{"id":32576,"date":"2022-02-20T23:00:46","date_gmt":"2022-02-20T15:00:46","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/swarma.org\/?p=32576"},"modified":"2022-02-20T23:00:46","modified_gmt":"2022-02-20T15:00:46","slug":"%e5%89%8d%e6%b2%bf%e9%80%9f%e9%80%92%ef%bc%9a%e5%9b%a0%e6%9e%9c%e6%b6%8c%e7%8e%b0%e5%9c%a8%e5%a4%9a%e7%a7%8d%e5%9b%a0%e6%9e%9c%e8%a1%a1%e9%87%8f%e6%a0%87%e5%87%86%e4%b8%8b%e6%99%ae%e9%81%8d%e5%ad%98","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/swarma.org\/?p=32576","title":{"rendered":"\u524d\u6cbf\u901f\u9012\uff1a\u56e0\u679c\u6d8c\u73b0\u5728\u591a\u79cd\u56e0\u679c\u8861\u91cf\u6807\u51c6\u4e0b\u666e\u904d\u5b58\u5728"},"content":{"rendered":"
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\u8bba\u6587\u9898\u76ee\uff1a<\/span>
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Causal emergence is widespread across measures of causation<\/span>
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https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2202.01854<\/span><\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/blockquote>\n


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1. \u7edf\u4e00\u56e0\u679c\u5ea6\u91cf\u6807\u51c6\u662f\u5426\u5fc5\u8981\uff1f<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n

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\u5728\u8fc7\u53bb\u51e0\u5341\u5e74\u7684\u4e0d\u65ad\u63a2\u7d22\u4e2d\uff0c\u56e0\u679c\u2014\u2014\u4e00\u4e2a\u66fe\u7ecf\u53ea\u4f1a\u51fa\u73b0\u5728\u54f2\u5b66\u8fa9\u8bba\u4e2d\u7684\u8bdd\u9898\uff0c\u6b63\u9010\u6e10\u88ab\u6211\u4eec\u653e\u8fdb\u4e25\u8c28\u7684\u6570\u5b66\u6846\u67b6\u4e4b\u4e2d\u3002\u7279\u522b\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u56e0\u679c\u8fd9\u4e00\u4e3b\u9898\u7684\u8ba8\u8bba\u5e76\u4e0d\u4ec5\u4ec5\u5c40\u9650\u4e8e\u5355\u4e00\u5b66\u79d1\u80cc\u666f\uff0c\u6765\u81ea\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u3001\u7edf\u8ba1\u5b66\u7b49\u591a\u4e2a\u5b66\u79d1\u7684\u5b66\u8005\u90fd\u5bf9\u5176\u6570\u5b66\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u5efa\u8bbe\u6709\u7740\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u8d21\u732e[1]\u3002\u5982\u5728\u795e\u7ecf\u79d1\u5b66\u4e2d\uff0c\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u5c31\u4f1a\u4f7f\u7528\u591a\u79cd\u5ea6\u91cf\u56e0\u679c\u7684\u6807\u51c6\u6765\u5bf9\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5e72\u9884\u8fdb\u884c\u5904\u7406\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u6b63\u662f\u7531\u4e8e\u4e0d\u540c\u80cc\u666f\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u4eec\u4ece\u81ea\u8eab\u89d2\u5ea6\u51fa\u53d1\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u591a\u79cd\u56e0\u679c\u5ea6\u91cf\u6307\u6807\uff0c\u76ee\u524d\u6211\u4eec\u8fd8\u65e0\u6cd5\u627e\u5230\u4e00\u79cd\u8db3\u591f\u5ba2\u89c2\u7684\u6807\u51c6\u6765\u63cf\u8ff0\u56e0\u679c\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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\u9488\u5bf9\u4e0a\u8ff0\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u6709\u6548\u4fe1\u606f\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u63d0\u51fa\u8005Erik Hoel\u6559\u6388\u7b49\u4eba\u8fd1\u65e5\u53d1\u8868\u6587\u7ae0\u6307\u51fa\uff1a\u4e0d\u540c\u5b66\u79d1\u80cc\u666f\u4e0b\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u591a\u79cd\u5ea6\u91cf\u6807\u51c6\u95f4\u5b58\u5728\u7740\u6570\u5b66\u4e0a\u7684\u8054\u7cfb\uff0c\u5f88\u591a\u60c5\u5f62\u4e0b\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6307\u6807\u90fd\u4f1a\u6709\u76f8\u4f3c\u7684\u8868\u73b0\u3002\u66f4\u6709\u8da3\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u6240\u6709\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6807\u51c6\u90fd\u53ef\u4ee5\u7531\u4e00\u4e9b\u57fa\u672c\u6307\u6807\u5bfc<\/span>\u51fa\u2014\u2014\u539f\u6587\u79f0\u4e4b\u4e3a<\/span>\u56e0\u679c\u57fa\u672c\u5f0f<\/strong><\/span>\uff08causal primitives\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u4e3a\u4e86\u8bc1\u660e\u4e0a\u8ff0\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u6587\u7ae0\u9009\u62e9\u4e86\u76ee\u524d\u8f83\u4e3a\u4e3b\u6d41\u7684\u5341\u4e8c\u79cd\u56e0\u679c\u5ea6\u91cf\u6807\u51c6\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u6307\u51fa\u5b83\u4eec\u5177\u6709\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u5f0f\uff0c\u63ed\u793a\u4e86\u4e0d\u540c\u6307\u6807\u5bf9\u4e8e\u300c\u4ec0\u4e48\u662f\u5f3a\u56e0\u679c\uff0c\u4ec0\u4e48\u662f\u5f31\u56e0\u679c\u300d\u6709\u7740\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u503e\u5411<\/strong>\u3002\u57fa\u4e8e\u8be5\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c\u56e0\u679c\u5ea6\u91cf\u6807\u51c6\u7684\u4e0d\u7edf\u4e00<\/strong>\u5c06\u4e0d\u518d\u662f\u8de8\u5b66\u79d1\u4ea4\u6d41\u7684\u58c1\u5792\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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\u4e3a\u4e86\u5c06\u6ce8\u610f\u529b\u96c6\u4e2d\u5728\u56e0\u679c\u5ea6\u91cf\u6807\u51c6\u672c\u8eab\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u59a8\u9009\u62e9\u5c06\u76ee\u5149\u805a\u7126\u5728\u56e0\u679c\u79d1\u5b66\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u5177\u4f53\u73b0\u8c61\u2014\u2014\u56e0\u679c\u6d8c\u73b0<\/strong><\/span>\uff08casual emergence\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u56e0\u679c\u6d8c\u73b0\u73b0\u8c61\u662f\u6307\u56e0\u679c\u5173\u7cfb\u5728\u5b8f\u89c2\u901a\u5e38\u4f1a\u66f4\u52a0\u5f3a[2]\u3002\u4e4d\u4e00\u770b\u8be5\u73b0\u8c61\u4f3c\u4e4e\u6709\u4e9b\u53cd\u76f4\u89c9\uff1a\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5fae\u89c2\u73b0\u8c61\u7684\u7c97\u7c92\u5316\uff0c\u5b8f\u89c2\u73b0\u8c61\u4f3c\u4e4e\u5b8c\u5168\u88ab\u5fae\u89c2\u6240\u7ed1\u5b9a\uff0c\u53c8\u600e\u4e48\u4f1a\u6709\u8d85\u51fa\u5fae\u89c2\u7684\u56e0\u679c\u5173\u7cfb\u5462\uff1f\u4f46\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u4ece\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u89d2\u5ea6\u6765\u770b\uff0c\u5b8f\u89c2\u89c6\u89d2\u4e0b\u7684\u7c97\u7c92\u5316\u53ef\u4ee5\u964d\u4f4e\u5fae\u89c2\u5c3a\u5ea6\u4e2d\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u566a\u58f0\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5176\u8f83\u5f3a\u7684\u56e0\u679c\u5173\u7cfb\u6709\u5176\u53ef\u89e3\u91ca\u6027\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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\u5728\u4ee5\u5f80\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53ea\u5728\u5f88\u6709\u9650\u7684\u51e0\u79cd\u5ea6\u91cf\u6807\u51c6<\/span>\uff08\u5982\u6709\u6548\u4fe1\u606f[2]\u4e0e\u6574\u5408\u4fe1\u606f[3]\uff09<\/span>\u4e0b\u9a8c\u8bc1\u4e86\u56e0\u679c\u6d8c\u73b0\u73b0\u8c61\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6d4b\u91cf\u6807\u51c6\u90fd\u57fa\u4e8e\u4fe1\u606f\u8bba\u5efa\u7acb\u4e14\u6709\u7740\u8f83\u4e3a\u76f8\u4f3c\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u5047\u8bbe\uff0c\u56e0\u679c\u6d8c\u73b0\u73b0\u8c61\u7684\u666e\u9002\u6027\u53d7\u5230\u4e86\u8d28\u7591[4-6]\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u7bc7\u6587\u7ae0\u4e2d\uff0c\u4f5c\u8005\u4e3a\u56e0\u679c\u6d8c\u73b0\u73b0\u8c61\u7684\u666e\u904d\u5b58\u5728\u6027\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u8bc1\u636e\uff0c\u5411\u6211\u4eec\u5c55\u73b0\u4e86\u6765\u81ea\u4e0d\u540c\u9886\u57df\u3001\u5177\u6709\u4e0d\u540c\u57fa\u672c\u5047\u8bbe\u7684\u56e0\u679c\u5ea6\u91cf\u6807\u51c6\u4e0b\u90fd\u5b58\u5728\u7740\u56e0\u679c\u6d8c\u73b0\u73b0\u8c61\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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2. \u56e0\u679c\u5173\u7cfb\u4e0e\u56e0\u679c\u57fa\u672c\u5f0f\u7684\u6807\u51c6\u63cf\u8ff0<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n

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2.1 \u5145\u5206\u6027\u4e0e\u5fc5\u8981\u6027<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n


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\u57fa\u4e8e\u4e0a\u8ff0\u89c4\u5b9a\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4fbf\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f00\u59cb\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u7684\u56e0\u679c\u57fa\u672c\u5f0f\u3002\u9996\u5148\u5bf9\u4e8e\u4efb\u4f55\u4e00\u4e2a\u539f\u56e0\u72b6\u6001c\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u90fd\u53ef\u4ee5\u8ba8\u8bba\u5176\u5bf9\u4efb\u610f\u7ed3\u679c\u72b6\u6001e\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u5145\u5206\u6027<\/strong><\/span>\uff08sufficiency\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u5373\u5728\u7cfb\u7edf\u5904\u4e8e\u539f\u56e0\u72b6\u6001c<\/span>\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u7ed3\u679c\u72b6\u6001e<\/span>\u51fa\u73b0\u7684\u6982\u7387\uff0c\u8868\u793a\u4e3a<\/span><\/p>\n


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\u53cd\u4e4b\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u8fd8\u53ef\u4ee5\u8003\u8651\u4efb\u610f\u4e00\u4e2a\u539f\u56e0\u72b6\u6001c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u4efb\u610f\u7ed3\u679c\u72b6\u6001e\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u5fc5\u8981\u6027<\/strong><\/span>\uff08necessity\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u5373\u7cfb\u7edf\u60f3\u8981\u8fbe\u5230\u7ed3\u679c\u72b6\u6001e\u591a\u5927\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u4f9d\u8d56\u4e8e\u539f\u56e0\u72b6\u6001c\u7684\u51fa\u73b0\uff0c\u8868\u793a\u4e3a<\/span><\/p>\n

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\u56fe1\uff1a\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\u4e0e\u5fc5\u8981\u6027\u7684\u56fe\u793a<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/span><\/h3>\n

2.2 \u786e\u5b9a\u6027\u4e0e\u7b80\u5e76\u6027<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n


<\/span><\/p>\n

\u4e0a\u8ff0\u4e24\u4e2a\u56e0\u679c\u57fa\u672c\u5f0fsufficiency\u548cnecessity\u5747\u4e3a\u5177\u4f53\u4e8b\u4ef6\u95f4\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u8fd8\u53ef\u4ee5\u5bf9\u5176\u6269\u5c55\u5f97\u5230\u53e6\u5916\u4e24\u4e2a\u57fa\u672c\u5f0f\uff1a\u786e\u5b9a\u6027<\/strong><\/span>\uff08determinism\uff09<\/span>\u548c\u7b80\u5e76\u6027<\/strong><\/span>\uff08degeneracy\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u6269\u5c55\u4f7f\u5f97\u539f\u672c\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u5f0f\u66f4\u52a0\u5177\u6709\u6cdb\u5316\u80fd\u529b\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u57fa\u4e8e\u4e00\u4e2a\u539f\u56e0\u72b6\u6001\u5bfc\u81f4\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u72b6\u6001\u5206\u5e03P(e|c)<\/span>\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u71b5\uff1a<\/span><\/p>\n


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<\/p>\n

\u5f53\u539f\u56e0\u72b6\u6001c\u4f1a\u5bfc\u81f4\u5355\u4e00\u7ed3\u679c\u72b6\u6001\u65f6\uff0c\u8be5\u4fe1\u606f\u71b5\u6700\u5c0f\uff0c\u503c\u4e3a0\u3002\u5f53\u539f\u56e0\u72b6\u6001c\u5bfc\u81f4\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u72b6\u6001\u968f\u673a\uff0c\u5373\u7ed3\u679c\u72b6\u6001\u5206\u5e03\u4e3a\u6240\u6709\u72b6\u6001\u6982\u7387\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u5747\u5300\u5206\u5e03\u65f6\uff0c\u4fe1\u606f\u71b5\u6700\u5927\uff0c\u503c\u4e3alog2<\/sub>n\uff0c\u5176\u4e2dn\u4e3a\u72b6\u6001\u603b\u6570\u3002\u57fa\u4e8e\u6b64\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e00\u4e2a\u539f\u56e0\u72b6\u6001\u7684\u786e\u5b9a\u6027<\/strong>\u4e3a\uff1a<\/span><\/p>\n


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<\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

\u6839\u636e\u5b9a\u4e49\u53ef\u77e5\uff0c\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\u8868\u793a\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u539f\u56e0\u72b6\u6001\u5bfc\u81f4\u7ed3\u679c\u72b6\u6001\u5206\u5e03\u7684\u786e\u5b9a\u7a0b\u5ea6\u3002\u5f53\u539f\u56e0\u72b6\u6001\u53ef\u4ee5\u5bfc\u81f4\u4e00\u4e2a\u786e\u5b9a\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u65f6\uff0c\u5176\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\u4e3a1\uff1b\u5f53\u539f\u56e0\u72b6\u6001\u5bf9\u5e94\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u72b6\u6001\u5b8c\u5168\u968f\u673a\u65f6\uff0c\u5176\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\u4e3a0\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u8fd8\u53ef\u4ee5\u5c06\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\u6269\u5c55\u5230\u7cfb\u7edf\u5c42\u9762\uff1a<\/span>        <\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/p>\n

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\u56fe2\uff1a\u56e0\u679c\u57fa\u672c\u5f0f\u53ca\u5176\u76f8\u4e92\u5173\u7cfb<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

\u7c7b\u4f3c\u5730\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u8fd8\u53ef\u4ee5\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e00\u4e2a\u7ed3\u679c\u72b6\u6001\u7684\u7b80\u5e76\u6027<\/strong>\uff1a<\/span><\/p>\n

  <\/span><\/p>\n

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<\/span>
<\/p>\n

\u8be5\u57fa\u672c\u5f0f\u8868\u793a\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u7ed3\u679c\u72b6\u6001\u5bf9\u5e94\u539f\u56e0\u72b6\u6001\u7684\u7b80\u5e76\u7a0b\u5ea6\uff0c\u6765\u6e90\u8d8a\u5355\u4e00\u5219\u7b80\u5e76\u6027\u8d8a\u5f3a\uff0c\u53cd\u4e4b\u4ea6\u7136\u3002\u540c\u6837\u7684\u6709\u7cfb\u7edf\u5c42\u9762\u7684\u7b80\u5e76\u6027\uff1a<\/span><\/p>\n


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<\/span><\/p>\n

\u4ee5\u4e0a\u4e3a\u5168\u90e8\u56db\u79cd\u57fa\u672c\u5f0f\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\uff0c\u53d7\u7bc7\u5e45\u9650\u5236\u8be6\u7ec6\u63a8\u5bfc\u8bf7\u53c2\u8003\u539f\u6587\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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3. \u57fa\u4e8e\u56e0\u679c\u57fa\u672c\u5f0f<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u5bf9\u56e0\u679c\u5ea6\u91cf\u6807\u51c6\u8fdb\u884c\u63cf\u8ff0<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n

\n

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<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/h3>\n


<\/p>\n

\u57fa\u4e8e\u4e0a\u8ff0\u56e0\u679c\u57fa\u672c\u5f0f\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u5bf9\u73b0\u6709\u4e3b\u6d41\u56e0\u679c\u5ea6\u91cf\u6807\u51c6\u8fdb\u884c\u8868\u8ff0\u3002\u4f8b\u5982Eells\u5c06\u539f\u56e0\u72b6\u6001\u4e0e\u7ed3\u679c\u72b6\u6001\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u56e0\u679c\u5173\u8054\u5f3a\u5ea6<\/strong><\/span>\uff08causal strength, CS\uff09<\/span>\u770b\u4f5c\u4ee5\u4e0b\u4e24\u4e2a\u6982\u7387\u4e4b\u5dee[7]\uff1a<\/span> <\/span><\/p>\n


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\u7ecf\u8fc7\u6570\u5b66\u53d8\u6362\u540e\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u6709\u6548\u6027\u548c\u5fc5\u8981\u6027\u8fdb\u884c\u8868\u793a\uff1a<\/span><\/p>\n


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<\/p>\n

\u7c7b\u4f3c\u7684\u6211\u4eec\u8fd8\u53ef\u4ee5\u5bf9CSLewis<\/sub>[8]\u548cCSCheng<\/sub><\/span>[9]\u4e24\u79cd\u5ea6\u91cf\u6807\u51c6\u505a\u5982\u4e0b\u53d8\u6362\uff1a<\/span><\/p>\n


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<\/section>\n


<\/span><\/p>\n

\u503c\u5f97\u6ce8\u610f\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u4e0a\u8ff0\u4e09\u79cd\u5ea6\u91cf\u6807\u51c6\u5747\u66fe\u88ab\u56e0\u679c\u63a8\u65ad\u9886\u57df\u7684\u9886\u519b\u4eba\u7269Judea Pearl\u518d\u6b21\u72ec\u7acb\u63d0\u51fa\u8fc7[10]\uff0c\u53d7\u7bc7\u5e45\u9650\u5236\u5173\u4e8e\u8be5recreation\u7684\u4ecb\u7ecd\u4ee5\u53ca\u4f59\u4e0b\u76849\u79cd\u5ea6\u91cf\u6807\u51c6\u7684\u89c4\u8303\u5316\u8bf7\u53c2\u770b\u539f\u6587\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

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\u56fe3\uff1a\u90e8\u5206\u56e0\u679c\u5173\u8054\u5f3a\u5ea6\u7684\u89c4\u8303\u5316<\/span><\/p>\n


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4. \u56e0\u679c\u6d8c\u73b0<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u5728\u591a\u79cd\u56e0\u679c\u5ea6\u91cf\u6807\u51c6\u4e0b\u5e7f\u6cdb\u5b58\u5728<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n

\n

<\/section>\n

<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/h3>\n


<\/p>\n

\u4e3a\u4e86\u89c2\u5bdf\u4e0a\u8ff0\u56e0\u679c\u5ea6\u91cf\u6807\u51c6\u7684\u8868\u73b0\uff0c\u4f5c\u8005\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u9a6c\u5c14\u53ef\u592b\u94fe\u6a21\u578b\u3002\u5fae\u89c2\u5c3a\u5ea6\u4e0b\uff0c\u6a21\u578b\u4e2d\u7684\u8282\u70b9\u72b6\u6001\u5305\u542b0\u548c1\u4e24\u79cd\uff0c\u6240\u6709\u8282\u70b9\u7684\u72b6\u6001\u7ec4\u5408\u5219\u4e3a\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u72b6\u6001\uff0c\u7cfb\u7edf\u72b6\u6001\u4f1a\u4f9d\u7167\u89c4\u5219\u8fdb\u884c\u8f6c\u79fb\u3002\u56fe4A\u4e0a\u4e3a\u8be5\u6a21\u578b\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u793a\u4f8b\uff0c\u56fe\u4e2d\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u7531\u4e09\u4e2a\u5e03\u5c14\u8282\u70b9\u7ec4\u6210\uff0c\u6982\u7387\u8f6c\u79fb\u89c4\u5219\u7531\u6709\u5411\u7bad\u5934\u8fdb\u884c\u63cf\u8ff0\u3002\u56fe4A\u4e0b\u5c55\u73b0\u4e86\u8be5\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u72b6\u6001\u8f6c\u79fb\u77e9\u9635<\/span>\uff08transition probability matrix, TPM\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u57fa\u4e8e\u4e00\u5b9a\u7684\u7c97\u7c92\u5316\u89c4\u5219\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f97\u5230\u5b8f\u89c2\u5c3a\u5ea6\u4e0b\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u53ca\u5176\u72b6\u6001\u8f6c\u79fb\u77e9\u9635\uff0c\u5982\u56fe4B\u6240\u793a\u3002\u8be5\u56fe\u5bf9\u5e94\u7684\u7c97\u7c92\u5316\u89c4\u5219\u4e3aON={000, 001, 010, 011}, OFF={111, 110, 101, 100}\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

               <\/span><\/p>\n

<\/span><\/p>\n

\u56fe4\uff1aA \u9a6c\u5c14\u53ef\u592b\u94fe\u6a21\u578b\u793a\u610f\u56fe\uff1bB \u5b8f\u89c2\u5c3a\u5ea6\u4e0b\u7684\u9a6c\u5c14\u53ef\u592b\u94fe\u6a21\u578b\uff1bC \u4e0d\u540c\u6027\u8d28\u9a6c\u5c14\u53ef\u592b\u94fe\u6a21\u578b\u7684\u53ef\u89c6\u5316<\/span><\/section>\n


<\/span><\/p>\n

\u5bf9\u6bd4\u4e24\u4e2a\u72b6\u6001\u8f6c\u79fb\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u5b9a\u6027\u89c2\u5bdf\u5230\uff0c\u5b8f\u89c2\u5c3a\u5ea6\u4e0b\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u95f4\u7684\u72b6\u6001\u6709\u7740\u66f4\u5f3a\u7684\u56e0\u679c\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u5373\u53d1\u751f\u4e86\u56e0\u679c\u6d8c\u73b0<\/span>\uff08Causal emergence, CE\uff09<\/span>\u73b0\u8c61\u3002\u90a3\u4e48\u5982\u4f55\u5bf9\u8fd9\u79cd\u73b0\u8c61\u8fdb\u884c\u5b9a\u91cf\u63cf\u8ff0\u5462\uff1f\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u5c06\u56e0\u679c\u6d8c\u73b0\u5f3a\u5ea6\u8fdb\u884c\u5982\u4e0b\u5b9a\u91cf\u63cf\u8ff0\uff1a<\/span><\/p>\n

        <\/span><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

<\/span>
<\/p>\n

\u5f53CE\u4e3a\u6b63\u65f6\uff0c\u5219\u8bf4\u660e\u53d1\u751f\u4e86\u56e0\u679c\u6d8c\u73b0\u73b0\u8c61\u3002\u53cd\u4e4b\u5219\u610f\u5473\u7740\u56e0\u679c\u9000\u5316<\/strong><\/span>\uff08Causal reduction, CR\uff09<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/span><\/p>\n

\u4f5c\u8005\u5728\u4e0e\u56fe4\u4e2d\u76f8\u4f3c\uff0c\u4f46\u8282\u70b9\u66f4\u591a\u3001\u89c4\u6a21\u66f4\u5927\u7684\u6a21\u578b\u4e0a\u5bf9\u56e0\u679c\u6d8c\u73b0\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u5b9a\u91cf\u8ba1\u7b97\u3002\u5176\u4e2d\u5b8f\u89c2\u4e0e\u5fae\u89c2\u7684\u56e0\u679c\u5173\u8054\u5f3a\u5ea6\u8ba1\u7b97\u65b9\u5f0f\u8986\u76d6\u4e86\u4e86\u4e0a\u6587\u63d0\u5230\u6240\u6709\u5341\u4e8c\u79cd\u56e0\u679c\u5ea6\u91cf\u6807\u51c6\u3002\u5728\u7cfb\u7edf\u81ea\u8eab\u5fae\u89c2\u6027\u8d28\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u4f5c\u8005\u5219\u904d\u5386\u4e86\u5982\u56fe4C\u6240\u793a\u7684\u591a\u79cd\u4e0d\u540c\u72b6\u6001\u8f6c\u79fb\u89c4\u5219\u3002\u6700\u7ec8\u7ed3\u679c\u5982\u56fe5\u6240\u793a\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e2a\u683c\u70b9\u7684\u989c\u8272\u8868\u793a\u56e0\u679c\u6d8c\u73b0\u7684\u5f3a\u5ea6\uff0c\u989c\u8272\u5374\u503e\u5411\u4e8e\u7eff\u8272\uff0c\u5219\u56e0\u679c\u6d8c\u73b0\u5f3a\u5ea6\u8d8a\u9ad8\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u53d1\u73b0\u5728\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u5e72\u9884\u5206\u5e03<\/span>\uff08\u5173\u4e8e\u5e72\u9884\u5206\u5e03\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\u53c2\u770b\u539f\u6587\uff09<\/span>\u3001\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u56e0\u679c\u5ea6\u91cf\u6807\u51c6\u4e0b\u56e0\u679c\u6d8c\u73b0\u73b0\u8c61\u90fd\u662f\u5e7f\u6cdb\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u3002\u503c\u5f97\u6ce8\u610f\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u7b80\u5e76\u6027<\/span>\u4e0e\u56e0\u679c\u5173\u8054\u5f3a\u5ea6\u8d1f\u76f8\u5173\uff0c\u6545\u5728\u8be5\u6307\u6807\u4e0b\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u56e0\u679c\u6d8c\u73b0\u5f3a\u5ea6\u4e3a\u8d1f\u540c\u6837\u610f\u5473\u7740\u56e0\u679c\u6d8c\u73b0\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

               <\/span><\/p>\n

<\/span><\/p>\n

\u56fe5\uff1a\u56e0\u679c\u6d8c\u73b0\u73b0\u8c61\u793a\u610f\u56fe<\/span><\/p>\n


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5. \u603b\u7ed3<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n

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<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/h3>\n


<\/p>\n

\u56e0\u679c\u6d8c\u73b0\u73b0\u8c61\u662f\u6307\u7cfb\u7edf\u5728\u5b8f\u89c2\u4e0b\u8868\u73b0\u51fa\u66f4\u5f3a\u7684\u56e0\u679c\u5173\u8054\u7684\u73b0\u8c61\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u5c06\u5176\u89e3\u91ca\u4e3a\u5b8f\u89c2\u5c3a\u5ea6\u4e0b\u5bf9\u7cfb\u7edf\u566a\u58f0\u7684\u524a\u5f31\u3002\u5728\u672c\u7bc7\u6587\u7ae0\u4e2d\uff0c\u4f5c\u8005\u4f7f\u7528\u56e0\u679c\u57fa\u672c\u5f0f\u5bf9\u4e3b\u6d41\u56e0\u679c\u5173\u7cfb\u5ea6\u91cf\u6307\u6807\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u8f83\u4e3a\u7edf\u4e00\u7684\u63cf\u8ff0\uff0c\u4e00\u5b9a\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u8bf4\u660e\u4e86\u4e0d\u540c\u56e0\u679c\u5173\u7cfb\u5ea6\u91cf\u6807\u51c6\u6709\u7740\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u6570\u5b66\u6765\u6e90\uff0c\u5e76\u8bc1\u660e\u4e86\u56e0\u679c\u6d8c\u73b0\u73b0\u8c61\u5728\u591a\u79cd\u56e0\u679c\u5173\u7cfb\u5ea6\u91cf\u6807\u51c6\u4e0b\u5e7f\u6cdb\u5b58\u5728\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

\u53c2\u8003\u6587\u732e<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n

1. Branden Fitelson and Christopher Hitchcock. Probabilistic Measures of Causal Strength. Causality in the Sciences, January 2010.<\/span><\/p>\n

2. Erik P. Hoel, L. Albantakis, and G. Tononi. Quantifying causal emergence shows that macro can beat micro. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 110(49):19790\u201319795, December 2013.<\/span><\/p>\n

3. Erik P. Hoel, Larissa Albantakis, William Marshall, and Giulio Tononi. Can the macro beat the micro? Integrated information across spatiotemporal scales. Neuroscience of Consciousness, 2016(1):niw012, 2016.<\/span><\/p>\n

4. Joe Dewhurst. Causal emergence from effective information: Neither causal nor emergent? Thought: A Journal of Philosophy, 10(3):158\u2013168, 2021. Publisher: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.<\/span><\/p>\n

5. Max Tegmark. Improved Measures of Integrated Information. PLOS Computational Biology, 12(11):e1005123, November 2016. Publisher: Public Library of Science.<\/span><\/p>\n

6. Pedro A. M. Mediano, Fernando Rosas, Robin L. Carhart-Harris, Anil K. Seth, and Adam B. Barrett. Beyond integrated information: A taxonomy of information dynamics phenomena. arXiv:1909.02297 [physics, q-bio], September 2019. arXiv: 1909.02297.<\/span><\/p>\n

7. Ellery Eells. Probabilistic Causality. Cambridge University Press, 1991.<\/span><\/p>\n

8. David Lewis. Causation. Journal of Philosophy, 70(17):556\u2013567, 1973.<\/span><\/p>\n

9. Patricia W. Cheng and Laura R. Novick. Causes versus enabling conditions. Cognition, 40(1):83\u2013120, August 1991.<\/span><\/p>\n

10. Judea Pearl. Causality. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2 edition, 2009.<\/span><\/p>\n


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