{"id":29999,"date":"2021-11-15T23:14:12","date_gmt":"2021-11-15T15:14:12","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/swarma.org\/?p=29999"},"modified":"2021-11-15T23:14:12","modified_gmt":"2021-11-15T15:14:12","slug":"%e5%9b%b0%e6%89%b0%e7%83%ad%e5%8a%9b%e5%ad%a6%e7%9a%84%e4%b8%89%e4%b8%aa%e5%a6%96%e7%b2%be","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/swarma.org\/?p=29999","title":{"rendered":"\u56f0\u6270\u70ed\u529b\u5b66\u7684\u4e09\u4e2a\u5996\u7cbe"},"content":{"rendered":"
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\u7814\u7a76\u9886\u57df\uff1a\u70ed\u529b\u5b66\uff0c\u7edf\u8ba1\u529b\u5b66\uff0c\u91cf\u5b50\u529b\u5b66\uff0c\u91cf\u5b50\u4fe1\u606f\uff0c\u91cf\u5b50\u70ed\u673a<\/strong><\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n

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Katie Robertson<\/span> | \u4f5c\u8005<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u6f58\u4f73\u680b<\/span> | <\/strong><\/span>\u8bd1\u8005<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u5f20\u6fb3\u3001\u6881\u91d1<\/span> | \u5ba1\u6821<\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/span>
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\u70ed\u529b\u5b66\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5947\u602a\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u3002\u5b83\u867d\u7136\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u7406\u89e3\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u57fa\u7840\uff0c\u4f46\u4e0e\u5176\u4ed6\u7269\u7406\u7406\u8bba\u6709\u5f88\u5927\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u3002\u51fa\u4e8e\u8fd9\u4e2a\u539f\u56e0\uff0c\u5b83\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u7684\u201c\u4e61\u6751\u5973\u5deb\u201d<\/span>\uff08village witch\uff09<\/span>[1]\u3002\u70ed\u529b\u5b66\u7684\u5947\u602a\u4f53\u73b0\u5728\u7ecf\u5178\u7edf\u8ba1\u529b\u5b66\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\u542b\u4e49\u4e0a\u3002\u65e9\u5728\u76f8\u5bf9\u8bba\u548c\u91cf\u5b50\u529b\u5b66\u5c06\u73b0\u4ee3\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u7684\u6096\u8bba\u5e26\u5165\u516c\u4f17\u89c6\u91ce\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u8def\u5fb7\u7ef4\u5e0c\u00b7\u73bb\u5c14\u5179\u66fc<\/span>\uff08Ludwig Boltzmann\uff09<\/span>\u3001\u8a79\u59c6\u65af\u00b7\u514b\u62c9\u514b\u00b7\u9ea6\u514b\u65af\u97e6<\/span>\uff08James Clerk Maxwell\uff09<\/span>\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u7edf\u8ba1\u529b\u5b66\u7684\u5148\u9a71\u5c31\u5728\u4e0e\u51e0\u4e2a\u53ef\u80fd\u7834\u574f\u70ed\u529b\u5b66\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u5b9e\u9a8c<\/span>\uff08\u5996\u7cbe\uff09<\/span>\u640f\u6597\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
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\u5c3d\u7ba1\u4f5c\u51fa\u4e86\u5de8\u5927\u7684\u52aa\u529b\uff0c\u9ea6\u514b\u65af\u97e6\u548c\u73bb\u5c14\u5179\u66fc\u4ecd\u65e0\u6cd5\u5b8c\u5168\u6218\u80dc\u56f0\u6270\u201c\u4e61\u6751\u5973\u5deb\u201d\u7684\u5996\u7cbe\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u70ed\u529b\u5b66\u4ec5\u9650\u4e8e\u7ecf\u5178\u89c6\u89d2\u3002\u5982\u4eca\uff0c\u91cf\u5b50\u5b9e\u9a8c\u548c\u7406\u8bba\u53d1\u5c55\u4f7f\u7814\u7a76\u4eba\u5458\u548c\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u5bf9\u70ed\u529b\u5b66\u548c\u7edf\u8ba1\u529b\u5b66\u6709\u4e86\u66f4\u6df1\u5165\u7684\u4e86\u89e3\u3002\u91cf\u5b50\u7406\u8bba\u4f7f\u6211\u4eec\u80fd\u591f\u901a\u8fc7\u201c\u91cf\u5b50\u9a71\u9b54\u201d<\/strong><\/span>\uff08quantum exorcism\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u4e00\u52b3\u6c38\u9038\u5730\u89e3\u51b3\u56f0\u6270\u70ed\u529b\u5b66\u7684\u5996\u7cbe\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
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\u56fe1. \u8fd9\u5e45\u7248\u753b\u63cf\u7ed8\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u5c06\u5934\u4f38\u51fa\u5b87\u5b99\u8fb9\u7f18\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u5e38\u88ab\u7528\u6765\u8c61\u5f81\u4eba\u7c7b\u5bf9\u79d1\u5b66\u77e5\u8bc6\u7684\u8ffd\u6c42\u3002| \u6765\u6e90\uff1aEngraving from Camille Flammarion, L\u2019atmosph\u00e8re: m\u00e9t\u00e9orologie populaire, 1888, p. 163\/public domain.<\/span><\/p>\n

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1. \u6d1b\u65bd\u5bc6\u7279\u5996\u548c\u65f6\u95f4\u53ef\u9006\u6027<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n

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\u73bb\u5c14\u5179\u66fc\u662f\u7edf\u8ba1\u529b\u5b66\u548c\u70ed\u529b\u5b66\u7684\u521b\u59cb\u4eba\uff0c\u4ed6\u5bf9\u70ed\u529b\u5b66\u9886\u57df\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u770b\u4f3c\u6096\u8bba\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u975e\u5e38\u7740\u8ff7\u3002\u4e00\u4e2a\u8fbe\u5230\u70ed\u529b\u5b66\u5e73\u8861\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u6240\u8868\u73b0\u51fa\u7684\u4e0d\u53ef\u9006\u884c\u4e3a<\/strong>\uff0c\u5982\u4e00\u676f\u5496\u5561\u7684\u51b7\u5374\u6216\u6c14\u4f53\u7684\u6269\u6563\uff0c\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u4ece\u66f4\u57fa\u672c\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u53ef\u9006\u7684\u7ecf\u5178\u529b\u5b66\u4e2d\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\uff1f<\/strong>[2]<\/span><\/section>\n
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\u8fd9\u79cd\u5e73\u8861\u884c\u4e3a\u5728\u65f6\u95f4\u4e0a\u4ec5\u5355\u5411\u53d1\u751f\u3002\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u770b\u5230\u4e00\u4e2a\u9152\u676f\u6253\u788e\u7684\u89c6\u9891\uff0c\u4f60\u80fd\u7acb\u5373\u5224\u65ad\u89c6\u9891\u662f\u5426\u5728\u56de\u653e\u3002\u76f8\u6bd4\u4e4b\u4e0b\uff0c\u66f4\u57fa\u7840\u7684\u7ecf\u5178\u548c\u91cf\u5b50\u529b\u5b66\u662f\u65f6\u95f4\u53ef\u9006\u7684\u3002\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u770b\u5230\u4e00\u4e2a\u5f88\u591a\u53f0\u7403\u78b0\u649e\u7684\u89c6\u9891\uff0c\u4f60\u4e0d\u4e00\u5b9a\u80fd\u77e5\u9053\u89c6\u9891\u662f\u5426\u5728\u56de\u653e\u3002\u73bb\u5c14\u5179\u66fc\u5728\u6574\u4e2a\u804c\u4e1a\u751f\u6daf\u4e2d\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u5c1d\u8bd5\uff0c\u4ece\u57fa\u672c\u7684\u53ef\u9006\u52a8\u529b\u5b66\u51fa\u53d1\uff0c\u89e3\u91ca\u4e0d\u53ef\u9006\u7684\u70ed\u529b\u5b66\u5e73\u8861\u884c\u4e3a\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
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\u73bb\u5c14\u5179\u66fc\u7684\u670b\u53cb\u7ea6\u745f\u592b\u00b7\u6d1b\u65bd\u5bc6\u7279<\/span>\uff08Josef Loschmidt\uff09<\/span>\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5c1d\u8bd5\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u8457\u540d\u7684\u53cd\u5bf9\u610f\u89c1\u3002\u4ed6\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u57fa\u7840\u7684\u7ecf\u5178\u529b\u5b66\u5141\u8bb8\u51fa\u73b0\u52a8\u91cf\u53cd\u8f6c\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u56de\u6eaf\u7cfb\u7edf\u5e76\u4f7f\u5176\u201c\u53cd\u5e73\u8861\u201d\u5230\u65e9\u671f\u7684\u4f4e\u71b5\u72b6\u6001\u3002\u73bb\u5c14\u5179\u66fc\u5411\u6d1b\u65bd\u5bc6\u7279\u63d0\u51fa\u6311\u6218\uff0c\u8981\u6c42\u4ed6\u5c1d\u8bd5\u9006\u8f6c\u52a8\u91cf\uff0c\u4f46\u6d1b\u65bd\u5bc6\u7279\u65e0\u6cd5\u505a\u5230\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bbe\u60f3\u4e00\u4e2a\u53ef\u4ee5\u505a\u5230\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u7684\u5996\u7cbe\u2014\u2014\u6d1b\u65bd\u5bc6\u7279\u5996<\/span>\uff08Loschmidt\u2019s demon\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u6bd5\u7adf\uff0c\u5c06\u624b\u4f38\u8fdb\u4e00\u7bb1\u6c14\u4f53\u5e76\u626d\u8f6c\u6bcf\u4e2a\u5206\u5b50\u7684\u8f68\u8ff9\u53ea\u662f\u73b0\u5b9e\u5b9e\u73b0\u4e0a\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u7269\u7406\u4e0a\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u3002<\/strong><\/span><\/section>\n
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\u81ea1895\u5e74\u6d1b\u65bd\u5bc6\u7279\u53bb\u4e16\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u6280\u672f\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u6269\u5927\u4e86\u73b0\u5b9e\u4e16\u754c\u53ef\u5b9e\u73b0\u7684\u8303\u56f4<\/span>\uff08\u89c1\u56fe1\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u5384\u6e29\u00b7\u54c8\u6069<\/span>\uff08Erwin Hahn\uff09<\/span>\u57281950\u5e74\u7684\u81ea\u65cb\u56de\u6ce2<\/span>\uff08spin-echo\uff09<\/span>\u5b9e\u9a8c\u4e2d\u5b9e\u73b0\u4e86\u6d1b\u65bd\u5bc6\u7279\u5173\u4e8e\u9006\u8f6c\u52a8\u91cf\u7684\u8bbe\u60f3\uff0c\u8fd9\u5728\u6d1b\u65bd\u5bc6\u7279\u751f\u524d\u770b\u6765\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u3002\u5728\u8be5\u5b9e\u9a8c\u4e2d\uff0c\u5384\u6e29\u00b7\u54c8\u6069\u901a\u8fc7\u4e00\u4e2a\u5c04\u9891\u8109\u51b2\u5c06\u5df2\u7ecf\u53d8\u5f97\u65e0\u5e8f\u7684\u539f\u5b50\u81ea\u65cb\u5e26\u56de\u65e9\u671f\u72b6\u6001\u3002\u5982\u679c\u73b0\u5b9e\u4e2d\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u9006\u8f6c\u52a8\u91cf\uff0c\u8fd9\u5bf9\u70ed\u529b\u5b66\u5e73\u8861\u610f\u5473\u7740\u4ec0\u4e48\uff1f\u6d1b\u65bd\u5bc6\u7279\u5996\u80dc\u5229\u4e86\u5417\uff1f<\/span><\/section>\n
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\u4e0e\u6211\u4eec\u5c06\u9047\u5230\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u4e24\u4e2a\u5996\u7cbe<\/span>\uff08\u9ea6\u514b\u65af\u97e6\u5996\u4e0e\u62c9\u666e\u62c9\u65af\u5996\uff09<\/span>\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u6d1b\u65bd\u5bc6\u7279\u5996\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e0e\u73b0\u5b9e\u4e16\u754c\u548c\u5e73\u76f8\u5904\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u4e8b\u5b9e\u8bc1\u660e\u81ea\u65cb\u56de\u6ce2\u5b9e\u9a8c\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u7279\u4f8b\u3002\u73b0\u5b9e\u4e16\u754c\u4e2d\uff0c\u5927\u591a\u6570\u7cfb\u7edf\u90fd\u8d8b\u5411\u5e73\u8861\u72b6\u6001\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u56de\u6eaf\u5230\u975e\u5e73\u8861\u72b6\u6001\u3002\u4f46\u6d1b\u65bd\u5bc6\u7279\u5996\u751f\u52a8\u5730\u63d0\u9192\u6211\u4eec\uff0c\u529b\u5b66\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u5b9a\u5f8b\u5141\u8bb8\u4e00\u4e2a\u7cfb\u7edf\u56de\u6eaf\u5230\u539f\u6765\u7684\u72b6\u6001<\/strong>\u3002\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u6211\u4eec\u5728\u73b0\u5b9e\u4e16\u754c\u4e2d\u6ca1\u6709\u770b\u5230\u8fd9\u79cd\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u7684\u53d1\u751f\uff1f\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u6c14\u4f53\u4e0d\u4f1a\u88ab\u538b\u7f29\u5230\u66f4\u5c0f\u7684\u4f53\u79ef\uff1f\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u9e21\u86cb\u4e0d\u4f1a\u4ece\u7834\u788e\u72b6\u6001\u6062\u590d\uff0c\u4e00\u676f\u5496\u5561\u4e0d\u4f1a\u81ea\u53d1\u5347\u6e29\uff1f<\/span><\/section>\n
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\u7b54\u6848\u5728\u4e8e\u89c4\u5f8b\u548c\u521d\u59cb\u6761\u4ef6\u7684\u533a\u522b<\/span><\/strong>\u3002\u8003\u8651\u5c06\u77f3\u5934\u6254\u8fdb\u6c60\u5858\uff0c\u5176\u521d\u59cb\u6761\u4ef6\u4e3a\u77f3\u5934\u51fb\u4e2d\u6c60\u5858\uff0c\u8fd9\u89e3\u91ca\u4e86\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u6211\u4eec\u770b\u5230\u6c34\u6ce2\u5411\u5916\u6269\u6563\u3002\u76f8\u6bd4\u4e4b\u4e0b\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4ece\u6765\u6ca1\u6709\u770b\u5230\u6c34\u6ce2\u5411\u5185\u6c47\u805a\uff0c\u628a\u77f3\u5934\u4ece\u6c60\u5858\u6df1\u5904\u63a8\u51fa\u6765\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u8be5\u8fc7\u7a0b\u6240\u9700\u7684\u521d\u59cb\u6761\u4ef6\u662f\u975e\u5e38\u96be\u4ee5\u8bbe\u7f6e\u7684\u3002\u540c\u6837\u5730\uff0c\u5728\u6d89\u53ca\u6c14\u4f53\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\uff0c\u5178\u578b\u7684\u521d\u59cb\u6761\u4ef6\u89e3\u91ca\u4e86\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u5b83\u4eec\u4f1a\u8d8b\u5411\u5e73\u8861\u72b6\u6001\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u786e\u5b9e\u4e5f\u5b58\u5728\u5177\u5907\u7cbe\u786e\u76f8\u5173\u6027\u7684\u7279\u6b8a\u521d\u59cb\u6761\u4ef6\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u5bfc\u81f4\u7cfb\u7edf\u8fbe\u5230\u53cd\u5e73\u8861\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u5496\u5561\u81ea\u53d1\u5730\u53d8\u70ed\u6216\u77f3\u5934\u88ab\u63a8\u51fa\u6c60\u5858\u3002\u6362\u53e5\u8bdd\u8bf4\uff0c\u6839\u636e\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u7684\u5fae\u89c2\u52a8\u529b\u5b66\u5b9a\u5f8b\uff0c\u53cd\u5e73\u8861\u662f\u53ef\u80fd\u51fa\u73b0\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u8fd9\u53ea\u6709\u5f53\u7cfb\u7edf\u5177\u6709\u975e\u5e38\u7279\u6b8a\u7684\u521d\u59cb\u6761\u4ef6\u65f6\u624d\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
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2. <\/strong><\/strong>\u9ea6\u514b\u65af\u97e6\u5996\u4e0e<\/strong><\/strong>\u70ed\u529b\u5b66\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5b9a\u5f8b<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n

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\u5230\u76ee\u524d\u4e3a\u6b62\uff0c\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u4e2d\u6700\u8457\u540d\u7684\u5047\u60f3\u5996\u7cbe\u662f\u9ea6\u514b\u65af\u97e6\u57281867\u5e74\u8bbe\u60f3\u7684\u5996\u7cbe<\/span>\uff08\u89c1\u56fe2\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u4ed6\u8bbe\u60f3\u4e86\u5728\u5145\u6ee1\u6c14\u4f53\u7684\u76d2\u5b50\u91cc\u5b58\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u5996\u7cbe\uff0c\u5b83\u53ef\u4ee5\u89c2\u5bdf\u5355\u4e2a\u6c14\u4f53\u5206\u5b50\u3002\u76d2\u5b50\u4e2d\u95f4\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u9694\u677f\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5996\u7cbe\u770b\u5230\u4e00\u4e2a\u5feb\u901f\u79fb\u52a8\u7684\u6c14\u4f53\u5206\u5b50\uff0c\u5b83\u5c31\u6253\u5f00\u9694\u677f\u4e0a\u7684\u6d3b\u52a8\u95e8\uff0c\u8ba9\u5feb\u901f\u79fb\u52a8\u7684\u5206\u5b50\u901a\u8fc7\uff0c\u800c\u628a\u6162\u901f\u79fb\u52a8\u7684\u5206\u5b50\u7559\u5728\u9694\u677f\u7684\u53e6\u4e00\u8fb9\u3002\u53cd\u590d\u8fd9\u6837\u64cd\u4f5c\u4f1a\u4f7f\u9694\u677f\u4e24\u8fb9\u4ea7\u751f\u6e29\u5ea6\u5dee\uff0c\u800c\u70ed\u673a\u53ef\u4ee5\u5229\u7528\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6e29\u5dee\u6765\u505a\u529f\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e0e\u70ed\u529b\u5b66\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5b9a\u5f8b\u76f8\u77db\u76fe\u3002<\/strong><\/span><\/section>\n
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\u56fe3. \u9ea6\u514b\u65af\u97e6\u5996\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5047\u60f3\u7684\u751f\u7269\uff0c\u5b83\u53ef\u4ee5\u89c2\u5bdf\u4e00\u4e2a\u5145\u6ee1\u6c14\u4f53\u7684\u76d2\u5b50\u91cc\u7684\u5404\u4e2a\u5206\u5b50\uff0c\u76d2\u5b50\u4e2d\u95f4\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u9694\u677f\u5c06A\u5ba4\u548cB\u5ba4\u5206\u5f00\u3002\u5982\u679c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5996\u7cbe\u770b\u5230\u4e00\u4e2a\u5feb\u901f\u79fb\u52a8\u7684\u6c14\u4f53\u5206\u5b50\uff0c\u5b83\u5c31\u6253\u5f00\u9694\u677f\u4e0a\u7684\u6d3b\u52a8\u95e8\uff0c\u8ba9\u5feb\u901f\u79fb\u52a8\u7684\u5206\u5b50\u8fdb\u5165B\u5ba4\uff0c\u800c\u628a\u6162\u901f\u79fb\u52a8\u7684\u5206\u5b50\u7559\u5728A\u5ba4\u3002\u9ea6\u514b\u65af\u97e6\u5996\u53cd\u590d\u8fd9\u6837\u64cd\u4f5c\u5c06\u5728\u9694\u677f\u7684\u4e24\u8fb9\u5efa\u7acb\u8d77\u6e29\u5ea6\u5dee\u3002\u800c\u70ed\u673a\u53ef\u4ee5\u5229\u7528\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6e29\u5dee\u6765\u505a\u529f\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e0e\u70ed\u529b\u5b66\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5b9a\u5f8b\u76f8\u77db\u76fe\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/section>\n
\u9ea6\u514b\u65af\u97e6\u5996\u548c\u6d1b\u65bd\u5bc6\u7279\u5996\u5c5e\u4e8e\u540c\u7c7b\u95ee\u9898\u5417\uff1f\u5373\u9ea6\u514b\u65af\u97e6\u5996\u662f\u5426\u4ec5\u5728\u73b0\u5b9e\u4e2d\u96be\u4ee5\u5b9e\u73b0\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u7269\u7406\u4e0a\u7684\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u60c5\u51b5\uff1f\u9ea6\u514b\u65af\u97e6\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4e24\u8005\u662f\u540c\u7c7b\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u6839\u636e\u7269\u7406\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u97e6\u6069\u00b7\u7c73\u5c14\u6c83\u5fb7<\/span>\uff08Wayne Myrvold\uff09<\/span>\u7684\u8bf4\u6cd5\uff0c\u9ea6\u514b\u65af\u97e6\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u201c\u53ea\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u76ee\u524d<\/span>\uff08\u4e5f\u8bb8\u4ec5\u662f\u6682\u65f6\uff09<\/span>\u65e0\u6cd5\u64cd\u7eb5\u5355\u4e2a\u5206\u5b50……\u624d\u4f1a\u963b\u6b62\u6211\u4eec\u505a\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5c0f\u5996\u7cbe\u80fd\u505a\u7684\u4e8b\u3002\u201d[3]<\/span><\/section>\n
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\u5728150\u591a\u5e74\u524d\u65f6\uff0c\u64cd\u7eb5\u5355\u4e2a\u5206\u5b50\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u53ef\u80fd\u770b\u8d77\u6765\u5f88\u5c0f\uff0c\u4f46\u4eca\u5929\u60c5\u51b5\u5df2\u4e0d\u518d\u5982\u6b64\u3002\u4ece\u7279\u5236\u7684\u5b9e\u9a8c\u88c5\u7f6e\u5230\u81ea\u7136\u754c\u4e2d\u53d1\u73b0\u7684\u5206\u5b50\u673a\u5668\uff0c\u7c7b\u4f3c\u9ea6\u514b\u65af\u97e6\u5996\u7684\u88c5\u7f6e\u6bd4\u6bd4\u7686\u662f\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528\u68d8\u8f6e\u5f0f\u673a\u6784<\/span>\uff08ratchet-style mechanisms\uff09<\/span>\u7684\u751f\u7269\u5206\u5b50\u673a\u5668[4]\uff0c\u7c7b\u4f3c\u4e8e\u7406\u67e5\u5fb7\u00b7\u8d39\u66fc<\/span>\uff08Richard Feynman\uff09<\/span>\u57281962\u5e74\u7684\u4e00\u6b21\u6f14\u8bb2\u4e2d\u6240\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u9ea6\u514b\u65af\u97e6\u5996\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
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\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u7814\u7a76\u4eba\u5458\u4f3c\u4e4e\u5df2\u7ecf\u80fd\u591f\u5728\u5b9e\u9a8c\u4e2d\u5b9e\u73b0\u9ea6\u514b\u65af\u97e6\u5996\u3002\u4e1c\u4eac\u4e00\u4e2a\u7531\u4f50\u91ce\u6b63\u660e<\/span>\uff08Masaki Sano\uff09<\/span>\u9886\u5bfc\u7684\u5c0f\u7ec4\uff0c\u57282010\u5e74\u8bbe\u8ba1\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u9ea6\u514b\u65af\u97e6\u5996\u5f0f\u7684\u5b9e\u9a8c\u3002\u901a\u8fc7\u4f7f\u7528\u4e00\u4e2a\u503e\u659c\u7684\u5149\u5b66\u6676\u683c\u6765\u64cd\u7eb5\u5355\u4e2a\u7c92\u5b50\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u521b\u9020\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u201c\u87ba\u65cb\u697c\u68af\u201d\u3002\u5e73\u5747\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u7c92\u5b50\u503e\u5411\u4e8e\u201c\u4e0b\u697c\u201d\u3002\u901a\u8fc7\u4f7f\u7528CCD\u76f8\u673a\uff0c\u5b9e\u9a8c\u4eba\u5458\u5b9e\u65f6\u76d1\u6d4b\u7c92\u5b50\u4f4d\u7f6e\u7684\u6ce2\u52a8\u3002\u5f53\u7c92\u5b50\u201c\u4e0a\u697c\u201d\u65f6\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u6539\u53d8\u7535\u538b\u5e76\u5c06\u5176\u56f0\u5728\u8f83\u9ad8\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\uff0c\u5c31\u50cf\u5996\u7cbe\u5173\u95ed\u4e86\u6d3b\u52a8\u95e8\u4e00\u6837<\/span>\uff08\u89c1\u56fe3\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u901a\u8fc7\u91cd\u590d\u8fd9\u4e00\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u80fd\u591f\u9010\u6e10\u5c06\u7c92\u5b50\u5411\u4e0a\u79fb\u52a8\u5e76\u505a\u529f\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
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\u56fe4. \u4f50\u91ce\u6b63\u660e\u7684\u5c0f\u7ec4\u57282010\u5e74\u8bbe\u8ba1\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u9ea6\u514b\u65af\u97e6\u5996\u5f0f\u7684\u5b9e\u9a8c\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u4f7f\u7528\u503e\u659c\u7684\u5149\u5b66\u6676\u683c\u6765\u521b\u9020\u201c\u87ba\u65cb\u697c\u68af\u201d\uff0c\u4f7f\u7c92\u5b50\u503e\u5411\u4e8e\u201c\u4e0b\u697c\u201d\u3002\u5b9e\u9a8c\u4eba\u5458\u5b9e\u65f6\u76d1\u6d4b\u7c92\u5b50\u4f4d\u7f6e\u7684\u6ce2\u52a8\uff0c\u5f53\u7c92\u5b50\u201c\u4e0a\u697c\u201d\u65f6\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u6539\u53d8\u7535\u538b\u5e76\u5c06\u5176\u56f0\u5728\u8f83\u9ad8\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\uff0c\u6b63\u5982\u9ea6\u514b\u65af\u97e6\u5996\u5173\u95ed\u6d3b\u52a8\u95e8\u3002| \u6765\u6e90\uff1aAdapted from S. Toyabe et al., Nat. Phys. 6, 988, 2010, doi:10.1038\/nphys1821.<\/span><\/p>\n

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\u8fd9\u79cd\u5de7\u5999\u7684\u88c5\u7f6e\u662f\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u9ea6\u514b\u65af\u97e6\u5996\u5417\uff1f\u5b83\u4f1a\u4f7f\u70ed\u529b\u5b66\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5b9a\u5f8b\u5931\u6548\u5417\uff1f\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u673a\u5236\u4f3c\u4e4e\u4e0e\u9ea6\u514b\u65af\u97e6\u5996\u7c7b\u4f3c\uff0c\u4f46\u4ecd\u6709\u5fc5\u8981\u4ed4\u7ec6\u8ba1\u7b97\u71b5\u3002\u53ea\u6709\u5f53\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u6574\u4e2a\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u71b5\u51cf\u5c0f\u65f6\uff0c\u8be5\u8fc7\u7a0b\u624d\u8fdd\u53cd\u4e86\u70ed\u529b\u5b66\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5b9a\u5f8b\u3002\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e3e\u4e00\u4e2a\u719f\u6089\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\uff0c\u7406\u60f3\u6c14\u4f53\u7684\u71b5\u5728\u7b49\u6e29\u538b\u7f29\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u51cf\u5c0f\u4e86\uff0c\u4f46\u73af\u5883\u4e2d\u7684\u71b5\u589e\u610f\u5473\u7740\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u603b\u71b5\u589e\u52a0\u3002\u90a3\u4e48\u8fd9\u4e00\u88c5\u7f6e\u7684\u73af\u5883\u4e2d\u662f\u5426\u5b58\u5728\u8865\u507f\u6027\u7684\u71b5\u589e\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u5426\u5b9a\u4e86\u8fdd\u53cd\u70ed\u529b\u5b66\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5b9a\u5f8b\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\uff1f<\/span><\/section>\n
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\u9ea6\u514b\u65af\u97e6\u5996\u4e00\u76f4\u4ee5\u6765\u5907\u53d7\u4e89\u8bae[5]\u3002\u8bb8\u591a\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u9ea6\u514b\u65af\u97e6\u5996\u7684\u6d3b\u52a8\u4f1a\u4ea7\u751f\u71b5\u503c\u6210\u672c<\/strong><\/span>\uff08entropic cost\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5de7\u5999\u7684\u88c5\u7f6e\u4f1a\u5bfc\u81f4\u7cfb\u7edf\u5176\u5b83\u5730\u65b9\u7684\u71b5\u589e\u52a0\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u9ea6\u514b\u65af\u97e6\u5996\u6ca1\u6709\u771f\u6b63\u8fdd\u53cd\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5b9a\u5f8b\uff0c\u4f46\u4ecd\u6709\u4e00\u4e9b\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u548c\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u4e0d\u540c\u610f\u8fd9\u4e2a\u89c2\u70b9[6]\u3002\u71b5\u503c\u6210\u672c\u6e90\u4e8e\u9ea6\u514b\u65af\u97e6\u5996\u7684\u6d3b\u52a8\u3002\u9ea6\u514b\u65af\u97e6\u5996\u9700\u8981\u8fdb\u884c\u53cd\u9988\u7684\u64cd\u4f5c\uff1a\u5982\u679c\u5206\u5b50\u79fb\u52a8\u5f97\u5feb\uff0c\u5b83\u5c31\u4f1a\u6253\u5f00\u6d3b\u52a8\u95e8\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u5206\u5b50\u79fb\u52a8\u5f97\u6162\uff0c\u5b83\u5c31\u4f1a\u5173\u95ed\u6d3b\u52a8\u95e8\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
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\u8fd9\u5c31\u8981\u6c42\u9ea6\u514b\u65af\u97e6\u5996\u5177\u6709\u8bb0\u5fc6\uff0c\u8be5\u8bb0\u5fc6\u5fc5\u987b\u5728\u5faa\u73af\u8fc7\u7a0b\u7ed3\u675f\u65f6\u91cd\u7f6e\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u91cd\u7f6e\u8bb0\u5fc6\u4f1a\u4ea7\u751f\u71b5\u503c\u6210\u672c<\/strong>\uff0c\u8fd9\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u7f57\u5c14\u592b\u00b7\u5170\u9053\u5c14<\/span>\uff08Rolf Landauer\uff09<\/span>\u57281961\u5e74\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u6765\u91cf\u5316\u3002\u4ed6\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u6bcf\u91cd\u7f6e\u4e00\u4e2a\u4fe1\u606f\u4f4d\uff0c\u71b5\u5c31\u4f1a\u589e\u52a0kBln2<\/span>\uff08kB\u662f\u73bb\u5c14\u5179\u66fc\u5e38\u6570\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u6362\u53e5\u8bdd\u8bf4\uff0c\u64e6\u9664\u4fe1\u606f\u5c06\u4ed8\u51fa\u71b5\u7684\u4ee3\u4ef7\u3002\u5170\u9053\u5c14\u539f\u7406\u5728\u70ed\u529b\u5b66\u548c\u4fe1\u606f\u8bba\u4e4b\u95f4\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86\u8054\u7cfb<\/strong>\u2014\u2014\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5b83\u4eec\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u786e\u5207\u5173\u7cfb\u4ecd\u6709\u4e89\u8bae\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
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\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u5728\u6211\u770b\u6765\uff0c\u5170\u9053\u5c14\u539f\u7406\u89e3\u91ca\u4e86\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u65e0\u8bba\u5982\u4eca\u7684\u5b9e\u9a8c\u8005\u591a\u4e48\u806a\u660e\uff0c\u624b\u6307\u591a\u4e48\u7075\u6d3b\uff0c\u90fd\u4e0d\u80fd\u5236\u9020\u51fa\u771f\u6b63\u8fdd\u53cd\u70ed\u529b\u5b66\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5b9a\u5f8b\u7684\u70ed\u673a\uff0c\u4ee5\u89e3\u51b3\u5168\u7403\u80fd\u6e90\u5371\u673a\u3002\u4e00\u65e6\u7aa5\u63a2\u5230\u5176\u5e55\u540e\u7684\u539f\u7406\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5c31\u4f1a\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c\u4eca\u5929\u6240\u8c13\u7684\u9ea6\u514b\u65af\u97e6\u5996\u662f\u7075\u5de7\u7684\u5e7b\u672f\u5e08\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u9b54\u672f\u5e08\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
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\u5f53\u4ee3\u70ed\u529b\u5b66\u7684\u8bb8\u591a\u6d3b\u52a8\u6765\u81ea\u4e8e\u91cf\u5b50\u4fe1\u606f\u8bba\u4e0e\u70ed\u529b\u5b66\u7684\u7ed3\u5408\u3002\u91cf\u5b50\u4fe1\u606f\u8bba\u80fd\u628a\u9ea6\u514b\u65af\u97e6\u5996\u4ece\u5170\u9053\u5c14\u539f\u7406\u7684\u684e\u688f\u4e2d\u91ca\u653e\u51fa\u6765\u5417\uff1f\u9057\u61be\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u5b83\u4e0d\u80fd\u3002\u70ed\u529b\u5b66\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5b9a\u5f8b\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u6240\u6709\u5177\u6709\u76f8\u7a7a\u95f4\u4f53\u79ef\u7684\u52a8\u529b\u5b66\u5f62\u5f0f\uff0c\u800c\u7ecf\u5178\u529b\u5b66\u548c\u91cf\u5b50\u529b\u5b66\u90fd\u7b26\u5408\u8fd9\u4e00\u6807\u51c6\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u91cf\u5b50\u64cd\u4f5c\u751a\u81f3\u53ef\u80fd\u6709\u989d\u5916\u7684\u71b5\u503c\u6210\u672c\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u91cf\u5b50\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u4e0d\u80fd\u8fbe\u5230\u5170\u9053\u5c14\u6781\u9650<\/strong><\/span>\uff08Landauer limit\uff09<\/span>[7]\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
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\u9ea6\u514b\u65af\u97e6\u5bf9\u70ed\u529b\u5b66\u548c\u7edf\u8ba1\u529b\u5b66\u6027\u8d28\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\u63a8\u6d4b\u8d85\u8d8a\u4e86\u4ed6\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u9ea6\u514b\u65af\u97e6\u5996\u3002\u4e3a\u4e86\u4f7f\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6982\u7387\u7406\u8bba\u4e0e\u4ed6\u7684\u53e4\u5178\u4e16\u754c\u89c2\u76f8\u534f\u8c03\uff0c\u9ea6\u514b\u65af\u97e6\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u4e24\u4e2a\u54f2\u5b66\u4e3b\u5f20\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\uff0c\u70ed\u529b\u5b66\u53ea\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u5177\u6709\u8bb8\u591a\u81ea\u7531\u5ea6\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\uff1b\u7b2c\u4e8c\uff0c\u70ed\u529b\u5b66\u662f\u4ee5\u4eba\u7c7b\u4e3a\u4e2d\u5fc3\u7684\uff0c\u5e76\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u6211\u4eec\u4eba\u7c7b\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u54f2\u5b66\u5047\u8bbe\u5728\u4eca\u5929\u8fd8\u80fd\u6210\u7acb\u5417\uff1f<\/span><\/section>\n
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\u81ea20\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e2d\u671f\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u70ed\u529b\u5b66\u7684\u5b9e\u9a8c\u548c\u7406\u8bba\u53d1\u5c55\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u9ea6\u514b\u65af\u97e6\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e3b\u5f20\u662f\u4e0d\u6b63\u786e\u7684\u3002\u5728\u9ea6\u514b\u65af\u97e6\u7684\u65f6\u4ee3\uff0c\u70ed\u529b\u5b66\u7684\u4ea7\u7269\u662f\u4e3a\u5de5\u4e1a\u9769\u547d\u63d0\u4f9b\u52a8\u529b\u7684\u84b8\u6c7d\u673a\u3002\u4f46\u4eca\u5929\u7684\u70ed\u529b\u5b66\u9769\u547d\u2014\u2014\u5c3c\u79d1\u5c14\u00b7\u6c38\u683c\u00b7\u54c8\u5c14\u5f6d<\/span>\uff08Nicole Yunger Halpern\uff09<\/span>\u79f0\u4e4b\u4e3a\u201c\u91cf\u5b50\u84b8\u6c7d\u670b\u514b<\/strong>\u201d<\/span>\uff08Quantum steampunk\uff09<\/span>\u7684\u5b50\u9886\u57df\u2014\u2014\u662f\u5728\u539f\u5b50\u5c3a\u5ea6\u4e0a\u7684\u3002[8] \u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5fb7\u91cc\u514b\u00b7\u65af\u79d1\u7ef4\u5c14<\/span>\uff08Derrick Scovil\uff09<\/span>\u548c\u57c3\u91cc\u5e0c\u00b7\u8212\u5c14\u8328\u00b7\u675c\u6ce2\u4f9d\u65af<\/span>\uff08Erich Schulz-DuBois\uff09<\/span>\u57281959\u5e74\u9996\u6b21\u63d0\u51fa\u91cf\u5b50\u70ed\u673a\uff0c\u8bc1\u660e\u4e86\u4e09\u5c42\u5fae\u6ce2\u6563\u5c04\u5668\u5982\u4f55\u4f5c\u4e3a\u70ed\u673a\u53d1\u6325\u4f5c\u7528\u3002\u968f\u7740\u91cf\u5b50\u4fe1\u606f\u8bba\u7684\u51fa\u73b0\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5fae\u5c0f\u7684\u70ed\u529b\u5b66\u7cfb\u7edf\u73b0\u5728\u4e3a\u6574\u4e2a\u5b50\u9886\u57df\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u53d1\u5c55\u7a7a\u95f4\u3002[9] \u5176\u4ed6\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u91cf\u5b50\u70ed\u673a\u4f7f\u7528\u591a\u80fd\u7ea7\u539f\u5b50\u3001\u91cf\u5b50\u6bd4\u7279\u548c\u91cf\u5b50\u70b9\u7b49\u5fae\u89c2\u7cfb\u7edf\u4f5c\u4e3a\u70ed\u673a\u7684\u5de5\u8d28\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
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\u91cf\u5b50\u70ed\u673a\u548c\u7ecf\u5178\u70ed\u673a\u6709\u4ec0\u4e48\u4e0d\u540c\uff1f\u5728\u91cf\u5b50\u4f53\u7cfb\u4e2d\u70ed\u673a\u53ef\u4ee5\u83b7\u5f97\u989d\u5916\u7684\u8d44\u6e90\uff0c\u7ea0\u7f20\u548c\u76f8\u5e72\u6027\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f5c\u4e3a\u201c\u71c3\u6599\u201d\u4f7f\u7528<\/strong>\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u4ecd\u7136\u6ca1\u6709\u4eba\u627e\u5230\u7ed5\u8fc7\u70ed\u529b\u5b66\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5b9a\u5f8b\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5<\/strong>\u3002[10]\u4e5f\u8bb8\u8fd9\u662f\u610f\u6599\u4e4b\u4e2d\u7684\uff0c\u6bd5\u7adf\uff0c\u8d5b\u65af\u00b7\u52b3\u57c3\u5fb7<\/span>\uff08Seth Lloyd\uff09<\/span>\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u201c\u9664\u4e86\u6b7b\u4ea1\u3001\u7a0e\u6536\u548c\u70ed\u529b\u5b66\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5b9a\u5f8b\uff0c\u751f\u6d3b\u4e2d\u6ca1\u6709\u4ec0\u4e48\u662f\u6c38\u6052\u7684\u201d\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
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\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e24\u79cd\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u70ed\u673a\u6709\u6240\u4e0d\u540c\u3002\u5728\u7ecf\u5178\u70ed\u529b\u5b66\u4e2d\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u5f53\u70ed\u529b\u5b66\u8fc7\u7a0b\u51c6\u9759\u6001\u8fdb\u884c\uff0c\u6216\u65e0\u9650\u7f13\u6162\u5730\u8fdb\u884c\u65f6\uff0c\u624d\u80fd\u8fbe\u5230\u6700\u5927\u7684\u5361\u8bfa\u6548\u7387\uff0c\u4f46\u8fd9\u610f\u5473\u7740\u70ed\u673a\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u529f\u7387\u8d8b\u4e8e\u96f6\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u9650\u5236\u5bfc\u81f4\u4e86\u6709\u9650\u65f6\u95f4\u70ed\u529b\u5b66<\/strong><\/span>\uff08finite-time thermodynamics\uff09<\/span>\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\uff0c\u800c\u5728\u8fd9\u4e00\u6846\u67b6\u5185\uff0c\u8fd8\u6709\u5176\u4ed6\u5bf9\u70ed\u673a\u6548\u7387\u9650\u5236\u7684\u56e0\u7d20\u3002\u5728\u6709\u9650\u65f6\u95f4\u5185\uff0c\u91cf\u5b50\u70ed\u673a\u53ef\u4ee5\u6bd4\u7ecf\u5178\u70ed\u673a\u66f4\u6709\u6548\u7387\uff0c\u4f46\u4e24\u8005\u4ecd\u7136\u90fd\u53d7\u5230\u5361\u8bfa\u6781\u9650\u7684\u9650\u5236<\/strong>\u3002[11]<\/span><\/section>\n
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\u5982\u679c\u70ed\u529b\u5b66\u4e0d\u5c40\u9650\u4e8e\u5b8f\u89c2\u7684\u5927\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u5b83\u662f\u666e\u904d\u6210\u7acb\u7684\u5417\uff1f\u8bb8\u591a\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u5b83\u662f\u666e\u904d\u6210\u7acb\u7684\u3002\u963f\u5c14\u4f2f\u7279\u00b7\u7231\u56e0\u65af\u5766<\/span>\uff08Albert Einstein\uff09<\/span>\u66fe\u7ecf\u8bf4\u8fc7\uff0c\u201c\u5b83\u662f\u552f\u4e00\u5177\u6709\u666e\u9002\u6027\u7684\u7269\u7406\u7406\u8bba\uff0c\u6211\u76f8\u4fe1\u5728\u5176\u57fa\u672c\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u9002\u7528\u8303\u56f4\u5185\uff0c\u5b83\u6c38\u8fdc\u4e0d\u4f1a\u88ab\u63a8\u7ffb\u3002\u201d[12]\u5982\u4eca\uff0c\u70ed\u529b\u5b66\u88ab\u7528\u6765\u7406\u89e3\u5404\u79cd\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u5982\u91cf\u5b50\u70ed\u673a\u3001\u7403\u72b6\u661f\u56e2\u3001\u9ed1\u6d1e\u3001\u7ec6\u83cc\u7fa4\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u66f4\u6709\u4e89\u8bae\u7684\u5927\u8111\u3002[13]<\/span><\/section>\n
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4. \u70ed\u529b\u5b66\u662f\u4ee5\u4eba\u7c7b\u4e3a\u4e2d\u5fc3\u7684\u5417\uff1f<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n

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\u9ea6\u514b\u65af\u97e6\u7684\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4e2a\u54f2\u5b66\u4e3b\u5f20\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\uff0c\u5373\u70ed\u529b\u5b66\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u5bf9\u73b0\u5b9e\u770b\u6cd5\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u7279\u5f81\uff1f\u6b63\u5982\u4ed6\u57281877\u5e74\u300a\u5927\u82f1\u767e\u79d1\u5168\u4e66\u300b\u7684\u4e00\u7bc7\u6587\u7ae0\u4e2d\u5199\u9053\uff0c\u201c\u533a\u5206\u70ed\u529b\u5b66\u4e2d\u6709\u5e8f\u8fd0\u52a8\u548c\u65e0\u5e8f\u8fd0\u52a8\u7684\u4e0d\u662f\u7269\u8d28\u672c\u8eab\u7684\u5c5e\u6027\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u611f\u77e5\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u3002\u201d[14] \u4e8b\u5b9e\u8bc1\u660e\uff0c\u9ea6\u514b\u65af\u97e6\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u5177\u6709\u6301\u7eed\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u529b\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u73c0\u897f\u00b7\u5e03\u91cc\u5947\u66fc<\/span>\uff08Percy Bridgman\uff09<\/span>\u9644\u548c\u9ea6\u514b\u65af\u97e6\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u4ed6\u57281941\u5e74\u65ad\u8a00\uff1a\u201c\u70ed\u529b\u5b66\u6bd4\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u5206\u652f\u66f4\u6709\u4eba\u7c7b\u8d77\u6e90\u7684\u5473\u9053\u2014\u2014\u89c2\u5bdf\u8005\u901a\u5e38\u51fa\u73b0\u5728\u4e89\u8bba\u4e2d\u3002\u201d[15]<\/span><\/section>\n
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\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u4f1a\u8fd9\u6837\u5462\uff1f\u6211\u4eec\u4ee5\u871c\u8702\u4e3a\u4f8b\u3002\u6606\u866b\u770b\u5230\u7684\u82b1\u56ed\u4e0e\u6211\u4eec\u975e\u5e38\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u773c\u775b\u5bf9\u7535\u78c1\u9891\u8c31\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u6ce2\u6bb5\u654f\u611f\u3002\u70ed\u529b\u5b66\u662f\u4eba\u7c7b\u4e2d\u5fc3\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u8bf4\u6cd5\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u8bf4\u662f\u4f9d\u8d56\u4e8e\u89c2\u5bdf\u8005\u7684\u8bf4\u6cd5\uff0c\u610f\u5473\u7740\u5982\u679c\u6211\u4eec\u662f\u4e0d\u540c\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u751f\u7269\uff0c\u70ed\u529b\u5b66\u7279\u5f81\uff08\u5982\u71b5\uff09\u53ef\u80fd\u770b\u8d77\u6765\u662f\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u6839\u672c\u5c31\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u89c2\u70b9\u4e0b\uff0c\u70ed\u529b\u5b66\u5c06\u7c7b\u4f3c\u4e8e\u4e00\u526f\u73ab\u7470\u8272\u7684\u773c\u955c\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u901a\u8fc7\u5b83\u6765\u7406\u89e3\u548c\u611f\u77e5\u4e16\u754c\uff0c\u4f46\u5374\u770b\u4e0d\u5230\u5b83\u7684\u5b9e\u9645\u9762\u8c8c\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
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\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u6765\uff0c\u9ea6\u514b\u65af\u97e6\u7684\u60f3\u6cd5\u5c31\u628a\u70ed\u529b\u5b66\u4e0e\u4eba\u8054\u7cfb\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\u3002\u8003\u8651\u5230\u91cf\u5b50\u529b\u5b66\u5df2\u7ecf\u8ba9\u8bb8\u591a\u4eba\u63a5\u53d7\u89c2\u5bdf\u8005\u4f3c\u4e4e\u65e0\u6cd5\u4ece\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u4e2d\u6d88\u9664\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\uff0c\u70ed\u529b\u5b66\u4e5f\u4f9d\u8d56\u4e8e\u89c2\u5bdf\u8005\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u53ef\u80fd\u770b\u8d77\u6765\u5e76\u4e0d\u5947\u602a\u3002\u4f46\u9ea6\u514b\u65af\u97e6\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u5728\u5411\u50cf\u871c\u8702\u4e00\u6837\u7684\u4e00\u822c\u89c2\u5bdf\u8005\u53d1\u51fa\u547c\u5401\u3002\u4ed6\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u70ed\u529b\u5b66\u662f\u4e13\u95e8\u4ee5\u4eba\u7c7b\u4e3a\u4e2d\u5fc3\u7684\u3002\u6b63\u5982\u4ed6\u5728\u300a\u5927\u82f1\u767e\u79d1\u5168\u4e66\u300b\u7684\u540c\u4e00\u7bc7\u6587\u7ae0\u4e2d\u5199\u9053\uff1a\u201c\u5904\u4e8e\u4e2d\u95f4\u9636\u6bb5\u7684\u4eba\u7c7b\u53ef\u4ee5\u638c\u63e1\u90e8\u5206\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u80fd\u91cf\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u5bf9\u4eba\u7c7b\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u80fd\u91cf\u4f3c\u4e4e\u4e0d\u53ef\u907f\u514d\u5730\u4ece\u53ef\u7528\u72b6\u6001\u8f6c\u4e3a\u8017\u6563\u72b6\u6001\u3002\u201d[16]\u7406\u89e3\u8fd9\u79cd\u4eba\u7c7b\u4e2d\u5fc3\u4e3b\u4e49\u5145\u6ee1\u4e86\u6311\u6218\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u4e0d\u7ba1\u6211\u4eec\u5bf9\u5496\u5561\u7684\u4e86\u89e3\u5982\u4f55\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u7ba1\u6211\u4eec\u5bf9\u73b0\u5b9e\u7684\u770b\u6cd5\u5982\u4f55\uff0c\u676f\u4e2d\u7684\u5496\u5561\u90fd\u4f1a\u964d\u6e29\uff0c\u8fd9\u4f3c\u4e4e\u4e0d\u53ef\u5426\u8ba4\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
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\u6211\u4eec\u5bf9\u4eba\u7c7b\u4e2d\u5fc3\u4e3b\u4e49\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u62c5\u5fc3\u7a0b\u5ea6\u5b8c\u5168\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u5bf9\u79d1\u5b66\u4e8b\u4e1a\u672c\u8eab\u7684\u7acb\u573a<\/span><\/strong>\u3002\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u662f\u5426\u771f\u7684\u5728\u4ee5\u72ec\u7acb\u4e8e\u4eba\u7c7b\u89c6\u89d2\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u7814\u7a76\u73b0\u5b9e\u7684\u6df1\u523b\u672c\u8d28\uff1f\u8fd8\u662f\u8bf4\u79d1\u5b66\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5de5\u5177\u548c\u624b\u6bb5\uff0c\u8981\u6c42\u6211\u4eec\u201c\u95ed\u5634\u5e76\u8ba1\u7b97<\/span>\uff08shut up and calculate\uff09<\/span>\u201d\u3002\u5173\u4e8e\u79d1\u5b66\u73b0\u5b9e\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u8fa9\u8bba\uff0c\u5df2\u7ecf\u5ef6\u7eed\u4e86\u51e0\u4e2a\u4e16\u7eaa\u800c\u6ca1\u6709\u5b9a\u8bba\uff0c\u4f46\u6700\u8fd1\u91cf\u5b50\u70ed\u529b\u5b66\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u4e3a\u90a3\u4e9b\u60f3\u6446\u8131\u70ed\u529b\u5b66\u4e2d\u4eba\u7c7b\u4e2d\u5fc3\u89c2\u70b9\u7684\u4eba\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u4e00\u4e9b\u5e0c\u671b\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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5. \u9a71\u9664\u62c9\u666e\u62c9\u65af\u5996\uff0c\u6446\u8131\u65e0\u77e5<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n

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\u7ecf\u5178\u7edf\u8ba1\u529b\u5b66\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u5047\u8bbe\u4e4b\u4e00\u662f\u7cfb\u7edf\u5fae\u89c2\u6001\u7684\u7b49\u51e0\u7387\u5047\u8bbe\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u5e94\u8be5\u5982\u4f55\u7406\u89e3\u7edf\u8ba1\u529b\u5b66\u4e2d\u7684\u6982\u7387\u5462\uff1f\u591a\u5e74\u6765\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\u53d7\u5230\u4e86\u73bb\u5c14\u5179\u66fc\u3001\u4fdd\u7f57\u00b7\u57c3\u4f26\u8d39\u65af\u7279<\/span>\uff08Paul Ehrenfest\uff09<\/span>\u548c\u5854\u8482\u4e9a\u5a1c\u00b7\u57c3\u4f26\u8d39\u65af\u7279\u00b7\u963f\u6cd5\u7eb3\u897f\u5a03<\/span>\uff08Tatiana Ehrenfest-Afanasyeva\uff09<\/span>\u7b49\u4eba\u7684\u5173\u6ce8\u3002\u5728\u6b64\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5c06\u6ce8\u610f\u529b\u96c6\u4e2d\u5728\u7531\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u57c3\u5fb7\u6e29\u00b7\u6770\u6069\u65af<\/span>\uff08Edwin Jaynes\uff09<\/span>\u63a8\u5e7f\u7684\u4e3b\u6d41\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u8be5\u89c2\u70b9\u8ba4\u4e3a\u7edf\u8ba1\u529b\u5b66\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u5047\u8bbe\u6e90\u4e8e\u6211\u4eec\u5bf9\u5fae\u89c2\u6001\u7ec6\u8282\u7684\u65e0\u77e5\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u6770\u6069\u65af\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u5f3a\u8c03\u6211\u4eec\u4eba\u7c7b\u7684\u65e0\u77e5\uff0c\u5b83\u6697\u4e2d\u5f3a\u5316\u4e86\u70ed\u529b\u5b66\u662f\u4ee5\u4eba\u7c7b\u4e3a\u4e2d\u5fc3\u7684\u89c2\u70b9<\/strong>\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u5fc5\u987b\u5047\u8bbe\u6bcf\u4e2a\u5fae\u89c2\u72b6\u6001\u51fa\u73b0\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u76f8\u7b49\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u77e5\u9053\u7cfb\u7edf\u5904\u4e8e\u54ea\u4e2a\u786e\u5207\u7684\u5fae\u89c2\u6001\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
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\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u9047\u5230\u4e86\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u7b2c\u4e09\u4e2a\u4e5f\u662f\u6700\u540e\u4e00\u4e2a\u54f2\u5b66\u5996\u7cbe\uff1a\u76ae\u57c3\u5c14\u00b7\u897f\u8499\u00b7\u62c9\u666e\u62c9\u65af<\/span>\uff08Pierre Simon Laplace\uff09<\/span>\u4e8e 1814 \u5e74\u9996\u6b21\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u62c9\u666e\u62c9\u65af\u5996<\/strong><\/span>\uff08\u89c1\u56fe4\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u62c9\u666e\u62c9\u65af\u5996\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5047\u60f3\u7684\u89c2\u5bdf\u8005\uff0c\u5b83\u77e5\u9053\u5b87\u5b99\u4e2d\u6bcf\u4e2a\u5206\u5b50\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\u548c\u52a8\u91cf\u3002\u6362\u53e5\u8bdd\u8bf4\uff0c\u5b83\u77e5\u9053\u5b87\u5b99\u4e2d\u6bcf\u4e2a\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u786e\u5207\u5fae\u89c2\u72b6\u6001\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
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\u56fe5. \u62c9\u666e\u62c9\u65af\u5996\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5047\u60f3\u7684\u89c2\u5bdf\u8005\uff0c\u77e5\u9053\u5b87\u5b99\u4e2d\u6bcf\u4e2a\u5206\u5b50\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\u548c\u52a8\u91cf\u3002| \u6765\u6e90\uff1aEle Willoughby, linocut, 2011.<\/span><\/p>\n

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\u5728\u7edf\u8ba1\u529b\u5b66\u4e2d\uff0c\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u71b5\u901a\u5e38\u7528\u5409\u5e03\u65af\u516c\u5f0f\u8868\u793a\uff0cSG<\/span><\/sub><\/span>=\u222b\u03c1ln\u03c1dN<\/sup>qdN<\/sup>p\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d \u03c1(q,p) \u8868\u793aN\u4e2a\u7c92\u5b50\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\u548c\u52a8\u91cf\u76f8\u7a7a\u95f4 {q1<\/sub><\/span>, \u2026, qN<\/sub><\/span>; p1<\/sub><\/span>, \u2026, pN<\/sub><\/span>} \u4e0a\u7684\u6982\u7387\u5206\u5e03<\/span>\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\u5fae\u6b63\u5219\u5206\u5e03\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u5bf9\u4e8e\u62c9\u666e\u62c9\u65af\u5996\uff0c\u03c1=1\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u77e5\u9053\u7cfb\u7edf\u786e\u5207\u7684\u5fae\u89c2\u72b6\u6001\u3002\u65e0\u6240\u4e0d\u77e5\u610f\u5473\u7740\u62c9\u666e\u62c9\u65af\u5996\u4f1a\u8ba1\u7b97\u51fa\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u5409\u5e03\u65af\u71b5\u4e3a\u96f6\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u6770\u6069\u65af\u7684\u7edf\u8ba1\u529b\u5b66\u6982\u7387\u89c2\u70b9\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u6839\u672c\u6027\u7684\u7ed3\u8bba\uff1a\u4eba\u7c7b\u5206\u914d\u7ed9\u5409\u5e03\u65af\u71b5\u7684\u503c\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u4eba\u7c7b\u5bf9\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u4e86\u89e3\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
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\u62c9\u666e\u62c9\u65af\u5996\u662f\u5426\u5a01\u80c1\u5230\u6770\u6069\u65af\u7684\u7edf\u8ba1\u529b\u5b66\u89c2\u70b9\uff1f\u4e0d\u5b8c\u5168\u662f\u3002\u5e78\u8fd0\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u8f6c\u5411\u7edf\u8ba1\u529b\u5b66\u7684\u91cf\u5b50\u89c2\u70b9\u6765\u9a71\u9664\u62c9\u666e\u62c9\u65af\u5996<\/strong>\u3002\u5728\u7ecf\u5178\u7edf\u8ba1\u529b\u5b66\u4e2d\uff0c\u6982\u7387\u662f\u6dfb\u52a0\u5230\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u5fae\u89c2\u52a8\u529b\u5b66\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u989d\u5916\u6210\u5206\u3002\u6839\u636e\u6770\u6069\u65af\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u65e0\u77e5\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5fc5\u8981\u7684\u6b65\u9aa4\u3002\u4f46\u5728\u91cf\u5b50\u60c5\u5f62\u4e0b\uff0c\u6982\u7387\u5df2\u7ecf\u662f\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u56fa\u6709\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u6ca1\u6709\u5fc5\u8981\u628a\u65e0\u77e5\u52a0\u5165\u5230\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e2d\u3002\u6362\u53e5\u8bdd\u8bf4\uff0c\u7edf\u8ba1\u529b\u5b66\u548c\u91cf\u5b50\u529b\u5b66\u7684\u6982\u7387\u662f\u4e00\u6837\u7684\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
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\u4f46\u5728\u91cf\u5b50\u529b\u5b66\u4e2d\uff0c\u73bb\u6069\u5b9a\u5219<\/span>\uff08Born rule\uff09<\/span>\u610f\u5473\u7740\u4e00\u4e2a\u91cf\u5b50\u6001\u7f16\u7801\u4e86\u4e0d\u540c\u6d4b\u91cf\u7ed3\u679c\u7684\u6982\u7387\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6982\u7387\u5982\u4f55\u80fd\u4ea7\u751f\u7edf\u8ba1\u529b\u5b66\u4e2d\u719f\u6089\u7684\u6982\u7387\u5206\u5e03\uff1f\u8fd9\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\u7279\u522b\u68d8\u624b\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u91cf\u5b50\u529b\u5b66\u7ed9\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b64\u7acb\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u5206\u914d\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u660e\u786e\u7684\u72b6\u6001\uff0c\u79f0\u4e3a\u7eaf\u6001<\/span>\uff08pure state\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u4e0e\u6b64\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u7edf\u8ba1\u529b\u5b66\u7ed9\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u4e2a\u7cfb\u7edf\u5206\u914d\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u56fa\u6709\u7684\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u72b6\u6001\uff0c\u79f0\u4e3a\u6700\u5927\u6df7\u5408\u6001<\/span>\uff08maximally mixed state\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u6bcf\u79cd\u72b6\u6001\u51fa\u73b0\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u90fd\u662f\u76f8\u7b49\u7684\u3002\u4ece\u8868\u9762\u4e0a\u770b\uff0c\u7edf\u8ba1\u529b\u5b66\u548c\u91cf\u5b50\u529b\u5b66\u4f3c\u4e4e\u6709\u51b2\u7a81\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
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\u72ec\u7279\u7684\u91cf\u5b50\u7ea0\u7f20<\/span>\uff08entanglement\uff09<\/span>\u6027\u8d28\u662f\u89e3\u51b3\u8fd9\u4e00\u51b2\u7a81\u7684\u5173\u952e[17]<\/span>\uff08\u89c1\u56fe5\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u8003\u8651\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e0e\u5468\u56f4\u7684\u70ed\u6d74\u7ea0\u7f20\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\u7684\u91cf\u5b50\u6bd4\u7279<\/span>\uff08qubit\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u4eec\u662f\u7ea0\u7f20\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\u7684\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u88ab\u5355\u72ec\u62ff\u51fa\u6765\uff0c\u5b83\u5c06\u5904\u4e8e\u4e00\u79cd\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u6df7\u5408\u6001\u7684\u5185\u5728\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u72b6\u6001\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u7531\u91cf\u5b50\u6bd4\u7279\u548c\u70ed\u6d74\u7ec4\u6210\u7684\u590d\u5408\u7cfb\u7edf\u5904\u4e8e\u7eaf\u6001\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u6574\u4f53\u65f6\uff0c\u8be5\u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf\u662f\u5b64\u7acb\u7684\u3002\u5047\u8bbe\u5468\u56f4\u7684\u73af\u5883\u8db3\u591f\u5927\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u5bf9\u4e8e\u590d\u5408\u7cfb\u7edf\u6240\u5904\u7684\u51e0\u4e4e\u4efb\u4f55\u7eaf\u6001\uff0c\u91cf\u5b50\u6bd4\u7279\u5c06\u5904\u4e8e\u4e00\u4e2a\u975e\u5e38\u63a5\u8fd1\u4e8e\u7ecf\u5178\u7edf\u8ba1\u529b\u5b66\u6240\u6307\u5b9a\u7684\u72b6\u6001\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
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\u56fe6. \u91cf\u5b50\u7ea0\u7f20\u89e3\u91ca\u4e86\u62c9\u666e\u62c9\u65af\u5996\u88ab\u6d88\u706d\u7684\u539f\u56e0\u3002\u8003\u8651\u4e00\u4e2a\u7ea0\u7f20\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\u7684\u91cf\u5b50\u6bd4\u7279\u548c\u4e00\u4e2a\u70ed\u6d74\uff08\u5de6\u56fe\uff09\u3002\u5982\u679c\u628a\u91cf\u5b50\u6bd4\u7279\u5355\u72ec\u62ff\u51fa\u6765\uff0c\u5b83\u5c06\u5904\u4e8e\u4e00\u79cd\u6df7\u5408\u6001\uff0c\u70ed\u6d74\u4e5f\u662f\u5982\u6b64\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u7531\u91cf\u5b50\u6bd4\u7279\u548c\u70ed\u6d74\u7ec4\u6210\u7684\u590d\u5408\u7cfb\u7edf\uff08\u53f3\u56fe\uff09\u5904\u4e8e\u7eaf\u6001\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u6574\u4f53\u662f\u5b64\u7acb\u7684\u3002\u5047\u8bbe\u73af\u5883\u8db3\u591f\u5927\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u590d\u5408\u7cfb\u7edf\u6240\u5904\u7684\u51e0\u4e4e\u4efb\u4f55\u7eaf\u6001\uff0c\u91cf\u5b50\u6bd4\u7279\u5c06\u5904\u4e8e\u975e\u5e38\u63a5\u8fd1\u4e8e\u7ecf\u5178\u7edf\u8ba1\u529b\u5b66\u6240\u8d4b\u4e88\u5b83\u7684\u72b6\u6001\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u8be5\u7cfb\u7edf\u8868\u73b0\u51fa\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u4f1a\u4f7f\u4eba\u8ba4\u4e3a\u7edf\u8ba1\u529b\u5b66\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u5047\u8bbe\u662f\u771f\u7684\u3002\u7edf\u8ba1\u529b\u5b66\u5206\u914d\u7684\u6982\u7387\u5206\u5e03\u4e0e\u91cf\u5b50\u72b6\u6001\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u533a\u5206\u7684\uff0c\u8fd9\u610f\u5473\u7740\u7edf\u8ba1\u529b\u5b66\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u6770\u6069\u65af\u5f15\u5165\u7684\u201c\u65e0\u77e5\u201d\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u62c9\u666e\u62c9\u65af\u5996\u88ab\u6253\u8d25\u4e86\u3002| \u6765\u6e90\uff1aAdapted from S. Deffner, Nat. Phys. 11, 383, 2015, doi:<\/span>10.1038\/nphys3318<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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\u6362\u53e5\u8bdd\u8bf4\uff0c\u88ab\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u91cf\u5b50\u6bd4\u7279\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u5c31\u597d\u50cf\u590d\u5408\u7cfb\u7edf\u5904\u4e8e\u6700\u5927\u6df7\u5408\u6001\uff0c\u5373\u597d\u50cf\u590d\u5408\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u6bcf\u4e2a\u5fae\u89c2\u72b6\u6001\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u76f8\u540c\u3002\u6982\u7387\u7684\u672c\u8d28\u6700\u7ec8\u662f\u91cf\u5b50\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u4f1a\u4f7f\u4eba\u8ba4\u4e3a\u7edf\u8ba1\u529b\u5b66\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u5047\u8bbe\u662f\u771f\u7684\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u91cf\u5b50\u63cf\u8ff0\u7684\u6982\u7387\u5206\u5e03\u4e0e\u7edf\u8ba1\u529b\u5b66\u4e2d\u7684\u6982\u7387\u5206\u5e03\u6ca1\u6709\u533a\u522b\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
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\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7ed3\u8bba\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u6218\u80dc\u62c9\u666e\u62c9\u65af\u5996\u7684\uff1f\u91cf\u5b50\u529b\u5b66\u7ed9\u4e8b\u4ef6\u8d4b\u4e88\u6982\u7387\uff0c\u4e0d\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u77e5\u9053\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u51c6\u786e\u503c\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u6211\u4eec\u548c\u62c9\u666e\u62c9\u65af\u5996\u90fd\u65e0\u6cd5\u77e5\u9053\u51c6\u786e\u503c<\/strong>\u3002\u6982\u7387\u662f\u91cf\u5b50\u529b\u5b66\u5185\u5728\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u3002\u5f53\u63cf\u8ff0\u81ea\u8eab\u7ea0\u7f20\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u62c9\u666e\u62c9\u65af\u5996\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u6bd4\u6211\u4eec\u77e5\u9053\u66f4\u591a\u4fe1\u606f\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
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\u963f\u745f\u00b7\u7231\u4e01\u987f<\/span>\uff08Arthur Eddington\uff09<\/span>\u57281928\u5e74\u5ba3\u79f0\uff0c\u70ed\u529b\u5b66\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5b9a\u5f8b\u5728 \u201c\u81ea\u7136\u6cd5\u5219\u4e2d\u5904\u4e8e\u6700\u9ad8\u5730\u4f4d\u201d\u3002\u4ed6\u5199\u9053\uff0c\u4efb\u4f55\u53cd\u5bf9\u8be5\u5b9a\u5f8b\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u90fd\u4f1a\u201c\u5728\u6700\u6df1\u7684\u7f9e\u8fb1\u4e2d\u5d29\u6e83\u201d[18]\u3002\u8fd1100\u5e74\u540e\uff0c\u7231\u4e01\u987f\u8fd8\u6ca1\u6709\u88ab\u8bc1\u660e\u662f\u9519\u8bef\u7684\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
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[1]J. Goold et al., J. Phys. A: Math. Theor. 49, 143001 (2016).<\/span><\/section>\n
[2]C. Cercignani, Ludwig Boltzmann: The Man Who Trusted Atoms, Oxford U. Press (1998).<\/span><\/section>\n
[3]W. C. Myrvold, Stud. Hist. Philos. Sci. B 42, 237 (2011).<\/span><\/section>\n
[4]V. Serreli et al., Nature 445, 523 (2007).<\/span><\/section>\n
[5]H. Leff, A. F. Rex, eds., Maxwell\u2019s Demon 2: Entropy, Classical and Quantum Information, Computing, CRC Press (2002).<\/span><\/section>\n
[6]O. Shenker, M. Hemmo, Entropy 22, 269 (2020); J. Norton, Stud. Hist. Phil. Sci. B 42, 184 (2011).<\/span><\/section>\n
[7]D. J. Bedingham, O. J. E. Maroney, New J. Phys. 18, 113050 (2016).  <\/span><\/section>\n
[8]N. Y. Halpern, Sci. Am., May 2020, p. 60.<\/span><\/section>\n
[9]H. E. D. Scovil, E. O. Schulz-DuBois, Phys. Rev. Lett. 2, 262 (1959).<\/span><\/section>\n
[10]A. Levy, D. Gelbwaser-Klimovsky, in Thermodynamics in the Quantum Regime: Fundamental Aspects and New Directions, F. Binder et al., eds., Springer (2018), p. 87; B. Gardas, S. Deffner, Phys. Rev. E 92, 042126 (2015).<\/span><\/section>\n
[11]J. Klatzow et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 122, 110601 (2019).<\/span><\/section>\n
[12]A. Einstein, Autobiographical Notes, P. A. Schilpp, trans. and ed., Open Court (1979), p. 31.<\/span><\/section>\n
[13]K. Friston, Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 11, 127 (2010).<\/span><\/section>\n
[14]J. C. Maxwell, \u201cDiffusion,\u201d in The Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica: A Dic- tionary of Arts, Sciences, and General Literature, 9th ed., vol. 7, Adam and Charles Black (1877), p. 220.<\/span><\/section>\n
[15]P. W. Bridgman, The Nature of Thermodynamics, Harvard U. Press (1941), p. 214.<\/span><\/section>\n
[16]Ref. 14, p. 220.<\/span><\/section>\n
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[18]A. S. Eddington, The Nature of the Physical World, Cambridge U. Press (1928), p. 74.<\/span><\/section>\n


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