{"id":29457,"date":"2021-10-24T14:50:19","date_gmt":"2021-10-24T06:50:19","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/swarma.org\/?p=29457"},"modified":"2021-10-24T14:50:19","modified_gmt":"2021-10-24T06:50:19","slug":"%e4%b8%80%e4%b8%aa%e6%b2%a1%e6%9c%89%e5%ad%a6%e5%8e%86%e5%92%8c%e6%96%87%e5%87%ad%e7%9a%84%e6%9d%b0%e5%87%ba%e7%89%a9%e7%90%86%e5%ae%b6%e4%b8%a8%e9%99%88%e5%85%b3%e8%8d%a3","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/swarma.org\/?p=29457","title":{"rendered":"\u4e00\u4e2a\u6ca1\u6709\u5b66\u5386\u548c\u6587\u51ed\u7684\u6770\u51fa\u7269\u7406\u5bb6\u4e28\u9648\u5173\u8363"},"content":{"rendered":"
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\u7126\u8033\uff08Joule\uff0c\u7b80\u79f0\u7126\uff0c\u82f1\u6587\u7f29\u5199\u4e3aJ\uff09\u662f\u56fd\u9645\u6807\u51c6\u4e2d\u70ed\u548c\u529f\u7684<\/span><\/strong>\u5355\u4f4d\uff1a\u5728\u7ecf\u5178\u529b\u5b66\u91cc\uff0c1\u7126\u8033\u7b49\u4e8e1\u725b\u987f\u4f5c\u7528\u529b\u7ecf\u8fc71\u7c73\u8ddd\u79bb\u6240\u6d88\u8017\u7684\u80fd\u91cf\uff08\u6216\u6240\u505a\u7684\u529f\uff09<\/span><\/strong>\uff1b\u5728\u7535\u78c1\u5b66\u91cc\uff0c1\u7126\u8033\u7b49\u4e8e1\u5b89\u57f9\u7535\u6d41\u901a\u8fc71\u6b27\u59c6\u7535\u963b\u57281\u79d2\u65f6\u95f4\u5185\u6240\u6d88\u8017\u7684\u80fd\u91cf\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u57fa\u672c\u5355\u4f4d\u7684\u8bbe\u5b9a\u7528\u4ee5\u8bb0\u5ff5\u82f1\u56fd\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u8a79\u59c6\u65af\u00b7\u7126\u8033\uff08James Prescott Joule\uff0c1818\u5e7412\u670824\u65e5 \u2500 1889\u5e7410\u670811\u65e5\uff09\u3002 <\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n

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1. \u8457\u540d\u7684\u5b9e\u9a8c\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n

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\u4eca\u5929\uff0c\u7126\u8033\u8fd9\u4e2a\u540d\u5b57\u5bb6\u55bb\u6237\u6653\uff0c\u4e0a\u8fc7\u4e2d\u5b66\u7269\u7406\u8bfe\u7684\u4eba\u90fd\u542c\u8bf4\u8fc7\u4ed6\u3002\u53ef\u662f\uff0c\u9664\u4e86\u4ed6\u7684\u540d\u5b57\u7528\u4f5c\u7269\u7406\u5355\u4f4d\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u8bb8\u591a\u4eba\u5bf9\u7126\u8033\u672c\u4eba\u7684\u7ecf\u5386\u548c\u6210\u5c31\u6240\u77e5\u4e0d\u591a\u3002\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u7126\u8033\u662f\u4e00\u4f4d\u6ca1\u6709\u53d7\u8fc7\u6b63\u89c4\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u201c\u6c11\u95f4\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u201d\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u5728\u79d1\u5b66\u754c\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u201c\u5341\u4e5d\u4e16\u7eaa\u6700\u6770\u51fa\u7684\u5b9e\u9a8c\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u4e4b\u4e00\u201d\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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    \u7126\u8033\u4e09\u5341\u800c\u7acb\uff0c32\u5c81\u65f6\u6210\u4e3a\u82f1\u56fd\u7687\u5bb6\u5b66\u4f1a<\/span>\uff08Royal Society\uff09<\/span>\u9662\u58eb\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n<\/li>\n
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    \u4ed634\u5c81\u65f6\u8363\u83b7\u82f1\u7687\u52cb\u7ae0<\/span>\uff08Royal Medal\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u8be5\u5956\u7ae0\u6bcf\u5e74\u9881\u7ed9\u4e24\u4f4d\u5206\u522b\u4f5c\u51fa\u201c\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u81ea\u7136\u77e5\u8bc6\u8d21\u732e\u201d\u548c\u201c\u5e94\u7528\u79d1\u5b66\u6770\u51fa\u8d21\u732e\u201d\u7684\u4e2a\u4eba\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n<\/li>\n
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    \u4ed639\u5c81\u65f6\u83b7\u9881\u7231\u5c14\u5170\u90fd\u67cf\u6797\u4e09\u4e00\u5b66\u9662\u8363\u8a89\u535a\u58eb\u5b66\u4f4d\uff0c42\u5c81\u8363\u81ba\u725b\u6d25\u5927\u5b66\u8363\u8a89\u535a\u58eb\u5b66\u4f4d\u5e76\u5f53\u9009\u4e3a\u66fc\u5f7b\u65af\u7279\u6587\u5b66\u4e0e\u54f2\u5b66\u5b66\u4f1a<\/span>\uff08Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society\uff09<\/span>\u4e3b\u5e2d\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n<\/li>\n
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    \u7126\u803352\u5c81\u65f6\u8363\u83b7\u82f1\u56fd\u7687\u5bb6\u5b66\u4f1a\u7684\u79d1\u666e\u5229\u5956\u7ae0<\/span>\uff08Copley Medal\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u90a3\u662f\u4e16\u754c\u4e0a\u6700\u53e4\u8001\u6700\u8457\u540d\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u5956\uff0c\u59cb\u4e8e1731\u5e74\uff0c\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\u83b7\u5956\u8005\u5305\u62ec\u5bcc\u5170\u514b\u6797\u3001\u54c8\u5bc6\u987f\u3001\u9ad8\u65af\u3001\u6cd5\u62c9\u7b2c\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u7126\u8033\u4e4b\u540e\u7684\u4ea5\u59c6\u970d\u5179\u3001\u5409\u5e03\u65af\u3001\u95e8\u6377\u5217\u592b\u3001\u5362\u745f\u798f\u3001\u7231\u56e0\u65af\u5766\u3001\u666e\u6717\u514b\u3001\u6ce2\u6069\u3001\u54c8\u4ee3\u3001\u72c4\u62c9\u514b\u3001\u970d\u91d1\u3001\u7f57\u4f2f\u7279\u00b7\u6885\u3001\u5e0c\u683c\u65af\u7b49\u540d\u4eba\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n<\/li>\n
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    \u63a5\u7740\uff0c\u4ed653\u5c81\u65f6\u8363\u83b7\u7231\u4e01\u5821\u5927\u5b66\u8363\u8a89\u535a\u58eb\u5b66\u4f4d\u5e76\u51fa\u4efb\u82f1\u56fd\u79d1\u5b66\u4fc3\u8fdb\u4f1a<\/span>\uff08British Association for the Advancement of Science\uff09<\/span>\u4e3b\u5e2d\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n<\/li>\n
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    \u7126\u803371\u5c81\u65f6\u53bb\u4e16\u3002\u4f26\u6566\u897f\u654f\u5bfa<\/span>\uff08Westminster Abbey\uff09<\/span>\u4e3a\u4ed6\u4e3e\u884c\u4e86\u60bc\u5ff5\u4eea\u5f0f\u5e76\u5b89\u653e\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u94ed\u724c\u3002\u5728\u4ed6\u53bb\u4e16\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u897f\u654f\u5bfa\u5185\u5c31\u9648\u5217\u7740\u725b\u987f\u3001\u6cd5\u62c9\u7b2c\u3001\u8fbe\u5c14\u6587\u3001\u6258\u9a6c\u65af\u00b7\u6768\u7b49\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u7684\u5893\u7891\u6216\u94ed\u724c\u3002\u7126\u8033\u7684\u4e00\u5ea7\u5851\u50cf\u88ab\u5b89\u7f6e\u5728\u66fc\u5f7b\u65af\u7279\u5e02\u653f\u5385\u5185\u4ed6\u7684\u542f\u8499\u5bfc\u5e08\u7ea6\u7ff0\u00b7\u9053\u5c14\u987f<\/span>\uff08John Dalton\uff0c1766-1844\uff09<\/span>\u94dc\u50cf\u5bf9\u9762\uff0c\u53e6\u4e00\u5ea7\u77d7\u7acb\u5728\u4ed6\u5bb6\u4e61\u66fc\u5f7b\u65af\u7279\u57ce\u90ca\u7684Worthington Park\u82b1\u56ed\u5185\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

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    \u56fe2 \u7126\u8033\u94dc\u50cf\uff08Worthington Park\uff0c\u66fc\u5f7b\u65af\u7279\u57ce\u90ca\uff09<\/span>
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    \u7126\u8033\u5728\u5c0f\u5b66\u8bfb\u4e66\u65f6\u56e0\u8eab\u4f53\u7f3a\u9677\u5e38\u88ab\u540c\u5b66\u5632\u7b11\uff0c\u5e76\u56e0\u559c\u6b22\u5728\u8bfe\u672c\u4e0a\u6d82\u9e26\u5c61\u88ab\u8001\u5e08\u6279\u8bc4\u3002\u7236\u4eb2\u65e0\u5948\uff0c\u53ea\u597d\u8ba9\u7126\u8033\u4f11\u5b66\uff0c\u7559\u5728\u5bb6\u91cc\u7531\u963f\u59e8\u7ba1\u6559\uff0c\u76f4\u5230\u4ed615\u5c81\u4e3a\u6b62\u3002\u5e73\u65f6\uff0c\u7126\u8033\u559c\u6b22\u8eba\u5728\u5e8a\u4e0a\u770b\u4e66\u3002\u6709\u4e00\u6b21\uff0c\u7126\u8033\u5bf9\u7236\u4eb2\u8bf4\uff1a\u201c\u4e66\u672c\u662f\u6211\u6700\u597d\u7684\u65c5\u6e38\u53bb\u5904\u3002\u201d\u8fd9\u8ba9\u7236\u4eb2\u60f3\u8d77\u4e86\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u201c\u65c5\u6e38\u6559\u5e08\u201d\u7684\u7ea6\u7ff0\u00b7\u9053\u5c14\u987f<\/span>\uff08John Dalton\uff0c1766-1844\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u9053\u5c14\u987f\u7ecf\u5e38\u4e0a\u8bfe\u65f6\u5e26\u5b66\u751f\u4eec\u53bb\u90ca\u6e38\uff0c\u5728\u91ce\u5916\u6307\u5bfc\u5b66\u751f\u89c2\u5bdf\u3001\u8bd5\u9a8c\u3001\u8ba1\u7b97\u548c\u8ba8\u8bba\u3002\u7236\u4eb2\u628a\u7126\u8033\u9001\u8fdb\u4e86\u9053\u5c14\u987f\u4e3b\u529e\u7684\u79c1\u6821\u5c31\u8bfb\uff0c\u5e76\u8bf7\u9053\u5c14\u987f\u5f53\u4ed6\u7684\u76d1\u62a4\u4eba\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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    \u7126\u8033\u540e\u6765\u5199\u9053\uff1a\u201c\u9053\u5c14\u987f\u8981\u6c42\u5b66\u751f\u9996\u5148\u5b66\u4e60\u4e09\u89d2\u51e0\u4f55\uff0c\u5e76\u7ec3\u4e60\u89e3\u7b97\u6570\u5b66\u9898\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u4ed6\u8ba4\u4e3a\u2018\u89e3\u6570\u5b66\u9898\u662f\u8bad\u7ec3\u5b66\u751f\u4e13\u5fc3\u505a\u4e8b\u7684\u6700\u597d\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u800c\u4e13\u5fc3\u81f4\u5fd7\u662f\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u6700\u57fa\u672c\u7684\u7d20\u517b\u2019\u3002\u5982\u679c\u5b66\u751f\u4e0d\u660e\u767d\u4e0a\u8bfe\u6240\u6559\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\uff0c\u4ed6\u4f1a\u7ed9\u5b66\u751f\u53d1\u653e\u975e\u5e38\u6e05\u6670\u7684\u8bb2\u4e49\u3002\u4e0d\u8fc7\uff0c\u4ed6\u5f3a\u8c03\u8bb2\u4e49\u662f\u7528\u6765\u5f15\u5bfc\u5b66\u751f\u7684\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0d\u80fd\u53d6\u4ee3\u5b66\u751f\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u63a2\u7d22\u3002\u201d\u7126\u8033\u8fd8\u56de\u5fc6\u8bf4\uff1a\u201c\u6b63\u662f\u4ece\u4ed6\u7684\u6559\u5bfc\u4e2d\uff0c\u6211\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u4ea7\u751f\u4e86\u901a\u8fc7\u539f\u521b\u6027\u7814\u7a76\u6765\u589e\u52a0\u6211\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u7684\u613f\u671b\u3002\u201d<\/span><\/section>\n

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    \u5728\u9053\u5c14\u987f\u7684\u6307\u5bfc\u548c\u5f71\u54cd\u4e4b\u4e0b\uff0c\u7126\u8033\u9010\u6e10\u8d70\u4e0a\u4e86\u79d1\u5b66\u5b9e\u9a8c\u7684\u9053\u8def\u3002\u90a3\u65f6\u5019\u5b66\u6821\u6ca1\u6709\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5ba4\uff0c\u4ed6\u81ea\u5df1\u5728\u5bb6\u4e2d\u7684\u5730\u7a96\u91cc\u505a\u5b9e\u9a8c\u3002\u4ed6\u65e9\u671f\u7684\u5927\u591a\u6570\u5b9e\u9a8c\u57fa\u4e8e\u7535\u5b66\u3002\u4ed6\u5728\u5730\u7a96\u91cc\u653e\u6ee1\u7535\u6c60\u3001\u7535\u78c1\u94c1\u3001\u9a6c\u8fbe\u3001\u53d1\u7535\u673a\u548c\u68c0\u6d41\u8ba1\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u662f\u81ea\u5df1\u52a8\u624b\u5236\u9020\u7684\u3002\u4e5f\u8bb8\u662f\u7531\u4e8e\u5c11\u5e74\u5931\u5b66\u7684\u7f18\u6545\uff0c\u52a8\u624b\u505a\u5b9e\u9a8c\u6bd4\u8bfb\u4e66\u5bf9\u4ed6\u6765\u8bf4\u66f4\u5177\u5438\u5f15\u529b\u3002\u7126\u8033\u6700\u7ec8\u6ca1\u6709\u5b8c\u6210\u4efb\u4f55\u6b63\u5f0f\u7684\u5b66\u5386\uff0c\u66f4\u8c08\u4e0d\u4e0a\u53d6\u5f97\u4ec0\u4e48\u5b66\u4f4d\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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       <\/span><\/section>\n

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    <\/svg><\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n
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    3. \u70ed\u548c\u7535\u7684\u7126\u8033\u5b9a\u5f8b<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n

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    <\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/h3>\n


    <\/p>\n

    \u201c\u70ed\u201d\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\u5462\uff1f\u8fd9\u66fe\u7ecf\u662f\u4e2a\u5343\u53e4\u96be\u9898\u3002\u5341\u516b\u4e16\u7eaa\u672b\uff0c\u867d\u7136\u5de5\u7a0b\u5e08\u8a79\u59c6\u65af\u00b7\u74e6\u7279<\/span>\uff08James Watt\uff0c1736-1819\uff09<\/span>\u5236\u9020\u4e86\u5de5\u4e1a\u7528\u84b8\u6c7d\u673a\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u4eba\u4eec\u5bf9\u5176\u4e2d\u7684\u70ed\u80fd\u4f20\u9012\u548c\u8f6c\u6362\u673a\u7406\u5e76\u4e0d\u6e05\u695a\u3002\u5f53\u5e74\uff0c\u4e3a\u4e86\u89e3\u91ca\u70ed\u7684\u7269\u7406\u672c\u8d28\uff0c\u201c\u70ed\u8d28\u201d\u7406\u8bba<\/span>\uff08caloric theory\uff09<\/span>\u975e\u5e38\u6d41\u884c\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u201c\u70ed\u529b\u5b66\u4e4b\u7236\u201d\u7684\u6cd5\u56fd\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u8428\u8fea\u00b7\u5361\u8bfa<\/span>\uff08Nicolas L. Sadi Carnot\uff0c1796-1832\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u90fd\u8bf4\u70ed\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u6ca1\u6709\u8d28\u91cf\u7684\u6c14\u4f53\uff0c\u7269\u4f53\u5438\u6536\u70ed\u8d28\u540e\u6e29\u5ea6\u5c31\u4f1a\u5347\u9ad8\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u70ed\u8d28\u53ef\u4ee5\u7a7f\u8fc7\u56fa\u4f53\u6216\u6db2\u4f53\u7684\u5b54\u9699\u4ece\u9ad8\u6e29\u5904\u6d41\u5230\u4f4e\u6e29\u5904\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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    \u53d7\u5230\u9053\u5c14\u987f\u201c\u539f\u5b50\u8bba\u201d\u7684\u542f\u53d1\uff0c\u7126\u8033\u503e\u5411\u4e8e\u8ba4\u4e3a\u70ed\u662f\u539f\u5b50\u7684\u8fd0\u52a8\uff0c\u70ed\u4f20\u5bfc\u5c31\u662f\u539f\u5b50\u8fd0\u52a8\u7684\u201c\u80fd\u91cf\u201d\u4ece\u4e00\u4e2a\u7269\u4f53\u8f6c\u79fb\u5230\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u7269\u4f53\u4e0a\u53bb\u3002\u4f46\u8fd9\u60f3\u6cd5\u9700\u8981\u6709\u6781\u4e3a\u7cbe\u786e\u7684\u5b9e\u9a8c\u52a0\u4ee5\u8bc1\u660e\u3002\u7126\u8033\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u7684\u5b9e\u9a8c\u62c5\u8d1f\u8d77\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e00\u8270\u96be\u7684\u91cd\u4efb\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

    <\/section>\n
    1838\u5e74\u7126\u803320\u5c81\u3002\u4ed6\u8bbe\u8ba1\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b9e\u9a8c\uff0c\u5c06\u4e00\u4e2a\u5c0f\u7ebf\u5708\u7ed5\u5728\u94c1\u82af\u4e0a\uff0c\u7528\u7535\u6d41\u8ba1\u6d4b\u91cf\u611f\u751f\u7535\u6d41\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u628a\u7ebf\u5708\u653e\u5165\u5bb9\u5668\u5185\u7684\u6c34\u4e2d\uff0c\u518d\u6d4b\u91cf\u51fa\u6c34\u6e29\uff0c\u6700\u540e\u8ba1\u7b97\u51fa\u70ed\u91cf\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u6ca1\u6709\u5916\u754c\u7535\u6e90\u4f9b\u7535\uff0c\u6c34\u6e29\u7684\u5347\u9ad8\u53ea\u80fd\u662f\u7535\u80fd\u8f6c\u5316\u4e3a\u70ed\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u3002\u8fd9\u6837\u4ea7\u751f\u51fa\u6765\u7684\u70ed\uff0c\u540e\u4eba\u79f0\u4e3a\u201c\u7126\u8033\u70ed\u201d\u3002\u540c\u5e74\uff0c\u7126\u8033\u5728\u300a\u7535\u5b66\u5e74\u9274\u300b<\/span>\uff08Annals of Electricity<\/em>\uff09<\/span>\u4e0a\u53d1\u8868\u4e86\u4ed6\u7b2c\u4e00\u7bc7\u5b66\u672f\u8bba\u6587\u201cOn electro-magnetic forces\u201d\uff0c\u5ba3\u79f0\u201c\u6211\u7684\u76ee\u6807\u662f\uff0c\u9996\u5148\u53d1\u73b0\u6b63\u786e\u7684\u539f\u7406\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u6307\u51fa\u5b83\u4eec\u5728\u5e94\u7528\u4e0a\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u201d\uff0c\u5e76\u62a5\u544a\u4e86\u4ed6\u53d1\u73b0\u7535\u6d41\u53ef\u4ee5\u505a\u529f\u7684\u73b0\u8c61\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

    <\/section>\n
    1840\u5e74\uff0c22\u5c81\u7684\u7126\u8033\u5728\u7231\u5c14\u5170Cork\u5e02\u53ec\u5f00\u7684\u82f1\u56fd\u79d1\u5b66\u4fc3\u8fdb\u4f1a\u7684\u4f1a\u8bae\u4e0a\u62a5\u544a\u4e86\u4e0a\u8ff0\u5b9e\u9a8c\u7ed3\u679c\u3002\u4f46\u5728\u5ea7\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u4eec\u6beb\u65e0\u5174\u8da3\u3002\u5f53\u65f6\u5f88\u591a\u4eba\u5bf9\u8fd9\u5168\u65b0\u53d1\u73b0\u7684\u6765\u9f99\u53bb\u8109\u4e00\u65e0\u6240\u77e5\uff0c\u8fd8\u6709\u4e00\u4e9b\u4eba\u5bf9\u7126\u8033\u7684\u6d4b\u91cf\u7cbe\u786e\u6027\u5b58\u6709\u6000\u7591\uff0c\u66f4\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u539f\u56e0\u662f\u4ed6\u4eec\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4f4d\u6ca1\u6709\u5b66\u5386\u7684\u4e1a\u4f59\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u5e76\u65e0\u592a\u5927\u7684\u4fe1\u5fc3\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

    <\/section>\n
    \u540c\u5e74\uff0c\u7126\u8033\u628a\u5b9e\u9a8c\u62a5\u544a\u5199\u6210\u8bba\u6587\u201cOn the Production of Heat by Voltaic Electricity\u201d\uff0c\u8be6\u7ec6\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e86\u4ed6\u7684\u5b9e\u9a8c\u7ed3\u679c\uff0c\u6295\u5230\u300a\u7687\u5bb6\u5b66\u4f1a\u5b66\u62a5\u300b<\/span>\uff08Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society<\/em>\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u4f46\u88ab\u9000\u7a3f\u3002\u4e8e\u662f\u4ed6\u6539\u6295\u5230\u300a\u7687\u5bb6\u5b66\u4f1a\u4f1a\u8baf\u300b<\/span>\uff08Royal Society Proceedings<\/em>\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u518d\u906d\u62d2\u7edd\u3002\u6700\u540e\uff0c\u7126\u8033\u628a\u7a3f\u4ef6\u6295\u53bb\u300a\u54f2\u5b66\u6742\u5fd7\u300b<\/span>\uff08Philosophical Magazine<\/em>\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u8fd9\u6b21\uff0c\u6742\u5fd7\u540c\u610f\u5ba1\u7a3f\u4e86\u3002\u53ef\u662f\uff0c\u5ba1\u7a3f\u4eba\u8981\u6c42\u4ed6\u591a\u505a\u5f88\u591a\u5b9e\u9a8c\u4ee5\u9a8c\u8bc1\u5176\u7ed3\u679c\u7684\u6b63\u786e\u6027\u3002\u5e74\u5c11\u6c14\u76db\u7684\u7126\u8033\u4e0d\u9ad8\u5174\u4e86\uff0c\u53cd\u8fc7\u6765\u62d2\u7edd\u4e86\u6742\u5fd7\u3002\u4ed6\u56de\u4fe1\u8bf4\uff1a\u201c\u4efb\u4f55\u7684\u673a\u68b0\u80fd\u91cf\u91ca\u51fa\uff0c\u6700\u540e\u90fd\u5c06\u8f6c\u6362\u4e3a\u70ed\u91cf\u3002\u80fd\u91cf\u4e0d\u706d\u7684\u6cd5\u5219\u83b7\u5f97\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u8bb8\u53ef\u8bc1\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u5927\u81ea\u7136\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u6cd5\u5219\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002\u201d\u8fd9\u5176\u5b9e\u662f\u79d1\u5b66\u53f2\u4e0a\u8457\u540d\u7684\u201c\u80fd\u91cf\u5b88\u6052\u5b9a\u5f8b\u201d<\/span>\uff08Principle of Conservation of Energy\uff09<\/span>\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u5450\u558a\u3002\u7ed3\u679c\u4e0d\u8a00\u800c\u55bb\uff0c\u7126\u8033\u53c8\u88ab\u9000\u7a3f\u4e86\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

    <\/section>\n
    \u7126\u8033\u636e\u7406\u529b\u4e89\u3002\u7ec8\u4e8e\uff0c\u6b21\u5e74\u7126\u8033\u5728\u300a\u54f2\u5b66\u6742\u5fd7\u300b\u4e0a\u53d1\u8868\u4e86\u8fd9\u7bc7\u8bba\u6587\uff0c\u62a5\u544a\u4e86\u4ed6\u7684\u5b9e\u9a8c\u7ed3\u679c\uff1a\u201c\u7535\u6d41\u5728\u5bfc\u7ebf\u4e2d\u6240\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u70ed\u91cf\uff0c\u7b49\u4e8e\u7535\u963b\u4e58\u4ee5\u7535\u6d41\u7684\u5e73\u65b9\u201d\uff0c\u8fd9\u5c31\u662f\u540e\u6765\u8457\u540d\u7684\u201c\u7126\u8033\u5b9a\u5f8b\u201d<\/span>\uff08Joule’s Law\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u56db\u5e74\u540e\uff0c\u4fc4\u56fd\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u6d77\u56e0\u91cc\u5e0c\u00b7\u695e\u6b21<\/span>\uff08Heinrich F. E. Lenz\uff0c1804-1865\uff09<\/span>\u53d1\u8868\u4e86\u72ec\u7acb\u7684\u5b9e\u9a8c\u7ed3\u679c\uff0c\u4ece\u65c1\u8bc1\u5b9e\u4e86\u7126\u8033\u7684\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7535\u70ed\u6548\u5e94\u3002\u8be5\u5b9a\u5f8b\u540e\u6765\u4e5f\u79f0\u4e3a\u201c\u7126\u8033-\u695e\u6b21\u5b9a\u5f8b\u201d\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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    1. \u70ed\u529b\u5b66\u7b2c\u4e00\u5b9a\u5f8b\u548c\u70ed\u529f\u5f53\u91cf<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n

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    <\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/h3>\n


    <\/p>\n

    \u90a3\u4e9b\u5e74\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u5b66\u4f4d\u7684\u7126\u8033\u56db\u5904\u78b0\u58c1\uff0c\u5f88\u4e0d\u5f97\u610f\u3002\u4e0d\u77e5\u4ec0\u4e48\u7f18\u6545\u8ba9\u4ed6\u9f13\u8d77\u52c7\u6c14\uff0c\u5c06\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u62a5\u544a\u5bc4\u7ed9\u4e86\u5b66\u672f\u6cf0\u6597\u8fc8\u514b\u00b7\u6cd5\u62c9\u7b2c<\/span>\uff08Michael Faraday, 1791-1867\uff09<\/span>[1]\u30021843\u5e743\u670824\u65e5\uff0c\u6167\u773c\u8bc6\u771f\u91d1\u7684\u6cd5\u62c9\u7b2c\u56de\u4fe1\u4e86\uff0c\u9ad8\u5ea6\u5730\u8bc4\u4ef7\u4e86\u7126\u8033\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u8bf4\uff1a\u201c\u6211\u5df2\u6536\u5230\u4f60\u5bc4\u6765\u7684\u6587\u7ae0\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u7acb\u523b\u5c31\u9605\u8bfb\u4e86\u3002\u611f\u8c22\u4f60\u5bf9\u6211\u4eec\u6240\u8877\u5fc3\u70ed\u7231\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u6709\u8fd9\u4e48\u7f8e\u597d\u7684\u8d21\u732e\u3002\u4f55\u7b49\u7684\u6b22\u6170\u554a\uff0c\u6211\u80fd\u591f\u5728\u4e00\u606f\u5c1a\u5b58\u4e4b\u9645\u770b\u5230\u4f60\u4e3a\u7535\u5b66\u505a\u51fa\u7684\u8fd9\u4e00\u6b65\u8de8\u8d8a\u3002\u6211\u5df2\u770b\u5230\u4f60\u672a\u6765\u7684\u8f89\u714c\uff01\u6211\u77e5\u9053\u5728\u8fd9\u9886\u57df\u91cc\u4ecd\u6709\u8bb8\u591a\u6726\u80e7\u4e0d\u6e05\u4e4b\u5904\uff0c\u4f46\u4f60\u7684\u6587\u7ae0\u5374\u5982\u66d9\u5149\u7834\u6653\u3002\u6211\u4e0d\u5f97\u4e0d\u8bf4\uff0c\u4f60\u5728\u81ea\u7136\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u8fd9\u4e2a\u9886\u57df\u505a\u51fa\u4e86\u975e\u5e38\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u8d21\u732e\u3002\u201d<\/span><\/section>\n

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    \u4e8e\u662f\uff0c\u7126\u8033\u5173\u4e8e\u80fd\u91cf\u8f6c\u6362\u548c\u5b88\u6052\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u8bba\u6587\u88ab\u300a\u7687\u5bb6\u5b66\u4f1a\u5b66\u62a5\u300b\u63a5\u6536\u53d1\u8868\u3002\u79d1\u5b66\u754c\u4ece\u6b64\u77e5\u9053\uff0c\u5708\u5b50\u91cc\u6765\u4e86\u4e00\u4f4d\u4e8c\u5341\u591a\u5c81\u7684\u65b0\u661f\uff0c\u4ed6\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86\u70ed\u529b\u5b66\u7b2c\u4e00\u5b9a\u5f8b\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u80fd\u91cf\u5b88\u6052\u5b9a\u5f8b\uff0c\u8bc1\u660e\u4e86\u7535\u548c\u70ed\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u80fd\u91cf\u8f6c\u5316\u6ee1\u8db3\u603b\u91cf\u5b88\u6052\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u90a3\u662f\u81ea\u7136\u754c\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u666e\u9002\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u89c4\u5f8b\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

    <\/section>\n
    \u63a5\u4e0b\u6765\uff0c\u7126\u8033\u8fd8\u8bd5\u56fe\u5f04\u6e05\u695a\u673a\u68b0\u80fd\u548c\u70ed\u7684\u5b9a\u91cf\u5173\u7cfb\u30021842\u5e74\uff0c\u5fb7\u56fd\u533b\u751f\u3001\u5316\u5b66\u5bb6\u548c\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u7f57\u4f2f\u7279\u00b7\u51af\u00b7\u8fc8\u8036<\/span>\uff08Julius Robert von Mayer\uff0c1814-1878\uff09<\/span>\u5728\u300a\u5316\u5b66\u4e0e\u836f\u5b66\u5e74\u9274\u300b<\/span>\uff08Annalen der Chemie und Pharmacie<\/em>\uff09<\/span>\u53d1\u8868\u4e86\u4e00\u7bc7\u8bba\u6587\uff0c\u6307\u51fa\u5355\u4f4d\u673a\u68b0\u529f\u6240\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u70ed\u91cf\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5e38\u6570\uff0c\u4e0d\u8fc7\u4ed6\u6ca1\u80fd\u7ed9\u51fa\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5e38\u6570\u7684\u6570\u503c\u30021843\u5e74\uff0c\u7126\u8033\u5728\u4e0d\u77e5\u9053\u4e0a\u8ff0\u5fb7\u6587\u6587\u7ae0\u7684\u60c5\u5f62\u4e0b\uff0c\u5728\u5bb6\u4e2d\u7684\u5730\u7a96\u91cc\u72ec\u7acb\u5730\u505a\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u6210\u529f\u7684\u538b\u7f29\u6c14\u4f53\u52a0\u70ed\u7684\u5b9e\u9a8c\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u4e00\u4e2a\u5341\u5206\u7cbe\u786e\u7684\u673a\u68b0\u8fd0\u52a8\u751f\u6210\u70ed\u7684\u5b9e\u9a8c\uff0c\u5176\u88c5\u7f6e\u5982\u56fe3\u6240\u793a\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5b9e\u9a8c\u4e2d\uff0c\u4ed6\u8ba9\u94a2\u9524\u81ea\u7531\u843d\u4e0b\uff0c\u9a71\u52a8\u4e2d\u95f4\u7684\u8f6c\u8f74\u4ece\u800c\u5e26\u52a8\u5bb9\u5668\u6c34\u4e2d\u7684\u65cb\u6868\u8f6c\u52a8\u3002\u4ed6\u901a\u8fc7\u5bf9\u6c34\u6e29\u7684\u5347\u9ad8\u6765\u6d4b\u5f97\u65cb\u6868\u4e0e\u6c34\u78e8\u64e6\u800c\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u70ed\u91cf\u3002\u7136\u540e\uff0c\u4ed6\u628a\u6e29\u5ea6\u7684\u6539\u53d8\u4e0e\u6c34\u7684\u6bd4\u70ed\u76f8\u4e58\uff0c\u4fbf\u5f97\u5230\u4e00\u4e2a\u6570\u503c\u3002\u53cd\u590d\u5b9e\u9a8c\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u7126\u8033\u53d1\u73b0\u201c\u65e0\u8bba\u5728\u4f55\u5904\u6d88\u8017\u673a\u68b0\u529b\uff0c\u90fd\u4f1a\u6700\u7ec8\u83b7\u5f97\u7cbe\u786e\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u70ed\u91cf\u3002\u201d\u7531\u6b64\u4ed6\u786e\u5b9a\u4e86\uff1a\u5355\u4f4d\u673a\u68b0\u4f5c\u529f\u6240\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u70ed\u91cf\u662f\u4e2a\u5e38\u6570\uff0c\u4ed6\u79f0\u4e4b\u4e3a\u201c\u70ed\u529f\u5f53\u91cf\u201d<\/span>\uff08mechanical equivalent of heat\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u4ed6\u8fd8\u7cbe\u786e\u5730\u6d4b\u51fa\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5e38\u6570\uff0c\u7528\u4eca\u5929\u7684\u6807\u51c6\u5355\u4f4d\u6765\u8bf4\u5c31\u662f4.18\u7126\/\u5361\u3002\u867d\u7136\u540e\u4eba\u53d1\u73b0\u6cd5\u56fd\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u8428\u8fea\u00b7\u5361\u8bfa\u7684\u201c\u70ed\u8d28\u201d\u5b66\u8bf4\u7ecf\u91cf\u5316\u4e4b\u540e\u975e\u5e38\u63a5\u8fd1\u8fd9\u4e2a\u70ed\u529f\u5f53\u91cf\uff0c\u4f46\u5361\u8bfa\u6bd5\u7adf\u6ca1\u6709\u8d70\u51fa\u8fd9\u6700\u540e\u4e00\u6b65\u30021947\u5e74\uff0c\u5fb7\u56fd\u8457\u540d\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u8d6b\u5c14\u66fc\u00b7\u51af\u00b7\u4ea5\u59c6\u970d\u5179<\/span>\uff08Hermann von Helmholtz\uff0c1821-1894\uff09<\/span>[2] \u660e\u786e\u5730\u5ba3\u79f0\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u70ed\u529f\u5f53\u91cf\u7684\u53d1\u73b0\u540c\u65f6\u5f52\u529f\u4e8e\u51af\u00b7\u8fc8\u8036\u548c\u7126\u8033\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

    <\/section>\n
    <\/section>\n
    \u56fe3 \u7126\u8033\u7684\u673a\u68b0\u548c\u70ed\u80fd\u8f6c\u6362\u5b9e\u9a8c\u88c5\u7f6e<\/span><\/section>\n

    <\/section>\n
    \u4e3a\u4e86\u652f\u6301\u58f0\u540d\u9e4a\u8d77\u7684\u513f\u5b50\u7ee7\u7eed\u4ed6\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u7126\u8033\u7684\u7236\u4eb2\u4e3a\u4ed6\u5728\u81ea\u5bb6\u7ecf\u8425\u7684\u5564\u9152\u5382\u91cc\u76d6\u8d77\u4e86\u4e00\u95f4\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5ba4\uff0c\u5e76\u63d0\u4f9b\u6240\u6709\u7684\u5b9e\u9a8c\u8d39\u7528\u3002\u968f\u4e4b\u800c\u6765\u7684\u662f\u4e00\u4e9b\u5e74\u8f7b\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e5f\u5229\u7528\u8fd9\u95f4\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5ba4\u505a\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u5e76\u548c\u7126\u8033\u4e00\u8d77\u8fdb\u884c\u70ed\u529b\u5b66\u4e0e\u6d41\u4f53\u529b\u5b66\u7684\u5404\u79cd\u5b9e\u9a8c\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u540e\u6765\u8457\u540d\u7684\u6570\u5b66\u5bb6\u548c\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u4e54\u6cbb\u00b7\u65af\u6258\u514b\u65af<\/span>\uff08George G. Stokes\uff0c1819-1903\uff09<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

    <\/section>\n
    \u53ef\u662f\u79d1\u7814\u5e76\u4e0d\u603b\u662f\u4e00\u5e06\u98ce\u987a\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u89e6\u53ca\u5230\u793e\u4f1a\u5229\u76ca\u7684\u65f6\u5019\u4fbf\u4f1a\u9047\u5230\u5404\u79cd\u963b\u529b\u30021843\u5e74\uff0c\u7126\u8033\u4ee5\u5f53\u65f6\u5de5\u4e1a\u5e02\u573a\u6700\u597d\u7684\u4ea7\u54c1\u201c\u53ef\u5c3c\u65af\u84b8\u6c7d\u5f15\u64ce\u201d<\/span>\uff08Cornish Stream Engines\uff09<\/span>\u4e3a\u4f8b\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u8ba1\u7b97\u6307\u51fa\u5b83\u767e\u5206\u4e4b\u4e5d\u5341\u672c\u6765\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u4f5c\u673a\u68b0\u529f\u7684\u80fd\u91cf\u90fd\u4ee5\u6563\u70ed\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u6d6a\u8d39\u6389\u4e86\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u8fd9\u7bc7\u62a5\u544a\uff0c\u4ed6\u62db\u81f4\u5de5\u4e1a\u754c\u5546\u4eba\u7684\u731b\u70c8\u653b\u51fb\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u591a\u5e74\u4e4b\u540e\u8fd8\u6709\u4eba\u8ba5\u8bbd\u4ed6\u53ea\u4f1a\u7528\u522b\u4eba\u7684\u5f15\u64ce\u53bb\u505a\u5b9e\u9a8c\u800c\u81ea\u5df1\u5374\u65e0\u6cd5\u5236\u9020\u51fa\u66f4\u9ad8\u6548\u7684\u5f15\u64ce\u3002\u7126\u8033\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e00\u5207\u6307\u8d23\u90fd\u4e0d\u4e88\u7406\u776c\u3002\u5f53\u5e74\u4ed6\u66f4\u5173\u6ce8\u7684\u662f\u201c\u80fd\u6e90\u67af\u7aed\u201d\u7684\u957f\u8fdc\u5371\u673a\uff0c\u5e76\u79ef\u6781\u5efa\u8bae\u82f1\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u53bb\u5bfb\u627e\u65b0\u80fd\u6e90\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

    <\/section>\n
    1847\u5e74\uff0c\u65f6\u4e3a\u683c\u62c9\u65af\u54e5\u5927\u5b66<\/span>\uff08Glasgow University\uff09<\/span>\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u6559\u6388\u7684\u5f00\u5c14\u6587<\/span>\uff08William Thomson Kelvin\uff0c1824-1907\uff09<\/span>[3]\uff0c\u5173\u6ce8\u5230\u4e86\u8fd9\u4f4d29\u5c81\u5e74\u8f7b\u4eba\u7126\u8033\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u79d1\u5b66\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5e76\u8868\u793a\u4e86\u652f\u6301\u3002\u4ed6\u548c\u7126\u8033\u540e\u6765\u6210\u4e3a\u7ec8\u751f\u5408\u4f5c\u4f19\u4f34\uff0c\u4e24\u4eba\u7406\u8bba\u548c\u5b9e\u9a8c\u76f8\u7ed3\u5408\uff0c\u8054\u540d\u53d1\u8868\u4e86\u591a\u7bc7\u5b66\u672f\u8bba\u6587\u3002\u7279\u522b\u662f\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u53d1\u73b0\u4e86\u8457\u540d\u7684\u201c\u7126\u8033-\u6c64\u59c6\u68ee\u6548\u5e94\u201d<\/span>\uff08Joule-Thomson Effect\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u63cf\u8ff0\u6c14\u4f53\u81a8\u80c0\u548c\u6e29\u5ea6\u53d8\u5316\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u3002\u4e0d\u8fc7\u90a3\u4e9b\u90fd\u662f\u540e\u8bdd\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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    <\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/h3>\n


    <\/p>\n

    1847\u5e74\uff0c\u5723\u5b89\u5fb7\u9c81\u65af\u5927\u5b66<\/span>\uff08St. Andrews University\uff09<\/span>\u81ea\u7136\u54f2\u5b66\u7cfb\u62db\u52df\u7cfb\u4e3b\u4efb\uff0c\u5b66\u6821\u8ba4\u5b9a\u7126\u8033\u4e3a\u6700\u4f73\u4eba\u9009\u3002\u7126\u8033\u5a49\u8a00\u63a8\u5374\u4e86\uff0c\u7406\u7531\u662f\uff1a\u201c\u6211\u8981\u7ed3\u5a5a\u4e86\u3002\u6211\u5c06\u65e0\u6cd5\u627f\u63a5\u5b66\u6821\u90a3\u4e9b\u65e0\u4f11\u6b62\u7684\u7e41\u6742\u4e8b\u52a1\u3002\u201d\u4e0d\u8fc7\u4ed6\u90a3\u4e0d\u662f\u9041\u8bcd\u30028\u670818\u65e5\uff0c\u7126\u8033\u4e0e\u963f\u7c73\u8389\u4e9a\u00b7\u683c\u83b1\u59c6\u65af<\/span>\uff08Amelia Grimes\uff09<\/span>\u5973\u58eb\u7ed3\u4e86\u5a5a\u3002\u636e\u8bf4\u65b0\u90ce\u5e26\u4e0a\u4e00\u652f\u9ad8\u7075\u654f\u5ea6\u6e29\u5ea6\u8ba1\u548c\u65b0\u5a18\u53bb\u6cd5\u56fd\u963f\u5c14\u5351\u65af\u5c71\u4e0b\u7684Sallanches\u5ea6\u871c\u6708\u3002\u5728\u90a3\u5c71\u533a\u91cc\uff0c\u65b0\u90ce\u597d\u51e0\u5929\u90fd\u8dd1\u53bb\u6d4b\u5b9a800\u591a\u82f1\u5c3a\u9ad8\u7684Cascade de l\u2019Arpenaz\u7011\u5e03\u4e0a\u4e0b\u65b9\u7684\u6c34\u6e29\u8fdb\u800c\u8ba1\u7b97\u7011\u5e03\u6c34\u6d41\u843d\u5dee\u5e26\u6765\u7684\u80fd\u91cf\u6539\u53d8\uff0c\u8ba9\u65b0\u5a5a\u59bb\u5b50\u9759\u5750\u5728\u8349\u5730\u6216\u9a6c\u8f66\u4e0a\u7b49\u5f85\u4ed6\u5f52\u6765\u3002<\/span>
    <\/section>\n

    <\/section>\n
    \u540c\u5e74\uff0c\u7126\u8033\u6210\u529f\u5730\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u7cbe\u786e\u7684\u7535\u89e3\u548c\u71c3\u70e7\u5b9e\u9a8c\uff0c\u5e76\u4f5c\u51fa\u7ed3\u8bba\u8bf4\uff1a\u201c\u7535\u3001\u78c1\u3001\u5149\u3001\u58f0\u6ce2\u3001\u5316\u5b66\u53cd\u5e94\uff0c\u90fd\u662f\u4e0d\u540c\u578b\u6001\u7684\u80fd\u91cf\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u6839\u636e\u80fd\u91cf\u7684\u7406\u8bba\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u628a\u7269\u7406\u4e16\u754c\u4ee5\u66f4\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u8868\u8fbe\u51fa\u6765\u3002\u201d\u5f53\u5e74\uff0c\u90a3\u662f\u8d85\u65f6\u4ee3\u7684\u89c2\u5ff5\u3002\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u76f4\u523020\u5e74\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u7269\u7406\u548c\u70ed\u529b\u5b66\u5bb6\u5f7c\u5f97\u00b7\u6cf0\u7279<\/span>\uff08Peter G. Tait\uff0c1831-1901\uff09<\/span>\u624d\u5728\u8bba\u8457\u91cc\u660e\u786e\u5730\u4ee5\u201c\u80fd\u91cf\u201d\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u53bb\u63cf\u8ff0\u5404\u79cd\u7269\u7406\u73b0\u8c61\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

    <\/section>\n
    \u7126\u8033\u8fd8\u901a\u8fc7\u70ed\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u53bb\u63a2\u7d22\u5b87\u5b99\u7684\u5965\u79d8\u3002\u5f53\u5e74\u4ed6\u8ba1\u7b97\u4e86\u9668\u77f3\u5728\u5927\u6c14\u6469\u64e6\u4e2d\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u70ed\uff0c\u53d1\u73b0\u5730\u7403\u5927\u6c14\u5c42\u7684\u539a\u5ea6\u521a\u597d\u80fd\u63d0\u4f9b\u8db3\u591f\u7684\u6469\u64e6\u963b\u529b\uff0c\u5c06\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u7684\u9668\u77f3\u5316\u6210\u7070\u5c18\uff0c\u4fdd\u62a4\u4e86\u5730\u7403\u4e0a\u7684\u81ea\u7136\u73af\u5883\u548c\u751f\u547d\u3002\u4ed6\u5199\u9053\uff1a\u201c\u5728\u5927\u81ea\u7136\u91cc\uff0c\u673a\u68b0\u3001\u5316\u5b66\u548c\u751f\u7269\u80fd\u91cf\u5728\u65f6\u7a7a\u4e2d\u4e0d\u65ad\u4e92\u76f8\u5f71\u54cd\u548c\u8f6c\u5316\uff0c\u8ba9\u5b87\u5b99\u7ef4\u6301\u7740\u67d0\u79cd\u79e9\u5e8f\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u5728\u6e05\u695a\u660e\u786e\u5730\u3001\u5b9e\u5b9e\u5728\u5728\u5730\u8fd0\u884c\u3002\u4e0d\u7ba1\u5176\u95f4\u6709\u591a\u4e48\u590d\u6742\u7684\u80fd\u91cf\u53d8\u5316\uff0c\u5b87\u5b99\u4f9d\u7136\u662f\u7a33\u5b9a\u548c\u8c10\u7684\u3002\u201d<\/span><\/section>\n

    <\/section>\n
    1848\u5e74\uff0c\u7126\u8033\u5728\u5b9e\u9a8c\u4e2d\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u7cbe\u786e\u5730\u6d4b\u91cf\u51fa\u6c14\u4f53\u5206\u5b50\u7684\u8fd0\u52a8\u901f\u5ea6\u3002\u540c\u5e74\uff0c\u4ed6\u88ab1757\u5e74\u5efa\u7acb\u7684\u6b27\u6d32\u6700\u6770\u51fa\u7684\u5b66\u672f\u56e2\u4f53\u675c\u6797\u7687\u5bb6\u79d1\u5b66\u4f1a<\/span>\uff08Turin\u2019s Royal Academy of Science\uff09<\/span>\u63a5\u7eb3\u4e3a\u4f1a\u5458\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u79d1\u5b66\u4f1a\u7684\u4f1a\u5458\u5305\u62ec\u4e00\u4e9b\u8457\u540d\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u5982\u610f\u5927\u5229\u5316\u5b66\u5bb6\u963f\u6885\u4ee3\u5965\u00b7\u963f\u4f0f\u4f3d\u5fb7\u7f57<\/span>\uff08Amedes Avogadro, 1776-1856\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u6cd5\u56fd\u6570\u5b66\u5bb6\u7ea6\u745f\u592b\u00b7\u62c9\u683c\u6717\u65e5<\/span>\uff08Joseph-Louis Lagrange, 1736-1813\uff09<\/span>\u3001\u82f1\u56fd\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u6cd5\u62c9\u7b2c\u548c\u5929\u6587\u5b66\u5bb6\u5a01\u5ec9\u00b7\u8d6b\u6b47\u5c14<\/span>\uff08William Herschel, 1738-1822\uff09<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

    <\/section>\n
    1849\u5e74\uff0c\u7126\u8033\u5728\u725b\u6d25\u5411\u82f1\u56fd\u7687\u5bb6\u5b66\u4f1a\u505a\u4e86\u9898\u4e3a\u201cOn the Mechanical Equivalent of Heat\u201d\u7684\u62a5\u544a\u3002\u867d\u7136\u5f53\u65f6\u4e0d\u5c11\u542c\u4f17\u6301\u6709\u6000\u7591\u6001\u5ea6\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u7684\u6210\u679c\u6700\u540e\u83b7\u5f97\u4e86\u80af\u5b9a\uff0c\u8ba9\u4ed6\u5728\u300a\u7687\u5bb6\u5b66\u4f1a\u4f1a\u520a\u300b\u53d1\u8868\u4e86\u5173\u4e8e\u201c\u70ed\u529f\u5f53\u91cf\u201d\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u8bba\u6587\u3002\u8fd9\u9879\u91cd\u5927\u8d21\u732e\u548c\u70ed\u529b\u5b66\u7b2c\u4e00\u5b9a\u5f8b\u4e00\u8d77\uff0c\u8ba9\u7126\u8033\u6210\u4e3a\u4e86\u70ed\u529b\u5b66<\/span>\uff08thermodynamics\uff09<\/span>\u7684\u5960\u57fa\u4eba\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

    <\/section>\n
    1850\u5e74\uff0c32\u5c81\u7684\u7126\u8033\u88ab\u9074\u9009\u4e3a\u82f1\u56fd\u7687\u5bb6\u5b66\u4f1a\u9662\u58eb\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

    <\/section>\n
    1852\u5e74\uff0c\u7126\u8033\u4e0e\u5f00\u5c14\u6587\u8054\u540d\u53d1\u8868\u540e\u6765\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u201c\u7126\u8033-\u6c64\u59c6\u68ee\u6548\u5e94\u201d \u7684\u8bba\u6587\uff0c\u6210\u4e3a\u51b7\u51bb\u5de5\u4e1a\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u57fa\u77f3\u3002\u4e3a\u6b64\uff0c\u82f1\u7687\u7ed9\u7126\u8033\u9881\u6388\u4e86\u56fd\u5bb6\u52cb\u7ae0<\/span>\uff08Royal Medal\uff09<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

    <\/section>\n
       <\/span><\/section>\n

    \n
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    <\/section>\n

    <\/section>\n
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    <\/svg><\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n
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    6. \u8270\u96be\u66f2\u6298\u7684\u4e00\u6bb5\u4eba\u751f<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n

    \n

    <\/section>\n

    <\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/h3>\n


    <\/p>\n

    1852-1855\u8fd9\u51e0\u5e74\u662f\u7126\u8033\u4eba\u751f\u4e2d\u6700\u8270\u96be\u7684\u4e00\u6bb5\u65f6\u5149\u3002\u9996\u5148\uff0c\u4ed6\u7236\u4eb2\u4e2d\u98ce\u75c5\u91cd\uff0c\u5bb6\u5ead\u5564\u9152\u5382\u7684\u751f\u610f\u4e00\u843d\u5343\u4e08\uff0c\u7126\u8033\u7684\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5ba4\u53ea\u597d\u5173\u95ed\u3002\u968f\u540e\uff0c\u4ed6\u592b\u4eba\u5728\u751f\u7b2c\u4e09\u4e2a\u5c0f\u5b69\u65f6\u56e0\u96be\u4ea7\u5931\u8840\u8fc7\u591a\u800c\u53bb\u4e16\u3002\u63a5\u4e0b\u6765\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u5377\u5165\u4e86\u514b\u91cc\u7c73\u4e9a\u6218\u4e89<\/span>\uff08Crimea War\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u8ba9\u7126\u8033\u653e\u4e0b\u79d1\u7814\uff0c\u53c2\u52a0\u4e86\u6218\u5730\u6551\u6b7b\u6276\u4f24\u7684\u670d\u52a1\u5de5\u4f5c\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

    <\/section>\n
    1856\u5e74\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u7126\u8033\u91cd\u65b0\u56de\u5230\u4e86\u4ed6\u70ed\u7231\u7684\u7269\u7406\u5b9e\u9a8c\u7814\u7a76\u30021860\u5e74\uff0c\u4ed6\u56e0\u6770\u51fa\u7814\u7a76\u6210\u7ee9\u548c\u58f0\u671b\u5f53\u9009\u4e3a\u66fc\u5f7b\u65af\u7279\u6587\u5b66\u4e0e\u54f2\u5b66\u5b66\u4f1a\u4e3b\u5e2d\u3002\u5f53\u5e74\uff0c\u201c\u571f\u6728\u5de5\u7a0b\u5b66\u4e4b\u7236\u201d\u7ea6\u7ff0\u00b7\u65af\u7c73\u987f<\/span>\uff08John Smeaton, 1724-1792\uff09<\/span>\u548c\u9053\u5c14\u987f\u90fd\u662f\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5b66\u4f1a\u7684\u4f1a\u5458\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5b66\u4f1a\u6b63\u5f0f\u6210\u7acb\u4e8e1781\u5e74\uff0c\u662f\u82f1\u56fd\u6700\u53e4\u8001\u7684\u5b66\u672f\u56e2\u4f53\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002\u5176\u5b9e\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6c11\u95f4\u5b66\u672f\u56e2\u4f53\u4ece15\u4e16\u7eaa\u521d\u8d77\u5c31\u5b58\u5728\u4e86\uff0c\u7531\u4e00\u6279Collegiate Church\u57fa\u7763\u5f92\u4ee5\u5b9a\u671f\u805a\u4f1a\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u7ec4\u7ec7\u8bfb\u4e66\u4f1a\u5f00\u59cb\u30021427\u5e74\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u8fd8\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86\u82f1\u56fd\u6700\u65e9\u7684\u56fe\u4e66\u9986\u3002\u8be5\u5b66\u4f1a\u4e00\u76f4\u662f\u66fc\u5f7b\u65af\u7279\u6559\u4f1a\u793e\u533a\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u4e2d\u5fc3\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u5f00\u8bbe\u5404\u79cd\u79d1\u666e\u8bb2\u5ea7\uff0c\u8fd8\u8bf7\u7126\u8033\u4e3b\u6301\u4e86\u5723\u5b89\u5a1c\u6559\u4f1a<\/span>\uff08St. Ann Church\uff09<\/span>\u79d1\u5b66\u8bb2\u5ea7\u7cfb\u5217\u3002\u7126\u8033\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u6f14\u8bb2\u7684\u9898\u76ee\u662f\u201c\u4eba\u7c7b\u5c45\u4f4f\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u201d<\/span>\uff08The Plurality of Inhabited Worlds\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u4ed6\u8bf4\uff1a\u201c\u4e5f\u8bb8\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u65e0\u6cd5\u8bc1\u660e\u5176\u4ed6\u661f\u7403\u6709\u6ca1\u6709\u751f\u547d\u7684\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u80fd\u591f\u8bc1\u660e\uff0c\u5176\u4ed6\u661f\u7403\u6709\u6ca1\u6709\u9002\u5408\u751f\u547d\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u73af\u5883\uff1a\u6e29\u5ea6\u3001\u7a7a\u6c14\u3001\u6c34\u3001\u91cd\u529b\u3002\u5373\u4f7f\u6709\u9002\u5408\u751f\u547d\u751f\u5b58\u7684\u73af\u5883\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u4e00\u5b9a\u5c31\u4f1a\u6709\u9ad8\u7b49\u751f\u7269\u5b58\u5728\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u6709\u9ad8\u7b49\u751f\u547d\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u5730\u65b9\uff0c\u5219\u5fc5\u987b\u8981\u6709\u53ef\u4ee5\u5b66\u4e60\u7684\u573a\u6240\u3002\u800c\u8fd9\u573a\u6240\u5fc5\u987b\u5efa\u7acb\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u5927\u5bb6\u80fd\u591f\u548c\u5e73\u76f8\u5904\u7684\u793e\u533a\u73af\u5883\u91cc\u3002\u201d<\/span><\/section>\n

    <\/section>\n
    1870\u5e74\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u7126\u8033\u5f88\u5c11\u53d1\u8868\u65b0\u7684\u5b9e\u9a8c\u7814\u7a76\u62a5\u544a\u4e86\u3002\u4e0d\u8fc7\u4ed6\u7684\u79d1\u7814\u5de5\u4f5c\u5e76\u6ca1\u505c\u6b62\u3002\u4ed6\u91cd\u65b0\u68c0\u67e5\u5e76\u5ba1\u6838\u4e86\u81ea\u5df1\u5e74\u8f7b\u65f6\u6240\u505a\u7684\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u7814\u7a76\u7ed3\u679c\u3002\u4e3a\u4e86\u6d4b\u91cf\u5f97\u66f4\u51c6\u786e\uff0c\u7126\u8033\u8fd8\u7814\u7a76\u7cbe\u5bc6\u4eea\u5668\u7684\u5236\u9020\uff0c\u5e76\u6307\u51fa\uff1a\u201c\u7cbe\u5bc6\u4eea\u5668\u662f\u63d0\u5347\u79d1\u5b66\u6559\u80b2\u548c\u77e5\u8bc6\u5fc5\u9700\u7684\u5de5\u5177\u3002\u201d<\/span><\/section>\n

    <\/section>\n
    1872\u5e74\uff0c\u7126\u8033\u5411\u653f\u5e9c\u5efa\u8bae\u6210\u7acb\u56fd\u5bb6\u7ea7\u522b\u7684\u201c\u79d1\u5b66\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u201d<\/span>\uff08Board of Science\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u8d1f\u8d23\u63d0\u4f9b\u652f\u52a9\u6559\u5e08\u4e0e\u6c11\u95f4\u56e2\u4f53\u7684\u7ecf\u8d39\uff1b\u4ece\u4e8b\u79d1\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\uff1b\u652f\u6301\u56fd\u5bb6\u5bf9\u5929\u6587\u3001\u5730\u7406\u3001\u6c34\u6587\u3001\u6c14\u5019\u7684\u957f\u671f\u89c2\u6d4b\uff1b\u6210\u7acb\u56fd\u5bb6\u79d1\u5b66\u53f2\u9986\uff0c\u4ee5\u4fdd\u5b58\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u4eea\u5668\u4e0e\u7814\u7a76\u62a5\u544a\uff1b\u5728\u5927\u5b66\u8bbe\u7acb\u56fd\u5bb6\u7ea7\u7684\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5ba4\uff0c\u7b49\u7b49\u3002\u7126\u8033\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u201c\u5f53\u79d1\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u5411\u524d\u8fdb\u6b65\u65f6\uff0c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u53d1\u5c55\u81ea\u7136\u4f1a\u8ddf\u4e0a\u3002\u201d<\/span><\/section>\n

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    7. \u7f79\u75c5\u7684\u665a\u5e74\u548c\u540e\u8bdd<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n

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    <\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/h3>\n


    <\/p>\n

    1873\u5e74\u8d77\uff0c\u4f34\u968f\u7740\u7ecf\u5e38\u6027\u9f3b\u51fa\u8840\u7684\u75be\u75c5\u4e25\u91cd\u5730\u5e72\u6270\u4e86\u7126\u8033\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u751a\u81f3\u65e5\u5e38\u751f\u6d3b\u3002\u7126\u8033\u5e38\u5e38\u4f1a\u5e26\u513f\u5b50Benjamin\u548c\u5973\u513fAlice\u5230\u6d77\u8fb9\u53bb\u5ea6\u5047\u3002\u4ed6\u540e\u6765\u56de\u5fc6\u8bf4\uff1a\u201c\u5f53\u79d1\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u6210\u4e3a\u6211\u6c89\u91cd\u7684\u8d1f\u8f7d\u65f6\uff0c\u6211\u683c\u5916\u9700\u8981\u4fdd\u7559\u4e0e\u5b69\u5b50\u4eec\u5728\u5b81\u9759\u6d77\u6ee9\u4e0a\u72ec\u5904\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u3002\u6211\u81ea\u5df1\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u6b23\u8d4f\u6d77\u9e25\u7684\u98de\u7fd4\u3002\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u7fc5\u8180\u771f\u662f\u4f18\u7f8e\u7684\u751f\u7269\u5f15\u64ce\uff0c\u7adf\u7136\u6709\u5982\u6b64\u4e4b\u9ad8\u7684\u80fd\u91cf\u4f7f\u7528\u6548\u7387\uff01\u201d\u7126\u8033\u8fd8\u53bb\u89c2\u5bdf\u6d77\u85fb\u3002\u4ed6\u8bf4\uff1a\u201c\u4f4e\u7b49\u751f\u7269\u5bf9\u4e8e\u9ad8\u7b49\u751f\u7269\u6709\u8fd9\u4e48\u591a\u6709\u76ca\u7684\u8d21\u732e\uff0c\u53ef\u662f\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u5bb6\u5374\u5927\u7b14\u4e00\u6325\uff0c\u5c06\u5b83\u4eec\u5224\u5b9a\u4e3a\u2018\u4f4e\u7b49\u2019\u3002\u201d\u66fe\u7ecf\u6709\u5e74\u8f7b\u4eba\u95ee\u4ed6\u5bf9\u8fbe\u5c14\u6587<\/span>\uff08Charles Darwin, 1809-1882\uff09<\/span>\u7684\u8fdb\u5316\u8bba\u6709\u4f55\u770b\u6cd5\uff1f\u7126\u8033\u56de\u7b54\u9053\uff1a\u201c\u8fbe\u5c14\u6587\u53ea\u662f\u5bf9\u5730\u7403\u4e0a\u751f\u547d\u7684\u6f14\u53d8\u8fc7\u7a0b\u63d0\u51fa\u4e00\u79cd\u7406\u8bba\u52a0\u4ee5\u8bf4\u660e\u3002\u4e0d\u5e78\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u8bb8\u591a\u4eba\u5374\u628a\u4ed6\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u89c6\u4e3a\u662f\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u7684\u7ec8\u6781\u7406\u8bba\u3002\u8fbe\u5c14\u6587\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u7528\u8fdb\u5316\u8bba\u53bb\u89e3\u91ca\u751f\u547d\u7684\u8d77\u6e90\uff0c\u5927\u5bb6\u5374\u628a\u8fdb\u5316\u8bba\u626d\u66f2\u6210\u751f\u547d\u53d1\u7aef\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u3002\u201d<\/span><\/section>\n

    <\/section>\n
    1878\u5e74\uff0c\u7ef4\u591a\u5229\u4e9a\u5973\u738b\u4e3a\u591a\u75c5\u7684\u7126\u8033\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86200\u82f1\u9551\u7684\u6170\u95ee\u91d1\u3002\u82e6\u4e8e\u75be\u75c5\u7684\u6298\u78e8\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u5e7460\u5c81\u7684\u7126\u8033\u53d1\u8868\u4e86\u4ed6\u4eba\u751f\u6700\u540e\u7684\u4e00\u7bc7\u5b66\u672f\u8bba\u6587\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

    <\/section>\n
    1889\u5e7410\u670811\u65e5\uff0c\u7126\u8033\u5728\u5bb6\u4e2d\u75c5\u901d\uff0c\u4eab\u5e7471\u5c81\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

    <\/section>\n
    \u4e34\u7ec8\u524d\uff0c\u7126\u8033\u7559\u4e0b\u4e86\u4e00\u5f20\u7eb8\u6761\uff0c\u4e0a\u9762\u5199\u9053\uff1a\u201c\u6211\u5df2\u611f\u5230\u79d1\u5b66\u9010\u6e10\u8d70\u5411\u4e00\u4e2a\u5371\u673a\u2500\u2500\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u8bef\u7528\u3002\u7279\u522b\u662f\uff0c\u628a\u79d1\u5b66\u7528\u5728\u6218\u4e89\u6b66\u5668\u7684\u7814\u53d1\u4e0a\u3002\u8fd9\u5c06\u5bfc\u81f4\u4eba\u7c7b\u6587\u660e\u7684\u706d\u4ea1\u3002\u6211\u6df1\u611f\u96be\u8fc7\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u6709\u4e9b\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u8ba4\u4e3a\u7814\u53d1\u6bc1\u706d\u6027\u7684\u6b66\u5668\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u606b\u5413\u5bf9\u65b9\u4ece\u800c\u7ec8\u6b62\u6218\u4e89\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u770b\u6cd5\u662f\u6ca1\u6709\u9053\u7406\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u6218\u4e89\u7684\u672c\u8d28\u662f\u6b8b\u5fcd\u4e0e\u6bc1\u706d\u3002\u7814\u53d1\u6b66\u5668\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u65e0\u6cd5\u6210\u4e3a\u6218\u4e89\u7684\u51b3\u7b56\u8005\uff0c\u56e0\u800c\u4ed6\u4eec\u6700\u7ec8\u4f1a\u6210\u4e3a\u597d\u6218\u653f\u6cbb\u5bb6\u7684\u5de5\u5177\u3002\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u8bef\u7528\u5c31\u662f\u504f\u79bb\u4e86\u6b63\u786e\u7684\u76ee\u6807\uff0c\u7ed3\u679c\u5f3a\u8005\u8d8a\u5f3a\uff0c\u5f31\u8005\u8d8a\u5f31\u3002\u6211\u7684\u8bba\u70b9\u5e76\u975e\u8d2c\u4f4e\u4ee5\u79d1\u5b66\u7814\u53d1\u6765\u4fdd\u536b\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u6279\u5224\u9760\u79d1\u5b66\u53bb\u6311\u8d77\u4e89\u7aef\u3002\u201d\u672b\u4e86\uff0c\u7126\u8033\u5199\u9053\uff1a\u201c\u6211\u7684\u5b66\u751f\u4eec\u554a\uff01\u4f60\u4eec\u6709\u4e9b\u4eba\u4e5f\u8bb8\u4f1a\u81ea\u8ba4\u4e3a\u80fd\u591f\u4e86\u89e3\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\u7684\u6bcf\u4e00\u4e2a\u5927\u5c0f\u4e8b\u4ef6\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u80fd\u591f\u8bb2\u51fa\u4e16\u754c\u4e0a\u7684\u6bcf\u4e00\u79cd\u65b9\u8a00\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u80fd\u591f\u51c6\u786e\u5730\u53d9\u8ff0\u6bcf\u4e00\u79cd\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u7684\u89c2\u5ff5\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u80fd\u591f\u89e3\u51fa\u6240\u6709\u79d1\u5b66\u4e0e\u5de5\u7a0b\u7684\u590d\u6742\u96be\u9898\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u6ca1\u6709\u7231\uff0c\u4f60\u4eec\u5c06\u4e0d\u77e5\u9053\u5982\u4f55\u628a\u6240\u5b66\u5230\u7684\u8fd9\u4e00\u5207\u653e\u5728\u6b63\u786e\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\u4e0a\u3002\u201d<\/span><\/section>\n

    <\/section>\n
    \u7126\u8033\u88ab\u57cb\u846c\u5728\u66fc\u5f7b\u65af\u7279\u57ce\u90ca\u7684Brooklands\u575f\u573a\u3002\u5728\u4ed6\u7684\u5893\u7891\u4e0a\u523b\u6709\u6570\u5b57\u201c772.55\u201d\uff0c\u90a3\u662f\u4ed61843\u5e74\u6d4b\u91cf\u4e2d\u5f97\u5230\u7684\u70ed\u529f\u5f53\u91cf\u503c\u3002\u7126\u8033\u6bd5\u751f\u662f\u4e2a\u8654\u8bda\u7684\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u5f92\uff0c\u4ed6\u66fe\u5728\u4e00\u7bc7\u8bba\u6587\u4e2d\u5199\u9053\uff1a\u201c\u663e\u7136\uff0c\u719f\u6089\u81ea\u7136\u6cd5\u5219\u5e76\u4e0d\u4e9a\u4e8e\u719f\u6089\u5b83\u6240\u8868\u8fbe\u7684\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u539f\u610f\u3002\u201d\u5728\u4ed6\u7684\u5893\u7891\u4e0a\u954c\u523b\u7740\u300a\u7ea6\u7ff0\u798f\u97f3\u300b\u7684\u4e00\u6bb5\u8bdd\uff1a\u201c\u8d81\u7740\u767d\u65e5\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5fc5\u987b\u53bb\u505a\u90a3\u5dee\u6211\u6765\u8005\u7684\u5de5\uff1b\u9ed1\u591c\u5c06\u4e34\uff0c\u5c31\u6ca1\u6709\u4eba\u80fd\u505a\u5de5\u4e86\u201d\u3002\u5728\u4f26\u6566\u897f\u654f\u5bfa\u5185\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u4e3a\u4ed6\u4e3e\u884c\u4e86\u60bc\u5ff5\u4eea\u5f0f\u5e76\u8bbe\u7acb\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u7eaa\u5ff5\u7891\u724c\uff0c\u653e\u7f6e\u5728\u725b\u987f\u3001\u8d6b\u6b47\u5c14\u3001\u8fbe\u5c14\u6587\u7b49\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u7684\u575f\u5893\u9644\u8fd1\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

    <\/section>\n
    <\/section>\n
    \u56fe4 \u897f\u654f\u5bfa\u5185\u7126\u8033\u7684\u7eaa\u5ff5\u7891\u724c
    <\/span><\/section>\n

    <\/section>\n
    \u9664\u4e86\u5b9d\u8d35\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u9057\u4ea7\uff0c\u7126\u8033\u8fd8\u7559\u4e0b\u4e86\u4e00\u53e5\u8b66\u4e16\u6052\u8a00\uff1a\u201c\u5bf9\u81ea\u7136\u53ca\u5176\u89c4\u5f8b\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u662f\u4e00\u9879\u57fa\u672c\u800c\u795e\u5723\u7684\u4efb\u52a1\uff0c\u5b83\u5bf9\u5e74\u8f7b\u4e00\u4ee3\u7684\u6559\u80b2\u662f\u975e\u5e38\u91cd\u8981\u751a\u81f3\u662f\u5fc5\u4e0d\u53ef\u5c11\u7684\u3002\u201d<\/span><\/section>\n

    <\/section>\n
    \u5ef6\u4f38\u9605\u8bfb\uff1a<\/span><\/strong><\/section>\n
    [1] \u4e00\u4e2a\u8ba4\u5b9a\u81ea\u5df1\u662f\u666e\u901a\u4eba\u7684\u4f1f\u5927\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6<\/a><\/span><\/section>\n
    [2] \u9648\u5173\u8363\u4e28\u79d1\u5b66\u5de8\u5320\u4ea5\u59c6\u970d\u5179<\/a><\/span><\/section>\n
    [3] \u5f00\u5c14\u6587\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u8bf4\u81ea\u5df1\u5931\u8d25\u7684\u6210\u529f\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u4e28\u9648\u5173\u8363<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/section>\n

    <\/span><\/section>\n

    <\/section>\n
    \n
    \n
    \n
    \n

    \u590d\u6742\u79d1\u5b66\u6700\u65b0\u8bba\u6587<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n

    \n


    <\/p>\n<\/section>\n

    \u96c6\u667a\u6591\u56fe\u9876\u520a\u8bba\u6587\u901f\u9012\u680f\u76ee\u4e0a\u7ebf\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u6301\u7eed\u6536\u5f55\u6765\u81eaNature\u3001Science<\/span>\u7b49\u9876\u520a\u7684\u6700\u65b0\u8bba\u6587\uff0c\u8ffd\u8e2a\u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf\u3001\u7f51\u7edc\u79d1\u5b66\u3001\u8ba1\u7b97\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u7b49\u9886\u57df\u7684\u524d\u6cbf\u8fdb\u5c55\u3002\u73b0\u5728\u6b63\u5f0f\u63a8\u51fa\u8ba2\u9605\u529f\u80fd\uff0c\u6bcf\u5468\u901a\u8fc7\u5fae\u4fe1\u670d\u52a1\u53f7\u300c\u96c6\u667a\u6591\u56fe\u300d\u63a8\u9001\u8bba\u6587\u4fe1\u606f\u3002\u626b\u63cf\u4e0b\u65b9\u4e8c\u7ef4\u7801\u5373\u53ef\u4e00\u952e\u8ba2\u9605\uff1a<\/span>
    <\/p>\n

    <\/section>\n
    \n


    <\/p>\n


    <\/p>\n<\/section>\n

    \n

    \u63a8\u8350\u9605\u8bfb<\/span><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n