{"id":29450,"date":"2021-10-24T14:50:19","date_gmt":"2021-10-24T06:50:19","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/swarma.org\/?p=29450"},"modified":"2021-10-24T14:50:19","modified_gmt":"2021-10-24T06:50:19","slug":"%e4%bb%80%e4%b9%88%e6%98%af%e9%b2%81%e5%ae%be%e5%9b%a0%e6%9e%9c%e6%a1%86%e6%9e%b6-%e9%9b%86%e6%99%ba%e7%99%be%e7%a7%91","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/swarma.org\/?p=29450","title":{"rendered":"\u4ec0\u4e48\u662f\u9c81\u5bbe\u56e0\u679c\u6846\u67b6 | \u96c6\u667a\u767e\u79d1"},"content":{"rendered":"
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\u4ece\u8fd9\u5f20\u8868\u4e2d\u6211\u4eec\u53ea\u77e5\u9053\u5bf9 Joe \u7684\u56e0\u679c\u6548\u5e94\u3002\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u4eba\u5982\u679c\u670d\u7528\u836f\u7269\uff0c\u8840\u538b\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u5347\u9ad8\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u4e0d\u7ba1\u5bf9\u5176\u4ed6\u53d7\u8bd5\u8005\u7684\u56e0\u679c\u6548\u5e94\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\uff0c\u4e54\u7684\u56e0\u679c\u6548\u5e94\u662f\u8840\u538b\u964d\u4f4e\uff08\u76f8\u5bf9\u4e8e\u4ed6\u6ca1\u6709\u670d\u7528\u907f\u5b55\u836f\u65f6\u7684\u8840\u538b\uff09\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

\u8003\u8651\u66f4\u5927\u7684\u60a3\u8005\u6837\u672c\uff1a<\/span><\/section>\n
<\/section>\n
\u56e0\u679c\u6548\u5e94\u5bf9\u4e8e\u6bcf\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e3b\u9898\u662f\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u836f\u7269\u5bf9\u4e54\uff0c\u739b\u4e3d\u548c\u9c8d\u52c3\u90fd\u6709\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u56e0\u679c\u6548\u5e94\u662f\u8d1f\u7684\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u670d\u7528\u836f\u7269\u540e\u7684\u8840\u538b\u4f4e\u4e8e\u6bcf\u4e2a\u4eba\u4e0d\u670d\u7528\u836f\u7269\u65f6\u7684\u8840\u538b\u3002\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e Sally \u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u836f\u7269\u4f1a\u5bfc\u81f4\u8840\u538b\u5347\u9ad8\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

\u4e3a\u4e86\u4f7f\u6f5c\u5728\u7ed3\u679c\u6709\u610f\u4e49\uff0c\u5b83\u5fc5\u987b\u662f\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\uff0c\u81f3\u5c11\u662f\u5148\u9a8c\u5df2\u77e5\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u4e54\u5728\u4efb\u4f55\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u90fd\u65e0\u6cd5\u83b7\u5f97\u65b0\u836f\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48Yt(u)\u5bf9\u4ed6\u6765\u8bf4\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u3002\u5b83\u6c38\u8fdc\u4e0d\u4f1a\u53d1\u751f\u3002\u800c\u5982\u679cYt(u)\u6c38\u8fdc\u65e0\u6cd5\u89c2\u5bdf\u5230\uff08\u5373\u4f7f\u5728\u7406\u8bba\u4e0a\uff09\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u5bf9\u4e54\u7684\u8840\u538b\u7684\u56e0\u679c\u6548\u5e94\u662f\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u7684\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/section>\n

\u6ca1\u6709\u64cd\u7eb5\u5c31\u6ca1\u6709\u56e0\u679c\u5173\u7cfb<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n
\u65b0\u836f\u7684\u56e0\u679c\u6548\u5e94\u662f\u660e\u786e\u5b9a\u4e49\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u662f\u4e24\u79cd\u53ef\u80fd\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u6f5c\u5728\u7ed3\u679c\u7684\u7b80\u5355\u5dee\u5f02\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\uff08\u6216\u5176\u4ed6\u4e8b\u7269\uff09\u53ef\u4ee5\u5e72\u9884\u4e16\u754c\uff0c\u81f3\u5c11\u5728\u6982\u5ff5\u4e0a\u662f\u8fd9\u6837\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u53d1\u751f\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u4e8b\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

\u5982\u679c\u6c38\u8fdc\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u53d1\u751f\u5176\u4e2d\u4e00\u79cd\u6f5c\u5728\u7ed3\u679c\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u8fd9\u79cd\u56e0\u679c\u6548\u5e94\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\u5c31\u4f1a\u53d8\u5f97\u66f4\u52a0\u68d8\u624b\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u4e54\u7684\u8eab\u9ad8\u5bf9\u4ed6\u7684\u4f53\u91cd\u6709\u4ec0\u4e48\u56e0\u679c\u5173\u7cfb\uff1f\u8fd9\u4f3c\u4e4e\u4e0e\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u793a\u4f8b\u76f8\u4f3c\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u53ea\u9700\u8981\u6bd4\u8f83\u4e24\u4e2a\u6f5c\u5728\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\uff1aJoe \u5728\u5904\u7406\u4e0b\u7684\u4f53\u91cd\uff08\u5904\u7406\u88ab\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e3a\u9ad83\u82f1\u5bf8\uff09\u548c Joe \u5728\u63a7\u5236\u4e0b\u7684\u4f53\u91cd\uff08\u63a7\u5236\u88ab\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e3a\u4ed6\u5f53\u524d\u7684\u8eab\u9ad8\uff09\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

\u95ee\u9898\u5728\u4e8e\uff1a\u6211\u4eec\u65e0\u6cd5\u589e\u52a0\u4e54\u7684\u8eab\u9ad8\u3002\u6ca1\u6709\u529e\u6cd5\u89c2\u5bdf\u5982\u679c\u4e54\u66f4\u9ad8\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u4f53\u91cd\u4f1a\u662f\u591a\u5c11\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u6ca1\u6709\u529e\u6cd5\u8ba9\u4ed6\u66f4\u9ad8\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u65e0\u6cd5\u64cd\u7eb5\u4e54\u7684\u8eab\u9ad8\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u8c03\u67e5\u8eab\u9ad8\u5bf9\u4f53\u91cd\u7684\u56e0\u679c\u5173\u7cfb\u6beb\u65e0\u610f\u4e49\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u53e3\u53f7\uff1a\u6ca1\u6709\u64cd\u7eb5\u5c31\u6ca1\u6709\u56e0\u679c\u5173\u7cfb\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/section>\n

\u7a33\u5b9a\u5355\u5143\u5904\u7406\u503c\u5047\u8bbe (SUTVA)<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n
\u6211\u4eec\u8981\u6c42\u201c\u5bf9\u4e00\u4e2a\u5355\u5143\u7684 [\u6f5c\u5728\u7ed3\u679c] \u89c2\u5bdf\u4e0d\u5e94\u53d7\u5230\u5176\u4ed6\u5355\u5143\u7684\u7279\u5b9a\u5904\u7406\u5206\u914d\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u201d\uff08Cox 1958\uff0c\u7b2c 2.4 \u8282\uff09\u3002\u8fd9\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u7a33\u5b9a\u5355\u5143\u5904\u7406\u503c\u5047\u8bbe\uff08SUTVA\uff09\uff0c\u5b83\u8d85\u8d8a\u4e86\u72ec\u7acb\u6027\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

\u5728\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\u4e2d\uff0cJoe \u7684\u8840\u538b\u4e0d\u5e94\u8be5\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e Mary \u662f\u5426\u63a5\u53d7\u4e86\u836f\u7269\u3002\u4f46\u5982\u679c\u771f\u7684\u53d1\u751f\u4e86\u5462\uff1f\u5047\u8bbe\u4e54\u548c\u739b\u4e3d\u4f4f\u5728\u540c\u4e00\u6240\u623f\u5b50\u91cc\uff0c\u739b\u4e3d\u603b\u662f\u505a\u996d\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u836f\u7269\u4f1a\u5bfc\u81f4\u739b\u4e3d\u6e34\u671b\u54b8\u7684\u98df\u7269\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u5982\u679c\u5979\u670d\u7528\u8fd9\u79cd\u836f\u7269\uff0c\u5979\u4f1a\u7528\u6bd4\u5176\u4ed6\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u76d0\u6765\u70f9\u996a\u3002\u9ad8\u76d0\u996e\u98df\u4f1a\u589e\u52a0\u4e54\u7684\u8840\u538b\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u5c06\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u4ed6\u63a5\u53d7\u7684\u5904\u7406\u548c\u739b\u4e3d\u63a5\u53d7\u7684\u5904\u7406\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

\u5728\u4e0d\u6ee1\u8db3SUTVA\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u56e0\u679c\u63a8\u65ad\u4f1a\u66f4\u52a0\u56f0\u96be\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u8003\u8651\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u5904\u7406\u6765\u89e3\u91ca\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u89c2\u5bdf\u7ed3\u679c\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u901a\u8fc7\u8003\u8651 Mary \u662f\u5426\u63a5\u53d7\u5904\u7406\u6765\u521b\u5efa 4 \u4e2a\u5904\u7406\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n


<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

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\u901a\u8fc7\u4ee5\u8fd9\u79cd\u65b9\u5f0f\u8003\u8651\u66f4\u591a\u6f5c\u5728\u7ed3\u679c\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7fSUTVA\u6210\u7acb\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u5982\u679c Joe \u4ee5\u5916\u7684\u4efb\u4f55\u5355\u4f4d\u90fd\u4f9d\u8d56\u4e8e Mary\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u6211\u4eec\u5fc5\u987b\u8003\u8651\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u7684\u6f5c\u5728\u7ed3\u679c\u3002\u4f9d\u8d56\u5355\u4f4d\u7684\u6570\u91cf\u8d8a\u591a\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5fc5\u987b\u8003\u8651\u7684\u6f5c\u5728\u7ed3\u679c\u5c31\u8d8a\u591a\uff0c\u8ba1\u7b97\u4e5f\u53d8\u5f97\u8d8a\u590d\u6742\uff08\u8003\u8651\u5bf9\u4e0d\u540c\u768420\u4e2a\u4eba\u8fdb\u884c\u7684\u5b9e\u9a8c\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e2a\u4eba\u7684\u5904\u7406\u72b6\u6001\u90fd\u4f1a\u5f71\u54cd\u5176\u4ed6\u4eba\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\uff09\u3002\u4e3a\u4e86\uff08\u8f7b\u677e\uff09\u4f30\u8ba1\u5355\u4e00\u5904\u7406\u76f8\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5bf9\u7167\u7684\u56e0\u679c\u6548\u5e94\uff0cSUTVA \u5e94\u8be5\u6210\u7acb\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/section>\n

\u5e73\u5747\u56e0\u679c\u6548\u5e94 Average Causal Effect\uff08ACE\uff09<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n
\u8003\u8651\uff1a<\/span><\/section>\n
<\/section>\n
\u4eba\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u53d6\u6240\u6709\u56e0\u679c\u6548\u5e94\u7684\u5e73\u5747\u503c\u6765\u8ba1\u7b97\u5e73\u5747\u56e0\u679c\u6548\u5e94\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

\u6211\u4eec\u5982\u4f55\u6d4b\u91cf\u53cd\u9988\u6548\u5e94\u4f1a\u5f71\u54cd\u6211\u4eec\u5f97\u51fa\u7684\u63a8\u8bba\u3002\u5047\u8bbe\u6211\u4eec\u4ee5\u767e\u5206\u6bd4\u53d8\u5316\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u7edd\u5bf9\u503c\u6765\u6d4b\u91cf\u8840\u538b\u7684\u53d8\u5316\u3002\u7136\u540e\uff0c\u6839\u636e\u786e\u5207\u7684\u6570\u5b57\uff0c\u5e73\u5747\u56e0\u679c\u6548\u5e94\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u8840\u538b\u5347\u9ad8\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5047\u8bbe\u4e54\u6cbb\u7684\u8840\u538b\u5728\u63a7\u5236\u4e0b\u4e3a 154\uff0c\u5728\u5904\u7406\u540e\u4e3a 140\u3002\u56e0\u679c\u6548\u5e94\u7684\u7edd\u5bf9\u5927\u5c0f\u4e3a -14\uff0c\u4f46\u767e\u5206\u6bd4\u5dee\u5f02\uff08\u5c31 140 \u7684\u5904\u7406\u6c34\u5e73\u800c\u8a00\uff09\u4e3a -10%\u3002\u5982\u679c\u838e\u62c9\u7684\u8840\u538b\u5728\u6cbb\u7597\u4e0b\u4e3a 200\uff0c\u5728\u63a7\u5236\u4e0b\u4e3a 184\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u56e0\u679c\u6548\u5e94\u7684\u7edd\u5bf9\u503c\u662f 16\uff0c\u800c\u6cbb\u7597\u503c\u662f 8%\u3002\u4e54\u6cbb\u7684\u8840\u538b\u7edd\u5bf9\u53d8\u5316\u8f83\u5c0f\uff08-14 \u5bf9 16\uff09\u4f1a\u4ea7\u751f\u8f83\u5927\u7684\u767e\u5206\u6bd4\u53d8\u5316\uff08-10% \u5bf9 8%\uff09\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/section>\n

\u56e0\u679c\u63a8\u7406\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u95ee\u9898<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n
\u5230\u76ee\u524d\u4e3a\u6b62\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u6240\u770b\u5230\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u6c38\u8fdc\u65e0\u6cd5\u5728\u5b9e\u8df5\u4e2d\u8861\u91cf\u3002\u6839\u636e\u5b9a\u4e49\uff0c\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u5728\u7279\u5b9a\u65f6\u95f4\u6bb5\u5185\u89c2\u5bdf\u591a\u79cd\u5904\u7406\u5bf9\u53d7\u8bd5\u8005\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u4e54\u4e0d\u80fd\u540c\u65f6\u670d\u7528\u836f\u7269\u548c\u4e0d\u670d\u7528\u836f\u7269\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u6570\u636e\u770b\u8d77\u6765\u50cf\u8fd9\u6837\uff1a<\/span><\/section>\n
<\/section>\n
\u95ee\u53f7\u662f\u65e0\u6cd5\u89c2\u5bdf\u5230\u7684\u53cd\u9988\u3002\u56e0\u679c\u63a8\u65ad\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u95ee\u9898<\/span>[2]<\/span>\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u76f4\u63a5\u89c2\u6d4b\u56e0\u679c\u6548\u5e94\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u8fd9\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u8bf4\u56e0\u679c\u63a8\u65ad\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u3002\u67d0\u4e9b\u6280\u672f\u548c\u5047\u8bbe\u53ef\u4ee5\u514b\u670d\u57fa\u672c\u95ee\u9898\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

\u5047\u8bbe\u6211\u4eec\u6709\u4ee5\u4e0b\u6570\u636e\uff1a<\/span><\/section>\n
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\u5b8c\u7f8e\u533b\u751f\u673a\u5236 Perfect Doctor Mechanism<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n
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Rubin \u56e0\u679c\u6a21\u578b\u8fd8\u4e0e\u5de5\u5177\u53d8\u91cf\uff08Angrist\u3001Imbens \u548c Rubin\uff0c1996 \u5e74\uff09<\/span>\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u56e0\u679c\u63a8\u65ad\u6280\u672f\u76f8\u5173\u8054\u3002\u6709\u5173 Rubin \u56e0\u679c\u6a21\u578b\u3001\u7ed3\u6784\u65b9\u7a0b\u5efa\u6a21\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u56e0\u679c\u63a8\u65ad\u7edf\u8ba1\u65b9\u6cd5\u4e4b\u95f4\u8054\u7cfb\u7684\u66f4\u591a\u4fe1\u606f\uff0c\u8bf7\u53c2\u89c1 Morgan \u548c Winship (2007)\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/section>\n

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\u6587\u7ae0\u63a8\u8350\uff1a<\/span><\/strong>Donald Rubin\u7684\u56e0\u679c\u63a8\u65ad\u5b66\u672f\u8d21\u732e\uff1a\u8d85\u51fa\u7edf\u8ba1\u5b66\u8303\u7574\u7684\u5212\u65f6\u4ee3\u5f71\u54cd<\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n


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2021\u5e7410\u670811\u65e5\uff0cJoshua D. Angrist\u548cGuido W. Imbens\u56e0\u201c\u5bf9\u56e0\u679c\u5173\u7cfb\u5206\u6790\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u5b66\u8d21\u732e\u201d\u800c\u83b7\u5f972021\u5e74\u8bfa\u8d1d\u5c14\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u5956\u3002Angrist\u548cImbens\u6700\u4e3a\u77e5\u540d\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u662f\u5176\u572820\u4e16\u7eaa90\u5e74\u4ee3\u5c06\u5de5\u5177\u53d8\u91cf\u5f15\u5165\u4e86\u6f5c\u5728\u7ed3\u679c\u6846\u67b6\uff0c\u8be5\u6846\u67b6\u4e5f\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3aRubin\u56e0\u679c\u6a21\u578b\uff0c\u5373\u672c\u8bcd\u6761\u4ecb\u7ecd\u5185\u5bb9\u3002\u8fd9\u7bc7\u6587\u7ae0\u68b3\u7406\u4e86Rubin\u5728\u56e0\u679c\u63a8\u65ad\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u5b66\u672f\u8d21\u732e\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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Donald B. Rubin\u6559\u6388\u662f\u7f8e\u56fd\u56fd\u5bb6\u79d1\u5b66\u9662\u9662\u58eb\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u79d1\u5b66\u4e0e\u827a\u672f\u5b66\u9662\u9662\u58eb\uff0c\u66fe\u4efb\u54c8\u4f5b\u5927\u5b66\u7edf\u8ba1\u7cfbJohn L. Loeb\u8bb2\u5e2d\u6559\u6388\uff0c\u73b0\u4efb\u6e05\u534e\u5927\u5b66\u4e18\u6210\u6850\u6570\u5b66\u79d1\u5b66\u4e2d\u5fc3\u6559\u6388\u3002\u4ed6\u83b7\u5f97\u8fc7\u7edf\u8ba1\u5b66\u9886\u57df\u51e0\u4e4e\u6240\u6709\u8457\u540d\u5956\u9879\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u8457\u540d\u7684 Wilks\u5956\u7ae0\u3001Parzen\u5956\u3001Snedecor\u5956\u7b49\uff0c\u662f\u5f53\u4eca\u4e16\u754c\u6700\u5177\u5f71\u54cd\u529b\u7684\u7edf\u8ba1\u5b66\u6cf0\u6597\u3002\u4ed6\u5bf9\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u8d21\u732e\u5df2\u8d85\u51fa\u7edf\u8ba1\u5b66\u8303\u7574\uff0c\u5176\u7edf\u8ba1\u601d\u60f3\u5bf9\u751f\u7269\u533b\u5b66\u3001\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u3001\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u3001\u6559\u80b2\u5b66\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u53ca\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u79d1\u5b66\u7b49\u4f17\u591a\u9886\u57df\u4ea7\u751f\u4e86\u5212\u65f6\u4ee3\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u8c37\u6b4c\u5b66\u672f\u663e\u793a\u5176\u6587\u7ae0\u548c\u8457\u4f5c\u5f15\u7528\u91cf\u5df2\u8d85\u8fc735\u4e07\u6b21\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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\u7b2c\u4e09\u5b63\u56e0\u679c\u79d1\u5b66\u4e0eCausal AI\u8bfb\u4e66\u4f1a\u4ece2021\u5e7410\u670824\u65e5\u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u6bcf\u5468\u65e5\u4e0a\u5348 10:00-12:00\u4e3e\u529e\u3002\u517111-12\u671f\uff0c\u6bcf\u5468\u4e00\u671f\u3002\u6301\u7eed\u65f6\u95f4\u9884\u8ba1 2-3 \u4e2a\u6708\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6b65\uff1a\u4fe1\u606f\u586b\u5199\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u8fdb\u5165\u4ed8\u6b3e\u6d41\u7a0b\uff0c\u63d0\u4ea4\u4fdd\u8bc1\u91d1299\u5143\u3002<\/span>\uff08\u7b26\u5408\u9000\u8d39\u6761\u4ef6\u540e\u53ef\u9000\u8d39\u3002\uff09<\/span><\/p>\n

\u7b2c\u4e09\u6b65\uff1a\u6dfb\u52a0\u8d1f\u8d23\u4eba\u5fae\u4fe1\uff0c\u62c9\u5165\u5bf9\u5e94\u7684\u8bfb\u4e66\u4f1a\u8ba8\u8bba\u7fa4\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\u6211\u4eec\u4e5f\u4f1a\u5bf9\u6bcf\u6b21\u5206\u4eab\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u8fdb\u884c\u5f55\u5236\uff0c\u526a\u8f91\u540e\u53d1\u5e03\u5728\u96c6\u667a\u5b66\u56ed\u7684\u5b98\u7f51\u4e0a\uff0c\u4f9b\u8bfb\u4e66\u4f1a\u6210\u5458\u56de\u770b\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u56e0\u679c+X\uff1a\u89e3\u51b3\u591a\u5b66\u79d1\u9886\u57df\u7684\u56e0\u679c\u95ee\u9898 | \u56e0\u679c\u79d1\u5b66\u8bfb\u4e66\u4f1a\u7b2c\u4e09\u5b63\u542f\u52a8<\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

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\u767e\u79d1\u9879\u76ee\u5fd7\u613f\u8005\u62db\u52df<\/span><\/strong><\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n

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\u4ee5\u4e0a\u5185\u5bb9\u90fd\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u505a\u8fd9\u9879\u76ee\u7684\u8d77\u70b9\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u6765\u81ea\u4e0d\u540c\u5b66\u79d1\u548c\u9886\u57df\u7684\u5fd7\u613f\u8005\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5efa\u7acb\u8d77\u4e00\u4e2a\u6709\u6548\u7684\u767e\u79d1\u56e2\u961f\uff0c\u5206\u914d\u6709\u5ba1\u6821\u3001\u7ffb\u8bd1\u3001\u7f16\u8f91\u3001\u5ba3\u4f20\u7b49\u5de5\u4f5c\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u79c9\u6301\uff1a\u77e5\u8bc6\u4ece\u6211\u800c\u6765\uff0c\u95ee\u9898\u5230\u6211\u4e3a\u6b62\u7684\u4fe1\u5ff5\uff0c\u8ba4\u771f\u8d1f\u8d23\u7f16\u64b0\u6bcf\u4e00\u4e2a\u8bcd\u6761\u3002<\/span>
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\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\u4ece\u590d\u6742\u6027\u77e5\u8bc6\u51fa\u53d1\u4e0e\u4f19\u4f34\u540c\u884c\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u6211\u4eec\u5e0c\u671b\u6709\u66f4\u591a\u5fd7\u613f\u8005\u52a0\u5165\u8fd9\u4e2a\u56e2\u961f\uff0c\u4f7f\u767e\u79d1\u8bcd\u6761\u5185\u5bb9\u5f97\u5230\u6269\u5145\uff0c\u5e76\u4e3a\u6bcf\u4f4d\u5fd7\u613f\u8005\u63d0\u4f9b\u76f8\u5e94\u5956\u52b1\u4e0e\u8d44\u6e90\uff0c\u5efa\u7acb\u4e2a\u4eba\u4e3b\u9875\u4e0e\u8d21\u732e\u8bb0\u5f55\uff0c\u4f7f\u5176\u80fd\u591f\u7ee7\u7eed\u63a2\u7d22\u590d\u6742\u4e16\u754c\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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