\u5c14\u6587 Charles Darwin\u548c\u963f\u5c14\u5f17\u96f7\u5fb7\u00b7\u62c9\u585e\u5c14\u00b7\u534e\u83b1\u58eb Alfred Russel Wallace\u5bf9\u81ea\u7136\u9009\u62e9\u7684\u4ecb\u7ecd\uff0c\u7ed3\u5408\u897f\u65b9\u601d\u60f3\u4e2d\u7684\u8fdb\u5316\u8bba\u601d\u60f3\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u5927\u91cf\u7684\u89c2\u5bdf\u6570\u636e\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5728\u4eba\u7684\u4e8b\u52a1\u4e2d\u4f3c\u4e4e\u7528\u81ea\u7136\u6cd5\u5219\u53d6\u4ee3\u4e86\u795e\u7684\u6cd5\u5219\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5f97\u5230\u4e86\u4eba\u4eec\u7684\u8ba4\u53ef\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5f53\u65f6\u6240\u63cf\u8ff0\u7684\u81ea\u7136\u9009\u62e9\u673a\u5236\u53ea\u89e3\u91ca\u4e86\u751f\u7269\u4f53\u5982\u4f55\u9002\u5e94\u53d8\u5f02\u3002\u9057\u4f20\u53d8\u5f02\u7684\u539f\u56e0\u5f53\u65f6\u8fd8\u4e0d\u6e05\u695a\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

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\u8fbe\u5c14\u6587\u6e05\u695a\uff0c\u5728\u81ea\u7136\u9009\u62e9\u8d77\u4f5c\u7528\u524d\uff0c\u5fc5\u987b\u6709\u4e00\u4e9b\u53d8\u5f02\u5df2\u7ecf\u4ea7\u751f……\u8fd9\u4e00\u95ee\u9898\u51e0\u4e4e\u5728\u300a\u7269\u79cd\u8d77\u6e90\u300b\u53d1\u8868\u7684\u540c\u65f6\u5c31\u88ab\u5176\u4ed6\u6f14\u5316\u8bba\u5b66\u8005\u5bdf\u89c9\u3002\u65e9\u57281860\u5e74\uff0cSir Charles Lyell\u5c31\u5df2\u7ecf\u53d1\u73b0\u8fd9\u4e00\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u4ed6\u90a3\u65f6\u8fd8\u4e0d\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u6f14\u5316\u8bba\u5b66\u8005\u2026\u2026(Reid, p.3)<\/span><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n


St. George Jackson Mivart\u7684\u300a\u8bba\u7269\u79cd\u7684\u8d77\u6e90 On the Genesis of Species\u300b\uff081872\uff09\u4ee5\u53caEdward Cope\u7684\u300a\u6700\u9002\u8005\u7684\u8d77\u6e90 Origin of the Fittest\u300b\uff081887\uff09\u90fd\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u9700\u8981\u627e\u51fa\u540c\u7269\u79cd\u95f4\u6210\u5458\u7684\u53d8\u5f02\u4ece\u4f55\u800c\u6765\u3002William Bateson\u57281884\u5e74\u533a\u5206\u4e86\u53d8\u5f02\u7684\u6765\u6e90\u4ee5\u53ca\u81ea\u7136\u9009\u62e9\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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\u8fbe\u5c14\u6587\u603b\u662f\u2026\u2026\u5f15\u8bc1 \u201c\u751f\u957f\u4e0e\u7e41\u6b96\u7684\u6cd5\u5219\u201d\u548c \u201c\u5e26\u53d8\u5f02\u7684\u9057\u4f20\u201d \u662f\u81ea\u7136\u754c\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u4e8b\u5b9e\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u8fd9\u4e9b\u89c4\u5f8b\uff0c\u81ea\u7136\u9009\u62e9\u5c31\u65e0\u80fd\u4e3a\u529b\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u2026\u2026<\/span><\/p>\n

\u2026\u2026\u5373\u4f7f\u5b83\u88ab\u8bc1\u660e\u662f\u5bf9\u4e8b\u5b9e\u7684\u51c6\u786e\u8868\u8ff0\uff0c\u5b83\u4e5f\u4e0d\u80fd\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u89e3\u91ca\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u4e0d\u80fd\u8bf4\u660e\u751f\u547d\u529b\u3001\u6307\u5bfc\u673a\u6784\u548c\u7ec4\u7ec7\u529b\u91cf\u8fd9\u4e9b\u589e\u957f\u7684\u5fc5\u8981\u7279\u5f81\u2026\u2026<\/span><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n


\u5728\u7814\u7a76\u8fd9\u4e2a\u88ab\u8fbe\u5c14\u6587\u4ece\u4e00\u5f00\u59cb\u5c31\u6392\u9664\u5728\u5916\u7684\u9886\u57df\u65f6\uff0c\u534e\u83b1\u58eb\u5f97\u51fa\u7684\u7ed3\u8bba\u662f\uff0c\u201c\u751f\u547d\u201d\u672c\u8eab\u4e0d\u80fd\u88ab\u7406\u89e3\uff0c\u9664\u975e\u901a\u8fc7\u4e00\u79cd\u5305\u62ec \u201c\u7ec4\u7ec7\u548c\u6307\u5bfc\u751f\u547d\u539f\u5219\u201d\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u90fd\u5fc5\u7136\u6d89\u53ca\u5230 \u201c\u521b\u9020\u6027\u7684\u529b\u91cf\u201d\u3001\u201c\u6307\u5bfc\u6027\u7684\u5fc3\u7075\u201d\u548c\u6700\u540e\u7684 \u201c\u7ec8\u6781\u76ee\u7684\u201d\uff08\u4eba\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\uff09\u3002\u5b83\u652f\u6301\u7ea6\u7ff0\u00b7\u4ea8\u7279 John Hunter\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u5373\u201c\u751f\u547d\u662f\u7269\u8d28\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u539f\u56e0\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u7ed3\u679c\u201d\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u751f\u547d\u5148\u4e8e\u7269\u8d28\uff0c\u5f53\u5b83\u6ce8\u5165\u7269\u8d28\u65f6\uff0c\u5f62\u6210\u4e86\u6709\u751f\u547d\u7684\u7269\u8d28\uff08\u539f\u751f\u8d28\uff09\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\n

\u4e00\u4e2a\u975e\u5e38\u6709\u6839\u636e\u7684\u5b66\u8bf4\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u7ea6\u7ff0\u00b7\u4ea8\u7279\u7ecf\u5e38\u5021\u5bfc\u7684\u5b66\u8bf4\uff0c\u5373\u751f\u547d\u662f\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u539f\u56e0\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u7ed3\u679c\u2026\u2026\u5982\u679c\u662f\u8fd9\u6837\uff0c\u751f\u547d\u4e00\u5b9a\u662f\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u5148\u51b3\u6761\u4ef6\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u53ea\u80fd\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u4e0e\u7cbe\u795e\u548c\u601d\u60f3\u5bc6\u4e0d\u53ef\u5206\u5730\u8054\u7cfb\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\u7684\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0e\u5728\u751f\u7269\u7684\u751f\u957f\u4e2d\u5904\u5904\u4f53\u73b0\u7684\u6307\u5bfc\u6027\u80fd\u91cf\u7684\u6765\u6e90\u8054\u7cfb\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\u7684\u2026\u2026\u88ab\u8d4b\u4e88\u4e86\u6211\u4eec\u79f0\u4e4b\u4e3a\u751f\u547d\u7684\u795e\u79d8\u529b\u91cf\u2026\u2026<\/span><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n


\u7136\u540e\uff0c\u534e\u83b1\u58eb\u63d0\u5230\u4e86\u53e6\u4e00\u79cd\u53eb\u505a\u201c\u5fc3\u7075\u201d\u7684\u529b\u91cf\u7684\u8fd0\u4f5c\uff0c\u5b83\u5229\u7528\u751f\u547d\u7684\u529b\u91cf\uff0c\u4e0e\u6bd4\u751f\u547d\u6216\u7269\u8d28\u66f4\u9ad8\u7684\u5883\u754c\u76f8\u8054\u7cfb\uff1a<\/span><\/p>\n

\n

\u8bc1\u636e\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u5148\u77e5\u5148\u89c9\u7684\u5934\u8111\u2026\u2026\u5982\u6b64\u6307\u5bfc\u548c\u7ec4\u7ec7\u751f\u547d\uff0c\u4ee5\u5176\u65e0\u6570\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\uff0c\u5728\u9065\u8fdc\u7684\u672a\u6765\uff0c\u4e3a\u4eba\u7c7b\u7cbe\u795e\u672c\u8d28\u7684\u6210\u957f\u548c\u53d1\u80b2\u63d0\u4f9b\u6240\u6709\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u2026\u2026<\/span><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n


\u534e\u83b1\u58eb\u4ece\u4ea8\u7279\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u51fa\u53d1\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u751f\u547d\u662f\u9ad8\u4e8e\u751f\u547d\u7269\u8d28\u7684\uff0c\u9690\u85cf\u4e8e\u80cc\u540e\u7684\u6307\u5bfc\u6027\u529b\u91cf\u3002\u4ed6\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4ece\u903b\u8f91\u4e0a\u8bb2\uff0c\u5fc3\u7075\u662f\u610f\u8bc6\u7684\u539f\u56e0\uff0c\u5b83\u5728\u751f\u547d\u7269\u8d28\u4e2d\u4ee5\u4e0d\u540c\u7a0b\u5ea6\u548c\u5f62\u5f0f\u5b58\u5728\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\n

\u5982\u679c\u50cf\u4ea8\u7279\u3001\u8d6b\u80e5\u9ece\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5176\u4ed6\u8457\u540d\u601d\u60f3\u5bb6\u6240\u5ba3\u79f0\u7684\u90a3\u6837\uff0c\u201c\u751f\u547d\u662f\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u539f\u56e0\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u7ed3\u679c\u201d\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u76f8\u4fe1\uff0c\u5fc3\u7075\u662f\u5927\u8111\u53d1\u80b2\u7684\u539f\u56e0\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u7ed3\u679c\u2026\u2026\u6240\u4ee5\uff0c\u5728\u4e0d\u540c\u7b49\u7ea7\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u751f\u547d\u4e2d\uff0c\u65e0\u7591\u5b58\u5728\u7740\u4e0d\u540c\u7a0b\u5ea6\u7684\u5fc3\u667a\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ef\u80fd\u5b58\u5728\u7740\u4e0d\u540c\u79cd\u7c7b\u7684\u5fc3\u667a\u3002\u800c\u2026\u2026\u6240\u4ee5\u5fc3\u667a\u7684\u7ed9\u4e88\u8005\u2026\u2026\u4f7f\u6bcf\u4e00\u7c7b\u6216\u6bcf\u4e00\u7b49\u7ea7\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u90fd\u80fd\u83b7\u5f97\u5b83\u5728\u81ea\u7136\u754c\u4e2d\u7684\u5730\u4f4d\u6240\u5fc5\u9700\u7684\u5fc3\u667a\u91cf\u2026\u2026<\/span><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n


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\u6d8c\u73b0\u8fdb\u5316<\/span><\/strong><\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n

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<\/strong>
<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n


<\/p>\n

\u65e9\u671f\u6839\u6e90<\/span><\/strong><\/h3>\n

\u5173\u4e8e\u81ea\u7136\u754c\u7684\u53d8\u5316\u5982\u4f55 “\u51fa\u73b0” \u7684\u95ee\u9898\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u53e4\u5178\u5e0c\u814a\u601d\u60f3\u4e2d\u627e\u5230 – \u4ece\u6df7\u6c8c\u4e2d\u4ea7\u751f\u79e9\u5e8f\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u662f\u5076\u7136\u8fd8\u662f\u5fc5\u7136\u3002\u4e9a\u91cc\u58eb\u591a\u5fb7\u8c08\u5230\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u6d8c\u73b0\u7684\u7279\u6027\uff0c\u6574\u4f53\u5927\u4e8e\u90e8\u5206\u4e4b\u548c\u30022\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u89e3\u5256\u5b66\u5bb6\u548c\u751f\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u76d6\u4f26\u4e5f\u533a\u5206\u4e86\u6574\u4f53\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u6027\u548c\u6d8c\u73b0\u6027\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


\u9ed1\u683c\u5c14\u8c08\u5230\u4e86\u751f\u547d\u4ece\u975e\u751f\u547d\u5230\u6709\u610f\u8bc6\u518d\u5230\u7cbe\u795e\u7684\u9769\u547d\u6027\u8fdb\u7a0b\uff0c\u5eb7\u5fb7\u5219\u8ba4\u4e3a\u6709\u673a\u4f53\u7684\u7b80\u5355\u90e8\u5206\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\uff0c\u4ea7\u751f\u4e86\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u9010\u6e10\u590d\u6742\u7684\u529f\u80fd\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u51fa\u73b0\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u533a\u522b\u5ef6\u7eed\u5230\u7ea6\u7ff0\u00b7\u5bc6\u5c14\uff081843\uff09\uff0c\u4ed6\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u662f\u5316\u5b66\u5316\u5408\u7269\u4e5f\u6709\u65e0\u6cd5\u4ece\u5143\u7d20\u4e2d\u9884\u6d4b\u7684\u65b0\u7279\u5f81\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


George Henry Lewes\uff081874-1875\uff09\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u81ea\u7136\u754c\u4e2d\u7684\u65b0\u4e8b\u7269\u4e43\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u6d8c\u73b0\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u3002\u4e0e\u524d\u9762\u7684\u76d6\u4f26\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u4ed6\u518d\u6b21\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8fdb\u5316\u7684 “\u6d8c\u73b0 “\u7279\u8d28\u4e0e\u9002\u5e94\u6027\u3001\u52a0\u6210\u6027\u7684\u201c\u7ed3\u679c\u201d\u662f\u6709\u533a\u522b\u7684\u3002Henry Drummond\u5728 \u300a\u4eba\u7c7b\u7684\u540e\u88d4\u300b\uff081894\uff09\u4e2d\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u81ea\u7136\u89c4\u5f8b\u5bf9\u4e8e\u6709\u673a\u754c\u6216\u751f\u547d\u754c\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u4e0e\u60ef\u6027\u7684\u65e0\u673a\u754c\u76f8\u6bd4\u662f\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\uff0c\u6d8c\u73b0\u5c31\u5728\u8fd9\u4e4b\u4e2d\u4f53\u73b0\u51fa\u6765\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\n

\u5f53\u6211\u4eec\u4ece\u65e0\u673a\u7269\u5230\u6709\u673a\u7269\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u9047\u5230\u4e86\u4e00\u5957\u65b0\u7684\u89c4\u5f8b\u2014\u2014\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u4f4e\u7ea7\u7684\u90a3\u5957\u89c4\u5f8b\u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u5728\u9ad8\u7ea7\u7684\u9886\u57df\u91cc\u4f3c\u4e4e\u6ca1\u6709\u53d1\u6325\u4f5c\u7528\uff0c\u4e0d\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u4eec\u88ab\u6d88\u706d\u4e86\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u4eec\u88ab\u63a8\u7ffb\u4e86\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n


\u6b63\u5982Reid\u6240\u6307\u51fa\u7684\u90a3\u6837\uff0cDrummond\u4e5f\u610f\u8bc6\u5230\uff0c\u66f4\u5927\u7684\u590d\u6742\u6027\u5e26\u6765\u4e86\u66f4\u5927\u7684\u9002\u5e94\u6027\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


Samuel Alexander\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u5373\u6d8c\u73b0\u6027\u5177\u6709\u51cc\u9a7e\u4e8e\u4f4e\u7ea7\u7ec4\u7ec7\u9700\u6c42\u4e4b\u4e0a\u7684\u7279\u6027\u3002\u6700\u8fd1\uff0c\u7ea6\u7ff0\u00b7\u970d\u5170\u5fb7\u53c8\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e00\u4e3b\u9898\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\n

\u5982\u679c\u6211\u4eec\u628a\u8fd8\u539f\u8bba\u98a0\u5012\u8fc7\u6765\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5c31\u589e\u52a0\u5c42\u6b21\u3002\u66f4\u4ed4\u7ec6\u5730\u8bf4\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u589e\u52a0\u4e86\u65b0\u7684\u6cd5\u5219\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6cd5\u5219\u6ee1\u8db3\u5df2\u7ecf\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u6cd5\u5219\u6240\u65bd\u52a0\u7684\u7ea6\u675f\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u65b0\u7684\u6cd5\u5219\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u590d\u6742\u7684\u73b0\u8c61\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u73b0\u8c61\u662f\u539f\u6709\u5b9a\u5f8b\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\uff1b\u5b83\u4eec\u5904\u4e8e\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u7684\u5c42\u6b21\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n


<\/h3>\n

\u5eb7\u97e6\u00b7\u52b3\u57c3\u5fb7\u00b7\u6469\u6839\u4e0e\u6d8c\u73b0\u8fdb\u5316<\/span><\/strong><\/h3>\n

\u53e6\u4e00\u4f4d\u8d28\u7591\u81ea\u7136\u9009\u62e9\u662f\u8fdb\u5316\u52a8\u529b\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u662f\u5eb7\u97e6\u00b7\u52b3\u57c3\u5fb7\u00b7\u6469\u6839 C. Lloyd Morgan\uff0c\u4ed6\u662f\u52a8\u7269\u5b66\u5bb6\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u8d6b\u80e5\u9ece\u7684\u5b66\u751f\uff0c\u4ed6\u5bf9 \u585e\u7f2a\u5c14\u00b7\u4e9a\u5386\u5c71\u5927\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u5f88\u5927\u3002\u4ed6\u786e\u7acb\u4e86\u6d8c\u73b0\u8fdb\u5316\uff081923\uff09\u7684\u4e2d\u5fc3\u601d\u60f3\uff0c\u5373\u6d8c\u73b0\u53ef\u80fd\u770b\u8d77\u6765\u4f1a\u6709\u7a81\u7136\u7684\u53d8\u5316\uff0c\u4f46\u6700\u597d\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u201c\u65b9\u5411\u7684\u8d28\u53d8\u6216\u5173\u952e\u7684\u8f6c\u6298\u70b9\u201d\u3002(\u5f15\u81eaReid\uff0cp. 73-74) \u6469\u6839\u7531\u4e8e\u4ed6\u5728\u52a8\u7269\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u65e9\u4e9b\u65f6\u5019\uff081894\uff09\u5c31\u5bf9\u5fc3\u7406\u8fdb\u5316\u7684\u8fde\u7eed\u6027\u89c2\u70b9\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u8d28\u7591\uff0c\u5e76\u8ba4\u4e3a\u8de8\u7269\u79cd\u7684\u5fc3\u7406\u80fd\u529b\u5b58\u5728\u7740\u5404\u79cd\u4e0d\u8fde\u7eed\u6027\u3002\u4e3a\u4e86\u907f\u514d\u4efb\u4f55\u5c06\u62df\u4eba\u5316\u5f15\u5165\u4ed6\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u7684\u4f01\u56fe\uff0c\u4ed6\u521b\u9020\u4e86\u8457\u540d\u7684\u3001\u4f46\u7ecf\u5e38\u88ab\u8bef\u89e3\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u8bba\u7ecf\u5178\uff1a<\/span><\/p>\n

\n

\u5728\u4efb\u4f55\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u4e00\u4e2a\u884c\u52a8\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u89e3\u91ca\u4e3a\u884c\u4f7f\u4e00\u4e2a\u8f83\u4f4e\u7ea7\u5fc3\u7406\u7b49\u7ea7\u80fd\u529b\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5c31\u4e0d\u80fd\u628a\u5b83\u89e3\u91ca\u4e3a\u884c\u4f7f\u8f83\u9ad8\u7ea7\u5fc3\u7406\u80fd\u529b\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\uff0c(Morgan, 1894, p. 53)\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n


\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u6469\u6839\u610f\u8bc6\u5230\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u88ab\u6ee5\u7528\u4e8e\u9f13\u5439\u8fd8\u539f\u8bba\uff08\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u822c\u65b9\u6cd5\u8bba\u7684\u544a\u8beb\uff09\uff0c\u5728\u4ed6\u7684 \u300a\u6bd4\u8f83\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u5bfc\u8bba\u300b\uff081903\uff09\u7b2c\u4e8c\u7248\u4e2d\u5f15\u5165\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u9650\u5b9a\u6761\u4ef6\uff1a<\/span><\/p>\n

\n

\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5e94\u8be5\u8865\u5145\u4e00\u70b9\uff0c\u4ee5\u514d\u8be5\u539f\u5219\u7684\u8303\u56f4\u88ab\u8bef\u89e3\uff1a\u5982\u679c\u6211\u4eec\u5df2\u7ecf\u6709\u72ec\u7acb\u7684\u8bc1\u636e\u8868\u660e\u5728\u88ab\u89c2\u5bdf\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u4e2d\u53d1\u751f\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e9b\u66f4\u9ad8\u7ea7\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u8be5\u539f\u5219\u7edd\u4e0d\u6392\u9664\u5bf9\u67d0\u4e00\u7279\u5b9a\u6d3b\u52a8\u7684\u89e3\u91ca(Morgan, 1903, p. 59)\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n


\u6b63\u5982 Reid \u6240\u8a00\uff0c<\/span><\/p>\n

\n

\u867d\u7136\u6240\u8c13\u7684\u53f2\u5b66\u4e0a\u7684 “\u6062\u590d\u6b63\u5178 “\u5df2\u7ecf\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u4e00\u6bb5\u65f6\u95f4\uff0c\u4f46\u6469\u6839\u7684\u6d8c\u73b0\u8fdb\u5316\u8bba\u7acb\u573a\uff08\u8fd9\u662f\u4ed6\u8bd5\u56fe\u5c06\u5fc3\u7075\u7814\u7a76\u653e\u56de\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u4e2a “\u66f4\u5e7f\u6cdb” \u7684\u81ea\u7136\u53f2\u4e2d\u7684\u6700\u9ad8\u8868\u73b0\uff09\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u5728\u5f53\u4ee3\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u53f2\u7684\u6559\u79d1\u4e66\u4e2d\u4e5f\u5f88\u5c11\u88ab\u4eba\u63d0\u53ca\uff0c\u53ea\u662f\u4e00\u5e26\u800c\u8fc7\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n


\u6469\u6839\u8fd8\u4e0e\u884c\u4e3a\u4e3b\u4e49\u5b66\u6d3e\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u6597\u4e89\uff0c\u66f4\u6f84\u6e05\u4e86\u4ed6\u5bf9\u8fdb\u5316\u8bba\u7684\u6d8c\u73b0\u89c2\u70b9\uff1a<\/span><\/p>\n

\n

\u4e00\u4e2a\u9887\u5177\u5f71\u54cd\u529b\u7684 “\u884c\u4e3a\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005” \u5b66\u6d3e\u5168\u9762\u5426\u8ba4\u4e86\u5fc3\u7406\u5173\u7cfb\uff08\u5982\u679c\u6709\u7684\u8bdd\uff09\u5728\u4efb\u4f55\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u6216\u4ee5\u4efb\u4f55\u65b9\u5f0f\u662f\u6709\u6548\u7684 …… \u6211\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u662f\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bf4\u5fc3\u7406\u5173\u7cfb\u662f\u6709\u6548\u7684\uff0c\u4e0d\u4e9a\u4e8e…… \u7269\u7406\u5173\u7cfb ……(Morgan, 1930, p. 72)<\/span><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n


<\/p>\n

\u4ed6\u7684 \u300a\u52a8\u7269\u884c\u4e3a\u300b\uff081930\uff09\u660e\u786e\u533a\u5206\u4e86\u4e09\u4e2a “\u7b49\u7ea7 “\u6216 “\u5fc3\u6001\u6c34\u5e73”\uff0c\u4ed6\u628a\u8fd9\u4e09\u4e2a “\u7b49\u7ea7 “\u6807\u8bb0\u4e3a\uff1a”\u611f\u77e5\u7684\u3001\u611f\u6027\u7684\u548c\u53cd\u601d\u7684\uff08percipient, perceptive, and reflective\uff09”\u3002(p. 42)<\/span><\/section>\n


<\/p>\n

\u4e9a\u5386\u5c71\u5927\u4ee5\u53ca\u5fc3\u667a\u7684\u6d8c\u73b0<\/span><\/strong><\/h3>\n

\u6469\u6839\u5173\u4e8e\u4f4e\u7ea7\u548c\u9ad8\u7ea7\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u4e24\u6781\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u88ab\u585e\u7f2a\u5c14\u00b7\u4e9a\u5386\u5c71\u5927\u6240\u91c7\u7eb3\uff0c\u4ed6\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u5fc3\u7406\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e0d\u80fd\u8fd8\u539f\u4e3a\u5b83\u5728\u7269\u7406\u7269\u8d28\u5c42\u9762\u6240\u4f9d\u8d56\u7684\u795e\u7ecf\u8fc7\u7a0b\u3002\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u662f\u529f\u80fd\u7edf\u4e00\u4f53\u7684\u4e24\u6781\u3002\u800c\u4e14\uff0c\u8868\u8fbe\u5fc3\u7406\u8fc7\u7a0b\u7684\u795e\u7ecf\u8fc7\u7a0b\u672c\u8eab\u5c31\u5177\u6709\u5176\u4ed6\u795e\u7ecf\u8fc7\u7a0b\u6240\u4e0d\u5177\u5907\u7684\u54c1\u8d28\uff08\u5fc3\u667a\uff09\u3002\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u7cbe\u795e\u8fc7\u7a0b\u7531\u4e8e\u5728\u529f\u80fd\u4e0a\u4e0e\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7279\u6b8a\u7684\u795e\u7ecf\u8fc7\u7a0b\u76f8\u540c\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u4e5f\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u81f3\u5173\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


\u800c\u5fc3\u7406\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e5f\u662f\u67d0\u79cd\u65b0\u4e1c\u897f\uff0c\u201c\u4e00\u79cd\u5168\u65b0\u7684\u521b\u9020\u201d\uff0c\u8fd9\u5c31\u6392\u9664\u4e86\u5fc3\u7406\u751f\u7406\u5b66\u4e0a\u7684\u5e73\u884c\u4e3b\u4e49\u3002\u8fd8\u539f\u8bba Reductionism\u4e5f\u662f\u8fdd\u80cc\u7ecf\u9a8c\u4e8b\u5b9e\u7684\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\n

\u6240\u6709\u73b0\u6709\u7684\u4e8b\u5b9e\u8bc1\u636e\u90fd\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f97\u51fa\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u7ed3\u8bba\uff1a\u7cbe\u795e\u56e0\u7d20\u5bf9\u4e0e\u4e4b\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u795e\u7ecf\u8fc7\u7a0b\u662f\u5fc5\u4e0d\u53ef\u5c11\u7684……\u8fd9\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u5076\u7136\u7684\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u662f\u53cd\u8fc7\u6765\u5bf9\u7cbe\u795e\u7279\u5f81\u6beb\u65e0\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u8868\u8c61\u4e3b\u4e49 Epiphenomenalism\u53ea\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u89c2\u5bdf\u7684\u8c2c\u8bef\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n


\u540c\u65f6\u4e9a\u5386\u5c71\u5927\u8868\u793a\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u4e0d\u662f\u4e07\u7269\u6709\u7075\u8bba\u6216\u751f\u547d\u8bba\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\uff0c\u7cbe\u795e\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u72ec\u7acb\u4f5c\u7528\u4e8e\u5927\u8111\u7684\u5b9e\u4f53\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u53cd\u8fc7\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u88ab\u5927\u8111\u4f5c\u7528\u7684\u5b9e\u4f53\u3002\u7cbe\u795e\u6d3b\u52a8\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u6d8c\u73b0\u7684\uff0c\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u65b0\u7684\u201c\u4e8b\u7269\u201d\uff0c\u4e0d\u80fd\u8fd8\u539f\u5230\u6700\u521d\u7684\u795e\u7ecf\u90e8\u5206\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


\u5bf9\u4e9a\u5386\u5c71\u5927\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u4e16\u754c\u662f\u5728\u65f6\u7a7a\u4e2d\u5c55\u5f00\u7684\uff0c\u65f6\u7a7a\u5177\u6709\u8fd0\u52a8\u7684\u5185\u5728\u5c5e\u6027\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u5728\u65f6\u7a7a\u4e2d\u7684\u8fd0\u52a8\u5bfc\u81f4\u4e86\u65b0\u7684 “\u8fd0\u52a8\u7684\u590d\u6742\u6027”\uff0c\u5176\u5f62\u5f0f\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u65b0\u7684\u5c5e\u6027\u6216\u6d8c\u73b0\u3002\u65b0\u51fa\u73b0\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u4fdd\u7559\u4e86\u5148\u524d “\u8fd0\u52a8\u7684\u590d\u6742\u6027 “\u7684\u54c1\u8d28\uff0c\u4f46\u4e5f\u6709\u4e00\u4e9b\u65b0\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\uff0c\u800c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u65b0\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u662f\u5148\u524d\u6ca1\u6709\u7684\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u65b0\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u6709\u5176\u81ea\u8eab\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u89c4\u5f8b\u3002\u65f6\u95f4\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u7a7a\u95f4\u4ea7\u751f\u8fd0\u52a8\u7684\u7279\u8d28\uff0c\u800c\u7269\u8d28\u53ea\u662f\u5728\u7a7a\u95f4\u4e2d\u4ee5\u5f62\u5f0f\u8868\u73b0\u51fa\u6765\u7684\u8fd0\u52a8\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u5982\u4e9a\u5386\u5c71\u5927\u7a0d\u540e\u6240\u8bf4\u7684\uff0c”\u8fd0\u52a8\u7684\u590d\u6742\u6027”\u3002\u7269\u8d28\u4ea7\u751f\u4e8e\u7a7a\u95f4-\u65f6\u95f4\u8fde\u7eed\u6027\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u57fa\u7840\u4e0a\uff0c\u5177\u6709 “\u8eab\u4f53”\uff08\u4f4e\u9636\uff09\u7684\u8981\u7d20\u548c “\u5fc3\u7075”\uff08\u9ad8\u9636\uff09\u7684\u8981\u7d20\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u8bf4 “\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u79cd\u6982\u5ff5\uff1a\u4e00\u4e2a\u6b21\u8981\u54c1\u8d28\u662f\u5176\u4e3b\u8981\u57fa\u8d28\u7684\u5fc3\u7075”\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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\n

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\u5728\u4e9a\u5386\u5c71\u5927\u770b\u6765\uff0c”\u6307\u5bfc\u673a\u6784 “\u6216 \u201c\u7075\u9b42\u201d \u662f “\u5728\u539f\u5219\u6216\u8ba1\u5212\u4e2d” \u53d1\u73b0\u7684\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\n

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\n

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\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u7ed9\u5b9a\u7684\u6d8c\u73b0\u6c34\u5e73\u5185\uff0c\u5b58\u5728\u67d0\u79cd\u7a0b\u5ea6\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\u2026\u2026\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u5c42\u6b21\u4e0a\uff0c\u6709\u5b8c\u5584\u6216\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u7a0b\u5ea6\uff1b\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u5c5e\u4e8e\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5c42\u6b21\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u8005\u4e4b\u95f4\u4e5f\u6709\u56e0\u8840\u7edf\u800c\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u4eb2\u548c\u6027\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u5b8c\u5584\u6027\u7684\u5dee\u5f02\u4e0e\u79e9\u5e8f\u6216\u7b49\u7ea7\u7684\u5dee\u5f02\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u5982\u5b58\u5728\u4e8e\u7269\u8d28\u4e0e\u751f\u547d\u6216\u751f\u547d\u4e0e\u5fc3\u7075\u4e4b\u95f4\u2026\u2026<\/span><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n


\u5fc3\u7075\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u6216\u89c2\u5ff5\uff0c\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u5df2\u77e5\u7684\u6700\u9ad8\u7ea7\u7684\u6d8c\u73b0\u7269\uff0c\u5728\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u5c42\u9762\u4e0a\uff0c\u4e00\u76f4\u5ef6\u4f38\u5230\u7eaf\u7cb9\u7684\u7ef4\u5ea6\u6216\u65f6\u7a7a\u3002\u6362\u53e5\u8bdd\u8bf4\uff0c\u65f6\u95f4\u662f\u8fd0\u52a8\u7684 “\u5fc3”\uff0c\u7269\u5316\u662f\u7269\u8d28\u7684 “\u5fc3”\uff0c\u751f\u5b58\u662f\u751f\u547d\u7684 “\u5fc3”\u3002\u901a\u8fc7\u7eaf\u7cb9\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\uff08\u6216\u751f\u547d\u5929\u6587\u3001\u5fc3\u7075\u8868\u610f\uff09\u7684\u8fd0\u52a8\uff0c\u51fa\u73b0\u4e86\u7269\u8d28\u7684 “\u7269\u5316”\uff08\u5730\u8d28\u65f6\u95f4\u3001\u751f\u547d\u5730\u8d28\u3001\u5fc3\u7075\u5b58\u5728\uff09\uff0c\u800c\u8fd9\u53c8\u51fa\u73b0\u4e86\u751f\u547d\u7684 “\u751f\u6d3b”\uff08\u751f\u7269\u65f6\u95f4\u3001\u751f\u547d\u751f\u7269\u3001\u5fc3\u7075\u4f53\u9a8c\uff09\uff0c\u8fd9\u53c8\u8ba9\u6211\u4eec\u6709\u4e86\u5fc3\u7075\u7684 “\u5fc3\u667a”\uff08\u5386\u53f2\u65f6\u95f4\u3001\u751f\u547d\u5386\u53f2\u3001\u5fc3\u7075\u8ba4\u77e5\uff09\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u5fc3\u667a\u8fd8\u6709\u4e00\u79cd\u5411\u4e0a\u5ef6\u4f38\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u6240\u8bf4\u7684\u5fb7\u6027 Deity\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\n

\u8ba9\u6211\u4eec\u63cf\u8ff0\u4efb\u4f55\u4e00\u79cd\u6709\u9650\u7269\u7684\u7ecf\u9a8c\u54c1\u8d28\uff0c\u5b83\u5bf9\u5b83\u6267\u884c\u610f\u8bc6\u6216\u5fc3\u7075\u7684\u804c\u52a1\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5b83\u7684’\u5fc3\u7075’\u3002\u7136\u800c\u540c\u65f6\u8ba9\u6211\u4eec\u8bb0\u4f4f\uff0c\u751f\u7269\u7684’\u5fc3\u667a’\u4e0d\u662f\u610f\u8bc6\u5fc3\u667a\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u751f\u547d\uff0c\u6839\u672c\u4e0d\u5177\u6709\u610f\u8bc6\u7684\u7ecf\u9a8c\u6027\uff0c\u751f\u547d\u4e0d\u53ea\u662f\u5fc3\u667a\u6216\u610f\u8bc6\u7684\u8f83\u4f4e\u7a0b\u5ea6\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u662f\u4ece\u771f\u5b9e\u7684\u5fc3\u667a\u8f6c\u79fb\u800c\u9690\u55bb\u6027\u5730\u4f7f\u7528’\u5fc3\u667a’\uff0c\u5e76\u51ed\u501f\u5176\u72ec\u7279\u7684\u54c1\u8d28\u5c06\u5176\u5e94\u7528\u4e8e\u6bcf\u4e2a\u5c42\u6b21\u4e0a\u7684\u6709\u9650\u6027\uff1b\u4e0b\u81f3\u65f6\u7a7a\u672c\u8eab\uff0c\u5176\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u88f8\u9732\u65f6\u7a7a\u7684\u590d\u5408\u4f53\u4ee5\u5176\u7ecf\u9a8c\u6027\u53d8\u5316\u7684\u88f8\u9732\u65f6\u95f4\u4e3a\u5fc3\u667a\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n


\u4e9a\u5386\u5c71\u5927\u53c8\u56de\u5230\u4e86\u5e0c\u814a\u4eba\u7684\u89c2\u5ff5\uff0c\u5373\u77e5\u8bc6\u662f “\u5b58\u5728\u4e8e” \u88ab\u601d\u8003\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\u4e2d\u7684\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u7cbe\u795e\u5ba2\u4f53\uff08\u6982\u5ff5\uff09\u4e0e\u7269\u7406\u5ba2\u4f53 “\u4e0d\u540c”\uff08\u5373\u5b58\u5728\u72b6\u6001\u4e0d\u540c\uff09\uff0c\u800c\u53ea\u662f\u4e8c\u8005\u4e4b\u95f4\u5b58\u5728\u7740\u660e\u663e\u7684\u5206\u88c2\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u610f\u8bc6\u5728\u5ba2\u4f53\u672c\u8eab\u4e2d\u7684\u9002\u5f53\u538b\u7f29\u6216\u53c2\u4e0e\u800c\u4f7f\u4e8c\u8005\u7ed3\u5408\u8d77\u6765\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\n

\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u50cf\u6211\u6240\u8ba4\u4e3a\u7684\u90a3\u6837\uff0c\u610f\u8bc6\u4f5c\u4e3a\u795e\u7ecf\u53cd\u5e94\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u6027\u8d28\u800c\u5bc4\u5c45\u5728\u6709\u673a\u4f53\u4e2d\uff1b\u610f\u8bc6\u5c5e\u4e8e\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u6574\u4f53\uff0c\u5c5e\u4e8e\u901a\u5e38\u6240\u8bf4\u7684\u610f\u8bc6\u5bf9\u8c61\u6216\u610f\u8bc6\u573a . \u56e0\u6b64\u65b0\u7248\u7684 \u8d1d\u514b\u83b1\u4e3b\u4e49 Berkleyanism\u8ba4\u4e3a\u610f\u8bc6\u662f “\u5728\u90a3\u91cc”\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u5bf9\u8c61\u6240\u5728\u5730\u3002\u663e\u7136\u5bf9\u4e8e\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5b66\u8bf4\u548c\u6211\u7684\u5b66\u8bf4\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u6709\u522b\u4e8e\u7269\u7406\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u7cbe\u795e\u5bf9\u8c61\uff1a\u6811\u7684\u5f62\u8c61\u662f\u4e00\u68f5\u9002\u5f53\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u6811\u2026\u2026<\/span><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n


\u7531\u4e8e\u5b87\u5b99\u51ed\u501f\u65f6\u7a7a\u7684\u76f8\u4e92\u8054\u7cfb\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u5fc3\u7075\u901a\u8fc7\u611f\u89c9\u548c\u5fc3\u7075\u7ecf\u9a8c\u7684\u7edf\u4e00\u6765\u8ba4\u8bc6\u7a7a\u95f4\u3001\u65f6\u95f4\u548c\u8fd0\u52a8\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u6709\u4e00\u79cd\u8ba4\u8bc6\u5f62\u5f0f\u662f\u76f4\u89c2\u7684\uff08\u53c2\u4e0e\u6027\u7684\uff09\u2014\u2014\u611f\u89c9\u548c\u7406\u6027\u662f\u5b83\u7684\u4ea7\u7269\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\n

\u5728\u610f\u8bc6\u5230\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u7a7a\u95f4\u548c\u65f6\u95f4\u7684\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u5fc3\u7075\u4e5f\u610f\u8bc6\u5230\u5916\u90e8\u4e8b\u7269\u7684\u7a7a\u95f4\u548c\u65f6\u95f4\uff0c\u53cd\u4e4b\u4ea6\u7136\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u65f6\u7a7a\u8fde\u7eed\u6027\u7684\u76f4\u63a5\u540e\u679c\uff0c\u4efb\u4f55\u4e00\u70b9\u4e00\u77ac\u90fd\u8fdf\u65e9\u76f4\u63a5\u6216\u95f4\u63a5\u5730\u4e0e\u5176\u4ed6\u6bcf\u4e00\u70b9\u4e00\u77ac\u76f8\u8054\u7cfb\u2026\u2026\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5fc3\u7075\u5e76\u4e0d\u901a\u8fc7\u611f\u89c9\u6765\u9886\u4f1a\u5176\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u7a7a\u95f4\uff0c\u5373\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u5f62\u72b6\u3001\u5927\u5c0f\u548c\u4f4d\u7f6e\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u7684\u7279\u6027\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u5355\u7eaf\u7684\u65f6\u7a7a\u6761\u4ef6\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5728\u6ca1\u6709\u611f\u89c9\uff08\u5f53\u7136\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bf4\u662f\u610f\u5ff5\uff09\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u5b83\u4e0d\u80fd\u4f5c\u4e3a\u610f\u8bc6\u3002\u4e0d\u7528\u91cd\u590d\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8003\u8651\uff0c\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u6e05\u695a\u5730\u770b\u5230\uff0c\u540c\u6837\u7684\u547d\u9898\u5bf9\u65f6\u95f4\uff1b\u5bf9\u8fd0\u52a8\u2026\u2026\u4e5f\u662f\u5982\u6b64\u3002\u6211\u5c06\u628a\u8fd9\u79cd\u4e0e\u611f\u89c9\u76f8\u533a\u522b\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u65b9\u5f0f\u79f0\u4e3a\u76f4\u89c9\u2026\u2026\u76f4\u89c9\u4e0d\u540c\u4e8e\u7406\u667a\uff0c\u4f46\u7406\u667a\u548c\u611f\u89c9\u90fd\u662f\u5b83\u7684\u4ea7\u7269\uff0c\u662f\u5b83\u7684\u7ecf\u9a8c\u51b3\u5b9a\u2026\u2026<\/span><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n


\u4ece\u67d0\u79cd\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u8bf4\uff0c\u5b87\u5b99\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u53c2\u4e0e\u6027\u7684\u5b87\u5b99\uff0c\u4e5f\u5f00\u653e\u7ed9\u5fc3\u7075\u53c2\u4e0e\uff0c\u8fd9\u6837\u5fc3\u7075\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u76f4\u89c2\u5730\u8ba4\u8bc6\u4e00\u4e2a\u5bf9\u8c61\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e0e\u5eb7\u5fb7\u7684\u8bba\u65ad\u76f8\u53cd\u3002\u53c2\u4e0e\uff08togetherness\uff09\u662f\u4e00\u79cd “\u4eab\u53d7”\uff08\u4f53\u9a8c\uff09\u800c\u975e\u601d\u7d22\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5728\u66f4\u9ad8\u7684\u610f\u8bc6\u5c42\u9762\uff0c\u5b83\u4f1a\u88ab\u601d\u7d22\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\n

\u5bf9\u4e9a\u5386\u5c71\u5927\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u5b87\u5b99\u672c\u8d28\u4e0a\u662f\u5904\u4e8e\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u7684\uff0c\u65f6\u95f4\u662f\u5176\u6301\u7eed\u7684\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u800c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6301\u7eed\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u5305\u62ec\u5f62\u6210\u4e0d\u65ad\u53d8\u5316\u7684\u8fd0\u52a8\u590d\u5408\u4f53\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u590d\u5408\u4f53\u4ee5\u53ef\u91cd\u590d\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u53d8\u5f97\u6709\u5e8f\uff0c\u663e\u793a\u51fa\u4ed6\u6240\u8bf4\u7684 “\u54c1\u8d28”\u3002\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u8fd0\u52a8\u7ec4\u7ec7\u6a21\u5f0f\u7684\u79cd\u7c7b\u5c42\u6b21\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u6bcf\u4e00\u4e2a\u5c42\u6b21\u90fd\u4f9d\u8d56\u4e8e\u6b21\u8981\u5c42\u6b21\uff0c\u4f46\u4e5f\u663e\u793a\u51fa\u6b21\u8981\u5c42\u6b21\u6ca1\u6709\u663e\u793a\u7684\u54c1\u8d28\uff0c\u4e5f\u65e0\u6cd5\u4ece\u6b21\u8981\u5c42\u6b21\u9884\u6d4b\u2026\u2026\u5728\u6b64\u57fa\u7840\u4e0a\uff0c\u6709\u65f6\u8fd8\u76d1\u7763\u7740\u4e00\u4e2a\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a “\u751f\u547d” \u7684\u54c1\u8d28\u7684\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u5c42\u6b21\uff1b\u800c\u67d0\u4e9b\u643a\u5e26\u751f\u547d\u7684\u5fae\u5999\u7efc\u5408\u4f53\uff0c\u662f\u5177\u6709\u65b0\u54c1\u8d28\u7684\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u5c42\u6b21\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u3002”\u5fc3\u7075” \u8fd9\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u5df2\u77e5\u7684\u6700\u9ad8\u5c42\u6b21\uff0c\u4f46\u4e0d\u4e00\u5b9a\u662f\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u6700\u9ad8\u5c42\u6b21\u3002\u5b87\u5b99\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u5411\u524d\u7684\u63a8\u529b\uff0c\u53eb\u505a\u5b83\u7684 “nisus”\uff08\u5927\u4f53\u4e0a\u8981\u4e0e\u65f6\u95f4\u65b9\u9762\u76f8\u9274\u522b\uff09\uff0c\u51ed\u501f\u8fd9\u4e2a\u63a8\u529b\uff0c\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u7684\u5c42\u6b21\u662f\u53ef\u4ee5\u671f\u5f85\u7684\u2026\u2026<\/span><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n


<\/p>\n

\u7f57\u4f2f\u7279\u00b7G\u00b7B\u00b7\u96f7\u5fb7<\/span><\/strong><\/h3>\n

\u6d8c\u73b0\u8fdb\u5316\u8bba\u662f\u7531\u7f57\u4f2f\u7279\u00b7G\u00b7B\u00b7\u96f7\u5fb7 Robert G. B. Reid\uff081939\u5e743\u670820\u65e5-2016\u5e745\u670828\u65e5\uff09\u590d\u5174\u7684\uff0c\u4ed6\u662f\u7ef4\u591a\u5229\u4e9a\u5927\u5b66\uff08\u4f4d\u4e8e\u52a0\u62ff\u5927\u4e0d\u5217\u98a0\u54e5\u4f26\u6bd4\u4e9a\u7701\uff09\u7684\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u6559\u6388\u3002\u5728\u4ed6\u7684\u8457\u4f5c\u300a\u8fdb\u5316\u8bba\uff1a\u672a\u7adf\u7684\u7efc\u5408 Evolutionary Theory: The Unfinished Synthesis\u300b (1985), \u4ed6\u5ba3\u79f0\u73b0\u4ee3\u8fdb\u5316\u8bba\u7684\u91cd\u70b9\u5728\u4e8e\u81ea\u7136\u9009\u62e9\uff0c\u4f46\u8fd9\u4e0d\u662f\u8fdb\u5316\u8bba\u5b8c\u5168\u7684\u56fe\u666f\u3002\u6d8c\u73b0\u8fdb\u5316\u53ef\u4ee5\u89e3\u91ca\u9057\u4f20\u53d8\u5f02\u7684\u539f\u56e0\u3002\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u5bb6Ernst Mayr\u4e25\u5389\u6279\u8bc4\u4e86\u8fd9\u672c\u4e66\uff0c\u79f0\u8fd9\u662f\u5bf9\u81ea\u7136\u9009\u62e9\u7684\u9519\u8bef\u653b\u51fb\u3002Mayr\u8bc4\u8bba\u8bf4\uff0cReid\u4ece\u4e00\u4e2a “\u8fc7\u65f6\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u6846\u67b6” \u51fa\u53d1\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u63d0\u4f9b\u4efb\u4f55\u53ef\u9760\u7684\u8bc1\u636e\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u4ed6\u4e3b\u5f20\u7684\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u5fc3\u667a\u5b66\u7684\u8fdb\u5316\u8fc7\u7a0b\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


Reid\u540e\u6765\u51fa\u7248\u4e86\u300a\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u7684\u6d8c\u73b0 Biological Emergences\u300b\uff082007\u5e74\uff09\u4e00\u4e66\uff0c\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u5173\u4e8e\u5728\u8fdb\u5316\u4e2d\u5982\u4f55\u4ea7\u751f\u6d8c\u73b0\u65b0\u4e8b\u7269\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u3002Massimo Pigliucci\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff1a”Reid\u6240\u8457\u7684\u300a\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u7684\u6d8c\u73b0\u300b\u662f\u5bf9\u6b63\u5728\u8fdb\u884c\u7684\u5173\u4e8e\u8fdb\u5316\u8bba\u5730\u4f4d\u7684\u4e89\u8bba\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u6709\u8da3\u7684\u8d21\u732e\uff0c\u4f46\u5f88\u96be\u628a\u4e66\u4e2d\u597d\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u548c\u6bd4\u8f83\u53ef\u7591\u7684\u8bf4\u6cd5\u5206\u5f00\u3002” \u4ed6\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u4e66\u4e2d\u4e00\u4e2a\u53ef\u7591\u7684\u8bf4\u6cd5\u662f\uff0c\u81ea\u7136\u9009\u62e9\u5728\u8fdb\u5316\u4e2d\u6ca1\u6709\u4f5c\u7528\u3002\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u5bb6Alexander Badyaev\u5bf9\u8be5\u4e66\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u79ef\u6781\u7684\u8bc4\u8bba\uff0c\u4ed6\u8bc4\u8bba\u8bf4 “\u8fd9\u672c\u4e66\u6210\u529f\u5730\u5f15\u8d77\u4e86\u4eba\u4eec\u5bf9\u8fdb\u5316\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u4e00\u4e2a\u672a\u88ab\u5145\u5206\u8ba4\u8bc6\u7684\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u5173\u6ce8”\u3002\u5176\u4ed6\u4eba\u5219\u6279\u8bc4\u4e86Reid\u5173\u4e8e\u6d8c\u73b0\u548c\u8fdb\u5316\u7684\u975e\u6b63\u7edf\u89c2\u70b9\u3002\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u5bb6Samuel Scheiner\u8bf4 “Reid\u7684\u8868\u8ff0\u65e2\u662f\u5bf9\u8fdb\u5316\u8bba\u7684\u8bbd\u523a\uff0c\u53c8\u4e25\u91cd\u8fc7\u65f6”\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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