{"id":29271,"date":"2021-10-11T21:17:42","date_gmt":"2021-10-11T13:17:42","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/swarma.org\/?p=29271"},"modified":"2021-10-11T21:17:42","modified_gmt":"2021-10-11T13:17:42","slug":"%e5%9b%a0%e6%9e%9c%e6%8e%a8%e6%96%ad%e7%a0%94%e7%a9%b6%e8%8e%b72021%e8%af%ba%e8%b4%9d%e5%b0%94%e7%bb%8f%e6%b5%8e%e5%ad%a6%e5%a5%96%ef%bd%9c-%e9%99%84%e7%9b%b8%e5%85%b3%e8%af%bb%e4%b9%a6%e4%bc%9a","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/swarma.org\/?p=29271","title":{"rendered":"\u56e0\u679c\u63a8\u65ad\u7814\u7a76\u83b72021\u8bfa\u8d1d\u5c14\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u5956\uff5c \u9644\u76f8\u5173\u8bfb\u4e66\u4f1a\u3001\u7efc\u8ff0\u3001\u79d1\u666e\u3001\u767e\u79d1"},"content":{"rendered":"
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\u5317\u4eac\u65f6\u95f410\u670811\u65e5\u4e0b\u5348\uff0c2021\u5e74\u8bfa\u8d1d\u5c14\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u5956\u63ed\u6653\uff0c\u9881\u53d1\u7ed9\u4e09\u4f4d\u5b66\u8005\u3002\u5176\u4e2dJoshua D. Angrist\u548cGuido W. Imbens\u56e0\u201c\u5bf9\u56e0\u679c\u5173\u7cfb\u5206\u6790\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u5b66\u8d21\u732e\u201d\u800c\u83b7\u5956\u3002\u9644\u5e26\u96c6\u667a\u4ff1\u4e50\u90e8\u5173\u4e8e\u56e0\u679c\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u62a5\u9053\u3001\u79d1\u666e\u767e\u79d1\u3001\u8bfb\u4e66\u4f1a\u793e\u533a<\/a>\u7b49\u3002<\/span><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n

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David Card\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u52a0\u5dde\u5927\u5b66\u4f2f\u514b\u5229\u5206\u6821\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u6559\u6388\u30021956\u5e74\u751f\u4e8e\u52a0\u62ff\u5927\u572d\u5c14\u592b\uff0c1983\u5e74\u4e8e\u666e\u6797\u65af\u987f\u5927\u5b66\u83b7\u5f97\u535a\u58eb\u5b66\u4f4d\u3002\u4ed6\u5229\u7528\u81ea\u7136\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5206\u6790\u4e86\u6700\u4f4e\u5de5\u8d44\u3001\u79fb\u6c11\u548c\u6559\u80b2\u5bf9\u52b3\u52a8\u529b\u5e02\u573a\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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Joshua D. Angrist\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u9ebb\u7701\u7406\u5de5\u5b66\u9662Ford\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u6559\u6388\u30021960\u5e749\u670818\u65e5\u751f\u4e8e\u7f8e\u56fd\u4fc4\u4ea5\u4fc4\u5dde\u54e5\u4f26\u5e03\u5e02\uff0c1989\u5e74\u4e8e\u666e\u6797\u65af\u987f\u5927\u5b66\u83b7\u5f97\u535a\u58eb\u5b66\u4f4d\u3002\u4e3b\u8981\u7814\u7a76\u65b9\u5411\u4e3a\u52b3\u52a8\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u3001\u6559\u80b2\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\uff0c\u5e76\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u51c6\u5b9e\u9a8c\u7814\u7a76\u8bbe\u8ba1\uff08\u5982\u5de5\u5177\u53d8\u91cf\uff09\u6765\u7814\u7a76\u516c\u5171\u653f\u7b56\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u53ca\u7ecf\u6d4e\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u73af\u5883\u7684\u53d8\u5316\u800c\u95fb\u540d\u3002<\/span>
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Guido W. Imbens\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u65af\u5766\u798f\u5927\u5b66\u5e94\u7528\u8ba1\u91cf\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u548c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u6559\u6388\u30021963\u5e749\u67083\u65e5\u751f\u4e8e\u8377\u5170\u57c3\u56e0\u970d\u6e29\u30021991\u5e74\u4e8e\u7f8e\u56fd\u5e03\u6717\u5927\u5b66\u83b7\u5f97\u535a\u58eb\u5b66\u4f4d\u3002\u4e3b\u8981\u7814\u7a76\u65b9\u5411\u662f\u4f7f\u7528\u5339\u914d\u3001\u5de5\u5177\u53d8\u91cf\u548c\u65ad\u70b9\u56de\u5f52\u6cd5\uff0c\u6765\u5f00\u53d1\u4ece\u89c2\u5bdf\u6570\u636e\u8fdb\u884c\u56e0\u679c\u63a8\u65ad\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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\u4e3a\u4e86\u786e\u5b9a\u56e0\u679c\u6548\u5e94\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u901a\u5e38\u9700\u8981\u5047\u8bbe\u6ca1\u6709\u672a\u6d4b\u91cf\u7684\u6df7\u6742\u56e0\u7d20\uff08\u5373\u53ef\u5ffd\u7565\u6027\u7684\u5047\u8bbe\uff09\uff0c\u8fd9\u5728\u89c2\u5bdf\u6027\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u5f88\u96be\u6ee1\u8db3\u3002\u5728\u5b58\u5728\u672a\u89c2\u6d4b\u6df7\u6742\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u8bc6\u522b\u548c\u4f30\u8ba1\u56e0\u679c\u4f5c\u7528\u4e00\u76f4\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5de8\u5927\u7684\u6311\u6218\u3002\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u5bb6\u4eec\u957f\u671f\u4ee5\u6765\u5728\u7ebf\u6027\u7ed3\u6784\u65b9\u7a0b\u6a21\u578b\u7684\u6846\u67b6\u4e0b\u4f7f\u7528\u5de5\u5177\u53d8\u91cf\u6765\u5904\u7406\u201c\u9057\u6f0f\u53d8\u91cf\u504f\u8bef\u201d\u7684\u95ee\u9898[1]\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u7ebf\u6027\u7ed3\u6784\u65b9\u7a0b\u6a21\u578b\u9690\u542b\u4e86\u8f83\u5f3a\u7684\u540c\u8d28\u6027\u56e0\u679c\u6548\u5e94\u7684\u5047\u8bbe\u3002Angrist\u548cImbens\u6700\u4e3a\u77e5\u540d\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u662f\u5176\u572820\u4e16\u7eaa90\u5e74\u4ee3\u5c06\u5de5\u5177\u53d8\u91cf\u5f15\u5165\u4e86\u6f5c\u5728\u7ed3\u679c\u6846\u67b6\uff08Rubin\u56e0\u679c\u6a21\u578b\uff09<\/strong>\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u5e94\u5f53\u57fa\u4e8e\u6f5c\u5728\u7ed3\u679c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u56de\u5f52\u6a21\u578b\u7684\u7cfb\u6570\u6765\u5b9a\u4e49\u56e0\u679c\u4f5c\u7528[2]\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u9996\u6b21\u5728\u6f5c\u5728\u7ed3\u679c\u7684\u6846\u67b6\u4e2d\u7814\u7a76\u4e86\u4f7f\u7528\u5de5\u5177\u53d8\u91cf\u8bc6\u522b\u548c\u4f30\u8ba1\u5e73\u5747\u56e0\u679c\u4f5c\u7528\u7684\u95ee\u9898[3,4]\u3002\u5f53\u603b\u4f53\u5b58\u5728\u5f02\u8d28\u6027\u65f6\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u8bc6\u522b\u548c\u4f30\u8ba1\u5c40\u90e8\u56e0\u679c\u4f5c\u7528\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5[3]\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5de5\u5177\u53d8\u91cf\u6765\u6e90\u4e8e\u7ed3\u6784\u65b9\u7a0b\u6a21\u578b\uff0c\u4f46\u5229\u7528\u5de5\u5177\u53d8\u91cf\u5f97\u5230\u7684\u56e0\u679c\u4f5c\u7528\u4f30\u8ba1\u5728\u6f5c\u5728\u7ed3\u679c\u6a21\u578b\u4e0b\u5177\u6709\u76f4\u89c2\u7684\u89e3\u91ca[5]\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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\u6b64\u540e\uff0cImbens\u548cAngrist\u5728\u56e0\u679c\u63a8\u65ad\u9886\u57df\u4ea6\u6709\u8bf8\u591a\u8d21\u732e\u3002Imbens\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u5e7f\u4e49\u503e\u5411\u8bc4\u5206\u7684\u6982\u5ff5[6]\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u6d89\u53ca\u5339\u914d\u4f30\u8ba1\u91cf\u3001\u9762\u677f\u6570\u636e\u7684\u56e0\u679c\u63a8\u65ad\u3001\u5f02\u8d28\u6027\u56e0\u679c\u4f5c\u7528\u4ee5\u53ca\u65ad\u70b9\u56de\u5f52\u7b49\u8bf8\u591a\u56e0\u679c\u63a8\u65ad\u7684\u5b50\u9886\u57df\u3002Imbens\u4e0eRubin\u5408\u8457\u7684\u6559\u79d1\u4e66\u300aCausal inference in statistics, social, and biomedical sciences\u300b\u662f\u56e0\u679c\u63a8\u65ad\u9886\u57df\u7684\u7edd\u4f73\u7684\u5165\u95e8\u6750\u6599\u3002<\/strong>Angrist\u7684\u8d21\u732e\u5219\u5927\u591a\u96c6\u4e2d\u5728\u5e94\u7528\u8ba1\u91cf\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u4e2d\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u6d89\u53ca\u6559\u80b2\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u548c\u5b66\u6821\u6539\u9769\u3001\u52b3\u52a8\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u3001\u7528\u4e8e\u653f\u7b56\u8bc4\u4f30\u7684\u8ba1\u91cf\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u4ed6\u4e0ePischke\u5408\u8457\u7684\u6559\u79d1\u4e66\u300aMostly harmless econometrics\u300b\uff08\u4e2d\u6587\u8bd1\u540d\uff1a\u300a\u57fa\u672c\u65e0\u5bb3\u7684\u8ba1\u91cf\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u300b\uff09\u88ab\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u9886\u57df\u7684\u5b9e\u8bc1\u5b66\u8005\u5949\u4e3a\u572d\u81ec\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u56e0\u679c\u5206\u6790\u4e0d\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u4e2d\u6781\u5176\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u5de5\u5177\u3002\u8fc7\u53bb 50 \u5e74\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u7edf\u8ba1\u601d\u60f3\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\uff1f\u53cd\u4e8b\u5b9e\u56e0\u679c\u63a8\u65ad\uff08Counterfactual causal inference\uff09\u5c31\u4f4d\u5217\u9996\u4f4d[7]\u3002\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6 Judea Pearl \u66f4\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u5176\u56e0\u679c\u5173\u7cfb\u7814\u7a76\u4e8e 2011 \u83b7\u5f97\u4e86\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u6700\u9ad8\u5956\u2014\u2014\u56fe\u7075\u5956\uff0c\u56e0\u679c\u63a8\u65ad\u5bf9\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u81f3\u5173\u91cd\u8981\u3002\u54e5\u4f26\u6bd4\u4e9a\u5927\u5b66 Causal AI \u5b9e\u9a8c\u5ba4\u4e3b\u4efb\u8868\u793a\uff1a\u201c\u5982\u679c\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u76ee\u6807\u662f\u5b89\u5168\u7684\uff0c\u7a33\u5065\u7684\uff0c\u4e0e\u4eba\u7c7b\u534f\u4f5c\u7684\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0e\u793e\u4f1a\u798f\u7949\u4fdd\u6301\u4e00\u81f4\u7684AI\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u5c06\u56e0\u679c\u4e4b\u68af\u548c\u4eba\u7c7b\u7ecf\u9a8c\u7684\u672c\u8d28\u7ef4\u5ea6\u5efa\u7acb\u8fde\u63a5\u662f\u5173\u952e\u4e00\u6b65\u201d[8]\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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\u53c2\u8003\u6587\u732e<\/strong><\/span><\/section>\n
[1] Goldberger. (1972), \u201cStructural Equation Methods in Social Sciences,\u201dEconometrica<\/section>\n
[2] Angrist, Imbens. (1991). Sources of identifying information in evaluation models. NBER working paper.<\/em><\/section>\n
[3] Imbens, Angrist. (1994). Identification and estimation of local average treatment effects. Econometrica.<\/em><\/section>\n
Angrist, Imbens. (1995). Identification and estimation of local average treatment effects. NBER working paper.<\/em><\/section>\n
[4] Angrist, Imbens. (1995). Two-stage least squares estimation of average causal effects in models with variable treatment intensity. JASA.<\/em><\/section>\n
[5] Angrist, Imbens, Rubin. (1996). Identification of causal effects using instrumental variables. JASA.<\/em><\/section>\n
[6] Imbens. (2000). The role of the propensity score in estimating dose-response functions. Biometrika<\/em>.<\/em><\/section>\n
[7] Gelman A, Vehtari A. What are the most important statistical ideas of the past 50 years?[J]. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 2021 (just-accepted): 1-29.<\/section>\n
[8] Bareinboim E, Correa J D, Ibeling D, et al. On Pearl\u2019s hierarchy and the foundations of causal inference[J]. ACM Special Volume in Honor of Judea Pearl (provisional title), 2020, 2(3): 4.<\/section>\n
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\u56e0\u679c\u79d1\u5b66\u4e0e Causal AI \u7cfb\u5217\u8bfb\u4e66\u4f1a\u7b2c\u4e00\u5b63 | \u4f17\u5305\u51fa\u4e66<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n

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\u6784\u5efa\u56e0\u679c\u5f15\u64ce\uff0c\u521b\u65b0\u79d1\u7814\u8303\u5f0f\u2014\u2014\u56e0\u679c\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u5b66\u4e60\u8def\u7ebf\u56fe<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n

\u56e0\u679c\u79d1\u5b66\u5165\u95e8\u8bfb\u4ec0\u4e48\u4e66\uff1fY. Bengio\u535a\u58eb\u5019\u9009\u4eba\u7684\u7814\u8bfb\u8def\u5f84\u63a8\u8350<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n

\u56e0\u679c\u4e4b\u7bad\u6307\u5411\u4f55\u65b9\uff1f| \u56fe\u7075\u5956\u5f97\u4e3b\u73c0\u5c14\u7684\u300a\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u300b<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n

\u56e0\u679c\u63a8\u65ad\u9886\u57df\u65b0\u4e66\uff08\u9644PDF\uff09\uff1aCausal Inference: What If<\/span><\/a>
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<\/a>\u96c6\u667a\u4ff1\u4e50\u90e8\u5173\u4e8e\u56e0\u679c\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u7efc\u8ff0\u3001\u79d1\u666e\u4e0e\u8bba\u6587\u89e3\u8bfb\uff1a<\/span><\/p>\n

\u56e0\u679c\u63a8\u65ad\uff1a\u73b0\u4ee3\u7edf\u8ba1\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u98de\u8dc3<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n

\u56e0\u679c\u8868\u5f81\u5b66\u4e60\u6700\u65b0\u7efc\u8ff0\uff1a\u8fde\u63a5\u56e0\u679c\u79d1\u5b66\u548c\u673a\u5668\u5b66\u4e60\u7684\u6865\u6881<\/span><\/a>
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Nature\u8ba1\u7b97\u79d1\u5b66\u7efc\u8ff0\uff1a\u7ecf\u7531\u51c6\u5b9e\u9a8c\uff0c\u4ece\u89c2\u5bdf\u6570\u636e\u4e2d\u63a8\u6d4b\u56e0\u679c\u5173\u7cfb<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n

\u56e0\u679c\u89c2\u5ff5\u65b0\u9769\u547d\uff1f\u4e07\u5b57\u957f\u6587\uff0c\u89e3\u8bfb\u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf\u80cc\u540e\u7684\u6697\u56e0\u679c<\/span><\/a><\/span>
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\u56fe\u6a21\u578b\u4e0e\u56e0\u679c\u63a8\u7406\u57fa\u7840- SCM\u6846\u67b6\u548cDo-Calculus<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n

\u56e0\u679c\u9636\u68af\u4e0eDo-\u6f14\u7b97\uff1a\u600e\u6837\u5b8c\u7f8e\u5730\u8bc1\u660e\u5438\u70df\u81f4\u764c\uff1f<\/span><\/a>
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Science\u7ecf\u5178\u8bba\u6587\uff1a\u5982\u4f55\u68c0\u6d4b\u590d\u6742\u751f\u6001\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u7684\u56e0\u679c\u5173\u7cfb\uff1f<\/span><\/a>
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\u5982\u4f55\u5728\u89c2\u6d4b\u6570\u636e\u4e0b\u8fdb\u884c\u56e0\u679c\u6548\u5e94\u8bc4\u4f30<\/span><\/a>
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\u4f5c\u4e3a\u56e0\u679c\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u7684\u795e\u7ecf\u7cfb\u7edf\uff1a\u56e0\u679c\u7f16\u7801<\/span><\/a>
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\u957f\u6587\u7efc\u8ff0\uff1a\u795e\u7ecf\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u7684\u5fc3\u667a\u56e0\u679c\u6a21\u578b<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n

\u5468\u6653\u534e\uff1a\u56e0\u679c\u63a8\u65ad\u7684\u6570\u5b66\u57fa\u7840\u548c\u5728\u533b\u5b66\u4e2d\u7684\u5e94\u7528<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n

\u803f\u76f4\uff1a\u56e0\u679c\u4f5c\u7528\u8bc4\u4ef7\u4e0e\u56e0\u679c\u7f51\u7edc\u5b66\u4e60\u53ca\u5176\u7ed3\u5408<\/span><\/a>
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\u5f20\u6c5f\uff1a\u4ece\u56fe\u7f51\u7edc\u5230\u56e0\u679c\u63a8\u65ad\uff0c\u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf\u81ea\u52a8\u5efa\u6a21\u4e94\u90e8\u66f2<\/span><\/a>
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\u5d14\u9e4f\uff1a\u7a33\u5b9a\u5b66\u4e60\u2014\u2014\u6316\u6398\u56e0\u679c\u63a8\u7406\u548c\u673a\u5668\u5b66\u4e60\u7684\u5171\u540c\u57fa\u7840<\/span><\/a>
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\u524d\u6cbf\u7efc\u8ff0\uff1a\u56e0\u679c\u63a8\u65ad\u4e0e\u56e0\u679c\u6027\u5b66\u4e60\u7814\u7a76\u8fdb\u5c55<\/span><\/a>
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\u96c6\u667a\u767e\u79d1\u5173\u4e8e\u56e0\u679c\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u8bcd\u6761\uff1a
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\u4ec0\u4e48\u662f\u7ed3\u6784\u56e0\u679c\u6a21\u578b | \u96c6\u667a\u767e\u79d1<\/span><\/a>
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\u4ec0\u4e48\u662f\u968f\u673a\u5bf9\u7167\u8bd5\u9a8c | \u96c6\u667a\u767e\u79d1<\/span><\/a>
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\u4ec0\u4e48\u662f\u5904\u7406\uff08\u5e72\u9884\uff09\u6548\u5e94 | \u96c6\u667a\u767e\u79d1<\/span><\/a>
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\u4ec0\u4e48\u662f\u53ef\u5ffd\u7565\u6027Ignorability | \u96c6\u667a\u767e\u79d1<\/span><\/a>
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\u4ec0\u4e48\u662f\u4e2d\u4ecb\u5206\u6790 | \u96c6\u667a\u767e\u79d1<\/span><\/a>
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\u4ec0\u4e48\u662f\u53cd\u4e8b\u5b9e | \u96c6\u667a\u767e\u79d1<\/span><\/a>
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\u4ec0\u4e48\u662fDo\u6f14\u7b97 | \u96c6\u667a\u767e\u79d1<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n


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\u56e0\u679c\u793e\u533a\u4e0e\u56e0\u679c\u8bfb\u4e66\u4f1a<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n


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\u56e0\u679c\u79d1\u5b66\u793e\u533a\u7531\u667a\u6e90\u793e\u533a\u3001\u96c6\u667a\u4ff1\u4e50\u90e8\u5171\u540c\u63a8\u52a8\uff0c\u9762\u5411\u56e0\u679c\u79d1\u5b66\u9886\u57df\u7684\u5782\u76f4\u578b\u5b66\u672f\u8ba8\u8bba\u793e\u533a\uff0c\u76ee\u7684\u662f\u4fc3\u8fdb\u56e0\u679c\u79d1\u5b66\u4e13\u4e1a\u4eba\u58eb\u548c\u5174\u8da3\u7231\u597d\u8005\u4eec\u7684\u5b66\u4e60\u3001\u4ea4\u6d41\u548c\u5408\u4f5c\uff0c\u63a8\u8fdb\u56e0\u679c\u79d1\u5b66\u5b66\u672f\u3001\u4ea7\u4e1a\u751f\u6001\u7684\u5efa\u8bbe\u548c\u843d\u5730\uff0c\u5b55\u80b2\u65b0\u4e00\u4ee3\u56e0\u679c\u79d1\u5b66\u9886\u57df\u7684\u5b66\u672f\u4e13\u5bb6\u548c\u4ea7\u4e1a\u521b\u65b0\u8005\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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\u56e0\u679c\u79d1\u5b66\u8bfb\u4e66\u4f1a\u662f\u56e0\u679c\u793e\u533a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u6d3b\u52a8\uff0c\u6301\u7eed\u5f00\u653e\u4e2d\uff0c\u53c2\u4e0e\u4efb\u610f\u4e00\u5b63\u8bfb\u4e66\u4f1a\u5373\u53ef\u52a0\u5165\u56e0\u679c\u793e\u533a\u3002\u56e0\u679c\u79d1\u5b66\u8bfb\u4e66\u4f1a\u7b2c\u4e09\u5b63\u5df2\u7ecf\u5f00\u653e\u62a5\u540d\uff0c\u5c06\u4e8e10\u670824\u65e5\u6b63\u5f0f\u5f00\u59cb\u3002\u672c\u5b63\u56e0\u679c\u79d1\u5b66\u8bfb\u4e66\u4f1a\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u4e66\u76ee\u5373\u4e3aW. Imbens\u7684Causal Inference for Statistics, Social, and Biomedical Sciences<\/em>\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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\u8bfb\u4e66\u4f1a\u5927\u7eb2\u4e00\u89c8\uff1a
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\u300c\u57fa\u7840\u7406\u8bba\u5b66\u4e60\u300d<\/span><\/p>\n