{"id":33180,"date":"2022-03-18T21:34:09","date_gmt":"2022-03-18T13:34:09","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/swarma.org\/?p=33180"},"modified":"2022-03-18T21:34:09","modified_gmt":"2022-03-18T13:34:09","slug":"pnas%e8%af%84%e8%ae%ba%ef%bc%9a%e7%a4%be%e4%bc%9a%e6%9e%81%e5%8c%96%e7%9a%84%e6%b6%8c%e7%8e%b0%e5%8f%8a%e5%85%b6%e5%8d%b1%e9%99%a9","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/swarma.org\/?p=33180","title":{"rendered":"PNAS\u8bc4\u8bba\uff1a\u793e\u4f1a\u6781\u5316\u7684\u6d8c\u73b0\u53ca\u5176\u5371\u9669"},"content":{"rendered":"
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2021\u5e7412\u6708\uff0cPNAS<\/em> \u53d1\u5e03\u300a\u653f\u6cbb\u6781\u5316\u52a8\u529b\u5b66\u300b\uff08Dynamics of Political Polarization Special Feature\uff09\u7279\u520a\uff0c\u68b3\u7406\u4e86\u5173\u4e8e\u7f8e\u56fd\u516c\u5171\u8206\u8bba\u4e24\u6781\u5206\u5316\u73b0\u8c61\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u3002\u7279\u520a\u9080\u8bf7\u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e0e\u8ba1\u7b97\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u5bb6 Scott E. Page \u4e0e\u7ebd\u7ea6\u5927\u5b66\u6559\u6388\u3001\u957f\u671f\u4ece\u653f\u6cbb\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u4e0e\u516c\u5171\u8206\u8bba\u7814\u7a76\u7684 Delia Baldassarri \u5bf9\u76f8\u5173\u8bba\u6587\u505a\u4e86\u8be6\u7ec6\u8bc4\u8ff0\u3002Baldassarri \u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001\u4e0e\u60c5\u611f\u4e0a\u7684\u4e24\u6781\u5206\u5316\u76f8\u7ed3\u5408\uff0c\u5bfc\u81f4\u516c\u4f17\u65e0\u6cd5\u5c31\u4e8b\u5b9e\u8fbe\u6210\u4e00\u81f4\uff1b\u60c5\u611f\u4e24\u6781\u5206\u5316\u5f88\u53ef\u80fd\u5bfc\u81f4\u5931\u63a7\uff0c\u5e76\u5a01\u80c1\u5230\u5f53\u4ee3\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u591a\u5143\u5316\u57fa\u7840\u3002Page \u4ece\u590d\u6742\u81ea\u9002\u5e94\u7cfb\u7edf\u89c6\u89d2\u5206\u6790\u4e86\u4e0d\u540c\u6a21\u578b\uff0c\u63a2\u8ba8\u4e86\u8d70\u51fa\u5f53\u524d\u4e24\u6781\u5206\u5316\u683c\u5c40\u7684\u9053\u8def\u3002\u4eca\u5929\u7684\u6587\u7ae0\u662f\u8be5\u8bc4\u8ff0\u6587\u7ae0\u7684\u7ffb\u8bd1\u3002<\/span><\/strong><\/section>\n


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\u7814\u7a76\u9886\u57df\uff1a\u653f\u6cbb\u6781\u5316\uff0c\u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u7fa4\u4f53\u52a8\u529b\u5b66\uff0c\u53cd\u9988<\/strong><\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n

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Delia Baldassarria, Scott E. Page<\/span> <\/span>| \u4f5c\u8005<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u674e\u5029\u5029<\/span> <\/span>| \u8bd1\u8005<\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u738b\u7389\u9f99<\/span> <\/span>| \u5ba1\u6821<\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u9093\u4e00\u96ea<\/span> | \u7f16\u8f91<\/strong><\/span>
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\u6587\u7ae0\u9898\u76ee\uff1a<\/span><\/p>\n

The emergence and perils of polarization<\/span><\/p>\n

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https:\/\/www.pnas.org\/content\/118\/50\/e2116863118<\/span><\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/blockquote>\n


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Baldassarri\uff1a<\/strong><\/strong>\u60c5\u611f\u4e24\u6781\u5206\u5316\u7684\u5371\u9669\uff1a<\/strong><\/strong>\u5f53\u515a\u6d3e\u8eab\u4efd\u6218\u80dc\u793e\u4f1a\u5206\u88c2<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n


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\u793e\u4f1a\u5206\u88c2 vs. \u515a\u6d3e\u8ba4\u540c<\/span><\/strong>\u3002\u8003\u8651\u5230\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001\u7684\u4e24\u6781\u5206\u5316\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u5404\u515a\u6d3e\u548c\u5019\u9009\u4eba\u5728\u4e00\u5927\u6279\u653f\u6cbb\u95ee\u9898\u4e0a\u7684\u5206\u6b67\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u5927\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u7ecf\u6d4e\u3001\u6c11\u6743\u548c\u9053\u5fb7\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u4f7f\u5176\u95ee\u9898\u7acb\u573a\u66f4\u52a0\u9c9c\u660e\u3002\u4e00\u4e9b\u4eba\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u8fd9\u4f7f\u5f97\u9009\u6c11\u66f4\u5bb9\u6613\u8ba4\u540c\u4efb\u4f55\u4e00\u4e2a\u653f\u515a\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u8bae\u7a0b\uff0c\u5e76\u5728\u653f\u515a\u4e4b\u95f4\u8fdb\u884c\u5206\u7c7b\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u653f\u515a\u5728\u4e0d\u540c\u95ee\u9898\u7ef4\u5ea6\u4e0a\u7684\u4e00\u81f4\u6027\u4f7f\u5f97\u5177\u6709\u7279\u5b9a\u793e\u4f1a\u4eba\u53e3\u5b66\u7279\u5f81\u7684\u7fa4\u4f53\u96be\u4ee5\u5b9a\u4e49\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u5fe0\u8bda\u5ea6\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u5bcc\u6709\u7684\u4e16\u4fd7\u4eba\u58eb\u662f\u8ba4\u540c\u5171\u548c\u515a\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u8fd8\u662f\u8ba4\u540c\u6c11\u4e3b\u515a\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u89c2\u70b9\uff1f<\/span><\/section>\n

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Stewart\u7b49\u4eba[17]\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86\u7fa4\u4f53\u6781\u5316\u548c\u653f\u515a\u5206\u7c7b\u7684\u5171\u540c\u6f14\u5316\u6a21\u578b\uff0c\u5047\u8bbe\u4e0e\u7fa4\u4f53\u5916\u4e2a\u4f53\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4e92\u52a8\u98ce\u9669\u8f83\u5927\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u5229\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u6761\u4ef6\u5219\u4f1a\u589e\u52a0\u98ce\u9669\u538c\u6076\u3002\u6b63\u5982\u9884\u671f\u7684\u90a3\u6837\uff0c\u7fa4\u4f53\u548c\u653f\u515a\u8eab\u4efd\u7684\u4e00\u81f4\u4f1a\u964d\u4f4e\u7fa4\u4f53\u5916\u4e92\u52a8\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u5bfc\u81f4\u66f4\u5927\u7684\u6781\u5316\u3002\u82e5\u5c06\u4e24\u6781\u5206\u5316\u4e0e\u4e0d\u65ad\u589e\u957f\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\u7ed3\u5408\u8d77\u6765\uff0c\u4f1a\u5bfc\u81f4\u4e00\u4e2a\u5931\u63a7\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u3002\u76f8\u6bd4\u4e4b\u4e0b\uff0c\u5f53\u7fa4\u4f53\u548c\u653f\u515a\u8eab\u4efd\u6ca1\u6709\u5f3a\u70c8\u7684\u4e00\u81f4\u6027\u65f6\uff0c\u4e24\u6781\u5206\u5316\u7684\u98ce\u9669\u5c31\u4f1a\u964d\u4f4e\u3002\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u63d0\u4f9b\u516c\u5171\u7269\u54c1\u3001\u9ad8\u6c34\u5e73\u7684\u8d22\u5bcc\u518d\u5206\u914d\u53ef\u4ee5\u7f13\u89e3\u4e24\u6781\u5206\u5316\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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Kawakatsu\u7b49\u4eba[18]\u652f\u6301Madison\u548cBlau\u7684\u76f4\u89c9\uff0c\u5373\u589e\u52a0\u8bae\u9898\u7684\u6570\u91cf\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u51cf\u5c11\u6bcf\u4e2a\u4eba\u5173\u5fc3\u7684\u8bae\u9898\u7684\u6570\u91cf\uff0c\u90fd\u5177\u6709\u51cf\u5c11\u653f\u6cbb\u6781\u5316\u7684\u6548\u679c\u3002\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u535a\u5f08\u8bba\u6a21\u578b\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5f3a\u8c03\u4e86\u5728\u5f3a\u5927\u7684\u515a\u6d3e\u8ba4\u540c\u4e0b\uff0c\u7fa4\u4f53\u5185\u90e8\u5408\u4f5c\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u878d\u5408\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5185\u5728\u5f20\u529b\u3002\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u515a\u6d3e\u504f\u89c1\u901a\u8fc7\u515a\u6d3e\u5206\u7c7b\u51cf\u5c11\u4e86\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u7ef4\u5ea6\uff0c\u8fd9\u5bfc\u81f4\u4e86\u66f4\u5927\u7684\u914d\u5bf9\u5408\u4f5c\u53ef\u80fd\uff0c\u4f46\u4e5f\u5bfc\u81f4\u4e86\u793e\u4f1a\u6781\u5316\u3002\u503c\u5f97\u6ce8\u610f\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u5728Kawakatsu\u7b49\u4eba[18]\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u4e2d\uff0c\u515a\u6d3e\u504f\u89c1\u7684\u5b9e\u73b0\u65b9\u5f0f\u6293\u4f4f\u4e86\u515a\u6d3e\u8ba4\u540c\u7684\u9996\u8981\u673a\u5236\u3002\u5f53\u653f\u6cbb\u504f\u89c1\u6700\u5927\u65f6\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u53ea\u4f1a\u6a21\u4eff\u81ea\u5df1\u515a\u5185\u7684\u4eba\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u504f\u597d\u3002\u6392\u9664\u8de8\u515a\u6d3e\u5f71\u54cd\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u540e\uff0c\u515a\u5185\u7ed3\u76df\u589e\u52a0\uff0c\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\u5c06\u95ee\u9898\u7a7a\u95f4\u7684\u7ef4\u5ea6\u964d\u4f4e\u4e3a\u5355\u4e00\u7684\u515a\u6d3e\u7ef4\u5ea6\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u540c\u6837\uff0cAxelrod\u7b49\u4eba[19]\u5047\u8bbe\u60c5\u611f\u4e0a\u7684\u4e24\u6781\u5206\u5316\u4f1a\u964d\u4f4e\u5bf9\u53cd\u5bf9\u8005\u7684\u5bb9\u5fcd\u5ea6\uff0c\u5e76\u8868\u660e\u4f4e\u6c34\u5e73\u7684\u5bb9\u5fcd\u5ea6\u5982\u4f55\u4e0d\u53ef\u907f\u514d\u5730\u5bfc\u81f4\u6e29\u548c\u591a\u6570\u7684\u4fb5\u8680\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u5bfc\u81f4\u4e24\u6781\u5206\u5316\u3002\u867d\u7136\u5c11\u6570\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001\u7684\u6781\u7aef\u5206\u5b50\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u6709\u52a0\u5f3a\u6e29\u548c\u591a\u6570\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u6548\u679c\uff0c\u4f46\u592a\u591a\u7684\u6781\u7aef\u5206\u5b50\u4f1a\u628a\u6e29\u548c\u6d3e\u63a8\u5411\u6781\u7aef\u3002<\/strong>\u5c06\u8fd9\u4e00\u53d1\u73b0\u4e0e\u5f53\u524d\u7684\u7f8e\u56fd\u73af\u5883\u8054\u7cfb\u8d77\u6765\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u60c5\u611f\u6781\u5316\u5c1a\u672a\u5bfc\u81f4\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001\u6781\u7aef\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u589e\u52a0\uff0c\u4f46\u8fd9\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u4e0b\u4e00\u6b65\u7684\u9884\u671f\u3002\u4ece\u4e0e\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u4eba\u4e92\u52a8\u53ef\u80fd\u5bfc\u81f4\u8d1f\u9762\u7ed3\u679c\u7684\u5047\u8bbe\u51fa\u53d1\uff0c\u4f5c\u8005\u8bc1\u660e\u4e86\u591a\u6837\u6027<\/span>\uff08\u4e0e\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u4eba\u4e92\u52a8\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\uff09<\/span>\u53ef\u80fd\u5bfc\u81f4\u66f4\u5927\u7684\u5206\u88c2\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u4e0eBaldassarri\u548cBearman[20]\u4ee5\u53caSzymanski\u7b49\u4eba[21]\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u7ed3\u679c\u76f8\u547c\u5e94\uff0c\u589e\u52a0\u653f\u6cbb\u7a7a\u95f4\u7684\u7ef4\u5ea6\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u51cf\u5c11\u4e24\u6781\u5206\u5316<\/strong>\u3002\u5982\u679c\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u7ef4\u5ea6\u4e0a\u51fa\u73b0\u4e86\u5206\u7c7b\uff0c\u5b83\u5c31\u4f1a\u963b\u6b62\u5176\u4ed6\u7ef4\u5ea6\u4e0a\u7684\u6781\u5316\u3002\u6700\u540e\uff0c\u5f15\u5165\u5bf9\u81ea\u6211\u5229\u76ca\u7684\u8003\u8651<\/span>\uff08\u5e76\u5047\u8bbe\u8fd9\u662f\u6b63\u6001\u5206\u5e03\u7684\uff0c\u8bb8\u591a\u4eba\u503e\u5411\u4e8e\u6e29\u548c\u7684\u653f\u7b56\u7acb\u573a\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u5bf9\u904f\u5236\u4e24\u6781\u5206\u5316\u5177\u6709\u5b9d\u8d35\u7684\u6548\u679c\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u7efc\u5408\u6765\u770b\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8d21\u732e\u62d3\u5bbd\u4e86\u6211\u4eec\u5bf9\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001\u6781\u5316\u3001\u95ee\u9898\u7ef4\u5ea6\u548c\u515a\u6d3e\u654c\u610f\u4e4b\u95f4\u4e92\u52a8\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u3002\u5b83\u4eec\u8fd8\u5f3a\u8c03\u4e86\u5728\u4ec0\u4e48\u6761\u4ef6\u4e0b\u5c06\u653f\u6cbb\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001\u4e0e\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5229\u76ca\u6302\u94a9\u53ef\u4ee5\u9632\u6b62\u6781\u7aef\u7684\u4e24\u6781\u5206\u5316[17]\u3002\u6700\u540e\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u660e\u786e\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u4e3a\u4e86\u6355\u6349\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8fc7\u7a0b\u7684\u975e\u7ebf\u6027\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u91c7\u53d6\u590d\u6742\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0cSzymanski\u7b49\u4eba[21]\u548cLeonard\u7b49\u4eba[22]\u90fd\u5f3a\u8c03\u4e86\u4e34\u754c\u70b9\u548c\u81ea\u6211\u5f3a\u5316\u52a8\u529b\u5b66\u7684\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u8fd9\u5bfc\u81f4\u4e86\u9636\u6bb5\u6027\u53d8\u5316\uff0c\u4f7f\u6781\u5316\u6210\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e0d\u53ef\u9006\u8f6c\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u5176\u4ed6\u8d21\u732e\u901a\u8fc7\u8003\u8651\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u80cc\u666f\u56e0\u7d20\u8865\u5145\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e00\u60c5\u51b5\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u515a\u6d3e\u5a92\u4f53\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u3001\u5047\u65b0\u95fb\u7684\u6027\u8d28\u3001\u5730\u7406<\/span>\uff08\u9519\u8bef\uff09<\/span>\u8868\u793a\u3001\u7a7a\u95f4\u9694\u79bb\u548c\u6392\u5e8f\u3002\u9996\u5148\u8003\u8651\u4fe1\u606f\u73af\u5883\uff0c\u5728\u7ebf\u5a92\u4f53\u548c\u793e\u4ea4\u7f51\u7edc\u7684\u5174\u8d77\u4fc3\u8fdb\u4e86\u5185\u5bb9\u548c\u4eba\u9645\u4ea4\u5f80\u7684\u4e2a\u6027\u5316\u3001\u65b0\u5f71\u54cd\u8005\u7684\u51fa\u73b0\u4ee5\u53ca\u9519\u8bef\u4fe1\u606f\u7684\u4f20\u64ad\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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Santos\u7b49\u4eba[23]\u8003\u8651\u4e86\u5339\u914d\u7b97\u6cd5\u5728\u540c\u8d28\u5728\u7ebf\u793e\u4ea4\u7f51\u7edc\u4e2d\u5f71\u54cd\u4e2a\u4f53\u6392\u5e8f\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u3002\u5339\u914d\u7b97\u6cd5\u901a\u5e38\u503e\u5411\u4e8e\u4f18\u5148\u4e0e\u7ed3\u6784\u76f8\u4f3c\u7684\u8282\u70b9\u5efa\u7acb\u8054\u7cfb\uff0c\u8fd9\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u52a0\u5f3a\u5728\u7ebf\u6392\u5e8f\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u9274\u4e8e\u5728\u7ebf\u793e\u4ea4\u7f51\u7edc\u5728\u610f\u89c1\u548c\u4fe1\u606f\u4f20\u64ad\u4e2d\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\uff0c\u8fd9\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u52a0\u5267\u89c2\u70b9\u6781\u5316\u3002\u540c\u6837\uff0cTokita\u7b49\u4eba[24]\u5c55\u793a\u4e86\u793e\u4ea4\u7f51\u7edc\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u88ab\u6781\u5316\u7684\u5a92\u4f53\u751f\u6001\u7cfb\u7edf\u548c\u4fe1\u606f\u7ea7\u8054\u6240\u91cd\u5851\u7684\uff1a\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001\u6781\u5316\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u73af\u5883\u4e2d\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u5931\u53bb\u4e86\u8de8\u9886\u57df\u7684\u8054\u7cfb\uff0c\u5c06\u81ea\u5df1\u5f52\u7c7b\u5230\u540c\u8d28\u7684\u793e\u4ea4\u7f51\u7edc\u4e2d\u3002<\/strong><\/span><\/section>\n

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\u8fd9\u672c\u4ee4\u4eba\u5370\u8c61\u6df1\u523b\u7684\u8bba\u6587\u96c6\u4e2d\u7684\u6bcf\u7bc7\u8bba\u6587\u90fd\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u5f3a\u5927\u7684\u6d1e\u5bdf\u529b\u548c\u76f4\u89c9\u3002\u53c2\u4e0e\u8fd9\u5957\u8bba\u6587\u96c6\uff0c\u4f7f\u8bfb\u8005\u5bf9\u8d77\u4f5c\u7528\u7684\u7ade\u4e89\u6027\u548c\u4e92\u8865\u6027\u793e\u4f1a\u529b\u91cf\u6709\u4e86\u7ec6\u5fae\u7684\u4e86\u89e3\u3002\u5982\u679c\u8bf4\u6211\u6709\u4ec0\u4e48\u6279\u8bc4\u7684\u8bdd\uff0c\u90a3\u5c31\u662f\u8fd9\u672c\u8bba\u6587\u96c6\u7f3a\u4e4f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5305\u62ec\u591a\u79cd\u529b\u91cf\u7684\u9ad8\u7c92\u5ea6\u6a21\u578b\uff0c\u8be5\u6a21\u578b\u4ee5\u653f\u7b56\u8bc4\u4f30\u7684\u660e\u786e\u76ee\u6807\u4e3a\u76ee\u6807\uff0c\u7784\u51c6\u73b0\u5b9e\uff1b[30]\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u9057\u6f0f\u9650\u5236\u4e86\u6211\u4eec\u5236\u5b9a\u5168\u9762\u884c\u52a8\u65b9\u6848\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u6240\u6709\u7684\u8bba\u6587\u90fd\u628a\u60c5\u611f\u6781\u5316\u7684\u4e0a\u5347\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u65e2\u5b9a\u4e8b\u5b9e\uff0c\u8fd9\u5728\u653f\u6cbb\u5bb6\u6295\u7968\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u53cc\u5cf0\u5206\u5e03\u4ee5\u53ca\u4e2a\u4eba\u5728\u7269\u7406\u4e16\u754c\u548c\u4fe1\u606f\u5708\u7684\u805a\u96c6\u4e2d\u90fd\u6709\u4f53\u73b0\u3002\u4e00\u822c\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u65e0\u8bba\u662f\u5bf9\u7a0e\u7387\u7684\u504f\u597d\u8fd8\u662f\u79fb\u6c11\u653f\u7b56\uff0c\u4efb\u4f55\u4e8b\u60c5\u5982\u679c\u5448\u73b0\u53cc\u5cf0\u5206\u5e03\uff0c\u8868\u660e\u4e00\u4e9b\u5947\u602a\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\u6b63\u5728\u53d1\u751f\u3002\u4ea7\u751f\u53cc\u5cf0\u5206\u5e03\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u65b9\u6cd5\u662f\u5047\u8bbe\u6709\u4e24\u79cd\u529b\u91cf\uff1a\u4e00\u79cd\u5c06\u4eba\u4eec\u805a\u96c6\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\uff0c\u53e6\u4e00\u79cd\u5c06\u4ed6\u4eec\u5206\u5f00<\/strong>\u3002\u4ece\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001\u7684\u5747\u5300\u6216\u6b63\u6001\u5206\u5e03\u5f00\u59cb<\/span>\uff08\u6682\u65f6\u5ffd\u7565\u6211\u4eec\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u5f00\u59cb\u7684\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u5e76\u5047\u8bbe\u4eba\u4eec\u53d8\u5f97\u66f4\u50cf\u90a3\u4e9b\u9760\u8fd1\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u800c\u8fdc\u79bb\u90a3\u4e9b\u79bb\u4ed6\u4eec\u8fdc\u7684\u4eba[19]\u3002\u6beb\u4e0d\u5947\u602a\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5047\u8bbe\u4ea7\u751f\u4e86\u4e24\u6781\u5206\u5316\u3002\u4e0d\u592a\u660e\u663e\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u4ea7\u751f\u4e24\u4e2a\u5cf0\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u4e09\u4e2a\u5cf0\uff0c\u4ece\u4e00\u4e2a\u5cf0\u5230\u4e24\u4e2a\u5cf0\u7684\u8f6c\u53d8\u53d1\u751f\u5728\u4e00\u77ac\u95f4<\/span>\uff08\u4e34\u754c\u70b9\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u4e00\u65e6\u5904\u4e8e\u6781\u5316\u72b6\u6001\uff0c\u6539\u5584\u7fa4\u4f53\u4e4b\u95f4\u4e92\u52a8\u7684\u5584\u610f\u5c1d\u8bd5\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u589e\u52a0\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u51cf\u5c11\u6781\u5316\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u9f13\u52b1\u4eba\u4eec\u5206\u79bb\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u7b2c\u4e8c\u79cd\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u6a21\u578b\u4f9d\u8d56\u4e8e\u7f51\u7edc\u4ea7\u751f\u53cc\u5cf0\u6a21\u5f0f<\/span><\/strong>[21\uff0c25]\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6a21\u578b\u89e3\u91ca\u8bf4\uff0c\u4e24\u6781\u5206\u5316\u7684\u90e8\u5206\u539f\u56e0\u662f\u7531\u4e8e\u6280\u672f\u7684\u53d8\u5316\u4f7f\u76f8\u4f3c\u7684\u4eba\u80fd\u591f\u8054\u7cfb\u8d77\u6765\uff0c\u5e76\u8fdc\u79bb\u90a3\u4e9b\u4e0e\u6211\u4eec\u610f\u89c1\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u4eba\u3002\u7531\u6b64\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u7f51\u7edc\u7531\u4e24\u4e2a\u7fa4\u4f53\u7ec4\u6210\uff0c\u7fa4\u7ec4\u95f4\u7684\u8054\u7cfb\u53ea\u5360\u5f88\u5c0f\u7684\u6bd4\u4f8b\u3002\u4e0e\u76f4\u89c9\u76f8\u53cd\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u60f3\u8981\u4e0e\u90a3\u4e9b\u4e0e\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u4eba\u4fdd\u6301\u8ddd\u79bb\uff0c\u4e0e\u5176\u8bf4\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u4e24\u6781\u5206\u5316\u7684\u529b\u91cf\uff0c\u4e0d\u5982\u8bf4\u662f\u90a3\u4e9b\u50cf\u6211\u4eec\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u4eba\u2014\u2014\u6211\u4eec\u81ea\u6211\u7ec4\u88c5\u7684\u56de\u97f3\u5ba4\u2014\u2014\u6240\u5e26\u6765\u7684\u5438\u5f15\u529b[23]\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u4e24\u6781\u5206\u5316\u7684\u7f51\u7edc\u9650\u5236\u4e86\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\uff0c\u964d\u4f4e\u4e86\u5bf9\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u73af\u5883\u4e0b\u4fe1\u606f\u7684\u4fe1\u4efb\u5ea6\u3002\u867d\u7136\u4e24\u6781\u5206\u5316\u7684\u7f51\u7edc\u5e76\u4e0d\u6392\u9664\u5728\u771f\u76f8\u4e0a\u7684\u8d8b\u540c\u6216\u59a5\u534f\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83\u4eec\u4f1a\u4f7f\u8d8b\u540c\u7684\u901f\u5ea6\u6162\u5230\u8d85\u51fa\u4efb\u4f55\u5b9e\u9645\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u5c3a\u5ea6[31]\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u8fd9\u524d\u4e24\u7c7b\u6a21\u578b\u90fd\u662f\u4f9d\u9760\u540c\u8d28\u6027\u4e0e\u76f8\u4f3c\u6027\u6765\u4ea7\u751f\u6781\u5316\u3002\u7b2c\u4e09\u79cd\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u6a21\u578b\u5c06\u4e24\u6781\u5206\u5316\u89e3\u91ca\u4e3a\u5bf9\u73b0\u4ee3\u4e16\u754c\u65e5\u76ca\u589e\u957f\u7684\u7ef4\u5ea6\u7684\u56de\u5e94\u3002\u8fc7\u53bb\uff0c\u653f\u7b56\u8fa9\u8bba\u53ea\u5728\u51e0\u4e2a\u65b9\u9762\u8fdb\u884c\uff1a\u516c\u5e73\u4e0e\u6548\u7387\u6216\u77ed\u671f\u4e0e\u957f\u671f\uff0c\u800c\u76ee\u524d\u7684\u653f\u7b56\u5fc5\u987b\u8003\u8651\u5230\u65e0\u6570\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u8054\u5408\u56fd\u63a8\u52a8\u4e8617\u4e2a\u53ef\u6301\u7eed\u53d1\u5c55\u76ee\u6807\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e2a\u76ee\u6807\u53c8\u5206\u4e3a\u5927\u7ea610\u4e2a\u5177\u4f53\u76ee\u6807\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e2a\u5177\u4f53\u76ee\u6807\u90fd\u6709\u51e0\u4e2a\u7ecf\u9a8c\u6307\u6807\u3002\u516c\u6c11\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u76d1\u6d4b\u6240\u6709\u8fd9\u4e9b\u53d8\u91cf\uff0c\u4ed6\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u63a7\u5236\u6240\u6709\u53d8\u91cf\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd<\/span>\uff08\u6216\u7684\u786e\u53ef\u80fd\uff09<\/span>\u5173\u5fc3\u6240\u6709\u53d8\u91cf\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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James Madison\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u8bae\u9898\u7684\u591a\u6837\u6027\u662f\u6709\u76ca\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u4ea7\u751f\u4ea4\u53c9\u6027\u5206\u6b67\u6765\u9632\u6b62\u4e24\u6781\u5206\u5316\uff1a\u6bcf\u4e2a\u8bae\u9898\u90fd\u4f1a\u4ea7\u751f\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u652f\u6301\u8005\u8054\u76df[18]\u3002\u5f53\u5229\u76ca\u7fa4\u4f53\u5728\u95ee\u9898\u4e0a\u5b58\u5728\u5206\u6b67\u65f6\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4f1a\u9047\u5230\u524d\u9762\u63d0\u5230\u7684\u6df7\u4e71\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e2a\u4eba\u90fd\u4f1a\u540c\u610f\u6216\u8005\u4e0d\u540c\u610f\u5176\u4ed6\u4eba\uff0c\u4f46\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u80fd\u76f8\u5904\u878d\u6d3d\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u4f1a\u5206\u88c2\u6210\u4e24\u4e2a\u4e92\u4e0d\u5173\u8054\u7684\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001\u90e8\u843d\u3002\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u6bcf\u4e2a\u4eba\u90fd\u5728\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u5404\u4e2a\u5c42\u9762\u4e0a\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86\u4e00\u5b9a\u7a0b\u5ea6\u7684\u4fe1\u4efb\u548c\u76f8\u4e92\u5c0a\u91cd\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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Madison\u6ca1\u80fd\u9884\u89c1\u5230\u9009\u4e3e\u548c\u5a92\u4f53\u7684\u6fc0\u52b1\u63aa\u65bd\u4f1a\u5982\u4f55\u5229\u7528\u73b0\u4ee3\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u538b\u5012\u6027\u7ef4\u5ea6\uff0c\u5c06\u6211\u4eec\u5f15\u5165\u81f3\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001\u96c6\u7fa4\u3002\u5176\u903b\u8f91\u662f\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u65e0\u6cd5\u9010\u4e00\u51b3\u5b9a\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u516c\u6c11\u5e0c\u671b\u7cbe\u82f1\u548c\u653f\u6cbb\u9886\u8896\u80fd\u591f\u7b80\u5316\u2014\u2014\u544a\u8bc9\u6211\u4eec\u5982\u4f55\u601d\u8003\u3002\u653f\u515a\u9886\u8896\u3001\u6536\u89c6\u7387\u9a71\u52a8\u7684\u5a92\u4f53\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u5f71\u54cd\u8005\u6709\u52a8\u673a\u5efa\u7acb\u5fe0\u8bda\u7684\u3001\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001\u4e0a\u805a\u96c6\u7684\u652f\u6301\u8005\u7f51\u7edc\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5f97\u5230\u7684\u4e0d\u662f\u91cd\u53e0\u6d3e\u7cfb\u7684\u591a\u6837\u6027\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u6709\u5bb3\u7684\u7ef4\u5ea6\u7f29\u51cf\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u6bcf\u4e2a\u516c\u6c11\u3001\u653f\u6cbb\u5bb6\u548c\u63d0\u6848\u90fd\u9009\u62e9\u5168\u7ea2\u6216\u5168\u84dd[18]\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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Baldassarri\uff1a\u8bba\u6a21\u578b\u7684\u5c40\u9650\u6027<\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n

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