{"id":32249,"date":"2022-02-05T22:49:23","date_gmt":"2022-02-05T14:49:23","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/swarma.org\/?p=32249"},"modified":"2022-02-05T22:49:23","modified_gmt":"2022-02-05T14:49:23","slug":"%e7%94%9f%e5%91%bd%e6%98%af%e4%bb%80%e4%b9%88%ef%bc%9f%e7%94%9f%e7%89%a9%e5%8c%96%e5%ad%a6%e3%80%81%e7%89%a9%e7%90%86%e5%ad%a6%e3%80%81%e5%93%b2%e5%ad%a6%e5%af%b9%e7%94%9f%e5%91%bd%e6%9c%ac%e6%ba%90","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/swarma.org\/?p=32249","title":{"rendered":"\u751f\u547d\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\uff1f\u751f\u7269\u5316\u5b66\u3001\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u3001\u54f2\u5b66\u5bf9\u751f\u547d\u672c\u6e90\u7684\u5171\u540c\u63a2\u7d22"},"content":{"rendered":"
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\u5982\u4eca\uff0c\u751f\u547d\u7684\u672c\u8d28\u95ee\u9898\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u70ed\u95e8\u8bdd\u9898\u3002\u64cd\u7eb5\u751f\u547d\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4ea7\u4e1a\u5728\u8fc5\u901f\u589e\u957f\u3002\u5982\u57fa\u56e0\u5de5\u7a0b\u3001\u514b\u9686\u548c\u9ad8\u901fDNA\u6d4b\u5e8f\u7b49\u751f\u7269\u6280\u672f\u7ed9\u6211\u4eec\u4ee5\u65b0\u7684\u3001\u524d\u6240\u672a\u6709\u7684\u529b\u91cf\u6765\u91cd\u5851\u751f\u547d\u3002\u6700\u8fd1\u7684\u4e00\u9879\u53d1\u5c55\u662f\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u80fd\u591f\u5229\u7528\u5408\u6210\u57fa\u56e0\u7ec4\u5b66\u6309\u7167\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u89c4\u8303\u91cd\u65b0\u8bbe\u8ba1\u751f\u547d<\/span>\uff08Gibbs\uff0c2004\uff1bBrent\uff0c2004\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u4e00\u9886\u57df\uff0cCraig Venter \u5927\u529b\u5ba3\u626c\u901a\u8fc7\u4f7f\u7528\u5546\u4e1a\u5316\u7684\u4eba\u9020\u7ec6\u80de\u6765\u6e05\u6d01\u73af\u5883\u6216\u751f\u4ea7\u66ff\u4ee3\u71c3\u6599\uff0c\u5438\u5f15\u4e86\u4eba\u4eec\u7684\u6ce8\u610f\u529b<\/span>\uff08Zimmer\uff0c2003\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u76ee\u524d\u901a\u8fc7\u5728\u8bd5\u7ba1\u4e2d\u5408\u6210\u6700\u5c0f\u4eba\u5de5\u7ec6\u80de\u6216\u539f\u7ec6\u80de\u7684\u201c\u6e7f\u201d\u4eba\u5de5\u751f\u547d\u7ade\u8d5b<\/span>\uff08Szostak\uff0cBartel&Luisi\uff0c2001\uff1bRasmussen\u7b49\uff0c2004\uff1bLuisi\uff0c2006\uff1bRasmussen\u7b49\uff0c2007\uff09<\/span>\u4e5f\u805a\u7126\u4e8e\u751f\u547d\u672c\u8d28\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u8fd9\u573a\u7ade\u8d5b\u9700\u8981\u5bf9\u751f\u547d\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\u8fbe\u6210\u5171\u8bc6\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u5b9a\u4e49\u9700\u8981\u8d85\u8d8a\u6211\u4eec\u6240\u719f\u6089\u7684\u751f\u547d\u5f62\u5f0f\u3002\u521b\u9020\u539f\u7ec6\u80de\u5bf9\u793e\u4f1a\u548c\u4f26\u7406\u9020\u6210\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u4e5f\u9700\u8981\u6211\u4eec\u5bf9\u751f\u547d\u7684\u672c\u8d28\u6709\u66f4\u6df1\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u3002\u76ee\u524d\u5173\u4e8e\u751f\u547d\u8d77\u6e90<\/span>\uff08Oparin, 1964\uff1bCrick, 1981\uff1bShapiro, 1986\uff1bEigen, 1992\uff1bMorowitz, 1992; Dyson, 1999\uff1bLuisi, 1998\uff09<\/span>\u548c\u5173\u4e8e\u667a\u80fd\u8bbe\u8ba1<\/span>\uff08Pennock, 2001\uff09<\/span>\u7684\u4e89\u8bba\u66f4\u662f\u5982\u706b\u5982\u837c\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u6700\u8fd1\u201c\u786c\u201d\u4eba\u5de5\u751f\u547d\u4e5f\u53d6\u5f97\u6210\u5c31\uff0c\u5982\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u88ab\u5e7f\u6cdb\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u5546\u7528\u5bb6\u5ead\u771f\u7a7a\u5438\u5c18\u5668\u673a\u5668\u4ebaRoomba<\/span>\uff08Brooks\uff0c2002\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u901a\u8fc7\u5bf9\u81ea\u52a8\u5316\u5feb\u901f\u539f\u578b\u52a0\u4ee5\u6539\u8fdb\u800c\u8bbe\u8ba1\u5236\u9020\u7684\u6b65\u884c\u673a\u5668\u4eba<\/span>\uff08Lipson&Pollack\uff0c2000\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u673a\u5668\u4eba\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u4f7f\u4eba\u4eec\u4e0d\u53ef\u907f\u514d\u5730\u8981\u9762\u5bf9\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\uff1a\u5373\u4e00\u4e2a\u4ec5\u7531\u5851\u6599\u3001\u7845\u548c\u94a2\u5236\u6210\u7684\u8bbe\u5907\u771f\u7684\u53ef\u4ee5\u79f0\u4e3a\u6d3b\u7740\u7684\u5417\uff1f\u8fd9\u4e9b\u79d1\u5b66\u53d1\u5c55\u589e\u52a0\u4e86\u5982\u4f55\u7cbe\u786e\u5212\u5206\u751f\u7269\u7684\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u5bf9\u751f\u547d\u53ef\u4ee5\u91c7\u53d6\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u52a0\u4ee5\u6982\u62ec\uff0c\u4f46\u8fd9\u79cd\u6982\u62ec\u4e5f\u662f\u57fa\u4e8e\u771f\u5b9e\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u751f\u547d\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u3002\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u5bb6\u7814\u7a76\u4e86\u5927\u91cf\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u6a21\u5f0f\u751f\u7269\uff0c\u5982\u5927\u80a0\u6746\u83cc<\/span>\uff08\u4e00\u79cd\u5e38\u89c1\u7ec6\u83cc\uff09<\/span>\u3001\u79c0\u4e3d\u9690\u6746\u7ebf\u866b<\/span>\uff08\u4e00\u79cd\u7ebf\u866b\uff09<\/span>\u548c\u9ed1\u8179\u679c\u8747<\/span>\uff08\u4e00\u79cd\u679c\u8747\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u9009\u53d6\u5c3d\u53ef\u80fd\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u6a21\u5f0f\u751f\u7269\uff0c\u7531\u6b64\u53ef\u4ee5\u6700\u597d\u5730\u53cd\u6620\u51fa\u751f\u547d\u53ef\u4ee5\u91c7\u53d6\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\uff0c\u5bf9\u5730\u7403\u4e0a\u7684\u751f\u7269\u505a\u51fa\u6700\u4e3a\u5168\u9762\u7684\u6982\u62ec\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u5730\u7403\u4e0a\u6240\u6709\u7684\u751f\u547d\u90fd\u662f\u5728\u5730\u7403\u4e0a\u7684\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5173\u4e8e\u751f\u547d\u7684\u6982\u62ec\u76ee\u524d\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u6837\u672c\u5927\u5c0f\u3002\u6885\u7eb3\u5fb7\u00b7\u53f2\u5bc6\u65af<\/span>\uff08Maynard Smith\uff0c1998\uff09<\/span>\u66fe\u7ecf\u6307\u51fa\uff1a\u4eba\u5de5\u751f\u547d\u6709\u52a9\u4e8e\u51cf\u8f7b\u8fd9\u4e00\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u81ea\u7136\u754c\u4e2d\u7684\u751f\u547d\u6709\u7740\u60ca\u4eba\u7684\u591a\u6837\u6027\u3002\u4f46\u5b83\u4eec\u53ea\u662f\u6240\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u751f\u547d\u5f62\u5f0f\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u5c0f\u90e8\u5206\u3002\u4efb\u4f55\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u53ea\u8981\u6211\u4eec\u90fd\u80fd\u4f7f\u7528\u8f6f\u4ef6\u3001\u786c\u4ef6\u6216\u8005\u6e7f\u4ef6\u6765\u5408\u6210\u4e00\u4e2a\u53ef\u4ee5\u5c55\u793a\u751f\u547d\u6838\u5fc3\u5c5e\u6027\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5c31\u6709\u5927\u91cf\u7684\u673a\u4f1a\u6765\u6269\u5c55\u6211\u4eec\u5bf9\u4e8e\u201c\u751f\u547d\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\u201d\u8fd9\u4e00\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u7ecf\u9a8c\u6027\u7406\u89e3\u3002<\/strong><\/span><\/section>\n

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\u54f2\u5b66\u53f2\u4e0a\u6709\u4e09\u4f4d\u4f1f\u4eba\u66fe\u5c06\u5173\u4e8e\u751f\u547d\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u52a0\u4ee5\u63a8\u8fdb\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u8fd9\u4e9b\u89c2\u70b9\u4ecd\u7136\u5728\u5f53\u4ee3\u7684\u8ba8\u8bba\u4e2d\u5f15\u8d77\u5171\u9e23\u3002\u5728\u300a\u8bba\u7075\u9b42\u300b\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e9a\u91cc\u58eb\u591a\u5fb7\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u751f\u547d\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u88ab\u5982\u65b0\u9648\u4ee3\u8c22\u3001\u611f\u89c9\u548c\u8fd0\u52a8\u7b49\u5404\u4e2a\u80fd\u529b\u5d4c\u5957\u8d77\u6765\u7684\u7edf\u9886\u8005\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u88ab\u80fd\u529b\u5d4c\u5957\u7740\u7684\u7edf\u9886\u8005\u5c31\u5bf9\u5e94\u4e8e\u4e9a\u91cc\u58eb\u591a\u5fb7\u7684\u201c\u7075\u9b42\u201d\u6216\u7cbe\u795e\u80fd\u529b\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u4e9a\u91cc\u58eb\u591a\u5fb7\u672c\u8d28\u4e0a\u628a\u751f\u547d\u548c\u5fc3\u7075\u8054\u7cfb\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\u3002\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5168\u9762\u53d6\u4ee3\u4e9a\u91cc\u58eb\u591a\u5fb7\u54f2\u5b66\u548c\u79d1\u5b66\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u7b1b\u5361\u5c14\u8ba4\u4e3a\u751f\u547d\u53ea\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u590d\u6742\u7684\u4f46\u7eaf\u7cb9\u7531\u7269\u8d28\u673a\u5668\u6267\u884c\u7684\u8fd0\u4f5c\u8fc7\u7a0b\u3002\u7b1b\u5361\u5c14\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u751f\u547d\u4ece\u672c\u8d28\u4e0a\u4e0d\u540c\u4e8e\u5fc3\u7075\uff0c\u4ed6\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5fc3\u7075\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u610f\u8bc6\u6a21\u5f0f\u3002\u7b1b\u5361\u5c14\u5728\u4ed6\u7684\u300a\u4eba\u8bba\u300b\u4e2d\u52fe\u52d2\u4e86\u4ed6\u5173\u4e8e\u751f\u547d\u7684\u673a\u68b0\u5047\u8bbe\u7684\u7ec6\u8282\u3002\u51e0\u4ee3\u4eba\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u5eb7\u5fb7\u5728\u300a\u5224\u65ad\u529b\u6279\u5224\u300b\u4e00\u4e66\u4e2d\u52aa\u529b\u5c06\u7b1b\u5361\u5c14\u7684\u552f\u7269\u4e3b\u4e49\u89c2\u70b9\u4e0e\u751f\u547d\u72ec\u7279\u7684\u81ea\u4e3b\u6027\u548c\u76ee\u7684\u7ed3\u5408\u8d77\u6765\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u7406\u89e3\u751f\u547d\u7684\u672c\u8d28\u5e76\u4e0d\u7b80\u5355\u3002\u5b83\u9700\u8981\u5bf9\u4e00\u4e9b\u771f\u5b9e\u7684\u4e14\u6781\u5176\u590d\u6742\u7684\u4e8b\u7269\u8fdb\u884c\u8c03\u67e5\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4e8b\u7269\u5177\u6709\u5de8\u5927\u7684\u6f5c\u5728\u7684\u8db3\u4ee5\u6539\u53d8\u5730\u7403\u9762\u8c8c\u7684\u521b\u9020\u6027\u548c\u529b\u91cf<\/span>\uff08Margulis&Sagan\uff0c1995\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u8fd9\u9879\u8c03\u67e5\u5fc5\u7136\u662f\u8de8\u5b66\u79d1\u7684\uff0c\u5b83\u5c06\u5ba1\u89c6\u90a3\u4e9b\u591a\u5f97\u60ca\u4eba\u7684\u5173\u4e8e\u751f\u547d\u7684\u89c2\u70b9<\/strong>\u3002\u6bd4\u5982\u6574\u4f53\u6027\u3001\u5185\u5728\u7a33\u5b9a\u6027\u3001\u6709\u76ee\u7684\u6027\u53ca\u53ef\u8fdb\u5316\u6027\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6709\u8da3\u800c\u5fae\u5999\u7684\u6027\u8d28\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u523b\u753b\u4e86\u751f\u547d\u7684\u7279\u5f81\u3002\u4f46\u5bf9\u751f\u547d\u7684\u7cbe\u786e\u5b9a\u4e49\u4ecd\u7136\u96be\u4ee5\u6349\u6478\uff0c\u90e8\u5206\u539f\u56e0\u662f\u75c5\u6bd2\u548c\u5b62\u5b50\u7b49\u4e34\u754c\u7684\u8fb9\u7f18\u60c5\u51b5\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u6700\u8fd1\u7684\u4eba\u5de5\u751f\u547d\u7684\u521b\u9020\u3002\u66f4\u4e3a\u590d\u6742\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u751f\u547d\u5728\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u54f2\u5b66\u96be\u9898\u4e2d\u5904\u4e8e\u4e2d\u5fc3\u4f4d\u7f6e\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u96be\u9898\u53c8\u6d89\u53ca\u5230\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u5982\u6d8c\u73b0\u3001\u8ba1\u7b97\u548c\u5fc3\u7075\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u9884\u6599\u5f97\u5230\uff0c\u5173\u4e8e\u751f\u547d\u7684\u770b\u6cd5\u662f\u591a\u79cd\u591a\u6837\u7684\u3002\u6709\u4e9b\u4eba\u8fd0\u7528\u4e86\u5982\u529f\u80fd\u4e3b\u4e49\u7b49\u719f\u6089\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\u7406\u8bba\u3002\u53e6\u4e00\u4e9b\u4eba\u5219\u4f7f\u7528\u751f\u5316\u6216\u9057\u4f20\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\u4e0e\u673a\u5236\u3002\u8fd8\u6709\u4e00\u4e9b\u4eba\u5f3a\u8c03\u65b0\u9648\u4ee3\u8c22\u548c\u8fdb\u5316\u7b49\u8fc7\u7a0b\u3002\u5173\u4e8e\u751f\u547d\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u7684\u591a\u6837\u6027\u672c\u8eab\u5c31\u5f88\u6709\u8da3\u5e76\u503c\u5f97\u52a0\u4ee5\u9610\u8ff0\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u751f\u547d\u4e2d\u4e00\u4e2a\u5f15\u4eba\u6ce8\u76ee\u7684\u4e8b\u5b9e\u662f\u5b83\u6240\u5c55\u73b0\u7684\u7279\u5f81\u548c\u72ec\u7279\u7684\u6807\u5fd7\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u901a\u5e38\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7279\u5f81\u5bf9\u4e8e\u751f\u547d\u800c\u8a00\u65e2\u4e0d\u5145\u5206\u4e5f\u4e0d\u5fc5\u8981\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u4ecd\u7136\u662f\u751f\u547d\u7684\u5178\u578b\u7279\u5f81\u3002\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u4eba\u7ed9\u51fa\u4e86\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u751f\u547d\u7279\u5f81\u7684\u5217\u8868\uff1b\u4f8b\u5982\uff0cMaynard Smith, 1986; Farmer & Belin, 1992; Mayr, 1997; G\u00e1nti, 2000\u3002\u4f46\u5217\u8868\u4e2d\u7684\u5927\u591a\u6570\u7279\u5f81\u57fa\u672c\u4e0a\u662f\u91cd\u53e0\u7684\u3002\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u503c\u5f97\u6ce8\u610f\u7684\u70b9\u662f\uff0c\u6e05\u5355\u4e0a\u5217\u51fa\u7684\u7279\u5f81\u4e5f\u6709\u660e\u663e\u7684\u533a\u522b\u3002\u4e00\u4e2a\u5f88\u597d\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\u662fG\u00e1nti<\/span>\uff08\u7518\u8482\uff09<\/span>\u7ed9\u51fa\u7684\u7279\u5f81<\/span>\uff08\u6216\u8005\u4ed6\u79f0\u4e4b\u4e3a\u201c\u6807\u51c6\u201d\uff09<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\uff081\uff09\u6574\u4f53\u6027<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u7b2c\u4e09\u70b9\u662f\u751f\u547d\u672c\u8eab\u5b58\u5728\u5f88\u591a\u8c1c\u56e2\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u5c06\u7f57\u5217\u5982\u4e0b\u516d\u70b9\u3002\u4efb\u4f55\u5173\u4e8e\u751f\u547d\u7684\u63cf\u8ff0\u90fd\u5e94\u80fd\u89e3\u91ca\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8c1c\u9898\u7684\u8d77\u6e90\uff1b\u66f4\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u63cf\u8ff0\u5e94\u8be5\u80fd\u89e3\u51b3\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8c1c\u9898\u3002\u6709\u4e9b\u8c1c\u9898\u53ef\u80fd\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u51fa\u4e8e\u56f0\u60d1\uff0c\u4f46\u53e6\u4e00\u4e9b\u5219\u662f\u81ea\u7136\u754c\u4e2d\u57fa\u672c\u800c\u4ee4\u4eba\u7740\u8ff7\u7684\u60ac\u800c\u672a\u51b3\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u751f\u547d\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u51fa\u73b0\u7684\uff1f\u5c5e\u6027B\u4f9d\u8d56\u4e8e\u5c5e\u6027A\u800c\u4ea7\u751f\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u5728\u4ea7\u751f\u540e\u72ec\u7acb\u4e8e\u5c5e\u6027A\uff0c\u5177\u6709\u81ea\u4e3b\u6027\uff0c\u5219\u79f0\u5c5e\u6027B\u662f\u4ece\u5c5e\u6027A\u4e2d\u6d8c\u73b0\u51fa\u6765\u7684\u3002\u4e0d\u540c\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u4f9d\u8d56\u548c\u81ea\u4e3b\u72ec\u7acb\u5c06\u4ea7\u751f\u4e0d\u540c\u7a0b\u5ea6\u7684\u6d8c\u73b0<\/span>\uff08Bedau\uff0c2003b\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u5982\u679c\u6d8c\u73b0\u73b0\u8c61\u7275\u6d89\u5230\u539f\u5219\u4e0a\u4e0d\u53ef\u518d\u5206\u7684\u81ea\u4e0a\u800c\u4e0b\u7684\u56e0\u679c\u529b\u91cf\uff0c\u5219\u79f0\u4e4b\u4e3a\u201c\u5f3a\u201d\u6d8c\u73b0<\/strong>\u3002\u5fc3\u7075\u54f2\u5b66\u4e2d\u7684\u77e5\u89c9\u6216\u611f\u53d7\u7684\u7279\u6027\u5c31\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u4f8b\u5b50<\/span>\uff08Kim\uff0c1999\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u5982\u679cA\u548cB\u662f\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u5219B\u4eceA\u7684\u6d8c\u73b0\u662f\u5171\u65f6\u7684\u3002\u8fd9\u6d89\u53ca\u5230\u67d0\u4e00\u65f6\u523b\u6709\u54ea\u4e9b\u5c5e\u6027\u5b58\u5728\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5c5e\u6027\u53ef\u80fd\u6b63\u5728\u53d1\u751f\u53d8\u5316\uff0c\u4f46\u5728\u67d0\u4e00\u77ac\u95f4\u7684\u5c5e\u6027A\u548cB\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u662f\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5c5e\u6027\u53d8\u5316\u7684\u52a8\u6001\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u9759\u6001\u5feb\u7167\u3002\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u5c5e\u6027A\u5148\u4e8e\u5c5e\u6027B\u53d1\u751f\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u5c5e\u6027B\u5728\u5c5e\u6027A\u4ea7\u751f\u540e\u5c31\u4ea7\u751f\u4e86\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u5c5e\u6027B\u4ece\u5c5e\u6027A\u7684\u51fa\u73b0\u662f\u52a8\u6001\u7684\u3002\u751f\u547d\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u52a8\u6001\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u201c\u5f31\u201d\u6d8c\u73b0\u7684\u8303\u4f8b<\/strong>\uff0c\u9664\u975e\u89c2\u5bdf\u5b83\u4eec\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff0c\u6216\u89c2\u5bdf\u5176\u6a21\u62df\uff0c\u5b83\u6d89\u53ca\u5230\u7684\u90a3\u4e9b\u5b8f\u89c2\u5c5e\u6027\u90fd\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u9884\u6d4b\u6216\u4e0d\u663e\u8457\u7684<\/span>\uff08Bedau\uff0c1997\uff0c2003b\uff09<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\uff083\uff09\u5c42\u6b21\u7ed3\u6784<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u751f\u547d\u5bf9\u5916\u8868\u5f81\u4e3a\u591a\u79cd\u591a\u6837\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\u5c42\u6b21\u3002\u6bcf\u4e2a\u6709\u673a\u4f53\u76f8\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5176\u5185\u90e8\u7684\u6709\u673a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5f62\u6210\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u5c42\u6b21\u7ed3\u6784\u3002\u4e0d\u540c\u79cd\u7c7b\u7684\u6709\u673a\u4f53\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4e4b\u95f4\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u76f8\u5bf9\u590d\u6742\u6027\uff0c\u7531\u6b64\u800c\u5f62\u6210\u4e86\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u5c42\u6b21\u7ed3\u6784\u3002\u6700\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u6709\u673a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u662f\u539f\u6838\u7ec6\u80de\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u6210\u5206\u76f8\u5bf9\u7b80\u5355\u3002\u6bd4\u8f83\u590d\u6742\u4e00\u4e9b\u7684\u662f\u542b\u6709\u590d\u6742\u7ec6\u80de\u5668\u548c\u7ec6\u80de\u6838\u7684\u771f\u6838\u7ec6\u80de\u3002\u591a\u7ec6\u80de\u6709\u673a\u4f53\u66f4\u4e3a\u590d\u6742\uff1b\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u7ec4\u6210\u5355\u5143<\/span>\uff08\u5355\u4e2a\u7ec6\u80de\uff09<\/span>\u4e5f\u662f\u72ec\u7acb\u7684\u751f\u547d\u4e2a\u4f53<\/span>\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u81ea\u5df1\u4fdd\u6301\u751f\u7269\u6d3b\u6027\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u54fa\u4e73\u52a8\u7269\u6709\u590d\u6742\u7684\u5185\u90e8\u5668\u5b98<\/span>\uff08\u5982\u5fc3\u810f\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u5f53\u4e00\u4e2a\u54fa\u4e73\u52a8\u7269\u6b7b\u4ea1\u65f6\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5668\u5b98\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u91c7\u6458\u4e0b\u6765\u5e76\u4fdd\u6301\u5176\u751f\u7269\u6d3b\u6027\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u901a\u8fc7\u5916\u79d1\u624b\u672f\u690d\u5165\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u54fa\u4e73\u52a8\u7269\u4f53\u5185\u3002\u8fd9\u91cc\u5c31\u51fa\u73b0\u4e86\u4e24\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u9996\u5148\uff0c\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u751f\u547d\u503e\u5411\u4e8e\u4ea7\u751f\u5e76\u5305\u542b\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u5c42\u6b21\u7ed3\u6784\uff1f\u8fd9\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\u65e2\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u6240\u6709\u751f\u7269\u4f53\u5171\u540c\u7ec4\u6210\u7684\u590d\u6742\u5c42\u6b21\u7ed3\u6784\uff0c\u4e5f\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u6bcf\u4e2a\u751f\u7269\u4f53\u5185\u90e8\u7ec4\u7ec7\u95f4\u7684\u5c42\u6b21\u7ed3\u6784\u3002\u5173\u4e8e\u540e\u8005\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u63d0\u51fa\u4e0b\u4e00\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u6709\u673a\u4f53\u662f\u5178\u578b\u7684\u6709\u751f\u547d\u7684\u8303\u4f8b\uff0c\u4f46\u6211\u4eec\u4e5f\u5c06\u5668\u5b98\u548c\u5355\u4e2a\u7ec6\u80de\u79f0\u4e3a\u6709\u751f\u547d\u7684\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u7ec6\u80de\u51cb\u4ea1\u662f\u751f\u7269\u4f53\u5185\u6d3b\u7ec6\u80de\u7a0b\u5e8f\u6027\u6b7b\u4ea1\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u91cd\u8981\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff0c\u533b\u9662\u52aa\u529b\u4f7f\u67d0\u4e9b\u5668\u5b98\u5728\u4eba\u6b7b\u540e\u4ecd\u80fd\u5b58\u6d3b\uff0c\u4ee5\u4fbf\u53ef\u4ee5\u79fb\u690d\u5230\u5176\u4ed6\u4eba\u4f53\u5185\u3002\u8fd9\u5c31\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u5373\u54fa\u4e73\u52a8\u7269\u3001\u5b83\u7684\u5fc3\u810f\u548c\u7ec4\u6210\u5fc3\u810f\u7684\u7ec6\u80de\u662f\u5426\u5728\u76f8\u540c\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u6d3b\u7740\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\uff084\uff09\u8fde\u7eed\u5ea6<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u57fa\u4e8e\u8f6f\u4ef6\u548c\u786c\u4ef6\u7684\u4eba\u5de5\u751f\u547d\u7ed9\u51fa\u4e86\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\uff1a\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u521b\u9020\u7269\u662f\u5426\u771f\u7684\u53ef\u4ee5\u662f\u6d3b\u7740\u7684\uff1f<\/span>\uff08Langton\uff0c1989a\uff1bPatte\uff0c1989\uff1bSober\uff0c1992\uff1bEmmeche\uff0c1992\uff1bOlson\uff0c1997\uff09<\/span>\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u67d0\u4e9b\u72ec\u7279\u7684\u78b3\u57fa\u5927\u5206\u5b50\u5728\u6240\u6709\u5df2\u77e5\u751f\u547d\u4f53\u7684\u751f\u5b58\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u8d77\u7740\u81f3\u5173\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\uff1b\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u8bb8\u591a\u4eba\u5de5\u751f\u547d\u4f3c\u4e4e\u90fd\u5047\u5b9a\u751f\u547d\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u7ecf\u8fc7\u9002\u5f53\u7f16\u7a0b\u7684\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u4e2d\u5b9e\u73b0\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\u6709\u4e24\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\u9700\u8981\u52a0\u4ee5\u533a\u5206\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u662f\u54f2\u5b66\u4e0a\u6709\u4e89\u8bae\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u2014\u2014\u51ed\u4ec0\u4e48\u8bf4\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u6216\u673a\u5668\u4eba\u662f\u6d3b\u7740\u7684\u3002\u5982\u679c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\u5f97\u5230\u89e3\u51b3\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5c06\u9762\u4e34\u7684\u6280\u672f\u95ee\u9898\u662f\uff0c\u662f\u5426\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u901a\u8fc7\u5efa\u7acb\u4e00\u5957\u8f6f\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\u6216\u786c\u4ef6\u8bbe\u5907<\/span>\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\u673a\u5668\u4eba\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u4f7f\u5f97\u5b83\u4ece\u8fd9\u4e2a\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u8bf4\u662f\u771f\u6b63\u6d3b\u7684\u3002\u8fd9\u91cc\u7684\u6311\u6218\u662f\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u662f\u5426\u80fd\u591f\u771f\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u5982\u4f55\u901a\u8fc7\u9002\u5f53\u7684\u539f\u6750\u6599\u6765\u5b9e\u73b0\u751f\u547d\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u57fa\u4e8e\u8f6f\u4ef6\u7684\u201c\u5f3a\u201d\u4eba\u5de5\u751f\u547d\u575a\u4fe1\u4eba\u5de5\u751f\u547d\u8f6f\u4ef6\u7684\u5b9e\u4f8b\u662f\u771f\u7684\u6d3b\u7269\u3002\u5bf9\u4e8e\u57fa\u4e8e\u786c\u4ef6\u8bbe\u5907\u7684\u201c\u786c\u201d\u4eba\u5de5\u751f\u547d\u548c\u57fa\u4e8e\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5ba4\u8bbe\u5907\u7684\u201c\u6e7f\u201d\u4eba\u5de5\u751f\u547d\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u4e5f\u6709\u7c7b\u4f3c\u7684\u5f3a\u786c\u7acb\u573a\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5f3a\u786c\u7684\u7acb\u573a\u5bf9\u6bd4\u4e8e\u90a3\u4e9b\u65e0\u4e89\u8bae\u7684\u201c\u8f6f\u5f31\u201d\u7acb\u573a\uff0c\u8ba9\u4eba\u4eec\u76f8\u4fe1\u901a\u8fc7\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u6a21\u578b\u3001\u786c\u4ef6\u7ed3\u6784\u548c\u6e7f\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5ba4\u9020\u7269\u53ef\u4ee5\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u7406\u89e3\u751f\u547d\u7cfb\u7edf\u3002\u800c\u4e14\uff0c\u6e7f\u4eba\u5de5\u751f\u547d\u7684\u5f3a\u7248\u672c\u5728\u76f4\u89c9\u4e0a\u662f\u770b\u8d77\u6765\u5f88\u5408\u7406\uff1b\u6211\u4eec\u5185\u5fc3\u901a\u5e38\u613f\u610f\u63a5\u53d7\u90a3\u4e9b\u5728\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5ba4\u91cc\u4ece\u96f6\u5f00\u59cb\u5408\u6210\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u662f\u771f\u6b63\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u7684\u751f\u547d\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5173\u4e8e\u5f3a\u4eba\u5de5\u751f\u547d\u7684\u4e89\u8bba\u4e3b\u8981\u96c6\u4e2d\u5728\u8f6f\u4eba\u5de5\u751f\u547d\u548c\u786c\u4eba\u5de5\u751f\u547d\u4e0a\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u8c1c\u9898\u662f\uff0c\u751f\u547d\u548c\u5fc3\u7075\u4e4b\u95f4\u662f\u5426\u5b58\u5728\u7740\u5185\u5728\u8054\u7cfb\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u690d\u7269\u3001\u7ec6\u83cc\u3001\u6606\u866b\u548c\u54fa\u4e73\u52a8\u7269\u5bf9\u73af\u5883\u5177\u6709\u5404\u79cd\u654f\u611f\u6027\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u73af\u5883\u654f\u611f\u6027\u4ee5\u5404\u79cd\u65b9\u5f0f\u5f71\u54cd\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5b83\u4eec\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5404\u79cd\u4ea4\u6d41\u5f62\u5f0f<\/span>\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\uff0cDennett\uff0c1997\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u90fd\u662f\u667a\u80fd\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u201c\u5fc3\u667a\u201d\u80fd\u529b\u7684\u76f8\u5bf9\u6210\u719f\u4f3c\u4e4e\u4e0e\u8fd9\u4e9b\u751f\u547d\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u76f8\u5bf9\u6210\u719f\u5ea6\u76f8\u5bf9\u5e94\uff0c\u5e76\u5bf9\u5b83\u4eec\u7ed9\u51fa\u4e86\u89e3\u91ca\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\u4eba\u4eec\u81ea\u7136\u4f1a\u95ee\uff0c\u751f\u547d\u4e0e\u5fc3\u7075\u4e4b\u95f4\u662f\u5426\u5b58\u5728\u7740\u67d0\u79cd\u6df1\u5c42\u6b21\u7684\u8054\u7cfb\u3002\u5f53\u7136\uff0c\u8fdb\u5316\u8fc7\u7a0b\u7ed9\u51fa\u4e86\u751f\u547d\u548c\u5fc3\u7075\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u7cfb\u8c31\u8054\u7cfb\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u5982\u679c Beer<\/span>\uff08\u6bd4\u5c14\uff09<\/span>\u6240\u8bf4\u7684\u201c\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u9002\u5e94\u884c\u4e3a\uff0c\u4e00\u79cd\u2026\u2026\u7528\u6765\u5e94\u5bf9\u6211\u4eec\u6240\u5728\u7684\u590d\u6742\u7684\u3001\u52a8\u6001\u7684\u3001\u4e0d\u53ef\u9884\u6d4b\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u80fd\u529b\uff0c\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f[\u667a\u80fd\u672c\u8eab]\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u201d\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u751f\u547d\u4e0e\u5fc3\u7075\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u8054\u7cfb\u5c06\u66f4\u52a0\u6df1\u523b<\/span>\uff08Beer, 1990, pp.11; \u53e6\u89c1 Maturana & Varela, 1987; Godfrey-Smith, 1994; Clark, 1997\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u6240\u6709\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u751f\u547d\u90fd\u5fc5\u987b\u4ee5\u8fd9\u6837\u6216\u90a3\u6837\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u5e94\u5bf9\u4e00\u4e2a\u590d\u6742\u3001\u52a8\u6001\u4e14\u4e0d\u53ef\u9884\u6d4b\u7684\u4e16\u754c\uff0c\u4e5f\u8bb8\u8fd9\u79cd\u9002\u5e94\u6027\u7684\u7075\u6d3b\u5c06\u751f\u547d\u548c\u5fc3\u7075\u7d27\u5bc6\u5730\u8054\u7cfb\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u4eba\u4eec\u66fe\u7ecf\u505a\u8fc7\u5404\u79cd\u5404\u6837\u7684\u5c1d\u8bd5\u6765\u63cf\u8ff0\u6240\u6709\u751f\u547d\u7684\u666e\u904d\u7279\u5f81\u3002\u5728\u672c\u8282\u4e2d\uff0c\u6211\u5c06\u8ba8\u8bba\u51e0\u79cd\u5bf9\u751f\u547d\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u89e3\u91ca\uff0c\u6307\u51fa\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u52a8\u673a\u3001\u4f18\u52bf\u548c\u52a3\u52bf\u3002\u6211\u8fd8\u5c06\u6307\u51fa\u4e00\u4e9b\u8ba4\u4e3a\u8fd9\u4e9b\u89e3\u91ca\u65e0\u7528\u7684\u6000\u7591\u7acb\u573a\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u9996\u5148\u8003\u8651\u751f\u547d\u672c\u8d28\u4e0e\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u65e0\u5173\u7684\u6000\u7591\u7acb\u573a<\/span>\uff08Sober, 1992; Taylor, 1992\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u6000\u7591\u8bba\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u539f\u56e0\u662f\uff1a\u4e0d\u8bba\u751f\u547d\u662f\u5426\u80fd\u591f\u88ab\u5145\u5206\u5b9a\u4e49\uff0c\u4e0d\u8bba\u54ea\u79cd\u5173\u4e8e\u751f\u547d\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u6700\u7ec8\u83b7\u80dc\uff0c\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u5bb6\u4eec\u90fd\u80fd\u7ee7\u7eed\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5fc5\u987b\u627f\u8ba4\uff0c\u6700\u8fd1\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\uff0c\u5982\u8bd5\u56fe\u4ece\u96f6\u8d77\u6b65\u5236\u9020\u6700\u5c0f\u7684\u4eba\u5de5\u7ec6\u80de\uff0c\u786e\u5b9e\u9700\u8981\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u4eec\u5f00\u59cb\u53bb\u786e\u5b9a\u4ec0\u4e48\u624d\u662f\u751f\u547d\u7684\u672c\u8d28\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u8fd9\u4e9b\u89c2\u70b9\u6ca1\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u7cbe\u786e\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u95ee\u9898\u5373\u4fbf\u66fe\u7ecf\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u65e0\u5173\u7d27\u8981\u7684\uff0c\u73b0\u5728\u4e5f\u4e0d\u518d\u662f\u8fd9\u6837\u4e86\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u53ea\u6709\u5f53\u4ed6\u81f3\u5c11\u6709\u5173\u4e8e\u751f\u547d\u7684\u6700\u5c0f\u5145\u5206\u6761\u4ef6\u7684\u53ef\u884c\u5047\u8bbe\u65f6\uff0c\u624d\u80fd\u5f00\u59cb\u7740\u624b\u6784\u9020\u4e00\u4e2a\u6700\u5c0f\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u751f\u547d\u3002\u5426\u5219\u4ed6\u90fd\u4e0d\u77e5\u9053\u8be5\u53bb\u505a\u4ec0\u4e48\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u6000\u7591\u8bba\u7684\u7b2c\u4e8c\u79cd\u5f62\u5f0f\u662f\u8ba4\u4e3a\u751f\u547d\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u5fc5\u8981\u548c\u5145\u5206\u7684\u6761\u4ef6\u52a0\u4ee5\u8ba4\u5b9a\uff0c\u800c\u53ea\u662f\u7531\u4e00\u7ec4\u5177\u6709Wittgenstinian<\/span>\uff08\u7ef4\u7279\u6839\u65af\u5766\uff09<\/span>\u5bb6\u65cf\u76f8\u4f3c\u6027\u7684\u4e8b\u7269\u7ec4\u6210\u3002\u4e0d\u540c\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u751f\u547d\u53ef\u80fd\u5177\u6709\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u6027\u8d28\u6216\u7279\u5f81\uff0c\u4f46\u5bf9\u6bcf\u4e00\u4e2a\u7fa4\u4f53\u4e2d\u7684\u5355\u4e2a\u4e2a\u4f53\u7684\u6027\u8d28\u800c\u8a00\u90fd\u6709\u4f8b\u5916\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6027\u8d28\u901a\u5e38\u7531\u6d3b\u751f\u7269\u4f53\u6240\u62e5\u6709\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83\u4eec\u4e0d\u662f\u4e25\u683c\u5fc5\u8981\u6216\u5145\u5206\u7684\u3002Farmer\u548cBelin\u5217\u51fa\u4e86\u516b\u4e2a\u7279\u5f81\uff1a\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff1b\u81ea\u6211\u7e41\u6b96\uff1b\u81ea\u6211\u8868\u5f81\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u5b58\u50a8\uff1b\u65b0\u9648\u4ee3\u8c22\uff1b\u4e0e\u73af\u5883\u7684\u529f\u80fd\u4e92\u52a8\uff1b\u5404\u90e8\u5206\u7684\u76f8\u4e92\u4f9d\u5b58\uff1b\u6270\u52a8\u4e0b\u7684\u7a33\u5b9a\u6027\uff1b\u4ee5\u53ca\u7fa4\u4f53\u4e2d\u7684\u6210\u5458\u5177\u6709\u8fdb\u5316\u80fd\u529b\u3002\u7136\u540e\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u89e3\u91ca\u8bf4\uff0c\u5f53\u4ed6\u4eec\u5bf9\u8bd5\u56fe\u627e\u5230\u6bd4\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7279\u5f81\u5217\u8868\u66f4\u7cbe\u786e\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u611f\u5230\u7edd\u671b\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u751f\u547d\u7684\u96c6\u7c07\u6982\u5ff5<\/strong><\/span>\uff08cluster conception\uff09<\/span>\u8bde\u751f\u4e86\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
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\u4f3c\u4e4e\u6ca1\u6709\u4e00\u79cd\u5355\u4e00\u7684\u5c5e\u6027\u80fd\u591f\u6807\u8bb0\u751f\u547d\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u8d4b\u4e88\u751f\u547d\u7684\u4efb\u4f55\u5c5e\u6027\u8981\u4e48\u8fc7\u4e8e\u5bbd\u6cdb\uff0c\u4ee5\u81f4\u4e8e\u8bb8\u591a\u975e\u751f\u547d\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e5f\u5177\u6709\u8fd9\u7c7b\u7279\u5f81\uff1b\u8981\u4e48\u8fc7\u4e8e\u5177\u4f53\uff0c\u4ee5\u81f4\u4e8e\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u627e\u5230\u4e00\u4e9b\u4e0d\u6ee1\u8db3\u8fd9\u7c7b\u5177\u4f53\u7279\u5f81\u7684\u53cd\u4f8b\uff0c\u4f46\u4ece\u76f4\u89c9\u4e0a\u5224\u65ad\u8fd9\u4e2a\u53cd\u4f8b\u5374\u662f\u6d3b\u7740\u7684\u3002\uff08Farmer&Belin\uff0c1992\uff0cpp.818\uff1b\u53c2\u89c1Taylor\uff0c1992\uff09<\/span><\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/blockquote>\n


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\u96c6\u7c07<\/span><\/strong>\u6982\u5ff5\u76f8\u5f53\u4e8e\u5bf9\u5b58\u5728\u7edf\u4e00\u751f\u547d\u7406\u8bba\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u7684\u6000\u7591\u3002<\/span>
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\u96c6\u7c07<\/span><\/strong>\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u4f18\u70b9\u662f\uff0c\u5b83\u4e3a\u8fb9\u754c\u6848\u4f8b\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u81ea\u7136\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\u3002\u6240\u6709\u96c6\u7c07\u6982\u5ff5\u90fd\u4e0d\u53ef\u907f\u514d\u5730\u5b58\u5728\u8fb9\u754c\u6848\u4f8b\u3002\u96c6\u7c07\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u7279\u70b9\u662f\uff0c\u5b83\u65e0\u6cd5\u89e3\u91ca\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u751f\u547d\u5f62\u5f0f\u662f\u7531\u4e00\u7ec4\u7279\u5f81\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u53e6\u4e00\u7ec4\u7279\u5f81\u7edf\u4e00\u8d77\u6765\u7684\u3002\u96c6\u7c07\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u5fc5\u987b\u53ea\u63a5\u53d7\u7ed9\u5b9a\u7684\u7279\u5f81\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u7528\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7279\u5f81\u6765\u6807\u8bc6\u96c6\u7c07\u3002\u6b63\u56e0\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u89c2\u70b9\u53ea\u80fd\u5728\u4e8b\u540e\u786e\u5b9a\u751f\u547d\u7684\u7279\u5f81\uff1b\u5b83\u65e0\u6cd5\u9884\u6d4b\u6216\u89e3\u91ca\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7279\u5f81\u3002\u90a3\u4e9b\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5e94\u8be5\u5bf9\u751f\u547d\u7279\u5f81\u505a\u51fa\u89e3\u91ca\u7684\u4eba\u4eec\u4f1a\u53d1\u73b0\u96c6\u7c07\u6982\u5ff5\u5e76\u4e0d\u4ee4\u4ed6\u4eec\u6ee1\u610f\u3002
<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/section>\n
\u53e6\u4e00\u79cd\u7c7b\u4f3c\u7684\u6000\u7591\u8bba\u89c2\u70b9\u8d28\u7591\u751f\u547d\u662f\u5929\u7136\u7684\u8fd9\u4e00\u60f3\u6cd5\u3002Keller<\/span>\uff082002\uff09<\/span>\u8bf4\uff0c\u751f\u547d\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u4eba\u4e3a\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u5929\u7136\u7684\u6982\u5ff5<\/strong>\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u662f\u6211\u4eec\uff08\u4eba\u4e3a\uff09\u7ed9\u51fa\u4e86\u751f\u547d\u4e0e\u975e\u751f\u547d\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u533a\u522b\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u81ea\u7136\u7ed9\u51fa\u7684\u3002\u8fd9\u53ef\u4ee5\u5bf9\u90a3\u4e9b\u8fb9\u7f18\u6848\u4f8b\u7ed9\u51fa\u89e3\u91ca\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u751f\u547d\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u968f\u7740\u79d1\u5b66\u6280\u672f\u7684\u8fdb\u6b65\u800c\u53d1\u751f\u6539\u53d8\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u5e94\u8be5\u671f\u5f85\u5b83\u7684\u8fb9\u754c\u53d1\u751f\u53d8\u5316\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u4ea7\u751f\u8fb9\u7f18\u6848\u4f8b\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u89c2\u70b9\u8fd8\u4e3a\u5bf9\u6297\u90a3\u4e9b\u751f\u547d\u4e4b\u8c1c\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u4e00\u4e9b\u901a\u7528\u7684\u53cd\u9a73\u8bf4\u8f9e\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u53ef\u4ee5\u9884\u6599\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u6613\u53d8\u7684\u4eba\u9020\u7269\u81ea\u7136\u4f1a\u4ea7\u751f\u90a3\u4e9b\u8c1c\u56e2\u3002Keller \u5173\u4e8e\u751f\u547d\u662f\u4eba\u4e3a\u89c2\u5ff5\u7684\u8bba\u70b9\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u76ee\u524d\u5173\u4e8e\u751f\u547d\u6709\u672c\u8d28\u7684\u5047\u8bbe\u662f200\u5e74\u524d\u624d\u51fa\u73b0\u7684\uff0c\u5bf9\u751f\u547d\u672c\u8d28\u7684\u63a2\u7d22\u662f\u7531\u4ece\u975e\u751f\u547d\u4e2d\u521b\u9020\u751f\u547d\u7684\u5c1d\u8bd5\u63a8\u52a8\u7684<\/span>\uff08\u8fd9\u5f80\u5f80\u4f1a\u6253\u7834\u751f\u547d\u4e0e\u975e\u751f\u547d\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u754c\u9650\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u79d1\u5b66\u548c\u6280\u672f\u8fdb\u6b65\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u65b0\u6982\u5ff5\u8fdd\u53cd\u4e86\u65e7\u7684\u5206\u7c7b\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u5982\u751f\u547d\/\u975e\u751f\u547d\u7684\u533a\u522b<\/span>\uff08Keller\uff0c2002\uff09<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/section>\n
\u6240\u6709\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4e89\u8bba\u90fd\u5b58\u5728\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u9996\u5148\uff0c\u6240\u6709\u73b0\u4ee3\u79d1\u5b66\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u5982\u7269\u8d28\u548c\u80fd\u91cf\uff0c\u90fd\u662f\u5728\u4eba\u7c7b\u5386\u53f2\u7684\u67d0\u4e2a\u65f6\u523b\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\uff0c\u5e76\u4ece\u90a3\u65f6\u8d77\u4e0d\u65ad\u53d1\u5c55\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\u6ca1\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u5076\u7136\u7684\u3001\u53ef\u8ffd\u6eaf\u7684\u6700\u8fd1\u8d77\u6e90\u8868\u660e\u67d0\u4e2a\u7c7b\u662f\u4eba\u5de5\u7c7b\uff0c\u9664\u975e\u4e00\u4e0b\u5b50\u5728\u6240\u6709\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u6982\u5ff5\u4e2d\u505a\u5230\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u3002\u7b2c\u4e8c\uff0c\u5728\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5ba4\u4e2d\u642d\u5efa\u4ece\u975e\u751f\u7269\u5230\u751f\u7269\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u6865\u6881\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u6d88\u9664\u4e24\u8005\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u754c\u9650\uff0c\u6b63\u5982\u5236\u9020\u7b2c\u4e00\u67b6\u98de\u673a\u4e0d\u4f1a\u6d88\u9664\u98de\u884c\u548c\u975e\u98de\u884c\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u533a\u522b\u4e00\u6837\u3002\u9700\u8981\u8bb0\u4f4f\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u662f\u5728\u5bfb\u627e\u751f\u547d\u7684\u672c\u8d28\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u5f53\u524d\u7684\u751f\u547d\u6982\u5ff5\u3002
<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/section>\n
\u73b0\u5728\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u201c\u751f\u547d\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\uff1f\u201d\u8fd9\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u7b54\u6848\u5c31\u662f\u7b80\u5355\u5730\u7ed9\u51fa\u4e00\u4e2a\u751f\u7269\u7684\u5206\u7c7b\u7cfb\u7edf\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u89e3\u51b3\u76f8\u5f53\u4e8e\u8981\u6c42\u7ed9\u5730\u7403\u4e0a\u6240\u6709\u6d3b\u7740\u7684\u751f\u547d\u5217\u51fa\u4e00\u4e2a\u8be6\u5c3d\u7684\u6e05\u5355\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u6709\u8da3\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u4f46\u5374\u5145\u6ee1\u4e86\u5076\u7136\u6027\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5206\u7c7b\u7cfb\u7edf\u5c06\u65e0\u6cd5\u7ed9\u51fa\u90a3\u4e9b\u53ef\u80fd\u5b58\u5728\u5374\u5e76\u672a\u53d1\u73b0\u5b58\u5728\u8ff9\u8c61\u7684\u751f\u547d\u3002\u8fd9\u8bf4\u660e\u4e86\u5206\u7c7b\u5b66\u89c2\u70b9\u7684\u6c99\u6587\u4e3b\u4e49\uff0c\u5373\u5047\u8bbe\u6211\u4eec\u6240\u77e5\u7684\u751f\u547d\u5df2\u7ecf\u7a77\u5c3d\u4e86\u6240\u6709\u751f\u547d\u5f62\u5f0f\u3002\u50cf\u5b58\u5728\u4e8e\u6b27\u7f57\u5df4<\/span>\uff08\u6728\u536b\u4e8c\uff09<\/span>\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u5730\u7403\u4ee5\u5916\u7684\u4e0d\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u751f\u547d\u5f62\u5f0f\u662f\u4e0d\u5217\u5728\u6240\u6709\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u5206\u7c7b\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u7684\u3002\u65e0\u8bba\u5982\u4f55\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4e5f\u5e94\u8be5\u968f\u7740\u79d1\u6280\u7684\u8fdb\u6b65\u800c\u968f\u65f6\u8c03\u6574\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u5206\u7c7b\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u5b66\u4e60\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/section>\n
\u6709\u4e9b\u4eba\u7ed9\u51fa\u4e86\u751f\u547d\u7684\u751f\u5316\u5b9a\u4e49<\/strong>\u3002\u8003\u8651\u5230\u7269\u7406\u548c\u5316\u5b66\u7684\u4e00\u822c\u7ea6\u675f\u6761\u4ef6\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u8bd5\u56fe\u5177\u4f53\u8bf4\u660e\u4efb\u4f55\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u751f\u547d\u5fc5\u987b\u5177\u5907\u7684\u751f\u5316\u7279\u6027<\/span>\uff08Pace\uff0c2001\uff1bBenner\uff0cRicardo&Carrigan\uff0c2004\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u8fd9\u5305\u62ec\u70ed\u529b\u5b66\u6781\u9650\u3001\u80fd\u91cf\u6781\u9650\u3001\u7269\u8d28\u6781\u9650\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u5730\u7406\u6781\u9650\u3002\u751f\u5316\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e2d\u7684\u751f\u547d\u7279\u5f81\u6709\u65f6\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u751f\u547d\u7684\u751f\u5316\u201c\u5171\u6027\u201d\uff0c\u8be5\u5b9a\u4e49\u603b\u662f\u4ee5\u5173\u4e8e\u751f\u547d\u7684\u5148\u9a8c\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e3a\u524d\u63d0\uff1b\u5b83\u9648\u8ff0\u4e86\u4efb\u4f55\u751f\u5316\u7cfb\u7edf\u5728\u7269\u7406\u3001\u5316\u5b66\u548c\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\uff0c\u4ee5\u6ee1\u8db3\u5148\u524d\u5bf9\u751f\u547d\u7684\u63cf\u8ff0\u3002Pace<\/span>\uff082001\uff09<\/span>\u548cBenner\u7b49\u4eba<\/span>\uff082004\uff09<\/span>\u5173\u4e8e\u751f\u547d\u7684\u751f\u5316\u5b9a\u4e49\u662f\u57fa\u4e8e\u8fdb\u5316\u7ed9\u51fa\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64Pace\u548cBenner\u4e13\u6ce8\u4e8e\u9057\u4f20\u80fd\u529b\u7684\u751f\u5316\u5171\u6027\uff0c\u5e76\u5f3a\u8c03DNA\u7b49\u5206\u5b50\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u4e16\u4ee3\u4e4b\u95f4\u5b58\u50a8\u548c\u4f20\u9012\u4fe1\u606f\u3002\u751f\u5316\u5b9a\u4e49\u901a\u5e38\u662f\u76ee\u5149\u77ed\u6d45\u7684\uff0c\u5e76\u5047\u5b9a\u6240\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u751f\u547d\u5f62\u5f0f\u90fd\u4e0e\u719f\u6089\u7684\u751f\u547d\u5f62\u5f0f\u76f8\u4f3c\u3002\u4eba\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u60f3\u8c61\uff0c\u4ece\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e0d\u540c\u4e8e\u57fa\u4e8e\u8fdb\u5316\uff0c\u5982\u57fa\u4e8e\u65b0\u9648\u4ee3\u8c22\u7684\u751f\u547d\u6982\u5ff5\u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u5230\u6700\u540e\u5f3a\u8c03\u4e0d\u540c\u4e8eDNA\u9057\u4f20\u4fe1\u606f<\/span>\uff08\u5982\u4f7f\u5f00\u653e\u7cfb\u7edf\u5728\u70ed\u529b\u5b66\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5b9a\u5f8b\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u4ecd\u80fd\u4fdd\u6301\u5176\u7ed3\u6784\uff09<\/span>\u7684\u751f\u5316\u5171\u6027\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/section>\n
\u751f\u5316\u751f\u547d\u5b9a\u4e49\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u9057\u4f20\u5b66\u5b9e\u4f8b\u662f\uff0cVenter \u5c06\u751f\u547d\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e3a\u8db3\u4ee5\u7ef4\u6301\u5176\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u6700\u5c0f\u57fa\u56e0<\/strong>\u7ec4<\/span>\uff08Hutchison et al.\uff0c1999\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u8be5\u89c2\u70b9\u7ee7\u627f\u4e86\u751f\u5316\u5b9a\u4e49\u7684\u5c40\u9650\u6027\u3002\u57fa\u56e0\u7ec4\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e86\u5305\u542b\u8db3\u4ee5\u7ef4\u6301\u751f\u547d\u7684\u6700\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u5df2\u77e5\u57fa\u56e0\u7ec4\u3002\u4f46\u5b83\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u5305\u542b\u6bcf\u79cd\u751f\u547d\u5f62\u5f0f\u4e2d\u7684\u57fa\u56e0\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u901a\u8fc7\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u57fa\u56e0\u53ef\u4ee5\u5b9e\u73b0\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u751f\u547d\u529f\u80fd\u3002\u8bb8\u591a\u4eba\u4f1a\u8d28\u7591\u5206\u5b50\u5b9a\u4e49\u5bf9\u9057\u4f20\u7279\u6027\u7684\u5c40\u9650\u6027\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u751f\u547d\u6838\u5fc3\u6240\u6d89\u53ca\u7684\u8fdc\u4e0d\u6b62\u57fa\u56e0<\/span>\uff08Cho et al., 1999\uff09<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u90a3\u4e9b\u4ece\u96f6\u5f00\u59cb\u5236\u9020\u4eba\u5de5\u7ec6\u80de\u6216\u201c\u539f\u7ec6\u80de\u201d\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u4eec\u90fd\u627f\u8ba4\uff0c\u751f\u547d\u7684\u672c\u8d28\u662f\u6709\u4e89\u8bae\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u51e0\u4e4e\u6240\u6709\u4eba\u90fd\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u5171\u540c\u76ee\u6807\uff0c\u5373\u6784\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u53ef\u4ee5\u8fdb\u884c\u65b0\u9648\u4ee3\u8c22\u548c\u8fdb\u5316\u7684\u72ec\u7acb\u7cfb\u7edf<\/span>\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\uff0cRasmussen\u7b49\u4eba\uff0c2004\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u4efb\u4f55\u4e00\u4e2a\u5728\u5316\u5b66\u5c42\u9762\u4e0a\u6574\u5408\u5982\u4e0b\u4e09\u4e2a\u8fc7\u7a0b\u7684\u5316\u5b66\u7cfb\u7edf\u90fd\u53ef\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u5de5\u7ec6\u80de \u3002\u9996\u5148\u662f\u7ec4\u88c5\u67d0\u79cd\u5bb9\u5668<\/strong><\/span>\uff08\u5982\u8102\u8d28\u56ca\u6ce1\uff09<\/span>\u5e76\u5728\u5176\u4e2d\u751f\u5b58\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u3002\u5176\u6b21\u662f\u4fee\u590d\u548c\u518d\u751f\u5bb9\u5668\u53ca\u5176\u5185\u90e8\u5305\u542b\u7269\uff0c\u4f7f\u6574\u4e2a\u7cfb\u7edf\u5f97\u4ee5\u7ef4\u6301\u7684\u65b0\u9648\u4ee3\u8c22<\/strong>\u8fc7\u7a0b\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5316\u5b66\u8fc7\u7a0b\u7531\u7b2c\u4e09\u4e2a\u5316\u5b66\u8fc7\u7a0b\u5f62\u6210\u548c\u5f15\u5bfc\uff0c\u8be5\u8fc7\u7a0b\u6d89\u53ca\u5bf9\u8be5\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u4fe1\u606f<\/span>\uff08\u201c\u57fa\u56e0\u201d\uff09<\/span>\u7f16\u7801\u5e76\u5728\u7cfb\u7edf\u5185\u90e8\u52a0\u4ee5\u5b58\u50a8\uff1b\u5f53\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4fe1\u606f\u88ab\u590d\u5236\u65f6\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u53d1\u751f\u9519\u8bef<\/span>\uff08\u201c\u7a81\u53d8\u201d\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u7cfb\u7edf\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u81ea\u7136\u9009\u62e9\u8fdb\u5316<\/strong>\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u4e09\u4f4d\u4e00\u4f53\u7684\u751f\u547d\u89c6\u89d2\u9700\u8981\u5bb9\u7eb3\u3001\u65b0\u9648\u4ee3\u8c22\u53ca\u8fdb\u5316\u8fd9\u4e09\u79cd\u5316\u5b66\u8fc7\u7a0b\u76f8\u4e92\u652f\u6301\u3001\u76f8\u4e92\u4fc3\u8fdb\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u5f62\u6210\u4e09\u8005\u4e4b\u95f4\u529f\u80fd\u4e0a\u7684\u53cd\u9988\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u5c06\u539f\u7ec6\u80de\u751f\u547d\u89c6\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b8c\u6574\u7684\u529f\u80fd\u4e09\u5143\u7ec4\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u5c06\u4efb\u4f55\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b8c\u6574\u5305\u542b\u8fd9\u4e09\u79cd\u8fc7\u7a0b\u7684\u751f\u5316\u5b9e\u73b0\u90fd\u89c6\u4f5c\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u751f\u547d\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/section>\n
\u4e0a\u4e00\u4ee3\u7684\u5fc3\u7075\u54f2\u5b66\u4e00\u76f4\u88ab\u529f\u80fd\u4e3b\u4e49\u6240\u4e3b\u5bfc\uff1a\u4ed6\u4eec\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5fc3\u7075\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u8f93\u5165\u8f93\u51fa\u88c5\u7f6e\uff0c\u62e5\u6709\u5fc3\u7075\u53ea\u662f\u62e5\u6709\u4e00\u7ec4\u5185\u90e8\u72b6\u6001\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u5f7c\u6b64\u4e4b\u95f4\u53d1\u751f\u56e0\u679c\u4ea4\u4e92<\/span>\uff08\u6216\u201c\u6267\u884c\u529f\u80fd\u201d\uff09<\/span>\u3001\u5bf9\u73af\u5883\u7684\u8f93\u5165\u4e5f\u53d1\u751f\u56e0\u679c\u4ea4\u4e92<\/span>\uff08\u6216\u201c\u6267\u884c\u529f\u80fd\u201d\uff09<\/span>\u5e76\u4e14\u4ee5\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u5411\u73af\u5883\u8fdb\u884c\u8f93\u51fa\u3002\u529f\u80fd\u4e3b\u4e49\u5173\u4e8e\u751f\u547d\u6301\u6709\u7c7b\u4f3c\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u5373\u4e00\u79cd\u6267\u884c\u7740\u7279\u5b9a\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\u8fc7\u7a0b\u7684\u7f51\u7edc\u5b9e\u73b0<\/strong>\u3002\u67d0\u4e9b<\/span>\uff08\u5982\u4fe1\u606f\u5904\u7406\u3001\u4ee3\u8c22\u3001\u6709\u76ee\u7684\u7684\u6d3b\u52a8\uff09<\/span>\u8fc7\u7a0b\u8fd0\u884c\u4e8e\u751f\u7269\u4f53\u7684\u751f\u547d\u5468\u671f\u5185\uff1b\u5176\u4ed6<\/span>\uff08\u5982\u81ea\u6211\u7e41\u6b96\u548c\u9002\u5e94\u6027\u8fdb\u5316\uff09<\/span>\u8fc7\u7a0b\u7684\u8fd0\u884c\u8981\u7ecf\u5386\u8bb8\u591a\u4ee3\u7684\u751f\u7269\u4f53\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8fc7\u7a0b\u603b\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u67d0\u4e9b\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u5e95\u5c42\u7269\u8d28\u5b9e\u73b0\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u53ea\u8981\u8fc7\u7a0b\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u5f97\u4ee5\u4fdd\u7559\uff0c\u8fc7\u7a0b\u5177\u4f53\u7531\u54ea\u79cd\u5e95\u5c42\u7269\u8d28\u5b9e\u73b0\u7684\u5176\u5b9e\u65e0\u5173\u7d27\u8981\u3002\u57fa\u4e8e\u8fd9\u4e9b\u539f\u56e0\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u751f\u547d\u6765\u8bf4\u529f\u80fd\u4e3b\u4e49\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5f88\u6709\u5438\u5f15\u529b\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\u3002Chris Langton \u5bf9\u4eba\u5de5\u751f\u547d\u7684\u8fa9\u62a4\u662f\u529f\u80fd\u4e3b\u4e49\u5173\u4e8e\u751f\u547d\u7684\u7ecf\u5178\u9648\u8ff0\uff1a<\/span><\/section>\n

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\n
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\u751f\u547d\u662f\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u5c5e\u6027\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u7269\u8d28\u7684\u5c5e\u6027\uff0c\u662f\u7269\u8d28\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u7269\u8d28\u672c\u8eab\u56fa\u6709\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u3002\uff08Langton, 1989a\uff0cpp.41\uff09<\/span><\/section>\n
 <\/span><\/section>\n
\u4e00\u4e2a\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u662f\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5f97\u5f53\u7684\u4eba\u5de5\u539f\u59cb\u96c6\u5408\uff0c\u5728\u81ea\u7136\u751f\u547d\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u626e\u6f14\u7740\u4e0e\u751f\u7269\u5206\u5b50\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u529f\u80fd\u89d2\u8272\uff0c\u4e0e\u81ea\u7136\u751f\u7269\u4e00\u6837\u5730\u627f\u62c5\u7740\u201c\u6d3b\u7740\u201d\u8fd9\u4e00\u8fc7\u7a0b\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u4eba\u5de5\u751f\u547d\u662f\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u751f\u547d\u2014\u2014\u5b83\u4e0e\u5730\u7403\u4e0a\u8fdb\u5316\u51fa\u7684\u751f\u547d\u76f8\u6bd4\uff0c\u53ea\u662f\u7531\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u7269\u8d28\u7ec4\u6210\u3002\uff08Langton\uff0c1989a\uff0cpp.33\uff09<\/span><\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/blockquote>\n

\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u80fd\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u5b9a\u4e49\u751f\u547d\u8fc7\u7a0b\u7684\u7ec6\u8282\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u80fd\u5e0c\u671b\u4fdd\u7559\u4eba\u5de5\u751f\u547d\u521b\u9020\u7269\u662f\u5426\u771f\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u5224\u65ad\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5f88\u96be\u5426\u8ba4 Langton \u7684\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u5373\u751f\u547d\u7684\u7279\u5f81\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff0c\u5982\u65b0\u9648\u4ee3\u8c22\u3001\u4fe1\u606f\u5904\u7406\u548c\u81ea\u6211\u7e41\u6b96\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u5e7f\u6cdb\u4e14\u6f5c\u5728\u7684\u5f00\u653e\u6027\u6750\u6599\u8303\u56f4\u5185\u5b9e\u73b0\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5173\u4e8e\u751f\u547d\u7684\u67d0\u79cd\u529f\u80fd\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u524d\u666f\u4f3c\u4e4e\u66f4\u4e3a\u5149\u660e\u3002<\/span>
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\u529f\u80fd\u4e3b\u4e49\u5728\u5fc3\u7075\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u6311\u6218\u662f\u4e0e\u610f\u8bc6\u548c\u611f\u53d7\u8d28<\/span>\uff08qualia \uff09<\/span>\u6709\u5173\u3002\u503c\u5f97\u6ce8\u610f\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u5173\u4e8e\u751f\u547d\u7684\u529f\u80fd\u4e3b\u4e49\u5e76\u4e0d\u9762\u4e34\u4efb\u4f55\u7c7b\u4f3c\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u529f\u80fd\u4e3b\u4e49\u5728\u5fc3\u7075\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u6311\u6218\u662f\u89e3\u91ca\u4eba\u4eec\u7684\u5fc3\u7075\u72b6\u6001\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u6709\u610f\u4e49\u7684\u6216\u5177\u6709\u8bed\u4e49\u5185\u5bb9\u7684\u3002\u8fbe\u5c14\u6587\u7684\u81ea\u7136\u9009\u62e9\u7406\u8bba\u4e3a\u8bb8\u591a\u4ee5\u8fdb\u5316\u7684\u751f\u547d\u5f62\u5f0f\u7ed3\u6784\u800c\u5b9e\u73b0\u7684\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u529f\u80fd\u7ed9\u51fa\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u81ea\u7136\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u751f\u7269\u529f\u80fd\u4e3a\u751f\u7269\u7684\u5185\u90e8\u72b6\u6001\u8d4b\u4e88\u4e86\u4e00\u79cd\u610f\u4e49\u6216\u8bed\u4e49\u5185\u5bb9\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bf4\u4e00\u4e2a\u751f\u7269\u4e3a\u4e86\u83b7\u53d6\u8425\u517b\u800c\u8bd5\u56fe\u5bfb\u627e\u98df\u7269\u3002\u8bb8\u591a\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u4e50\u89c2\u5730\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u529f\u80fd\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e2d\u5173\u4e8e\u7cbe\u795e\u7684\u610f\u4e49\u95ee\u9898\u5c06\u901a\u8fc7\u7c7b\u4f3c\u8fbe\u5c14\u6587\u7684\u5173\u4e8e\u7cbe\u795e\u72b6\u6001\u7684\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u529f\u80fd\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\u6765\u52a0\u4ee5\u89e3\u51b3<\/span>\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\uff0cDennett, 1995\uff09<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e0e\u751f\u547d\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u529f\u80fd\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u660e\u663e\u5a01\u80c1\u662f\uff0c\u4ece\u67d0\u79cd\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u751f\u547d\u4e2d\u6d89\u53ca\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u7be1\u6539\u7684\u6216\u975e\u8ba1\u7b97\u7684<\/span>\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\uff0cEmmeche, 1992\uff09<\/span>\u3002Bedau<\/span> (1999) <\/span>\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u751f\u547d\u8868\u9762\u4e0a\u7684\u975e\u8ba1\u7b97\u6027\u662f\u53ef\u4ee5\u89e3\u91ca\u7684\u3002\u5728\u5176\u4ed6\u6761\u4ef6\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u7a81\u53d8\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u4f18\u52bf\u6027\u72b6\u5f80\u5f80\u4f1a\u6301\u7eed\u5b58\u5728\u5e76\u5728\u7fa4\u4f53\u4e2d\u4f20\u64ad\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u5728\u5176\u4ed6\u6761\u4ef6\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u79cd\u7fa4\u4e2d\u7684\u6027\u72b6\u91cd\u590d\u7387\u5c06\u4ee5\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u503e\u5411\u65b9\u5f0f\u53d1\u751f\u53d8\u5316\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u5728\u53d8\u5316\u7684\u5916\u90e8\u73af\u5883\u4e2d\u901a\u5e38\u5bf9\u79cd\u7fa4\u6709\u5229\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6027\u72b6\u91cd\u590d\u7387\u7684\u52a8\u6001\u6a21\u5f0f\u662f\u4ece\u81ea\u7136\u9009\u62e9\u3001\u7a81\u53d8\u3001\u6f02\u79fb\u7b49\u5fae\u89c2\u5c42\u9762\u7684\u5076\u7136\u4e8b\u4ef6\u4e2d\u4ee5\u7edf\u8ba1\u6a21\u5f0f\u51fa\u73b0\u7684\u3002Bedau\u8ba4\u4e3a\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6a21\u5f0f\u5f80\u5f80\u6709\u4e00\u79cd\u7279\u6b8a\u7684\u67d4\u97e7\u6027\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u6027\u72b6\u91cd\u590d\u7387\u7684\u6a21\u5f0f\u4e0d\u662f\u90a3\u79cd\u7cbe\u786e\u7684\u3001\u65e0\u4f8b\u5916\u7684\u666e\u904d\u603b\u7ed3\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u53ea\u5728\u5927\u591a\u6570\u5176\u4ed6\u6761\u4ef6\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u6210\u7acb\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u90a3\u4e9b\u6a21\u5f0f\u89c4\u5219\u4e5f\u5b58\u5728\u4f8b\u5916\uff0c\u8fd9\u4ece\u67d0\u79cd\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u201c\u8bc1\u660e\u4e86\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u4e2a\u6cd5\u5219\u201d\uff0c\u5373\u5b83\u4eec<\/span>\uff08\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6a21\u5f0f\u89c4\u5219\uff09<\/span>\u4e5f\u4e0d\u8fc7\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u5b9e\u73b0\u67d0\u79cd\u66f4\u6df1\u5c42\u7684\u9002\u5e94\u76ee\u6807\u800c\u7ed9\u51fa\u7684\u526f\u4ea7\u54c1\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0cBedau\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u7a81\u53d8\u7387\u53ef\u4ee5\u8fdb\u5316\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u5e76\u8868\u660e\u8fd9\u79cd\u503e\u5411\u4e8e\u8fdb\u5316\u7684\u7a81\u53d8\u7387\u5c06\u4f7f\u79cd\u7fa4\u7684\u57fa\u56e0\u5e93\u4fdd\u6301\u5728\u201c\u65e0\u5e8f\u8fb9\u7f18\u201d\uff1b\u4f46\u8fd9\u79cd\u89c4\u5f8b\u6027\u4e5f\u5b58\u5728\u4f8b\u5916\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u7531\u4e8e\u8fd0\u4f5c\u7a81\u53d8\u7387\u8fdb\u5316\u7684\u66f4\u6df1\u5c42\u89c4\u5f8b\u662f<\/span>\uff08\u901a\u8fc7\u7a81\u53d8\u7387\uff09<\/span>\u4ee5\u6700\u4f73\u65b9\u5f0f\u5e73\u8861\u8fdb\u5316\u4e2d\u7684\u201c<\/span>\uff08\u5bf9\u672c\u4f53\u7684\uff09<\/span>\u8bb0\u5f55\u201d\u548c\u201c<\/span>\uff08\u4e3a\u9002\u5e94\u73af\u5883\u800c\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\uff09<\/span>\u521b\u9020\u201d<\/span>\uff08\u8be6\u60c5\u89c1Bedau\uff0c1999\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u67d4\u97e7\u7684\u89c4\u5219\u53cd\u6620\u4e86<\/span>\uff08\u751f\u547d\u5b58\u5728\uff09<\/span>\u4e00\u79cd\u6f5c\u5728\u7684\u80fd\u529b\uff0c\u5373\u80fd\u591f\u5728\u5f00\u653e\u7684\u73af\u5883\u53d8\u5316\u4e2d\u505a\u51fa\u9002\u5f53\u7684\u53cd\u5e94\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u751f\u547d\u80fd\u4ee5\u9002\u5f53\u7684\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u6a21\u5f0f\u8fdb\u884c\u6a21\u62df\uff0c\u8fd9\u4ecd\u7136\u5c55\u793a\u51fa\u751f\u547d\u8fc7\u7a0b\u5b58\u5728\u4e00\u79cd\u4e0d\u53ef\u7be1\u6539\u6027\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u529f\u80fd\u4e3b\u4e49\u6ca1\u80fd\u786e\u5207\u56de\u7b54\u5728\u751f\u547d\u7684\u529f\u80fd\u8868\u5f81\u4e2d\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8fc7\u7a0b\u7a76\u7adf\u626e\u6f14\u4e86\u4ec0\u4e48\u89d2\u8272\u3002\u57fa\u4e8e\u859b\u5b9a\u8c14\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u751f\u547d\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\u8fc7\u7a0b\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u65b0\u9648\u4ee3\u8c22\u6765\u5bf9\u6297\u70ed\u529b\u5b66\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5b9a\u5f8b<\/strong>\uff1a<\/span><\/section>\n

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\n
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\u4ec0\u4e48\u65f6\u5019\u8bf4\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e1c\u897f\u662f\u6d3b\u7740\u7684\uff1f\u6bd4\u8d77\u4e00\u4e2a\u65e0\u751f\u547d\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u6709\u751f\u547d\u7684\u7269\u8d28\u80fd\u591f\u5728\u6bd4\u6211\u4eec\u671f\u5f85\u7684\u66f4\u957f\u65f6\u95f4\u91cc\u6301\u7eed\u5730\u201c\u505a\u67d0\u4e8b\u201d\u3001\u79fb\u52a8\u3001\u4e0e\u5468\u56f4\u73af\u5883\u4ea4\u6362\u6750\u6599\u7b49\u7b49\u3002\u4e00\u4e2a\u6709\u673a\u4f53\u663e\u5f97\u5982\u6b64\u795e\u79d8\uff0c\u6b63\u662f\u7531\u4e8e\u5b83\u907f\u514d\u4e86\u5feb\u901f\u8870\u53d8\u5230\u4e27\u5931\u6d3b\u529b\u7684\u201c\u5e73\u8861\u201d\u72b6\u6001\uff1a\u6d3b\u7740\u7684\u6709\u673a\u4f53\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u907f\u514d\u8fd9\u79cd\u8870\u53d8\u7684\u5462\uff1f\u663e\u800c\u6613\u89c1\u7684\u7b54\u6848\u662f\uff1a\u901a\u8fc7\u5403\u3001\u559d\u3001\u547c\u5438\u548c\uff08\u5c31\u690d\u7269\u800c\u8a00\uff09\u6d88\u5316\u3002\u6280\u672f\u672f\u8bed\u662f\u65b0\u9648\u4ee3\u8c22\u3002\uff08Schr\u00f6dinger, 1969\uff0cpp.74-6\uff09<\/span><\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/blockquote>\n


<\/p>\n

\u4ee5\u65b0\u9648\u4ee3\u8c22\u4e3a\u4e2d\u5fc3\u7684\u751f\u547d\u89c2\u5438\u5f15\u4e86\u8bb8\u591a\u4eba<\/span>\uff08Margulis & Sagan, 1995; Boden, 1999\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u5b83\u4eec\u4e0e\u5173\u6ce8\u81ea\u521b\u751f\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u5bc6\u5207\u76f8\u5173<\/span>\uff08Varela, Maturana, & Uribe, 1974; Maturana & Varela, 1987\uff09<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u65b0\u9648\u4ee3\u8c22\u662f\u751f\u547d\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u8fc7\u7a0b\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u6709\u4e00\u4e9b\u660e\u663e\u7684\u4f18\u52bf\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u8fd9\u89e3\u91ca\u4e86\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u6211\u4eec\u76f4\u89c9\u4e0a\u8ba4\u4e3a\u6676\u4f53\u4e0d\u662f\u6d3b\u7740\u7684<\/span>\uff08\u53ea\u6709\u5728\u6676\u4f53\u7684\u8fb9\u7f18\u5b58\u5728\u4e00\u4e9b\u5206\u5b50\u7684\u4ee3\u8c22\u6d41\uff0c\u800c\u5728\u6676\u4f53\u5185\u90e8\u5e76\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u901a\u8fc7\u65b0\u9648\u4ee3\u8c22\u6765\u5bf9\u6297\u71b5\u589e\u8fd9\u4e00\u4e8b\u5b9e\u610f\u5473\u7740\uff0c\u65b0\u9648\u4ee3\u8c22\u81f3\u5c11\u662f\u6240\u6709\u7269\u7406\u751f\u547d\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u5fc5\u8981\u6761\u4ef6\u3002\u65b0\u9648\u4ee3\u8c22\u4e5f\u5f88\u81ea\u7136\u5730\u89e3\u91ca\u4e86\u65e0\u751f\u547d\u7684\u3001\u6d3b\u7740\u7684\u3001\u6b7b\u4ea1\u7684\u548c\u4f11\u7720\u8fd9\u56db\u8005\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u533a\u522b\u3002\u65e0\u751f\u547d\u4f53\u539f\u5219\u4e0a\u4e0d\u80fd\u4ee3\u8c22\uff0c\u800c\u90a3\u4e9b\u6d3b\u7740\u7684\u751f\u547d\u4f53\u6b63\u5728\u4ee3\u8c22\u3002\u90a3\u4e9b\u6b7b\u4ea1\u7684\u66fe\u7ecf\u6d3b\u8fc7\u5e76\u4e14\u65b0\u9648\u4ee3\u8c22\u8fc7\uff0c\u800c\u5982\u4eca\u6b63\u5728\u8150\u70c2\u3002\u4f11\u7720\u7684\u66fe\u7ecf\u6d3b\u7740\u4f46\u5f53\u524d\u5e76\u4e0d\u8fdb\u884c\u65b0\u9648\u4ee3\u8c22\uff0c\u800c\u5982\u679c\u73af\u5883\u5408\u9002\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u518d\u6b21\u8fdb\u884c\u65b0\u9648\u4ee3\u8c22\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u5c06\u65b0\u9648\u4ee3\u8c22\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u5bf9\u751f\u547d\u7684\u5168\u9762\u63cf\u8ff0\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u7f3a\u70b9\u662f\uff0c\u8bb8\u591a\u65b0\u9648\u4ee3\u8c22\u5b9e\u4f53\u76f4\u89c9\u4e0a\u4f3c\u4e4e\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u6d3b\u7740\u7684\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u4e0d\u4ee5\u4efb\u4f55\u65b9\u5f0f\u4e0e\u751f\u547d\u6709\u5173\u3002\u5178\u578b\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\u5305\u62ec\u8721\u70db\u706b\u7130\u3001\u6da1\u6f29\u548c\u5bf9\u6d41\u80de<\/span>\uff08Maynard Smith\uff0c1986\uff1bBagley&Farmer\uff0c1992\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4f8b\u5b50\u672c\u8eab\u5e76\u4e0d\u80fd\u51b3\u5b9a\u6027\u5730\u8bc1\u660e\u65b0\u9648\u4ee3\u8c22\u5bf9\u5b9a\u4e49\u751f\u547d\u800c\u8a00\u662f\u4e0d\u5145\u5206\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5148\u4e8e\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u76f4\u89c9\u5224\u65ad\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u9519\u8bef\u7684\u3002\u95ee\u9898\u5728\u4e8e\uff0c\u5e73\u8861\u4ee3\u8c22\u662f\u5426\u5145\u5206\u89e3\u91ca\u4e86\u751f\u547d\u7684\u7279\u5f81\uff0c\u5e76\u89e3\u51b3\u4e86\u751f\u547d\u7684\u8c1c\u56e2\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/section>\n
\u4e00\u4e9b\u4eba\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u6240\u6709\u751f\u547d\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u7279\u5f81\u662f\u5f00\u653e\u5f0f\u7684\u9002\u5e94\u8fdb\u5316\u8fc7\u7a0b<\/strong>\u3002\u5176\u6838\u5fc3\u601d\u60f3\u662f\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u533a\u5206\u751f\u547d\u7684\u662f\u5176\u5f00\u653e\u7684\u80fd\u529b\uff0c<\/span>\uff08\u5728\u4e00\u5b9a\u8303\u56f4\u5185\uff09<\/span>\u80fd\u591f\u81ea\u52a8\u548c\u9002\u5f53\u5730\u9002\u5e94\u73af\u5883\u4e2d\u4e0d\u53ef\u9884\u6d4b\u7684\u53d8\u5316\u3002\u4ece\u8fd9\u4e2a\u89d2\u5ea6\u6765\u770b\uff0c\u751f\u547d\u7684\u72ec\u7279\u4e4b\u5904\u5728\u4e8e\uff0c\u968f\u7740\u5916\u754c\u73af\u5883\u7684\u53d8\u5316\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u65b0\u7684\u3001\u667a\u80fd\u7684\u7b56\u7565\u4ee5\u81ea\u52a8\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u9002\u5e94\u6027\u8fdb\u5316\u4ee5\u751f\u5b58\u548c\u7e41\u8363\u3002Maynard Smith<\/span>\uff081975\uff0cpp.96f\uff1b\u53e6\u89c1Mayr, 1982\uff1bCairns-Smith, 1985\uff09<\/span>\u7b80\u6d01\u5730\u89e3\u91ca\u4e86\u751f\u547d\u7684\u5173\u952e\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u9002\u5e94\u7684\u8fdb\u5316\u8fc7\u7a0b\u8fd9\u4e00\u89c2\u70b9\u7684\u6b63\u5f53\u6027\uff1a<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u6211\u4eec\u5c06\u628a\u4efb\u4f55\u5177\u6709\u7e41\u6b96\u3001\u9057\u4f20\u548c\u53d8\u5f02\u7279\u6027\u7684\u5b9e\u4f53\u79cd\u7fa4\u89c6\u4e3a\u6d3b\u7740\u7684\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u5b9a\u4e49\u7684\u6b63\u5f53\u6027\u5982\u4e0b\uff1a\u4efb\u4f55\u5177\u6709\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7279\u6027\u7684\u79cd\u7fa4\u90fd\u5c06\u901a\u8fc7\u81ea\u7136\u9009\u62e9\u8fdb\u5316\uff0c\u4ee5\u4fbf\u66f4\u597d\u5730\u9002\u5e94\u5176\u73af\u5883\u3002\u5982\u679c\u65f6\u95f4\u5145\u8db3\uff0c\u81ea\u7136\u9009\u62e9\u53ef\u4ee5\u4ea7\u751f\u4efb\u4f55\u7a0b\u5ea6\u7684\u9002\u5e94\u6027\u590d\u6742\u6027\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/blockquote>\n


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\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8bc4\u8bba\u8bf4\u660e\u4e86\u9002\u5e94\u6027\u8fdb\u5316\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u5982\u4f55\u89e3\u91ca\u4e86\u751f\u547d\u7684\u7279\u5f81\u3001\u8fb9\u7f18\u6848\u4f8b\u548c\u8c1c\u56e2<\/span>\uff08\u89c1Bedau, 1998\uff09<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/section>\n
\u5bf9\u4e8e\u4ee5\u8fdb\u5316\u4e3a\u4e2d\u5fc3\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u6709\u4e00\u4e9b\u5178\u578b\u7684\u6279\u8bc4\u3002\u5176\u4e2d\u4e00\u4e2a\u53cd\u4f8b\u662f\u4f5c\u4e3a\u6d3b\u7740\u7684\u4f46\u4e0d\u80fd\u751f\u80b2\u7684\u751f\u7269<\/span>\uff08\u5982\u9aa1\u5b50\u3001\u8001\u4eba\u7b49\uff09<\/span>\u662f\u4e0d\u80fd\u53c2\u4e0e\u8fdb\u5316\u8fc7\u7a0b\u7684\u3002\u5178\u578b\u7684\u56de\u5e94\u662f\u8981\u6c42\u751f\u7269\u4f53\u662f\u5e94\u901a\u8fc7\u8fdb\u5316\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4ea7\u751f\uff0c\u4f46\u5e76\u4e0d\u8981\u6c42\u5b83\u4eec\u4e00\u5b9a\u80fd\u5f71\u54cd\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u7684\u8fdb\u5316\u3002\u53e6\u4e00\u79cd\u6240\u8c13\u7684\u53cd\u4f8b\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u663e\u7136\u975e\u751f\u547d\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u5982\u7c98\u571f\u5fae\u6676\u7684\u79cd\u7fa4\u6216\u81ea\u7531\u5e02\u573a\u7ecf\u6d4e\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u81ea\u7136\u9009\u62e9\u8fdb\u5316\u800c\u6765\u7684\u3002\u6709\u4e9b\u4eba\u8ba4\u4e3a\u6211\u4eec\u5e94\u8be5\u63a5\u53d7\u8fd9\u4e9b\u53cd\u76f4\u89c9\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u4ee5\u8fdb\u5316\u4e3a\u4e2d\u5fc3\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u5bf9\u751f\u547d\u7684\u7279\u5f81\u3001\u8fb9\u7f18\u6848\u4f8b\u548c\u8c1c\u56e2\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u5982\u6b64\u4ee4\u4eba\u4fe1\u670d\u7684\u89e3\u91ca<\/span>\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\uff0cBedau\uff0c1998\uff09<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u5e76\u975e\u6240\u6709\u7684\u7acb\u573a\u90fd\u662f\u76f8\u4e92\u5bf9\u7acb\u7684\uff0c\u5f88\u591a\u90fd\u5f7c\u6b64\u4e00\u81f4\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u529f\u80fd\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e0e\u539f\u59cb\u7ec6\u80de\u6574\u5408\u4e09\u5143\u7ec4\u5bf9\u6700\u5c0f\u751f\u547d\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\u662f\u4e00\u81f4\u7684\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u5bf9\u751f\u547d\u672c\u8d28\u7684\u63cf\u8ff0\u90fd\u6d89\u53ca\u5230\u751f\u547d\u7684\u751f\u5316\u7279\u5f81\uff0c\u8bb8\u591a\u5173\u4e8e\u751f\u547d\u7684\u63cf\u8ff0\u662f\u91cd\u53e0\u7684\u3002\u7406\u89e3\u751f\u547d\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u5728\u4e8e\u786e\u5b9a\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8bf4\u6cd5\u4e2d\u54ea\u4e9b\u662f\u6b63\u786e\u7684\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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5. \u7406\u89e3\u751f\u547d\u8981\u9762\u5bf9\u7684\u95ee\u9898<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n

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<\/p>\n

\u6211\u4eec\u5e94\u8be5\u5982\u4f55\u6bd4\u8f83\u548c\u8bc4\u4f30\u5bf9\u751f\u547d\u672c\u8d28\u7684\u63cf\u8ff0\uff1f\u4e00\u4e2a\u76f4\u622a\u4e86\u5f53\u7684\u7b54\u6848\u5c31\u662f\u770b\u770b\u6bcf\u4e00\u79cd\u7406\u8bba\u5bf9\u751f\u547d\u73b0\u8c61\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\u6709\u591a\u597d\u3002\u8fd9\u76f8\u5f53\u4e8e\u505a\u4e09\u4ef6\u4e8b\uff1a\u89e3\u91ca\u751f\u547d\u7684\u7279\u5f81\uff0c\u89e3\u91ca\u8fb9\u7f18\u6848\u4f8b\uff0c\u89e3\u51b3\u751f\u547d\u7684\u8c1c\u56e2\u3002\u7406\u89e3\u751f\u547d\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u5c31\u662f\u89e3\u91ca\u8fd9\u4e09\u4ef6\u4e8b\u6240\u9700\u8981\u9762\u5bf9\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/section>\n
\u6700\u521d\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u56f0\u96be\u662f\u6df7\u6dc6\u4e86\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u5173\u952e\u3002\u4e00\u4e9b\u7814\u7a76\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u5bf9\u751f\u547d\u7684\u4efb\u4f55\u89e3\u91ca\u7684\u5173\u952e\u68c0\u9a8c\uff0c\u662f\u4f7f\u5176\u7b26\u5408\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u524d\u7406\u8bba\u76f4\u89c9\uff0c\u5373\u54ea\u4e9b\u4e8b\u7269\u662f\u6d3b\u7684\uff0c\u54ea\u4e9b\u4e8b\u7269\u4e0d\u662f<\/span>\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\uff0cBoden, 1999\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u4f46\u6709\u5e94\u8be5\u95ee\u7684\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u8981\u5f3a\u8c03\u8fd9\u79cd\u76f4\u89c9\u3002\u4e00\u4e2a\u597d\u7684\u751f\u547d\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u4f7f\u6211\u4eec\u5bf9\u751f\u547d\u8fdb\u884c\u91cd\u65b0\u5b9a\u4e49\u548c\u5206\u7c7b\u3002\u8fd9\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u6539\u53d8\u6211\u4eec\u5bf9\u4e8e\u54ea\u4e9b\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u5b58\u5728\u751f\u547d\u7684\u6001\u5ea6\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u524d\u7406\u8bba\u76f4\u89c9\u6709\u4e00\u5b9a\u7684\u5206\u91cf\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83\u4eec\u5e76\u975e\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u4fb5\u72af\u7684\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u95ee\u4e00\u4e0b\u201c\u751f\u547d\u201d\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8bcd\u5728\u4eca\u5929\u82f1\u8bed\u4e2d\u7684\u542b\u4e49\u3002\u4f46\u5173\u4e8e\u201c\u751f\u547d\u201d\u4e00\u8bcd\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u523b\u677f\u5370\u8c61\u662f\u4e60\u4ee5\u4e3a\u5e38\u7684\uff0c\u53cd\u6620\u4e86\u6211\u4eec\u5f53\u524d\u5bf9\u751f\u547d\u8fd9\u4e00\u60c5\u666f\u7684\u6700\u4f4e\u7684\u5171\u540c\u5370\u8c61\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u592a\u53ef\u80fd\u4f9d\u9760\u5355\u8bcd\u201c\u751f\u547d\u201d\u7684\u542b\u4e49\u6765\u4e86\u89e3\u751f\u547d\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/section>\n
\u6211\u4eec\u4e5f\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u901a\u8fc7\u5bf9\u751f\u547d\u4e00\u8bcd\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u8fdb\u884c\u5206\u6790\u800c\u5b66\u5230\u5f88\u591a\u4e1c\u897f\u3002\u6b63\u5982\u201c\u751f\u547d\u201d\u7684\u610f\u4e49\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5f53\u524d\u7684\u751f\u547d\u6982\u5ff5\u5c06\u53cd\u6620\u6211\u4eec\u5f53\u524d\u5bf9\u751f\u547d\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u3002\u5982\u679c\u6211\u4eec\u60f3\u4e86\u89e3\u5177\u6709\u751f\u547d\u7279\u5f81\u3001\u8fb9\u7f18\u6848\u4f8b\u548c\u751f\u547d\u8c1c\u56e2\u7684\u73b0\u8c61\u7684\u771f\u5b9e\u672c\u8d28\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5e94\u8be5\u4ece\u81ea\u7136\u73b0\u8c61\u672c\u8eab\u53bb\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u5355\u8bcd\u6216\u6982\u5ff5\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u5e94\u8be5\u671f\u5f85\u6211\u4eec\u5bf9\u751f\u547d\u73b0\u8c61\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u80fd\u591f\u4e0d\u65ad\u53d1\u5c55\u4e0e\u63a8\u8fdb\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/section>\n
\u89e3\u91ca\u751f\u547d\u73b0\u8c61\u81f3\u5c11\u6d89\u53ca\u5bf9\u751f\u547d\u6839\u6e90\u6216\u672c\u8d28\u7684\u7c97\u7565\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u4e5f\u8bb8\u8fd8\u5305\u542b\u5173\u4e8e\u751f\u547d\u7684\u7c97\u7565\u5b9a\u4e49\u3002\u6e90\u4e8eKripke<\/span>\uff081980\uff09<\/span>\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u672c\u8d28\u4e3b\u4e49\u662f\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u79cd\u54f2\u5b66\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5982\u6c34\u548c\u9ec4\u91d1\u7b49\u81ea\u7136\u7c7b\u7684\u672c\u8d28\u662f\u5176\u7531\u7ecf\u9a8c\u79d1\u5b66\u53d1\u73b0\u7684\u6f5c\u5728\u56e0\u679c\u529b\u91cf<\/span>\uff08\u89c1Bealer\uff0c1987\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u6c34\u548c\u9ec4\u91d1\u7b49\u7269\u8d28\u7684\u672c\u8d28\u662f\u5b83\u4eec\u8868\u9762\u4e4b\u4e0b\u7684\u5316\u5b66\u6210\u5206\u3002\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u751f\u547d\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u67d4\u97e7\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u56fa\u5b9a\u7684\u5316\u5b66\u7269\u8d28\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u4e0e\u6c34\u6216\u9ec4\u91d1\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u751f\u547d\u7684\u672c\u8d28\u53ef\u80fd\u5305\u542b\u4e8e\u89e3\u91ca\u5176\u7279\u6709\u56e0\u679c\u80fd\u529b\u7684<\/span>\uff08\u5982\u65b0\u9648\u4ee3\u8c22\u3001\u7e41\u884d\u548c\u611f\u89c9\uff09<\/span>\u8fc7\u7a0b\u7684\u7279\u5f81\u7f51\u7edc\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u751f\u547d\u66f4\u50cf\u662f\u70ed\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u7269\u8d28\u4e2d\u7684\u7279\u5b9a\u8fc7\u7a0b<\/span>\uff08\u9ad8\u5206\u5b50\u52a8\u80fd\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u7279\u5b9a\u6e29\u5ea6<\/span>\uff08\u6bd4\u598223\u00b0C\uff09<\/span>\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u53d1\u751f\u5728\u6240\u6709\u7269\u8d28\u4e2d\u3002\u751f\u547d\u4e5f\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u53d1\u751f\u5728\u4e0d\u540c\u79cd\u7c7b\u7684\u7269\u8d28\u4e2d\uff0c\u4f46\u4e0e\u6e29\u5ea6\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u5e76\u975e\u6240\u6709\u79cd\u7c7b\u7684\u7269\u8d28\u90fd\u53ef\u4ee5\u662f\u6d3b\u7684\u3002\u7efc\u4e0a\u6240\u8ff0\uff0c\u5c06\u751f\u5316\u7ea6\u675f\u6620\u5c04\u5230\u53ef\u4ee5\u5b9e\u4f8b\u5316\u751f\u547d\u7684\u7269\u8d28\u79cd\u7c7b\u4e0a\uff0c\u8fd9\u5c31\u4ea7\u751f\u4e86\u751f\u547d\u7684\u751f\u5316\u5b9a\u4e49\u3002\u503c\u5f97\u6ce8\u610f\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u5f53\u4ee3\u79d1\u5b66\u5bf9\u751f\u547d\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\u6ca1\u6709\u8fbe\u6210\u5171\u8bc6\uff0c\u5173\u4e8e\u751f\u547d\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u672c\u8d28\u4e3b\u4e49\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u6b63\u786e\u7684<\/strong>\u3002\u79d1\u5b66\u672c\u8d28\u4e3b\u4e49\u662f\u5173\u4e8e\u751f\u547d\u672c\u8d28\u7684\u53d1\u73b0\u65b9\u6cd5\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u5173\u4e8e\u751f\u547d\u672c\u8d28\u5177\u4f53\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u3002\u53ef\u80fd\u9700\u8981\u7b49\u5f85\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u8fdb\u5c55\u624d\u80fd\u4ece\u7ec6\u8282\u4e0a\u7ed9\u51fa\u751f\u547d\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u672c\u8d28\u8bba\u5b9a\u4e49\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u76ee\u524d\u5c1a\u4e0d\u6e05\u695a\u751f\u7269\u662f\u5426\u5177\u6709\u4f7f\u5176\u672c\u8d28\u4e0a\u6210\u4e3a\u751f\u547d\u7684\u7279\u5f81\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5728 Dennett \u770b\u6765\uff0c\u751f\u547d\u4e0e\u975e\u751f\u547d\u7684\u533a\u522b\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u7a0b\u5ea6\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u751f\u547d\u592a\u201c\u6709\u8da3\u201d\u4e86\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u65e0\u6cd5\u5bfb\u6c42\u5176\u672c\u8d28<\/span>\uff081995\uff0cpp.201\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u5f53\u4ee3\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u548c\u751f\u7269\u54f2\u5b66\u5b8c\u5168\u4fe1\u5949\u8fbe\u5c14\u6587\u5f0f\u7684\u53cd\u672c\u8d28\u4e3b\u4e49\uff0c\u5373\u7269\u79cd\u6ca1\u6709\u672c\u8d28\uff0c\u5176\u6210\u5458\u6ca1\u6709\u5fc5\u8981\u548c\u5145\u5206\u7684\u5c5e\u6027\u3002\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u7269\u79cd\u6210\u5458\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u76f8\u4f3c\u6027\u53ea\u662f\u7edf\u8ba1\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u7684\u3002\u7269\u79cd\u53ea\u4e0d\u8fc7\u662f\u62bd\u8c61\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u7279\u5f81\u7a7a\u95f4\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u56e2\u4e91\u6216\u4e00\u4e1b\u8349\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u7279\u5f81\u7a7a\u95f4\u7684\u67d0\u4e9b\u5b50\u533a\u57df\u7531\u4e8e\u4e0d\u9002\u5e94\u800c\u672a\u88ab\u5360\u7528\uff0c\u4f46\u7a76\u7adf\u54ea\u4e2a\u53ef\u63a5\u53d7\u7684\u5b50\u533a\u57df\u88ab\u5360\u7528\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5076\u7136\u6027\u4e8b\u4ef6\u3002\u6ca1\u6709\u54ea\u4e2a\u5b50\u533a\u57df\u6bd4\u4efb\u4f55\u5176\u4ed6\u533a\u57df\u66f4\u672c\u8d28\uff1b\u5728\u56fa\u5b9a\u4e0d\u53d8\u7684\u67cf\u62c9\u56fe\u672c\u8d28\u9762\u524d\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e2a\u5b50\u533a\u57df\u90fd\u6ca1\u6709\u4ec0\u4e48\u7279\u522b\u4e4b\u5904\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u53cd\u672c\u8d28\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u6982\u62ec\u53ef\u80fd\u6709\u52a9\u4e8e\u89e3\u91ca\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u90a3\u4e48\u591a\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u88ab\u751f\u547d\u7684\u96c6\u7c07\u6982\u5ff5\u6240\u5438\u5f15\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u8fd9\u4f3c\u4e4e\u662f\u53cd\u672c\u8d28\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u76f4\u63a5\u7ed3\u679c\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u8fbe\u5c14\u6587\u7684\u53cd\u672c\u8d28\u4e3b\u4e49\u662f\u9488\u5bf9\u4e00\u4e2a\u72ed\u9698\u7684\u672c\u8d28\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6982\u5ff5\u63a8\u5d07\u90a3\u79cd\u65e0\u4f8b\u5916\u7684\u5fc5\u8981\u548c\u5145\u5206\u6761\u4ef6\uff0c\u5e76\u6392\u9664\u4e86\u8fb9\u7f18\u6848\u4f8b\u3002\u8fb9\u7f18\u6848\u4f8b\u662f\u751f\u547d\u7684\u6807\u5fd7\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u751f\u547d\u7684\u672c\u8d28\u5fc5\u987b\u8db3\u591f\u5e7f\u6cdb\u548c\u7075\u6d3b\uff0c\u4ee5\u5305\u542b\u8fb9\u7f18\u6848\u4f8b\u3002\u4eba\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u63a5\u53d7\u8fbe\u5c14\u6587\u7684\u53cd\u672c\u8d28\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u540c\u65f6\u4ecd\u7136\u63a5\u53d7\u5173\u4e8e\u751f\u547d\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u672c\u8d28\u4e3b\u4e49\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u89c2\u70b9\u4e0b\uff0c\u751f\u547d\u7684\u201c\u672c\u8d28\u201d\u5c06\u662f\u89e3\u91ca\u751f\u547d\u73b0\u8c61\u7684\u4efb\u4f55\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u751f\u547d\u7684\u7279\u5f81\u3001\u8fb9\u7f18\u6848\u4f8b\u548c\u8c1c\u56e2\u3002\u751f\u547d\u4e0d\u662f\u7531\u65e0\u4f8b\u5916\u7684\u9650\u5236\u6761\u4ef6\u6765\u5b9a\u4e49\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u7531\u7ecf\u9a8c\u6765\u5b9a\u4e49\u7684\u3002\u4e0d\u5e78\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u5f53\u4ee3\u54f2\u5b66\u672f\u8bed\u6a21\u7cca\u4e86\u8fbe\u5c14\u6587\u7684\u53cd\u672c\u8d28\u4e3b\u4e49\u548c\u79d1\u5b66\u672c\u8d28\u4e3b\u4e49\u5728\u751f\u547d\u95ee\u9898\u4e0a\u7684\u76f8\u5bb9\u6027\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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Clelland \u548c Chyba<\/span>\uff082002\uff09<\/span>\u8ba4\u4e3a\u73b0\u5728\u7ed9\u751f\u547d\u4e00\u4e2a\u89c4\u8303\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\u8fd8\u4e3a\u65f6\u8fc7\u65e9\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u6211\u4eec\u76ee\u524d\u5bf9\u751f\u547d\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u592a\u6709\u9650\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u7ed3\u8bba\u662f\uff1a\u6211\u4eec\u5e94\u8be5\u7b49\u5230\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u4eec\u80fd\u591f\u533a\u5206\u51fa\u66f4\u591a\u79cd\u751f\u547d\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u65f6\uff0c\u518d\u5bf9\u751f\u547d\u7ed9\u51fa\u89c4\u8303\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u73b0\u5728\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u80fd\u6b63\u5904\u5728\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u9700\u8981\u6784\u5efa\u5173\u4e8e\u751f\u547d\u73b0\u8c61\u7684\u8bd5\u63a2\u6027\u548c\u53ef\u6d4b\u8bd5\u6027\u5047\u8bbe\u7684\u65f6\u673a\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5047\u8bbe\u5f88\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u9519\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u5e2e\u52a9\u6211\u4eec\u627e\u5230\u66f4\u597d\u7684\u7406\u8bba<\/span>\uff08Wimsatt, 1987\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u5f53\u6211\u4eec\u624b\u5934\u6709\u4e86\u597d\u7684\u751f\u547d\u7406\u8bba\uff0c\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u63d0\u70bc\u51fa\u9690\u542b\u5728\u5b83\u4eec\u4e2d\u7684\u751f\u547d\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5bf9\u751f\u547d\u5b9a\u4e49\u7684\u8ffd\u6c42\uff0c\u66f4\u50cf\u662f\u5bf9\u751f\u547d\u672c\u8d28\u7684\u8ffd\u6c42\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u751f\u547d\u662f\u81ea\u7136\u754c\u4e2d\u6700\u57fa\u672c\u4e14\u6700\u590d\u6742\u7684\u73b0\u8c61\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5173\u4e8e\u751f\u547d\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\u65e2\u4e30\u5bcc\u53c8\u6709\u8da3\uff0c\u5177\u6709\u590d\u6742\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u89e3\u91ca\u6709\u591a\u79cd\u5f62\u5f0f\uff0c\u5982\u6000\u7591\u8bba\u3001\u8be6\u7ec6\u7684\u751f\u5316\u548c\u5206\u5b50\u63cf\u8ff0\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u62bd\u8c61\u7684\u529f\u80fd\u4e3b\u4e49\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u5b83\u4eec\u5f3a\u8c03\u4e86\u5982\u65b0\u9648\u4ee3\u8c22\u548c\u8fdb\u5316\u7b49\u57fa\u672c\u7684\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u8fc7\u7a0b\u3002\u8bc4\u4f30\u8fd9\u4e9b\u89e3\u91ca\u7684\u6807\u51c6\u5305\u62ec\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u89e3\u91ca\u751f\u547d\u7684\u7279\u5f81\u3001\u8fb9\u7f18\u6848\u4f8b\u53ca\u89e3\u51b3\u751f\u547d\u4e4b\u8c1c\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u3002\u8bb8\u591a\u5173\u4e8e\u751f\u547d\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u89e3\u91ca\u4ecd\u7136\u7f3a\u4e4f\u5b9e\u8d28\u6027\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u548c\u5bf9\u5176\u4e2d\u591a\u4e2a\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u4ed4\u7ec6\u8bc4\u4f30\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u7406\u89e3\u751f\u547d\u4ecd\u7136\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u60ac\u800c\u672a\u51b3\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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Bedau, M. (2008). What is Life?https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/books\/abs\/the-nature-of-life\/what-is-life-selections\/295D60C5FE17B13DA3293FDB02A5370D<\/span><\/section>\n

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