{"id":31367,"date":"2021-12-27T20:48:37","date_gmt":"2021-12-27T12:48:37","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/swarma.org\/?p=31367"},"modified":"2021-12-27T20:48:37","modified_gmt":"2021-12-27T12:48:37","slug":"science%e9%95%bf%e6%96%87%e7%bb%bc%e8%bf%b0%ef%bc%9a%e9%80%9a%e8%bf%87%e7%a9%ba%e9%97%b4%e6%96%91%e5%9b%be%e5%bd%a2%e6%88%90%e9%81%bf%e5%85%8d%e5%a4%8d%e6%9d%82%e7%b3%bb%e7%bb%9f%e5%b4%a9%e6%ba%83","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/swarma.org\/?p=31367","title":{"rendered":"Science\u957f\u6587\u7efc\u8ff0\uff1a\u901a\u8fc7\u7a7a\u95f4\u6591\u56fe\u5f62\u6210\u907f\u514d\u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf\u5d29\u6e83"},"content":{"rendered":"
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\u4eca\u5929\u7684\u5730\u7403\u5904\u4e8e\u4eba\u7c7b\u4e16\uff0c\u4eba\u7c7b\u6d3b\u52a8\u5bf9\u6574\u4e2a\u5730\u7403\u751f\u6001\u7cfb\u7edf\u5177\u6709\u6df1\u523b\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u5e72\u65f1\u548c\u8fc7\u5ea6\u653e\u7267\uff0c\u8349\u539f\u8f6c\u53d8\u4e3a\u6c99\u6f20\uff1b\u7531\u4e8e\u6ee5\u780d\u6ee5\u4f10\u548c\u706b\u707e\uff0c\u70ed\u5e26\u96e8\u6797\u8f6c\u53d8\u4e3a\u7a00\u6811\u8349\u539f\u2014\u2014\u4e00\u65e6\u5916\u90e8\u6270\u52a8\u8d85\u8fc7\u9650\u5ea6\uff0c\u751f\u6001\u7cfb\u7edf\u5c31\u4f1a\u8d8a\u8fc7\u4e34\u754c\u70b9\uff0c\u4ece\u4e00\u4e2a\u5e73\u8861\u6001\u8f6c\u53d8\u5230\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u76f8\u5bf9\u8f83\u6b21\u7684\u5e73\u8861\u6001\uff0c\u96be\u4ee5\u6062\u590d\u539f\u672c\u7684\u4e00\u6d3e\u751f\u673a\u3002\u4eba\u7c7b\u662f\u5426\u53ef\u4ee5\u627e\u5230\u65e9\u671f\u9884\u8b66\u4fe1\u53f7\uff0c\u89c4\u907f\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e34\u754c\u70b9\u7684\u5230\u6765\uff1f<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

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\u7a7a\u95f4\u6591\u56fe*\u5f62\u6210\uff08Spatial pattern formation\uff09\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u5305\u62ec\u751f\u6001\u7cfb\u7edf\u5728\u5185\u7684\u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u5371\u9669\u7684\u4e34\u754c\u70b9\uff08tipping point\uff09\u548c\u5373\u5c06\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u4e34\u754c\u8f6c\u53d8\uff08critical transition\uff09\u7684\u65e9\u671f\u9884\u8b66\u4fe1\u53f7\u3002Rietkerk\u7b49\u4eba2021\u5e7410\u6708\u53d1\u8868\u4e8e Science <\/em>\u7684\u7efc\u8ff0\u6587\u7ae0\u300a\u901a\u8fc7\u7a7a\u95f4\u6591\u56fe\u5f62\u6210\u907f\u514d\u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf\u5d29\u6e83\u300b\u7efc\u8ff0\u4e86\u751f\u6001\u7cfb\u7edf\u548c\u5730\u7403\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u7ec4\u5206\u5728\u5b9e\u9645\u4e2d\u5982\u4f55\u901a\u8fc7\u591a\u79cd\u7a7a\u95f4\u6591\u56fe\u5f62\u6210\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u89c4\u907f\u707e\u96be\u6027\u7684\u4e34\u754c\u70b9\u3002\u5229\u7528\u6570\u5b66\u65b9\u6cd5\u548c\u5b9e\u9645\u6848\u4f8b\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u8bb8\u591a\u5177\u6709\u4e34\u754c\u503e\u5411\u7684\u751f\u6001\u7cfb\u7edf\u548c\u5730\u7403\u7cfb\u7edf\u7ec4\u5206\u90fd\u53ef\u80fd\u51fa\u73b0\u89c4\u907f\u4e34\u754c\u70b9\u548c\u589e\u5f3a\u6062\u590d\u529b\u7684\u73b0\u8c61\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u8fc7\u53bb\u88ab\u5ffd\u89c6\u7684\u7a7a\u95f4\u52a8\u529b\u5b66\u548c\u591a\u79cd\u7a33\u5b9a\u72b6\u6001\u7684\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u8bb8\u591a\u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf\u53ef\u80fd\u6bd4\u539f\u5148\u8ba4\u4e3a\u7684\u66f4\u5177\u6062\u590d\u529b\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u53ef\u80fd\u4e0d\u4f1a\u968f\u7740\u6c14\u5019\u53d8\u5316\u53d1\u751f\u707e\u96be\u6027\u7684\u8f6c\u53d8\u3002<\/strong><\/section>\n
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*\u8bd1\u8005\u6ce8\uff1a\u672c\u6587\u5c06 spatial pattern \u4e0e Turing pattern \u4e2d\u7684 “pattern” \u4e00\u8bcd\u7edf\u4e00\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u201c\u6591\u56fe\u201d\uff0c\u5728\u751f\u6001\u5b66\u9886\u57df\u4e2d\uff0cpattern \u4e5f\u5e38\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u201c\u683c\u5c40\u201d\u3002<\/section>\n


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Max Rietkerk et al.<\/span> | \u4f5c\u8005<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

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Evasion of tipping in complex systems through spatial pattern formation<\/span>
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\u5728\u4eba\u7c7b\u4e16\u4e2d\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u9700\u8981\u66f4\u597d\u5730\u7406\u89e3\u6c14\u5019\u548c\u571f\u5730\u5229\u7528\u7684\u53d8\u5316\u5bf9\u751f\u6001\u7cfb\u7edf\u3001\u5730\u7403\u7cfb\u7edf\u7ec4\u5206\u548c\u5168\u90e8\u5730\u7403\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u707e\u96be\u6027\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u4e34\u754c\u8f6c\u53d8\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u5373\u4ece\u4e00\u4e2a\u72b6\u6001\u5411\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u72b6\u6001\u7684\u8f6c\u6362\uff0c\u6709\u52a9\u4e8e\u8fd9\u4e00\u7406\u89e3\u3002\u4e34\u754c\u8f6c\u53d8\u610f\u5473\u7740\u7cfb\u7edf\u88ab\u8feb\u79bb\u5f00\u539f\u6709\u5e73\u8861\u6001\u7684\u5438\u5f15\u57df\uff0c\u8fdb\u5165\u53e6\u4e00\u79cd\u901a\u5e38\u8f83\u6b21\u7684\u7a33\u5b9a\u72b6\u6001\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u4e00\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u6b64\u7c7b\u5373\u5c06\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u4e34\u754c\u8f6c\u53d8\u7684\u65e9\u671f\u9884\u8b66\u4fe1\u53f7\u7684\u641c\u5bfb\u5df2\u7ecf\u6210\u4e3a\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u5173\u6ce8\u70b9\u3002\u7279\u522b\u662f\uff0c\u751f\u6001\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u7684\u7a7a\u95f4\u81ea\u7ec4\u7ec7\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u89c4\u5219\u7684\u690d\u88ab\u6591\u56fe\uff0c\u5373\u56fe\u7075\u6591\u56fe<\/span>\uff08Turing pattern\uff09<\/span>\u7684\u81ea\u53d1\u5f62\u6210\u8fc7\u7a0b\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u65e9\u671f\u9884\u8b66\u4fe1\u53f7\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u4e3a\u4e86\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u7814\u7a76\u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf\u5982\u4f55\u901a\u8fc7\u7a7a\u95f4\u6591\u56fe\u5f62\u6210\u6765\u89c4\u907f\u4e34\u754c\u70b9\uff0c\u7a00\u6811\u8349\u539f\u7cfb\u7edf\u56e0\u5176\u88ab\u89c2\u6d4b\u5230\u7684\u53ef\u9009\u72b6\u6001\u548c\u7a7a\u95f4\u6591\u56fe\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u6765\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u5178\u578b\u6848\u4f8b\u5f00\u5c55\u5177\u4f53\u7814\u7a76\u3002\u53e6\u5916\uff0c\u5728\u751f\u6001\u7cfb\u7edf\u548c\u5730\u7403\u7cfb\u7edf\u7ec4\u5206\u4e2d\uff0c\u90fd\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u6570\u5b66\u65b9\u6cd5\u5206\u6790\u89c4\u907f\u4e34\u754c\u70b9\u7684\u666e\u904d\u6761\u4ef6\u3002\u901a\u8fc7\u7814\u7a76\u4f55\u79cd\u5c0f\u5e45\u5ea6\u7684\u56fe\u7075\u6591\u56fe\u53ef\u4ee5\u589e\u957f\u6210\u4e3a\u5927\u578b\u7684\u5c40\u90e8\u4ea4\u4e92\u7ed3\u6784\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u627e\u5230\u5e2e\u52a9\u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf\u89c4\u907f\u4e34\u754c\u70b9\u7684\u76f8\u5173\u573a\u666f\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u5e94\u5f53\u7814\u7a76\u5168\u7403\u53d8\u5316\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5171\u5b58\u6001\u95f4\u7684\u7a7a\u95f4\u8fb9\u754c\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u63ed\u793a\u7a7a\u95f4\u57df\u7684\u9650\u5236\u548c\u4eba\u7c7b\u5e26\u6765\u7684\u5c40\u90e8\u548c\u975e\u5c40\u90e8\u7684\u540c\u8d28\u5316\u6548\u5e94\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u65b9\u6cd5\u5c06\u4f1a\u589e\u52a0\u6211\u4eec\u5bf9\u81ea\u7136\u4e2d\u4e34\u754c\u8f6c\u53d8\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u548c\u9884\u6d4b\u80fd\u529b\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u80fd\u591f\u63ed\u793a\u5176\u4e2d\u54ea\u4e9b\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u89c4\u907f\u4e43\u81f3\u53cd\u8f6c\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
 <\/span><\/section>\n
<\/section>\n
\u56fe0. \u4e34\u754c\u70b9\u7684\u89c4\u907f\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u63cf\u7ed8\u4e86\u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf\u5bf9\u5916\u90e8\u6761\u4ef6\u7684\u54cd\u5e94\uff08\u5373\u5206\u5c94\u56fe\uff09\u3002\u7070\u9ed1\u8272\u65b9\u5757\u4ee3\u8868\u4e86\u7cfb\u7edf\u7a33\u5b9a\u53d8\u91cf\u7684\u9ad8\u5bc6\u5ea6\u72b6\u6001\uff0c\u4eae\u7070\u8272\u65b9\u5757\u4ee3\u8868\u4e86\u5176\u4f4e\u5bc6\u5ea6\u72b6\u6001\u3002\uff08A\uff09\u7ecf\u5178\u89c6\u56fe\uff0c\uff08B\uff09\u56fe\u7075\u6591\u56fe\u7684\u591a\u7a33\u5b9a\u6027\u3002\u501f\u52a9\u536b\u661f\u5bf9\u5b9e\u9645\u7684\u751f\u6001\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u89c2\u6d4b\uff0c\u6700\u8fd1\u7684\u6a21\u578b\u5206\u6790\u63ed\u793a\u4e86\u56fe\u7075\u6591\u56fe\u5728Busse ballon\u4e2d\u7684\u591a\u7a33\u5b9a\u6027\u3002Busse ballon \u662f\u6570\u5b66\u6a21\u578b\u7684\u53c2\u6570\u7a7a\u95f4\u4e2d\u6591\u56fe\u5e73\u8861\uff08patterned equilibria\uff09\u7684\u591a\u7a33\u5b9a\u6027\u51fa\u73b0\u7684\u533a\u57df\u3002\uff08C\uff09\u5171\u5b58\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u591a\u7a33\u5b9a\u6027\u3002\u89c4\u907f\u4e34\u754c\u70b9\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u662f\u5171\u5b58\u6001\u7684\u591a\u7a33\u5b9a\u6027\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7a7a\u95f4\u6591\u56fe\u6700\u65e9\u4ea7\u751f\u4e8e\u4e34\u754c\u70b9\u524d\u7684\u53cc\u7a33\u5b9a\u6027\u533a\u57df\uff1b\u5728\u5916\u90e8\u6761\u4ef6\u6076\u5316\u65f6\uff0c\u6f14\u5316\u7684\u7a7a\u95f4\u6591\u56fe\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u7ef4\u6301\u4e8e\u4e34\u754c\u70b9\u4ee5\u5916\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u6784\u6210\u53e6\u4e00\u79cd\u89c4\u907f\u4e34\u754c\u70b9\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
A\uff0e  \u7ecf\u5178\u89c6\u56fe\uff1a\u7a7a\u95f4\u81ea\u7ec4\u7ec7\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u4ece\u4e34\u754c\u70b9\u8f6c\u5411\u53e6\u4e00\u79cd\u7a33\u5b9a\u72b6\u6001\u7684\u65e9\u671f\u9884\u8b66\u4fe1\u53f7\uff1b\u8fd9\u91cc\u63cf\u7ed8\u4e86\u4e34\u754c\u70b9\u51fa\u73b0\u4e4b\u524d\u56fe\u7075\u6591\u56fe\u7684\u51fa\u73b0\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
B\uff0e  \u56fe\u7075\u6591\u56fe\u7684\u591a\u7a33\u5b9a\u6027\u3002\u8fd9\u91cc\uff0c\u5728\u56fe\u7075\u5206\u5c94\u56fe\u7684\u4e34\u754c\u70b9\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u7a7a\u95f4\u81ea\u7ec4\u7ec7\u901a\u8fc7\u56fe\u7075\u4e0d\u7a33\u5b9a\u6027\u51fa\u73b0\u4e8e\u53c2\u6570\u533a\u57df\u4e2d\uff0c\u5728\u4e34\u754c\u70b9\u4e4b\u5916\u4ecd\u7136\u4fdd\u6301\u7a33\u5b9a\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u901a\u8fc7\u7a7a\u95f4\u6591\u56fe\u5f62\u6210\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u89c4\u907f\u4e34\u754c\u70b9\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
C\uff0e  \u5171\u5b58\u7a33\u5b9a\u6001\u7684\u591a\u7a33\u5b9a\u6027\u3002\u5728\u6270\u52a8\u540e\uff0c\u7cfb\u7edf\u5141\u8bb8\u7a7a\u95f4\u4e2d\u5b58\u5728\u53ef\u9009\u7a33\u6001\uff0c\u6216\u5171\u5b58\u6001\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u89c4\u907f\u4e86\u6574\u4f53\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u8f6c\u53d8\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
 <\/span><\/section>\n

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 <\/span><\/section>\n<\/h2>\n

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<\/svg><\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n
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\u6458\u8981<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n

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<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/h3>\n


<\/p>\n

\u4e34\u754c\u70b9\u548c\u4e34\u754c\u8f6c\u53d8\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u53ef\u4ee5\u5e2e\u52a9\u6211\u4eec\u7406\u89e3\u5168\u7403\u53d8\u5316\u53ef\u80fd\u5bf9\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u751f\u6001\u7cfb\u7edf\u3001\u5730\u7403\u7cfb\u7edf\u7ec4\u5206<\/span>\uff08\u5305\u62ec\u6574\u4e2a\u5730\u7403\u7cfb\u7edf\uff09<\/span>\u5e26\u6765\u7684\u707e\u96be\u6027\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u4eec\u6b63\u5728\u5bfb\u627e\u65e9\u671f\u7684\u9884\u8b66\u6307\u6807\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u7a7a\u95f4\u81ea\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5c31\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u4fe1\u53f7\u3002\u672c\u6587\u7efc\u8ff0\u4e86\u7a7a\u95f4\u81ea\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5982\u4f55\u5e2e\u52a9\u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf\u89c4\u907f\u4e34\u754c\u70b9\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u6210\u4e3a\u6062\u590d\u529b\u7684\u4fe1\u53f7\u3002\u8bb8\u591a\u81f3\u4eca\u4ecd\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5177\u6709\u4e34\u754c\u503e\u5411\u7684\u751f\u6001\u7cfb\u7edf\u548c\u5730\u7403\u7cfb\u7edf\u7ec4\u5206<\/span>\uff08\u5305\u62ec\u6574\u4e2a\u5730\u7403\u7cfb\u7edf\uff09<\/span>\u53ef\u80fd\u901a\u8fc7\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u7a7a\u95f4\u6591\u56fe\u5f62\u6210\u8fc7\u7a0b\u6765\u89c4\u907f\u4e34\u754c\u70b9\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u4e00\u79cd\u7cfb\u7edf\u5206\u6790\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u63ed\u793a\u89c4\u907f\u4e34\u754c\u70b9\u548c\u5f62\u6210\u6062\u590d\u529b\u7684\u5e7f\u6cdb\u6761\u4ef6\u8303\u56f4\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
 <\/span><\/section>\n
 <\/span><\/section>\n

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<\/svg><\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n
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\u4e00\u3001\u751f\u6001\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e34\u754c\u73b0\u8c61\u53ca\u5176\u9884\u8b66\u4fe1\u53f7<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n

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<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/h3>\n


<\/p>\n

\u4e34\u754c\u8f6c\u53d8\u548c\u4e34\u754c\u70b9\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u6709\u52a9\u4e8e\u6211\u4eec\u7406\u89e3\u4eba\u7c7b\u4e16\u7684\u5730\u7403\u53d8\u5316[1-3]\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u89c2\u70b9\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u7ecf\u5386\u5168\u7403\u53d8\u5316\u7684\u751f\u6001\u7cfb\u7edf\u6216\u5730\u7403\u7cfb\u7edf\u7ec4\u5206\u901a\u5e38\u80fd\u591f\u6301\u7eed\u4fdd\u6301\u5e73\u8861\u72b6\u6001\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u8fd9\u90fd\u53ea\u53d1\u751f\u4e8e\u8fbe\u5230\u4e34\u754c\u70b9\u4e4b\u524d\u3002\u5728\u4e34\u754c\u70b9\uff0c\u671f\u671b\u7684\u7a33\u5b9a\u6001\u4f1a\u6d88\u5931\uff0c\u7cfb\u7edf\u4f1a\u7ecf\u5386\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e34\u754c\u7684\u707e\u96be\u6027\u8f6c\u53d8\uff0c\u8fbe\u5230\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u7684\u5e73\u8861\u6001[1,2,4]\u3002\u540e\u8005\u6240\u5904\u7684\u72b6\u6001\u5e38\u4f34\u968f\u5916\u90e8\u73af\u5883\u6062\u590d\u5230\u521d\u59cb\u503c\uff0c\u5e76\u5c55\u73b0\u51fa\u8fdf\u6ede\u73b0\u8c61<\/span>\uff08hysteresis\uff09<\/span>[1,5]\u3002\u6bd4\u5982\u8bf4\u751f\u6001\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u8425\u517b\u7269\u8d28\u8fc7\u591a\u5bfc\u81f4\u6e05\u6f88\u7684\u6e56\u6cca\u53d8\u5f97\u6d51\u6d4a[6]\uff1b\u7531\u4e8e\u5e72\u65f1\u6216\u8fc7\u5ea6\u653e\u7267\uff0c\u8d2b\u7620\u7684\u6c99\u6f20\u53d6\u4ee3\u4e86\u5e72\u65f1\u7684\u7a00\u6811\u8349\u539f\u6216\u65f1\u5730\u7684\u690d\u88ab\u533a\u57df[5,7]\uff1b\u7531\u4e8e\u6ee5\u780d\u6ee5\u4f10\u3001\u706b\u707e\u6216\u964d\u6c34\u91cf\u51cf\u5c11\uff0c\u70ed\u5e26\u7a00\u6811\u8349\u539f\u53d6\u4ee3\u70ed\u5e26\u68ee\u6797[8-10]\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
 <\/span><\/section>\n
\u5bfc\u81f4\u8fd9\u79cd\u8f6c\u53d8\u7684\u52a8\u529b\u5b66\u673a\u5236\u662f\u6b63\u53cd\u9988\uff08positive feedbacks\uff09\uff0c\u6b63\u53cd\u9988\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4f1a\u653e\u5927\u65bd\u52a0\u5728\u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e0a\u7684\u53d8\u5316<\/span><\/strong>\u3002\u5728\u4e0a\u8ff0\u751f\u6001\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u6848\u4f8b\u4e2d\uff0c\u6b63\u53cd\u9988\u4f7f\u6e56\u6cca\u7684\u6d51\u6d4a\u5ea6\u589e\u52a0\uff0c\u5bfc\u81f4\u5927\u578b\u690d\u7269\u51cf\u5c11\u3001\u517b\u5206\u5438\u6536\u88ab\u6291\u5236\uff0c\u6e56\u6c34\u4ece\u800c\u53d8\u5f97\u66f4\u52a0\u6d51\u6d4a[6]\uff1b\u5e72\u65f1\u7a00\u6811\u8349\u539f\u7684\u690d\u88ab\u8986\u76d6\u51cf\u5c11\uff0c\u5bfc\u81f4\u571f\u58e4\u6c34\u5206\u6e17\u900f\u51cf\u5c11\uff0c\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u52a0\u5267\u690d\u88ab\u6d88\u5931[5,7]\uff1b\u6ee5\u780d\u6ee5\u4f10\u548c\u706b\u707e\u5bfc\u81f4\u68ee\u6797\u6811\u6728\u51cf\u5c11\uff0c\u6742\u8349\u8086\u610f\u751f\u957f\u5f15\u53d1\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u706b\u707e\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u5bfc\u81f4\u68ee\u6797\u6811\u6728\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u51cf\u5c11[10-12]\u3002\u5728\u4e34\u754c\u70b9\u65f6\uff0c\u6b63\u5f3a\u5316\u53cd\u9988<\/span>\uff08positive reinforcing feedbacks\uff09<\/span>\u538b\u5012\u4e86\u7ef4\u6301\u751f\u6001\u7cfb\u7edf\u7406\u60f3\u72b6\u6001\u7684\u8d1f\u5e73\u8861\u53cd\u9988<\/span>\uff08negative balancing feedback\uff09<\/span>\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff0c\u8fd9\u5f80\u5f80\u5bfc\u81f4\u751f\u6001\u7cfb\u7edf\u529f\u80fd\u7684\u707e\u96be\u6027\u635f\u5931\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
 <\/span><\/section>\n
\u6709\u8bb8\u591a\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u9014\u5f84\u53ef\u80fd\u8ba9\u6b63\u53cd\u9988\u8d85\u8fc7\u8d1f\u53cd\u9988\u5e76\u89e6\u53d1\u72b6\u6001\u8f6c\u53d8\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u8f6c\u53d8\u662f\u751f\u6001\u7cfb\u7edf\u6062\u590d\u529b\u9000\u5316\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\uff0c\u6062\u590d\u529b\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u7406\u89e3\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u7cfb\u7edf\u72b6\u6001\u5728\u53d1\u5c55\u5230\u4e34\u754c\u70b9\u4e4b\u524d\u6240\u80fd\u627f\u53d7\u7684\u73af\u5883\u53d8\u5316\u91cf\u6216\u6270\u52a8\u5f3a\u5ea6<\/strong>[13]\u3002\u4e09\u79cd\u6700\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u4e34\u754c\u60c5\u51b5\u662f[14]\uff1a<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/span><\/section>\n

1\uff09\u5206\u5c94\u5bfc\u81f4\u7684\u4e34\u754c<\/span>\uff08Bifurcation-induced tipping\uff0cB-\u4e34\u754c\uff09<\/span>\u51fa\u73b0\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u53c2\u6570\u7684\u79fb\u52a8<\/span>\uff08\u5982\u73af\u5883\u53d8\u5316\uff09<\/span>\u4f7f\u5f97\u521d\u59cb\u7a33\u5b9a\u72b6\u6001\u7684\u5438\u5f15\u57df<\/span>\uff08basin of attraction\uff09<\/span>\u964d\u4f4e\u4e3a\u96f6\uff1b<\/span><\/p>\n

2\uff09\u566a\u58f0\u5bfc\u81f4\u7684\u4e34\u754c<\/span>\uff08noise-induced tipping\uff0cN-\u4e34\u754c\uff09<\/span>\u51fa\u73b0\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\uff0c\u7cfb\u7edf\u72b6\u6001\u7684\u6270\u52a8<\/span>\uff08\u5982\u73af\u5883\u566a\u58f0\u6216\u5e72\u6270\uff09<\/span>\u5c06\u7cfb\u7edf\u63a8\u5230\u521d\u59cb\u72b6\u6001\u7684\u5438\u5f15\u57df\u4e4b\u5916\uff1b<\/span><\/p>\n

3\uff09\u53d8\u5316\u901f\u7387\u5bfc\u81f4\u7684\u4e34\u754c<\/span>\uff08rate-induced tipping\uff0cR-\u4e34\u754c\uff09<\/span>\u51fa\u73b0\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\uff0c\u73af\u5883\u53c2\u6570\u7684\u53d8\u5316\u5feb\u4e8e\u6062\u590d\u81f3\u521d\u59cb\u72b6\u6001\u7684\u901f\u5ea6\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/section>\n
\u5728\u751f\u6001\u5b66\u6587\u732e\u4e2d\uff0c\u7cfb\u7edf\u6062\u590d\u5230\u521d\u59cb\u72b6\u6001\u7684\u5438\u5f15\u529b\uff0c\u6216\u6062\u590d\u5e73\u8861\u72b6\u6001\u7684\u901f\u5ea6\uff0c\u5373\u4e3a\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u6062\u590d\u529b\u6216\u7a33\u5b9a\u6027[13]\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
 <\/span><\/section>\n
\u8fd9\u79cd\u4e34\u754c\u8f6c\u53d8\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u4e0d\u4ec5\u5bf9\u5c40\u90e8\u5c3a\u5ea6\u7684\u751f\u6001\u7cfb\u7edf\u5f88\u91cd\u8981\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u8bb8\u591a\u533a\u57df\u5c3a\u5ea6\u7684\u5730\u7403\u7cfb\u7edf\u7ec4\u5206\u4e5f\u540c\u6837\u91cd\u8981[15,16]\u3002\u6bd4\u5982\uff1a\u6c14\u5019\u53d8\u6696\u5f15\u53d1\u7684\u5317\u6781\u51b0\u76d6\u6d88\u878d\u4f1a\u5bfc\u81f4\u51b0\u9762\u53cd\u5c04\u7387\u51cf\u5c0f\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u52a0\u5267\u6c14\u5019\u53d8\u6696[17-19]\uff1b\u5730\u8868\u6c34\u901a\u91cf\u7684\u53d8\u5316\u5bfc\u81f4\u5927\u897f\u6d0b\u73af\u6d41\u53d8\u5316[20-22]\u3002\u4ece\u751f\u6001\u7cfb\u7edf\u5230\u6c14\u5019\u53d8\u5316\uff0c\u4e34\u754c\u70b9\u8fd9\u4e00\u6982\u5ff5\u53ef\u5e94\u7528\u5230\u591a\u79cd\u5c3a\u5ea6\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\u5728\u5168\u7403\u5c3a\u5ea6\u4e0a\uff0c\u4e34\u754c\u70b9\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u4e8e\u5b9a\u4e49\u53d1\u751f\u5168\u7403\u6027\u707e\u96be\u4e8b\u4ef6\u7684\u73af\u5883\u8fb9\u754c\u6761\u4ef6[23]\uff0c\u540c\u6837\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u4e8e\u7814\u7a76\u6574\u4e2a\u5730\u7403\u751f\u7269\u5708\u5bf9\u6c14\u5019\u548c\u571f\u5730\u5229\u7528\u53d8\u5316[3,24]\u7684\u54cd\u5e94\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
 <\/span><\/section>\n
\u5bf9\u4e8e\u50cf\u65f1\u5730\u3001\u7a00\u6811\u8349\u539f\u548c\u6ce5\u70ad\u5730\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5728\u7a7a\u95f4\u5ef6\u4f38\u7684\u751f\u6001\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u5df2\u6709\u7814\u7a76\u5f3a\u8c03\u4e86\u5173\u952e\u7684\u72b6\u6001\u8f6c\u53d8\u4e0e\u690d\u88ab\u81ea\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7a7a\u95f4\u6591\u56fe\u7684\u5f62\u6210\u6709\u5173[2,25]\u3002\u968f\u7740\u73af\u5883\u6761\u4ef6\u7684\u6076\u5316\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u539f\u672c\u8986\u76d6\u5747\u5300\u7684\u690d\u88ab\u53d8\u5f97\u4e0d\u518d\u5747\u5300\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u5f62\u6210\u4e00\u4e9b\u6709\u89c4\u5219\u7684\u7a7a\u95f4\u6591\u56fe\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u5747\u5300\u72b6\u6001\u7684\u7a7a\u95f4\u4e0d\u7a33\u5b9a\u6027\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u56fe\u7075\u4e0d\u7a33\u5b9a\u6027<\/strong><\/span>\uff08Turing instability\uff09<\/span>\u6216\u56fe\u7075\u5206\u5c94<\/strong><\/span>\uff08Turing bifurcation\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u6700\u65e9\u7531\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u548c\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u4e4b\u7236\u827e\u4f26\u00b7\u56fe\u7075\u5728\u7814\u7a76\u53cd\u5e94-\u6269\u6563\u7cfb\u7edf\u65f6\u53d1\u73b0\u5e76\u547d\u540d[26]\u3002\u5728\u56fe\u7075\u4e0d\u7a33\u5b9a\u6027\u89c2\u70b9\u8bde\u751f\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u6240\u8c13\u7684\u56fe\u7075\u6591\u56fe<\/strong><\/span>\uff08Turing pattern\uff09<\/span>\u4e5f\u5e94\u8fd0\u800c\u751f\uff0c\u5373\u5728\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u73af\u5883\u6761\u4ef6\u4e0b\uff0c\u4f1a\u4ea7\u751f\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u7a7a\u95f4\u6591\u56fe\u3002\u5728\u4e4b\u524d\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\uff0c\u56fe\u7075\u6591\u56fe\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u4e34\u754c\u70b9\u8d70\u5411\u751f\u6001\u7cfb\u7edf\u53e6\u4e00\u72b6\u6001\u7684\u52a9\u63a8[25]\u3002\u6309\u6c34\u5206\u3001\u98df\u8349\u60c5\u51b5\u7b49\u73af\u5883\u6761\u4ef6\u9010\u6e10\u6076\u5316\u7684\u987a\u5e8f\u6392\u5217\uff0c\u5e38\u89c1\u7684<\/span>\uff08\u5c24\u5176\u5728\u65f1\u5730\u4e2d\uff09<\/span>\u690d\u88ab\u6591\u56fe\u6709\u4ee5\u4e0b\u51e0\u79cd\uff1a\u5b58\u5728\u88f8\u9732\u95f4\u9694\u7684\u5747\u5300\u690d\u88ab\u3001\u8ff7\u5bab\u822c\u6216\u6761\u72b6\u7684\u690d\u88ab\u3001\u5e26\u6709\u70b9\u72b6\u690d\u88ab\u7684\u88f8\u9732\u571f\u5730[25,27-30]\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\n
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\u76f8\u5173\u9605\u8bfb\uff1a<\/span><\/strong><\/section>\n
\u4ece\u7b80\u5355\u89c4\u5219\u4e2d\u4ea7\u751f\u590d\u6742\u56fe\u6848\uff0c\u81ea\u7136\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u505a\u5230\u7684\uff1f<\/a><\/span><\/section>\n
\u9707\u60ca\uff01\u56fe\u7075\u7adf\u662f\u9690\u85cf\u7684\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u9ad8\u624b\uff1f\u2014\u2014\u89e3\u8bfb\u56fe\u7075\u6591\u56fe\u7684\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u542b\u4e49<\/a><\/span><\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/blockquote>\n

<\/section>\n
\u56fe\u7075\u4e0d\u7a33\u5b9a\u6027\u7684\u673a\u7406\u662f\u524d\u6587\u63d0\u5230\u7684\u6b63\u53cd\u9988\uff0c\u5b83\u5728\u7a7a\u95f4\u5ef6\u4f38\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e0a\u5177\u6709\u5c3a\u5ea6\u4f9d\u8d56\u6027\uff1a\u6b63\u53cd\u9988\u9010\u6e10\u51cf\u5f31\uff0c\u5e76\u5728\u7a7a\u95f4\u4e2d\u66f4\u8fdc\u7684\u5730\u65b9\u88ab\u8d1f\u53cd\u9988\u9010\u6b65\u53d6\u4ee3\uff0c\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7a7a\u95f4\u5ef6\u4f38\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u4fbf\u4ea7\u751f\u4e86\u5c3a\u5ea6\u4f9d\u8d56\u7684\u53cd\u9988\u4f5c\u7528\u3002\u800c\u5f53\u5047\u8bbe\u7cfb\u7edf\u540c\u8d28\u65f6\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5bfc\u81f4\u5c3a\u5ea6\u4f9d\u8d56\u53cd\u9988\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u7684\u5173\u952e\u7a7a\u95f4\u6548\u5e94\u901a\u5e38\u88ab\u5ffd\u7565[31]\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\u5728\u65f1\u5730\uff0c\u5c3a\u5ea6\u4f9d\u8d56\u7684\u53cd\u9988\u4f5c\u7528\u6d89\u53ca\u5230\u6c34\u4e0b\u6e17\u91cf\u53ca\u571f\u58e4\u5438\u6c34\u91cf\uff0c\u5728\u690d\u88ab\u751f\u957f\u533a\u8fd9\u4e24\u8005\u66f4\u9ad8\u3002\u8fd9\u5bfc\u81f4\u690d\u88ab\u4f1a\u5438\u53d6\u66f4\u8fdc\u5904\u7684\u53ef\u7528\u6c34\uff0c\u8ba9\u5730\u8868\u6c34\u548c\u571f\u58e4\u6c34\u6d41\u5411\u690d\u88ab\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u5f62\u6210\u67d0\u5904\u690d\u88ab\u5bc6\u96c6\uff0c\u67d0\u5904\u571f\u58e4\u8d2b\u7620\u7684\u7a7a\u95f4\u6591\u56fe\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
 <\/span><\/section>\n

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<\/svg><\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n
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\u4e8c\u3001\u901a\u8fc7\u56fe\u7075\u6591\u56fe\u89c4\u907f\u4e34\u754c\u70b9<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n

\n

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<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/h3>\n

<\/section>\n
\u5230\u76ee\u524d\u4e3a\u6b62\uff0c\u56fe\u7075\u4e0d\u7a33\u5b9a\u6027\u5bfc\u81f4\u7684\u89c4\u5219\u7a7a\u95f4\u6591\u56fe\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u5404\u79cd\u751f\u6001\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u4e34\u754c\u70b9\u6216\u5411\u53ef\u9009\u72b6\u6001\u8f6c\u53d8<\/span>\uff08B-\u4e34\u754c\uff09<\/span>\u7684\u65e9\u671f\u9884\u8b66\u4fe1\u53f7[2,25]\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u6700\u8fd1\u7ed3\u5408\u536b\u661f\u89c2\u5bdf\u548c\u6570\u7406\u5206\u6790\u7684\u751f\u6001\u7cfb\u7edf\u7814\u7a76\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u4e00\u79cd\u65b0\u89c2\u70b9[32-34]\uff0c\u63ed\u793a\u4e86 Busse balloon<\/strong> <\/span>\uff08\u6839\u636eF. H. Busse[32,33,35]\u547d\u540d\uff09<\/span>\u7406\u8bba\u9610\u8ff0\u7684\u591a\u7a33\u5b9a\u6027\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u3002Busse balloon<\/span>\uff08\u5982\u56feB\u7d2b\u8272\u533a\u57df\uff09<\/span>\u5bf9\u5e94\u6a21\u578b\u4e2d\u53c2\u6570\u7a7a\u95f4\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u533a\u57df\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u8be5\u533a\u57df\uff0c\u5927\u8303\u56f4\u6ce2\u957f\u7684\u89c4\u5219\u7a7a\u95f4\u6591\u56fe<\/span>\uff08\u5e72\u65f1\u8349\u539f\u793a\u4f8b\u4e2d\u7684\u690d\u88ab\uff09<\/span>\u53ef\u80fd\u5b58\u5728\u4e14\u4fdd\u6301\u7a33\u5b9a\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u5f53\u6a21\u578b\u4e2d\u7684\u6761\u4ef6\u6216\u53c2\u6570\u53d1\u751f\u53d8\u5316\u65f6\uff0c\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u7a7a\u95f4\u7ec4\u7ec7\u53ef\u4ee5\u4fdd\u6301\u7a33\u5b9a\uff0c\u8fd9\u610f\u5473\u7740\u5728\u5230\u8fbe Busse balloon \u8fb9\u7f18\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u6ce2\u957f\u5728\u5404\u79cd\u73af\u5883\u6761\u4ef6\u4e0b\u90fd\u4e0d\u4f1a\u6539\u53d8\u3002\u7a7a\u95f4\u7ec4\u7ec7\u548c\u751f\u6001\u7cfb\u7edf\u72b6\u6001\u53d8\u91cf<\/span>\uff08\u5982\u751f\u6001\u7cfb\u7edf\u751f\u4ea7\u529b\uff09<\/span>\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u975e\u4e34\u754c\u6216\u975e\u707e\u96be\u6027\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u5fae\u8c03<\/span>\uff08\u5982\u56fe1B\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u5728\u975e\u7a7a\u95f4\u6a21\u578b\u4e2d\uff0c\u5747\u5300\u690d\u88ab\u72b6\u6001\u53ef\u80fd\u4ecd\u7136\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u5df2\u7ecf\u9000\u5316\u4e3a\u88f8\u9732\u571f\u58e4\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
 <\/span><\/section>\n
<\/section>\n

\u56fe1. \u540c\u8d28\u548c\u5f02\u8d28\u751f\u6001\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u6062\u590d\u529b\u3002\u5b9e\u7ebf\u8868\u793a\u7a33\u5b9a\u5e73\u8861\uff0c\u865a\u7ebf\u8868\u793a\u4e0d\u7a33\u5b9a\u5e73\u8861\u3002\u53cc\u7bad\u5934\u8868\u793a\u751f\u6001\u7cfb\u7edf\u72b6\u6001\u8f6c\u53d8\uff0c\u5355\u7bad\u5934\u8868\u793a\u751f\u6001\u7cfb\u7edf\u72b6\u6001\u5fae\u8c03\u3002\u751f\u6001\u7cfb\u7edf\u529f\u80fd\u9000\u5316\uff08\u7ea2\u8272\uff09\u548c\u6062\u590d\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff08\u7eff\u8272\uff09\u7684\u5178\u578b\u8f68\u8ff9\uff0c\u663e\u793a\u4e86\u5177\u6709\u5f02\u8d28\u548c\u7a7a\u95f4\u81ea\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7279\u5f81\u7684\u751f\u6001\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u8fdf\u6ede\u56de\u8def\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\uff08A\uff09\u540c\u8d28\u751f\u6001\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u7684\u6062\u590d\u529b\u3002\u901a\u5e38\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u4e0d\u65ad\u6076\u5316\u7684\u73af\u5883\u6761\u4ef6\u4f1a\u9020\u6210\u751f\u6001\u7cfb\u7edf\u72b6\u6001\u6216\u751f\u6001\u7cfb\u7edf\u751f\u4ea7\u529b\u7684\u5fae\u5c0f\u8c03\u6574\uff0c\u76f4\u5230\u7cfb\u7edf\u72b6\u6001\u8d8a\u8fc7\u4e34\u754c\u70b9\uff08\u7ea2\u70b9\uff09\u540e\u53d1\u751f\u5173\u952e\u6216\u707e\u96be\u6027\u7684\u8f6c\u53d8\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\uff08B\uff09\u5f02\u8d28\u751f\u6001\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u7684\u6062\u590d\u529b\u3002\u5728\u591a\u7a33\u6001\u7a7a\u95f4\u751f\u6001\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\uff0c\u56fe\u7075\u5206\u5c94\u70b9\uff08\u84dd\u70b9\uff09\u4e4b\u5916\u7684\u4efb\u4e00\u73af\u5883\u6761\u4ef6\uff0c\u90fd\u4f1a\u9a71\u52a8\u7cfb\u7edf\u8fdb\u5165\u591a\u91cd\u7a33\u5b9a\u3001\u7a7a\u95f4\u81ea\u7ec4\u7ec7\u72b6\u6001\uff0c\u5373\u56fe\u4e2d\u7684\u7d2b\u8272\u9634\u5f71\u533a\u57df\uff08\u4e5f\u79f0\u4e3aBusse balloon\uff09\u3002\u6b64\u79cd\u60c5\u5f62\u4e0b\uff0c\u751f\u6001\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u4f1a\u53d1\u751f\u5f88\u591a\u7684\u5c0f\u8f6c\u53d8\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u4e34\u754c\u8f6c\u53d8\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5c0f\u8f6c\u53d8\u5bf9\u751f\u6001\u7cfb\u7edf\u6574\u4f53\u7684\u529f\u80fd\u548c\u751f\u4ea7\u529b\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u6bd4\u8f83\u5c0f\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/section>\n
\u4e0a\u8ff0\u7684\u65b0\u89c2\u70b9\u6e90\u4e8e\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e8b\u5b9e\uff0c\u65e9\u671f\u5bf9\u751f\u6001\u7cfb\u7edf\u6a21\u578b\u7684\u5206\u6790\u5ffd\u89c6\u4e86\u7a7a\u95f4\u6591\u56fe\u72b6\u6001\u7684\u8bb8\u591a\u53ef\u80fd\u54cd\u5e94\u548cBusse balloon\u7684\u5b58\u5728<\/strong>\u3002\u800c\u8fd9\u4e00\u8d85\u8d8a\u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u8003\u8651\u4e86\u6591\u56fe\u72b6\u6001\u7684\u7a33\u5b9a\u6027[32]\uff0c\u4f53\u73b0\u4e86Busse balloon\u601d\u60f3\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u6709\u4e86\u66f4\u8d34\u5207\u771f\u5b9e\u751f\u6001\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u65b0\u53d1\u73b0\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
 <\/span><\/section>\n
\u6700\u8fd1\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5305\u542b\u591a\u7a33\u6001\u3001Busse  balloon \u7684\u6a21\u578b\u9884\u6d4b\u5728\u771f\u5b9e\u751f\u6001\u7cfb\u7edf\u89c2\u6d4b\u4e2d\u5f97\u4ee5\u5370\u8bc1[33]\u3002\u6839\u636e\u536b\u661f\u89c2\u6d4b\u663e\u793a\uff0c\u5728\u975e\u6d32\u5e72\u65f1\u5927\u8349\u539f\u4e0d\u540c\u5730\u57df\u8303\u56f4\u5185\u5747\u51fa\u73b0\u6709\u89c4\u5f8b\u7684\u7a7a\u95f4\u690d\u88ab\u6591\u56fe\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u89c2\u6d4b\u7ed3\u679c\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u5728\u73af\u5883\u6761\u4ef6\u76f8\u4f3c\u7684\u540c\u4e00\u533a\u57df\u5185\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5728\u540c\u4e00\u8f83\u5927\u8303\u56f4\u5185\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u5b50\u533a\u57df\u5185\uff0c\u8bb8\u591a\u4e0d\u540c\u6ce2\u957f\u7684\u7a7a\u95f4\u6591\u56fe\u5f7c\u6b64\u76f8\u90bb\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u73b0\u8c61\u4e5f\u652f\u6301\u4e86 Busse  balloon \u7684\u5b58\u5728[32,33]\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5916\u754c\u73af\u5883\u6761\u4ef6\u53d1\u751f\u53d8\u5316\uff0c\u4f46\u67d0\u4e9b\u7279\u5b9a\u533a\u57df\u7684\u6591\u56fe\u6ce2\u957f\u6570\u5341\u5e74\u6765\u4fdd\u6301\u7a33\u5b9a\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u5c06\u4e0a\u8ff0\u8fd9\u4e24\u79cd\u73b0\u8c61\u7ed3\u5408\u8d77\u6765\u79f0\u4e3a\u201c\u591a\u7a33\u6001\u201d\uff0c\u5373\u5728\u540c\u4e00\u73af\u5883\u6761\u4ef6\u4e0b\uff0c\u5171\u5b58\u6709\u591a\u79cd\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u7a7a\u95f4\u6591\u56fe\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u6bcf\u79cd\u6591\u56fe\u90fd\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u8f83\u5bbd\u7684\u6761\u4ef6\u53d8\u5316\u5e45\u5ea6\u5185\u7a33\u5b9a\u5b58\u5728<\/strong>\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u6700\u8fd1\u7684\u6a21\u578b\u5206\u6790\u53d1\u73b0\u5728Busse  balloon\u7684\u8fb9\u754c\u5904\uff0c\u751f\u6001\u7cfb\u7edf\u4f1a\u8fdb\u884c\u5fae\u8c03\u4f7f\u4e4b\u7a7a\u95f4\u72b6\u6001\u4fdd\u7559\u5728Busse  balloon\u5185\u3002\u6362\u53e5\u8bdd\u8bf4\uff0c\u5f62\u6210\u7a7a\u95f4\u6591\u56fe\u7684\u4e3b\u5bfc\u53d8\u91cf<\/span>\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\u751f\u6001\u7cfb\u7edf\u751f\u4ea7\u529b\uff09<\/span>\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u6025\u5267\u7a81\u53d8\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u9010\u6e10\u5fae\u8c03[34]\u3002\u53e6\u5916\uff0c\u6591\u56fe\u72b6\u6001\u4e0b\u7684\u690d\u88ab\u5373\u4fbf\u8eab\u5904\u4e34\u754c\u70b9\u4ee5\u5916\u4e5f\u4f9d\u65e7\u80fd\u751f\u5b58\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u79cd\u79cd\u73b0\u8c61\u8bc1\u5b9e\u4e86\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u79cd\u89c2\u70b9\uff1a\u5230\u8fbe\u4e34\u754c\u70b9\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u7cfb\u7edf\u5728\u56fe\u7075\u5206\u5c94\u5904\u5448\u73b0\u51fa\u7a7a\u95f4\u6591\u56fe\uff0c\u590d\u6742\u751f\u6001\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u72b6\u6001\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u4e34\u754c\u70b9\u4e4b\u5916\u7ee7\u7eed\u7ef4\u6301\u3002<\/strong><\/span><\/section>\n
 <\/span><\/section>\n
\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u66fe\u7ecf\u88ab\u8ba4\u4f5c\u662f\u7cfb\u7edf\u8f6c\u53d8\u7684\u65e9\u671f\u9884\u8b66\u4fe1\u53f7\u7684\u201c\u56fe\u7075\u6591\u56fe\u201d\uff0c\u73b0\u5728\u4f3c\u4e4e\u80fd\u8c61\u5f81\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u67d0\u79cd\u6062\u590d\u80fd\u529b\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u6591\u56fe\u6765\u6e90\u4e8e\u56fe\u7075\u4e0d\u7a33\u5b9a\u6027\uff0c\u5e76\u5bfc\u81f4\u6591\u56fe\u591a\u7a33\u5b9a\u6027\u548c\u7cfb\u7edf\u72b6\u6001\u7684\u9010\u6e10\u53d8\u5316\u3002\u5728\u5176\u4ed6\u7c7b\u4f3c\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\uff0c\u5982\u8d3b\u8d1d\u805a\u751f\u5730<\/span>\uff08\u89c1\u56fe2\uff09<\/span>\u548c\u771f\u5b9e\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u4e5f\u53d1\u73b0\u4e86\u6591\u56fe\u72b6\u6001\u7684\u591a\u7a33\u5b9a\u6027[36,37]\u3002\u503c\u5f97\u6ce8\u610f\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u9884\u6d4b\u7684\u751f\u6001\u7cfb\u7edf\u72b6\u6001\u53d8\u5316\u91cf\u53ef\u80fd\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u8fd9\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u73af\u5883\u53d8\u5316\u7684\u5e45\u5ea6\u548c\u901f\u5ea6[32,34]\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
 <\/span><\/section>\n
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\u56fe2. \u6f6e\u6ee9\u4e0a\u8d3b\u8d1d\u548c\u7845\u85fb\u7684\u7a7a\u95f4\u6591\u56fe\u5f62\u6210\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u6591\u56fe\u7684\u5f62\u6210\u80fd\u591f\u89c4\u907f\u6d77\u5e73\u9762\u4e0a\u5347\u5f15\u8d77\u7684\u4e34\u754c\u70b9\uff0c\u8fd9\u6837\u6f6e\u6c50\u6ee9\u5c31\u4e0d\u4f1a\u88ab\u6df9\u6ca1\u3002\u5176\u4e2d\u6f6e\u6c50\u677f\u5757\u7684\u7a7a\u95f4\u6591\u56fe\u53ca\u6ce2\u6d6a\u57fa\u4e8e\u6570\u5b66\u6a21\u578b\u6a21\u62df\u3002| \u56fe\u7247\u6765\u6e90\uff1aJohan van de Koppel\/Ulco Glimmerveen<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/section>\n
\u76ee\u524d\u6709\u660e\u786e\u8ff9\u8c61\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u7a7a\u95f4\u81ea\u7ec4\u7ec7\u89c4\u907f\u4e34\u754c\u70b9\u53ef\u80fd\u5728\u751f\u6001\u7cfb\u7edf\u548c\u5730\u7403\u7cfb\u7edf\u7ec4\u5206\u4e2d\u975e\u5e38\u666e\u904d<\/strong>\u3002\u8be5\u7ed3\u8bba\u57fa\u4e8e\u9488\u5bf9\u771f\u5b9e\u751f\u6001\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u89c4\u5219\u6591\u56fe\u5f62\u6210\u7684\u65e9\u671f\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u672c\u6587\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u6700\u65b0\u6d1e\u89c1\u4ee5\u53caBox 1 \u4e2d\u4e00\u7c7b\u6a21\u578b\u7684\u6570\u5b66\u5206\u6790[31]\u3002\u8fd9\u4e5f\u5f97\u76ca\u4e8e\u5176\u4ed6\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u652f\u6301\u2014\u2014\u4e34\u754c\u70b9\u548c\u53ef\u9009\u7a33\u5b9a\u72b6\u6001<\/span>\uff08\u53cc\u7a33\u5b9a\u6027\uff09<\/span>\u5df2\u7ecf\u5728\u7b80\u5355\u3001\u975e\u7a7a\u95f4\u6a21\u578b\u4e2d\u63d0\u51fa\uff0c\u5e76\u81f3\u5c11\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u4ee5\u4e0b\u751f\u6001\u7cfb\u7edf\uff1a\u65f1\u5730\u6216\u5e72\u65f1\u7a00\u6811\u8349\u539f[5,7]\uff0c\u7a00\u6811\u8349\u539f[10,11,38]\uff0c\u6ce5\u70ad\u5730[39]\uff0c\u8d1d\u7c7b\u805a\u751f\u5730[40]\uff0c\u6ce5\u6ee9[41]\uff0c\u5830\u6d32\u5c9b[42]\u548c\u6d77\u8349\u751f\u6001\u7cfb\u7edf[43]\u3002\u6700\u503c\u5f97\u6ce8\u610f\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u6240\u6709\u8fd9\u4e9b\u751f\u6001\u7cfb\u7edf\u6a21\u578b\uff0c\u7a7a\u95f4\u81ea\u7ec4\u7ec7\u6216\u56fe\u7075\u6591\u56fe\u90fd\u5df2\u7ecf\u5728\u5b83\u4eec\u5bf9\u5e94\u7684\u771f\u5b9e\u751f\u6001\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u89c2\u5bdf\u5230\uff0c\u800c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7cfb\u7edf\u5f80\u5f80\u90fd\u662f\u7a7a\u95f4\u5ef6\u4f38\u7684[31,44-47]\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
 <\/span><\/section>\n
\u89c4\u907f\u4e34\u754c\u70b9\u53ef\u80fd\u4e0d\u5c40\u9650\u4e8eBusse  balloon\u4e2d\u7684\u56fe\u7075\u6591\u56fe\uff0c\u8fd8\u5305\u62ec\u66f4\u5168\u9762\u7684\u7a7a\u95f4\u6591\u56fe\u5f62\u6210\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5c06\u5728\u540e\u7eed\u4ecb\u7ecd\u3002\u9664\u4e86\u7a7a\u95f4\u6591\u56fe\u7684\u5f62\u6210\uff0c\u8fd8\u6709\u5176\u4ed6\u673a\u5236\u53ef\u4ee5\u907f\u514d\u7cfb\u7edf\u72b6\u6001\u8f6c\u53d8\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u4e0e\u72b6\u6001\u53d8\u91cf\u7684\u53d8\u5316\u7387\u76f8\u6bd4\uff0c\u5728\u76f8\u5bf9\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u5730\u7403\u7cfb\u7edf\u7ec4\u5206\u4e2d\u5feb\u901f\u91cd\u7f6e\u53d8\u5316\u53c2\u6570\u53ef\u4ee5\u89c4\u907f\u4e34\u754c\u70b9[48]\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u9884\u8ba1\u72b6\u6001\u53d8\u91cf\u7684\u7a7a\u95f4\u6591\u56fe\u548c\u65f6\u95f4\u5ef6\u8fdf\u4e0d\u4ec5\u4f1a\u5f71\u54cd B-\u4e34\u754c\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5bf9 N-\u4e34\u754c\u548c R-\u4e34\u754c\u4e5f\u6709\u975e\u5e38\u76f8\u4f3c\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u2014\u2014\u5373\u89c4\u907f\u6574\u4e2a\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u5d29\u6e83\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u503c\u5f97\u6ce8\u610f\u7684\u662f\u4e0e\u4e34\u754c\u70b9\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u9608\u503c\u901a\u5e38\u5f88\u5c11\u80fd\u4ece\u7ecf\u9a8c\u6570\u636e\u4e2d\u89c2\u5bdf\u5230[49]\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
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Box1\uff1a\u4e34\u754c\u8f6c\u53d8\u524d\u7684\u56fe\u7075\u6591\u56fe<\/strong><\/span><\/section>\n

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\u5728\u6570\u5b66\u6a21\u578b\u4e2d\uff0c\u5f53\u5e73\u8861\u6001\u5931\u53bb\u5438\u5f15\u529b\u5e76\u5728\u53c2\u6570\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u4e0b\u6d88\u5931\u65f6\uff0c\u5c31\u4f1a\u53d1\u751fB-\u4e34\u754c\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u7cfb\u7edf\u53c2\u6570A\u8d85\u8fc7\u5176\u5173\u952e\u4e34\u754c\u503cA*\u3002\u8fd9\u65f6\uff0c\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e0d\u5f97\u4e0d\u8f6c\u5411\u8f83\u6b21\u5e73\u8861\u72b6\u6001[10,38,39]\u3002\u5728\u4ee5\u5f80\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\uff0c\u53d1\u751f\u72b6\u6001\u8f6c\u53d8\u7684\u6a21\u578b\u901a\u5e38\u662f\u7a7a\u95f4\u540c\u8d28\u7684\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u975e\u7a7a\u95f4\u5ef6\u4f38\u7684\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u5efa\u6a21\u7cfb\u7edf\u51e0\u4e4e\u65e0\u4e00\u4f8b\u5916\u5730\u5728\u7a7a\u95f4\u4e0a\u6269\u5c55\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5f88\u6709\u5fc5\u8981\u5bf9\u7a7a\u95f4\u6548\u5e94\u8fdb\u884c\u5efa\u6a21\u3002\u72b6\u6001\u8f6c\u53d8\u524d\u56fe\u7075\u73b0\u8c61\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u89c2\u70b9\u662f\uff0c\u521d\u59cb\u5e73\u8861\u6001\u5fc5\u987b\u5728\u72b6\u6001\u8f6c\u53d8\u524d\u4fdd\u6301\u7a33\u5b9a\u3002\u90a3\u4e48\uff0c\u5728\u8f6c\u53d8\u6765\u4e34\u4e4b\u524d\u7684\u540c\u8d28\u5e73\u8861\u72b6\u6001\u5bf9\u7a7a\u95f4\u6548\u5e94\u4e5f\u662f\u7a33\u5b9a\u7684\u5417\uff1f\u5426\u5219\uff0c\u7a7a\u95f4\u5ef6\u4f38\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u7684\u6a21\u578b\u5c06\u4e0d\u4f1a\u51fa\u73b0\u72b6\u6001\u8f6c\u53d8\uff0c\u7a7a\u95f4\u6591\u56fe\u51fa\u73b0\u5728\u53c2\u6570A\u8fbe\u5230\u5176\u4e34\u754c\u503cA*\u4e4b\u524d\u3002\u8be5\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u6a21\u62df\u7684\u751f\u6001\u7cfb\u7edf\u72b6\u6001\u5c06\u4e0d\u4f1a\u53d1\u751f\u8f6c\u53d8\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u5f62\u6210\u7a7a\u95f4\u6591\u56fe\u6765\u89c4\u907f\u8f6c\u53d8\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n


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\u4e09\u3001\u901a\u8fc7\u5171\u5b58\u6001\u89c4\u907f\u4e34\u754c\u70b9<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n

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\u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u7a7a\u95f4\u6591\u56fe\u7684\u5f62\u6210\u6765\u89c4\u907f\u4e34\u754c\u70b9\uff0c\u4f46\u8fd9\u4e9b\u89c4\u907f\u4e34\u754c\u70b9\u7684\u6761\u4ef6\u548c\u673a\u5236\u4e0d\u9650\u4e8e\u5bfc\u81f4Busse balloon \u4e2d\u56fe\u7075\u6591\u56fe\u5f62\u6210\u7684\u673a\u5236\u2014\u2014\u5b83\u4eec\u8fd8\u5305\u62ec\u4e86\u66f4\u5168\u9762\u7684\u7a7a\u95f4\u6591\u56fe\u5f62\u6210\u3002\u867d\u7136\u975e\u7a7a\u95f4\u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf\u5bf9\u6270\u52a8\u7684\u54cd\u5e94\u53ea\u80fd\u662f\u5168\u7cfb\u7edf\u8303\u56f4\u7684\u54cd\u5e94\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u54cd\u5e94\u8981\u4e48\u5bfc\u81f4\u7cfb\u7edf\u5b8c\u5168\u8f6c\u6362\u5230\u53e6\u4e00\u79cd\u7a33\u5b9a\u72b6\u6001<\/span>\uff08N-\u4e34\u754c\uff09<\/span> \uff0c\u8981\u4e48\u6062\u590d\u5230\u521d\u59cb\u72b6\u6001\u3002\u4f46\u5bf9\u4e8e\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u60c5\u51b5\u5e76\u975e\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u603b\u662f\u5728\u7a7a\u95f4\u4e0a\u5ef6\u4f38\u7684\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\uff0c\u65e0\u5904\u4e0d\u5728\u7684\u5c40\u90e8\u6216\u968f\u673a\u6270\u52a8\u53ef\u80fd\u5bfc\u81f4\u7a7a\u95f4\u6591\u56fe\u7684\u5f62\u6210\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u53ea\u6709\u90e8\u5206\u7a7a\u95f4\u57df\u8f6c\u6362\u5230\u5176\u4ed6\u72b6\u6001\uff0c\u800c\u5168\u7cfb\u7edf\u8303\u56f4\u7684N-\u4e34\u754c\u70b9\u88ab\u89c4\u907f\u3002\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u7a7a\u95f4\u6591\u56fe\u7531\u7a7a\u95f4\u4e2d\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u7a33\u5b9a\u6001\u5171\u5b58\u800c\u6210<\/strong>\uff0c\u5728\u6b64\u79f0\u4e3a\u5171\u5b58\u6001<\/strong>\u3002\u5728\u7ed9\u5b9a\u7684\u73af\u5883\u6761\u4ef6[50,51]\u4e0b\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5171\u5b58\u6001\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u7a7a\u95f4\u6591\u56fe\u5177\u6709\u591a\u7a33\u5b9a\u6027\u3002\u7a7a\u95f4\u8fb9\u754c\u6216\u8868\u9762\u5fc5\u7136\u4f1a\u51fa\u73b0\u5728\u7a7a\u95f4\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u72b6\u6001\u4e4b\u95f4\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8fb9\u754c\u53ef\u4ee5\u662f\u975e\u5e38\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u5355\u4e00\u7a7a\u95f4\u8fb9\u754c\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u662f\u7531\u591a\u79cd\u7a33\u5b9a\u6001\u7ec4\u6210\u7684\u4e30\u5bcc\u7684\u6591\u56fe\u7ed3\u6784\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u51b0\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u4e0e\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u662f\u53ef\u80fd\u53d1\u751f\u5728\u6574\u4e2a\u5730\u7403\u7cfb\u7edf\u7a7a\u95f4\u57df\u4e2d\u7684\u4e24\u79cd\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u7a33\u5b9a\u6001\uff1b\u8fd9\u4e9b\u72b6\u6001\u5728\u5168\u7403\u8303\u56f4\u5185\u53ef\u4ee5\u5171\u5b58\u3002\u51b0\u53ea\u51fa\u73b0\u5728\u6781\u5730\u7eac\u5ea6\uff0c\u4e2d\u95f4\u5730\u5e26\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u51b0\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u4e4b\u95f4\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u7a7a\u95f4\u8fb9\u754c\uff0c\u79f0\u4e3a\u51b0\u7ebf\u6216\u63a5\u5730\u7ebf[52,53]\u3002\u5728\u8f83\u5c0f\u5c3a\u5ea6\u4e0a\uff0c\u51b0\u548c\u65e0\u51b0\u72b6\u6001\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u8fd9\u79cd\u7a7a\u95f4\u8fb9\u754c\u53ef\u4ee5\u7531\u66f4\u590d\u6742\u7684\u53ef\u9009\u7a33\u5b9a\u72b6\u6001[54]\u7ed3\u6784\u6784\u6210\u3002 <\/span><\/section>\n
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\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5171\u5b58\u6001\u4e5f\u53ef\u80fd\u5728\u751f\u6001\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u5f62\u6210\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u751f\u7269\u4f53\u53ef\u4ee5\u805a\u96c6\u6210\u81ea\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u6591\u5757[56]\uff0c\u6b63\u5982\u5728\u8d3b\u8d1d\u5e8a\u4e2d\u7684\u8d3b\u8d1d\u96c6\u7fa4[57]\u4e2d\u6240\u89c2\u5bdf\u5230\u7684\u90a3\u6837<\/span>\uff08\u89c1\u56fe2\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u6709\u8da3\u7684\u7406\u8bba\uff0c\u4e0e\u76f8\u5206\u79bb<\/strong><\/span>\uff08phase separation\uff09<\/span>\u7684\u7269\u7406\u7406\u8bba\u5e73\u884c\u3002\u8be5\u7406\u8bba\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e86\u76f8\u7a7a\u95f4\u754c\u9762\u7684\u52a8\u529b\u5b66<\/span>\uff08\u5728\u672c\u6587\u672f\u8bed\u4e2d\uff0c\u6307\u5171\u5b58\u6001\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u7a7a\u95f4\u8fb9\u754c\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u5e76\u89e3\u91ca\u4e86\u5404\u79cd\u53ef\u80fd\u53d8\u5316\u6781\u7f13\u6162\u7684\u77ac\u6001\u7a7a\u95f4\u6591\u56fe\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u8ff7\u5bab\u6591\u56fe\u3001\u6591\u70b9\u6591\u56fe\u548c\u7c98\u6027\u6307\u8fdb\u6591\u56fe<\/span>\uff08viscous fingering pattern\uff0c\u591a\u5b54\u4ecb\u8d28\u4e2d\u4e24\u79cd\u6d41\u4f53\u95f4\u5f62\u6001\u4e0d\u7a33\u5b9a\u7684\u754c\u9762\u4e0a\u5f62\u6210\u7684\u6591\u56fe\uff0c\u5e38\u89c1\u4e8e\u901a\u8fc7\u571f\u58e4\u7b49\u4ecb\u8d28\u7684\u6392\u6c34\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u56fe3\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u5f53\u6761\u4ef6\u6539\u53d8\u65f6\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6591\u56fe\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u5bfc\u81f4\u975e\u5e38\u5e73\u7f13\u7684\u8fc7\u6e21\u3002\u5bfc\u81f4\u5171\u5b58\u6001\u5f62\u6210\u7684\u76f8\u5206\u79bb\u52a8\u529b\u5b66\u4e5f\u53ef\u80fd\u5b58\u5728\u4e8e\u751f\u6001\u7cfb\u7edf\u548c\u5730\u7403\u7cfb\u7edf\u7ec4\u5206\u4e2d[58]\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u4e00\u4e9b\u751f\u7269\u548c\u8d44\u6e90\u7684\u7a7a\u95f4\u805a\u96c6\u53ef\u4ee5\u8fd9\u6837\u89e3\u91ca\u3002\u9664\u4e86\u8d3b\u8d1d[57]\u5916\uff0c\u5df2\u7ecf\u5bf9\u5176\u4ed6\u751f\u6001\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u76f8\u5206\u79bb\u673a\u5236\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u6bd4\u8f83\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u690d\u88ab\u5728\u6307\u8fdb\u6591\u56fe[55]\u4e2d\u7684\u805a\u96c6\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
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\u56fe3. \u4e24\u7247TiO2\u6eb6\u80f6-\u51dd\u80f6\u8584\u819c\u5f62\u6210\u7684\u6307\u8fdb\u6591\u56fe\u3002| \u6765\u6e90\uff1aWikipedia<\/span><\/p>\n

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\u76ee\u524d\u9700\u8981\u53d1\u5c55\u65b0\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u548c\u7a0b\u5e8f\u6765\u533a\u5206\u7a7a\u95f4\u6591\u56fe\u5f62\u6210\u4e0e\u73b0\u6709\u7684\u5f02\u8d28\u6027\u6591\u56fe\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u771f\u5b9e\u7cfb\u7edf\u901a\u5e38\u662f\u8fd9\u4e24\u79cd\u6591\u56fe\u7684\u6df7\u5408\u7269[59]\u3002\u53d7\u5730\u5f62\u63a7\u5236\u7684\u6392\u6c34\u6591\u56fe\u662f\u73b0\u6709\u7684\u5f02\u8d28\u6027\u7a7a\u95f4\u6591\u56fe\u7684\u5178\u578b\u6848\u4f8b\uff0c\u7528\u4ee5\u89e3\u91ca\u6811\u6728\u7684\u5206\u5e03\u6591\u56fe\uff0c\u8be5\u4f8b\u5b50\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u690d\u88ab\u6591\u56fe\u80cc\u666f\u4e0b\u4f2a\u9020\u7a7a\u95f4\u6591\u56fe\u5f62\u6210\u7684\u673a\u5236\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
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\u4e34\u754c\u884c\u4e3a\u548c\u4e34\u754c\u8f6c\u53d8\u5f52\u56e0\u4e8e\u8bb8\u591a\u5730\u7403\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u7ec4\u6210[3,15]\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u5bf9\u4e8e\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7cfb\u7edf\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u4e34\u754c\u70b9\u7684\u6846\u67b6\u53ef\u80fd\u8fc7\u4e8e\u6709\u9650\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u591a\u7a33\u6001\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u53ef\u80fd\u6bd4\u4ee5\u524d\u8ba4\u4e3a\u7684\u66f4\u91cd\u8981\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u7ecf\u5178\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u8003\u8651\u7a7a\u95f4\u6548\u5e94\u5982\u4f55\u5f15\u5165\u5171\u5b58\u6001\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u6539\u53d8\u5730\u7403\u5168\u7403\u6c14\u5019\u6a21\u578b[52,53,105,106]\u4e2d\u4e0e\u96ea\u51b0\u53cd<\/strong>\u9988<\/strong>\uff08ice-albedo feedback\uff09\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u4e34\u754c\u884c\u4e3a\u3002\u5730\u7403\u6e29\u5ea6\u7684\u53d8\u5316\u4e0e\u80fd\u91cf\u6536\u652f\u7684\u53d8\u5316\u76f4\u63a5\u76f8\u5173\uff0c\u80fd\u91cf\u6536\u652f\u7684\u8ba1\u7b97\u65b9\u6cd5\u662f\u5165\u5c04\u592a\u9633\u8f90\u5c04\u51cf\u53bb\u53cd\u5c04\u548c\u51fa\u5c04\uff08\u666e\u6717\u514b\uff09\u8f90\u5c04\u3002\u53cd\u5c04\u7387\u7684\u6e29\u5ea6\u4f9d\u8d56\u6027\u662f\u96ea\u51b0\u53cd\u9988\uff1a\u53ea\u8981\u6e29\u5ea6\u4f4e\uff0c\u5730\u7403\u5c31\u4f1a\u88ab\u51b0\u8986\u76d6\uff0c\u51b0\u9762\u53cd\u5c04\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u592a\u9633\u8f90\u5c04\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5f53\u6e29\u5ea6\u4e0a\u5347\u65f6\uff0c\u51b0\u878d\u5316\uff0c\u51b0\u9762\u53cd\u5c04\u7684\u8f90\u5c04\u51cf\u5c11\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u5bfc\u81f4\u6e29\u5ea6\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u4e0a\u5347\u3002\u5982\u679c\u4e0d\u8003\u8651\u7a7a\u95f4\u6548\u5e94\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u53cd\u9988\u673a\u5236\u5728\u6a21\u578b\u4e2d\u4f1a\u5bfc\u81f4\u4e24\u79cd\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u5730\u7403\u72b6\u6001\uff1a\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b8c\u5168\u88ab\u51b0\u8986\u76d6\u7684\u5730\u7403\uff08\u201d\u96ea\u7403\u5730\u7403\u201d\uff09\u6216\u4e00\u4e2a\u6ca1\u6709\u51b0\u7684\u5730\u7403\uff08\u201d\u65e0\u51b0\u5730\u7403\u201d\uff09\u3002\u5b58\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u53cc\u7a33\u6001\u533a\u57df\uff0c\u5f53\u67d0\u79cd\u7a33\u6001\u6d88\u5931\u65f6\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e24\u79cd\u72b6\u6001\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u4e34\u754c\u8f6c\u53d8\u548c\u4e34\u754c\u70b9\u5c31\u51fa\u73b0\u4e86\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/h3>\n

 <\/span><\/section>\n
\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5728\u73b0\u5b9e\u4e2d\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u663e\u7136\u6ca1\u6709\u5904\u4e8e\u8fd9\u4e24\u79cd\u5730\u7403\u72b6\u6001\u4e2d\u7684\u4efb\u4f55\u4e00\u79cd\uff0c\u51b0\u53ea\u5b58\u5728\u4e8e\u6781\u5730\u5730\u533a\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u8be5\u6a21\u578b\u4e2d\uff0c\u5728\u5168\u7403\u80fd\u91cf\u9884\u7b97\u4e2d\u626e\u6f14\u91cd\u8981\u4f5c\u7528\u7684\u7a7a\u95f4\u6548\u5e94\u88ab\u5ffd\u7565\u4e86\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5165\u5c04\u592a\u9633\u8f90\u5c04\u4e0e\u7eac\u5ea6\u6709\u5173\uff0c\u7ecf\u5411\u70ed\u6d41\u662f\u80fd\u91cf\u5206\u5e03\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u7ec4\u6210\u90e8\u5206\u3002\u5f53\u589e\u52a0\u8fd9\u79cd\u7a7a\u95f4\u673a\u5236\u65f6\uff0c\u5728\u96ea\u7403\u548c\u65e0\u51b0\u5730\u7403\u72b6\u6001\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u6a21\u578b\u8fd8\u9884\u6d4b\u4e86\u51b0\u548c\u65e0\u51b0\u7684\u5171\u5b58\u6001\u3002\u5728\u5171\u5b58\u6001\u4e0b\uff0c\u51b0\u53ea\u5b58\u5728\u4e8e\u5730\u7403\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u2014\u2014\u9760\u8fd1\u6781\u70b9\u7684\u5730\u65b9\u6709\u51b0\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u8d64\u9053\u6ca1\u6709\u51b0\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u53ef\u9009\u72b6\u6001\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u7a7a\u95f4\u8fb9\u754c\u51fa\u73b0\u5728\u67d0\u4e2a\u4e2d\u7eac\u5ea6\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u989d\u5916\u6001\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u6539\u53d8\u4e86\u975e\u7a7a\u95f4\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u7ecf\u5178\u4e34\u754c\u5c5e\u6027\uff1a\u5f53\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b8c\u5168<\/span>\uff08\u672a\uff09<\/span>\u8986\u76d6\u7684\u5730\u7403\u72b6\u6001\u6d88\u5931\u65f6\uff0c\u5411\u4e00\u4e2a\u5177\u6709\u5171\u5b58\u6001\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u4e0d\u90a3\u4e48\u4e34\u754c\u7684\u8f6c\u53d8\u8fc7\u7a0b\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u53d1\u751f\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u66f4\u591a\u6e10\u8fdb\u7684\u8fc7\u6e21\u662f\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
 <\/span><\/section>\n
\u9664\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5171\u5b58\u6001\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u8fd8\u6709\u5730\u7403\u7cfb\u7edf\u7ec4\u4ef6\u7684\u591a\u7a33\u6001\u3002\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0cBusse balloon \u8d77\u6e90\u4e8e\u5bf9\u70ed\u5bf9\u6d41\u7684\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u70ed\u5bf9\u6d41[35]\u4e0e\u6d41\u4f53\u529b\u5b66\u4e2d\u7684\u6e4d\u6d41\u5bc6\u5207\u76f8\u5173\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u4e5f\u4e0e\u5168\u7403\u5927\u6c14\u548c\u5730\u7403\u6d77\u6d0b\u73af\u6d41\u5bc6\u5207\u76f8\u5173\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5728\u4e0a\u9762\u63d0\u5230\u7684\u5927\u897f\u6d0b\u73af\u6d41\u7ecf\u5411\u7ffb\u8f6c\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\u4e2d\uff0c\u5f53\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u76d2\u5b50\u6a21\u578b<\/span>\uff08box model\uff0c\u4ee5\u8fde\u7eed\u6027\u65b9\u7a0b\u63cf\u8ff0\u5404\u7ec4\u5206\u901f\u7387\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u5e38\u7528\u4e8e\u5168\u7403\u6c14\u5019\u7cfb\u7edf\uff09<\/span>\u4ec5\u5177\u6709\u76f8\u5bf9\u8f83\u5c11\u7684\u76d2\u5b50\u65f6\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u89c2\u5bdf\u5230\u4e34\u754c\u73b0\u8c61[107]\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u80fd\u68c0\u6d4b\u5230\u5171\u5b58\u6001\u7684\u591a\u7a33\u6001\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u8003\u8651\u4e86\u76d2\u5b50\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u7a7a\u95f4\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff0c\u82e5\u4ec5\u5728\u6709\u9650\u6570\u91cf\u7684\u76d2\u5b50\u5185\u8fdb\u884c\u540c\u8d28\u5316\uff0c\u4e5f\u4f1a\u4e25\u91cd\u9650\u5236\u7cfb\u7edf\u8bb8\u591a\u7a7a\u95f4\u54cd\u5e94\u7684\u6d8c\u73b0\u3002\u901a\u8fc7\u589e\u52a0\u76d2\u5b50\u7684\u6570\u91cf\u6765\u63d0\u9ad8\u7a7a\u95f4\u5206\u8fa8\u7387\uff0c\u589e\u52a0\u4e86\u7a33\u6001\u7684\u6570\u91cf\u548c\u6027\u8d28[108,109]\uff0c\u9010\u6e10\u6062\u590d\u4e86\u591a\u7a33\u6001\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u6709\u8da3\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u65b9\u5411\u662f\u8c03\u67e5\u5730\u7403\u7cfb\u7edf\u7ec4\u5206\u7684\u8fd9\u79cd\u4e34\u754c\u73b0\u8c61\u662f\u5426\u666e\u904d[15]\u5b58\u5728\u4e8e\u9ad8\u5206\u8fa8\u7387\u6a21\u578b\u4e2d<\/span>\uff08\u5982\u6700\u5148\u8fdb\u7684\u5168\u7403\u6c14\u5019\u6a21\u578b[16] \uff09<\/span>\u6216\u8005\u88ab\u5171\u5b58\u6001\u7684\u591a\u7a33\u5b9a\u6027<\/span>\uff08\u5305\u62ec\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u6e10\u8fdb\u8f6c\u53d8\uff09<\/span>\u6240\u53d6\u4ee3\u3002\u5982\u679c\u662f\u540e\u8005\uff0c\u8fd9\u53ef\u80fd\u80fd\u591f\u89e3\u91ca\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u590d\u6742\u6027\u66f4\u9ad8\u7684\u5168\u7403\u6c14\u5019\u6a21\u578b\u4f3c\u4e4e\u6bd4\u7b80\u5355\u6216\u4e2d\u7b49\u590d\u6742\u7684\u6a21\u578b[110]\u66f4\u7a33\u5b9a\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
 <\/span><\/section>\n
 <\/span><\/section>\n

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<\/svg><\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n
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\u4e94\u3001\u5178\u578b\u7cfb\u7edf\uff1a\u89c4\u907f\u7a00\u6811\u8349\u539f\u7684\u4e34\u754c\u70b9<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n

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<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/h3>\n

<\/section>\n
\u7a00\u6811\u8349\u539f\u7684\u7279\u70b9\u662f\u8349\u548c\u6811\u6728\u5171\u5b58\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u751f\u6001\u5360\u636e\u4e86\u8d85\u8fc7\u516b\u5206\u4e4b\u4e00\u7684\u9646\u5730\u9762\u79ef\uff0c\u662f\u5f88\u591a\u52a8\u7269\u7684\u751f\u5b58\u4e4b\u6e90[60]\u3002\u6c14\u5019\u548c\u571f\u5730\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u53d8\u5316\uff0c\u4f1a\u7ed9\u5168\u7403\u7a00\u6811\u8349\u539f\u5206\u5e03\u53ca\u690d\u88ab\u7279\u5f81\u5e26\u6765\u663e\u8457\u53d8\u5316[61,62]\u3002\u6811\u6728\u8986\u76d6\u7684\u533a\u57df\u53d8\u52a8\u5f88\u5927\uff0c\u4e14\u96be\u4ee5\u9884\u6d4b\uff1b\u6709\u7406\u8bba\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u7a7a\u95f4\u6591\u56fe\u662f\u5bfc\u81f4\u8be5\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u56e0\u7d20\uff0c\u5728\u5f88\u591a\u5bf9\u7a00\u6811\u8349\u539f[63]\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u5374\u662f\u7f3a\u5931\u7684\u3002\u7a00\u6811\u8349\u539f\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f5c\u4e3a\u63a8\u5bfc\u5e76\u9a8c\u8bc1\u80fd\u5426\u89c4\u907f\u4e34\u754c\u70b9\u7684\u751f\u6001\u7cfb\u7edf\u6a21\u578b\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5982\u4e0b\u4e24\u4e2a\u7406\u7531\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
 <\/span><\/section>\n
\u9996\u5148\uff0c\u6765\u81ea\u6a21\u578b\u548c\u771f\u5b9e\u751f\u6001\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u89c2\u6d4b\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u5b58\u5728\u591a\u4e2a\u53ef\u9009\u72b6\u6001\u548c\u4e34\u754c\u70b9\u73b0\u8c61\u3002\u751f\u6001\u7cfb\u7edf\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u4ee5\u4e0b\u5404\u72b6\u6001<\/span>\uff08\u56fe4\uff09<\/span>\u95f4\u8f6c\u53d8\uff1a\u65e0\u6811\u6728\u7684\u751f\u6001\u7cfb\u7edf<\/span>\uff08\u8352\u6f20\u6216\u8349\u5730\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u5f00\u9614\u7a00\u6811\u8349\u539f<\/span>\uff08\u8349\u5730\u4e0a\u6709\u96f6\u661f\u6811\u6728\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u5c01\u95ed\u7a00\u6811\u6797\u5730<\/span>\uff08\u8986\u76d6\u7740\u6811\u6728\u548c\u704c\u6728\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u548c\u5c01\u95ed\u70ed\u5e26\u96e8\u6797[5,8-12,38,64-68]\u3002\u76f8\u6bd4\u68ee\u6797\u4e2d\u7684\u6811\u6728[69]\uff0c\u7a00\u6811\u8349\u539f\u4e2d\u7684\u6811\u6728\u5bf9\u706b\u707e\u7684\u6062\u590d\u529b\u8f83\u5f3a\uff0c\u5bf9\u5904\u4e8e\u836b\u853d\u7684\u6062\u590d\u529b\u8f83\u5dee\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u56e0\u7d20\u518d\u7ed3\u5408\u8349\u5730\u6613\u71c3\u4ee5\u53ca\u7ecf\u5386\u706b\u707e\u540e\u80fd\u8f7b\u6613\u518d\u6b21\u751f\u957f\u7684\u7279\u5f81\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u524d\u6587\u63d0\u5230\u7684\u6b63\u53cd\u9988\u7684\u5173\u952e\uff0c\u5f62\u6210\u4e86\u5f00\u9614\u7a00\u6811\u8349\u539f\u548c\u70ed\u5e26\u96e8\u6797\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u591a\u7a33\u5b9a\u6027\u3002\u7b2c\u4e8c\uff0c\u524d\u6587\u63d0\u5230\u7684\u4e24\u79cd\u7a7a\u95f4\u6591\u56fe\u7684\u751f\u6210\uff0c\u5373\u56fe\u7075\u6591\u56fe\u548c\u5171\u5b58\u6001\uff0c\u5df2\u5728\u6a21\u578b\u548c\u771f\u5b9e\u751f\u6001\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u88ab\u89c2\u6d4b\u5230[12,25,68,70-76]<\/span>\uff08\u56fe4\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u7814\u7a76\u7a00\u6811\u8349\u539f\u751f\u6001\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e3a\u83b7\u53d6\u5177\u6709\u4e00\u822c\u6027\u4ef7\u503c\u548c\u5e94\u7528\u6f5c\u529b\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u7edd\u4f73\u673a\u4f1a\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
 <\/span><\/section>\n

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1\u3001\u7edf\u4e00\u7684\u7a00\u6811\u8349\u539f\u7a7a\u95f4\u6a21\u578b<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/section>\n<\/h3>\n
 <\/span><\/section>\n
\u5f53\u524d\u7814\u7a76\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u7edf\u4e00\u7684\u7a00\u6811\u8349\u539f\u6a21\u578b\u80fd\u89e3\u91ca\u6240\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u751f\u6001\u7cfb\u7edf\u6a21\u578b<\/span>\uff08\u5305\u62ec\u56fe\u7075\u6591\u56fe\u548c\u5171\u5b58\u6001\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u4e3a\u4e86\u5efa\u7acb\u4e00\u4e2a\u7edf\u4e00\u7684\u3001\u8003\u8651\u7a7a\u95f4\u6591\u56fe\u7684\u7a00\u6811\u8349\u539f\u6a21\u578b\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u5982\u4e0b\u65b9\u5f0f\u6574\u5408\u73b0\u6709\u7684\u7a00\u6811\u8349\u539f\u6a21\u578b[71,76,77]\uff0c\u4f7f\u65b0\u6a21\u578b\u5305\u542b\u5173\u4e8e\u6c34\u3001\u8349\u5730\u7684\u751f\u7269\u91cf\u3001\u7a00\u6811\u8349\u539f\u6811\u6728\u7684\u751f\u7269\u91cf\u4ee5\u53ca\u68ee\u6797\u6811\u6728\u7684\u751f\u7269\u91cf\u3002\u8349\u539f\u704c\u6728\u548c\u68ee\u6797\u6811\u6728\u7684\u533a\u522b\uff0c\u5728\u4e8e\u9762\u5bf9\u706b\u707e\u53ca\u5904\u4e8e\u836b\u853d\u5904\u7684\u53cd\u5e94 [78, 79]\u3002\u8003\u8651\u5230\u964d\u96e8\u3001\u706b\u707e\u3001\u98df\u8349\u52a8\u7269\u7684\u975e\u7a7a\u95f4\u6a21\u578b\uff0c\u4f1a\u6709\u52a9\u4e8e\u521b\u7acb\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u4e2a\u7edf\u4e00\u7684\u6a21\u578b[64, 80]\uff0c\u5173\u4e8e\u7a00\u6811\u8349\u539f-\u68ee\u6797\u8f6c\u53d8\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u4e5f\u53ef\u80fd\u5f88\u6709\u7528 [10, 81]\u3002\u65b0\u6a21\u578b\u53ef\u4ee5\u5305\u542b\u6d41\u5165\u571f\u58e4\u548c\u751f\u7269\u4e2d\u7684\u964d\u6c34\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u706b\u707e\u524d\u540e\u8349\u5730\u7684\u751f\u7269\u91cf[11]\u3002\u98df\u8349\u52a8\u7269\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u7684\u8d1f\u53cd\u9988[82]\uff0c\u6216\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u7684\u52a8\u529b\u5b66\u65b9\u7a0b\u52a0\u5165[83]\u3002\u4e4b\u540e\u8be5\u6a21\u578b\u53ef\u88ab\u7528\u6765\u5206\u6790\u968f\u7740\u964d\u96e8\u68af\u5ea6\u7684\u53d8\u5316\u800c\u51fa\u73b0\u7684\u4e0b\u5217\u95ee\u9898\uff1a\u5728\u4ec0\u4e48\u6761\u4ef6\u4e0b\uff0c\u5f00\u9614\u7a00\u6811\u8349\u539f\u548c\u70ed\u5e26\u96e8\u6797\u4e4b\u95f4\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u7a00\u6811\u8349\u539f\u548c\u8352\u6f20\u4e4b\u95f4\uff0c\u4f1a\u51fa\u73b0\u660e\u663e\u7684\u5206\u754c\u7ebf\u6216\u6e10\u8fdb\u7684\u7a7a\u95f4\u8fb9\u754c\uff1f\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5206\u754c\u7ebf\u5982\u4f55\u6839\u636e\u6c14\u5019\u3001\u98df\u8349\u52a8\u7269\u548c\u706b\u707e\u60c5\u51b5\u800c\u6f14\u5316\u3001\u5206\u5c94\u53ca\u6539\u53d8\uff1f\u5728\u4f55\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u7a7a\u95f4\u6591\u56fe\u4f1a\u51fa\u73b0\uff1f\u51fa\u73b0\u7684\u662f\u56fe\u7075\u6591\u56fe\u8fd8\u662f\u5171\u5b58\u6001\uff1f\u53ef\u901a\u8fc7\u6a21\u62df\u3001\u5206\u5c94\u5206\u6790\u53ca\u6570\u503c\u5ef6\u62d3\u6765\u56de\u7b54\u8fd9\u4e9b\u95ee\u9898[84, 85]\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
 <\/span> <\/span><\/section>\n
<\/section>\n

\u56fe4. \u6cbf\u7740\u964d\u96e8\u68af\u5ea6\uff0c\u7a00\u6811\u8349\u539f\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u72b6\u6001\u3002\u4f9d\u636e\u5e74\u5747\u964d\u96e8\u91cf[67]\u7684\u9ad8\u4f4e\uff0c\u7a00\u6811\u8349\u539f\u901a\u5e38\u53ef\u5206\u4e3a\u4e09\u7c7b\uff1a\u6e7f\u6da6\u578b\u3001\u4e2d\u6e7f\u578b\u548c\u5e72\u65f1\u578b\uff08\u56fe\u4e2d\u84dd\u5e26\u8868\u793a\uff1a\u4ece\u5de6\u5230\u53f3\uff0c\u964d\u96e8\u91cf\u9010\u6e10\u589e\u5927\uff09\u3002\u6e7f\u6da6\u533a\u57df\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u6709\u70ed\u5e26\u96e8\u6797\u7684\u53cc\u7a33\u6001\uff1b\u4e2d\u6e7f\u533a\u57df\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u6709\u7a00\u6811\u6797\u5730\u7684\u53cc\u7a33\u6001\uff1b\u5e72\u65f1\u533a\u57df\u5219\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u6709\u8d2b\u7620\u8352\u6f20\u7684\u53cc\u7a33\u6001\u3002\u5728\u7a00\u6811\u8349\u539f\u72b6\u6001\u7684\u52a8\u6001\u8f6c\u53d8\u4e2d\uff0c\u706b\u4e0e\u98df\u8349\u4f5c\u7528\u5177\u6709\u8f83\u5927\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u5171\u540c\u51b3\u5b9a\u4e86\u7279\u5b9a\u964d\u96e8\u6761\u4ef6\u4e0b\u7684\u6811\u6728\u8986\u76d6\u5ea6\u3002\u4ece\u6e7f\u6da6\u533a\u5230\u5e72\u65f1\u533a\uff0c\u968f\u7740\u53ef\u7528\u6c34\u7684\u9650\u5236\u4f5c\u7528\u4e0d\u65ad\u589e\u5f3a\uff0c\u706b\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u9010\u6e10\u4e0b\u964d\uff08\u56fe\u4e2d\u7ea2\u8272\u6761\u5e26\uff09\u3002\u7814\u7a76\u5c06\u9884\u671f\u7684\u7a7a\u95f4\u7ed3\u6784\u4e0e\u8c37\u6b4c\u5730\u7403\u7ed3\u679c\u505a\u4e86\u6bd4\u8f83\u3002\u81ea\u5de6\u5411\u53f3\uff0c\u968f\u7740\u964d\u96e8\u91cf\u589e\u5927\uff0c\u56fe\u4e2d\u5206\u522b\u5c55\u793a\u4e86\u8352\u6f20\u548c\u5e72\u65f1\u7a00\u6811\u8349\u539f\u7684\u56fe\u7075\u6591\u56fe\u3001\u7a00\u6811\u6797\u5730\u4e0e\u4e2d\u6e7f\u5f00\u9614\u7a00\u6811\u8349\u539f\u7684\u5171\u5b58\u6001\u548c\u56fe\u7075\u6591\u56fe\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u6e7f\u6da6\u7a00\u6811\u8349\u539f\u4e0e\u68ee\u6797\u7684\u5171\u5b58\u6001\u3002\u76ee\u524d\u5c1a\u6ca1\u6709\u7edf\u4e00\u7684\u6a21\u578b\u53ef\u4ee5\u89e3\u91ca\u6240\u6709\u89c2\u6d4b\u72b6\u6001\u4e0e\u7a7a\u95f4\u6591\u56fe\u3002\u672c\u6587\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u672a\u6765\u6709\u5fc5\u8981\u5f00\u53d1\u51fa\u4e00\u4e2a\u7edf\u4e00\u7684\u7a00\u6811\u8349\u539f\u6a21\u578b\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u5f00\u53d1\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u7eb3\u5165\u7cfb\u7edf\u76f8\u5173\u72b6\u6001\u7684\u53d8\u91cf\u4e0e\u53c2\u6570\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u7ed3\u5408\u6570\u5b66\u5206\u5c94\u5206\u6790\u3001\u6a21\u62df\u548c\u6570\u503c\u5ef6\u62d3\u7b49\u591a\u79cd\u65b9\u6cd5[84, 85]\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/section>\n

\u57fa\u4e8e\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7edf\u4e00\u6a21\u578b\u7684\u65b0\u7684\u4e00\u822c\u6027\u9884\u6d4b\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u5982\u4e0b\u65b9\u6cd5\u9a8c\u8bc1<\/span>\uff08\u56fe4\uff09<\/span>\uff1a<\/span><\/p>\n

(i) \u5728\u964d\u6c34\u68af\u5ea6\u7684\u6e7f\u6da6\u4e00\u7aef\uff0c\u5728\u7a00\u6811\u8349\u539f-\u70ed\u5e26\u96e8\u6797\u7684\u5206\u754c\u7ebf\uff0c\u8fd9\u91cc\u706b\u707e\u60c5\u51b5\u901a\u5e38\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u51b3\u5b9a\u4e86\u5f00\u9614\u7a00\u6811\u8349\u539f\u548c\u70ed\u5e26\u96e8\u6797\u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u53cc\u7a33\u6001\u95f4\u5207\u6362\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u9884\u671f\u4f1a\u53d1\u73b0\u5171\u5b58\u6001\u4ee5\u89c4\u907f\u4e34\u754c\u70b9[68, 86]\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

(ii) \u5728\u964d\u6c34\u68af\u5ea6\u7684\u4e2d\u7b49\u6e7f\u6da6\u533a\uff0c\u706b\u707e\u548c\u98df\u8349\u60c5\u51b5\u5171\u540c\u51b3\u5b9a\u4e86\u5c01\u95ed\u7a00\u6811\u6797\u5730\u548c\u5f00\u9614\u7a00\u6811\u8349\u539f\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u53cc\u7a33\u6001\u5207\u6362\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u9884\u671f\u4f1a\u51fa\u73b0\u5171\u5b58\u6001\u548c\u56fe\u7075\u73ed\u56fe\u4ee5\u89c4\u907f\u4e34\u754c\u70b9[70, 73, 74]\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

(iii) \u5728\u964d\u6c34\u68af\u5ea6\u7684\u5e72\u65f1\u4e00\u7aef\uff0c\u901a\u5e38\u662f\u5e72\u65f1\u51b3\u5b9a\u4e86\u5f00\u9614\u7a00\u6811\u8349\u539f\u548c\u8352\u6f20\u7684\u5206\u754c\u7ebf\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u9884\u671f\u548cBusse balloon \u6709\u5173\u7684\u56fe\u7075\u6591\u56fe\u5bfc\u81f4\u4e86\u4e34\u754c\u70b9\u7684\u89c4\u907f[33, 34]\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

(iv) \u706b\u707e\u5f3a\u5ea6\u7684\u589e\u52a0\u4f1a\u5bfc\u81f4\u70ed\u5e26\u96e8\u6797-\u7a00\u6811\u8349\u539f\u7684\u8fb9\u754c\u5411\u70ed\u5e26\u96e8\u6797\u79fb\u52a8<\/span>\uff08\u6e7f\u6da6\u7a00\u6811\u8349\u539f\u53d6\u4ee3\u68ee\u6797\uff09<\/span>[81]\u3002\u706b\u707e\u5f3a\u5ea6\u6216\u98df\u8349\u52a8\u7269\u51cf\u5c11\uff0c\u4f1a\u5bfc\u81f4\u7a00\u6811\u6797\u5730\u53d6\u4ee3\u4e2d\u6e7f\u5f00\u9614\u7a00\u6811\u8349\u539f\uff0c\u800c\u964d\u96e8\u7684\u51cf\u5c11\u4f1a\u5bfc\u81f4\u8352\u6f20\u53d6\u4ee3\u5e72\u65f1\u7a00\u6811\u8349\u539f\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
 <\/span><\/section>\n

\n
2\u3001\u5bf9\u89c4\u907f\u4e34\u754c\u70b9\u7684\u7a7a\u95f4\u6591\u56fe\u7684\u89c2\u5bdf<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/section>\n

<\/span><\/section>\n<\/h3>\n
\u5728\u964d\u96e8\u68af\u5ea6\u7684\u6e7f\u6da6\u7aef\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u5f62\u6210\u7a7a\u95f4\u6591\u56fe\u7684\u70ed\u5e26\u96e8\u6797-\u7a00\u6811\u8349\u539f\u7684\u5c16\u9510\u8fb9\u754c[87]\u53ef\u4ee5\u89e3\u91ca\u4e3a\u4e34\u754c\u8f6c\u53d8\u7684\u7a7a\u95f4\u66ff\u4ee3[88]\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5c1a\u4e0d\u6e05\u695a\u70ed\u5e26\u96e8\u6797-\u7a00\u6811\u8349\u539f\u8fb9\u754c\u5728\u4ec0\u4e48\u6761\u4ef6\u4e0b\u662f\u5c16\u9510\u6216\u6e10\u8fdb\u7684\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u662f\u5426\u5728\u79fb\u52a8\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u662f\u5426\u5b58\u5728\u4ea4\u66ff\u7a33\u5b9a\u72b6\u6001<\/span>\uff08\u5171\u5b58\u6001\uff09<\/span>\u7684\u6591\u56fe\u7ed3\u6784\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u4e0e\u4e0a\u9762\u63cf\u8ff0\u7684\u6a21\u578b\u5206\u6790\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u89c2\u5bdf\u6765\u89e3\u51b3\u3002\u7ecf\u8fc7\u6a21\u578b\u5206\u6790\u7684\u68c0\u9a8c\uff0c\u4e0a\u8ff0\u9884\u6d4b\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f97\u5230\u9a8c\u8bc1\uff0c\u91cd\u70b9\u662f\u706b\u707e\u548c\u5e72\u65f1\u662f\u4e3b\u8981\u7684\u9a71\u52a8\u56e0\u7d20\u3002\u70ed\u5e26\u96e8\u6797\u548c\u5f00\u9614\u7a00\u6811\u8349\u539f\u4e4b\u95f4\u5c16\u9510\u7684\u690d\u88ab\u8fb9\u754c[88]\u7684\u7a7a\u95f4\u7279\u5f81\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u536b\u661f\u6570\u636e[87,89]\u5728\u5168\u4e16\u754c\u8303\u56f4\u5185\u63a2\u7d22\u3002\u8fd9\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u591a\u79cd\u7a7a\u95f4\u5206\u8fa8\u7387\u4e0b\u5b8c\u6210\uff0c\u521b\u5efa\u591a\u5e74\u6216\u6570\u5341\u5e74[90]\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u5e8f\u5217\uff0c\u4ee5\u4fbf\u5728\u7b5b\u9009\u5171\u5b58\u6001[68,86]\u548c\u56fe\u7075\u6591\u56fe\u7684\u7a7a\u95f4\u6591\u56fe\u7ed3\u6784\u8fb9\u754c\u6240\u5fc5\u9700\u7684\u8f83\u7c97\u548c\u8f83\u7ec6\u7684\u5206\u8fa8\u7387\u4e0a\u63a2\u6d4b\u690d\u88ab\u8fb9\u754c\uff0c\u800c\u8fd9\u4e24\u8005\u4ec5\u4f7f\u7528\u8f83\u7c97\u7684\u7a7a\u95f4\u5206\u8fa8\u7387\u5f88\u5bb9\u6613\u88ab\u5ffd\u7565\u3002\u5bf9\u4e8e\u964d\u96e8\u68af\u5ea6\u4e2d\u95f4\u533a\u7684\u5f00\u9614\u7a00\u6811\u8349\u539f-\u7a00\u6811\u6797\u5730\u8fb9\u754c\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5e72\u65f1\u533a\u7684\u7a00\u6811\u8349\u539f-\u6c99\u6f20\u8fb9\u754c\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u91c7\u7528\u540c\u6837\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
 <\/span><\/section>\n
\u901a\u8fc7\u53d8\u5316\u6307\u6807[91,92]\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u53d1\u73b0\u53ef\u80fd\u4e0e\u4e3b\u8981\u9a71\u52a8\u56e0\u7d20\u6709\u5173\uff0c\u5982\u4e0a\u9762\u63d0\u5230\u7684\u5e72\u65f1\u548c\u706b\u707e\u3002\u7a7a\u95f4\u8fb9\u754c\u7684\u5ea6\u91cf\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e0e\u5e74\u5ea6\u70e7\u6bc1\u9762\u79ef\u56fe[93]\u76f8\u5173\u8054\u3002\u8fd9\u5c06\u5141\u8bb8\u6d4b\u8bd5\u8fd9\u4e9b\u9a71\u52a8\u56e0\u7d20\u5982\u4f55\u51b3\u5b9a\u690d\u88ab\u8fb9\u754c\u7684\u6e05\u6670\u5ea6\uff0c\u5171\u5b58\u6001\u548c\u56fe\u7075\u6591\u56fe\u7684\u6591\u56fe\u7ed3\u6784\u662f\u5426\u51fa\u73b0\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u8fb9\u754c\u7684\u79fb\u52a8\u5982\u4f55\u4e0e\u4e3b\u8981\u9a71\u52a8\u56e0\u7d20\u7684\u53d8\u5316\u76f8\u5173\u3002\u8003\u8651\u5230\u6c14\u5019\u548c\u571f\u5730\u5229\u7528\u7684\u9884\u671f\u53d8\u5316\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u5f88\u91cd\u8981\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5b83\u5c06\u4f7f\u4eba\u4eec\u4e86\u89e3\u53ef\u80fd\u89c4\u907f\u4e34\u754c\u70b9\u7684\u6761\u4ef6\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
 <\/span><\/section>\n

\n

<\/span><\/section>\n<\/h2>\n

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<\/section>\n

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<\/svg><\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n
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\u516d\u3001\u7a7a\u95f4\u6591\u56fe\u5f62\u6210\u53ca\u591a\u7a33\u6001\u7684\u666e\u904d\u6761\u4ef6<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n

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<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/h3>\n

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\u5173\u4e8e\u7a7a\u95f4\u6591\u56fe\u5f62\u6210\u7684\u6570\u5b66\u6587\u732e\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u90e8\u5206\u96c6\u4e2d\u5728\u63a5\u8fd1\u540c\u8d28\u5e73\u8861\u7684\u56fe\u7075\u6591\u56fe\u7684\u51fa\u73b0[94]\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5904\u4e8e\u81ea\u7136\u72b6\u6001\u7684\u771f\u5b9e\u751f\u6001\u7cfb\u7edf\u548c\u5730\u7403\u7cfb\u7edf\u7ec4\u5206\u901a\u5e38\u5e76\u4e0d\u63a5\u8fd1\u6700\u521d\u51fa\u73b0\u6591\u56fe\u7684\u5f00\u7aef\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u8fdc\u79bb\u5e73\u8861\uff0c\u7a7a\u95f4\u6591\u56fe\u5f97\u5230\u5145\u5206\u53d1\u5c55\u3002\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5b9e\u9645\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u7684\u8bb8\u591a\u7a7a\u95f4\u6591\u56fe\uff0c\u53ea\u80fd\u6709\u6709\u9650\u7684\u6570\u5b66\u6d1e\u5bdf\u529b\uff0c\u9664\u975e\u7ba1\u7406\u7cfb\u7edf\u663e\u793a\u51fa\u8db3\u591f\u5927\u7684\u5c3a\u5ea6\u5206\u79bb\u2014\u2014\u8fd9\u662f\u7cfb\u7edf\u5404\u7ec4\u6210\u90e8\u5206\u7684\u7a7a\u95f4\u4f20\u8f93\u5728\u622a\u7136\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u7a7a\u95f4\u548c\u65f6\u95f4\u5c3a\u5ea6\u4e0a\u53d1\u6325\u4f5c\u7528\u7684\u6761\u4ef6\u3002\u5728\u6570\u5b66\u6587\u732e\u4e2d\uff0c\u53d1\u751f\u8fd9\u79cd\u73b0\u8c61\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u5947\u70b9\u6270\u52a8<\/strong><\/span>\uff08singularly perturbed\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u503c\u5f97\u6ce8\u610f\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u8fd9\u91cc\u6240\u8003\u8651\u7684\u7a7a\u95f4\u6269\u5c55\u6a21\u578b\u548c\u5b9e\u9645\u7cfb\u7edf\u901a\u5e38\u662f\u5947\u70b9\u6270\u52a8\u7684\uff0c\u5947\u70b9\u6270\u52a8\u7684\u6027\u8d28\u6e90\u4e8e\u89c2\u6d4b\uff0c\u5373\u751f\u6001\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u7684\u6591\u56fe\u5f62\u6210\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u7531\u5e7f\u6cdb\u4e0d\u540c\u7a7a\u95f4\u5c3a\u5ea6\u4e0a\u7684\u53cd\u4f5c\u7528\u53cd\u9988\u673a\u5236\u9a71\u52a8[31]\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u8fd9\u91cc\u6240\u8003\u8651\u7684\u73b0\u5b9e\u7684\u3001\u8fdc\u79bb\u5e73\u8861\u7684\u6591\u56fe\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u5947\u70b9\u6270\u52a8\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u5728\u6570\u5b66\u4e0a\u8be6\u7ec6\u7814\u7a76[95]\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u751f\u6001\u7cfb\u7edf\u548c\u5730\u7403\u7cfb\u7edf\u7ec4\u5206\u901a\u5e38\u663e\u793a\u7684\u6700\u76f8\u5173\u6591\u56fe<\/span>\uff08\u5305\u62ecBox2\u548c3\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\uff09<\/span>\u5177\u6709\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\u7684\u5c40\u90e8\u7ed3\u6784\u7684\u6027\u8d28\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u690d\u88ab\u5e26\u88ab\u88f8\u9732\u7684\u571f\u58e4\u5e26\u5305\u56f4\u7684\u5730\u533a[33]\u3001\u4e0a\u6587\u63d0\u5230\u7684\u5f00\u9614\u7a00\u6811\u8349\u539f\u548c\u7a00\u6811\u6797\u5730\u7684\u8fb9\u754c[73]\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u51b0\u5ddd\u63a5\u5730\u7ebf[54]\u3002\u591a\u7a33\u5b9a\u6027\u7684\u6062\u590d\u529b[33,34]\u76f4\u63a5\u8026\u5408\u4e8e\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\u7684\u5c40\u90e8\u7ed3\u6784<\/span>\uff08\u5982\u5c40\u90e8\u6761\u7eb9\u548c\u7a7a\u95f4\u8fb9\u754c\uff09<\/span>\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u4e30\u5bcc\u7684\u5404\u79cd\u6a21\u5f0f\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
 <\/span><\/section>\n
\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u57fa\u672c\u7a7a\u95f4\u6591\u56fe\u548c\u591a\u7a33\u5b9a\u6027\u7684\u5f62\u6210\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u4e00\u4e9b\u673a\u5236\uff0c\u4f7f\u7a7a\u95f4\u751f\u6001\u7cfb\u7edf<\/span>\uff08Box2\uff09<\/span>\u6216\u5730\u7403\u7cfb\u7edf\u7ec4\u5206<\/span>\uff08Box3\uff09\uff08\u5305\u62ec\u6574\u4e2a\u590d\u6742\u5730\u7403\u7cfb\u7edf\uff09<\/span>\u4e00\u822c\u53ef\u4ee5\u89c4\u907f\u4e34\u754c\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u662f\u5426\u53d1\u751f\u5c06\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u5b9e\u9645\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u7684\u5c40\u90e8<\/span>\uff08\u4f46\u662f\u7cfb\u7edf\u6027\u7684\uff09<\/span>\u6761\u4ef6\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u6a21\u578b\u4e2d\u7684\u53c2\u6570\u7ec4\u5408\u3002\u5bf9\u4e8e\u4e0d\u540c\u7c7b\u522b\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u5c06\u5b58\u5728\u666e\u904d\u7684\u6761\u4ef6\uff0c\u5bfc\u81f4\u901a\u8fc7\u7a7a\u95f4\u6591\u56fe\u7684\u5f62\u6210\u548c\u591a\u7a33\u5b9a\u6027\u89c4\u907f\u4e34\u754c\u70b9\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u7a00\u6811\u8349\u539f\u751f\u6001\u7cfb\u7edf\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u662f\u76ee\u524d\u9884\u6d4b\u4e34\u754c\u70b9\u7684\u5404\u7c7b\u751f\u6001\u7cfb\u7edf\u548c\u5730\u7403\u7cfb\u7edf\u7ec4\u5206\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

\n
 <\/span><\/section>\n<\/h3>\n

\n
1\u3001\u4e34\u754c\u8f6c\u53d8\u524d\u7684\u56fe\u7075\u6591\u56fe<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/section>\n<\/h3>\n
 <\/span><\/section>\n
\u5bf9\u7a7a\u95f4\u6269\u5c55\u7684\u751f\u6001\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u5982\u5e72\u65f1\u7a00\u6811\u8349\u539f\uff0c\u7528\u6fc0\u6d3b-\u6291\u5236\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u53cd\u5e94-\u6269\u6563\u65b9\u7a0b[27,75,76]\u6a21\u62df\u7684\u53ef\u9760\u6027\u5206\u6790\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u4e34\u754c\u4e4b\u524d\u53ef\u80fd\u6709\u6216\u53ef\u80fd\u6ca1\u6709\u5f62\u6210\u6591\u56fe\u7684\u56fe\u7075\u5206\u5c94<\/span>\uff08Box1\u548c\u56fe1\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u80fd\u5426\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u6761\u4ef6\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u6a21\u578b\u53c2\u6570\u6765\u660e\u786e\u8868\u793a<\/span>\uff08Box1\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u56fe\u7075\u5206\u5c94\u53ea\u80fd\u6d1e\u5bdf\u7a7a\u95f4\u6591\u56fe\u7684\u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u80fd\u6d1e\u5bdf\u5b83\u4eec\u5728\u5f00\u7aef\u4e4b\u540e<\/span>\uff08\u8fdc\u79bb\u5e73\u8861\uff09<\/span>\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\uff0c\u90a3\u65f6\u6591\u56fe\u6301\u7eed\u53d1\u5c55\u5e76\u53d8\u5f97\u66f4\u5bb9\u6613\u89c2\u5bdf\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u6b63\u662f\u8fd9\u79cd\u5f00\u7aef\u4e4b\u540e\u7684\u52a8\u529b\u5b66\u51b3\u5b9a\u4e86\u56fe\u7075\u6591\u56fe\u662f\u5426\u4ee5\u53ca\u5982\u4f55\u5bfc\u81f4\u4e86\u5bf9\u4e34\u754c\u7684\u89c4\u907f\u3002\u5173\u4e8e\u5e72\u65f1\u7a00\u6811\u8349\u539f\u7684\u6587\u732e[32,34]\u4e2d\u5df2\u7ecf\u9610\u660e\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u660e\u786e\u7684\u573a\u666f\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u56fe\u7075\u6591\u56fe\u7684\u6f14\u5316\u8d85\u8d8a\u4e86\u8d77\u59cb\u9636\u6bb5\uff0c\u5728\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u89c4\u907f\u4e86\u4e34\u754c\u3002\u73b0\u5728\u7684\u5173\u952e\u95ee\u9898\u662f\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u662f\u5426\u4e5f\u53ef\u80fd\u5728\u5176\u4ed6\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u53d1\u6325\u4f5c\u7528\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u662f\u5426\u5b58\u5728\u5176\u4ed6\u60c5\u51b5\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u8fd9\u4e9b\u60c5\u51b5\uff0c\u5c0f\u5e45\u5ea6\u7684\u56fe\u7075\u6591\u56fe\u53ef\u80fd\u6f14\u53d8\u4e3a\u5927\u89c4\u6a21\u7684\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\u5c40\u90e8\u7ed3\u6784\uff0c\u4f7f\u7cfb\u7edf\u80fd\u591f\u89c4\u907f\u4e34\u754c\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u6a21\u578b\u7684\u5947\u70b9\u6270\u52a8\u6027\u8d28\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u6570\u5b66\u65b9\u6cd5\u7814\u7a76\u57fa\u672c\u7684\u5c40\u90e8\u7ed3\u6784\u53ca\u5176\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528[96-98]\u3002\u4e3a\u4e86\u63ed\u793a\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5c40\u90e8\u6a21\u5f0f\u4e0e\u56fe\u7075\u5206\u5c94\u51fa\u73b0\u7684\u6591\u56fe\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5173\u952e\u8054\u7cfb\uff0c\u6709\u5fc5\u8981\u7ed3\u5408\u5206\u5c94\u5206\u6790\u3001\u6a21\u62df\u548c\u6570\u503c\u5ef6\u62d3[32,84,85]\u5bf9 Busse balloon \u8fdb\u884c\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u5206\u6790\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u5206\u6790\u5176\u8fb9\u754c\u7684\u6027\u8d28\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
 <\/span><\/section>\n
\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u5206\u6790\u4e5f\u5c06\u63ed\u793a\u7cfb\u7edf\u5728\u5206\u5c94\u70b9\u524d\u7684\u52a8\u529b\u5b66\u884c\u4e3a\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u5bfc\u81f4\u66f4\u597d\u7684\u9884\u8b66\u4fe1\u53f7\u3002\u7ecf\u5178\u7684\u4e34\u754c\u7406\u8bba\u4e3b\u8981\u57fa\u4e8e\u975e\u7a7a\u95f4\u6a21\u578b\uff0c\u5bfc\u81f4\u5728\u4e34\u754c\u53d1\u751f\u4e4b\u524d\u4ea7\u751f\u4e00\u822c\u7684\u65e9\u671f\u9884\u8b66\u4fe1\u53f7[2,99] \uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u4e0e\u6270\u52a8\u540e\u6062\u590d\u7684\u4e34\u754c\u6162\u5316<\/span>\uff08critical slowing\uff09<\/span>\u6709\u5173\u3002\u5728\u7a7a\u95f4\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u60f3\u6cd5\u53d8\u5f97\u66f4\u52a0\u590d\u6742\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u8fd9\u73b0\u5728\u53ef\u80fd\u5173\u952e\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u4e0d\u540c\u7a7a\u95f4\u6270\u52a8\u7684\u6027\u8d28\uff1b\u4e34\u754c\u6162\u5316\u53ea\u663e\u793a\u5177\u6709\u7279\u5b9a\u7a7a\u95f4\u7ed3\u6784\u7684\u6270\u52a8[74] \uff0c\u8fd9\u53ef\u80fd\u5f88\u96be\u751a\u81f3\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u5728\u7a7a\u95f4\u5e73\u5747\u6570\u636e\u4e2d\u68c0\u6d4b\u5230\u3002\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u786e\u5b9e\u8868\u73b0\u51fa\u4e34\u754c\u6162\u5316\u7684\u6270\u52a8\u5f62\u5f0f\u6709\u52a9\u4e8e\u786e\u5b9a\u7cfb\u7edf\u53d1\u751f\u524d\u7684\u5206\u5c94\u7c7b\u578b\uff0c\u5373\u7cfb\u7edf\u662f\u5426\u4f1a\u901a\u8fc7\u5f62\u6210\u7a7a\u95f4\u6591\u56fe\u800c\u8fbe\u5230\u6216\u89c4\u907f\u4e34\u754c\u3002\u5f53\u7cfb\u7edf\u66b4\u9732\u4e8e\u4e00\u822c\u6270\u52a8<\/span>\uff08\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u968f\u673a\u6270\u52a8\u6216\u5c40\u90e8\u6270\u52a8\uff09<\/span>\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u7cfb\u7edf\u5c06\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u6682\u6001\u6062\u590d\u671f\u5185\u6062\u590d\uff0c\u5e76\u53ef\u80fd\u6682\u65f6\u6d8c\u73b0\u6591\u56fe\u6001\u6216\u975e\u6591\u56fe\u6001\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u6d8c\u73b0\u7684\u6682\u6001<\/span>\uff08transient state\uff09<\/span>\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u73b0\u5728\u53ef\u4ee5\u662f\u72ec\u7279\u7684\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u5b83\u6240\u9884\u793a\u7684\u5206\u5c94\u7c7b\u578b\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u8bc6\u522b\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u6d8c\u73b0\u7684\u6682\u6001\u5bfc\u81f4\u56fe\u7075\u5206\u5c94\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u4e00\u4e9b\u7a7a\u95f4\u5468\u671f\u6591\u56fe\u3002\u76f8\u6bd4\u4e4b\u4e0b\uff0c\u4e34\u754c\u5206\u5c94\u4e4b\u524d\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u51fa\u73b0\u7a7a\u95f4\u540c\u8d28\u6216\u6781\u7aef\u5c40\u90e8\u7684\u6682\u6001\u3002\u8fd9\u6837\u5c31\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u5728\u7a7a\u95f4\u65f6\u95f4\u5e8f\u5217\u53d1\u751f\u4e4b\u524d\u5c31\u533a\u5206\u8fd9\u4e24\u79cd\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u5206\u5c94\u3002\u5f53\u7136\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e3b\u8981\u7684\u6311\u6218\u662f\u4ece\u6570\u636e\u4e2d\u63d0\u53d6\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7a7a\u95f4\u6270\u52a8\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u73b0\u6709\u7684\u6240\u8c13\u7684\u6a21\u5f0f\u5206\u89e3\u7b97\u6cd5[100]\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u53ef\u884c\u7684\u9009\u62e9\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
 <\/span><\/section>\n

\n
2\u3001\u5171\u5b58\u6001\u754c\u9762\u95f4\u7684\u4e0d\u7a33\u5b9a\u6027<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/section>\n

<\/span><\/section>\n<\/h3>\n
\u5171\u5b58\u6001\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5b64\u7acb\u754c\u9762\uff0c\u5982\u5f00\u9614\u7a00\u6811\u8349\u539f-\u7a00\u6811\u6797\u5730\u8fb9\u754c\u3001\u70ed\u5e26\u96e8\u6797-\u7a00\u6811\u8349\u539f\u8fb9\u754c<\/span>\uff08Box2\u548c\u56fe4\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u6d77\u6d0b\u548c\u51b0\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u754c\u9762<\/span>\uff08Box3\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u591a\u7a33\u5b9a\u6027\u662f\u5fc5\u8981\u7684\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u591a\u7a33\u5b9a\u6027\uff0c\u6574\u4e2a\u7a7a\u95f4\u7cfb\u7edf\u7531\u4e8e\u7a33\u5b9a\u6001\u6270\u52a8\u5bfc\u81f4\u7684\u4e34\u754c\u5f97\u4ee5\u907f\u514d\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5728\u5916\u90e8\u6761\u4ef6\u6076\u5316\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u4e3a\u4e86\u4f7f\u7a7a\u95f4\u5171\u5b58\u6591\u56fe\u5728\u8d85\u8fc7\u4e34\u754c\u70b9\u4e4b\u540e\u6301\u7eed\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u9700\u8981\u4e00\u4e2a\u989d\u5916\u7684\u673a\u5236\u3002\u6b63\u5982\u540c\u8d28\u72b6\u6001\u88ab\u56fe\u7075\u5206\u5c94\u7834\u574f\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u5171\u5b58\u6001\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u7a7a\u95f4\u8fb9\u754c\u901a\u5e38\u4e5f\u53ef\u80fd\u5206\u5c94\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u53ef\u80fd\u6210\u4e3a\u591a\u79cd\u6f14\u5316\u4e2d\u7684\u5c40\u90e8\u7a7a\u95f4\u6591\u56fe\u7684\u8d77\u6e90\u3002\u968f\u540e\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6a21\u5f0f\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u4e3a\u751f\u6001\u7cfb\u7edf\u6216\u5730\u7403\u7cfb\u7edf\u7ec4\u5206\u63d0\u4f9b\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u7684\u591a\u7a33\u5b9a\u6027\uff0c\u5e76\u4f7f\u5176\u53ef\u80fd\u6cbf\u7740\u5404\u79cd\u6e10\u8fdb\u8def\u7ebf\u8d85\u8d8a\u4e34\u754c\u70b9\u2014\u2014\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u5728\u73af\u5883\u6761\u4ef6\u6076\u5316\u65f6\u89c4\u907f\u4e34\u754c\u70b9\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5206\u5c94\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u6570\u503c\u65b9\u6cd5\u6765\u63cf\u8ff0[51,55]\u3002\u4f46\u66f4\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u6a21\u578b\u7684\u5947\u70b9\u6270\u52a8\u6027\u8d28\u5141\u8bb8\u5bf9\u6f5c\u5728\u7684\u4e0d\u7a33\u5b9a\u673a\u5236\u8fdb\u884c\u57fa\u672c\u7406\u89e3[98,101]\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u63a8\u5bfc\u51fa\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u6761\u4ef6\uff1a\u79bb\u5f00\u5747\u5300\u7a33\u5b9a\u72b6\u6001\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u5165\u4fb5\u8fb9\u754c\u4f1a\u5f15\u53d1\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u6591\u56fe\u72b6\u6001<\/span>\uff08\u5176\u4e2d\u5305\u62ec\u591a\u7a33\u5b9a\u6027\uff0c\u5373\u89c4\u907f\u4e34\u754c\u70b9\u7684\u4e00\u6761\u6e10\u8fdb\u8def\u7ebf\uff09<\/span>\u7684\u53cd\u5165\u4fb5\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
 <\/span><\/section>\n

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3\u3001\u533a\u57df\u3001\u5c40\u90e8\u53ca\u975e\u5c40\u90e8\u540c\u8d28\u6548\u5e94\u7684\u5f71\u54cd<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/section>\n

<\/span><\/section>\n<\/h3>\n
\u5728\u7a7a\u95f4\u6269\u5c55\u7684\u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\uff0c\u5927\u591a\u6570\u5173\u4e8e\u7a7a\u95f4\u6591\u56fe\u5f62\u6210\u7684\u6570\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u90fd\u5047\u8bbe\u4e00\u4e2a\u9ad8\u5ea6\u7406\u60f3\u5316\u7684\u533a\u57df\u2014\u2014\u4e00\u4e2a\u8db3\u591f\u5927\u7684\u5f00\u653e\u7a7a\u95f4\uff0c\u73af\u5883\u6761\u4ef6\u5728\u6574\u4e2a\u533a\u57df\u5185\u4e0d\u4f1a\u6539\u53d8\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5728\u73b0\u5b9e\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u7406\u60f3\u5316\u7684\u533a\u57df\u5e76\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u7ed3\u679c\u662f\u5426\u4ee5\u53ca\u5982\u4f55\u4ece\u7406\u60f3\u5316\u7684\u533a\u57df\u8f6c\u79fb\u5230\u66f4\u73b0\u5b9e\u7684\u533a\u57df\u4e5f\u4e0d\u660e\u663e\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u4e00\u4e2a\u7cfb\u7edf\u53ef\u4ee5\u6f14\u5316\u7684\u7a7a\u95f4\u533a\u57df\u592a\u5c0f\uff0c\u65e0\u6cd5\u5f62\u6210\u7a7a\u95f4\u6591\u56fe\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u89c4\u907f\u4e34\u754c\u5c31\u4e0d\u518d\u8d77\u4f5c\u7528\u3002\u4e00\u4e2a\u7a81\u51fa\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u53ef\u9009\u7a33\u5b9a\u6001\uff0c\u548c\u7a7a\u95f4\u9650\u5236\u7684\u6d45\u6c34\u6e56\u6cca\u7684\u4e34\u754c[6]\u3002\u8fd9\u610f\u5473\u7740\uff0c\u8981\u4f7f\u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf\u5f62\u6210\u7a7a\u95f4\u6591\u56fe\u548c\u589e\u5f3a\u6062\u590d\u529b\u9700\u8981\u4e00\u4e2a\u6700\u5c0f\u533a\u57df\u9762\u79ef<\/strong>\uff1b\u8fd9\u4e00\u6700\u5c0f\u533a\u57df\u9762\u79ef\u5c06\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u4e3b\u8981\u673a\u5236\u7684\u7a7a\u95f4\u5c3a\u5ea6\uff0c\u548c\u6240\u8003\u5bdf\u7684\u5177\u4f53\u7cfb\u7edf\u5f62\u6210\u7684\u7a7a\u95f4\u6591\u56fe\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
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\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u5c40\u90e8\u6548\u5e94<\/span>\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\u4eba\u4e3a\u5e72\u9884\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u6548\u5e94\uff09<\/span>\u5bf9\u6591\u56fe\u7684\u5f62\u6210\u3001\u7a33\u5b9a\u6027\u548c\u52a8\u529b\u5b66\u6709\u5f88\u5927\u5f71\u54cd[102]\u3002\u8fd9\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\u5305\u62ec\u780d\u4f10\u70ed\u5e26\u96e8\u6797\uff0c\u56fa\u5b9a\u6c99\u4e18\u6216\u5728\u6cbf\u6d77\u6c99\u4e18\u7cfb\u7edf\u5efa\u9020\u5824\u575d\u3002\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u4eba\u4e3a\u5e72\u6270\u5c3d\u7ba1\u662f\u5c40\u90e8\u7684\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u5927\u5927\u964d\u4f4e\u7075\u6d3b\u6027\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u964d\u4f4e\u6574\u4e2a\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u6062\u590d\u529b<\/strong>\u3002\u4e0e\u4e4b\u7c7b\u4f3c\uff0c\u4e5f\u8bb8\u66f4\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u4eba\u7c7b\u5c06\u521d\u59cb\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u7a7a\u95f4\u6591\u56fe\u540c\u5316\u4e3a\u975e\u5c40\u90e8\u7684\uff0c\u540c\u6837\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e5f\u4f1a\u53d1\u751f<\/strong>\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u8fd9\u91cc\u6982\u8ff0\u7684\u589e\u5f3a\u6062\u590d\u529b\u7684\u673a\u5236\u5c06\u4e0d\u518d\u8d77\u4f5c\u7528\u3002\u8fd9\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\u5305\u62ec\u9646\u5730\u751f\u6001\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u5927\u89c4\u6a21\u519c\u4e1a\uff0c\u9632\u6cbb\u8352\u6f20\u5316\u7684\u7a7a\u95f4\u540c\u8d28\u6027\u6062\u590d\u52aa\u529b\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u6d77\u6d0b\u751f\u6001\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u7834\u574f\u6027\u5e95\u62d6\u7f51\u6355\u635e\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u7a7a\u95f4\u6591\u56fe\u5f62\u6210\u6765\u7814\u7a76\u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u6062\u590d\u529b\uff0c\u5e94\u8be5\u6df1\u5165\u5206\u6790\u533a\u57df\u7a7a\u95f4\u9650\u5236\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5c40\u90e8\u548c\u975e\u5c40\u90e8\u540c\u8d28\u5316\u7684\u4eba\u4e3a\u8bf1\u53d1\u6548\u5e94\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u4e00\u4e2a\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u5c06\u662f\u7ed3\u5408\u8ba1\u7b97\u548c\u5206\u6790\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u4ee5\u786e\u5b9a\u8fd9\u79cd\u7a7a\u95f4\u540c\u8d28\u6027\u5bf9\u6591\u56fe\u52a8\u529b\u5b66\u548c\u6062\u590d\u529b\u7684\u5f71\u54cd[103]\u3002\u8fd9\u5bf9\u4e8e\u6062\u590d\u751f\u6001\u7cfb\u7edf\u548c\u51cf\u8f7b\u571f\u5730\u4f7f\u7528\u548c\u6c14\u5019\u53d8\u5316\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u81f3\u5173\u91cd\u8981\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
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\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5c55\u793a\u4e86\u56fe\u7075\u6591\u56fe\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u7a7a\u95f4\u81ea\u7ec4\u7ec7\u548c\u591a\u7a33\u5b9a\u6027\u5982\u4f55\u5e2e\u52a9\u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf\u89c4\u907f\u4e34\u754c\u70b9\u5e76\u589e\u5f3a\u6062\u590d\u529b\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u6982\u8ff0\u4e86\u7531\u4e8e\u66f4\u5168\u9762\u7684\u7a7a\u95f4\u6591\u56fe\u5f62\u6210\u548c\u591a\u7a33\u5b9a\u6027\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u5171\u5b58\u6001\u7684\u51fa\u73b0\uff0c\u89c4\u907f\u4e34\u754c\u70b9\u7684\u6761\u4ef6\u548c\u673a\u5236\u7684\u8303\u56f4\u5e94\u8be5\u6bd4\u90a3\u4e9b\u5bfc\u81f4\u56fe\u7075\u6591\u56fe\u7684\u8303\u56f4\u8981\u5e7f\u5f97\u591a\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u5f3a\u8c03\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e24\u79cd\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u7a7a\u95f4\u6591\u56fe\u5f62\u6210\u8d77\u6e90\u4e8e\u4e34\u754c\u70b9\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u5e76\u53ef\u4ee5\u6301\u7eed\u5230\u4e34\u754c\u70b9\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u5c55\u793a\u4e86\u5404\u79cd\u53ef\u4ee5\u89c4\u907f\u4e34\u754c\u70b9\u7684\u8def\u5f84\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u5f3a\u6709\u529b\u5730\u589e\u5f3a\u4e86\u6062\u590d\u529b\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u5f3a\u8c03\uff0c\u6700\u8fd1\u4e5f\u89c2\u5bdf\u5230\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u7a7a\u95f4\u6591\u56fe\u7684\u5f62\u6210\u548c\u591a\u7a33\u5b9a\u6027\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u751f\u6001\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u5e76\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u8fd9\u53ef\u80fd\u4e0e\u8bb8\u591a\u751f\u6001\u7cfb\u7edf\u548c\u5730\u7403\u7cfb\u7edf\u7ec4\u5206\u6709\u5173<\/span>\uff08\u5305\u62ec\u6574\u4e2a\u590d\u6742\u7684\u5730\u7403\u7cfb\u7edf\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u5bf9\u4e34\u754c\u73b0\u8c61\u548c\u7a7a\u95f4\u6591\u56fe\u5f62\u6210\u7684\u89c2\u5bdf\uff0c\u70ed\u5e26\u8349\u539f\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u5178\u578b\u751f\u6001\u7cfb\u7edf\u6765\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u7814\u7a76\u8fd9\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u9700\u8981\u66f4\u597d\u5730\u7406\u89e3\u7a7a\u95f4\u6591\u56fe\u5f62\u6210\u7684\u4e00\u822c\u52a8\u529b\u5b66\uff0c\u4ee5\u786e\u5b9a\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6591\u56fe\u5982\u4f55\u54cd\u5e94\u4e0d\u540c\u7a0b\u5ea6\u548c\u901f\u7387\u7684\u5916\u90e8\u53d8\u5316\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5982\u4f55\u54cd\u5e94\u5c40\u90e8\u53ca\u975e\u5c40\u90e8\u7684\u540c\u8d28\u6270\u52a8\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u8ba4\u8bc6\u5c06\u6709\u52a9\u4e8e\u786e\u5b9a\u54ea\u4e9b\u6761\u4ef6\u548c\u7a7a\u95f4\u6591\u56fe\u80fd\u591f\u89c4\u907f\u4e34\u754c\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u9884\u8ba1\uff0c\u5bf9\u8bb8\u591a\u751f\u6001\u7cfb\u7edf\u548c\u5730\u7403\u7cfb\u7edf\u7ec4\u5206\u4e2d\u4e34\u754c\u73b0\u8c61\u7684\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c\u5c06\u63ed\u793a\u4e00\u4e9b\u7cfb\u7edf\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u6bd4\u76ee\u524d\u8ba4\u4e3a\u7684\u5177\u6709\u66f4\u5927\u7684\u6062\u590d\u529b\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
 <\/span><\/section>\n

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\u672f\u8bed\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e2d\u82f1\u6587\u5bf9\u7167<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/section>\n<\/h2>\n
Turing pattern \u56fe\u7075\u6591\u56fe<\/span><\/section>\n
spatial pattern \u7a7a\u95f4\u6591\u56fe<\/span><\/section>\n
critical transition \u4e34\u754c\u8f6c\u53d8<\/span><\/section>\n
tipping point \u4e34\u754c\u70b9<\/span><\/section>\n
Turing bifurcation \u56fe\u7075\u5206\u5c94<\/span><\/section>\n
coexistence states \u5171\u5b58\u6001<\/span><\/section>\n
multistability \u591a\u7a33\u6001\/\u591a\u7a33\u5b9a\u6027<\/span><\/section>\n
homogeneous \u540c\u8d28<\/span><\/section>\n
equilibrium \u5e73\u8861<\/span><\/section>\n
resilience \u6062\u590d\u529b<\/span><\/section>\n
Turing-before-tipping \u4e34\u754c\u8f6c\u53d8\u524d\u7684\u56fe\u7075\u6591\u56fe<\/span><\/section>\n
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[1] M. Scheffer, S. Carpenter, J. A. Foley, C. Folke, B. Walker,Catastrophic shifts in ecosystems.Nature413, 591\u2013596(2001). doi:10.1038\/35098000; pmid:11595939<\/span><\/section>\n
[2] M. Schefferet al., Early-warning signals for critical transitions.Nature461, 5 3\u201359 (2009). doi:10.1038\/nature08227; pmid:19727193<\/span><\/section>\n
[3] W. Steffenet al., Trajectories of the Earth System in the Anthropocene.Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.115, 8252\u20138259 (2018). doi:10.1073\/pnas.1810141115; pmid:30082409<\/span><\/section>\n
[4] J. van de Koppel, M. Rietkerk, F. J. Weissing, Catastrophic vegetation shifts and soil degradation in terrestrial grazing systems.Trends Ecol. Evol.12, 352\u2013356 (1997). doi: 10.1016\/S0169-5347(97)01133-6; pmid:21238102<\/span><\/section>\n
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