{"id":33116,"date":"2022-03-12T20:02:53","date_gmt":"2022-03-12T12:02:53","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/swarma.org\/?p=33116"},"modified":"2022-03-12T20:02:53","modified_gmt":"2022-03-12T12:02:53","slug":"%e5%8f%b8%e9%a9%ac%e8%b4%ba%e4%b9%8b%e9%97%ae%ef%bc%9a%e5%ad%a6%e4%b9%a0%e8%bf%98%e6%98%af%e5%88%9b%e9%80%a0%ef%bc%9f%e4%b8%a8%e9%99%88%e5%85%b3%e8%8d%a3","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/swarma.org\/?p=33116","title":{"rendered":"\u53f8\u9a6c\u8d3a\u4e4b\u95ee\uff1a\u5b66\u4e60\u8fd8\u662f\u521b\u9020\uff1f\u4e28\u9648\u5173\u8363"},"content":{"rendered":"
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\u201c\u53f8\u9a6c\u201d\u8fd9\u4e2a\u59d3\u6c0f\u5f88\u4e2d\u56fd\u3002\u4f17\u6240\u5468\u77e5\u7684\u540d\u4eba\u6709\u53f8\u9a6c\u76f8\u5982<\/span>\uff08\u524d179-118\u5e74\uff09<\/span>\u3001\u53f8\u9a6c\u8fc1<\/span>\uff08\u524d145-\u7ea690\u5e74\uff09<\/span>\u3001\u53f8\u9a6c\u61ff<\/span>\uff08179-251\u5e74\uff09<\/span>\u3001\u53f8\u9a6c\u662d<\/span>\uff08211-265\u5e74\uff09<\/span>\u3001\u53f8\u9a6c\u5149<\/span>\uff081019-1086\u5e74\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u4eca\u5929\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u6211\u8bf4\u6709\u4e2a\u4eba\u540d\u53eb\u201c\u53f8\u9a6c\u8d3a\u201d\uff0c\u4f60\u6ca1\u51c6\u5c31\u4f1a\u95ee\uff1a\u201c\u662f\u54ea\u4e2a\u671d\u4ee3\u7684\uff1f\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n


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\u56fe1\uff08Herbert Alexander Simon\uff0c1916-2001\uff09<\/span><\/p>\n


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\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u53f8\u9a6c\u8d3a\u62e5\u67099\u4e2a\u535a\u58eb\u5b66\u4f4d\uff0c\u5373\u829d\u52a0\u54e5\u5927\u5b66\u653f\u6cbb\u79d1\u5b66\u535a\u58eb\u5b66\u4f4d<\/span>\uff081943\u5e74\uff09<\/span>\u4ee5\u53ca8\u4e2a\u8363\u8a89\u535a\u58eb\u5b66\u4f4d\uff0c\u5206\u522b\u662f\u51ef\u65af\u7406\u5de5\u5b66\u9662<\/span>\uff08Case Institute of Technology\uff09<\/span>\u79d1\u5b66\u535a\u58eb<\/span>\uff081963\u5e74\uff09<\/span>\u3001\u8036\u9c81\u5927\u5b66\u6cd5\u5b66\u535a\u58eb<\/span>\uff081963\u5e74\uff09<\/span>\u3001\u745e\u5178\u4f26\u5fb7\u5927\u5b66<\/span>\uff08Lund University\uff09<\/span>\u54f2\u5b66\u535a\u58eb<\/span>\uff081968\u5e74\uff09<\/span>\u3001\u52a0\u62ff\u5927\u9ea6\u5409\u5c14\u5927\u5b66<\/span>\uff08McGill University\uff09<\/span>\u6cd5\u5b66\u535a\u58eb<\/span>\uff081970\u5e74\uff09<\/span>\u3001\u8377\u5170\u9e7f\u7279\u4e39\u4f0a\u62c9\u65af\u59c6\u65af<\/span>\uff08Erasmus Universiteit Rotterdam\uff09<\/span>\u5927\u5b66\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u535a\u58eb<\/span>\uff081973\u5e74\uff09<\/span>\u3001\u5bc6\u6b47\u6839\u5927\u5b66\u6cd5\u5b66\u535a\u58eb<\/span>\uff081978\u5e74\uff09<\/span>\u3001\u5339\u5179\u5821\u5927\u5b66\u6cd5\u5b66\u535a\u58eb<\/span>\uff081979\u5e74\uff09<\/span>\u3001\u54c8\u4f5b\u5927\u5b66\u6cd5\u5b66\u535a\u58eb<\/span>\uff081990\u5e74\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u8fd8\u672a\u8ba1\u53ca\u610f\u5927\u5229\u548c\u963f\u6839\u5ef7\u4e24\u95f4\u5927\u5b66\u6388\u4e88\u7684\u201c\u8363\u8a89\u5b66\u4f4d\u201d\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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\u5982\u679c\u8fd8\u8981\u7f57\u5217\u4e00\u4e9b\u5176\u4ed6\u5956\u9879\uff0c\u90a3\u5c31\u8fd8\u6709\u7f8e\u56fd\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u4f1a\u6770\u51fa\u79d1\u5b66\u8d21\u732e\u5956<\/span>\uff081969\u5e74\uff09<\/span>\u3001\u7f8e\u56fd\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u4f1a\u6770\u51fa\u4f1a\u5458\u5956<\/span>\uff081976\u5e74\uff09<\/span>\u3001\u7f8e\u56fd\u7ba1\u7406\u79d1\u5b66\u9662\u5b66\u672f\u8d21\u732e\u5956<\/span>\uff081983\u5e74\uff09<\/span>\u3001\u7f8e\u56fd\u653f\u6cbb\u79d1\u5b66\u5b66\u4f1aMadison\u5956<\/span>\uff081984\u5e74\uff09<\/span>\u3001\u7f8e\u56fd\u603b\u7edf\u79d1\u5b66\u5956<\/span>\uff081986\u5e74\uff09<\/span>\u3001\u7f8e\u56fd\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u534f\u4f1a\u5fc3\u7406\u79d1\u5b66\u7ec8\u8eab\u6210\u5c31\u5956<\/span>\uff081988\u5e74\uff09<\/span>\u3001\u7f8e\u56fd\u8fd0\u7b79\u5b66\u4f1a\u548c\u7ba1\u7406\u79d1\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u9662\u51af\u00b7\u8bfa\u4f0a\u66fc\u5956<\/span>\uff081988\u5e74\uff09<\/span>\u3001\u7f8e\u56fd\u516c\u5171\u7ba1\u7406\u5b66\u4f1aWaldo\u5956<\/span>\uff081995\u5e74\uff09<\/span>\u4ee5\u53ca\u56fd\u9645\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u5b66\u4f1a\u7ec8\u751f\u8363\u8a89\u5956<\/span>\uff081995\u5e74\uff09<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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1991\u5e74\uff0c\u53f8\u9a6c\u8d3a\u5199\u8fc7\u4e00\u672c\u56db\u767e\u591a\u9875\u7684\u81ea\u4f20\u300a\u79d1\u5b66\u8ff7\u5bab\u91cc\u7684\u987d\u7ae5\u4e0e\u5927\u5e08\u300b<\/span>\uff08Models of My Life<\/em>\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u59a8\u8ddf\u7740\u4ed6\u7684\u8db3\u8ff9\u8d70\u9a6c\u89c2\u82b1\u5730\u53bb\u6d4f\u89c8\u4e00\u904d\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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\u56fe2 \u53f8\u9a6c\u8d3a\u7684\u81ea\u4f20\uff08Models of My Life<\/em>\uff09<\/span><\/p>\n


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\u53f8\u9a6c\u8d3a\u51fa\u751f\u4e8e\u5a01\u65af\u5eb7\u661f\u5dde\u7684\u5bc6\u5c14\u6c83\u57fa<\/span>\uff08Milwaukee\uff09<\/span>\u5e02\uff0c\u7236\u4eb2\u963f\u745f\u00b7\u897f\u8499<\/span>\uff08Arthur Carl Simon\uff0c1881-1948\uff09<\/span>\u662f\u5fb7\u56fd\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\uff0c\u4ece\u5fb7\u56fd\u8fbe\u59c6\u65bd\u5854\u7279\u5de5\u4e1a\u5927\u5b66<\/span>\uff08Technische Universit\u00e4t Darmstadt\uff09<\/span>\u83b7\u5b66\u58eb\u5b66\u4f4d\uff0c\u6210\u4e3a\u7535\u673a\u5de5\u7a0b\u5e08\u30021903\u5e74\uff0c\u4ed6\u8fc1\u5c45\u7f8e\u56fd\uff0c\u5728Cutler-Hammer \u5236\u9020\u4e1a\u516c\u53f8\u8f85\u52a9\u8bbe\u8ba1\u5de5\u4e1a\u63a7\u5236\u4eea\u5668\uff0c\u540e\u6765\u8fd8\u6210\u4e3a\u4e13\u5229\u5f8b\u5e08\uff0c\u5e76\u56e0\u5176\u5de5\u7a0b\u6280\u672f\u8d21\u732e\u83b7\u9a6c\u51ef\u7279\u5927\u5b66<\/span>\uff08Marquette University\uff09<\/span>\u6388\u4e88\u8363\u8a89\u535a\u58eb\u5b66\u4f4d\u3002\u53f8\u9a6c\u8d3a\u7684\u6bcd\u4eb2<\/span>\uff08Edna Marguerite Merkel\uff0c1888-1969\uff09<\/span>\u662f\u5177\u6709\u6377\u514b\u548c\u5fb7\u56fd\u8840\u7edf\u7684\u7f8e\u56fd\u7b2c\u4e09\u4ee3\u79fb\u6c11\uff0c\u662f\u4e2a\u4e13\u4e1a\u94a2\u7434\u5bb6\u3002\u53f8\u9a6c\u8d3a\u5c11\u5e74\u65f6\u8ba4\u4e3a\u81ea\u5df1\u662f\u4e2a\u65e0\u795e\u8bba\u8005\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u5199\u4fe1\u7ed9\u300a\u5bc6\u5c14\u6c83\u57fa\u6742\u5fd7\u300b\u4e3b\u7f16\u8868\u793a\u8981\u634d\u536b\u65e0\u795e\u8bba\u8005\u7684\u516c\u6c11\u81ea\u7531\u3002\u4ed6\u8bfb\u4e2d\u5b66\u65f6\u53d7\u6b63\u5728\u5927\u5b66\u8bfb\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u7684\u8205\u8205\u54c8\u6d1b\u5fb7\u00b7\u9ed8\u514b\u5c14<\/span>\uff08Harold Merkel\uff0c1892-1922\uff09<\/span>\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u5f00\u59cb\u9605\u8bfb\u8457\u540d\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u5bb6\u7406\u5bdf\u5fb7\u00b7\u4f0a\u5229<\/span>\uff08Richard T. Ely\uff0c1854-1943\uff09<\/span>\u7684\u8bba\u8457\uff0c\u63a5\u89e6\u5230\u4e86\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u3002\u548c\u90a3\u4e2a\u65f6\u4ee3\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u5b69\u5b50\u4eec\u4e0d\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u4ed6\u5df2\u7ecf\u5f00\u59cb\u8ba4\u8bc6\u5230\u4eba\u7c7b\u884c\u4e3a\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u79d1\u5b66\u65b9\u6cd5\u53bb\u7814\u7a76\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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1933\u5e74\uff0c\u53f8\u9a6c\u8d3a\u8fdb\u5165\u829d\u52a0\u54e5\u5927\u5b66\uff0c\u5b66\u4e60\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u548c\u6570\u5b66\u3002\u4ed6\u5176\u5b9e\u5f88\u559c\u6b22\u751f\u7269\u5b66\uff0c\u4f46\u5929\u751f\u7684\u8272\u76f2\u8ba9\u4ed6\u505a\u4e0d\u4e86\u5b9e\u9a8c\u3002\u4e8e\u662f\u4ed6\u4e13\u653b\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u548c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\uff0c\u4e8e1937\u5e74\u53d6\u5f97\u653f\u6cbb\u79d1\u5b66\u5b66\u58eb\u5b66\u4f4d\u3002\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u4ed6\u5230\u4e86\u829d\u52a0\u54e5\u56fd\u9645\u57ce\u5e02\u7ba1\u7406\u8005\u534f\u4f1a\u5de5\u4f5c\u3002\u5728\u90a3\u91cc\uff0c\u4ed6\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u7528\u4e0a\u4e86\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\uff0c\u5e76\u6210\u4e3a\u7528\u6570\u5b66\u65b9\u6cd5\u4f30\u91cf\u57ce\u5e02\u516c\u7528\u4e8b\u4e1a\u6548\u7387\u7684\u4e13\u5bb6\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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1939\u5e74\uff0c\u4ed6\u8f6c\u81f3\u52a0\u5dde\u5927\u5b66\u4f2f\u514b\u5229\u5206\u6821\uff0c\u8d1f\u8d23\u7531\u6d1b\u514b\u83f2\u52d2\u57fa\u91d1\u4f1a\u8d44\u52a9\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u9879\u76ee\uff0c\u7814\u7a76\u5730\u65b9\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u8fd0\u4f5c\u6548\u7387\u548c\u8868\u73b0\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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1942\u5e74\uff0c\u4ed6\u5b8c\u6210\u4e86\u6d1b\u514b\u83f2\u52d2\u57fa\u91d1\u9879\u76ee\uff0c\u5230\u4e86\u4f0a\u5229\u8bfa\u4f0a\u7406\u5de5\u5b66\u9662<\/span>\uff08Illinois Institute of Technology\uff09<\/span>\u653f\u6cbb\u79d1\u5b66\u7cfb\u4efb\u6559\u3002\u4ed6\u5728\u90a3\u91cc\u5de5\u4f5c\u4e86\u4e03\u5e74\uff0c\u8fd8\u62c5\u4efb\u8fc7\u7cfb\u4e3b\u4efb\u3002\u671f\u95f4\uff0c\u4ed6\u8003\u8fdb\u4e86\u829d\u52a0\u54e5\u5927\u5b66\u5f53\u5728\u804c\u7814\u7a76\u751f\uff0c\u6709\u673a\u4f1a\u53c2\u52a0\u4e24\u4f4d\u56e0\u8ba1\u91cf\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u6210\u679c\u83b7\u8bfa\u8d1d\u5c14\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u5956\u7684\u632a\u5a01\u4eba\u7279\u91cc\u592b\u00b7\u54c8\u7ef4\u9ed8<\/span>\uff08Trygve Haavelmo\uff0c1911-1999\uff09<\/span>\u548c\u8377\u5170\u4eba\u7279\u4e9a\u6797\u00b7\u79d1\u666e\u66fc\u65af<\/span>\uff08Tjalling Koopmans\uff0c1910-1985\uff09<\/span>\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u8ba8\u8bba\u73ed\u3002\u5728\u829d\u52a0\u54e5\u5927\u5b66\uff0c\u53e6\u4e00\u4f4d\u8ba1\u91cf\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u5bb6\u4ea8\u5229\u00b7\u8212\u5c14\u8328<\/span>\uff08Henry Schultz\uff0c1893-1938\uff09<\/span>\u628a\u53f8\u9a6c\u8d3a\u5e26\u8fdb\u4e86\u65b0\u5174\u7684\u8ba1\u91cf\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u4e16\u754c\u3002\u8fd9\u671f\u95f4\uff0c\u4ed6\u5b8c\u6210\u4e86\u5173\u4e8e\u7ec4\u7ec7\u673a\u6784\u5982\u4f55\u8fdb\u884c\u51b3\u7b56\u7684\u535a\u58eb\u8bba\u6587\uff0c\u4e8e1943\u5e74\u83b7\u653f\u6cbb\u79d1\u5b66\u535a\u58eb\u5b66\u4f4d\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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\u4ece1949\u5e7433\u5c81\u65f6\u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u53f8\u9a6c\u8d3a\u6bd5\u751f\u5728\u5361\u5185\u57fa-\u6885\u9686\u5927\u5b66<\/span>\uff08\u539f\u540dCarnegie Tech\uff0c\u57281967\u5e74\u6539\u540d\u4e3aCarnegie Mellon University\uff09<\/span>\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u7cfb\u548c\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u7cfb\u5f53\u6559\u6388\uff0c\u5f00\u59cb\u65f6\u8fd8\u5728\u5de5\u4e1a\u7ba1\u7406\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u751f\u9662\u5de5\u4f5c\u8fc7\u3002\u6765\u5230\u5361\u5185\u57fa-\u6885\u9686\u5927\u5b66\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u4ed6\u7ed9\u6821\u957f\u201c\u5927\u529b\u53d1\u5c55\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u79d1\u5b66\u201d \u7684\u5efa\u8bae\u548c\u534f\u52a9\u8ba9\u5b66\u6821\u7279\u522b\u662f\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u7cfb\u8fc5\u901f\u6210\u957f\u4e3a\u7f8e\u56fd\u4e43\u81f3\u4e16\u754c\u524d\u6cbf\u7684\u540d\u6821\u540d\u7cfb\uff0c\u540e\u4eba\u8c08\u8bba\u6821\u53f2\u65f6\u90fd\u4e00\u81f4\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4ed6\u529f\u4e0d\u53ef\u6ca1\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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\u53f8\u9a6c\u8d3a\u5728\u5927\u5b66\u671f\u95f4\u66fe\u5230\u5bc6\u5c14\u6c83\u57fa\u5730\u65b9\u653f\u5e9c\u6253\u5de5\uff0c\u5bf9\u516c\u5171\u7ba1\u7406\u8005\u5982\u4f55\u505a\u9884\u7b97\u51b3\u7b56\u53d1\u751f\u4e86\u5174\u8da3\u3002\u540e\u6765\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u535a\u58eb\u8bba\u6587\u5c31\u4ee5\u7ba1\u7406\u884c\u4e3a\u548c\u51b3\u7b56\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e3b\u9898\u30021947\u5e74\uff0c\u4ed6\u57fa\u4e8e\u535a\u58eb\u8bba\u6587\u51fa\u7248\u4e86\u5173\u4e8e\u516c\u5171\u7ba1\u7406\u7684\u8bba\u8457\u300a\u7ba1\u7406\u884c\u4e3a\u300b<\/span>\uff08Administr\u03b1tive Behavior<\/em>\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u4e00\u4e3e\u6210\u540d\u3002\u4e66\u4e2d\u4ed6\u521b\u9020\u4e86\u4e00\u4e9b\u540e\u6765\u88ab\u9891\u7e41\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u672f\u8bed\uff0c\u5982\u201c\u6709\u9650\u7406\u6027\u201d<\/span>\uff08bounded rationality\uff09<\/span>\u548c\u201c\u8db3\u591f\u6ee1\u610f\u201d<\/span>\uff08sufficiently satisficing\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u52301950\u5e74\u4ee3\u540e\u671f\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u8fd9\u672c\u4e66\u4ee5\u53ca\u4ed6\u540e\u6765\u7684\u8457\u4f5c\u300a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u300b<\/span>\uff08Organizations\uff09<\/span>\u6210\u4e3a\u4e86\u5de5\u5546\u6559\u80b2\u3001\u516c\u5171\u7ba1\u7406\u548c\u7ec4\u7ec7\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u8bfe\u7a0b\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u5185\u5bb9\u3002\u300a\u7ba1\u7406\u884c\u4e3a\u300b\u81f3\u4eca\u51fa\u4e86\u56db\u7248\uff0c\u88ab\u8bc4\u4e3a20\u4e16\u7eaa\u653f\u6cbb\u79d1\u5b66\u3001\u516c\u5171\u7ba1\u7406\u548c\u7ba1\u7406\u5b66\u9886\u57df\u6700\u6709\u5f71\u54cd\u529b\u768410 \u90e8\u8457\u4f5c\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002\u540c\u6837\uff0c\u300a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u300b\u4e00\u4e66\u81f3\u4eca\u4f9d\u7136\u662f\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u548c\u7ba1\u7406\u5b66\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u6559\u6750\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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\u53f8\u9a6c\u8d3a\u5728\u5927\u5b66\u671f\u95f4\u5c31\u51b3\u5b9a\u4e86\u8981\u7814\u7a76\u201c\u51b3\u7b56\u7406\u8bba\u201d\u3002\u4ed6\u540e\u6765\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u201c\u51b3\u7b56\u5373\u7ba1\u7406\u201d\u7684\u7406\u5ff5\uff0c\u5e76\u7528\u6570\u5b66\u65b9\u5f0f\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e86\u51b3\u7b56\u7684\u4e09\u4e2a\u9636\u6bb5\uff1a\u4fe1\u606f\u6d3b\u52a8<\/span>\uff08\u6536\u96c6\u5236\u5b9a\u51b3\u7b56\u7684\u60c5\u62a5\u548c\u4f9d\u636e\uff09<\/span>\u3001\u8bbe\u8ba1\u6d3b\u52a8<\/span>\uff08\u5236\u5b9a\u53ef\u64cd\u4f5c\u7684\u884c\u52a8\u5907\u9009\u65b9\u6848\uff09<\/span>\u3001\u9009\u62e9\u548c\u68c0\u9a8c\u6d3b\u52a8<\/span>\uff08\u6839\u636e\u5f53\u524d\u60c5\u51b5\u548c\u5bf9\u672a\u6765\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u9884\u6d4b\uff0c\u4ece\u5907\u9009\u65b9\u6848\u4e2d\u9009\u5b9a\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b9\u6848\uff1b\u6700\u540e\uff0c\u5bf9\u5df2\u9009\u62e9\u65b9\u6848\u53ca\u5176\u5b9e\u65bd\u60c5\u51b5\u8fdb\u884c\u8bc4\u4f30\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u4ed6\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u57fa\u4e8e\u201c\u6ee1\u610f\u5ea6\u201d\u800c\u975e\u201c\u6700\u4f18\u5316\u201d\u7684\u51b3\u7b56\u6a21\u578b\uff0c\u5e76\u628a\u51b3\u7b56\u7c7b\u578b\u5212\u5206\u4e3a\u7a0b\u5e8f\u5316\u51b3\u7b56\u548c\u975e\u7a0b\u5e8f\u5316\u51b3\u7b56\u4e24\u79cd\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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\u53f8\u9a6c\u8d3a\u57281978\u5e74\u8363\u83b7\u8bfa\u8d1d\u5c14\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u5956\uff0c\u8868\u5f70\u4ed6\u201c\u5bf9\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5185\u51b3\u7b56\u8fc7\u7a0b\u7684\u5f00\u521b\u6027\u7814\u7a76\u201d\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u53f8\u9a6c\u8d3a\u5728\u79d1\u5b66\u653f\u7b56\u9886\u57df\u975e\u5e38\u6d3b\u8dc3\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u6781\u5177\u5f71\u54cd\u529b\u3002\u4ed6\u662f\u7f8e\u56fd\u79d1\u5b66\u9662\u79d1\u5b66\u4e0e\u516c\u5171\u653f\u7b56\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6210\u5458\uff0c\u62c5\u4efb\u8fc7\u5176\u7ba1\u7406\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u4e3b\u5e2d\u3002\u4ed6\u4e5f\u662f\u9996\u4f4d\u52a0\u5165\u603b\u7edf\u79d1\u5b66\u987e\u95ee\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u7684\u4eba\u7c7b\u884c\u4e3a\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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1956\u5e74\u590f\u5929\uff0c11\u540d\u6765\u81ea\u6570\u5b66\u3001\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u3001\u795e\u7ecf\u5b66\u3001\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u79d1\u5b66\u4ee5\u53ca\u7535\u6c14\u5de5\u7a0b\u7b49\u9886\u57df\u7684\u5b66\u8005\u805a\u96c6\u5728\u8fbe\u7279\u8305\u65af\u5b66\u9662<\/span>\uff08Dartmouth College\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u8ba8\u8bba\u4e86\u5982\u4f55\u7528\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u6a21\u62df\u4eba\u7684\u667a\u80fd\u3002\u53c2\u4f1a\u8005\u5305\u62ec\u7ea6\u7ff0\u00b7\u9ea6\u5361\u9521<\/span>\uff08John McCarthy\uff0c1927-2011\uff09<\/span>\u3001\u9a6c\u6587\u00b7\u660e\u65af\u57fa<\/span>\uff08Marvin L. Minsky\uff0c1927-2016\uff09<\/span>\u3001\u514b\u52b3\u5fb7\u00b7\u9999\u519c<\/span>\uff08Claude E. Shannon\uff0c1916-2001\uff09<\/span>\u3001\u827e\u4f26\u00b7\u7ebd\u5384\u5c14<\/span>\uff08Allen Newell\uff0c1927-1992\uff09<\/span>\u548c\u53f8\u9a6c\u8d3a\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u597d\u51e0\u4e2a\u540e\u6765\u8363\u83b7\u56fe\u7075\u5956\u3002\u4f1a\u8bae\u6839\u636e\u9ea6\u5361\u9521\u7684\u5efa\u8bae\uff0c\u6b63\u5f0f\u628a\u8fd9\u4e00\u7814\u7a76\u9886\u57df\u547d\u540d\u4e3a\u201c\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u201d\u3002\u53f8\u9a6c\u8d3a\u548c\u5b66\u751f\u7ebd\u5384\u5c14\u5e26\u5230\u4f1a\u8bae\u4e0a\u53bb\u6f14\u793a\u7684\u201c\u903b\u8f91\u7406\u8bba\u5bb6\u201d<\/span>\uff08Logic Theorist\uff09<\/span>\u662f\u548c\u540c\u4e8b\u7ea6\u7ff0\u00b7\u8096<\/span>\uff08John C. Shaw\uff0c1922-1991\uff09<\/span>\u4e00\u8d77\u8bbe\u8ba1\u7684\uff0c\u662f\u5f53\u65f6\u552f\u4e00\u53ef\u4ee5\u5de5\u4f5c\u7684\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u8f6f\u4ef6\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u8bd5\u56fe\u7528\u8be5\u7a0b\u5e8f\u53bb\u8bc1\u660e\u8457\u540d\u7684\u6000\u7279\u6d77\u5fb7<\/span>\uff08Alfred N. Whitehead\uff09<\/span>\u548c\u7f57\u7d20<\/span>\uff08Bertrand Russell\uff09<\/span>\u7684\u300a\u6570\u5b66\u539f\u7406\u300b<\/span>\uff08Principia Mathematica<\/em>\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u5f15\u8d77\u4e86\u4e0e\u4f1a\u4ee3\u8868\u4eec\u7684\u6781\u5927\u5174\u8da3\u548c\u5173\u6ce8\u3002\u53f8\u9a6c\u8d3a\u548c\u8fd9\u4e00\u6279\u4eba\u7269\u73b0\u5728\u90fd\u88ab\u516c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u7684\u5960\u57fa\u4eba\uff0c\u4fd7\u79f0\u201c\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u4e4b\u7236\u201d\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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\u53f8\u9a6c\u8d3a\u5bf9\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u79d1\u5b66\u65b9\u6cd5\u7684\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u8d21\u732e\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u662f\u4ed6\u501f\u9274\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u548c\u7ec4\u7ec7\u51b3\u7b56\u7684\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u5021\u5bfc\u5e76\u53d1\u5c55\u4e86\u542f\u53d1\u5f0f\u7f16\u7a0b<\/span>\uff08heuristic programming\uff09<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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1950\u5e74\u4ee3\u4e2d\u671f\uff0c\u53f8\u9a6c\u8d3a\u5f00\u59cb\u7814\u7a76\u201c\u89e3\u51b3\u95ee\u9898\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u201d<\/span> \uff08psychology of problem-solving\uff09<\/span> \u3002\u4ed6\u5bf9\u4eba\u7c7b\u5fc3\u7406\u8fc7\u7a0b\u5f97\u51fa\u4e24\u4e2a\u5173\u952e\u7ed3\u8bba\uff1a\u5b83\u4eec\u662f\u5206\u5c42\u7684<\/span>\uff08hierarchical\uff09<\/span>\u548c\u8054\u60f3\u7684<\/span>\uff08associative\uff09<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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1957-1958 \u5e74\u95f4\uff0c\u201c\u903b\u8f91\u7406\u8bba\u5bb6\u201d\u9664\u4e86\u91c7\u7528\u542f\u53d1\u5f0f\u7684\u201c\u95ee\u9898-\u89e3\u51b3\u201d<\/span>\uff08problem-solving\uff09<\/span>\u539f\u5219\uff0c\u8fd8\u91c7\u7528\u4e86\u72b6\u6001\u53cd\u9988\u63a7\u5236\u539f\u7406\uff0c\u5c06\u76ee\u6807\u72b6\u6001\u5373\u8981\u8bc1\u660e\u7684\u8bed\u53e5\u4e0e\u5f53\u524d\u72b6\u6001\u8fdb\u884c\u6bd4\u8f83\uff0c\u5e76\u5c06\u8bef\u5dee\u53cd\u9988\u5230\u524d\u7aef\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u53cd\u590d\u5faa\u73af\u4ee5\u51cf\u5c11\u4e24\u79cd\u72b6\u6001\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5dee\u5f02\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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\u671f\u95f4\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u8fd8\u8bbe\u8ba1\u4e86\u201c\u901a\u7528\u95ee\u9898\u6c42\u89e3\u5668\u201d<\/span>\uff08General Problem Solver\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u5229\u7528\u201c\u624b\u6bb5-\u76ee\u7684\u201d\u5206\u6790\u65b9\u6cd5\u8fdb\u884c\u542f\u53d1\u5f0f\u641c\u7d22\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u7c7b\u6bd4\u800c\u5bf9\u5404\u79cd\u95ee\u9898\u8fdb\u884c\u5206\u7c7b\uff0c\u8fdb\u800c\u63d0\u51fa\u89e3\u51b3\u65b9\u6848\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u7b97\u6cd5\u6700\u7ec8\u6f14\u5316\u4e3a\u8ba4\u77e5\u9886\u57df\u666e\u904d\u91c7\u7528\u7684SOAR\u67b6\u6784\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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\u53f8\u9a6c\u8d3a\u548c\u7ebd\u5384\u5c14\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u201c\u7269\u7406\u7b26\u53f7\u7cfb\u7edf\u201d\u5047\u8bbe\uff0c\u5e76\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5b83\u662f\u4e00\u822c\u667a\u80fd\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u5145\u5206\u5fc5\u8981\u6761\u4ef6\u3002\u7269\u7406\u7b26\u53f7\u7cfb\u7edf\u7531\u4e00\u7ec4\u8868\u793a\u5b9e\u4f53\u7684\u201c\u7b26\u53f7\u201d\u7ec4\u6210\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5b9e\u4f53\u662f\u7269\u7406\u56fe\u5f62\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f5c\u4e3a\u53e6\u4e00\u79cd\u79f0\u4e3a\u201c\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f\u201d<\/span>\uff08\u6216\u7b26\u53f7\u7ed3\u6784\uff09<\/span>\u7684\u5b9e\u4f53\u7684\u7ec4\u4ef6\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u7cfb\u7edf\u8fd8\u5305\u542b\u4e00\u7ec4\u5904\u7406\u7a0b\u5e8f\uff0c\u5bf9\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f\u8fdb\u884c\u64cd\u4f5c\u4ee5\u751f\u6210\u5176\u4ed6\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f\uff0c\u5982\u201c\u521b\u5efa\u201d\u3001\u201c\u4fee\u6539\u201d\u3001\u201c\u590d\u5236\u201d\u548c\u201c\u7834\u574f\u201d\u7b49\u3002\u672c\u8d28\u4e0a\uff0c\u7269\u7406\u7b26\u53f7\u7cfb\u7edf\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u968f\u7740\u65f6\u95f4\u53d1\u5c55\u800c\u4e0d\u65ad\u8fdb\u5316\u7684\u7b26\u53f7\u7ed3\u6784\u96c6\u5408\u7684\u6846\u67b6\uff0c\u4ece\u4fe1\u606f\u52a0\u5de5\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u53bb\u7814\u7a76\u4eba\u7c7b\u601d\u7ef4\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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\u540e\u6765\uff0c\u53f8\u9a6c\u8d3a\u5728\u7269\u7406\u7b26\u53f7\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u4e0a\u52a0\u5165\u60c5\u611f\u548c\u8ba4\u77e5\u7b49\u4eba\u7c7b\u601d\u7ef4\u7279\u6709\u7684\u667a\u80fd\u56e0\u7d20\uff0c\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u201c\u8ba4\u77e5\u7cfb\u7edf\u6a21\u578b\u201d\u3002\u4ed6\u8fd8\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u7ec4\u5757\u7406\u8bba\uff0c\u4ee5\u5217\u8868\u65b9\u5f0f\u5c06\u96f6\u6563\u7684\u6784\u4ef6\u7ec4\u6210\u6709\u610f\u4e49\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u5355\u5143\uff0c\u7528\u6765\u6a21\u62df\u4eba\u7c7b\u601d\u7ef4\u5bf9\u4fe1\u606f\u8fdb\u884c\u7ec4\u7ec7\u548c\u7f16\u7801\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u7406\u8bba\u5728\u4eca\u5929\u7684\u81ea\u7136\u8bed\u8a00\u5904\u7406\u4e2d\u4ecd\u6709\u4e0d\u5c11\u5e94\u7528\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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\u56fe4  \u53f8\u9a6c\u8d3a\u5728\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5de5\u4f5c\u5ba4<\/span><\/p>\n


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\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u53f8\u9a6c\u8d3a\u5bf9\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u7684\u8d21\u732e\u8fdc\u975e\u505c\u7559\u5728\u6982\u5ff5\u5c42\u9762\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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1957\u5e74\uff0c\u53f8\u9a6c\u8d3a\u548c\u5408\u4f5c\u8005\u4eec\u5f00\u53d1\u4e86\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u7684IPL\u8bed\u8a00<\/span>\uff08Information Processing Language\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u5728\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u6700\u65e9\u7684\u4e00\u79cdAI\u7a0b\u5e8f\u8bbe\u8ba1\u8bed\u8a00\uff0c\u5176\u57fa\u672c\u5143\u7d20\u662f\u7b26\u53f7\uff0c\u7a0b\u5e8f\u4e2d\u9996\u6b21\u5f15\u8fdb\u4e86\u5217\u8868\u5904\u7406\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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\u53f8\u9a6c\u8d3a\u751a\u81f3\u5c1d\u8bd5\u7528\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u53bb\u4f5c\u66f2\u3001\u4f5c\u753b\u548c\u4e0b\u68cb\u3002\u4ed6\u57281957\u5e74\u9884\u8a00\u8bf4\u5341\u5e74\u5185\u7535\u8111\u53ef\u4ee5\u51fb\u8d25\u4eba\u7c7b\u51a0\u519b\u68cb\u624b\u3002\u4f46\u5982\u6240\u5468\u77e5\uff0c\u8be5\u9884\u8a00\u843d\u7a7a\u4e86\u3002\u4ed6\u57281965\u5e74\u518d\u5ea6\u9884\u8a00\uff0c\u8bf4\u8fd9\u4e2a\u76ee\u6807\u5728\u4e8c\u5341\u5e74\u5185\u4e00\u5b9a\u53ef\u4ee5\u5b9e\u73b0\u3002\u4ed6\u8fd8\u4eb2\u529b\u4eb2\u4e3a\uff0c\u57281966\u5e74\u4e0e\u7ebd\u5384\u5c14\u548c\u4e54\u6cbb\u00b7\u8d1d\u6d1b\u5c14<\/span>\uff08George W. Baylor\uff09<\/span>\u5408\u4f5c\uff0c\u5f00\u53d1\u4e86\u6700\u65e9\u7684\u673a\u5668\u4e0b\u68cb\u7a0b\u5e8fMATER\u3002\u4e0d\u8fc7\u540e\u6765\u4e8c\u5341\u5e74\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u7684\u8fdb\u6b65\u518d\u6b21\u8ba9\u53f8\u9a6c\u8d3a\u5931\u671b\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u4e09\u5341\u5e74\u540e\uff0c1996\u5e74IBM\u6df1\u84dd\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u51fb\u8d25\u4e86\u56fd\u9645\u8c61\u68cb\u51a0\u519b\u52a0\u91cc\u00b7\u5361\u65af\u5e15\u7f57\u592b<\/span>\uff08Garry K. Kasparov\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u8ba9\u53f8\u9a6c\u8d3a\u5728\u6709\u751f\u4e4b\u5e74\u89c1\u8bc1\u4e86\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u9884\u8a00\u6210\u771f\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\u56fe5  \u53f8\u9a6c\u8d3a\u4e3a\u4e0b\u68cb\u673a\u5668\u7f16\u7a0bMATER<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

1970\u5e74\u4ee3\u521d\uff0c\u53f8\u9a6c\u8d3a\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u201c\u51b3\u7b56\u6a21\u5f0f\u7406\u8bba\u201d\uff0c\u4e3a\u4eca\u5929\u6781\u4e3a\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u51b3\u7b56\u652f\u6301\u7cfb\u7edf<\/span>\uff08Decision Support System\uff09<\/span>\u5960\u5b9a\u4e86\u7406\u8bba\u57fa\u7840\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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\u53f8\u9a6c\u8d3a\u5728\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u548c\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u6210\u679c\u5927\u5927\u5730\u63a8\u52a8\u4e86\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u3002\u4e3a\u6b64\uff0c\u4ed6\u88ab\u7f8e\u56fd\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u534f\u4f1a\u6388\u4e881975\u5e74\u56fe\u7075\u5956\uff0c\u8868\u5f70\u4ed6\u201c\u5728\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u3001\u4eba\u7c7b\u8ba4\u77e5\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u548c\u7f16\u7a0b\u5217\u8868\u5904\u7406\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u5960\u57fa\u6027\u8d21\u732e\u201d\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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\u53f8\u9a6c\u8d3a\u5bf9\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u7684\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u91cd\u8981\u8d21\u732e\u662f\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u201c\u5b66\u4e60\u6a21\u578b\u201d\uff0c\u662f\u81f3\u4eca\u4ecd\u7136\u5e94\u7528\u6700\u5e7f\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u6a21\u578b\u3002\u53f8\u9a6c\u8d3a\u5bf9\u201c\u5b66\u4e60\u201d\u7ed9\u51fa\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u7b80\u5355\u5b9a\u4e49\uff1a\u5982\u679c\u4e00\u4e2a\u7cfb\u7edf\u80fd\u591f\u901a\u8fc7\u6267\u884c\u67d0\u79cd\u7a0b\u5e8f\u800c\u6539\u8fdb\u5b83\u7684\u6027\u80fd\uff0c\u8fd9\u5c31\u662f\u5b66\u4e60\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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\u57281976-1983\u5e74\u95f4\uff0c\u53f8\u9a6c\u8d3a\u548c\u5e15\u7279\u00b7\u5170\u5229<\/span>\uff08Pat W. Langley\uff09<\/span>\u53ca\u52a0\u91cc\u00b7\u5e03\u62c9\u8328\u970d\u592b<\/span>\uff08Gary L. Bradshaw\uff09<\/span>\u5408\u4f5c\uff0c\u5728\u5b66\u4e60\u6a21\u578b\u57fa\u7840\u4e0a\u8bbe\u8ba1\u4e86\u67096\u4e2a\u7248\u672c\u7684BACON\u7cfb\u7edf\u53d1\u73b0\u7a0b\u5e8f\uff0c\u5e76\u7528\u6765\u201c\u91cd\u65b0\u53d1\u73b0\u201d\u4e86\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u8457\u540d\u7684\u7269\u7406\u548c\u5316\u5b66\u5b9a\u5f8b\u3002\u5176\u610f\u4e49\u5728\u4e8e\u8bc1\u660e\u4e86\u53f8\u9a6c\u8d3a\u66fe\u591a\u6b21\u5f3a\u8c03\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u5373\u79d1\u5b66\u53d1\u73b0\u53ea\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u7279\u6b8a\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u6c42\u89e3\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u7a0b\u5e8f\u6765\u5b9e\u73b0\u3002\u6280\u672f\u4e0a\uff0c\u8fd9\u9879\u6210\u679c\u76f4\u63a5\u5bf9\u540e\u6765\u7684\u673a\u5668\u5b66\u4e60\u3001\u5927\u6570\u636e\u5e94\u7528\u548c\u4ea7\u54c1\u8fed\u4ee3\u5f00\u53d1\u7b49\u4ea7\u751f\u4e86\u6839\u672c\u6027\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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\u53f8\u9a6c\u8d3a\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u903b\u8f91\u5206\u6790\u7406\u8bba\u4e3a\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u6a21\u62df\u4eba\u7684\u601d\u7ef4\u6d3b\u52a8\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u5e2e\u52a9\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u4ed6\u5bf9\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5185\u7684\u51b3\u7b56\u7a0b\u5e8f\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u5f00\u521b\u6027\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7ba1\u7406\u7684\u51b3\u7b56\u7406\u8bba\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u7684\u6210\u679c\u8ba9\u4ed6\u8363\u83b71978\u5e74\u8bfa\u8d1d\u5c14\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u5956\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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1980\u5e74\u4ee3\uff0c\u53f8\u9a6c\u8d3a\u548c\u5b66\u751f\u7231\u5fb7\u534e\u00b7\u8d39\u6839\u9c8d\u59c6<\/span>\uff08Edward A. Feigenbaum\uff0c1936-\uff09<\/span>\u5229\u7528\u542f\u53d1\u5f0f\u7f16\u7a0b\u8bbe\u8ba1\u4e86EPAM\u8f6f\u4ef6\uff0c\u662f\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u6267\u884c\u7684\u5b66\u4e60\u8f6f\u4ef6\uff0c\u4e3a\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u5b66\u4e60\u4eba\u7684\u601d\u7ef4\u6d3b\u52a8\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u6a21\u62df\u624b\u6bb5\u3002\u8d39\u6839\u9c8d\u59c6\u540e\u6765\u83b71994\u5e74\u56fe\u7075\u5956\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7814\u7a76\u6210\u679c\u8ba9\u53f8\u9a6c\u8d3a\u8363\u83b71988\u5e74\u7f8e\u56fd\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u534f\u4f1a\u7684\u7ec8\u8eab\u6210\u5c31\u5956\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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\u8d39\u6839\u9c8d\u59c6\u8bf4\uff1a\u201c\u8981\u60f3\u53ea\u8bfb\u4e00\u672c\u4e66\u6765\u4e86\u89e3\u53f8\u9a6c\u8d3a\u601d\u60f3\u7684\u7cbe\u534e\uff0c\u6211\u613f\u610f\u63a8\u8350\u7bc7\u5e45\u4e0d\u5927\u7684\u300a\u4eba\u5de5\u79d1\u5b66\u300b<\/span>\uff08The Sciences of the Artificial<\/em> \uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u5b83\u662f\u4e3a\u79d1\u5b66\u754c\u4f17\u591a\u8bfb\u8005\u5199\u7684\u3002\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n


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\u56fe6  \u53f8\u9a6c\u8d3a\u8457\u300a\u4eba\u5de5\u79d1\u5b66\uff1a\u590d\u6742\u6027\u9762\u9762\u89c2\u300b<\/span><\/p>\n


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\u751f\u6d3b\u4e2d\uff0c\u53f8\u9a6c\u8d3a\u7231\u597d\u5e7f\u6cdb\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u5f92\u6b65\u65c5\u884c\u3001\u5b66\u4e60\u5916\u8bed\u3001\u4e0b\u68cb\u7ed8\u753b\u548c\u6295\u8d44\u7406\u8d22\u3002\u4ed6\u4e00\u751f\u8fdc\u79bb\u653f\u4e8b\uff0c\u57fa\u672c\u4e0a\u4e0d\u770b\u7535\u89c6\uff0c\u4e0d\u542c\u5e7f\u64ad\uff0c\u4e0d\u8bfb\u62a5\u7eb8\uff0c\u8bf4\u662f\u4e0d\u60f3\u6d6a\u8d39\u65f6\u95f4\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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\u53f8\u9a6c\u8d3a\u540e\u534a\u8f88\u5b50\u768446\u5e74\u4e00\u76f4\u4f4f\u5728\u5361\u5185\u57fa-\u6885\u9686\u5927\u5b66\u9644\u8fd1\u7684\u4e00\u6240\u5c0f\u623f\u5b50\u91cc\u3002\u4ed6\u51e0\u5341\u5e74\u5982\u4e00\u65e5\uff0c\u5929\u5929\u6b65\u884c\u4e0a\u4e0b\u73ed\u3002\u53f8\u9a6c\u8d3a\u559c\u6b22\u767b\u5c71\uff0c\u5230\u4e16\u754c\u5404\u5730\u5f00\u4f1a\u8bbf\u95ee\u65f6\u5076\u5c14\u6709\u7a7a\u4fbf\u53bb\u722c\u5c71\u548c\u9732\u8425\u30021981 \u5e74\u4ed6\u4e3a\u4e86\u5e86\u795d\u81ea\u5df1 65 \u5c81\u751f\u65e5\u8fd8\u4e13\u95e8\u53bb\u6500\u767b\u4e86\u963f\u5c14\u5351\u65af\u5c71\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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\u56fe8 \u53f8\u9a6c\u8d3a\u5728\u6f14\u8bb2<\/span><\/p>\n


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\u4ed6\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u65e0\u7591\u662f\u975e\u5e38\u6210\u529f\u7684\u3002\u5176\u4e2d\uff0c\u4ed6\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u4f17\u6240\u5468\u77e5\u7684\u4e60\u60ef\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u5c31\u662f\u6210\u529f\u7684\u5173\u952e\u2014\u2014\u6bcf\u5f53\u7814\u7a76\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u95ee\u9898\u65f6\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u53e5\u53d1\u95ee\u603b\u662f\uff1a\u8fd9\u662f\u201c\u5b66\u4e60\u8fd8\u662f\u521b\u9020\uff1f\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n


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\u4ed6\u5728\u8bfa\u8d1d\u5c14\u5956\u5b98\u65b9\u7f51\u7ad9\u7684\u4e2a\u4eba\u7f51\u9875\u4e0a\u5199\u9053\uff1a\u201c\u6211\u6709\u4e24\u4e2a\u6307\u5bfc\u539f\u5219\uff1a\u52aa\u529b\u2018\u5f3a\u5316\u2019\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\uff0c\u8ba9\u5b83\u66f4\u597d\u5730\u914d\u5907\u4e0a\u5b8c\u6210\u56f0\u96be\u7814\u7a76\u4efb\u52a1\u6240\u9700\u7684\u5de5\u5177\uff1b\u4ee5\u53ca\u52aa\u529b\u5efa\u7acb\u81ea\u7136\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5bc6\u5207\u8054\u7cfb\uff0c\u8ba9\u4ed6\u4eec\u80fd\u591f\u5171\u540c\u4e3a\u9700\u8981\u4e24\u79cd\u667a\u6167\u7684\u516c\u5171\u653f\u7b56\u4e2d\u7684\u8bb8\u591a\u590d\u6742\u95ee\u9898\u8d21\u732e\u51fa\u5404\u81ea\u7684\u7279\u6b8a\u77e5\u8bc6\u548c\u6280\u80fd\u3002\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n


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\u53f8\u9a6c\u8d3a\u7559\u4e0b\u7684\u8bba\u8457\u5341\u5206\u4e30\u5bcc\u3002\u4ed6\u51fa\u7248\u4e8627\u672c\u4e66\uff0c\u53d1\u8868\u4e86\u8fd1\u5343\u7bc7\u8bba\u6587\uff0cH\u6307\u6570\u4e3a 182\uff0c\u88ab\u5f15\u603b\u6b21\u6570\u7ea6 383,000\u3002\u503c\u5f97\u4e00\u63d0\u7684\u662f\u4ed61962\u5e74\u5728\u300a\u7f8e\u56fd\u54f2\u5b66\u5b66\u4f1a\u4f1a\u520a\u300b\u4e0a\u53d1\u8868\u7684\u8bba\u6587\u201c\u590d\u6742\u6027\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\u201d<\/span>\uff08The architecture of complexity\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u5f71\u54cd\u5de8\u5927\uff0c\u5355\u7bc7\u5f15\u7528\u8fd1\u4e07\u6b21\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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\u53f8\u9a6c\u8d3a1937\u5e74\u4ece\u829d\u52a0\u54e5\u5927\u5b66\u6bd5\u4e1a\uff0c\u6b21\u5e74\u5723\u8bde\u8282\u4e0e\u540c\u6821\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u7cfb\u7684\u79d8\u4e66\u591a\u841d\u897f\u00b7\u6d3e\u4f0a<\/span>\uff08Dorothea Isabel Pye\uff0c1913-2002\uff09<\/span>\u7ed3\u5a5a\u3002\u4ed6\u4fe9\u7f8e\u6ee1\u7684\u5a5a\u59fb\u7ef4\u7cfb\u4e86\u4eba\u751f\u540e\u6765\u7684\u516d\u5341\u591a\u5e74\u3002\u4e24\u4eba\u517b\u80b2\u6709\u4e09\u4e2a\u5b69\u5b50\uff1a\u51ef\u745f\u7433<\/span>\uff08Katherine\uff09<\/span>\u3001\u5f7c\u5f97<\/span>\uff08Peter\uff09<\/span> \u548c \u82ad\u82ad\u62c9<\/span>\uff08Barbara\uff09<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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\u53f8\u9a6c\u8d3a\u5728\u81ea\u4f20\u4e2d\u8bf4\uff0c\u4ed6\u6bd5\u751f\u90fd\u5728\u62c5\u5fc3\u5bf9\u5de5\u4f5c\u7684\u8fc7\u5206\u6295\u5165\u548c\u5949\u732e\u4f1a\u4f7f\u4ed6\u6210\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e0d\u79f0\u804c\u7684\u7236\u4eb2\u3002\u4f46\u5927\u5973\u513f\u51ef\u745f\u7433\u56de\u5fc6\u9053\uff1a\u201c\u867d\u7136\u4ed6\u603b\u662f\u8ba4\u4e3a\u81ea\u5df1\u4e0d\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5408\u683c\u7684\u7236\u4eb2\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u6211\u5341\u5206\u5c0a\u91cd\u4ed6\u5bf9\u5de5\u4f5c\u7684\u6295\u5165\u3002\u6211\u4e00\u76f4\u628a\u4ed6\u89c6\u4e3a\u503c\u5f97\u4eff\u6548\u7684\u699c\u6837\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u7236\u4eb2\u5de5\u4f5c\u65f6\u95f4\u5f88\u957f\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u603b\u662f\u548c\u5bb6\u4eba\u4e00\u8d77\u5403\u996d\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u603b\u662f\u542f\u5bfc\u5bb6\u4eba\u70ed\u70c8\u4ea4\u8c08\u3002\u7236\u4eb2\u8fd8\u7ecf\u5e38\u9080\u8bf7\u7814\u7a76\u751f\u4eec\u5230\u5bb6\u91cc\u6765\u805a\u9910\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e5f\u6d3b\u8dc3\u4e86\u5927\u5bb6\u804a\u5929\u7684\u6c14\u6c1b\u3002\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n


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1968\u5e74\uff0c\u53f8\u9a6c\u8d3a\u88ab\u9080\u8bf7\u52a0\u5165\u603b\u7edf\u79d1\u5b66\u987e\u95ee\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\uff0c\u4ed6\u56e0\u800c\u6709\u673a\u4f1a\u63a5\u89e6\u8bb8\u591a\u653f\u6cbb\u4eba\u7269\u3002\u4f46\u53f8\u9a6c\u8d3a\u5e76\u4e0d\u60f3\u5f53\u5b98\uff0c\u53ea\u5173\u5fc3\u79d1\u5b66\u4e8b\u52a1\u30021972 \u5e74\uff0c\u4ed6\u62d2\u7edd\u4e86\u5361\u5185\u57fa-\u6885\u9686\u5927\u5b66\u6821\u957f\u804c\u4f4d\u7684\u63a8\u8350\uff0c\u7406\u7531\u662f\u4ed6\u9700\u8981\u628a\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u6295\u5165\u5230\u79d1\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u53bb\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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\u53f8\u9a6c\u8d3a\u5728\u81ea\u4f20\u4e2d\u8bc4\u4ef7\u81ea\u5df1\u8bf4\uff1a\u201c\u6211\u8bda\u7136\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\uff0c\u662f\u8bb8\u591a\u5b66\u79d1\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u3002\u6211\u66fe\u7ecf\u5728\u79d1\u5b66\u8ff7\u5bab\u4e2d\u626e\u6f14\u4e86\u8bb8\u591a\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u89d2\u8272\uff0c\u800c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u89d2\u8272\u4e4b\u95f4\u6709\u65f6\u96be\u514d\u4e92\u76f8\u501f\u7528\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u6211\u5bf9\u81ea\u5df1\u6240\u626e\u6f14\u7684\u6bcf\u4e00\u79cd\u89d2\u8272\u90fd\u662f\u5c3d\u4e86\u529b\u6c14\u7684\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u90fd\u662f\u6709\u8d21\u732e\u7684\u3002\u8fd9\u4e5f\u5c31\u8db3\u591f\u4e86\u3002\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n


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\u8d39\u6839\u9c8d\u59c6\u6709\u4e00\u6b21\u95ee\u5bfc\u5e08\u53f8\u9a6c\u8d3a\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u80fd\u6d89\u730e\u8fd9\u4e48\u591a\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u9886\u57df\uff1f\u53f8\u9a6c\u8d3a\u7684\u56de\u7b54\u4f7f\u4ed6\u96be\u4ee5\u5fd8\u6000\uff1a\u201c\u6211\u5e38\u5e38\u56e0\u4e3a\u6d89\u730e\u9762\u592a\u5e7f\u800c\u53d7\u4eba\u4eec\u79f0\u8d5e\u3002\u6211\u60f3\u4ed6\u4eec\u662f\u53d1\u81ea\u5185\u5fc3\u7684\u2026\u2026\u4f46\u6211\u53d7\u4e4b\u6709\u6127\u3002\u6211\u5176\u5b9e\u662f\u6c89\u8ff7\u4e8e\u5355\u4e00\u4e8b\u7269\u7684\u504f\u6267\u72c2\u3002\u800c\u6211\u6240\u6c89\u8ff7\u7684\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u51b3\u7b56\u201d\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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\u53f8\u9a6c\u8d3a\u5bf9\u4e2d\u56fd\u5b66\u672f\u754c\u5f71\u54cd\u751a\u6df1\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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\u53f8\u9a6c\u8d3a\u66fe\u5728\u7f51\u7ad9 www.psychspace.com \u4e0a\u7684\u300a\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u7a7a\u95f4\u00b7\u897f\u8499\u4e13\u680f\u300b\u4e2d\u767b\u51fa\u201c\u6211\u7684\u4e2d\u56fd\u5c81\u6708\u201d\u535a\u6587\uff0c\u5f00\u7bc7\u5c31\u8bf4\u201c\u6211\u5341\u6b21\u5230\u8bbf\u4e2d\u56fd\uff0c\u5728\u90a3\u91cc\u5ea6\u8fc7\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u6bd4\u5728\u4efb\u4f55\u5176\u4ed6\u5916\u56fd\u90fd\u8981\u591a\uff0c\u603b\u8ba1\u5927\u7ea6\u6709\u4e00\u5e74\u957f\u3002\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n


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1972\u5e747\u6708\uff0c\u53f8\u9a6c\u8d3a\u4f5c\u4e3a\u7f8e\u56fd\u9996\u4e2a\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u79d1\u5b66\u4ee3\u8868\u56e26\u540d\u6210\u5458\u4e4b\u4e00\u8bbf\u95ee\u4e2d\u56fd\u3002\u6b64\u884c\u8ba9\u53f8\u9a6c\u8d3a\u4e0e\u4e2d\u56fd\u79d1\u5b66\u9662\u5fc3\u7406\u7814\u7a76\u6240\u7ed3\u4e0b\u4e86\u4e0d\u89e3\u4e4b\u7f18\u3002\u4ed6\u540e\u6765\u4e5f\u88ab\u9080\u8bf7\u517c\u4efb\u5fc3\u7406\u7814\u7a76\u6240\u8363\u8a89\u7814\u7a76\u5458\uff0c\u4e0e\u4e2d\u56fd\u79d1\u7814\u4eba\u5458\u5408\u4f5c\u5f00\u5c55\u4e86\u8bb8\u591a\u7814\u7a76\u3002\u5176\u4e2d\uff0c\u4ed6\u5173\u4e8e\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u4f7f\u7528\u6c49\u5b57\u7684\u77ed\u65f6\u8bb0\u5fc6\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u66f4\u662f\u5f00\u521b\u4e86\u7814\u7a76\u6c49\u5b57\u76f8\u5173\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u5fc3\u7406\u8bed\u8a00\u5b66\u7684\u5148\u6cb3\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u53f8\u9a6c\u8d3a\u591a\u6b21\u8bbf\u534e\u8bb2\u5b66\uff0c\u8fdb\u884c\u5b66\u672f\u4ea4\u6d41\u548c\u5f00\u5c55\u5408\u4f5c\u7814\u7a76\u3002\u4ed6\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4e2d\u6587\u540d\u5b57\u662f1980\u5e74\u4f5c\u4e3a\u7f8e\u56fd\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u4ee3\u8868\u56e2\u6210\u5458\u8bbf\u534e\u65f6\u5f00\u59cb\u91c7\u7528\u7684\u3002\u4ed6\u628a\u82f1\u6587\u540d\u5b57\u7684\u53e3\u8bedHerb Simon\u97f3\u8bd1\u4e3a\u4e2d\u6587\u7684\u53f8\u9a6c\u8d3a\u786e\u5b9e\u5341\u5206\u5de7\u5999\u3002\u4e3a\u4e86\u548c\u4e2d\u56fd\u540c\u4e8b\u4ea4\u6d41\u65b9\u4fbf\uff0c\u52a0\u4e0a\u4ed6\u6bd5\u751f\u5bf9\u5b66\u4e60\u5916\u8bed\u7684\u5174\u8da3\uff0c\u5e74\u8fd1\u4e03\u5341\u7684\u53f8\u9a6c\u8d3a\u8fd8\u5f00\u59cb\u5b66\u4e60\u6c49\u8bed\uff0c\u540e\u6765\u80fd\u591f\u7528\u7b80\u5355\u4e2d\u6587\u5199\u4fe1\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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1983\u5e74\uff0c\u53f8\u9a6c\u8d3a\u5728\u5317\u4eac\u5927\u5b66\u4e3e\u529e\u4e86\u4e00\u671f\u8ba4\u77e5\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u8bb2\u5ea7\u3002\u5728\u8bb2\u5ea7\u4e2d\uff0c\u4ed6\u5f15\u7528\u4e86\u51fa\u81ea\u300a\u5468\u6613\u300b\u7684\u8bcd\u8bed\u201c\u521a\u67d4\u5bc6\u5927\u201d<\/span>\uff08\u610f\u6307\u201c\u521a\u67d4\u5e76\u6d4e\u201d\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u4ee5\u6b64\u6765\u9610\u8ff0\u4e2d\u56fd\u53e4\u4ee3\u7ba1\u7406\u601d\u60f3\u7684\u7279\u8272\uff1a\u201c\u8ba9\u6211\u6765\u8bb2\u7ba1\u7406\u5b66\u561b\uff0c\u672c\u6765\u662f\u8981\u8bb2\u4e00\u4e0b\u7684\u3002\u53ef\u662f\u6628\u5929\u6211\u53bb\u907f\u6691\u5c71\u5e84\u4e00\u8d9f\uff0c\u770b\u5230\u4e7e\u9686\u7687\u5e1d\u2018\u56db\u77e5\u4e66\u5c4b\u2019\u4e2d\u201c\u521a\u67d4\u5bc6\u5927\u201d\u56db\u4e2a\u5b57\uff0c\u4eca\u5929\u53d1\u73b0\u81ea\u5df1\u4e0d\u597d\u8bb2\u4e86\u3002\u4f60\u4eec\u7684\u7687\u5e1d\u7528\u2018\u521a\u67d4\u5bc6\u5927\u2019\u8fd9\u56db\u4e2a\u5b57\u6765\u7ba1\u7406\u56fd\u5bb6\uff0c\u6211\u8ba4\u4e3a\u8fd9\u56db\u4e2a\u5b57\u5c31\u662f\u4e2d\u56fd\u3001\u4e5f\u662f\u5168\u4e16\u754c\u7ba1\u7406\u7684\u91d1\u79d1\u7389\u5f8b\u3002\u8fd9\u4e0d\u4ec5\u662f\u4e2d\u56fd\u7ba1\u7406\u5b66\u7684\u7075\u9b42\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u4e16\u754c\u7ba1\u7406\u5b66\u7684\u5178\u8303\u3002\u4e0d\u7ba1\u662f\u56fd\u5bb6\u3001\u516c\u53f8\u3001\u4f01\u4e1a\u3001\u673a\u5173\uff0c\u8fd8\u662f\u519b\u961f\uff0c\u8fd9\u56db\u4e2a\u5b57\u5c31\u662f\u7ba1\u7406\u5b66\u7684\u767e\u79d1\u5168\u4e66\u3002\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n


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1970\u5e74\u4ee3\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u56fd\u5bb6\u79d1\u5b66\u9662\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u7406\u4e8b\u4f1a\u548c\u7f8e\u56fd\u5b66\u672f\u56e2\u4f53\u534f\u4f1a\u8054\u5408\uff0c\u4e0e\u4e2d\u56fd\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u201c\u7f8e\u4e2d\u5b66\u672f\u4ea4\u6d41\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u201d<\/span>\uff08Committee for Scholarly Communication with the People\u2019s Republic of China\uff0cCSCPRC\uff09<\/span>\u30021980\u5e74\uff0c\u53f8\u9a6c\u8d3a\u63a5\u53d7\u9080\u8bf7\u6210\u4e3a\u8be5\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u6210\u5458\uff0c\u540e\u4e8e1983-1987\u5e74\u62c5\u4efb\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u4e3b\u5e2d\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\uff0c\u53f8\u9a6c\u8d3a\u5148\u540e\u83b7\u5317\u4eac\u5927\u5b66\u3001\u5929\u6d25\u5927\u5b66\u548c\u4e2d\u79d1\u9662\u7ba1\u7406\u5b66\u9662\u6388\u4e88\u8363\u8a89\u6559\u6388\u79f0\u53f7\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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1994\u5e746\u67088\u65e5\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u79d1\u5b66\u9662\u7b2c\u4e03\u6b21\u9662\u58eb\u5927\u4f1a\u5728\u5317\u4eac\u53ec\u5f00\uff0c\u53f8\u9a6c\u8d3a\u548c\u5176\u4ed613\u540d\u5916\u7c4d\u5b66\u8005\u5f53\u9009\u4e3a\u9996\u6279\u4e2d\u56fd\u79d1\u5b66\u9662\u5916\u7c4d\u9662\u58eb\u3002\u53ef\u60dc\u5f53\u65f6\u53f8\u9a6c\u8d3a\u8eab\u4f53\u4e0d\u9002\uff0c\u6ca1\u80fd\u51fa\u5e2d\u5927\u4f1a\u3002\u4e8b\u540e\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u9a7b\u7f8e\u5927\u4f7f\u9986\u79d1\u6280\u53c2\u8d5e\u4ee3\u8868\u4e2d\u79d1\u9662\u4e13\u7a0b\u5230\u53f8\u9a6c\u8d3a\u5bb6\u91cc\u53bb\u7ed9\u4ed6\u9881\u53d1\u4e86\u9662\u58eb\u8bc1\u4e66\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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