{"id":29417,"date":"2021-10-22T22:02:47","date_gmt":"2021-10-22T14:02:47","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/swarma.org\/?p=29417"},"modified":"2021-10-22T22:02:47","modified_gmt":"2021-10-22T14:02:47","slug":"%e6%b6%8c%e7%8e%b0%e7%9a%84%e7%a7%8d%e7%b1%bb%e4%b8%8e%e5%bd%a2%e5%bc%8f","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/swarma.org\/?p=29417","title":{"rendered":"\u6d8c\u73b0\u7684\u79cd\u7c7b\u4e0e\u5f62\u5f0f"},"content":{"rendered":"
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\u96c6\u667a\u4ff1\u4e50\u90e8\u6b63\u5728\u7ec4\u7ec7\u300c\u56e0\u679c\u6d8c\u73b0\u300d\u7cfb\u5217\u8bfb\u4e66\u4f1a<\/a>\uff0c\u8ba8\u8bba\u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u8de8\u5c3a\u5ea6\u3001\u8de8\u5c42\u6b21\u7684\u6d8c\u73b0\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u6bcf\u5468\u516d\u4e0a\u53489:00-11:00\u7ebf\u4e0a\u4e3e\u529e\u300210\u670823\u65e5\u7684\u56e0\u679c\u6d8c\u73b0\u8bfb\u4e66\u4f1a\u5c06\u7ed3\u5408\u672c\u6587\u4ecb\u7ecd\u600e\u6837\u5bf9\u6d8c\u73b0\u7684\u73b0\u8c61\u4e0e\u5f62\u5f0f\u8fdb\u884c\u5206\u7c7b\uff0c\u5e76\u4ece\u4fe1\u606f\u8bba\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u6982\u5ff5\u51fa\u53d1\uff0c\u8ba8\u8bba\u5b8f\u89c2\u6d8c\u73b0\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u6d41\u52a8\u548c\u8f6c\u5316\u3002\u672c\u671f\u5c06\u4f1a\u5728\u96c6\u667a\u4ff1\u4e50\u90e8B\u7ad9\u76f4\u64ad\u3002\u8bfb\u4e66\u4f1a\u8be6\u60c5\u89c1\u6587\u672b\uff0c<\/strong>\u6b22\u8fce\u611f\u5174\u8da3\u7684\u670b\u53cb\u62a5\u540d\u53c2\u4e0e\u3002<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n

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Jochen Fromm<\/span>\u200d<\/span> | \u4f5c\u8005<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

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\u5728\u7531\u8bb8\u591a\u81ea\u6cbb\u5b9e\u4f53\u6216\u4e3b\u4f53<\/span>\uff08autonomous entities or agents\uff09<\/span>\u7ec4\u6210\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\uff0c\u79e9\u5e8f\u548c\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u6d8c\u73b0\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u975e\u5e38\u57fa\u672c\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u3002\u6d8c\u73b0\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u6d89\u53ca\u5230\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u57fa\u672c\u95ee\u9898\uff1a\u300c\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b9e\u4f53\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\uff1f\u300d \u5728\u6d8c\u73b0\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u89c2\u5bdf\u5230\u4e00\u4e9b\u4e8b\u7269<\/span>\uff08\u5982\u79e9\u5e8f\u6216\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u51fa\u73b0\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u5e76\u95ee\u8fd9\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u6211\u4eec\u5047\u5b9a\u5176\u4e2d\u5177\u6709\u56e0\u679c\u5173\u7cfb\uff1a\u6bcf\u4e2a\u7ed3\u679c\u90fd\u5e94\u8be5\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u539f\u56e0\u3002\u4f46\u5728\u6d8c\u73b0\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u4ee4\u4eba\u60ca\u8bb6\u7684\u4e00\u9762\u662f\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u89c2\u5bdf\u5230\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u6ca1\u6709\u660e\u663e\u539f\u56e0\u7684\u6548\u679c\u3002\u5f53\u7136\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u8fd9\u770b\u8d77\u6765\u4f3c\u4e4e\u5f88\u795e\u79d8\uff0c\u4f46\u5176\u5b9e\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u4ec0\u4e48\u795e\u5947\u7684\u3001\u9b54\u6cd5\u7684\u6216\u4e0d\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u5730\u65b9\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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\u6b63\u5982 Laughlin \u5728\u4ed6\u7684\u4e66\u4e2d\u6240\u8bf4\u90a3\u6837[1]\uff0c\u8003\u8651\u5177\u6709\u6d8c\u73b0\u7279\u6027\u7684\u4e16\u754c\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u6700\u6df1\u7684\u5965\u79d8\u5c31\u50cf\u6211\u4eec\u8eab\u8fb9\u7684\u5e7c\u82d7\u3001\u51b0\u5757\u3001\u76d0\u7c92\u6216\u6c99\u5806\u4e00\u6837\u8fd1\u3002\u5982\u679c\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u80fd\u5f88\u597d\u7406\u89e3\u81ea\u5df1\u5c3a\u5ea6\u4e0a\u7684\u4e8b\u7269\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u5728\u96be\u4ee5\u60f3\u8c61\u7684\u9ad8\u80fd\u7ea7\u6216\u6781\u7aef\u5c3a\u5ea6\u4e0a\u627e\u5230\u7ec8\u6781\u89c4\u5f8b\u5c31\u66f4\u503c\u5f97\u6000\u7591\u4e86\u3002\u6362\u53e5\u8bdd\u8bf4\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5fc5\u987b\u5148\u9000\u540e\u4e00\u6b65\uff0c\u770b\u4e00\u770b\u65e5\u5e38\u7269\u4f53\u7684\u6a21\u5f0f\u548c\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\uff0c\u624d\u80fd\u53d1\u73b0\u6211\u4eec\u5b87\u5b99\u7684\u672c\u8d28\u3002
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\uff08\u56fe2\uff1a\u795e\u5947\u7684\u6d8c\u73b0\u5728\u65e5\u5e38\u968f\u5904\u53ef\u89c1\uff09<\/span><\/section>\n


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\u6d8c\u73b0\u7279\u6027\u5145\u6ee1\u60ca\u5f02\u548c\u6096\u8bba\uff1a\u5b83\u4eec\u975e\u5e38\u57fa\u672c\uff0c\u4f46\u5bf9\u6211\u4eec\u53c8\u975e\u5e38\u719f\u6089\u3002\u6839\u636e John H. Holland \u7684\u8bf4\u6cd5\uff0c\u751f\u6210\u7cfb\u7edf<\/span>\uff08generated systems\uff09<\/span>\u4e2d\u7684\u6d8c\u73b0\u73b0\u8c61\u662f\u5178\u578b\u7684\u5177\u6709\u53d8\u5316\u6210\u5206\u7684\u6301\u7eed\u6a21\u5f0f[2]\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u540c\u65f6\u662f\u4e0d\u53d8\u7684\u548c\u53d8\u5316\u7684\u3001\u6052\u5b9a\u548c\u6ce2\u52a8\u7684\u3001\u6301\u7eed\u548c\u8f6c\u53d8\u7684\u3001\u5fc5\u7136\u53d1\u751f\u4f46\u53c8\u4e0d\u53ef\u9884\u6d4b\u7684\u3002\u800c\u4e14\uff0c\u6d8c\u73b0\u5c5e\u6027\u65e2\u662f\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u53c8\u4e0d\u662f\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u5b83\u4f9d\u8d56\u4e8e\u7cfb\u7edf\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u5728\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u51fa\u73b0\uff0c\u4f46\u5728\u4e00\u5b9a\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u53c8\u72ec\u7acb\u4e8e\u7cfb\u7edf\u3002\u6839\u636e\u300a\u65af\u5766\u798f\u54f2\u5b66\u767e\u79d1\u5168\u4e66\u300b<\/span>\uff08Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy\uff09<\/span>\uff1a
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\u6d8c\u73b0\u5b9e\u4f53\uff08\u5c5e\u6027\u6216\u7269\u8d28\uff09\u4ece\u66f4\u57fa\u672c\u7684\u5b9e\u4f53\u4e2d\u300c\u5347\u300d\u51fa\u6765\uff0c\u4f46\u5bf9\u5b83\u4eec\u800c\u8a00\u5374\u662f\u300c\u65b0\u9896\u7684\u300d\u6216\u300c\u4e0d\u53ef\u8fd8\u539f\u7684\u300d\uff08irreducible\uff09[3]\u3002 <\/span><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

\u7531\u4e8e\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u6d8c\u73b0\u5c5e\u6027\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u8fd8\u539f\u7684\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u5b83\u4eec\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u88ab\u6467\u6bc1\u6216\u5206\u89e3\u2014\u2014\u53ea\u80fd\u51fa\u73b0\u6216\u6d88\u5931\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u5c42\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u4f3c\u4e4e\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u6bc1\u706d<\/span>\uff08indestructible\uff09<\/span>\u7684\uff0c\u5e76\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u552f\u4e00\u5b9e\u5b58\u7684\u4e1c\u897f<\/span>\uff08\u8bd1\u6ce8\uff1adestroy \u610f\u5473\u7740\u5bf9\u7ec4\u6210\u539f\u4ef6\u6216\u6784\u6210\u8fdb\u884c\u7834\u574f\uff0c\u4f46\u5bf9\u6d8c\u73b0\u5c5e\u6027\u6211\u4eec\u627e\u4e0d\u5230\u5b83\u7684\u6784\u6210\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u65e0\u6cd5\u8fdb\u884c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u7684\u300c\u6bc1\u706d\u300d\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\u706b\u7130\uff0c\u5b83\u5728\u5fae\u89c2\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u5b58\u4e8e\u5b8f\u89c2\u5374\u65e0\u6cd5\u627e\u5230\u5176\u5b8f\u89c2\u6784\u6210\uff0c\u53ea\u80fd\u7184\u706d\u6216\u65e0\u6cd5\u4ece\u6784\u6210\u4e0a\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u5206\u89e3\u6216\u6bc1\u706d\u3002\uff09<\/span>\u4f46\u5982\u679c\u5b83\u4eec\u88ab\u4ed4\u7ec6\u6838\u67e5\u2014\u2014\u5373\u6211\u4eec\u5bf9\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u7ec4\u6210\u8fdb\u884c\u6df1\u5165\u7ec6\u81f4\u5730\u89c2\u5bdf\u2014\u2014\u5b83\u4eec\u53c8\u6839\u672c\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u5f80\u5f80\u5f88\u5feb\u6d88\u5931\u5f97\u65e0\u5f71\u65e0\u8e2a\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

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\u6d8c\u73b0\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u6096\u8bba\uff1a\u6d8c\u73b0\u7684\u5c5e\u6027\u5f80\u5f80\u662f\u4e0d\u53d8\u7684\u548c\u53d8\u5316\u7684\uff0c\u6052\u5b9a\u7684\u548c\u6ce2\u52a8\u7684\uff0c\u6301\u7eed\u7684\u548c\u8f6c\u53d8\u7684\uff0c\u4e0d\u53ef\u907f\u514d\u7684\u548c\u4e0d\u53ef\u9884\u6d4b\u7684\uff0c\u4f9d\u8d56\u4e8e\u548c\u72ec\u7acb\u4e8e\u5b83\u4eec\u6240\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

\u8f6f\u4ef6\u548c\u786c\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u4e0d\u53ef\u9884\u89c1\u7684\u6545\u969c\u548c\u610f\u5916\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u7279\u6b8a\u7684\u3001\u4e0d\u88ab\u5e0c\u671b\u51fa\u73b0\u7684\u6d8c\u73b0\u5f62\u5f0f\u3002\u6b63\u5982 Duncan J. Watts \u6240\u8bf4\uff1a\u300c\u4e16\u754c\u4e0a\u6700\u597d\u7684\u7ef4\u62a4\u7a0b\u5e8f\u4e5f\u4e0d\u80fd\u786e\u4fdd\u9884\u9632\u90a3\u4e9b\u8fd8\u4e0d\u77e5\u9053\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u6545\u969c\u2026\u2026\u5373\u4f7f\u4eba\u4eec\u5c3d\u4e86\u6700\u5927\u52aa\u529b\uff0c\u6545\u969c\u8fd8\u662f\u4f1a\u53d1\u751f\u300d[4]\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u6709\u5fc5\u8981\u4e86\u89e3\u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u7684\u6d8c\u73b0\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff0c\u4ee5\u4fbf\u521b\u9020\u51fa\u590d\u6742\u800c\u7a33\u5065\u7684\u65b0\u5f62\u5f0f\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u4e3a\u9519\u8bef\u7684\u53d1\u751f\u505a\u597d\u51c6\u5907\uff0c\u5c3d\u53ef\u80fd\u9632\u6b62\u5931\u8d25\u3002\u5982\u679c\u6211\u4eec\u60f3\u5728\u79d1\u5b66\u548c\u5de5\u7a0b\u4e2d\u7406\u89e3\u548c\u638c\u63e1\u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u663e\u7136\u5bf9\u4e0d\u540c\u7c7b\u578b\u6d8c\u73b0\u7684\u4e86\u89e3\u81f3\u5173\u91cd\u8981\u3002 <\/span><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

\u793e\u4f1a\u6027\u52a8\u7269\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u81ea\u7ec4\u7ec7\u901a\u5e38\u6d89\u53ca\u4e00\u4e9b\u6d8c\u73b0\u7684\u300c\u6280\u5de7\u300d\uff1a\u4fe1\u606f\u7d20\u6280\u5de7<\/span>\uff08pheromone trick\uff0c\u7528\u4fe1\u606f\u7d20\u573a\u6807\u8bb0\u611f\u5174\u8da3\u7684\u7269\u54c1\uff09<\/span>\u548c\u7ed3\u7fa4\u6280\u5de7<\/span>\uff08flocking trick\uff0c\u5446\u5728\u7fa4\u4f53\u9644\u8fd1\uff0c\u4f46\u4e0d\u8981\u592a\u9760\u8fd1\u4f60\u7684\u90bb\u5c45\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u6280\u5de7\u5c31\u5bfc\u81f4\u4e86\u8681\u7fa4\u3001\u767d\u8681\u5806\u3001\u8702\u7fa4\u3001\u9e1f\u7fa4\u3001\u54fa\u4e73\u52a8\u7269\u7fa4\u548c\u9c7c\u7fa4\u7b49\u751f\u7269\u79cd\u7fa4\u7684\u6d8c\u73b0\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\uff08\u56fe3\uff1a\u7b80\u5355\u89c4\u5219\u4e0b\u6d8c\u73b0\u51fa\u7684\u9c7c\u7fa4\uff09<\/span><\/section>\n


<\/span><\/p>\n

\u4e00\u79cd\u6e05\u6670\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u5316\u63cf\u8ff0\u5c06\u6709\u52a9\u4e8e\u56de\u7b54\u6d8c\u73b0\u95ee\u9898\u3002Ale\u0161 Kub\u00edk [5]\u548c Yaneer Bar-Yam [6]\u66fe\u8bd5\u56fe\u7528\u8bed\u6cd5\u3001\u5f62\u5f0f\u8bed\u8a00\u548c\u6570\u5b66\u6765\u5b9e\u73b0\u8fd9\u70b9\u3002\u7136\u800c\u300c\u6d8c\u73b0\u300d\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8bcd\u592a\u7b3c\u7edf\u4e86\uff0c\u4e0d\u80fd\u7528\u5355\u4e00\u95e8\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u672f\u8bed\u6765\u6db5\u76d6\u5b83\u3002\u300c\u50cf\u6d8c\u73b0\u8fd9\u6837\u590d\u6742\u7684\u4e3b\u9898\u4e0d\u592a\u53ef\u80fd\u670d\u4ece\u4e8e\u4e00\u4e2a\u7b80\u6d01\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\u300d[7]\u6d8c\u73b0\u5f88\u96be\u7528\u4e00\u4e2a\u6a21\u578b\u6216\u7406\u8bba\u6765\u523b\u753b\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u5728\u6d8c\u73b0\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u65b0\u7684\u548c\u4e0d\u53ef\u9884\u6d4b\u7684\u5b9e\u4f53\u51fa\u73b0\u4e86\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u53d7\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u89c4\u5f8b\u652f\u914d\u3002\u5b83\u4e0e\u5b9a\u4e49\u65b0\u7684\u7c7b\u522b\u3001\u6982\u5ff5\u548c\u63cf\u8ff0\u6027\u672f\u8bed\u7684\u5fc5\u8981\u6027\u6709\u5173\u3002\u95ee\u9898\u6b63\u5982 Robert I.Damper \u6240\u8a00\uff0c\u300c\u6211\u4eec\u5c06\u5982\u4f55\u907f\u514d\u4e3a\u6bcf\u4e00\u4e2a\u6848\u4f8b\u91cd\u65b0\u505a\u8fd9\u4ef6\u4e8b\uff1f\u300d [8]\u3002
<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/p>\n

\u65e2\u7136\u7528\u8bed\u6cd5\u3001\u5f62\u5f0f\u8bed\u8a00\u6216\u6570\u5b66\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u5316\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e0d\u9002\u5408\u4e5f\u96be\u4ee5\u89e3\u51b3\u8fd9\u4e2a\u56f0\u96be\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u81f3\u5c11\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b8c\u6574\u800c\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u5206\u7c7b\u4f1a\u6709\u5e2e\u52a9\u3002\u672c\u6587\u5c31\u8bd5\u56fe\u4e3a\u5404\u79cd\u7c7b\u578b\u548c\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u6d8c\u73b0\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e00\u4e2a\u6807\u51c6\u3001\u89c4\u8303\u7684\u5206\u7c7b\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

  <\/span><\/p>\n

   <\/span><\/p>\n

\n
\n
\n
\n
\n

\n
\n
\n
\n
\n

<\/section>\n

<\/section>\n
\n
<\/svg><\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n
\n

2. \u5b9a\u4e49\u548c\u5c5e\u6027<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n

\n

<\/section>\n

<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/h3>\n


<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/h3>\n

2.1  \u5b9a\u4e49<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/section>\n

\u7531\u4e8e\u6d8c\u73b0\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u6a21\u68f1\u4e24\u53ef\u7684\u8bcd\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u4ece\u4e00\u4e2a\u660e\u786e\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\u5f00\u59cb\u662f\u5fc5\u8981\u7684\u3002\u5728\u4e0b\u6587\u4e2d\uff0c\u6d8c\u73b0\u7684<\/span>\uff08emergent\uff09<\/span>\u548c\u6d8c\u73b0<\/span>\uff08emergence\uff09<\/span>\u662f\u8fd9\u6837\u5b9a\u4e49\u7684\uff1a<\/span><\/p>\n

\n

\u5982\u679c\u4e00\u4e2a\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u5c5e\u6027\u4e0d\u662f\u5176\u4efb\u4f55\u57fa\u672c\u5143\u7d20\u7684\u5c5e\u6027\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u5b83\u5c31\u662f\u6d8c\u73b0\u7684\u3002\u6d8c\u73b0\u662f\u6d8c\u73b0\u7684\u5c5e\u6027\u548c\u7ed3\u6784\u5728\u66f4\u9ad8\u5c42\u6b21\u7ec4\u7ec7\u6216\u590d\u6742\u6027\uff08\u300c\u591a\u8005\u5f02\u4e5f\u300d\uff09\u4e0a\u7684\u663e\u73b0[9]\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

\u8fd9\u662f\u8bb8\u591a\u5173\u4e8e\u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u5165\u95e8\u6559\u79d1\u4e66\u4e2d\u53ef\u4ee5\u627e\u5230\u7684\u5e38\u89c1\u5b9a\u4e49[10]\u3002\u300a\u725b\u6d25\u54f2\u5b66\u6307\u5357\u300b[11]\u5c06\u6d8c\u73b0\u5c5e\u6027\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e3a\u4e0d\u53ef\u9884\u6d4b\u548c\u4e0d\u53ef\u8fd8\u539f\u7684\uff1a\u300c\u4e00\u4e2a\u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u5c5e\u6027\u88ab\u8bf4\u6210\u662f\u300e\u6d8c\u73b0\u300f\u7684\uff0c\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5b83\u662f\u4ece\u8868\u5f81\u8f83\u7b80\u5355\u6210\u5206\u7684\u5c5e\u6027\u548c\u5173\u7cfb\u4e2d\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83\u65e2\u4e0d\u80fd\u4ece\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8f83\u4f4e\u5c42\u6b21\u7684\u7279\u5f81\u4e2d\u9884\u6d4b\u51fa\u6765\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u80fd\u88ab\u8fd8\u539f\u6210\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7279\u5f81\u300d\u3002 <\/span><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

\u300a\u5251\u6865\u54f2\u5b66\u8bcd\u5178\u300b[12]\u5bf9\u7ed3\u6784\u548c\u89c4\u5f8b\u3001\u63cf\u8ff0\u6027\u6d8c\u73b0\u548c\u89e3\u91ca\u6027\u6d8c\u73b0\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u533a\u5206\u3002\u63cf\u8ff0\u6027\u6d8c\u73b0<\/span>\uff08Descriptive emergence\uff09<\/span>\u610f\u5473\u7740\u300c\u6574\u4f53\u300d<\/span>\uff08\u6216\u66f4\u590d\u6742\u7684\u60c5\u5f62\uff09<\/span>\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u5c5e\u6027\u4e0d\u80fd\u901a\u8fc7\u300c\u90e8\u5206\u300d<\/span>\uff08\u6216\u66f4\u7b80\u5355\u60c5\u5f62\uff09<\/span>\u7684\u5c5e\u6027\u6765\u5b9a\u4e49\u3002\u89e3\u91ca\u6027\u6d8c\u73b0<\/span>\uff08Explanatory emergence\uff09<\/span>\u610f\u5473\u7740\u300c\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u66f4\u590d\u6742\u60c5\u51b5\u7684\u89c4\u5f8b\uff0c\u4e0d\u80fd\u901a\u8fc7\u4efb\u4f55\u6784\u6210\u6216\u5171\u5b58\u89c4\u5f8b\u4ece\u66f4\u7b80\u5355\u6216\u6700\u7b80\u5355\u60c5\u5f62\u4e2d\u63a8\u5bfc\u51fa\u6765\u300d\u3002
<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

\u300a\u5251\u6865\u5728\u7ebf\u8bcd\u5178\u300b[13]\u8bf4\uff0cemerge\u300c\u6d8c\u73b0\u300d\u7684\u610f\u601d\u662f\u300c\u901a\u8fc7\u4ece\u67d0\u7269\u51fa\u6765\u6216\u4ece\u67d0\u7269\u540e\u9762\u51fa\u6765\u300d\u6216\u300c\u62b5\u8fbe\u67d0\u6bb5\u56f0\u96be\u65f6\u671f\u6216\u7ecf\u5386\u7684\u5c3d\u5934\u300d\uff0c\u800c emergence \u53ea\u662f\u300c\u51fa\u73b0\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u300d\u3002emergence \u548c emerge \u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u8bcd\u7684\u62c9\u4e01\u8bcd\u6e90\u90fd\u662f emergere\uff0c\u610f\u601d\u662f\u4ece\u6c34\u4e2d\u5347\u8d77\uff0c\u51fa\u73b0\u548c\u5230\u8fbe\u3002\u62c9\u4e01\u8bed\u52a8\u8bcd emergere \u6765\u81ea e(x)\u300cout\u300d+ mergere\u300cto dip, plunge into liquid, immerse, sink, overwhelm\u300d<\/span>\uff08\u6d78\u5165\u3001\u9677\u8fdb\u6db2\u4f53\u3001\u6d78\u6ca1\u3001\u4e0b\u6c89\u3001\u6df9\u6ca1\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u5373 to emerge \u7c7b\u4f3c\u4e8e\u53bb\u5408\u5e76\u76f8\u5bf9\u7acb<\/span>\uff08opposite\uff09<\/span>\u7684\u4e8b\u7269\u3002Emergence \u662f\u7531 emergere \u7684\u73b0\u5728\u5206\u8bcd emergens \u6f14\u53d8\u800c\u6765\u3002merging<\/span>\uff08\u5408\u5e76\uff09<\/span>\u610f\u5473\u7740\u4e24\u4e2a\u72ec\u7acb\u7684\u4e8b\u7269\u7684\u7ed3\u5408\u3001\u6c89\u6d78\u548c\u878d\u5408\uff0c\u800c emerging<\/span>\uff08\u6d8c\u73b0\uff09<\/span>\u5219\u610f\u5473\u7740\u5bf9\u7acb\u7684\u4e8b\u7269\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/p>\n

\n
2.2  \u5c5e\u6027\u548c\u6807\u51c6<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/section>\n<\/h3>\n

\u89e3\u91ca\u3001\u8fd8\u539f\u3001\u9884\u6d4b\u548c\u56e0\u679c\u5173\u7cfb\u7b49\u6982\u5ff5\u662f\u6df1\u5165\u7406\u89e3\u6d8c\u73b0\u7684\u6838\u5fc3[14] \u3002Francis Heylighen \u636e\u6b64\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u4ee5\u4e0b\u5173\u4e8e\u6d8c\u73b0\u7684\u5206\u7c7b\u6807\u51c6[15]\uff1a<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/p>\n

    \n
  • \n
    \u6240\u521b\u5efa\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u591a\u6837\u6027<\/span>\uff08\u5982\u6d8c\u73b0\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u72b6\u6001\uff09<\/span>\uff1b<\/span><\/section>\n<\/li>\n
  • \n
    \u5916\u90e8\u5f71\u54cd\u7684\u6570\u91cf<\/span>\uff08\u5728\u6d8c\u73b0\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff09<\/span>\uff1b<\/span><\/section>\n<\/li>\n
  • \n
    \u7ef4\u6301\u7cfb\u7edf\u8eab\u4efd\u7684\u7ea6\u675f\u7c7b\u578b<\/span>\uff08\u5b8c\u5168\u7684\u6216\u6761\u4ef6\u7684\uff09<\/span>\uff1b<\/span><\/section>\n<\/li>\n
  • \n
    \u5c42\u6b21\u7684\u6570\u91cf\uff0c\u591a\u5c42\u6b21\u7684\u6d8c\u73b0<\/span>\uff08\u4e00\u4e2a\u5c42\u6b21\uff0c\u4e24\u4e2a\u5c42\u6b21\uff0c\u6216\u591a\u4e2a\u5c42\u6b21\uff09<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
     <\/span><\/section>\n
    \u4e0d\u5e78\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5c5e\u6027\u5e76\u975e\u5b8c\u5168\u72ec\u7acb\uff1a\u591a\u5c42\u6b21\u7684\u6d8c\u73b0\u8fc7\u7a0b\u80af\u5b9a\u6bd4\u5355\u4e00\u5c42\u6b21\u8fd8\u5177\u6709\u66f4\u9ad8\u7684\u591a\u6837\u6027\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
       <\/span><\/section>\n
       <\/span><\/section>\n

    \n
    \n
    \n
    \n
    \n

    <\/section>\n

    <\/section>\n
    \n
    <\/svg><\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n
    \n

    3. \u7c7b\u522b\u548c\u5206\u7c7b<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n

    \n

    <\/section>\n

    <\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/h3>\n


    <\/p>\n

    3.1 \u54f2\u5b66\u5206\u7c7b\u6cd5<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/section>\n

    <\/section>\n
    \u67e5\u5c14\u9ed8\u65af<\/span>\uff08David J. Chalmers\uff09<\/span> \u533a\u5206\u4e86\u5f31\u6d8c\u73b0<\/span>\uff08weak emergence\uff09<\/span>\u548c\u5f3a\u6d8c\u73b0\uff08strong emergence\uff09[16]\u3002\u5f3a\u6d8c\u73b0\u751a\u81f3\u5728\u539f\u5219\u4e0a\u4e0d\u80fd\u4ece\u4f4e\u5c42\u6b21\u9886\u57df\u7684\u89c4\u5f8b\u4e2d\u63a8\u5bfc\u51fa\u6765\uff0c\u81f3\u4e8e\u5f31\u6d8c\u73b0\u5219\u53ea\u662f\u5728\u4f4e\u5c42\u6b21\u9886\u57df\u7684\u5c5e\u6027\u548c\u539f\u5219\u4e0b\u7684\u610f\u5916 [17]\u3002Mark A. Bedau \u533a\u5206\u4e86\u4e09\u79cd\u6d8c\u73b0\uff1a\u540d\u4e49\u7684<\/span>\uff08nominal\uff09<\/span>\u3001\u5f31\u7684\u548c\u5f3a\u7684\u3002\u4ed6\u5728\u4e0e\u67e5\u5c14\u9ed8\u65af\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u4f7f\u7528\u5f31\u548c\u5f3a\uff0c\u4f46\u589e\u52a0\u4e86\u540d\u4e49\u6d8c\u73b0\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u4e0e\u4e0a\u8ff0\u6d8c\u73b0\u5c5e\u6027\u7684\u4e00\u822c\u5b9a\u4e49\u76f8\u5bf9\u5e94\uff1a\u540d\u4e49\u6d8c\u73b0\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u51fa\u73b0\u7684\u5b8f\u89c2\u5c5e\u6027\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u5fae\u89c2\u5c5e\u6027\u3002William Seager<\/span>\uff08SeagerDrafts\uff09<\/span>\u5f3a\u8c03\u4e86\u4e24\u79cd\u6d8c\u73b0\uff1a\u826f\u6027\u7684<\/span>\uff08benign<\/span>\uff09<\/span>\u548c\u6fc0\u8fdb\u7684<\/span>\uff08radical\uff09<\/span>\u7684\u3002\u4ed6\u6240\u8c13\u7684 \u300c\u826f\u6027\u300d\u6216\u53ef\u63a5\u53d7\u6d8c\u73b0\u662f\u6307\u2014\u2014\u6211\u4eec\u80fd\u591f\u627e\u5230\u4e00\u4e2a\u63cf\u8ff0\u6027\u6216\u89e3\u91ca\u6027\u7684\u65b9\u6848\uff0c\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e00\u79cd\u6709\u7528\u7684\u901f\u8bb0\u7b26\u53f7\u6765\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e00\u4e2a\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u6c14\u4f53\u7684\u538b\u529b\u548c\u6e29\u5ea6\uff1b\u4ed6\u7684\u6fc0\u8fdb\u6d8c\u73b0\u5219\u5927\u81f4\u5bf9\u5e94\u4e8eBedau \u548c\u67e5\u5c14\u9ed8\u65af\u7684\u5f3a\u6d8c\u73b0\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
    \n
     <\/span><\/section>\n

    \n
    3.2 \u57fa\u672c\u7c92\u5b50\u5206\u7c7b\u6cd5<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/section>\n<\/h4>\n
     <\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/section>\n
    Yaneer Bar-Yam[18]\u533a\u5206\u4e86\u56db\u79cd\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u6d8c\u73b0\u3002\u57fa\u4e8e\u300c\u7c92\u5b50\u300d\u548c\u300c\u7cfb\u7efc\u300d<\/span>\uff08particles & ensembles\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u4e3b\u4f53\u548c\u7fa4\u4f53<\/span>\uff08agents and groups\uff09<\/span>\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u4ed6\u7ed9\u51fa\u4e86\u4ee5\u4e0b\u7b80\u77ed\u63cf\u8ff0\u5206\u7c7b\uff1a<\/span><\/section>\n
     <\/span><\/section>\n
      \n
    • \n
      Type A\uff1a\u6d8c\u73b0\u884c\u4e3a<\/span>\uff08\u4ece\u5fae\u89c2\u5230\u5b8f\u89c2\uff09<\/span><\/section>\n<\/li>\n
        \n
      • \n
        Type0<\/span>\uff08\u5b64\u7acb\u90e8\u5206\u5728\u6574\u4f53\u4e2d\u6ca1\u6709\u5bf9\u5e94\u4f4d\u7f6e\uff09<\/span><\/section>\n<\/li>\n
      • \n
        Type1<\/span>\uff08\u90e8\u5206\u5728\u6574\u4f53\u6709\u5bf9\u5e94\u4f4d\u7f6e\u2014\u2014\u5f31\u6d8c\u73b0\uff09<\/span><\/section>\n<\/li>\n
      • \n
        Type2<\/span>\uff08\u5b58\u5728\u6709\u96c6\u4f53\u7ea6\u675f\u7684\u7cfb\u7efc\u2014\u2014\u5f3a\u6d8c\u73b0\uff09<\/span><\/section>\n<\/li>\n
      • \n
        Type3<\/span>\uff08\u5b58\u5728\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e0e\u73af\u5883\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u5c5e\u6027\u2014\u2014\u5f3a\u6d8c\u73b0\uff09<\/span><\/section>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
      • \n
        Type B\uff1a\u65b0\u7cfb\u7edf\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u52a8\u6001\u6d8c\u73b0\uff1a\u300c\u65b0\u6d8c\u73b0\u5f62\u5f0f\u300d<\/span><\/section>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
         <\/span><\/section>\n
        Type0\u662f\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u300c\u90e8\u4ef6\u5206\u79bb\u5bf9\u90e8\u4ef6\u7ed3\u5408\u300d\u7684\u6d8c\u73b0\uff0c\u7c7b\u4f3c\u4e8e\u826f\u6027\u548c\u540d\u4e49\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u3002Type1\u548cType2\u5927\u81f4\u5bf9\u5e94\u4e8e\u5f31\u6d8c\u73b0\u548c\u5f3a\u6d8c\u73b0\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u4ed6\u63cf\u8ff0\u7684\u5f3a\u6d8c\u73b0\u6982\u5ff5\u6709\u70b9\u7279\u522b\uff08\u300c\u5f3a\u6d8c\u73b0\u662f\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u5c5e\u6027\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0d\u80fd\u5728\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u90e8\u5206\u5c5e\u6027\u6216\u90e8\u5206\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\u4e2d\u627e\u5230\u300d\uff09\u3002\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5f3a\u6d8c\u73b0\u6027\uff0c\u4ed6\u6b63\u786e\u6307\u51fa\u4e86\u5728\u7cfb\u7edf\u5168\u5c40\u6c34\u5e73\u548c\u4e3b\u4f53\u5c40\u90e8\u6c34\u5e73\u4e4b\u95f4\uff0c\u5b58\u5728\u7740\u4e2d\u95f4\u6210\u5206\u6216\u7ec4\u5408\u3002Type3\u5219\u901a\u8fc7\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u6d8c\u73b0\u884c\u4e3a\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u5206\u7c7b\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6d8c\u73b0\u884c\u4e3a\u4ea7\u751f\u4e8e\u4e0e\u73af\u5883\u7684\u4e92\u52a8\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
         <\/span><\/section>\n

        \n
        3.3 \u5143\u80de\u81ea\u52a8\u673a\u7684\u5206\u7c7b\u6cd5<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/section>\n<\/h4>\n
         <\/span><\/section>\n
        \u6839\u636e\u5143\u80de\u81ea\u52a8\u673a<\/span>\uff08Cellular Automata\uff0cCA\uff09<\/span>\u7684\u601d\u60f3\uff0cStephen Wolfram \u548c David Eppstein \u5bf9\u6d8c\u73b0\u5206\u522b\u6709\u4e24\u79cd\u4e00\u822c\u5206\u7c7b\u6cd5\u3002Wolfram \u7684CA\u56db\u5206\u7c7b\u662f[19]\uff1a\u540c\u8d28\u6027<\/span>\uff08homogeneous\uff0cClass I\uff09<\/span>\u3001\u5468\u671f\u6027<\/span>\uff08regular\uff0cClass II\uff09<\/span>\u3001\u6df7\u6c8c\u6027<\/span>\uff08chaotic\uff0cClass III\uff09<\/span>\u548c\u590d\u6742\u6027<\/span>\uff08complex\uff0cClass IV\uff09<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

        <\/section>\n
        Eppstein \u66f4\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u4e09\u5206\u7c7b\u6cd5[20]\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u514b\u670d Wolfram \u65b9\u6848\u56f0\u96be\u800c\u5236\u5b9a\u7684\u3002\u4ed6\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u4e09\u4e2a\u4e3b\u8981\u7c7b\u522b\uff1a
        <\/span><\/section>\n

        <\/section>\n
          \n
        • \n
          \u6536\u7f29\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd<\/span>\uff08Contraction impossible\uff0c\u8d1f\u53cd\u9988\uff09<\/span><\/section>\n<\/li>\n
        • \n
          \u81a8\u80c0\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd<\/span>\uff08Expansion impossible\uff0c\u6b63\u53cd\u9988\uff09<\/span><\/section>\n<\/li>\n
        • \n
          \u80c0\u7f29\u90fd\u53ef\u80fd<\/span>\uff08Both expansion and contraction possible\uff0c\u8d1f\u548c\u6b63\u53cd\u9988\uff09<\/span><\/section>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n
             <\/span><\/section>\n

          \n
          \n
          \n
          \n
          \n
             <\/span><\/section>\n

          \n
          \n
          \n
          \n
          \n

          <\/section>\n

          <\/section>\n
          \n
          <\/svg><\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n
          \n

          4. \u65b0\u5206\u7c7b\u6cd5<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n

          \n

          <\/section>\n

          <\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/h3>\n<\/section>\n
          \n

          <\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/h3>\n
          4.1 \u65b0\u5206\u7c7b\u6cd5<\/span><\/strong><\/section>\n

          <\/section>\n
          \u672c\u6587\u7684\u5206\u7c7b\u6cd5\u57fa\u4e8e\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u53cd\u9988\u7c7b\u578b\u3001\u56e0\u679c\u5173\u7cfb\u53ca\u6548\u5e94\u7684\u6574\u4f53\u7ed3\u6784\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e0e Eppstein \u5bf9CA \u7684\u5206\u7c7b\u5b8c\u5168\u543b\u5408\u3002\u56e0\u679c\u6027\u6216\u56e0\u679c\u6548\u5e94\u662f\u6240\u6709\u5f62\u5f0f\u548c\u7c7b\u578b\u6d8c\u73b0\u7684\u81ea\u7136\u79e9\u5e8f\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u539f\u56e0\u901a\u5e38\u662f\u6d8c\u73b0\u4e2d\u6700\u4e0d\u660e\u786e\u7684\u4e00\u70b9\uff1a\u5373\u6d8c\u73b0\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u539f\u56e0\u4e0d\u80fd\u88ab\u7acb\u523b\u770b\u5230\u6216\u663e\u73b0\u7684\u6548\u679c\u6216\u4e8b\u4ef6\u3002\u4e00\u4e2a\u5173\u4e8e\u6d8c\u73b0\u8fc7\u7a0b\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u603b\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u56e0\u679c\u5173\u7cfb\u6216\u56e0\u679c\u6027\u95ee\u9898\u2014\u2014\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u660e\u663e\u7684\u6548\u679c\u5bfb\u627e\u4e00\u4e2a\u9690\u85cf\u7684\u539f\u56e0\u3002\u4e0d\u540c\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u6d8c\u73b0\u636e\u6b64\u53ef\u4ee5\u5927\u81f4\u5206\u6210\u56db\u79cd\u7c7b\u578b\u6216\u7c7b\u522b\uff1a<\/span><\/section>\n
            \n
          • \n
            Type I \u7b80\u5355\/\u540d\u4e49\u6d8c\u73b0<\/span>\uff08Simple\/Nominal\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u4e0b\u5411\u53cd\u9988<\/span><\/section>\n<\/li>\n
              \n
            • \n
              Type Ia\uff1a\u6709\u610f\u7b80\u5355\u6d8c\u73b0<\/span>\uff08Intentional\uff09<\/span><\/section>\n<\/li>\n
            • \n
              Type Ib\uff1a\u65e0\u610f\u7b80\u5355\u6d8c\u73b0<\/span>\uff08Unintentional\uff09<\/span><\/section>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
            • \n
              Type II \u5f31\u6d8c\u73b0<\/span>\uff08Weak Emergence\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u5305\u542b\u4e0b\u5411\u53cd\u9988<\/span><\/section>\n<\/li>\n
                \n
              • \n
                Type IIa \u7a33\u6001\u5f31\u6d8c\u73b0<\/span>\uff08Stable\uff09<\/span><\/section>\n<\/li>\n
              • \n
                Type IIb \u975e\u7a33\u6001\u5f31\u6d8c\u73b0<\/span>\uff08Instable\uff09<\/span><\/section>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
              • \n
                Type III \u591a\u91cd\u6d8c\u73b0<\/span>\uff08Multiple Emergence\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u5177\u6709\u591a\u91cd\u53cd\u9988<\/span><\/section>\n<\/li>\n
                  \n
                • \n
                  Type IIIa\uff1a\u6761\u7eb9\u3001\u6591\u70b9\u3001\u5192\u6ce1\u578b Stripes\u3001Spots\u3001Bubbling<\/span><\/section>\n<\/li>\n
                • \n
                  Type IIIb\uff1a\u96a7\u7a7f<\/span>\uff08Tunneling\uff09<\/span>\u3001\u81ea\u9002\u5e94\u578b<\/span>\uff08Adaptive Emergence\uff09<\/span><\/section>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
                • \n
                  Type IV \u5f3a\u6d8c\u73b0<\/span>\uff08Strong Emergence\uff09<\/span><\/section>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                  <\/section>\n
                  \u7b2cI\u578b<\/span>\uff08Type I\uff09<\/span>\u6d8c\u73b0\u5b8c\u5168\u4e0d\u5305\u542b\u53cd\u9988\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u300c\u524d\u9988\u300d\u5173\u7cfb<\/span>\uff08feedforward\uff09<\/span>[21]\u3002\u7b2cII\u578b<\/span>\uff08Type II\uff09<\/span>\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u7279\u5f81\u662f\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u53cd\u9988\uff1a(a)\u6b63\u53cd\u9988\u6216(b)\u8d1f\u53cd\u9988\u3002\u591a\u91cd\u53cd\u9988\u3001\u5b66\u4e60\u548c\u81ea\u9002\u5e94\u5219\u5bf9\u7b2cIII\u578b<\/span>\uff08Type II\uff09<\/span>\u5f88\u91cd\u8981\u3002Holland \u5728\u8c08\u5230\u9002\u5e94\u6027\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u7684\u6d8c\u73b0\u65f6\u8bf4\uff0c\u300c\u4efb\u4f55\u5bf9\u6d8c\u73b0\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u90fd\u5fc5\u987b\u4e25\u8083\u9762\u5bf9\u5b66\u4e60\u300d[22]\u3002\u7b2cIII\u578b\u51fa\u73b0\u5728\u6709\u8bb8\u591a\u53cd\u9988\u5faa\u73af\u7684\u975e\u5e38\u590d\u6742\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u6216\u6709\u667a\u80fd\u4e3b\u4f53\u7684\u590d\u6742\u9002\u5e94\u6027\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\uff0c\u5b83\u662f\u5728\u6d8c\u73b0\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u5177\u6709\u5927\u91cf\u5916\u90e8\u6027\u5f71\u54cd\u7684\u7c7b\u522b<\/span>\uff08\u5373 Heylighen \u548c Bar-Yam \u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e0e\u73af\u5883\u5173\u7cfb\u5c5e\u6027\u4e2d\u5185\u90e8\u6027\/\u5916\u90e8\u6027\u7ef4\u5ea6\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u81f3\u4e8e\u7b2cIV\u578b<\/span>\uff08Type IV\uff09<\/span>\u6d8c\u73b0\uff0c\u7528 Heylighen[23]\u7684\u8bdd\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u5176\u7279\u70b9\u662f\u591a\u7ea7\u6d8c\u73b0<\/span>\uff08multi-level\uff09<\/span>\u548c\u6240\u521b\u9020\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u7684\u5927\u91cf\u591a\u6837\u6027\uff0c\u5373\u7531\u4e8e\u7ec4\u5408\u7206\u70b8\uff0c\u6d8c\u73b0\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u72b6\u6001\u7684\u6570\u91cf\u90fd\u662f\u5929\u6587\u6570\u5b57\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u8d1f\u8d23\u4ea7\u751f\u66f4\u9ad8\u5c42\u6b21\u590d\u6742\u6027\u7ed3\u6784\u7684\u6d8c\u73b0\u5f62\u5f0f\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u5728\u539f\u5219\u4e0a\u4e5f\u4e0d\u80fd\u8fd8\u539f\u4e3a\u57fa\u672c\u6210\u5206\u5c5e\u6027\u548c\u89c4\u5f8b\u7684\u76f4\u63a5\u5f71\u54cd\u3002
                  <\/span><\/section>\n

                  <\/section>\n
                  Stephen Jones \u7528\u7c7b\u4f3c\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u5168\u9762\u7684\u5206\u7c7b\u6cd5[24]\u3002\u4ed6\u7528\u53cd\u9988\u5173\u7cfb\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u6d8c\u73b0\u7684\u5206\u7c7b\u6cd5\uff0c\u5e76\u533a\u5206\u4e86\u6d8c\u73b0\u7684\u4e00\u9636<\/span>\uff08\u53ea\u6709\u300c\u524d\u9988\u300d\u5173\u7cfb\uff09<\/span>\u3001\u4e8c\u9636<\/span>\uff08\u53cd\u9988\u5173\u7cfb\uff09<\/span>\u548c\u4e09\u9636<\/span>\uff08\u300c\u534f\u540c\u53cd\u9988\u5173\u7cfb\uff08mutualistic feedback \uff09\u300d\uff09<\/span>\u5f62\u5f0f\u3002
                  <\/span><\/section>\n

                  <\/section>\n
                   \u4e0d\u5e78\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e09\u79cd\u5206\u7c7b\u5e76\u4e0d\u660e\u786e\uff0c\u51e0\u4e4e\u5305\u542b\u4e86\u6240\u6709\u5176\u5b83\u60c5\u51b5\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u5206\u7c7b\u6cd5\u4e2d\u4f3c\u4e4e\u5b8c\u5168\u6ca1\u6709\u5f3a\u6d8c\u73b0\u3002\u4ed6\u8fd8\u8bd5\u56fe\u8fd0\u7528\u63a7\u5236\u8bba\u4e2d\u5df2\u77e5\u4e0d\u540c\u53cd\u9988\u5f62\u5f0f\u6765\u533a\u5206\u7b2cII\u578b\u6d8c\u73b0\uff1a\u5728\u5206\u7c7b\u6cd5\u533a\u5206\u4e86\u5e26\u9519\u8bef\u8fd4\u56de\u503c\u7684\u53cd\u9988<\/span>\uff08\u8f93\u51fa\u5728\u8fd4\u56de\u5230\u8f93\u5165\u4e4b\u524d\u88ab\u8fc7\u6ee4\u548c\u9650\u5236\uff09<\/span>\u548c\u4e0d\u5e26\u8fd4\u56de\u503c\u7684\u53cd\u9988<\/span>\uff08\u8f93\u51fa\u7eaf\u88ab\u8fd4\u56de\u5230\u8f93\u5165\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u8fd9\u5e76\u975e\u4e00\u4e2a\u574f\u60f3\u6cd5\uff0c\u4f46\u5728\u6d8c\u73b0\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u5176\u89e3\u91ca\u529b\u662f\u503c\u5f97\u6000\u7591\u7684\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

                  \n

                  <\/section>\n
                  4.2 \u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u89c6\u89d2<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/section>\n<\/h4>\n
                   <\/span><\/section>\n
                  \u6b64\u5916\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u4ece\u5176\u4ed6\u89d2\u5ea6\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u4ece\u751f\u6210\u8fc7\u7a0b\u7684\u7ea6\u675f\u6216\u89d2\u8272\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u6765\u786e\u5b9a\u5206\u7c7b\uff1aI\u578b\u5bf9\u5e94\u4e8e\u56fa\u5b9a\u7684\u89d2\u8272\uff0cII\u578b\u5bf9\u5e94\u4e8e\u7075\u6d3b\u7684\u89d2\u8272\uff0cIII\u578b\u5bf9\u5e94\u4e8e\u65b0\u89d2\u8272\u7684\u51fa\u73b0\u548c\u65e7\u89d2\u8272\u7684\u6d88\u5931\uff0cIV\u578b\u5bf9\u5e94\u4e8e\u4e00\u4e2a\u5f00\u542f\u5168\u65b0\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u65b0\u89d2\u8272\u3002\u53e6\u4e00\u79cd\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u5206\u7c7b\u662f\u4f7f\u7528\u4e0d\u540c\u5c42\u6b21\u7684\u9884\u6d4b\u6027\uff1aI\u578b\u7684\u6709\u610f\u6d8c\u73b0\u662f\u53ef\u9884\u6d4b\u7684\uff0cII\u578b\u7684\u5f31\u6d8c\u73b0\u539f\u5219\u4e0a\u662f\u53ef\u9884\u6d4b\u7684<\/span>\uff08\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5e76\u975e\u6bcf\u4e2a\u7ec6\u8282\uff09<\/span>\uff0cIII\u578b\u7684\u591a\u91cd\u6d8c\u73b0\u662f\u6df7\u4e71\u7684\u6216\u5b8c\u5168\u4e0d\u53ef\u9884\u6d4b\u7684\uff0cIV\u578b\u7684\u5f3a\u6d8c\u73b0\u5728\u539f\u5219\u4e0a\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u9884\u6d4b\u7684\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

                  <\/section>\n
                  <\/section>\n

                  (\u88681\uff1a\u4f9d\u636e\u89d2\u8272\u3001\u5e38\u89c1\u7a0b\u5ea6\u548c\u53ef\u9884\u6d4b\u6027\uff0c\u4e0d\u540c\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u6d8c\u73b0\u53ca\u5bf9\u5e94\u7cfb\u7edf\u5206\u7c7b\uff09<\/span><\/p>\n


                  <\/section>\n
                  \u6240\u6709\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u5171\u540c\u8981\u7d20\u662f\u8fb9\u754c\u3001\u53cd\u9988\u6216\u8df3\u8dc3\/\u8dc3\u8fc1\u3002\u6b63\u5982\u6d8c\u73b0\u8fd9\u4e2a\u540d\u5b57\u6240\u6697\u793a\u7684\uff0c\u67d0\u4e9b\u4e1c\u897f\u7684\u6d8c\u73b0\u603b\u662f\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u660e\u786e\u8fb9\u754c\u51fa\u73b0\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u901a\u5e38\u4f1a\u53d1\u751f\u8df3\u8dc3\u6216\u8dc3\u8fc1\u5230\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u7684\u5c42\u6b21\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u51e0\u4e4e\u6240\u6709\u6709\u8da3\u7684\u6d8c\u73b0\u7c7b\u578b\u90fd\u6d89\u53ca\u67d0\u79cd\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u53cd\u9988\u548c\u4e00\u4e2a\u6216\u591a\u4e2a\u53cd\u9988\u56de\u8def\uff1a\u5982Ib\u578b\u4e2d\u7684\u5c3a\u5ea6\u4fdd\u6301\u53cd\u9988<\/span>\uff08\u70b9-\u70b9\uff09<\/span>\uff0cII\u578b\u4e2d\u7684\u5c3a\u5ea6\u4ea4\u53c9\u53cd\u9988<\/span>\uff08\u4e0a-\u4e0b\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u53e6\u5916\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u591a\u91cd\u53cd\u9988\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

                  <\/section>\n

                  <\/section>\n
                  <\/section>\n

                  (\u88682\uff1a\u4f9d\u636e\u8fb9\u754c\u3001\u53cd\u9988\u548c\u8dc3\u8fc1\u7c7b\u578b\uff0c\u4e0d\u540c\u590d\u6742\u6027\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u6d8c\u73b0\u5206\u7c7b\uff09<\/span><\/p>\n

                  \n
                  \n
                  \n
                  \n
                  \n

                  <\/span><\/section>\n
                     <\/span><\/section>\n

                  \n
                  \n
                  \n
                  \n
                  \n

                  <\/section>\n

                  <\/section>\n
                  \n
                  <\/svg><\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n
                  \n

                  5. \u4f8b\u5b50<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n

                  \n

                  <\/section>\n

                  <\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/h3>\n


                  <\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/h3>\n

                  \n
                  5.1 \u7b2cI\u578b\uff1a\u6ca1\u6709\u81ea\u4e0a\u800c\u4e0b\u53cd\u9988\u7684\u7b80\u5355\u6d8c\u73b0<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/section>\n<\/h3>\n

                  \n

                  <\/section>\n
                  5.1 a\uff09\u7b80\u5355\u6709\u610f\/\u540d\u4e49\u6027\u6d8c\u73b0<\/span><\/section>\n<\/h4>\n
                  Ia\u578b\u4e2d\u552f\u4e00\u88ab\u7ea6\u675f\u7684\u751f\u6210\u89d2\u8272\u3001\u6216\u81ea\u4e0a\u800c\u4e0b\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u662f\u5bf9\u673a\u5668\u7684\u6709\u610f\u8bbe\u8ba1\uff1a\u4e00\u79cd\u7279\u5b9a\u3001\u56fa\u5b9a\u7684\u89d2\u8272\u88ab\u5206\u914d\u5230\u6bcf\u4e2a\u5355\u5143\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u89d2\u8272\u4f5c\u7528\u5728\u65f6\u95f4\u4e2d\u4e0d\u4f1a\u6539\u53d8\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\u6bcf\u4e2a\u90e8\u5206\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u603b\u662f\u76f8\u540c\u7684\uff0c\u4e0e\u5176\u5b83\u90e8\u5206\u7684\u72b6\u6001\u3001\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u6574\u4f53\u72b6\u6001\u548c\u73af\u5883\u65e0\u5173\u3002\u5177\u6709Ia\u578b\u6d8c\u73b0\u7684\u590d\u6742\u6027\u6216\u8bbe\u8ba1\u7684\u673a\u5668\u529f\u80fd\uff0c\u662f\u5355\u4e2a\u96f6\u4ef6\u548c\u7ec4\u4ef6\u8ba1\u5212\u53d7\u63a7\u4e0b\u4ea4\u4e92\u7684\u6709\u610f\u6d8c\u73b0\u5c5e\u6027\uff1a 
                  <\/span><\/section>\n
                   <\/span><\/section>\n
                    \n
                  • \n
                    \u4e00\u53f0\u673a\u5668\u7684\u529f\u80fd\u662f\u5176\u7ec4\u4ef6\u7684\u6d8c\u73b0\u5c5e\u6027\uff1b<\/span><\/section>\n<\/li>\n
                  • \n
                    \u4e00\u4e2a\u8f6f\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u529f\u80fd\u662f\u5e95\u5c42\u4ee3\u7801\u7684\u6d8c\u73b0\u5c5e\u6027\uff1b<\/span><\/section>\n<\/li>\n
                  • \n
                    \u4e00\u4e2a\u53e5\u5b50\u7684\u8bed\u4e49\u4fe1\u606f\u662f\u53e5\u5b50\u4e2d\u58f0\u97f3\u548c\u5355\u8bcd\u7684\u6d8c\u73b0\u5c5e\u6027\uff0c\u4e14\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u6392\u5217\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                    <\/section>\n
                    <\/section>\n

                    (\u56fe4\uff1a\u949f\u8868\u3001\u5305\u62ec\u590d\u6742\u7684\u673a\u5668\u662f\u88ab\u8bbe\u8ba1\u51fa\u7684\u7b80\u5355\u6709\u610f\u6d8c\u73b0\uff09<\/span><\/p>\n


                    <\/section>\n
                    \u5728\u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u6d8c\u73b0\u7684\u5178\u578b\u60c5\u51b5\u662f\uff0c\u65b0\u7684\u89d2\u8272\u88ab\u5206\u914d\u7ed9\u4e3b\u4f53\u548c\u884c\u52a8\u8005\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u7c7b\u578b\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e0d\u5141\u8bb8\u6709\u5176\u5b83\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u89d2\u8272\u5206\u914d\u3002\u4e00\u4e2a\u5178\u578b\u89d2\u8272\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\u662f\u5728\u8681\u7fa4\u4e2d\u89c5\u98df\u65f6\u7684\u300c\u63a2\u7d22\u8005\u300d\u4e0e\u300c\u8ddf\u968f\u8005\u300d\u6216 \u300c\u8fd0\u8f93\u8005\u300d\u3002\u5728\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u7a0b\u5e8f\u6216\u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e00\u4e2a\u7ec4\u4ef6\u548c\u5bf9\u8c61\u90fd\u662f\u67d0\u79cd\u5b9a\u4e49\u597d\u7684\u89d2\u8272\uff0c\u5e76\u53d7\u5230\u660e\u786e\u7406\u89e3\u89c4\u5219\u7684\u7ea6\u675f\u3002\u624b\u8868\u9f7f\u8f6e\u5728\u624b\u8868\u4e2d\u5f53\u7136\u5177\u6709\u4ee5\u524d\u6ca1\u6709\u7684\u89d2\u8272\uff0c\u4f46\u4e00\u65e6\u5b83\u4eec\u88ab\u5185\u7f6e\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4f5c\u7528\u5c31\u4e0d\u4f1a\u518d\u6539\u53d8\u3002 
                    <\/span><\/section>\n

                    <\/span><\/section>\n
                    \u5982\u679c\u6bcf\u4e2a\u90e8\u5206\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u90fd\u72ec\u7acb\u4e8e\u5176\u5b83\u90e8\u5206\u7684\u72b6\u6001\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u673a\u5668\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u5c31\u662f\u786e\u5b9a\u7684\u548c\u53ef\u9884\u6d4b\u7684\uff1a\u6309\u7167 Ashby[25]\u7684\u8bf4\u6cd5\uff0c\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u662f\u300c\u81ea\u7ec4\u7ec7\u300d\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u4ece\u300c\u90e8\u4ef6\u5206\u79bb\u300d\u53d8\u4e3a \u300c\u90e8\u4ef6\u7ed3\u5408\u300d\u3002Ia\u578b\u6d8c\u73b0\u7684\u5178\u578b\u662f\u666e\u901a\u673a\u5668\u7684\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u949f\u8868\u6216\u84b8\u6c7d\u673a\u3002Ashby \u5bf9\u673a\u5668\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\u5982\u4e0b\uff1a<\/span><\/section>\n
                    \n
                    \u300c\u673a\u5668\u300d\u662f\u6307\u4ee5\u7c7b\u4f3c\u673a\u68b0\u65b9\u5f0f\u884c\u4e8b\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\uff0c\u5373\u5b83\u7684\u5185\u90e8\u72b6\u6001\u548c\u5468\u56f4\u73af\u5883\u72b6\u6001\u552f\u4e00\u5730\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e86\u5b83\u5c06\u8fdb\u5165\u7684\u4e0b\u4e00\u4e2a\u72b6\u6001 [25]\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n<\/blockquote>\n

                    <\/section>\n
                    \u540d\u4e49\u6216\u6709\u610f\u8fd9\u79cd\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u6d8c\u73b0\u5bf9\u4eba\u5e76\u4e0d\u964c\u751f\u3002\u5b83\u5df2\u7ecf\u88ab\u4f7f\u7528\u4e86\u597d\u51e0\u4e2a\u4e16\u7eaa\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\u4eba\u4eec\u6709\u67d0\u79cd\u610f\u56fe\u3001\u76ee\u7684\u6216\u8ba1\u5212\u521b\u9020\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u4e2a\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u5bf9\u7cfb\u7edf\u8fdb\u884c\u8c03\u8bd5\u548c\u6539\u53d8\uff0c\u76f4\u5230\u4ece\u96f6\u4ef6\u548c\u90e8\u4ef6\u7684\u7ec4\u88c5\u4e2d\u51fa\u73b0\u7684\u529f\u80fd\u4e0e\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5355\u4e00\u76ee\u7684\u5b8c\u5168\u543b\u5408\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

                    <\/span><\/section>\n
                    \u7136\u800c\uff0c\u6b63\u5982\u6211\u4eec\u5728\u5177\u6709\u5b8c\u5168\u81ea\u4e0a\u800c\u4e0b\u63a7\u5236\u7684\u5927\u578b\u7cfb\u7edf\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\u547d\u4ee4\u4e0b\u7684\u8ba1\u5212\u7ecf\u6d4e\uff09\u4e2d\u6240\u89c2\u5bdf\u5230\u7684\u90a3\u6837\uff0c\u6709\u610f\u6d8c\u73b0\u603b\u4f1a\u6709\u7f3a\u70b9\u3002 \u5177\u6709Ia\u578b\u6d8c\u73b0\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u5178\u578b\u7f3a\u70b9\u662f\u8106\u5f31\u6027\uff0c\u6216\u7f3a\u4e4f\u7075\u6d3b\u9002\u5e94\u6027\u3002\u5b9a\u4e49\u660e\u786e\u3001\u6709\u8ba1\u5212\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\u662f100%\u53ef\u9760\u3001\u5e76\u603b\u662f\u5c3d\u804c\u5c3d\u8d23\u5c65\u884c\u4e49\u52a1\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u5982\u679c\u6ca1\u6709\u5197\u4f59\u7ec4\u4ef6\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u90e8\u4ef6\u7684\u7f3a\u9677\u5c31\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u81f4\u4f7f\u6574\u4e2a\u7cfb\u7edf\u505c\u6b62\u8fd0\u884c\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

                    <\/section>\n
                    5.1 b)  \u7b80\u5355\u7684\u65e0\u610f\u6d8c\u73b0<\/span><\/section>\n
                    \u5927\u91cf\u76f8\u540c\u7c92\u5b50\u7684\u7edf\u8ba1\u91cf\u548c\u5b8f\u89c2\u5c5e\u6027\u662f\u672a\u88ab\u6ce8\u610f\u7684Ib\u578b\u6d8c\u73b0\u4f8b\u5b50\uff08\u5982\u679c\u5b83\u4eec\u548c\u7c92\u5b50\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u6709\u4f9d\u8d56\uff09\uff1a
                    <\/span><\/section>\n

                    <\/section>\n
                      \n
                    • \n
                      \u70ed\u529b\u5b66\u5c5e\u6027\uff0c\u5982\u538b\u529b\u3001\u4f53\u79ef\u3001\u6e29\u5ea6\uff1b<\/span><\/section>\n<\/li>\n
                    • \n
                      \u7279\u5f81\u8def\u5f84\u957f\u5ea6\u548c\u7f51\u7edc\u4e2d\u7684\u805a\u7c7b\u7cfb\u6570\uff1b<\/span><\/section>\n<\/li>\n
                    • \n
                      \u6d8c\u73b0\u7684\u7269\u7406\u5c5e\u6027\uff0c\u5982\u96ea\u5d29\u3001\u6ce2\u9635\u9762\uff08wave-front\uff09\u6216\u6c99\u5806\u7684\u5761\u5ea6\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
                       <\/span><\/section>\n
                      Ib\u578b\u6d8c\u73b0\u51fa\u73b0\u5728\u4e00\u7c7b\u6709\u8bb8\u591a\u677e\u6563\u8026\u5408\u3001\u65e0\u7ec4\u7ec7\u548c\u5e73\u7b49\u5143\u7d20\u7ec4\u6210\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\uff0c\u5b83\u62e5\u6709\u8bf8\u5982\u6e29\u5ea6\u6216\u538b\u529b\u4e4b\u7c7b\u7684\u67d0\u4e9b\u5e73\u5747\u5c5e\u6027\u3002\u5b83\u52c9\u5f3a\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u6d8c\u73b0\uff0c\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u628a\u5927\u91cf\u4e2a\u4f53\u7684\u5c5e\u6027\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e3a\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u5e73\u5747\u5c5e\u6027\u603b\u548c\u3002\u5e73\u5747\u91cf\u672c\u8eab\u5e76\u975e\u4e00\u79cd\u6d8c\u73b0\u7684\u7279\u5f81\uff0c\u7136\u800c\u5982\u679c\u5b83\u4eec\u548c\u7c92\u5b50\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u6709\u4f9d\u8d56\uff0c\u5b9a\u4e49\u805a\u5408\u4f53\u5c5e\u6027\u7684\u7edf\u8ba1\u91cf\u5219\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u6d8c\u73b0\u7279\u6027\uff0c\u867d\u7136\u8fd9\u65f6\u5b83\u4eec\u5bf9\u5355\u4e2a\u7c92\u5b50\u800c\u8a00\u6ca1\u6709\u610f\u4e49\u3002\u50cf\u538b\u529b\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u91cf\u4e0d\u80fd\u5e94\u7528\u4e8e\u5355\u4e2a\u7c92\u5b50\uff0c\u5355\u4e2a\u6c99\u7c92\u6ca1\u6709\u5761\u5ea6\u53ef\u8a00\uff0c\u7f51\u7edc\u4e2d\u7684\u5355\u4e2a\u8282\u70b9\u4e5f\u6ca1\u6709\u8def\u5f84\u957f\u5ea6\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

                      <\/span><\/section>\n
                      <\/section>\n

                       (\u56fe5\uff1a\u6c34\u7684\u5b8f\u89c2\u7279\u5f81\u548c\u7269\u7406\u5c5e\u6027\u662f\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u65e0\u610f\u6d8c\u73b0\uff09<\/span><\/p>\n


                      <\/section>\n
                      \u5927\u591a\u6570\u5e73\u5747\u91cf\u53ea\u662f\u5e94\u7528\u4e8e\u6bcf\u5757\u5c5e\u6027\u7684\u5e73\u5747\u6570<\/span>\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u79d1\u5b66\u535a\u58eb\u7684\u5e73\u5747\u5de5\u8d44\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u4e0d\u662fIb\u578b\u6d8c\u73b0\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u4eec\u8fdd\u53cd\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u5c5e\u6027\u53ea\u6709\u5728\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u6574\u4f53\u800c\u975e\u90e8\u5206\u65f6\u624d\u662f\u6d8c\u73b0\u7684\u89c2\u5ff5\u3002<\/span>\uff08\u8bd1\u6ce8\uff1a\u8fd9\u610f\u5473\u7740\u53ea\u6709\u5728\u6ca1\u6709\u5e73\u5747\u6807\u5ea6\u7684\u5e42\u5f8b\u73b0\u8c61\u6216\u5206\u5f62\u4e2d\u624d\u6709\u6d8c\u73b0\uff0c\u76f8\u5bf9\u6b63\u6001\u6216\u5e73\u5747\u5206\u5e03\u5219\u6ca1\u6709\uff09<\/span>\u5373\u4f7f\u6ca1\u6709\u81ea\u4e0a\u800c\u4e0b\u7684\u53cd\u9988\uff0c\u5728\u4e3b\u4f53\u6216\u7c92\u5b50\u5c3a\u5ea6\u4e0a\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u6709\u7c7b\u4f3c\u8fde\u9501\u53cd\u5e94\u6216\u591a\u7c73\u8bfa\u6548\u5e94\u7684\u7b80\u5355\u53cd\u9988\uff1a\u4e00\u4e2a\u7c92\u5b50\u88ab\u6fc0\u53d1\uff0c\u5f71\u54cd\u5230\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u7684\u7c92\u5b50\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u7684\u7c92\u5b50\u518d\u88ab\u6fc0\u53d1\u2026\u2026\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u5c3a\u5ea6\u4fdd\u6301<\/span>\uff08\u70b9-\u70b9\uff09<\/span>\u5f62\u5f0f\u53cd\u9988\u5bfc\u81f4\u4e86\u6ce2\u6d6a\u3001\u8fde\u9501\u53cd\u5e94\u3001\u7ea7\u8054\u548c\u96ea\u5d29\u7b49\u7b49\u53d1\u751f\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

                      <\/section>\n
                      <\/section>\n

                      \uff08\u56fe6\uff1a\u6ca1\u6709\u81ea\u4e0a\u800c\u4e0b\u53cd\u9988\u3001\u7531\u7c92\u5b50\u6fc0\u53d1\u5f62\u6210\u7684\u7b80\u5355\u6d8c\u73b0\uff09<\/span><\/p>\n


                      <\/section>\n
                      5.2 \u7b2cII\u578b\uff1a\u5305\u62ec\u81ea\u4e0a\u800c\u4e0b\u53cd\u9988\u7684\u5f31\u6d8c\u73b0<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/section>\n

                      <\/section>\n
                      \u7b2cII\u578b\u6d8c\u73b0\u5305\u62ec\u4ece\u5b8f\u89c2\u5230\u5fae\u89c2\u5c42\u9762\u7684\u81ea\u4e0a\u800c\u4e0b\u53cd\u9988\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\u8003\u8651\u4e00\u4e2a\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u786e\u5b9a\u5404\u79cd\u7a7a\u95f4\u5206\u8fa8\u7387\u5c42\u6b21<\/span>\uff08\u4e3b\u4f53-\u7fa4\u4f53\u3001\u5b9e\u4f53-\u7cfb\u7edf\u3001\u4e2a\u4f53-\u7fa4\u843d\u3001\u7c92\u5b50-\u96c6\u7fa4\u2026\u2026\uff09<\/span>\u7684\u591a\u4f53\u7cfb\u7edf<\/span>\uff08Multi Agent System\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u5728\u4e3b\u4f53\u6781\u5fae\u89c2\u5c42\u9762\u4e0a\uff0c\u8bb8\u591a\u5355\u4e2a\u4e2a\u4f53\u6216\u5b9e\u4f53\u5728\u5c40\u90e8\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u4e92\u52a8\u5bfc\u81f4\u66f4\u9ad8\u7684\u5c42\u6b21\u4e0a\u51fa\u73b0\u4e86\u4e00\u79cd\u65b0\u578b\u3001\u901a\u5e38\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u9884\u6d4b\u7684\u6a21\u5f0f\u3002\u5728\u7fa4\u4f53\u6216\u6574\u4e2a\u7cfb\u7edf\u5b8f\u89c2\u6c34\u5e73\u4e0a\uff0c\u6240\u8c13\u6d8c\u73b0\u73b0\u8c61\u2014\u2014\u6211\u4eec\u6240\u53d1\u73b0\u672a\u9884\u6599\u5230\u7684\u6a21\u5f0f\u3001\u7ed3\u6784\u6216\u5c5e\u6027\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u5728\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\u89c4\u5f8b\u4e2d\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u76f4\u63a5\u89c4\u5b9a\uff0c\u4f46\u53cd\u8fc7\u6765\u5374\u4f1a\u901a\u8fc7\u53cd\u9988\u8fc7\u7a0b\u5f71\u54cd\u5b9e\u4f53\u4f4e\u5c42\u6b21\u95f4\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

                      <\/span><\/section>\n
                      <\/section>\n

                      \uff08\u56fe7\uff1a\u9c7c\u7fa4\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u5b58\u5728\u81ea\u4e0a\u800c\u4e0b\u53cd\u9988\u7684\u6d8c\u73b0\uff09<\/span><\/p>\n


                      <\/span><\/p>\n

                      \u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u9c7c\u7fa4\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5f71\u54cd\u6bcf\u53ea\u53c2\u4e0e\u52a8\u7269\u8fd0\u52a8\u7684\u6d8c\u73b0\u5c5e\u6027\u3002\u5b83\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u7b2c\u4e8c\u7c7b\u6d8c\u73b0\uff0c\u5373\u5f31\u6d8c\u73b0\u6765\u89e3\u91ca\u548c\u63cf\u8ff0\u3002M.A. Bedau \u5bf9\u5f31\u6d8c\u73b0\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\u5982\u4e0b\uff1a\u5982\u679c\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b8f\u89c2\u72b6\u6001\u6216\u5c5e\u6027\u53ea\u80fd\u4ece\u5fae\u89c2\u52a8\u6001\u901a\u8fc7\u6a21\u62df\u5f97\u5230\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u5b83\u5c31\u662f\u5f31\u6d8c\u73b0\u7684[26]\u3002\u5728\u5f31\u6d8c\u73b0\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e0d\u50cf\u7b80\u5355\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u540d\u4e49\u6d8c\u73b0\u6216\u610f\u5411\u6d8c\u73b0\u90a3\u6837\uff0c\u53ea\u5b58\u5728\u5fae\u89c2\u548c\u5b8f\u89c2\u5c42\u6b21\u7684\u552f\u4e00\u56e0\u679c\u65b9\u5411\uff0c\u5b83\u5728\u4e24\u4e2a\u65b9\u5411\u4e0a\u90fd\u6709\u56e0\u679c\u5173\u7cfb\u3002
                      <\/span><\/section>\n

                      <\/span><\/section>\n
                      \u6709\u4e24\u79cd\u57fa\u672c\u7684\u4e92\u52a8\u5f62\u5f0f\u4f1a\u5bfc\u81f4\u5f31\u6d8c\u73b0[27]\uff1a<\/span><\/section>\n

                      <\/section>\n
                      <\/section>\n

                      \uff08\u56fe8\uff1a\u5f31\u6d8c\u73b0\u5f62\u6210\u7684\u4ea4\u4e92\u6a21\u5f0f\uff09<\/span><\/p>\n


                      <\/section>\n
                      \u76f4\u63a5\u4ea4\u4e92<\/span>\uff08Direct Interaction\uff09<\/span>\uff1a\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u7684\u4e3b\u4f53\u6216\u5b9e\u4f53\u76f4\u63a5\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\uff0c\u5bfc\u81f4\u7fa4\u4f53\u548c\u96c6\u7fa4\u7684\u5f62\u6210\uff0c\u518d\u53cd\u8fc7\u6765\u5f71\u54cd\u4e3b\u4f53\u6216\u5b9e\u4f53\u672c\u8eab\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u3002\u53ea\u6709\u5728\u4e3b\u4f53\u80fd\u591f\u533a\u5206\u4e0d\u540c\u5c3a\u5ea6\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u53cd\u9988\u624d\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5fae\u89c2\u7269\u4f53\u6709\u6392\u65a5\u4f5c\u7528\uff0c\u5b8f\u89c2\u7269\u4f53\u6709\u5438\u5f15\u4f5c\u7528\u3002\u8fd9\u540c\u6837\u53d1\u751f\u5728\u524d\u9762\u63d0\u5230\u7684\u7ed3\u7fa4\u6280\u5de7\u4e2d\uff0c\u5982\u8702\u7fa4\u3001\u9e1f\u7fa4\u3001\u54fa\u4e73\u52a8\u7269\u7fa4\u3001\u9c7c\u7fa4\u6216\u72fc\u7fa4\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
                       <\/span><\/section>\n
                      \u95f4\u63a5\u4ea4\u4e92<\/span>\uff08Indirect Interaction\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u4e3b\u4f53\u6216\u5b9e\u4f53\u901a\u8fc7\u4ed6\u4eec\u5404\u81ea\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u6539\u53d8\u6574\u4e2a\u7cfb\u7edf\u548c\u73af\u5883\u7684\u72b6\u6001\uff0c\u73af\u5883\u7684\u53d8\u5316\u518d\u53cd\u8fc7\u6765\u5f71\u54cd\u4e3b\u4f53\u6216\u5b9e\u4f53\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
                       <\/span><\/section>\n
                      \u5982\u679c\u4e3b\u4f53\u80fd\u591f\u901a\u8fc7\u5177\u6709\u5168\u5c40\u6027\u548c\u6301\u4e45\u6027\u5f71\u54cd\u7684\u957f\u671f\u5c40\u90e8\u53d8\u5316\u6765\u64cd\u7eb5\u73af\u5883\uff0c\u5982\u524d\u9762\u63d0\u5230\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u7d20\u6280\u5de7<\/span>\uff08\u7528\u8d39\u6d1b\u8499\u573a\u6807\u8bb0\u611f\u5174\u8da3\u7684\u7269\u54c1\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u5982\u679c\u5b83\u4eec\u51e0\u4e4e\u540c\u6b65\u884c\u52a8\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u4f7f\u5355\u4e2a\u884c\u52a8\u7684\u6548\u679c\u6210\u500d\u589e\u52a0\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u95f4\u63a5\u53cd\u9988\u4e5f\u662f\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u3002\u81ea\u7136\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\u662f\u8682\u8681\u7fa4\u548c\u6210\u5806\u7684\u767d\u8681\uff0c\u5728\u793e\u4f1a\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u5219\u662f\u4eba\u53e3\u8fc1\u79fb\u8fc7\u7a0b\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

                      <\/span><\/section>\n
                      \u5f53\u7136\uff0c\u4e5f\u6709\u4e24\u79cd\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u6df7\u5408\u4f53\u3002\u5728\u7b2c\u4e00\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u76f4\u63a5\u4e92\u52a8\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u7fa4\u4f53\u548c\u96c6\u7fa4\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f71\u54cd\u73af\u5883\u7684\u72b6\u6001\u3002\u5728\u7b2c\u4e8c\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u73af\u5883\u7684\u95f4\u63a5\u53cd\u9988\u5f80\u5f80\u5bfc\u81f4\u7fa4\u4f53\u5f62\u6210\u7684\u5f3a\u5316\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u5728\u5177\u6709\u540c\u6b65\u884c\u52a8\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u4eea\u5f0f\u4e2d\uff0c\u5c06\u4e00\u4e2a\u7fa4\u4f53\u4eba\u4e3a\u4e00\u4f53\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

                      <\/span><\/section>\n
                      \u9664\u4e86\u76f4\u63a5\u548c\u95f4\u63a5\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u4e92\u52a8\u548c\u53cd\u9988\u5916\uff0c\u6839\u636e\u4e24\u79cd\u4e0d\u540c\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u53cd\u9988\uff0c\u8fd8\u6709\u4e24\u79cd\u4e0d\u540c\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u5f31\u51fa\u73b0\uff1a\u6d88\u6781\u6216\u963b\u5c3c\u53cd\u9988\u5bfc\u81f4\u7a33\u5b9a\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u5f31\u6d8c\u73b0\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u79ef\u6781\u6216\u653e\u5927\u53cd\u9988\u5bfc\u81f4\u7684\u4e0d\u7a33\u5b9a\u5f62\u5f0f\uff0c\u5982\u77ed\u6682\u7684\u6d41\u884c\u3001\u6ce1\u6cab\u548c\u55e1\u55e1\u58f0\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

                      <\/section>\n
                      <\/section>\n

                      \uff08\u56fe9\uff1a\u52a8\u7269\u8fc1\u5f99\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u548c\u73af\u5883\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u95f4\u63a5\u4ea4\u4e92\uff09<\/span><\/p>\n


                      <\/section>\n
                      5.2 a) \u5f31\u6d8c\u73b0<\/span>\uff08\u7a33\u5b9a\u7684\uff09<\/span><\/section>\n
                      \u8fd9\u79cd\u53cd\u9988\u901a\u5e38\u662f\u8d1f\u5411\u7684\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e3b\u4f53\u7684\u884c\u52a8\u65bd\u52a0\u7ea6\u675f\u3002IIa\u578b\u7684\u5f31\u65e0\u610f\u6d8c\u73b0\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u7ecf\u5178\u7684\u6d8c\u73b0\u5f62\u5f0f\uff0c\u5b83\u5305\u62ec\u4e86\u81ea\u4e0b\u800c\u4e0a\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u548c\u81ea\u4e0a\u800c\u4e0b\u7684\u7fa4\u4f53\u6216\u73af\u5883\u7684\u53cd\u9988\u3002\u5b83\u548c\u7fa4\u4f53\u667a\u80fd\u3001\u7fa4\u4f53\u5f62\u6210\u548c\u5171\u8bc6\u4e3b\u52a8\u6027<\/span>\uff08stigmergy\uff09<\/span>\u6709\u5173\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0e\u524d\u9762\u63d0\u5230\u7684\u7ed3\u7fa4\u548c\u4fe1\u606f\u7d20\u6280\u5de7\u6709\u5173\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff1a<\/span><\/section>\n
                       <\/span><\/section>\n
                        \n
                      • \n
                        \u8682\u8681\u7684\u89c5\u98df\u884c\u4e3a\uff1b<\/span><\/section>\n<\/li>\n
                      • \n
                        \u9c7c\u548c\u9e1f\u7684\u6210\u7fa4\u884c\u4e3a\uff1b<\/span><\/section>\n<\/li>\n
                      • \n
                        \u6db2\u4f53\u6216\u6d41\u4f53\u662f\u5206\u5b50\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u81ea\u7ec4\u7ec7\u6d8c\u73b0\u5c5e\u6027\uff1b<\/span><\/section>\n<\/li>\n
                      • \n
                        \u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u4e2d\u7684\u81ea\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5f62\u5f0f\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u4e07\u7ef4\u7f51\u548c WIKIPEDIA\uff0cLinux \u548c Mozilla\u7b49\u5f00\u6e90\u9879\u76ee\uff1b<\/span><\/section>\n<\/li>\n
                      • \n
                        \u6839\u636e\u4f9b\u9700\u5b9a\u5f8b\uff0c\u5546\u54c1\u5728\u7ecf\u6d4e\u548c\u81ea\u7531\u5e02\u573a\u4e2d\u7684\u6700\u4f18\u4ef7\u683c\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
                        <\/section>\n

                        \uff08\u56fe10\uff1a\u7a33\u5b9a\u7684\u5f31\u6d8c\u73b0\uff0c\u81ea\u4e0b\u800c\u4e0a\u6b63\u53cd\u9988\u4e0e\u81ea\u4e0a\u800c\u4e0b\u8d1f\u53cd\u9988\u7684\u5e73\u8861\uff09<\/span><\/p>\n


                        <\/section>\n
                        \u5728\u7a33\u5b9a\u7684\u5f31\u6d8c\u73b0\u5f62\u5f0f\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e00\u9762\u662f\u63a2\u7d22\u3001\u591a\u6837\u6027\u548c\u968f\u673a\u6027<\/span>\uff08\u81ea\u4e0b\u800c\u4e0a\u5f71\u54cd\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u4e00\u9762\u662f\u5229\u7528\u3001\u7edf\u4e00\u6027\u548c\u79e9\u5e8f<\/span>\uff08\u81ea\u4e0a\u800c\u4e0b\u7ea6\u675f\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u4e24\u8005\u4e4b\u95f4\u5b58\u5728\u7740\u5e73\u8861\u3002IIa\u578b\u7684\u6d8c\u73b0\u57fa\u4e8e\u4e24\u4e2a\u5c42\u6b21\uff1a\u5b83\u4eec\u88ab\u4e00\u5bf9\u81ea\u4e0b\u800c\u4e0a\u548c\u81ea\u4e0a\u800c\u4e0b\u7684\u4e92\u8865\u8fc7\u7a0b\u6240\u8fde\u63a5\u3002
                        <\/span><\/section>\n

                        <\/section>\n
                        \u591a\u6837\u6027\u548c\u300c\u63a2\u7d22\u300d\u4ea7\u751f\u4e8e\u300c\u521b\u9020\u6027\u300d\u7684\u81ea\u4e0b\u800c\u4e0a\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff0c\u8fd9\u6e90\u81ea\u5404\u7ec4\u6210\u90e8\u5206\u7684\u81ea\u4e3b\u6027\u548c\u5f7c\u6b64\u7684\u72ec\u7279\u80cc\u666f\u3002\u7edf\u4e00\u6027\u548c\u300c\u5229\u7528\u300d\u4ea7\u751f\u4e8e\u300c\u7ea6\u675f\u6027\u300d\u7684\u81ea\u4e0a\u800c\u4e0b\u53cd\u9988\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff0c\u5b83\u5bf9\u7ec4\u6210\u90e8\u5206\u6216\u4e3b\u4f53\u65bd\u52a0\u4e86\u7ea6\u675f\u2014\u2014\u7c7b\u4f3c\u4e8e\u300c\u540c\u4faa\u538b\u529b\u300d\uff0c\u8feb\u4f7f\u4ed6\u4eec\u8c03\u6574\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u6216\u6210\u4e3a\u67d0\u79cd\u89d2\u8272\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u5177\u6709\u6d8c\u73b0\u7279\u6027\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u89c2\u5bdf\u5230\u7684\u590d\u6742\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5f62\u5f0f\uff0c\u662f\u7531\u4e8e\u591a\u6837\u6027\u548c\u7edf\u4e00\u6027\u3001\u63a2\u7d22\u548c\u5229\u7528\u3001\u300c\u521b\u9020\u6027 \u300d\u7684\u81ea\u4e0b\u800c\u4e0a\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u548c \u300c\u7ea6\u675f\u6027\u300d\u7684\u81ea\u4e0a\u800c\u4e0b\u7684\u53cd\u9988\u7684\u5e73\u8861\u3002\u8681\u7fa4\u4e2d\u7684\u8682\u8681\u7531\u4e8e\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u4e2a\u4f53\u73af\u5883\u548c\u968f\u673a\u5f71\u54cd\u63a2\u7d22\u5404\u4e2a\u65b9\u5411\u3002\u7136\u800c\u5b83\u4eec\u5374\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u96c6\u4f53\u76ee\u6807\uff0c\u5e76\u88ab\u8feb\u9075\u5faa\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u7d20\u8f68\u8ff9\u3002\u9e1f\u7fa4\u4e2d\u7684\u9e1f\u513f\u5411\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u65b9\u5411\u98de\u53bb\uff0c\u4ee5\u907f\u514d\u78b0\u649e\uff0c\u4f46\u540c\u65f6\u53c8\u7d27\u7d27\u5730\u9760\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\uff0c\u8bd5\u56fe\u4e0e\u90bb\u5c45\u7684\u901f\u5ea6\u76f8\u5339\u914d\uff0c\u5e76\u8f6c\u5411\u6240\u8ba4\u4e3a\u9e1f\u7fa4\u7684\u4e2d\u5fc3\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
                         <\/span><\/section>\n
                        \u4e07\u7ef4\u7f51<\/span>\uff08WWW\uff09<\/span>\u53cd\u6620\u4e86\u4e16\u754c\u4eba\u53e3\u7684\u5de8\u5927\u591a\u6837\u6027\u3002\u6b63\u5982 Flake\u7b49\u4eba\u6240\u8bf4\uff0c\u300c\u6570\u4ee5\u767e\u4e07\u8ba1\u7684\u4e2a\u4f53\u72ec\u7acb\u8fd0\u4f5c\uff0c\u62e5\u6709\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u80cc\u666f\u3001\u77e5\u8bc6\u3001\u76ee\u6807\u548c\u6587\u5316\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5728\u7f51\u4e0a\u53d1\u5e03\u4fe1\u606f\u300d [28]\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u591a\u6837\u6027\u88abW3C\u548c\u5176\u5b83\u8054\u76df<\/span>\uff08HTML\u3001HTTP\u7b49\uff09<\/span>\u7684\u7edf\u4e00\u6807\u51c6\u548c\u7ea6\u675f\u6240\u5e73\u8861\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

                        <\/section>\n
                        <\/section>\n

                        \uff08\u56fe11\uff1a\u540c\u8d28\u5316\u7684\u300c\u6b7b\u9c7c\u300d\u65e0\u6cd5\u5f62\u6210\u9c7c\u7fa4\u53ea\u80fd\u968f\u6ce2\u9010\u6d41\uff09<\/span><\/p>\n


                        <\/span><\/p>\n

                        \u6b63\u5982 Linux\u3001Mozilla \u548c Firefox \u6d4f\u89c8\u5668\u3001WIKIPEDIA \u4ee5\u53ca\u4e16\u754c\u5404\u5730\u65e0\u6570\u5176\u5b83\u5f00\u653e\u548c\u81ea\u7531\u5408\u4f5c\u9879\u76ee\u6301\u7eed\u6210\u529f\u6240\u663e\u793a\u7684\u90a3\u6837\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u81ea\u7ec4\u7ec7\u53ef\u4ee5\u975e\u5e38\u5f3a\u5927\u3002WIKIPEDIA \u4f9d\u9760\u7684\u662f\u5176\u53c2\u4e0e\u8005\u548c\u8d21\u732e\u8005\u7684\u591a\u6837\u6027\u3002\u5982\u679c\u5b83\u7531\u4e00\u652f\u514b\u9686\u5927\u519b\u521b\u5efa\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e2a\u53c2\u4e0e\u8005\u90fd\u4e0e\u540c\u884c\u5b8c\u5168\u76f8\u540c\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u5b83\u5c31\u4e0d\u4f1a\u6210\u529f\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u8fd8\u6709\u4e00\u79cd\u7edf\u4e00\u7684\u529b\u91cf\u80fd\u8ba9\u5176\u4fdd\u6301\u7edf\u4e00\u6027\uff1a\u6bcf\u4e2a\u53c2\u4e0e\u8005\u90fd\u4f7f\u7528\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u7b80\u5355\u7f16\u8f91\u5668\uff0c\u9075\u5b88\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u7b80\u5355\u89c4\u5219\u3002
                        <\/span><\/section>\n

                        <\/section>\n
                        <\/section>\n

                         \uff08\u56fe12\uff1a\u5728\u9075\u5faa\u76f8\u540c\u7b80\u5355\u89c4\u5219\u4e0b\uff0c\u7ef4\u57fa\u767e\u79d1\u662f\u591a\u6837\u5316\u81ea\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5171\u521b\u7684\u5178\u8303\uff09<\/span><\/p>\n


                        <\/section>\n
                        \u5728\u7ecf\u6d4e\u6d3b\u52a8\u548c\u81ea\u7531\u5e02\u573a\u4e2d\uff0c\u5546\u54c1\u7684\u6700\u4f73\u5b9a\u4ef7\u6d8c\u73b0\u81ea\u9075\u5b88\u5f53\u5730\u5546\u4e1a\u89c4\u5219\u548c\u4f9b\u9700\u5b9a\u5f8b\u7684\u4e3b\u4f53\u95f4\u4e92\u52a8\u3002\u5b83\u57fa\u4e8e\u8d1f\u5411\u7a33\u5b9a\u7684\u53cd\u9988\uff1a\u9ad8\u9700\u6c42\u6216\u8d44\u6e90\u4f9b\u5e94\u4e0d\u8db3\u5bfc\u81f4\u9ad8\u4ef7\u683c\uff0c\u9ad8\u4ef7\u683c\u53cd\u8fc7\u6765\u51cf\u5c11\u9700\u6c42\uff0c\u589e\u52a0\u8d44\u6e90\u3002\u4f4e\u9700\u6c42\u6216\u8d44\u6e90\u4f9b\u5e94\u8fc7\u5269\u5bfc\u81f4\u4f4e\u4ef7\u683c\uff0c\u4f4e\u4ef7\u683c\u53cd\u8fc7\u6765\u589e\u52a0\u9700\u6c42\uff0c\u51cf\u5c11\u8d44\u6e90\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u9700\u6c42\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u8d1f\u53cd\u9988\u6765\u6539\u53d8\u7684\uff0c\u76f4\u5230\u8fbe\u5230\u90e8\u5206\u5e73\u8861\u3002\u4f9b\u9700\u5b9a\u5f8b\u5047\u5b9a\u5e02\u573a\u662f\u5b8c\u5168\u7ade\u4e89\u7684<\/span>\uff08\u6ca1\u6709\u884c\u52a8\u8005\u6709\u8db3\u591f\u529b\u91cf\u80fd\u76f4\u63a5\u5f71\u54cd\u4ef7\u683c\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u4e14\u4e3b\u4f53\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u662f\u7406\u6027\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u60c5\u51b5\u5e76\u975e\u603b\u662f\u5982\u6b64\u3002\u4e00\u4e2a\u53ea\u6a21\u4eff\u522b\u4eba\u7684\u4eba\u884c\u4e3a\u5c31\u4e0d\u662f\u7406\u6027\u7684\uff0c\u5373\u4ed6\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u4e0d\u662f\u6700\u4f18\u7684\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u4ed6\u5c06\u652f\u4ed8\u4e00\u4e2a\u5e76\u4e0d\u5145\u5206\u6216\u9002\u5f53\u7684\u4ea7\u54c1\u4ef7\u683c\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

                        <\/section>\n
                        <\/section>\n

                        \uff08\u56fe13\uff1a\u81ea\u7531\u8d38\u6613\u5e26\u6765\u4e86\u5168\u7403\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7684\u7e41\u8363\uff09<\/span><\/p>\n


                        <\/section>\n

                        \n
                        5.2 b) \u5f31\u6d8c\u73b0<\/span>\uff08\u975e\u7a33\u6001\uff09<\/span><\/section>\n<\/h4>\n
                         \u53cd\u9988\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u662f\u6b63\u5411\u7684\u3002\u5438\u6bd2\u6210\u763e\u6216\u7ecf\u6d4e\u901a\u8d27\u81a8\u80c0\u5c31\u662f\u6b63\u53cd\u9988\u7684<\/span>\uff08\u8d1f\u9762\uff09<\/span>\u4f8b\u5b50\uff1a\u9ad8\u5de5\u8d44\u5bfc\u81f4\u4ea7\u54c1\u4ef7\u683c\u9ad8\uff0c\u9ad8\u4ef7\u683c\u589e\u52a0\u751f\u6d3b\u6210\u672c\uff0c\u9ad8\u751f\u6d3b\u6210\u672c\u589e\u52a0\u5de5\u8d44\u3002\u5728\u6bd2\u763e\u4e2d\uff0c\u9ad8\u5242\u91cf\u4f1a\u6fc0\u6d3b\u5927\u8111\u7684\u5956\u52b1\u7cfb\u7edf\u5e76\u5bfc\u81f4\u91cd\u590d\u6d88\u8d39\uff0c\u91cd\u590d\u6d88\u8d39\u5bfc\u81f4\u4e60\u60ef\u5316\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u6539\u53d8\u5956\u52b1\u7cfb\u7edf\u5e76\u5bfc\u81f4\u66f4\u9ad8\u7684\u5242\u91cf\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
                         <\/span><\/section>\n
                        \u4f17\u6240\u5468\u77e5\uff0c\u6a21\u4eff\u662f\u5f71\u54cd\u6d41\u884c\u3001\u65f6\u5c1a\u5468\u671f\u548c\u7a81\u7136\u7684\u96c6\u4f53\u610f\u89c1\u8f6c\u53d8\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u56e0\u7d20\u4e4b\u4e00[29]\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u51b3\u5b9a\u7ecf\u5e38\u662f\u57fa\u4e8e\u4ed6\u4eba\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u3002\u5728\u6211\u4eec\u5fc5\u987b\u51b3\u5b9a\u4e00\u4e9b\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5<\/span>\uff08\u5728\u91d1\u878d\u5e02\u573a\u4e0a\u8d2d\u4e70\u80a1\u7968\u7b49\uff09<\/span>\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u7ecf\u5e38\u770b\u522b\u4eba\u5728\u505a\u4ec0\u4e48\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u6a21\u4eff\u522b\u4eba\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5176\u4ed6\u4eba\u4e5f\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u505a\u540c\u6837\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u4e5f\u5e76\u4e0d\u77e5\u9053\u771f\u6b63\u8be5\u600e\u4e48\u505a\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
                         <\/span><\/section>\n
                        \u5f53\u6bcf\u4e2a\u4eba\u90fd\u8bd5\u56fe\u6839\u636e\u522b\u4eba\u7684\u884c\u52a8\u6765\u505a\u51b3\u5b9a\u65f6\uff0c\u96c6\u4f53\u5c31\u53ef\u80fd\u65e0\u6cd5\u6b63\u786e\u805a\u5408\u4fe1\u606f\uff0c\u5bfc\u81f4\u6b63\u53cd\u9988\u56de\u8def\u548c\u76f8\u4e92\u5f3a\u5316\u51fa\u73b0\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\u77ed\u6682\u7684\u65f6\u5c1a\uff1a\u5982\u679c\u4e00\u4ef6\u5546\u54c1\u7ecf\u5e38\u88ab\u8d2d\u4e70\uff0c\u5b83\u5c31\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u6709\u4ef7\u503c\u7684\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u662f\u6709\u4ef7\u503c\u7684\uff0c\u5c31\u4f1a\u5bfc\u81f4\u8bb8\u591a\u6d88\u8d39\u8005\u8d2d\u4e70\u2014\u2014\u5982\u679c\u4eba\u4eec\u53ea\u770b\u5230\u522b\u4eba\u5728\u505a\u4ec0\u4e48\u3002\u5982\u679c\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u5206\u5e03\u5f0f\u51b3\u7b56\u5931\u8d25\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u504f\u79bb\u5e73\u8861\u7684\u4e00\u70b9\u5c0f\u6ce2\u52a8\u90fd\u4f1a\u5bfc\u81f4\u5de8\u5927\u548c\u5938\u5f20\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\uff1a\u55e1\u55e1\u58f0\u3001\u6ce1\u6cab\u548c\u77ed\u6682\u7684\u65f6\u5c1a\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u7ea7\u8054\u548c\u5feb\u901f\u589e\u957f\u7684\u96ea\u5d29\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

                        <\/section>\n
                          \n
                        • \n
                          \u80a1\u7968\u5e02\u573a\u548c\u91d1\u878d\u5e02\u573a\u7684\u6ce1\u6cab\u548c\u5d29\u6e83\uff1b<\/span><\/section>\n<\/li>\n
                        • \n
                          \u6587\u5316\u5e02\u573a\u7684\u65f6\u5c1a\u3001\u72c2\u70ed\u548c\u626d\u66f2\u5206\u5e03\uff1b<\/span><\/section>\n<\/li>\n
                        • \n
                          \u793e\u4f1a\u52a8\u8361\u7684\u7a81\u7136\u7206\u53d1<\/span>\uff08\u5982\u4e1c\u5fb7\u3001\u5370\u5ea6\u5c3c\u897f\u4e9a\u3001\u585e\u5c14\u7ef4\u4e9a\uff09<\/span>\uff1b<\/span><\/section>\n<\/li>\n
                        • \n
                          \u524d\u7a33\u5b9a\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u89c4\u8303\u7684\u53d8\u5316\uff1b<\/span><\/section>\n<\/li>\n
                        • \n
                          \u4ece\u4f17\u6548\u5e94\uff1b<\/span><\/section>\n<\/li>\n
                        • \n
                          \u540d\u4eba\u6548\u5e94<\/span>\uff08\u4e3b\u8981\u56e0\u540d\u4eba\u800c\u53d8\u4f17\u6240\u5468\u77e5\uff09<\/span>\uff1b<\/span><\/section>\n<\/li>\n
                        • \n
                          \u65b0\u95fb\u4e2d\u7684\u55e1\u55e1\u58f0\uff1b<\/span><\/section>\n<\/li>\n
                        • \n
                          \u7ecf\u6d4e\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u8fc1\u79fb\u4e2d\u96c6\u7fa4\u5f62\u6210<\/span>\uff08\u72b9\u592a\u793e\u533a\u3001\u8d2b\u6c11\u7a9f\uff09<\/span>\uff1b<\/span><\/section>\n<\/li>\n
                        • \n
                          \u9501\u5b9a\u72b6\u6001\u7684\u8def\u5f84\u4f9d\u8d56\u6f14\u53d8\uff1a\u5f55\u50cf\u673a\/\u952e\u76d8\/\u7535\u8111\/\u64cd\u4f5c\u7cfb\u7edf\u5e02\u573a\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                          <\/section>\n
                          <\/section>\n

                          \uff08\u56fe14\uff1a\u975e\u7a33\u5b9a\u7684\u5f31\u6d8c\u73b0\uff0c\u4e0a\u4e0b\u4e4b\u95f4\u8fdb\u5165\u4e86\u4e0d\u53d7\u6291\u5236\u8d8b\u4e8e\u5d29\u6e83\u7684\u6b63\u53cd\u9988\u5faa\u73af\uff09<\/span><\/p>\n


                          <\/section>\n
                          \u6f6e\u6d41\u8ffd\u968f\u8005<\/span>\uff08trend follower\uff09<\/span>\u53ea\u662f\u6a21\u4eff\u522b\u4eba\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u771f\u6b63\u53bb\u8bc4\u4f30\u4e8b\u7269\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\u3002\u4ed6\u5931\u53bb\u4e86\u4e0e\u73b0\u5b9e\u7684\u8054\u7cfb\uff0c\u5c31\u50cf\u6700\u540e\u7ec8\u5c06\u8ddf\u968f\u7684\u6ce1\u6cab\u4e00\u6837\u2014\u2014\u5982\u679c\u6240\u6709\u5176\u4ed6\u4eba\u4e5f\u8fd9\u4e48\u505a\u7684\u8bdd\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
                          IIb \u578b\u6d8c\u73b0\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u901a\u8fc7\u6b63\u53cd\u9988\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u4e0d\u53d7\u6b22\u8fce\u7684\u8d1f\u9762\u6d8c\u73b0\uff0c\u76f4\u5230\u6ce1\u6cab\u56e0\u6307\u6570\u589e\u957f\u800c\u7206\u70b8\u6216\u6d88\u5931\u3002\u7206\u53d1\u9636\u6bb5\u7684\u4ee3\u4ef7\u662f\u968f\u540e\u5026\u6020\u9636\u6bb5\uff1a\u91d1\u878d\u6ce1\u6cab\u7834\u88c2\u5e76\u4ee5\u5d29\u6e83\u544a\u7ec8\uff0c\u6587\u5316\u65f6\u5c1a\u4ee5\u8fc7\u5ea6\u9971\u548c\u544a\u7ec8\uff0c\u653f\u6cbb\u9769\u547d\u4ee5\u653f\u6cbb\u51b7\u6f20\u544a\u7ec8\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
                           <\/span><\/section>\n
                          \u65b0\u95fb\u4e2d\u67d0\u4e9b\u4ee4\u4eba\u4e0d\u60a6\u7684\u55e1\u55e1\u58f0\uff0c\u7c7b\u4f3c\u4e8e\u80a1\u5e02\u6ce1\u6cab\u4e2d\u6619\u82b1\u4e00\u73b0\u7684\u6d8c\u73b0\u3002\u6b63\u5982 Steven Johnson \u5728\u4ed6\u7684\u8457\u4f5c\u300aEmergence\u300b[30] \u4e2d\u6240\u63d0\u5230\u90a3\u6837\uff0c\u5a92\u4f53\u603b\u6709\u81ea\u6211\u653e\u5927\u7684\u503e\u5411\u3002\u8ba8\u8bba\u67d0\u4e9b\u4e8b\u60c5\u662f\u5426\u5e94\u8be5\u5728\u5a92\u4f53\u4e0a\u62a5\u9053<\/span>\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5173\u4e8eO.J.\u8f9b\u666e\u68ee\u3001\u6bd4\u5c14\u00b7\u514b\u6797\u987f\u6216\u6234\u5b89\u5a1c\u738b\u5983\u4e4b\u6b7b\u7684\u62a5\u9053\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u5a92\u4f53\u672c\u8eab\u53c2\u4e0e\u4e86\u6b64\u6848\uff09<\/span>\u672c\u8eab\u5c31\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u81ea\u62a5\u9053\uff0c\u5e76\u5bfc\u81f4\u6b63\u53cd\u9988\uff1a\u81ea\u62a5\u9053\u4f1a\u5bfc\u81f4\u67d0\u4e8b\u4ef6\u7684\u62a5\u9053\u83b7\u5f97\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u62a5\u9053\uff0c\u800c\u4e00\u4e2a\u6545\u4e8b\u5982\u679c\u88ab\u9891\u7e41\u62a5\u9053\uff0c\u53c8\u4f1a\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
                           <\/span><\/section>\n
                          \u7535\u89c6\u53f0\u64ad\u653e\u4ec0\u4e48\u8282\u76ee\u7684\u51b3\u5b9a\u7ecf\u5e38\u57fa\u4e8e\u540c\u884c\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u7ecf\u5e38\u770b\u5176\u4ed6\u7535\u89c6\u53f0\u5728\u505a\u4ec0\u4e48\u3002\u5f53\u6bcf\u4e2a\u4eba\u90fd\u60f3\u6839\u636e\u522b\u4eba\u7684\u884c\u52a8\u6765\u505a\u51b3\u5b9a\u65f6\uff0c\u96c6\u4f53\u5c31\u53ef\u80fd\u65e0\u6cd5\u6b63\u786e\u6c47\u603b\u4fe1\u606f\uff0c\u5206\u5e03\u5f0f\u51b3\u7b56\u4e5f\u4e0d\u518d\u8d77\u4f5c\u7528\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

                          <\/span><\/section>\n
                          \u7ea7\u8054\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u5f53\u7136\u662f\u7531\u57fa\u7840\u901a\u4fe1\u7f51\u7edc\u51b3\u5b9a\u7684\u3002\u590d\u6742\u7684\u65e0\u6807\u5ea6\u6216\u5c0f\u4e16\u754c\u7f51\u7edc\u7279\u522b\u5bb9\u6613\u53d1\u751f\u7ea7\u8054\uff0c\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u56e0\u4e3a\u8282\u70b9\u4e4b\u95f4\u76f8\u4e92\u5206\u79bb\u53ea\u5b58\u5728\u5c11\u6570\u8fde\u63a5\uff0c\u4fe1\u606f\u7ea7\u8054\u53ef\u4ee5\u5feb\u901f\u4f20\u64ad\u3002\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u7f51\u7edc\u5e73\u5747\u8fde\u63a5\u5ea6\u5f88\u4f4e\uff0c\u8fdc\u4f4e\u4e8e\u6574\u4e2a\u7f51\u7edc\u7684\u8282\u70b9\u91cf\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5b58\u5728\u8bb8\u591a\u5bb9\u6613\u53d7\u5f71\u54cd\u7684\u4e2a\u4f53\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

                          <\/span><\/section>\n
                          \u5bb9\u6613\u53d7\u5f71\u54cd\u7684\u4e2a\u4f53\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u8fde\u63a5\u6700\u591a\u7684\u4e2a\u4f53\u6216\u610f\u89c1\u9886\u8896\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u96c6\u4f53\u51b3\u7b56\uff0c\u65e0\u6807\u5ea6\u6216\u5c0f\u4e16\u754c\u7f51\u7edc\u7279\u522b\u5bb9\u6613\u53d7\u5230\u7ea7\u8054\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u7ecf\u6d4e\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u8fc1\u79fb<\/span>\uff08\u9ad8\u79d1\u6280\u5730\u533a\u3001\u8d2b\u6c11\u7a9f\u3001\u8d2b\u6c11\u533a\uff09<\/span>\u4e2d\u7684\u96c6\u7fa4\u5f62\u6210\u662f\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u6b63\u53cd\u9988\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\u3002\u597d\u7684\u5730\u70b9\u5438\u5f15\u4e86\u6709\u8da3\u7684\u516c\u53f8\uff0c\u800c\u6709\u8da3\u7684\u516c\u53f8\u4f7f\u5730\u70b9\u53d8\u5f97\u66f4\u597d\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u5bfc\u81f4\u73ed\u52a0\u7f57\u5c14\u6216\u7845\u8c37\u7b49\u7ecf\u6d4e\u96c6\u7fa4\u548c\u9ad8\u79d1\u6280\u533a\u51fa\u73b0\u7684\u56e0\u7d20\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c \u4e00\u4e2a\u5730\u533a\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u6761\u4ef6\u5dee<\/span>\uff08\u66b4\u529b\u589e\u52a0\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528\u6b66\u5668\u548c\u6bd2\u54c1\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u5bfc\u81f4\u4e2d\u4ea7\u9636\u7ea7\u7684\u8fc1\u79fb\uff0c\u4e2d\u4ea7\u9636\u7ea7\u7684\u8fc1\u79fb\u53c8\u4f1a\u4f7f\u60c5\u51b5\u52a0\u5267\u6076\u5316\uff0c\u8fd9\u5bfc\u81f4\u4e86\u8d2b\u6c11\u7a9f\u548c\u8d2b\u6c11\u533a\u7684\u5f62\u6210\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
                           \u8fd9\u79cd\u6b63\u53cd\u9988\u8fc7\u7a0b\u5728\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4e2d\u4e5f\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a \u300c\u6536\u76ca\u9012\u589e\u300d<\/span>\uff08increasing returns\uff09<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
                           <\/span><\/section>\n
                          \u5e03\u83b1\u6069\u00b7\u963f\u745f<\/span>\uff08W. Brian Arthur\uff09<\/span>[31]\u5f88\u597d\u5730\u8bf4\u660e\u4e86\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4e2d\u7684\u6b63\u53cd\u9988\u548c\u6536\u76ca\u9012\u589e\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u3002VHS\u78c1\u5e26\u3001IBM\u4e2a\u4eba\u7535\u8111\u3001QWERTY\u952e\u76d8\u3001DOS \u548c Microsoft Windows \u901a\u8fc7\u76f8\u540c\u8def\u5f84\u4f9d\u8d56\u7684\u6b63\u53cd\u9988\u8fc7\u7a0b\u5b8c\u5168\u5360\u9886\u4e86\u6574\u4e2a\u5e02\u573a\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8fc7\u7a0b\u7684\u8def\u5f84\u4f9d\u8d56\u6027\u5728\u4e8e\uff0c\u4e00\u5f00\u59cb\u7684\u5c0f\u6ce2\u52a8\u6216\u610f\u5916\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u6b63\u53cd\u9988\u8fc7\u7a0b\u88ab\u5f3a\u5316\u4e3a\u5927\u7684\u3001\u4e0d\u53ef\u9884\u6d4b\u7684\u504f\u5dee<\/span>\uff08unpredictable deviations\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u76f4\u5230\u5b83\u4eec\u6700\u7ec8\u88ab\u957f\u671f\u4fdd\u5b58\u5728\u7531\u6b64\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u51b7\u51bb\u9501\u5b9a\u72b6\u6001\u4e2d\uff0c\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u72b6\u6001\u4e0b\uff0c\u4e00\u79cd\u4ea7\u54c1\u4e3b\u5bfc\u5e76\u5206\u914d\u4e86\u6574\u4e2a\u5e02\u573a<\/span>\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5fb7\u8bed\u952e\u76d8\u7528 Z \u66ff\u6362 Y\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u8bfb\u53d6 QWERTZ \u800c\u4e0d\u662f QWERTY\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u6b63\u53cd\u9988\u548c\u81ea\u6211\u5f3a\u5316\u673a\u5236\u7684\u539f\u56e0\u53c8\u662f\u6a21\u4eff\uff1a\u300c\u6211\u9700\u8981VHS\/IBM PC\/DOS\/Windows\u4ea7\u54c1\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5176\u4ed6\u4eba\u90fd\u8d2d\u4e70\/\u62e5\u6709\/\u4f7f\u7528\u5b83\u300d\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
                           <\/span><\/section>\n
                          \u6a21\u4eff\u6709\u7528\u7684\u6b63\u53cd\u9988\uff0c\u82e5\u8981\u53ef\u6301\u7eed\u5b58\u5728\u7684\uff0c\u5f80\u5f80\u9700\u8981\u5728\u517c\u5bb9\u6027\u548c\u6570\u636e\u4ea4\u6362\u975e\u5e38\u91cd\u8981\uff0c\u4e14\u83b7\u53d6\u3001\u5b89\u88c5\u548c\u5b66\u4e60\u4f7f\u7528\u65b0\u6280\u672f\u6210\u672c\u5f88\u9ad8\u7684\u5e02\u573a\u4e2d\u3002\u6b63\u5982\u5e03\u83b1\u6069\u00b7\u963f\u745f\u6240\u6307\u51fa\u90a3\u6837[32]\uff0c\u300c\u5728\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4e2d\u4ee5\u8d44\u6e90\u4e3a\u57fa\u7840\u7684\u90e8\u5206<\/span>\uff08\u5982\u519c\u4e1a\u3001\u5927\u5b97\u5546\u54c1\u751f\u4ea7\u3001\u91c7\u77ff\uff09<\/span>\u5728\u5f88\u5927\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u53d7\u5230\u6536\u76ca\u9012\u51cf\u7684\u5f71\u54cd<\/span>\uff08\u7a33\u5b9a\u7684\u8d1f\u53cd\u9988\uff09<\/span>\u300d\uff0c\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u4ee5\u77e5\u8bc6\u4e3a\u57fa\u7840\u7684\u90e8\u5206\u5728\u5219\u5f80\u5f80\u53d7\u5230\u6536\u76ca\u9012\u589e<\/span>\uff08\u6b63\u53cd\u9988\uff09<\/span>\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u300d\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

                          <\/section>\n

                          \n
                          5.3 \u7b2cIII\u578b\uff1a\u6709\u5927\u91cf\u53cd\u9988\u7684\u591a\u91cd\u6d8c\u73b0<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/section>\n<\/h3>\n
                           <\/span><\/section>\n

                          \n
                          5.3 a) \u6761\u7eb9\u3001\u6591\u70b9\u3001\u6c14\u6ce1\u2014\u2014\u591a\u91cd\u53cd\u9988\u7684\u6d8c\u73b0<\/span><\/section>\n<\/h4>\n
                          \u771f\u5b9e\u7684\u91d1\u878d\u6216\u80a1\u7968\u5e02\u573a\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u81ea\u7136\u754c\u4e2d\u8bb8\u591a\u6591\u56fe\u7684\u751f\u6210\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff0c\u65e2\u4e0d\u663e\u793a\u51fa\u7eaf\u7cb9\u7684\u7b2cIIa\u578b\uff0c\u4e5f\u975eIIb\u578b\u884c\u4e3a\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u5f80\u5f80\u57fa\u4e8e\u4e8c\u8005\u7ed3\u5408\u3002\u5176\u5b9e\u77ed\u7a0b\u6fc0\u6d3b<\/span>\uff08short-range activation\uff0c\u6b63\u53cd\u9988\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u52a0\u4e0a\u957f\u7a0b\u6291\u5236<\/span>\uff08long-range inhibition\uff0c\u8d1f\u53cd\u9988\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u5bfc\u81f4\u8bb8\u591a\u6a21\u5f0f\u5f62\u6210\u7684\u60f3\u6cd5\u5e76\u4e0d\u65b0\u9c9c\u3002\u5728\u5316\u5b66\u53cd\u5e94\u7684\u80cc\u666f\u4e0b\uff0c\u963f\u5170\u00b7\u56fe\u7075<\/span>\uff08Alan Turing\uff09<\/span>\u65e9\u57281952\u5e74\u5c31\u53d1\u8868\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u7c7b\u4f3c\u7684\u60f3\u6cd5[33]\u3002\u4eca\u5929\uff0c\u5177\u6709\u77ed\u7a0b\u6b63\u53cd\u9988\u548c\u957f\u7a0b\u8d1f\u53cd\u9988\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u300c\u6fc0\u6d3b-\u6291\u5236\u5242\u300d<\/span>\uff08activator-inhibitor\uff09<\/span>\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u5c5e\u4e8e\u300c\u53cd\u5e94-\u6269\u6563\u7cfb\u7edf\u300d<\/span>\uff08Reaction-diffusion\uff09<\/span>\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

                          <\/span><\/section>\n
                          <\/section>\n

                          \uff08\u56fe15\uff1a\u6591\u9a6c\u7684\u6591\u56fe\uff09<\/span><\/p>\n


                          <\/section>\n
                          \u5728\u53cd\u5e94-\u6269\u6563\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\uff0c\u6fc0\u6d3b\u5242\u300c\u81ea\u52a8\u300d\u50ac\u5316\u5176\u81ea\u8eab\u7684\u751f\u4ea7\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u6fc0\u6d3b\u6291\u5236\u5242\uff0c\u4f46\u540e\u8005\u6269\u6563\u5f97\u901f\u5ea6\u66f4\u5feb\u3002\u5bf9\u77ed\u7a0b\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u6b63\u53cd\u9988\u5360\u4e0a\u98ce\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u957f\u7a0b\u8ddd\u79bb\uff0c\u8d1f\u53cd\u9988\u5360\u4e0a\u98ce\u3002\u8fd9\u7c7b\u7cfb\u7edf\u80fd\u5bfc\u81f4\u8bb8\u591a\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u751f\u7269\u6591\u56fe\u7684\u751f\u6210[34]\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

                          <\/span><\/section>\n
                          <\/section>\n
                          \uff08\u56fe16\uff1a\u53cd\u5e94-\u6269\u6563\u7cfb\u7edf\u6a21\u62df\u6591\u9a6c\u7684\u6591\u56fe\uff09<\/span><\/section>\n

                          <\/section>\n
                          \u8fd9\u4e2a\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u5143\u80de\u81ea\u52a8\u673a\u6765\u6a21\u62df\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u89c4\u5219\u300c\u7b97\u51fa\u67d0\u65b9\u683c\u767d\u8272\u76f4\u63a5\u8fd1\u90bb\u7684\u6570\u91cf\uff0c\u51cf\u53bb\u517620×20\u5de6\u53f3\u65b9\u5757\u5185\u767d\u8272\u8fd1\u90bb\u6570\u91cf\u76841\/10\u3002\u5982\u679c\u603b\u548c\u5927\u4e8e1\uff0c\u5219\u8be5\u5355\u5143\u683c\u53d8\u6210\u767d\u8272\uff0c\u5426\u5219\u53d8\u6210\u9ed1\u8272\u300d[35]\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u8fdb\u5316\u6e38\u620f\u53ea\u5305\u62ec\u4e24\u79cd\u73a9\u5bb6\uff1a\u90a3\u4e9b\u603b\u662f\u5408\u4f5c\u7684\u73a9\u5bb6\u548c\u90a3\u4e9b\u603b\u662f\u53db\u53d8\u7684\u73a9\u5bb6\u3002\u6bcf\u4e2a\u683c\u5b50\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\u90fd\u7531\u4e00\u4e2a\u73a9\u5bb6\u5360\u636e\u3002\u5728\u6bcf\u4e00\u8f6e\u4e2d\uff0c\u73a9\u5bb6\u4e0e\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u8fd1\u90bb\u8fdb\u884c\u56da\u5f92\u56f0\u5883\u6e38\u620f\uff0c\u73a9\u5bb6\u7684\u5206\u6570\u662f\u8fd9\u4e9b\u906d\u9047\u4e2d\u7684\u62a5\u916c\u4e4b\u548c\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u4e00\u8f6e<\/span>\uff08\u6216\u4e00\u4ee3\uff09<\/span>\u7ed3\u675f\u65f6\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e2a\u683c\u5b50\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\u7531\u524d\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e3b\u4eba\u548c\u90bb\u5c45\u4e2d\u5f97\u5206\u6700\u9ad8\u7684\u73a9\u5bb6\u5360\u636e\u3002\u5176\u7ed3\u679c\u662f\uff0c\u300c\u53db\u9003\u8005\u300d\u548c\u300c\u4f5c\u5f0a\u8005\u300d<\/span>\uff08\u7ea2\u8272\uff09<\/span>\u7684\u7f51\u7edc\u5728\u5408\u4f5c\u8005<\/span>\uff08\u84dd\u8272\uff09<\/span>\u7684\u6d77\u6d0b\u4e2d\u51fa\u73b0\u4e86\u3002\u5408\u4f5c\u8005\u76f8\u4e92\u652f\u6301\u548c\u52a0\u5f3a\uff0c\u4f46\u5982\u679c\u5408\u4f5c\u8005\u7684\u96c6\u7fa4\u589e\u957f\u8fc7\u5927\uff0c\u53db\u9003\u8005\u7684\u6761\u4ef6\u5c31\u4f1a\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u597d\uff1a\u5229\u7528\u5408\u4f5c\u8005\u7684\u7ea2\u8272\u4f5c\u5f0a\u8005\u6269\u6563\u5e76\u9650\u5236\u84dd\u8272\u96c6\u7fa4\u7684\u89c4\u6a21\u3002 <\/span><\/section>\n
                          <\/section>\n

                          \uff08\u56fe17\uff1a\u5143\u80de\u81ea\u52a8\u673a\u6a21\u62df\u6591\u9a6c\u7684\u6591\u56fe\uff09<\/span><\/p>\n


                          <\/section>\n
                          \u771f\u5b9e\u7684\u91d1\u878d\u6216\u80a1\u7968\u5e02\u573a\u5f80\u5f80\u8868\u73b0\u51fa\u6df7\u4e71\u548c\u4e0d\u53ef\u9884\u6d4b\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\uff0c\u4ea7\u751f\u5206\u5f62\u548c\u591a\u91cd\u5206\u5f62\u7ed3\u6784\uff0c\u6709\u8fd0\u8f6c\u7740\u4e0d\u53ef\u9884\u6d4b\u7684\u8fde\u7eed\u635f\u5931\u548c\u5d29\u6e83\uff0c\u4f46\u4e5f\u6709\u5404\u79cd\u89c4\u6a21\u7684\u91cd\u590d\u6295\u673a\u6ce1\u6cab\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u89c1[36]\u3002\u50cf\u80a1\u7968\u5e02\u573a\u8fd9\u6837\u65e2\u6709\u6b63\u53cd\u9988\u673a\u5236\u53c8\u6709\u8d1f\u53cd\u9988\u673a\u5236\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u53ef\u4ee5\u8868\u73b0\u51fa\u632f\u8361\u548c\u6df7\u4e71\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

                          <\/section>\n
                          \u6211\u4eec\u7ecf\u5e38\u80fd\u53d1\u73b0\u77ed\u671f\u6b63\u53cd\u9988<\/span>\uff08\u76f2\u76ee\u6a21\u4eff\uff09<\/span>\u548c\u957f\u671f\u8d1f\u53cd\u9988<\/span>\uff08\u4ed4\u7ec6\u8003\u8651\uff09<\/span>\u7684\u7ed3\u5408\u3002\u5f53\u80a1\u7968\u4e0a\u6da8\u65f6\uff0c\u76f8\u4fe1\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u4e0a\u6da8\u662f\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\uff0c\u4e8e\u662f\u7ed9\u6295\u8d44\u8005\u3001\u6a21\u4eff\u8005\u548c\u8d8b\u52bf\u8ffd\u968f\u8005\u5e26\u6765\u4e86\u8d2d\u4e70\u7684\u52a8\u529b\uff0c\u8fd9\u5c06\u4f7f\u4ef7\u683c\u4e0a\u6da8\u5f97\u66f4\u591a<\/span>\uff08\u6b63\u53cd\u9988\uff09<\/span>\uff1b\u4f46\u5f53\u80a1\u7968\u4ef7\u683c\u7ec8\u4e8e\u4e0a\u6da8\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u77e5\u9053\u6700\u7ec8\u4e00\u5b9a\u4f1a\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u9ad8\u5cf0\u540e\uff0c\u5e02\u573a\u9884\u671f\u5c31\u4f1a\u4e0b\u8dcc\u3001\u4ef7\u683c\u4f1a\u4e0b\u964d\uff0c\u6700\u7ec8\u963b\u6b62\u4e86\u4e70\u5bb6\u8d2d\u5165<\/span>\uff08\u8d1f\u53cd\u9988\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u80a1\u7968\u4e0b\u8dcc\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e5f\u7c7b\u4f3c\u3002\u4e00\u65e6\u5e02\u573a\u5f00\u59cb\u6709\u89c4\u5f8b\u5730\u4e0b\u8dcc\uff0c\u4e00\u4e9b\u6295\u8d44\u8005\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u9884\u671f\u4f1a\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u4e0b\u8dcc\u800c\u4e0d\u53bb\u8d2d\u4e70<\/span>\uff08\u6b63\u53cd\u9988\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u4f46\u5176\u4ed6\u4eba\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u8d2d\u4e70\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u80a1\u7968\u53d8\u5f97\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u4fbf\u5b9c\u4e86<\/span>\uff08\u8d1f\u53cd\u9988\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u77ed\u671f\u6b63\u53cd\u9988\u548c\u957f\u671f\u8d1f\u53cd\u9988\u7684\u7ed3\u5408\u5bfc\u81f4\u4e86\u300c\u6ce1\u6cab\u5316\u300d\uff0c\u6ce2\u52a8\u6216\u52a8\u8361\u7684\u6ce1\u6cab\u5e8f\u5217\u3002\u5404\u79cd\u5927\u5c0f\u77ed\u671f\u6ce1\u6cab\u7684\u51fa\u73b0\uff0c\u5347\u8d77\u548c\u6269\u5927\uff0c\u5c31\u50cf\u5b83\u4eec\u518d\u6b21\u6d88\u5931\u4e00\u6837\u8fc5\u901f\u3002\u4e00\u4e2a\u6c14\u6ce1\u89e6\u53d1\u81ea\u67d0\u79cd\u6ce2\u52a8\u6216\u4e0d\u89c4\u5219\uff0c\u5b83\u901a\u8fc7\u6b63\u53cd\u9988\u6269\u5927\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u8d1f\u53cd\u9988\u518d\u6b21\u7f29\u5c0f\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u8d77\u6ce1\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u5f88\u597d\u7684\u6a21\u578b\u662f\u5143\u80de\u81ea\u52a8\u673a\u7684\u300c\u66f4\u5927\u751f\u547d\u300d<\/span>\uff08Larger than Life\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u5b83\u662f\u5eb7\u5a01\u751f\u547d\u6e38\u620f\u7684\u66f4\u5927\u534a\u5f84\u7684\u6269\u5c55\u7248\u3002\u5eb7\u5a01\u7684\u751f\u547d\u6e38\u620f\u5b9a\u4e49\u5f88\u7b80\u5355\uff1a\u5982\u679c x \u7684\u9886\u57df\u4eba\u53e3\u6570\u7b49\u4e8e3\uff0c\u5219\u5728\u683c\u70b9\u5904\u53d1\u751f\u300c\u51fa\u751f\u300d\u3002\u5373\u5982\u679c\u8ba1\u6570\u5728 [2\u20263] \u4e2d\uff0c\u5219\u70b9 x \u4fdd\u6301\u5360\u7528\/\u6d3b\u7740\u72b6\u6001\u3002\u300c\u66f4\u5927\u751f\u547d\u300d\u4e2d\u7684\u300c\u866b\u5b50\u300d<\/span>\uff08Bugs\uff09<\/span>\u89c4\u5219\u975e\u5e38\u7c7b\u4f3c\uff1a\u5982\u679c\u5176\u90bb\u57df\u5185\u7684\u4eba\u53e3<\/span>\uff08\u5305\u62ec\u6216\u4e0d\u5305\u62ec x\uff09<\/span>\u4f4d\u4e8e\u533a\u95f4 [34.\u202645]<\/span>\uff08\u6b63\u53cd\u9988\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u5219\u5728 x \u5904\u51fa\u751f\uff1b\u5982\u679c\u8ba1\u6570\u5728 [34\u202658] \u4e2d\uff0c\u70b9 x \u4fdd\u6301\u88ab\u5360\u7528<\/span>\uff08\u7531\u4e8e\u5b64\u72ec\u548c\u4eba\u53e3\u8fc7\u591a\uff0c\u6781\u5c0f\u548c\u6781\u5927\u503c\u7684\u8d1f\u53cd\u9988\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u4e0b\u9762\u663e\u793a\u4e86\u4f7f\u7528\u6765\u81ea Mirek W\u00f3jtowicz \u7684 CA \u6a21\u62df\u5668 MJCell \u5236\u4f5c\u7684\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u6c14\u6ce1\u622a\u5c4f\uff1a<\/span><\/section>\n

                          <\/section>\n
                          <\/section>\n

                          \uff08\u56fe18\uff1a\u57fa\u4e8e\u5143\u80de\u81ea\u52a8\u673a\u300c\u66f4\u5927\u751f\u547d\u300d\u6e38\u620f\uff09<\/span><\/p>\n


                          <\/section>\n
                          IIIa\u7c7b\u4e5f\u5305\u542b\u4e86\u901a\u5e38\u300c\u751f\u547d\u6e38\u620f\u300d\u7684\u6240\u6709\u6a21\u5f0f\uff1a\u4fe1\u53f7\u706f<\/span>\uff08Blinkers\uff09<\/span>\u3001\u6ed1\u7fd4\u673a<\/span>\uff08Gliders\uff09<\/span>\u3001\u98de\u8239<\/span>\uff08Spaceships\uff09<\/span>\u7b49\u3002\u5728\u7ea6\u7ff0\u00b7\u5eb7\u5a01<\/span>\uff08John Conway\uff09<\/span>\u901a\u5e38\u7684\u300c\u751f\u547d\u6e38\u620f\u300d\u4e2d\uff0c\u9664\u4e86\u666e\u901a\u7684\u6ed1\u7fd4\u673a\u2014\u2014\u6700\u57fa\u672c\u7684\u300c\u5b87\u5b99\u98de\u8239\u300d\u5916\uff0c\u8fd8\u6709\u5404\u79cd\u4e0d\u540c\u5927\u5c0f\u7684\u5b87\u5b99\u98de\u8239\uff0c\u6709\u8f7b\u91cf\u7ea7\u3001\u4e2d\u91cf\u7ea7\u548c\u91cd\u91cf\u7ea7\u3002\u5b87\u5b99\u98de\u8239\u4ee5\u5149\u901f\u79fb\u52a8\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u6bcf\u4e2a\u65f6\u95f4\u6b65\u957f\u8d70\u4e00\u4e2a\u50cf\u7d20\u6216\u5355\u4f4d\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
                           <\/span><\/section>\n
                          <\/section>\n

                          \uff08\u56fe19\uff1a\u751f\u547d\u6e38\u620f\u4e2d\u7684\u66f4\u5927\u89c4\u6a21\u7684\u98de\u8239\uff09<\/span><\/p>\n

                           <\/span><\/section>\n
                          \u8fd9\u4e9b\u98de\u8239\u770b\u8d77\u6765\u90fd\u5f88\u76f8\u4f3c\uff0c\u7531\u5171\u8f6d\u7684\u6b63\u8d1f\u53cd\u9988\u53cd\u590d\u6536\u7f29\u548c\u6269\u5f20<\/span>\uff08\u9664\u4e86\u5728\u5bf9\u89d2\u7ebf\u65b9\u5411\u4e0a\u884c\u9a76\u7684\u6ed1\u7fd4\u673a\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u901a\u8fc7\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u673a\u5236\u8fdb\u884c\u5782\u76f4\u6216\u6c34\u5e73\u65b9\u5411\u4f20\u64ad\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u673a\u5236\u50cf\u662f\u5728\u91cd\u590d\u5730\u5192\u6ce1\uff0c\u98de\u8239\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u770b\u4f5c\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u81a8\u80c0\u548c\u6536\u7f29\u7684\u6ce1\u6cab\u7684\u8fb9\u754c\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
                           <\/span><\/section>\n
                          <\/section>\n

                          \uff08\u56fe20\uff1a\u751f\u547d\u6e38\u620f\u4e2d\u7684\u98de\u8239\u4f20\u64ad\uff09<\/span><\/p>\n


                          <\/section>\n

                          \n
                          5.3 b) \u96a7\u7a7f\u2014\u2014\u5177\u6709\u591a\u91cd\u53cd\u9988\u7684\u9002\u5e94\u6027\u51fa\u73b0<\/span><\/section>\n<\/h4>\n
                           <\/span><\/section>\n
                          \u590d\u6742\u6027\u7f13\u6162\u6216\u7a81\u7136\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u539f\u56e0\u6709\u5f88\u591a\u3002\u5982\u679c\u67d0\u6837\u4e1c\u897f\u51fa\u73b0\u5f97\u975e\u5e38\u8fc5\u901f\u6216\u7a81\u7136\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u5b83\u4e4b\u524d\u5f80\u5f80\u88ab\u67d0\u79cd\u969c\u788d\u6216\u5c4f\u969c\u6240\u963b\u6321\u4e86\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u67d0\u79cd\u5835\u585e\u7269\u3001\u67d0\u79cd\u6559\u6761\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u5c4f\u969c\u6216\u4e00\u4e2a\u7cfb\u7edf\u8fb9\u754c\u3002\u4e00\u4e2a\u5927\u7684\u751f\u6001\u7cfb\u7edf\u7531\u6210\u5343\u4e0a\u4e07\u7684\u7269\u79cd\u53ca\u5176\u76f8\u5e94\u7684\u751f\u6001\u4f4d\u548c\u6816\u606f\u5730\u7ec4\u6210\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u8bb8\u591a\u7269\u79cd\u76f8\u4e92\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u5b83\u901a\u5e38\u7531\u8bb8\u591a\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u690d\u7269\u3001\u52a8\u7269\u548c\u5404\u79cd\u5fae\u751f\u7269<\/span>\uff08\u5982\u7ec6\u83cc\uff09<\/span>\u7ec4\u6210\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u88ab\u4e00\u4e2a\u975e\u5e38\u590d\u6742\u7684\u7f51\u7edc\u8054\u7cfb\u8d77\u6765\u3002\u5982\u679c\u6211\u4eec\u628a\u50cf\u5730\u7403\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u5168\u7403\u751f\u6001\u7cfb\u7edf\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u6574\u4f53\u6765\u8003\u8651\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u6ce8\u610f\u5230\u8bb8\u591a\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u53cd\u9988\u548c\u9650\u5236\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u5171\u540c\u6784\u6210\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u975e\u5e38\u590d\u6742\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u3002\u6b63\u5982\u6211\u4eec\u5730\u7403\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u6240\u663e\u793a\uff0c\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u4e2a\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u6f14\u53d8\u5f53\u7136\u4e0d\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u7ebf\u6027\u7684\u3001\u5e73\u6ed1\u7684\u548c\u8fde\u7eed\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u3002\u5b83\u7684\u7279\u70b9\u662f\u7a81\u7136\u7684\u3001\u4e0d\u7a33\u5b9a\u7684\u53d8\u5316\u548c\u590d\u6742\u6027\u7684\u8dc3\u8fc1\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
                           <\/span><\/section>\n
                          \u751f\u547d\u5f62\u5f0f\u4e2d\u4e0d\u540c\u5c42\u6b21\u7684\u590d\u6742\u6027\u548c\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4e0e\u8fdb\u5316\u8f6c\u53d8\u6709\u5173 [37]\u3002\u8fdb\u5316\u8f6c\u53d8\u523b\u753b\u4e86\u5927\u9002\u5e94\u5ea6\u9e3f\u6c9f<\/span>\uff08fitness gaps\uff09<\/span>\u548c\u9002\u5e94\u5ea6\u5c4f\u969c<\/span>\uff08fitness barriers\uff09<\/span>\u7684\u4ea4\u53c9\u3002\u7a81\u7136\u3001\u4e0d\u7a33\u5b9a\u7684\u53d8\u5316\u548c\u590d\u6742\u6027\u7684\u8dc3\u8fc1\u662f\u4e0d\u7a33\u5b9a\u7684\u9002\u5e94\u5ea6\u666f\u89c2\u548c\u5c4f\u969c\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u3002\u8fdb\u5316\u7b49\u5f85\u7740\uff0c\u76f4\u5230\u50cf\u5927\u89c4\u6a21\u707e\u96be\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u91cd\u5927\u4e8b\u4ef6\u6253\u7834\u5e76\u51cf\u5c11\u8fd9\u4e9b\u9002\u5e94\u5ea6\u5c4f\u969c\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u4e3b\u4f53\u6709\u80fd\u529b\u96a7\u9053\u7a7f\u5b83\u4eec\u3002\u5982\u679c\u73af\u5883\u4e2d\u7684\u707e\u96be\u6311\u6218\u7a81\u7136\u6025\u5267\u589e\u52a0\uff0c\u52a0\u901f\u7cfb\u7edf\u5411\u66f4\u9ad8\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u590d\u6742\u6027\u8fc7\u6e21\uff0c\u5219\u707e\u96be\u5c06\u8d77\u5230\u50ac\u5316\u5242\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u3002\u901a\u8fc7\u590d\u6742\u6027\u7684\u501f\u7528\u53ef\u4ee5\u5b9e\u73b0\u9002\u5e94\u5ea6\u5c4f\u969c\u7684\u96a7\u7a7f\uff0c\u7c7b\u4f3c\u4e8e\u91cf\u5b50\u7406\u8bba\u4e2d\u96a7\u7a7f\u8fc7\u7a0b<\/span>\uff08tunnelling process\uff09<\/span>\u4e2d\u80fd\u91cf\u7684\u501f\u7528\uff0c\u53c2\u89c1 [38] \u7684\u7b2c 5.2 \u548c 5.3 \u7ae0\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
                           <\/span><\/section>\n
                          \u9002\u5e94\u6027\u548c\u8fdb\u5316\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u8fd9\u79cd\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u51fa\u73b0\u4e0e\u73af\u5883\u4e2d\u7684<\/span>\uff08\u5927\u89c4\u6a21\uff09<\/span>\u706d\u7edd\u548c\u620f\u5267\u6027\u6216\u707e\u96be\u6027\u4e8b\u4ef6\u76f4\u63a5\u76f8\u5173\u3002\u81ea\u7136\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u7684\u707e\u96be\u6027\u4e8b\u4ef6\u53ef\u4ee5\u662f\u5f57\u661f\u6216\u5c0f\u884c\u661f\u649e\u51fb\u3001\u706b\u5c71\u3001\u5730\u9707\u3001\u51b0\u671f\u3001\u5e72\u65f1\u6216\u6d2a\u6c34\u3002\u5982\u679c\u5b58\u5728\u4e0d\u53ef\u9884\u6d4b\u3001\u65e2\u4e0d\u592a\u5e38\u89c1\u4e5f\u4e0d\u592a\u7f55\u89c1\u7684\u707e\u96be\u6027\u4e8b\u4ef6\u6216\u6ce2\u52a8\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u8fd9\u4e9b\u707e\u96be\u53ef\u4ee5\u4fc3\u8fdb\u8fdb\u5316\u548c\u52a0\u901f\u9002\u5e94\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u6d8c\u73b0\u5f62\u5f0f\u53ef\u4ee5\u79f0\u4e3a\u9002\u5e94\u6027\u6d8c\u73b0\u3002\u5b83\u662f IIIb \u578b\u6d8c\u73b0\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u4f8b\u5b50\uff0c\u51fa\u73b0\u5728\u5177\u6709\u591a\u91cd\u53cd\u9988\u548c\u8bb8\u591a\u7ea6\u675f\u751f\u6210\u8fc7\u7a0b\u7684\u590d\u6742\u81ea\u9002\u5e94\u7cfb\u7edf<\/span> (CAS) <\/span>\u4e2d\u3002\u5b83\u4e0e\u5168\u65b0\u89d2\u8272\u7684\u51fa\u73b0\u4ee5\u53ca\u5df2\u7ecf\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u300c\u751f\u6001\u300d\u751f\u6001\u4f4d\u7684\u5de8\u5927\u53d8\u5316\u6709\u5173\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
                           <\/span><\/section>\n
                          IIIb\u578b\u6d8c\u73b0\u4e5f\u662f\u7a81\u53d1\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u4e0e\u5fc3\u667a\u9769\u547d\u7684\u539f\u56e0\u3002\u5728 \u300c\u5fc3\u667a\u9769\u547d\u300d\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u901a\u5e38\u5b58\u5728\u4e00\u79cd\u5bf9\u65b0\u884c\u52a8\u6216\u89c1\u89e3\u7684\u7cbe\u795e\u969c\u788d\u2014\u2014\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u7684\u4e0d\u534f\u8c03\u611f\u6216\u6291\u5236\u884c\u52a8\u7684\u65e0\u610f\u8bc6\u5ba1\u67e5\u3002\u5bf9\u4eba\u7c7b\u6216\u4e3b\u4f53\u4ee3\u7406\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u60c5\u51b5\u90fd\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u8ba4\u77e5\u4e0a\u7684\u96be\u9898\u6216\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u5982\u679c\u5b83\u4e0d\u80fd\u901a\u8fc7\u601d\u8003\u548c\u63a8\u7406\u5f97\u5230\u89e3\u51b3\uff0c\u5b83\u5c31\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u53d8\u6210\u4e00\u573a\u707e\u96be\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e00\u4e2a\u5fc3\u7406\u969c\u788d\u5c31\u50cf\u4e00\u4e2a\u5c0f\u7684\u8ba4\u77e5\u707e\u96be\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u969c\u788d\u7a81\u7136\u88ab\u514b\u670d\uff0c\u5c31\u4f1a\u4ea7\u751f\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u7684\u89c1\u89e3\u548c\u96ea\u5d29\u5f0f\u7684\u795e\u7ecf\u6d3b\u52a8<\/span>\uff08\u6216\u5927\u7b11\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u540c\u6837\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u4e5f\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u6258\u9a6c\u65af\u00b7\u5e93\u6069\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u9769\u547d\uff1a\u4f1a\u6709\u4e00\u79cd\u969c\u788d<\/span>\uff08\u901a\u5e38\u662f\u7531\u65e7\u7406\u8bba\u7ea6\u675f\u9020\u6210\u7684\uff09<\/span>\u963b\u6b62\u65b0\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c\u76f4\u5230\u8fd9\u4e2a\u969c\u788d\u88ab\u4e00\u79cd\u65b0\u8303\u5f0f\u6240\u514b\u670d\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u5bfc\u81f4\u79d1\u5b66\u6d3b\u52a8\u548c\u51fa\u7248\u7269\u7684\u96ea\u7403\u5f0f\u53d1\u5c55\uff0c\u89c1[38]\u7b2c6.2\u7ae0\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

                          <\/section>\n
                          <\/section>\n
                          \uff08\u56fe21\uff1a\u96a7\u7a7f\uff0c\u5177\u6709\u591a\u91cd\u53cd\u9988\u7684CAS\u7a81\u7834\u9002\u5e94\u5ea6\u6311\u6218\u5b9e\u73b0\u590d\u6742\u6027\u8dc3\u8fc1\u7684\u51e0\u79cd\u6a21\u5f0f\uff09<\/span><\/section>\n

                          <\/section>\n

                          \n
                          5.4 \u7b2cIV\u578b\uff1a\u5f3a\u6d8c\u73b0\u6027\u548c\u968f\u9644\u6027<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/section>\n<\/h2>\n
                           <\/span><\/section>\n
                          \u5f3a\u6d8c\u73b0\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e3a\u5728\u66f4\u9ad8\u5c42\u6b21\u7684\u7ec4\u7ec7\u6216\u590d\u6742\u6027\u4e0a\u51fa\u73b0\u7684\u6d8c\u73b0\u6027\u7ed3\u6784\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7ed3\u6784\u62e5\u6709\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u65b0\u7279\u6027\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u5728\u539f\u5219\u4e0a\u4e5f\u4e0d\u80fd\u8fd8\u539f\u4e3a\u57fa\u672c\u90e8\u5206\u548c\u7ec4\u4ef6\u7684\u5c5e\u6027\u548c\u89c4\u5f8b\u7684\u7d2f\u79ef\u6548\u5e94\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\u751f\u547d\u662f\u57fa\u56e0\u3001\u9057\u4f20\u5bc6\u7801\u4e0e\u6838\u9178\/\u6c28\u57fa\u9178\u7684\u5f3a\u6d8c\u73b0\u5c5e\u6027\uff0c\u603b\u4f53\u800c\u8a00\u6587\u5316\u5219\u662f\u6a21\u56e0<\/span>\uff08memes\uff09<\/span>\u3001\u8bed\u8a00\u548c\u4e66\u5199\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u5f3a\u6d8c\u73b0\u5c5e\u6027\u3002\u4e0e\u67d0\u4e9b\u54f2\u5b66\u7406\u8bba\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e0b\u7684\u5f3a\u6d8c\u73b0\u4e0d\u4e00\u5b9a\u8981\u8fdd\u53cd\u4efb\u4f55\u7269\u7406\u5b9a\u5f8b\u3002\u5f3a\u6d8c\u73b0\u4e00\u8bcd\u6709\u65f6\u4f1a\u88ab\u7528\u6765\u63cf\u8ff0\u9b54\u6cd5\u3001\u4e0d\u79d1\u5b66\u6216\u8d85\u81ea\u7136\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff0c\u8fd9\u663e\u7136\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5fc5\u987b\u52a0\u4ee5\u7ea0\u6b63\u9519\u8bef\u7684\u89c2\u5ff5\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
                           <\/span><\/section>\n
                          \u5f3a\u6d8c\u73b0\u6240\u63cf\u8ff0\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e0d\u662f\u9b54\u6cd5\u7684\u3001\u4e0d\u79d1\u5b66\u6216\u53cd\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u591a\u5c3a\u5ea6\u7684\u975e\u5e38\u590d\u6742\u7684\u73b0\u8c61\uff0c\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u9b54\u6cd5\u6216\u8d85\u81ea\u7136\u7684\u529b\u91cf\u53c2\u4e0e\u5176\u4e2d\u3002\u50cf\u5176\u5b83\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u6d8c\u73b0\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u4e0d\u4e86\u89e3\u5185\u5728\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff0c\u5b83\u53ef\u80fd\u770b\u8d77\u6765\u5f88\u795e\u5947\u3002\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u4ece\u672a\u542c\u8bf4\u8fc7DNA\u548c\u57fa\u56e0\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u751f\u547d\u770b\u8d77\u6765\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u662f\u795e\u5947\u7684\u3002\u73b0\u5728\u6709\u79cd\u89c2\u5ff5\uff0c\u751f\u547d\u4e0d\u80fd\u4ec5\u4ec5\u7528\u7269\u7406\u8fc7\u7a0b\u6765\u89e3\u91ca<\/span>\uff08Vitalism\uff0c\u300c\u751f\u547d\u4e3b\u4e49\u300d\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u7269\u7406\u89c4\u5f8b\u4e0d\u80fd\u63cf\u8ff0\u751f\u7269\u5f62\u5f0f\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u6b63\u786e\u7684\uff0c\u6b63\u5982\u7c92\u5b50\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u7684\u89c4\u5f8b\u4e0e\u5b8f\u89c2\u73b0\u8c61\u65e0\u5173\uff0c\u4e0e\u5b8f\u89c2\u5c3a\u5ea6\u4e0a\u7684\u96c6\u4f53\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u6548\u679c\u76f8\u6bd4\uff0c\u5fae\u89c2\u89c4\u5219\u662f\u4e0d\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
                           <\/span><\/section>\n
                          \u8fd9\u5c31\u662f\u6d8c\u73b0\u7684\u6096\u8bba\uff0c\u5b83\u5728\u5f3a\u6d8c\u73b0\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u53d8\u5f97\u6700\u4e3a\u660e\u663e\u3002\u5b8f\u89c2\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\u548c\u6a21\u5f0f\u4f9d\u8d56\u4e8e\u5fae\u89c2\u7684\u7c92\u5b50\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83\u4eec\u53c8\u72ec\u7acb\u4e8e\u5fae\u89c2\u7c92\u5b50\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u6700\u5f31\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u56e0\u679c\u5173\u7cfb\u88ab\u9650\u5236\u79f0\u4e3a\u300c\u968f\u9644\u6027\u300d<\/span>\uff08supervenience\uff09<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
                           <\/span><\/section>\n
                          \u5b8f\u89c2\u5c42\u9762\u72ec\u7acb\u4e8e\u5fae\u89c2\u5c42\u9762\u7684\uff0c\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e2d\u89c2\u6216\u4e2d\u95f4\u5c42\u9762\u6765\u4fdd\u62a4\u548c\u9694\u79bb\u8fd9\u4e24\u8005\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\u5728\u5f3a\u6d8c\u73b0\u4e2d\uff0c\u5b8f\u89c2\u5c42\u9762\u4e0e\u5fae\u89c2\u5c42\u9762\u65e0\u5173\uff0c\u53cd\u4e4b\u4ea6\u7136\u3002\u8fd9\u5c31\u50cf\u5b89\u5fb7\u68ee<\/span>\uff08Anderson\uff09<\/span>\u8bf4\u7684\u90a3\u6837\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
                          \n
                          \u628a\u4e00\u5207\u90fd\u5f52\u7ed3\u4e3a\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u89c4\u5f8b\u7684\u80fd\u529b\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0d\u610f\u5473\u7740\u6709\u80fd\u529b\u4ece\u8fd9\u4e9b\u89c4\u5f8b\u5f00\u59cb\u5e76\u91cd\u5efa\u5b87\u5b99\u3002\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u57fa\u672c\u7c92\u5b50\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u544a\u8bc9\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u5b9a\u5f8b\u7684\u6027\u8d28\u8d8a\u591a\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u4e0e\u79d1\u5b66\u5176\u4ed6\u9886\u57df\u7684\u975e\u5e38\u73b0\u5b9e\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u4f3c\u4e4e\u5c31\u8d8a\u4e0d\u76f8\u5173\uff0c\u66f4\u4e0d\u7528\u8bf4\u4e0e\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u4e86[9]\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n<\/blockquote>\n
                           \u5982\u679c\u5fae\u89c2\u5c42\u9762\u88ab\u5176\u4ed6\u4e1c\u897f\u53d6\u4ee3\uff0c\u53ea\u8981\u4e2d\u89c2\u6216\u4e2d\u95f4\u5c42\u9762\u4fdd\u6301\u4e0d\u53d8\uff0c\u5b8f\u89c2\u5c42\u9762\u4ecd\u7136\u662f\u4e0d\u53d8\u7684\u3002Laughlin \u5728\u4ed6\u7684\u4e66\u4e2d[1]\u7b2c12\u7ae0\u5c06\u6b64\u79f0\u4e3a\u300c\u76f8\u5173\u6027\u5c4f\u969c\u300d<\/span>\uff08Barrier of Relevance\uff09<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
                           <\/span><\/section>\n
                          \u8fd9\u4e2a\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u7684\u5f3a\u6d8c\u73b0\u662f\u5bf9\u76f8\u5173\u6027\u5c4f\u969c\u7684\u8de8\u8d8a<\/span>\uff08crossing of the barrier of relevance\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u5b83\u901a\u5e38\u4e0e\u5de8\u5927\u7684\u590d\u6742\u6027\u8dc3\u8fc1\u548c\u91cd\u5927\u6f14\u5316\u8f6c\u53d8\u6709\u5173\uff0c\u5176\u7279\u70b9\u662f\u51fa\u73b0\u65b0\u7684\u590d\u5236\u5b50<\/span>\uff08\u57fa\u56e0\u3001\u6a21\u56e0\u2026\u2026\uff09<\/span>\u548c\u5168\u65b0\u7684\u6f14\u5316\u5f62\u5f0f<\/span>\uff08\u751f\u7269\u3001\u6587\u5316\u2026\u2026\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u5de8\u5927\u7684\u6570\u91cf\u7ea710^120\u2014\u2014\u6839\u636e\u4fdd\u7f57\u00b7\u6234\u7ef4\u65af<\/span>\uff08Paul Davies\uff09<\/span>[39]\u7684\u8bf4\u6cd5\uff0c\u5170\u9053\u5c14-\u60e0\u52d2-\u52b3\u57c3\u5fb7\u6781\u9650<\/span>\uff08Landauer-Wheeler-Lloyd limit\uff09<\/span>\u4e3a \u300c\u5e95\u5c42\u300d\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5b9a\u5f8b\u53ef\u80fd\u5bf9\u300c\u9ad8\u5c42\u300d\u7269\u7406\u72b6\u6001\uff0c\u884c\u4f7f\u7684\u4efb\u4f55\u8d85\u51b3\u5b9a\u6027\u7684\u63a7\u5236\u8bbe\u5b9a\u4e86\u7ea6\u675f\u9650\u5236\uff0c\u800c\u8fd9\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u7ec4\u5408\u7206\u70b8\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u5de8\u5927\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u7ec4\u5408\u6570\u91cf\u4f7f\u5f97\u4efb\u4f55\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\u7684\u7b97\u6cd5\u3001\u89c4\u5219\u6216\u5b9a\u5f8b\u90fd\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u7a81\u7834\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
                           <\/span><\/section>\n
                          10^120\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5929\u6587\u6570\u5b57\uff0c\u5927\u81f4\u76f8\u5f53\u4e8e\u5b87\u5b99\u4e2d\u6240\u6709\u7269\u8d28\u5df2\u7ecf\u5904\u7406\u8fc7\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u91cf\u3002\u5982\u679c\u628a\u5b87\u5b99\u53d8\u6210\u4e00\u53f0\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\uff0c\u5b83\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u5b87\u5b99\u5e74\u9f84\u5185\u5904\u7406\u5927\u7ea610^120\u6bd4\u7279\u4fe1\u606f\uff0c\u8fd9\u6b63\u597d\u5927\u7ea6\u662f140\u4ebf\u5e74[40]\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
                           <\/span><\/section>\n
                          \u5373\u4f7f\u4e00\u4e2a\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\u7684\u89c4\u5219\u6216\u89c4\u5f8b\u975e\u5e38\u7b80\u77ed\u5e76\u88ab\u538b\u7f29\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u8ba1\u7b97\u9700\u8981\u51e0\u5341\u4ebf\u5e74\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u6ca1\u6709\u610f\u4e49\u7684\u3002\u8fd9\u5e76\u4e0d\u610f\u5473\u7740\u51b3\u5b9a\u8bba\u662f\u5b8c\u5168\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\uff0c\u5b83\u53ea\u662f\u5236\u7ea6\u4e86\u5c40\u90e8\u7684\u3001\u4f4e\u5c42\u6b21\u7684\u89c4\u5f8b\u7684\u51b3\u5b9a\u6027\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u5168\u5c40\u7684\u3001\u9ad8\u5c42\u6b21\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\uff0c\u5177\u6709\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u5f3a\u6d8c\u73b0\u6027\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
                           <\/span><\/section>\n
                          \u80af\u5b9a\u8fbe\u5230\u5170\u9053\u5c14-\u60e0\u52d2-\u52b3\u57c3\u5fb7\u6781\u9650\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\u662f\u8fdb\u5316\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u4e24\u79cd\u57fa\u672c\u5f62\u5f0f<\/span>\uff08\u9057\u4f20\u548c\u8bb0\u5fc6\u8fdb\u5316\uff09<\/span>\u7684\u8f6c\u53d8\uff1a<\/span><\/section>\n
                           <\/span><\/section>\n
                          (1\uff09\u751f\u547d\u7684\u51fa\u73b0\uff0c\u751f\u7269\u8fdb\u5316\uff0c\u57fa\u56e0\uff0c\u9057\u4f20\u590d\u5236\u5b50\uff0c\u9057\u4f20\u5bc6\u7801 \u771f\u6b63\u7684\u86cb\u767d\u8d28\u901a\u5e38\u5305\u542bn=60\u5230n=100\u4e2a\u6c28\u57fa\u9178\u3002\u73b0\u6709\u768420\u4e2a\u6c28\u57fa\u9178\u53ef\u4ee5\u6392\u5217\u621020n\u4e2a\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u5e8f\u5217\uff0c\u8fd9\u63a5\u8fd1\u5170\u9053\u5c14-\u6d77\u52d2-\u52b3\u57c3\u5fb7\u7684\u6781\u965010120\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u86cb\u767d\u8d28\u4e2d\u7684\u6c28\u57fa\u9178\u662f\u7531\u6838\u82f7\u9178\u78b1\u57fa\u5bf9\u7684\u4e09\u4e2a\u5b57\u6bcd\u8bcd\u6216\u5bc6\u7801\u5b50<\/span>\uff08CCG\u3001UGA\u3001CAA\u3001AUG\u2026\u2026\uff09<\/span>\u6307\u5b9a\u7684\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u540c\u6837\u7684\u8bba\u70b9\u4e5f\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u57fa\u56e0\u4e2d\u7684\u78b1\u57fa\u5bf9\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
                          \u6709\u4eba\u8bf4\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u652f\u6301 \u300c\u667a\u80fd\u8bbe\u8ba1\u300d\u3001\u53cd\u5bf9\u8fdb\u5316\u8bba\u7684\u8bba\u70b9\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u8fdb\u5316\u80fd\u591f\u5728\u5f88\u957f\u4e00\u6bb5\u65f6\u95f4\u5185\u63a2\u7d22\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5927\u91cf\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u548c\u7ec4\u5408\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
                          \u7531\u4e8e\u901a\u8fc7\u53d8\u5f02\u548c\u91cd\u7ec4\u7684\u4e0d\u65ad\u53d8\u5316\uff0c\u5b83\u68c0\u67e5\u5e76\u653e\u5f03\u4e86\u5927\u91cf\u7684\u4e0d\u6210\u529f\u7684\u5c1d\u8bd5\u3002\u8fd9\u91cc\u7684\u91cd\u70b9\u662f\uff0c\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u5c06\u751f\u7269\u4f53\u7684\u884c\u4e3a<\/span>\uff08\u57fa\u4e8e\u57fa\u56e0\u548c\u86cb\u767d\u8d28\uff09<\/span>\u4ee5\u67d0\u79cd\u65b9\u5f0f\u7eb3\u5165\u539f\u5b50\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u7684\u89c4\u5f8b\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

                          <\/section>\n
                          (2) \u6587\u5316\u7684\u51fa\u73b0\uff0c\u6587\u5316\u8fdb\u5316\uff0c\u6a21\u56e0\uff0c\u6a21\u56e0\u590d\u5236\u5b50\uff0c\u8bed\u8a00 \u6b63\u5e38\u7684\u5b57\u6bcd\u8bed\u8a00\u670926\u4e2a\u5b57\u7b26\uff0c\u4e5f\u89c4\u5b9a\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e0d\u53ef\u60f3\u8c61\u7684\uff0c\u5de8\u5927\u6570\u91cf\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u7ec4\u5408\u3002\u50cf\u82f1\u8bed\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u8bed\u8a00\u670926\u4e2a\u5b57\u7b26\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u8bcd\u5927\u7ea6\u67097\u4e2a\u5b57\u7b26\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u53e5\u5b50\u5927\u7ea6\u67097\u4e2a\u8bcd\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u4e00\u4e2a\u53e5\u5b50\u5927\u7ea6\u67092649\u79cd\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u5e8f\u5217\u3002\u4e0d\u8fc7\uff0c\u5e76\u975e\u6240\u6709\u7684\u7ec4\u5408\u90fd\u662f\u6709\u6548\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u53ea\u6709\u5927\u7ea610\u4e07\u4e2a\u82f1\u8bed\u5355\u8bcd\u3002\u5982\u679c\u6211\u4eec\u8003\u8651\u8d85\u8fc725\u4e2a\u5355\u8bcd\u7684\u8f83\u957f\u7684\u6709\u610f\u4e49\u7684\u6587\u672c\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u518d\u6b21\u63a5\u8fd1\u5170\u9053\u5c14-\u6d77\u52d2-\u52b3\u57c3\u5fb7\u7684\u6781\u965010^120\u3002\u540c\u6837\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u5de8\u5927\u7684\u7ec4\u5408\u6570\u91cf\u963b\u788d\u4e86\u4f4e\u5c42\u6b21\u751f\u7269\u89c4\u5f8b\u5bf9\u793e\u4f1a\u548c\u6587\u5316\u73b0\u8c61\u7684\u76f4\u63a5\u63a7\u5236\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u8bed\u8a00\u548c\u4e66\u5199\u7cfb\u7edf\u90fd\u6ca1\u6709\u5728\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u57fa\u56e0\u4e2d\u7f16\u7801<\/span>\uff08\u6211\u4eec\u77e5\u9053\u57fa\u56e0\u63a7\u5236\u60c5\u7eea\uff0c\u800c\u60c5\u7eea\u63a7\u5236\u9ad8\u5c42\u6b21\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\uff0c\u4f46\u8fd9\u66f4\u591a\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u95f4\u63a5\u63a7\u5236\u673a\u5236\uff09<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

                          <\/section>\n
                          \u8fd9\u4e24\u79cd\u5f62\u5f0f\u662f\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u51e0\u79cd\u300c\u6d8c\u73b0\u300d\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u79cd\uff0c\u751f\u547d\u548c\u9057\u4f20\u5bc6\u7801\u7684\u8d77\u6e90\uff0c\u89e6\u53d1\u4e86\u9057\u4f20\u548c\u751f\u7269\u8fdb\u5316\u3002\u7b2c\u4e8c\u79cd\uff0c\u6587\u5316\u548c\u8bed\u8a00\u7684\u8d77\u6e90\uff0c\u5f15\u53d1\u4e86\u8bb0\u5fc6\u5b66\u548c\u6587\u5316\u8fdb\u5316\u3002\u751f\u547d\u548c\u6587\u5316\u7684\u4e24\u4e2a\u57fa\u672c\u5355\u4f4d\u5206\u522b\u662f\u7ec6\u80de\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u3002\u524d\u8005\u57fa\u4e8e\u9057\u4f20\u5bc6\u7801\u548cDNA\uff0c\u540e\u8005\u57fa\u4e8e\u666e\u901a\u8bed\u8a00\u548c\u4e66\u5199\u7cfb\u7edf\u3002\u5f3a\u6d8c\u73b0\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u770b\u4f5c\u662f\u4ece\u4e00\u4e2a\u8fdb\u5316\u7cfb\u7edf<\/span>\uff08\u6216\u590d\u6742\u7684\u9002\u5e94\u6027\u7cfb\u7edf\uff09<\/span>\u5230\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u8fc7\u6e21\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u7a81\u7834\u6216\u5173\u5361\u4e8b\u4ef6<\/span>\uff08breakthrough or gateway event\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u6b63\u5982 Murray Gell\u00b7Mann \u6240\u8bf4\u7684\u90a3\u6837[41]\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

                          <\/section>\n
                          \u7b2cIV\u578b\u662f\u6307\u5230\u76ee\u524d\u4e3a\u6b62\uff0c\u65b0\u7684\u8fdb\u5316\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u51fa\u73b0\uff0c\u5176\u7ed3\u6784\u662f\u7531\u4e00\u79cd\u65b0\u7684\u8bed\u8a00\u4ee5\u9057\u4f20\/\u8bb0\u5fc6\u4ee3\u7801\u6216\u5176\u4ed6\u5b57\u6bcd\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u89c4\u5b9a\u7684\u3002\u4f46\u539f\u5219\u4e0a\uff0c\u5b83\u53ef\u4ee5\u662f\u4efb\u4f55\u5177\u6709\u4e00\u5957\u6784\u4ef6\u548c\u591a\u5c42\u6b21\u51fa\u73b0\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u3002\u4e00\u4e2a\u4f8b\u5b50\u662f\u300a\u751f\u547d\u6e38\u620f\u300b\u4e2d\u7684\u56fe\u7075\u673a\u6a21\u62df\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5728CA6\u4e2d\u5efa\u7acb\u4e00\u4e2a\u56fe\u7075\u673a\u53ef\u80fd\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u65e0\u7528\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5f3a\u6d8c\u73b0\u7684\u73a9\u5177\u6a21\u578b\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u8fd9\u91cc\u7684\u6d8c\u73b0\u73b0\u8c61\u5b9e\u73b0\u7684\u529f\u80fd\u5728\u903b\u8f91\u4e0a\u662f\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e0e\u4ea7\u751f\u5b83\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u73b0\u8c61\u5206\u79bb\u7684\u3002\u56fe\u7075\u673a\u7684\u529f\u80fd\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u7531\u751f\u547d\u6e38\u620f\u89c4\u5219\u5b9a\u4e49\u7684\u5e73\u53f0\u4e0a\u5b9e\u73b0\uff0c\u4f46\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u4efb\u4f55\u5176\u4ed6\u5e73\u53f0\u4e0a\u5b9e\u73b0\uff0c\u53ef\u8ba1\u7b97\u6027\u7406\u8bba\u4e0d\u662f\u751f\u547d\u6e38\u620f\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b50\u96c6\u2014\u2014\u5982\u679c\u6709\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e1c\u897f\u7684\u8bdd\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
                           <\/span><\/section>\n
                          \u5728\u54f2\u5b66\u4e2d\uff0c\u8fd9\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u300c\u968f\u9644\u300d<\/span>\uff08supervenience\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u6bd4 \u300c\u8d85\u8d8a\u300d<\/span>\uff08transcendence\uff09<\/span>\u65e9\u4e00\u6b65\u3002\u6d8c\u73b0\u7684\u6700\u9ad8\/\u6700\u5f3a\u5f62\u5f0f\u4e0e\u968f\u9644\u6709\u5173\uff0c\u662f\u56e0\u679c\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u6700\u4f4e\/\u6700\u5f31\u5f62\u5f0f\u3002\u6362\u53e5\u8bdd\u8bf4\uff0c\u6700\u5927\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u6d8c\u73b0\u4e0e\u6700\u5c0f\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u56e0\u679c\u8054\u7cfb\u6709\u5173\u3002\u968f\u9644\u7684\u610f\u601d\u539f\u672c\u662f \u300c\u4e0d\u5c5e\u4e8e\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e8b\u7269\u7684\u771f\u5b9e\u6216\u57fa\u672c\u6027\u8d28\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u300d\u3002\u4e00\u4e2a \u300c\u9ad8\u5c42\u7cfb\u7edfX\u5bf9\u4f4e\u5c42\u7cfb\u7edfY\u5177\u6709\u968f\u9644\u6027\u300d\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u4ee5\u4e0b\u60c5\u51b5\u5bf9\u6240\u6709\u5bf9\u8c61a\u548cb\u90fd\u6210\u7acb\uff1a\uff081\uff09\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fda\u548cb\u7684X\u5c5e\u6027\u76f8\u540c\uff0c\u800cY\u5c5e\u6027\u6709\u5dee\u5f02\uff082\uff09\u5982\u679ca\u548cb\u6709\u76f8\u540c\u7684Y\u5c5e\u6027\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u5b83\u4eec\u4e5f\u6709\u76f8\u540c\u7684X\u5c5e\u6027\u3002\u8fd9\u7ecf\u5e38\u88ab\u7528\u6765\u89e3\u91ca\u8111-\u5fc3\u6216\u8eab\u4f53-\u7075\u9b42\u7684\u4e8c\u5143\u6027\uff0c\u5176\u4e2dX\u662f\u5fc3\u7406\u5c5e\u6027\uff0cY\u662f\u7269\u7406\u5c5e\u6027\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

                          <\/section>\n
                          \u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5f3a\u6d8c\u73b0\u63cf\u8ff0\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u662f\u5bf9\u4f4e\u7ea7\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u968f\u9644\uff0c\u4f46\u5728\u903b\u8f91\u4e0a\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e0e\u4ea7\u751f\u5b83\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u73b0\u8c61\u5206\u5f00\u3002\u901a\u8fc7\u5f3a\u6d8c\u73b0\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u300c\u591a\u5c3a\u5ea6\u300d\u7cfb\u7edf\u4f9d\u8d56\u4e8e\u4e0b\u5c42\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u4eec\u662f\u5728\u5176\u8bed\u8a00\u7684\u6700\u4f4e\u5c42\u6b21\u4e0a\u5b9e\u73b0\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u540c\u65f6\u5b83\u4eec\u53c8\u72ec\u7acb\u4e8e\u4e0b\u5c42\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u4eec\u670d\u4ece\u4e8e\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u4e2d\u89c2\u6216\u5b8f\u89c2\u8bed\u8a00\uff0c\u5bf9\u5fae\u89c2\u7ec6\u8282\u4e0d\u654f\u611f\u3002\u4f4e\u7ea7\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u5fae\u89c2\u7ec6\u8282\u4e0e\u5b8f\u89c2\u73b0\u8c61\u5b8c\u5168\u4e0d\u76f8\u5173\uff0c\u9ad8\u7ea7\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u5176\u4ed6\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u5b9e\u73b0\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

                          <\/section>\n
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                           \uff08\u56fe22\uff1a\u56db\u79cd\u7c7b\u578b\u6d8c\u73b0\u53cd\u9988\u673a\u5236\uff09<\/span><\/p>\n


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                          <\/svg><\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n
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                          6. \u7ed3\u8bba<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n

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                          <\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/h3>\n


                          <\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/h3>\n

                          \u672c\u6587\u9488\u5bf9\u4e0d\u540c\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u6d8c\u73b0\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u5168\u9762\u7684\u5206\u7c7b\uff0c\u5c06\u5176\u5212\u5206\u4e3a\u56db\u4e2a\u57fa\u672c\u7c7b\u522b\u3002I\u578b\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e86\u6ca1\u6709\u81ea\u4e0a\u800c\u4e0b\u53cd\u9988\u548c\u81ea\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u7b80\u5355\u6d8c\u73b0\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u590d\u6742\u673a\u5668\u4e2d\u7684\u6709\u610f\u6d8c\u73b0\u3002II\u578b\u5305\u62ec\u7ecf\u5178\u7684\u5177\u6709\u81ea\u4e0a\u800c\u4e0b\u53cd\u9988\u548c\u81ea\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u5f31\u6d8c\u73b0\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u4e00\u7c7b\u578b\u4e2d\uff0c\u8fd8\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u533a\u5206\u4e86\u7a33\u5b9a\u548c\u4e0d\u7a33\u5b9a\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u3002III\u578b\u6db5\u76d6\u4e86\u5728\u66f4\u590d\u6742\u7684\u9002\u5e94\u6027\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u8fdb\u5316\u901a\u8fc7\u591a\u91cd\u53cd\u9988\u548c\u9002\u5e94\u800c\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u6240\u6709\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u6d8c\u73b0\u3002\u6700\u540eIV\u578b\u523b\u753b\u4e86\u8fdb\u5316\u4e2d\u6240\u6709\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u5f3a\u6d8c\u73b0\u7684\u7279\u5f81\u3002\u7531\u6b64\u5f3a\u6d8c\u73b0\u8fd9\u4e00\u672f\u8bed\u53ef\u4ece\u4efb\u4f55\u795e\u5947\u6216\u4e0d\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u542b\u4e49\u4e2d\u89e3\u653e\u51fa\u6765\u3002<\/span>\uff08\u89c1\u88682\uff09 <\/span><\/section>\n
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                          \u5982\u679c\u9009\u62e9\u53ef\u9884\u6d4b\u6027\u800c\u975e\u53cd\u9988\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e3b\u8981\u7684\u5206\u7c7b\u7279\u5f81\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u4ee5\u4e0a\u7c7b\u522b\u53ef\u4fdd\u6301\u4e0d\u53d8\u2014\u2014\u65e0\u8bba\u8003\u8651\u53ef\u9884\u6d4b\u6027\u7a0b\u5ea6\u3001\u53cd\u9988\u7c7b\u578b\u3001\u56e0\u679c\u5173\u7cfb\u5f62\u5f0f\uff0c\u6291\u6216\u53d7\u4e0d\u540c\u79cd\u7c7b\u7ea6\u675f\u7684\u751f\u6210\u8fc7\u7a0b\u6216\u4f5c\u7528\uff0c\u90fd\u65e0\u5173\u7d27\u8981\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u5206\u7c7b\u82e5\u7528\u53ef\u9884\u6d4b\u6027\u6765\u5177\u4f53\u8bf4\u660e\u5219\u662f\uff1aI\u578b\u7684\u6709\u610f\u6d8c\u73b0\u662f\u53ef\u9884\u6d4b\u7684\uff0c\u4e0e\u56fa\u5b9a\u7684\u89d2\u8272\u76f8\u5bf9\u5e94\uff1bII\u578b\u7684\u5f31\u6d8c\u73b0\u5728\u539f\u5219\u4e0a\u662f\u53ef\u9884\u6d4b\u7684<\/span>\uff08\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5e76\u975e\u6bcf\u4e2a\u7ec6\u8282\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u4e0e\u7075\u6d3b\u7684\u89d2\u8272\u76f8\u5bf9\u5e94\uff1bIII\u578b\u7684\u591a\u91cd\u6d8c\u73b0\u5f80\u5f80\u662f\u6df7\u6c8c\u6216\u5b8c\u5168\u4e0d\u53ef\u9884\u6d4b\u7684\uff0c\u4e0e\u65b0\u89d2\u8272\u7684\u51fa\u73b0\u548c\u65e7\u89d2\u8272\u7684\u6d88\u5931\u6709\u5173\uff1b\u800cIV\u578b\u7684\u5f3a\u6d8c\u73b0\u5219\u5728\u539f\u5219\u4e0a\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u9884\u6d4b\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u5f00\u542f\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u5177\u6709\u5168\u65b0\u89d2\u8272\u7684\u5168\u65b0\u4e16\u754c\u3002\u6d8c\u73b0\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u521b\u9020\u6027\u7684\u3001\u5076\u7136\u7684\u3001\u4e14\u5f80\u5f80\u4e0d\u53ef\u9884\u6d4b\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff1a\u6d8c\u73b0\u8d8a\u5f3a\uff0c\u6d8c\u73b0\u7684\u5c5e\u6027\u3001\u6a21\u5f0f\u548c\u7ed3\u6784\u5c31\u8d8a\u4e0d\u53ef\u9884\u6d4b\u3002<\/span>\uff08\u89c1\u88681\uff09<\/span><\/section>\n
                           <\/span><\/section>\n
                          \u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u8fd8\u5b58\u5728\u5177\u6709\u5176\u5b83\u300c\u591a\u91cd\u53cd\u9988\u300d\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u7b2cIII\u578b\u6d8c\u73b0\uff0c\u4f46\u8fc4\u4eca\u4e3a\u6b62\u8fd8\u6ca1\u6709\u4eba\u63d0\u53ca\u3002\u5177\u6709\u591a\u79cd\u5f62\u5f0f\u53cd\u9988\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u5f80\u5f80\u975e\u5e38\u590d\u6742\uff0c\u96be\u4ee5\u7406\u89e3\u3002\u5177\u6709\u5ef6\u65f6\u53cd\u9988\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u53ef\u4ee5\u663e\u793a\u51fa\u8bf8\u5982\u6df7\u6c8c\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u3002\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u60f3\u53d1\u73b0\u65b0\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u6d8c\u73b0\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u503c\u5f97\u5173\u6ce8\u7684\u70b9\u3002\u672c\u6587\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u6d8c\u73b0\u5206\u7c7b\u6cd5\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5168\u9762\u7684\u7406\u8bba\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u5728\u6b63\u786e\u7684\u65b9\u5411\u4e0a\u8fc8\u51fa\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b65\uff0c\u4ee5\u4fbf\u4eba\u4eec\u66f4\u6df1\u5165\u3001\u66f4\u597d\u5730\u7406\u89e3\u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u7684\u5404\u79cd\u73b0\u8c61\u3002\u5c31\u50cf\u590d\u6742\u6027\u96be\u4ee5\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u6709\u4e9b\u4e1c\u897f\u5982\u679c\u96be\u4ee5\u63cf\u8ff0\u5c31\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u590d\u6742\u6027\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u6d8c\u73b0\u4e5f\u5f88\u96be\u7528\u6a21\u578b\u6216\u7406\u8bba\u6765\u5b8c\u5168\u6355\u6349\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5728\u6d8c\u73b0\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u65b0\u7684\u5b9e\u4f53\u4f1a\u51fa\u73b0\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u5c31\u53d7\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u89c4\u5f8b\u652f\u914d\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

                          <\/section>\n
                          \u5730\u5740\uff1ahttps:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/nlin\/0506028<\/span><\/section>\n
                           <\/span><\/section>\n
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                          \u53c2\u8003\u6587\u732e<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n

                          \n
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                          <\/p>\n

                          [1] Laughlin 2005<\/span><\/p>\n

                          [2] Holland 1998<\/span><\/p>\n

                          [3] http:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/properties-emergent\/<\/span><\/p>\n

                          [4] Watts 2003<\/span><\/p>\n

                          [5] Kubik 2003<\/span><\/p>\n

                          [6] BarYam 2004<\/span><\/p>\n

                          [7] Holland 1998<\/span><\/p>\n

                          [8] Damper 2000<\/span><\/p>\n

                          [9] Anderson 1972<\/span><\/p>\n

                          [10] Flake 2000, BarYam 1997<\/span><\/p>\n

                          [11] Honderich 1995<\/span><\/p>\n

                          [12] Audi 1995<\/span><\/p>\n

                          [13] http:\/\/dictionary.cambridge.org\/<\/span><\/p>\n

                          [14] Kim 1999<\/span><\/p>\n

                          [15] Heylighen 1991<\/span><\/p>\n

                          [16] Chalmers 2002<\/span><\/p>\n

                          [17] Bedau 2002<\/span><\/p>\n

                          [18] BarYam 2004<\/span><\/p>\n

                          [19] Wolfram 1984<\/span><\/p>\n

                          [20] http:\/\/www.ics.uci.edu\/~eppstein\/ca\/wolfram.html<\/span><\/p>\n

                          [21] Abbott 2005b<\/span><\/p>\n

                          [22] Holland 1998<\/span><\/p>\n

                          [23] Heylighen 1991<\/span><\/p>\n

                          [24] Jones 2002<\/span><\/p>\n

                          [25] Ashby 1962<\/span><\/p>\n

                          [26] Bedau 1997\uff0c Bedau 2002<\/span><\/p>\n

                          [27] K\u00fcppers 1996<\/span><\/p>\n

                          [28] Flake 2002<\/span><\/p>\n

                          [29] Michard Bouchaud 2005, Tassier 2004\uff0cWatts2003<\/span><\/p>\n

                          [30] chapter 4 in [Johnson 2002]<\/span><\/p>\n

                          [31] Arthur 1990, 1994<\/span><\/p>\n

                          [32] Arthur 1990<\/span><\/p>\n

                          [33] Alan Turing 1952<\/span><\/p>\n

                          [34] Ball 1999\uff0cMurray2002<\/span><\/p>\n

                          [35] NowakMay 1992<\/span><\/p>\n

                          [36] Sornette 2003<\/span><\/p>\n

                          [37] Smith Szathm\u00e1ry 1997<\/span><\/p>\n

                          [38] Fromm 2004<\/span><\/p>\n

                          [39] Paul Davies\uff0c2004<\/span><\/p>\n

                          [40] Lloyd\uff0c2002<\/span><\/p>\n

                          [41] GellMann 1994\uff0cSawyer 2005<\/span><\/p>\n


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                          \uff08\u53c2\u8003\u6587\u732e\u53ef\u4e0a\u4e0b\u6ed1\u52a8<\/strong>\u67e5\u770b\uff09<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n


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                          \u56e0\u679c\u6d8c\u73b0\u8bfb\u4e66\u4f1a<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n


                          <\/section>\n<\/h3>\n
                          \u8de8\u5c3a\u5ea6\u3001\u8de8\u5c42\u6b21\u7684\u6d8c\u73b0\u662f\u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u5173\u952e\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u751f\u547d\u8d77\u6e90\u548c\u610f\u8bc6\u8d77\u6e90\u8fd9\u4e24\u5ea7\u4ef0\u4e4b\u5f25\u9ad8\u7684\u5927\u5c71\u662f\u5176\u4ee3\u8868\u3002\u800c\u56e0\u679c\u6d8c\u73b0\u7406\u8bba\u3001\u673a\u5668\u5b66\u4e60\u91cd\u6574\u5316\u6280\u672f\u3001\u81ea\u6307\u52a8\u529b\u5b66\u7b49\u8fd1\u5e74\u6765\u65b0\u5174\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u4e0e\u5de5\u5177\uff0c\u6709\u671b\u7834\u89e3\u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u6d8c\u73b0\u89c4\u5f8b\u3002\u7531\u5317\u4eac\u5e08\u8303\u5927\u5b66\u6559\u6388\u3001\u96c6\u667a\u4ff1\u4e50\u90e8\u521b\u59cb\u4eba\u5f20\u6c5f\u7b49\u53d1\u8d77\u7684\u300c\u56e0\u679c\u6d8c\u73b0\u300d\u7cfb\u5217\u8bfb\u4e66\u4f1a<\/a>\uff0c\u5c06\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5bf9\u672c\u8bdd\u9898\u611f\u5174\u8da3\u7684\u670b\u53cb\uff0c\u6df1\u5165\u7814\u8bfb\u76f8\u5173\u6587\u732e\uff0c\u6fc0\u53d1\u79d1\u7814\u7075\u611f\u3002\u8bfb\u4e66\u4f1a\u4e3a\u7ebf\u4e0a\u4e3e\u529e\uff0c\u6bcf\u5468\u7531 1-2 \u540d\u8bfb\u4e66\u4f1a\u6210\u5458\u9886\u8bfb\u76f8\u5173\u8bba\u6587\u3002<\/span><\/span>\u4ece2021\u5e748\u670814\u65e5\u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u6bcf\u5468\u516d\u4e0a\u53489:00-11:00\uff0c\u6301\u7eed\u81f311\u6708<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

                          <\/span><\/section>\n
                          10\u670823\u65e5\u7684\u56e0\u679c\u6d8c\u73b0\u8bfb\u4e66\u4f1a\uff0c\u5317\u4eac\u5e08\u8303\u5927\u5b66\u7cfb\u7edf\u79d1\u5b66\u5b66\u9662\u5728\u8bfb\u535a\u58eb\u751f\u5f20\u7ae0\uff0c\u5c06\u5206\u4eab\u5305\u62ec\u4e0a\u6587\u5728\u5185\u7684\u4e24\u7bc7\u8bba\u6587\uff0c\u8ba8\u8bba\u6d8c\u73b0\u7684\u5206\u7c7b\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u6d8c\u73b0\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u4ece\u5fae\u89c2\u5230\u5b8f\u89c2\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u6d41\u52a8\u4e0e\u8f6c\u5316\u3002\u6b22\u8fce\u611f\u5174\u8da3\u7684\u670b\u53cb\u62a5\u540d\u53c2\u52a0\u8bfb\u4e66\u4f1a\u3002\u672c\u671f\u4e5f\u4f1a\u5728\u96c6\u667a\u4ff1\u4e50\u90e8B\u7ad9\u76f4\u64ad\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

                          <\/section>\n
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                          <\/section>\n
                          \u672c\u5b63\u8bfb\u4e66\u4f1a\u8be6\u60c5\u4e0e\u62a5\u540d\u65b9\u5f0f\u8bf7\u53c2\u8003\uff1a<\/span><\/strong>\u56e0\u679c\u6d8c\u73b0\u8bfb\u4e66\u4f1a\u542f\u52a8\uff1a\u8fde\u63a5\u56e0\u679c\u3001\u6d8c\u73b0\u4e0e\u81ea\u6307\u2014\u2014\u8de8\u5c3a\u5ea6\u52a8\u529b\u5b66\u4e0e\u56e0\u679c\u89c4\u5f8b\u7684\u63a2\u7d22<\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/section>\n

                          <\/section>\n


                          <\/p>\n

                          \u70b9\u51fb\u201c\u9605\u8bfb\u539f\u6587\u201d\uff0c\u62a5\u540d\u8bfb\u4e66\u4f1a<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

                          \u5bfc\u8bed \u6d8c\u73b0\u95ee\u9898\u662f\u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf\u9886\u57df\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u5bf9\u6d8c\u73b0\u73b0\u8c61\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u4e5f\u88ab\u8a89\u4e3a\u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u7684\u201c\u5723\u676f\u201d\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e86\u8fd9\u7bc7\u5173\u4e8e\u6d8c\u73b0\u7684\u6587\u7ae0\uff0c\u5b83\u662f\u81f3\u4eca\u4e3a\u6b62\u5bf9\u6d8c\u73b0\u73b0\u8c61\u6700\u5168\u9762\u7684\u603b\u7ed3\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u770b\u505a\u4ece\u590d\u6742\u6027\u89d2\u5ea6\u8003\u5bdf\u6240\u6709\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u4e00\u7bc7\u6307\u5357\u3002\u6587\u7ae0\u4f5c\u8005\u662f Jochen Fromm\uff0c\u662f\u5fb7\u56fd\u5361\u585e\u5c14\u5927\u5b66\uff08University of Kassel\uff09…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":29389,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[1],"tags":[],"special":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/swarma.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/29417"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/swarma.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/swarma.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/swarma.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/swarma.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=29417"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/swarma.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/29417\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/swarma.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/29389"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/swarma.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=29417"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/swarma.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=29417"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/swarma.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=29417"},{"taxonomy":"special","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/swarma.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fspecial&post=29417"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}