{"id":33205,"date":"2022-03-19T21:47:22","date_gmt":"2022-03-19T13:47:22","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/swarma.org\/?p=33205"},"modified":"2022-03-19T21:47:22","modified_gmt":"2022-03-19T13:47:22","slug":"%e5%9b%9a%e5%be%92%e5%9b%b0%e5%a2%83%ef%bc%9a%e6%9c%80%e7%bb%8f%e5%85%b8%e7%9a%84%e5%8d%9a%e5%bc%88%e8%ae%ba%e6%a8%a1%e5%9e%8b-%e9%9b%86%e6%99%ba%e7%99%be%e7%a7%91","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/swarma.org\/?p=33205","title":{"rendered":"\u56da\u5f92\u56f0\u5883\uff1a\u6700\u7ecf\u5178\u7684\u535a\u5f08\u8bba\u6a21\u578b | \u96c6\u667a\u767e\u79d1"},"content":{"rendered":"
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    <\/p>\n

    \u5047\u8bbe\u4e24\u4e2a\u56da\u72af\u90fd\u4e86\u89e3\u535a\u5f08\u7684\u672c\u8d28\uff0c\u5bf9\u5f7c\u6b64\u4e0d\u5fe0\u8bda\uff0c\u4e14\u5728\u535a\u5f08\u4e4b\u5916\u6ca1\u6709\u673a\u4f1a\u5f97\u5230\u62a5\u590d\u6216\u5956\u52b1\u3002<\/span>\u90a3\u4e48\u4e0d\u7ba1\u5bf9\u65b9\u600e\u4e48\u51b3\u5b9a\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e2a\u72af\u4eba\u80cc\u53db\u5bf9\u65b9\u90fd\u4f1a\u5f97\u5230\u66f4\u9ad8\u7684\u5956\u52b1(\u201c\u53db\u53d8\u201d)\u3002<\/span>\u63a8\u7406\u6d89\u53ca\u4e00\u4e2a\u8fdb\u9000\u4e24\u96be\u7684\u8bba\u70b9:B \u8981\u4e48\u5408\u4f5c\uff0c\u8981\u4e48\u53db\u53d8\u3002<\/span>\u5982\u679cB\u5408\u4f5c\uff0cA \u5e94\u8be5\u53db\u53d8\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5f97\u5230\u91ca\u653e\u603b\u6bd4\u670d\u52111\u5e74\u597d\u3002<\/span>\u5982\u679c B\u53db\u53d8\uff0cA\u4e5f\u5e94\u8be5\u53db\u53d8\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u670d\u52112\u5e74\u603b\u6bd4\u670d\u52113\u5e74\u597d\u3002<\/span>\u6240\u4ee5\u4e0d\u7ba1\u600e\u6837\uff0cA\u90fd\u5e94\u8be5\u53db\u53d8\u3002<\/span>\u5e76\u884c\u63a8\u7406\u8868\u660eB\u5e94\u8be5\u9009\u62e9\u53db\u53d8\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n


    \u56e0\u4e3a\u4e0d\u7ba1\u5bf9\u65b9\u7684\u9009\u62e9\u5982\u4f55\uff0c\u80cc\u53db\u603b\u662f\u6bd4\u5408\u4f5c\u5e26\u6765\u66f4\u597d\u7684\u56de\u62a5\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5360\u4f18\u7b56\u7565 dominant strategy\u3002\u76f8\u4e92\u80cc\u53db\u662f\u535a\u5f08\u4e2d\u552f\u4e00\u7684\u5f3a\u7eb3\u4ec0\u5747\u8861\u70b9\uff08\u5373\u6bcf\u4e2a\u53c2\u4e0e\u8005\u5355\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u6539\u53d8\u7b56\u7565\u53ea\u80fd\u4f7f\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u53d8\u7cdf)\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u56f0\u5883\u5728\u4e8e\uff0c\u867d\u7136\u76f8\u4e92\u5408\u4f5c\u6bd4\u76f8\u4e92\u80cc\u53db\u4ea7\u751f\u66f4\u597d\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83\u5374\u4e0d\u662f\u7406\u6027\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u4ece\u81ea\u6211\u5229\u76ca\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u6765\u770b\uff0c\u5408\u4f5c\u7684\u9009\u62e9\u662f\u975e\u7406\u6027\u7684\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


    <\/span><\/p>\n

    \n
    \n
    \n
    \n
    \n
    \n
    \n
    \n
    \n
    \n
    \n
    \n
    \n


    <\/p>\n

    \n
    \n
    \n
    \n
    \n
    \n
    \n
    \n
    \n
    \n
    \n
    \n
    \n

    <\/section>\n

    <\/section>\n
    \n
    <\/svg><\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n
    \n

    \u5e7f\u6cdb\u5f62\u6001<\/span><\/strong><\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n

    \n

    <\/section>\n
    <\/strong><\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n

    <\/span>
    <\/h2>\n

    \u4f20\u7edf\u56da\u5f92\u56f0\u5883\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\u53ef\u4ee5\u4ece\u5176\u6700\u521d\u7684\u56da\u5f92\u73af\u5883\u4e2d\u6982\u62ec\u51fa\u6765\u3002\u5047\u8bbe\u4e24\u4e2a\u73a9\u5bb6\u7528\u7ea2\u8272\u548c\u84dd\u8272\u8868\u793a\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u6bcf\u4e2a\u73a9\u5bb6\u9009\u62e9\u201c\u5408\u4f5c\u201d\u6216\u201c\u80cc\u53db\u201d\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


    \u5982\u679c\u4e24\u4e2a\u73a9\u5bb6\u5408\u4f5c\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u90fd\u4f1a\u56e0\u4e3a\u5408\u4f5c\u800c\u83b7\u5f97\u5956\u52b1R\u3002\u5982\u679c\u4e24\u4e2a\u53c2\u4e0e\u4eba\u90fd\u53db\u53d8\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u90fd\u4f1a\u53d7\u5230\u60e9\u7f5aP\u3002\u5982\u679c\u84dd\u65b9\u53db\u53d8\u800c\u7ea2\u65b9\u5408\u4f5c\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u84dd\u65b9\u5f97\u5230\u8bf1\u60d1\u56de\u62a5T\uff0c\u800c\u7ea2\u65b9\u53d7\u5230\u201c\u4e0a\u5f53\u53d7\u9a97\u8005\u201d\u635f\u5931S\u3002\u540c\u6837\u5730\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u84dd\u65b9\u5408\u4f5c\u800c\u7ea2\u65b9\u53db\u53d8\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u84dd\u65b9\u5f97\u5230\u4e0a\u5f53\u53d7\u9a97\u8005\u7684\u635f\u5931S\uff0c\u800c\u7ea2\u65b9\u5f97\u5230\u8bf1\u60d1\u652f\u4ed8T\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


    \u8fd9\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u6807\u51c6\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u535a\u5f08\u6765\u8868\u793a:<\/span><\/p>\n

    <\/p>\n

    \u6b63\u5219 PD \u652f\u4ed8\u77e9\u9635<\/span><\/p>\n


    <\/p>\n

    \u8981\u6210\u4e3a\u5f3a\u610f\u4e49\u4e0b\u7684\u56da\u5f92\u56f0\u5883\u535a\u5f08\uff0c\u6536\u76ca\u5fc5\u987b\u6ee1\u8db3\u4ee5\u4e0b\u6761\u4ef6:<\/span><\/p>\n

    <\/p>\n

    \u56de\u62a5\u5173\u7cfbR>P\u610f\u5473\u7740\u76f8\u4e92\u5408\u4f5c\u4f18\u4e8e\u76f8\u4e92\u80cc\u53db\uff0c\u7136\u800c\u56de\u62a5\u5173\u7cfbT>R\u548cP>S\u4e5f\u610f\u5473\u7740\u76f8\u4e92\u80cc\u53db\u662f\u53cc\u65b9\u7684\u5360\u4f18\u7b56\u7565\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


    <\/span><\/p>\n

    \u7279\u4f8b\uff1a\u6350\u8d60\u535a\u5f08<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n

    \u6350\u8d60\u535a\u5f08\u662f\u56da\u5f92\u56f0\u5883\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u5f62\u5f0f\uff0c\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u535a\u5f08\u4e2d\uff0c\u5408\u4f5c\u76f8\u5f53\u4e8e\u4ee5b > c\u6761\u4ef6\u4e0b\u7684\u4e2a\u4eba\u6210\u672cc\u4e3a\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e00\u4e2a\u6536\u76cab\uff0c\u800c\u53db\u53d8\u610f\u5473\u7740\u4ec0\u4e48\u4e5f\u4e0d\u63d0\u4f9b\u3002\u6536\u76ca\u77e9\u9635\u5982\u4e0b\uff1a<\/span><\/p>\n

    <\/p>\n

    \u6350\u8d60\u535a\u5f08\u6536\u76ca\u77e9\u9635<\/span><\/p>\n


    <\/p>\n

    \u8bf7\u6ce8\u610f2R>T+S\uff08\u53732(b-c)>b-c)\u8fd9\u4f7f\u5f97\u6350\u8d60\u535a\u5f08\u6210\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u91cd\u590d\u535a\u5f08(\u89c1\u4e0b\u4e00\u8282)\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


    <\/p>\n

    \u6350\u8d60\u535a\u5f08\u53ef\u80fd\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u5e02\u573a\u3002\u5047\u8bbe\u79cd\u690d\u8005X \u79cd\u6a58\u5b50\uff0c\u79cd\u690d\u8005Y \u79cd\u82f9\u679c\u3002\u82f9\u679c\u5bf9\u6a59\u5b50\u79cd\u690d\u8005 X \u7684\u8fb9\u9645\u6548\u7528 marginal utility\u662fb\uff0c\u201cb\u201d\u6bd4\u6a59\u5b50\u7684\u8fb9\u9645\u6548\u7528c\u9ad8\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3aX\u6709\u6a59\u5b50\u5269\u4f59\u800c\u6ca1\u6709\u82f9\u679c\u3002\u540c\u6837\u5730\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u82f9\u679c\u79cd\u690d\u8005Y\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u6a59\u5b50\u7684\u8fb9\u9645\u6548\u7528\u662fb\uff0c\u800c\u82f9\u679c\u7684\u8fb9\u9645\u6548\u7528\u662fc\u3002\u5982\u679cX\u548cY\u7b7e\u7ea6\u4ea4\u6362\u4e00\u4e2a\u82f9\u679c\u548c\u4e00\u4e2a\u6a59\u5b50\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u6bcf\u4e2a\u4eba\u90fd\u5b8c\u6210\u4e86\u4ea4\u6613\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u6bcf\u4e2a\u4eba\u90fd\u4f1a\u5f97\u5230b-c\u7684\u6536\u76ca\u3002\u5982\u679c\u4e00\u65b9\u8fdd\u7ea6\u6ca1\u6709\u6309\u7167\u627f\u8bfa\u4ea4\u8d27\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8fdd\u7ea6\u8005\u5c06\u5f97\u5230b\u7684\u6536\u76ca\uff0c\u800c\u5408\u4f5c\u8005\u5c06\u5931\u53bbc\u7684\u6536\u76ca\u3002\u5982\u679c\u4e24\u8005\u90fd\u8fdd\u7ea6\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u8c01\u4e5f\u4e0d\u4f1a\u5f97\u5230\u6216\u5931\u53bb\u4efb\u4f55\u4e1c\u897f\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


    <\/p>\n

    \n
    \n
    \n
    \n
    \n
    \n
    \n
    \n
    \n
    \n
    \n
    \n
    \n


    <\/p>\n

    \n
    \n
    \n
    \n
    \n
    \n
    \n
    \n
    \n
    \n
    \n
    \n
    \n

    <\/section>\n

    <\/section>\n
    \n
    <\/svg><\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n
    \n

    \u91cd\u590d\u56da\u5f92\u56f0\u5883<\/span><\/strong><\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n

    \n

    <\/section>\n
    <\/strong><\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n

    <\/span>
    <\/h2>\n

    \u5982\u679c\u4e24\u4e2a\u53c2\u4e0e\u8005\u8fde\u7eed\u8fdb\u884c\u591a\u6b21\u56da\u5f92\u56f0\u5883\u535a\u5f08\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u8bb0\u4f4f\u5bf9\u624b\u5148\u524d\u7684\u884c\u52a8\u5e76\u76f8\u5e94\u5730\u6539\u53d8\u7b56\u7565\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u535a\u5f08\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u91cd\u590d\u56da\u5f92\u56f0\u5883\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


    \u9664\u4e86\u4e0a\u9762\u7684\u4e00\u822c\u5f62\u5f0f\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u91cd\u590d\u7248\u672c\u8fd8\u8981\u6c422R>T+S\uff0c\u9632\u6b62\u4ea4\u66ff\u5408\u4f5c\u548c\u80cc\u53db\u6bd4\u76f8\u4e92\u5408\u4f5c\u6709\u66f4\u5927\u7684\u56de\u62a5\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


    \u91cd\u590d\u56da\u5f92\u56f0\u5883\u535a\u5f08\u662f\u4eba\u7c7b\u5408\u4f5c\u4e0e\u4fe1\u4efb\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u57fa\u7840\u3002\u5047\u8bbe\u535a\u5f08\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e3a\u4e24\u4e2a\u9700\u8981\u4fe1\u4efb\u7684\u4eba\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u4ea4\u6613\u5efa\u6a21\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u7fa4\u4f53\u4e2d\u7684\u5408\u4f5c\u884c\u4e3a\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u7531\u591a\u4e2a\u53c2\u4e0e\u8005\u91cd\u590d\u7684\u535a\u5f08\u6a21\u578b\u6765\u5efa\u6a21\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5e74\u6765\uff0c\u5b83\u5438\u5f15\u4e86\u8bb8\u591a\u5b66\u8005\u30021975\u5e74\uff0c\u845b\u592b\u66fc Grofman\u548c\u666e\u5c14 Pool\u4f30\u8ba1\u4e13\u95e8\u64b0\u5199\u6709\u5173\u8be5\u9886\u57df\u7684\u5b66\u672f\u6587\u7ae0\u8d85\u8fc72000\u7bc7\u3002\u91cd\u590d\u56da\u5f92\u56f0\u5883\u4e5f\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u201c\u548c\u5e73-\u6218\u4e89\u535a\u5f08\u201d\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


    \u5982\u679c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6e38\u620f\u6b63\u597d\u73a9\u4e86N\u6b21\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u4e24\u4e2a\u73a9\u5bb6\u90fd\u77e5\u9053\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u5728\u6240\u6709\u56de\u5408\u4e2d\u6700\u4f73\u7684\u7b56\u7565\u5c31\u662f\u53db\u53d8\u3002\u552f\u4e00\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u7eb3\u4ec0\u5747\u8861\u70b9\u5c31\u662f\u6c38\u8fdc\u53db\u53d8\u3002\u8bc1\u660e\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u5f52\u7eb3\u6cd5\u8bc1\u51fa\u6765\u7684: \u4e0d\u59a8\u5047\u8bbe\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u5728\u6700\u540e\u4e00\u56de\u5408\u53db\u53d8\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5bf9\u624b\u4e4b\u540e\u6ca1\u6709\u673a\u4f1a\u53cd\u51fb\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u53cc\u65b9\u90fd\u4f1a\u5728\u6700\u540e\u4e00\u4e2a\u56de\u5408\u53db\u53d8\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\u73a9\u5bb6\u540c\u6837\u4e5f\u4f1a\u5728\u5012\u6570\u7b2c\u4e8c\u56de\u5408\u65f6\u53db\u53d8\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u65e0\u8bba\u91c7\u53d6\u4ec0\u4e48\u7b56\u7565\uff0c\u5bf9\u624b\u90fd\u4f1a\u5728\u5012\u6570\u7b2c\u4e00\u56de\u5408\u53db\u53d8\uff0c\u4f9d\u6b64\u7c7b\u63a8\u3002\u5982\u679c\u535a\u5f08\u6b21\u6570\u672a\u77e5\u4f46\u6b21\u6570\u6709\u9650\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e5f\u540c\u6837\u5982\u6b64\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


    \u4e0e\u6807\u51c6\u7684\u56da\u5f92\u56f0\u5883\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u5728\u91cd\u590d\u56da\u5f92\u56f0\u5883\u4e2d\uff0c\u53db\u53d8\u7b56\u7565\u662f\u4e25\u91cd\u8fdd\u53cd\u76f4\u89c9\u7684\uff0c\u4ee5\u81f3\u4e8e\u4e0d\u80fd\u5f88\u597d\u5730\u9884\u6d4b\u4eba\u7c7b\u73a9\u5bb6\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5728\u6807\u51c6\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7406\u8bba\u4e2d\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u552f\u4e00\u6b63\u786e\u7684\u7b54\u6848\u3002\u5177\u6709\u56fa\u5b9a\u6b21\u6570 N\u7684\u91cd\u590d\u56da\u5f92\u56f0\u5883\u4e2d\u7684\u8d85\u7406\u6027 superrational\u7b56\u7565\u662f\u4e0e\u8d85\u7406\u6027\u5bf9\u624b\u8fdb\u884c\u5408\u4f5c\uff0c\u5728N\u5f88\u5927\u7684\u9650\u5236\u4e0b\uff0c\u5b9e\u9a8c\u7ed3\u679c\u7684\u7b56\u7565\u4e0e\u8d85\u7406\u6027\u7ed3\u679c\u7684\u7b56\u7565\u4e00\u81f4\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u535a\u5f08\u8bba\u7684\u7406\u6027\u7ed3\u679c\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


    \u4e3a\u4e86\u4f7f\u5408\u4f5c\u5728\u535a\u5f08\u8bba\u7684\u7406\u6027\u53c2\u4e0e\u8005\u4e4b\u95f4\u51fa\u73b0\uff0c\u53c2\u4e0e\u8005\u5fc5\u987b\u4e0d\u77e5\u9053\u56de\u5408\u603b\u6570N\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u201c\u603b\u662f\u53db\u53d8\u201d\u53ef\u80fd\u4e0d\u518d\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e25\u683c\u5360\u4f18\u7b56\u7565\uff0c\u800c\u53ea\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u7eb3\u4ec0\u5747\u8861\u3002\u7f57\u4f2f\u7279\u00b7\u5965\u66fc Robert Aumann\u57281959\u5e74\u7684\u4e00\u7bc7\u8bba\u6587\u4e2d\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u7406\u6027\u53c2\u4e0e\u8005\u5728\u65e0\u9650\u591a\u6b21\u7684\u535a\u5f08\u4e2d\u901a\u8fc7\u53cd\u590d\u4e92\u52a8\u53ef\u4ee5\u7ef4\u6301\u5408\u4f5c\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


    \u6839\u636e\u300a\u7f8e\u56fd\u7ecf\u6d4e\u8bc4\u8bba\u300b\u4e8e2019\u5e74\u8fdb\u884c\u7684\u4e00\u9879\u5b9e\u9a8c\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u8be5\u5b9e\u9a8c\u4e2d\u901a\u8fc7\u5b8c\u7f8e\u7684\u76d1\u63a7\u6d4b\u8bd5\u4e86\u73b0\u5b9e\u4e2d\u88ab\u7528\u5728\u91cd\u590d\u56da\u5f92\u56f0\u5883\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u7684\u7b56\u7565\uff0c\u76d1\u6d4b\u9009\u62e9\u7684\u7b56\u7565\u603b\u662f\u80cc\u53db\uff0c\u9488\u950b\u76f8\u5bf9\u7684\u548c \u51b7\u9177\u89e6\u53d1\u7b56\u7565 Grim trigger\u3002\u53d7\u8bd5\u8005\u9009\u62e9\u7684\u7b56\u7565\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u535a\u5f08\u7684\u53c2\u6570\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


    <\/p>\n

    \u91cd\u590d\u56da\u5f92\u56f0\u5883\u4e0b\u7684\u7b56\u7565<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n

    \u7f57\u4f2f\u7279\u00b7\u963f\u514b\u585e\u5c14\u7f57\u5fb7 Robert Axelrod\u5728\u4ed6\u7684\u8457\u4f5c\u300a\u5408\u4f5c\u7684\u8fdb\u5316 The Evolution of Cooperation\u300b(1984)\u4e2d\u6fc0\u8d77\u4e86\u4eba\u4eec\u5bf9\u91cd\u590d\u56da\u5f92\u56f0\u5883(IPD)\u7684\u5174\u8da3\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u7bc7\u6587\u7ae0\u4e2d\uff0c\u4ed6\u62a5\u9053\u4e86\u81ea\u5df1\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u56fa\u5b9aN\u6b21\u56da\u5f92\u56f0\u5883\u7684\u6bd4\u8d5b\uff0c\u53c2\u4e0e\u8005\u5fc5\u987b\u4e00\u6b21\u53c8\u4e00\u6b21\u5730\u9009\u62e9\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u5171\u540c\u7b56\u7565\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u8981\u8bb0\u4f4f\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e4b\u524d\u7684\u906d\u9047\u3002Axelrod\u9080\u8bf7\u4e16\u754c\u5404\u5730\u7684\u5b66\u672f\u754c\u540c\u4ec1\u8bbe\u8ba1\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u7b56\u7565\u6765\u53c2\u52a0IPD\u9526\u6807\u8d5b\u3002\u8f93\u5165\u7684\u7a0b\u5e8f\u5728\u7b97\u6cd5\u590d\u6742\u6027\u3001\u6700\u521d\u654c\u610f\u3001\u5bbd\u6055\u80fd\u529b\u7b49\u65b9\u9762\u6709\u5f88\u5927\u5dee\u5f02\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


    Axelrod\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c\u5f53\u8fd9\u4e9b\u906d\u9047\u957f\u65f6\u95f4\u5728\u8bb8\u591a\u73a9\u5bb6\u8eab\u4e0a\u91cd\u590d\u53d1\u751f\u65f6\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e2a\u73a9\u5bb6\u90fd\u6709\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u7b56\u7565\uff0c\u4ece\u957f\u8fdc\u6765\u770b\uff0c\u8d2a\u5a6a\u7b56\u7565\u5f80\u5f80\u8868\u73b0\u5f97\u975e\u5e38\u7cdf\u7cd5\uff0c\u800c\u66f4\u52a0\u5229\u4ed6\u7684\u7b56\u7565\u8868\u73b0\u5f97\u66f4\u597d\uff0c\u8fd9\u5b8c\u5168\u662f\u6839\u636e\u81ea\u8eab\u5229\u76ca\u6765\u5224\u65ad\u7684\u3002\u4ed6\u5229\u7528\u8fd9\u4e00\u7ed3\u679c\u63ed\u793a\u4e86\u901a\u8fc7\u81ea\u7136\u9009\u62e9\uff0c\u4ece\u6700\u521d\u7eaf\u7cb9\u81ea\u79c1\u884c\u4e3a\u5411\u5229\u4ed6\u884c\u4e3a\u8fdb\u5316\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u673a\u5236\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


    \u6700\u7ec8\u83b7\u80dc\u7684\u51b3\u5b9a\u6027\u7b56\u7565\u662f\u9488\u950b\u76f8\u5bf9\u7b56\u7565\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u963f\u7eb3\u6258\u5c14\u00b7\u62c9\u6ce2\u6ce2\u7279 Anatol Rapoport\u5f00\u53d1\u5e76\u53c2\u52a0\u6bd4\u8d5b\u7684\u7b56\u7565\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u6240\u6709\u53c2\u8d5b\u7a0b\u5e8f\u4e2d\u6700\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u56db\u884c BASIC \u8bed\u8a00\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u8d62\u5f97\u4e86\u6bd4\u8d5b\u3002\u7b56\u7565\u5f88\u7b80\u5355\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u5728\u6e38\u620f\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u91cd\u590d\u4e2d\u8fdb\u884c\u5408\u4f5c; \u5728\u6b64\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u73a9\u5bb6\u5c06\u6267\u884c\u505a\u4ed6\u7684\u5bf9\u624b\u5728\u524d\u4e00\u6b65\u4e2d\u6240\u505a\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\u3002\u6839\u636e\u5177\u4f53\u60c5\u51b5\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u7a0d\u5fae\u597d\u4e00\u70b9\u7684\u7b56\u7565\u53ef\u4ee5\u662f\u201c\u5e26\u7740\u5bbd\u6055\u4e4b\u5fc3\u9488\u950b\u76f8\u5bf9\u201d\u3002\u5f53\u5bf9\u624b\u53db\u53d8\u65f6\uff0c\u5728\u4e0b\u4e00\u6b21\u535a\u5f08\u4e2d\uff0c\u73a9\u5bb6\u6709\u65f6\u8fd8\u662f\u4f1a\u5408\u4f5c\uff0c\u4f46\u6982\u7387\u5f88\u5c0f(\u5927\u7ea61-5%)\u3002\u8fd9\u5141\u8bb8\u535a\u5f08\u5076\u5c14\u80fd\u4ece\u9677\u5165\u53db\u53d8\u5faa\u73af\u4e2d\u6062\u590d\u8fc7\u6765\u3002\u786e\u5207\u7684\u6982\u7387\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u5bf9\u624b\u7684\u5b89\u6392\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


    \u901a\u8fc7\u5206\u6790\u5f97\u5206\u6700\u9ad8\u7684\u6218\u7565\uff0cAxelrod\u9610\u8ff0\u4e86\u6218\u7565\u6210\u529f\u7684\u51e0\u4e2a\u5fc5\u8981\u6761\u4ef6\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

      \n
    • \n

      \u53cb\u597d:\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u6761\u4ef6\u662f\u7b56\u7565\u5fc5\u987b\u662f\u597d\u7684\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u5b83\u4e0d\u4f1a\u5728\u5bf9\u624b\u4e4b\u524d\u53db\u53d8(\u8fd9\u6709\u65f6\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u201c\u4e50\u89c2\u201d\u7b97\u6cd5)\u3002\u51e0\u4e4e\u6240\u6709\u5f97\u5206\u6700\u9ad8\u7684\u7b56\u7565\u90fd\u662f\u53cb\u597d\u7684; \u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u7eaf\u7cb9\u7684\u81ea\u79c1\u7b56\u7565\u4e0d\u4f1a\u4e3a\u4e86\u7eaf\u7cb9\u81ea\u8eab\u7684\u5229\u76ca\u800c\u201c\u6b3a\u9a97\u201d\u5bf9\u624b\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n

    • \n

      \u62a5\u590d:\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u963f\u514b\u585e\u5c14\u7f57\u5fb7\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u6210\u529f\u7684\u6218\u7565\u51b3\u4e0d\u80fd\u662f\u76f2\u76ee\u7684\u4e50\u89c2\u4e3b\u4e49\u3002\u5b83\u6709\u65f6\u5fc5\u987b\u8fdb\u884c\u62a5\u590d\u3002\u975e\u62a5\u590d\u7b56\u7565\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u4f8b\u5b50\u5c31\u662f\u6c38\u8fdc\u5408\u4f5c\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u975e\u5e38\u7cdf\u7cd5\u7684\u9009\u62e9\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u201c\u80ae\u810f\u201d\u7684\u7b56\u7565\u4f1a\u65e0\u60c5\u5730\u5229\u7528\u8fd9\u4e9b\u73a9\u5bb6\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n

    • \n

      \u5bbd\u5bb9: \u6210\u529f\u7684\u7b56\u7565\u4e5f\u5fc5\u987b\u662f\u5bbd\u5bb9\u7684\u3002\u867d\u7136\u73a9\u5bb6\u4f1a\u62a5\u590d\uff0c\u4f46\u5982\u679c\u5bf9\u624b\u4e0d\u7ee7\u7eed\u53db\u53d8\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5c06\u518d\u6b21\u56de\u5230\u5408\u4f5c\u7684\u72b6\u6001\u3002\u8fd9\u963b\u6b62\u4e86\u957f\u65f6\u95f4\u7684\u62a5\u590d\u548c\u53cd\u62a5\u590d\uff0c\u6700\u5927\u9650\u5ea6\u5730\u63d0\u9ad8\u79ef\u5206\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n

    • \n

      \u4e0d\u5ac9\u5992: \u6700\u540e\u4e00\u4e2a\u54c1\u8d28\u662f\u4e0d\u5ac9\u5992\uff0c\u4e0d\u5f3a\u6c42\u6bd4\u5bf9\u624b\u5f97\u5206\u66f4\u591a\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n


      <\/p>\n

      \u5bf9\u4e8e\u4e00\u6b21\u6027\u7684\u56da\u5f92\u56f0\u5883\u535a\u5f08\uff0c\u6700\u4f18(\u70b9\u6570\u6700\u5927\u5316)\u7b56\u7565\u5c31\u662f\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u53db\u53d8; \u6b63\u5982\u4e0a\u9762\u6240\u8bf4\uff0c\u65e0\u8bba\u5bf9\u624b\u7684\u6784\u6210\u5982\u4f55\uff0c\u8fd9\u90fd\u662f\u6b63\u786e\u7684\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5728\u91cd\u590d\u56da\u5f92\u56f0\u5883\u535a\u5f08\u4e2d\uff0c\u6700\u4f18\u7b56\u7565\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u5bf9\u624b\u7684\u7b56\u7565\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u4ed6\u4eec\u5bf9\u53db\u53d8\u548c\u5408\u4f5c\u7684\u53cd\u5e94\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u8003\u8651\u4e00\u4e2a\u7fa4\u4f53\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u6bcf\u4e2a\u4eba\u6bcf\u6b21\u90fd\u4f1a\u53db\u53d8\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u9075\u5faa\u9488\u950b\u76f8\u5bf9\u7684\u7b56\u7565\u3002\u90a3\u4e2a\u4eba\u5c31\u4f1a\u7531\u4e8e\u7b2c\u4e00\u56de\u5408\u7684\u5931\u5229\u800c\u5904\u4e8e\u8f7b\u5fae\u7684\u4e0d\u5229\u5730\u4f4d\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u4e2a\u7fa4\u4f53\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e2a\u4f53\u7684\u6700\u4f73\u7b56\u7565\u662f\u6bcf\u6b21\u90fd\u53db\u53d8\u3002\u5728\u4e00\u5b9a\u6bd4\u4f8b\u7684\u603b\u662f\u9009\u62e9\u80cc\u53db\u7684\u73a9\u5bb6\u548c\u5176\u4f59\u7ec4\u6210\u9009\u62e9\u9488\u950b\u76f8\u5bf9\u7b56\u7565\u7684\u73a9\u5bb6\u7684\u4eba\u7fa4\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e2a\u4eba\u7684\u6700\u4f73\u7b56\u7565\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u8fd9\u4e00\u6bd4\u4f8b\u548c\u535a\u5f08\u7684\u6b21\u6570\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


      \u5728\u6240\u8c13\u7684\u5df4\u752b\u6d1b\u592b\u7b56\u7565 Pavlov strategy\u4e2d\uff0c\u53bb\u8f93\u5b58\u8d62 win-stay, lose-switch\uff0c\u9762\u5bf9\u4e00\u6b21\u5408\u4f5c\u5931\u8d25\uff0c\u73a9\u5bb6\u5c06\u5728\u4e0b\u4e00\u6b21\u53d8\u6362\u7b56\u7565\u3002\u5728\u67d0\u4e9b\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u5df4\u752b\u6d1b\u592b\u901a\u8fc7\u4f7f\u7528\u7c7b\u4f3c\u7b56\u7565\u7ed9\u4e0e\u5408\u4f5c\u8005\u4f18\u60e0\u5f85\u9047\u6253\u8d25\u4e86\u5176\u4ed6\u6240\u6709\u7b56\u7565\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


      \u5f97\u51fa\u6700\u4f73\u7b56\u7565\u901a\u5e38\u6709\u4e24\u79cd\u65b9\u6cd5:<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

      \u8d1d\u53f6\u65af\u7eb3\u4ec0\u5747\u8861\uff1a\u5982\u679c\u53ef\u4ee5\u786e\u5b9a\u5bf9\u7acb\u7b56\u7565\u7684\u7edf\u8ba1\u5206\u5e03\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c50%\u9488\u950b\u76f8\u5bf9\uff0c50%\u603b\u662f\u5408\u4f5c\uff09\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u5206\u6790\u5f97\u51fa\u6700\u4f73\u7684\u53cd\u7b56\u7565\uff08\u4f8b\u59822003\u5e74\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u8ba8\u8bba\u8fd9\u4e00\u6982\u5ff5\u4ee5\u53ca\u5b83\u662f\u5426\u53ef\u4ee5\u5e94\u7528\u4e8e\u5b9e\u9645\u7ecf\u6d4e\u6216\u6218\u7565\u60c5\u51b5\u3002\uff09<\/span><\/p>\n


      <\/p>\n

      \u8499\u7279\u5361\u7f57\u65b9\u6cd5\u5df2\u7ecf\u5bf9\u79cd\u7fa4\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u6a21\u62df\uff0c\u5206\u6570\u4f4e\u7684\u4e2a\u4f53\u6b7b\u4ea1\uff0c\u5206\u6570\u9ad8\u7684\u4e2a\u4f53\u7e41\u6b96\uff08\u9057\u4f20\u7b97\u6cd5 genetic algorithm\u7528\u4e8e\u5bfb\u627e\u4e00\u4e2a\u6700\u4f73\u7b56\u7565\uff09\u3002\u6700\u7ec8\u7fa4\u4f53\u4e2d\u7684\u7b97\u6cd5\u7ec4\u5408\u901a\u5e38\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u521d\u59cb\u603b\u4f53\u7684\u7ec4\u5408\u3002\u5f15\u5165\u7a81\u53d8\uff08\u7e41\u6b96\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u7684\u968f\u673a\u53d8\u5f02\uff09\u53ef\u4ee5\u51cf\u5c11\u5bf9\u521d\u59cb\u79cd\u7fa4\u7684\u4f9d\u8d56\u6027\u3002\u4f7f\u7528\u8fd9\u79cd\u7cfb\u7edf\u8fdb\u884c\u7ecf\u9a8c\u6027\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5f80\u5f80\u4f1a\u4e3a\u9488\u950b\u76f8\u5bf9\u7684\u73a9\u5bb6\u5e26\u6765\u9ebb\u70e6\uff08\u89c1Chess 1988\uff09\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u6ca1\u6709\u5206\u6790\u8bc1\u636e\u8868\u660e\u8fd9\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u4f1a\u4e00\u76f4\u53d1\u751f\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


      <\/span><\/p>\n

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      <\/p>\n

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      <\/p>\n

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      <\/p>\n

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      <\/p>\n

      \u968f\u673a\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u7ed3\u679c\u662f\uff0c\u77e9\u9635M\u5b58\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u5e73\u7a33\u5411\u91cfv\u4f7f\u5f97v\u00b7M=v\u6210\u7acb\u3002\u4e00\u822c\u5730\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u6307\u5b9av\u662f\u6807\u51c6\u5316\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5b83\u76844\u4e2a\u7ec4\u6210\u90e8\u5206\u4e4b\u548c\u4e3a1\u3002\u73b0\u5728\u53ef\u4ee5\u5c06 \u548c \u7684\u5747\u8861\u6536\u76ca\u6307\u5b9a\u4e3a\u201c\u548c\u201d\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u53ef\u4ee5\u6bd4\u8f83\u4e24\u79cd\u7b56\u7565\u201cP\u201d\u548c\u201cQ\u201d\u7684\u957f\u671f\u6536\u76ca.\u7b2cij\u9879<\/span>M<\/span>n<\/sub>\u7ed9\u51fa\u4e86X\u548cY\u76f8\u9047\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u7684\u6982\u7387\u4e3aj\uff0c\u7ed9\u5b9a\u524d\u9762\u76f8\u9047n\u6b65\u7684\u6982\u7387\u662fi\u3002\u5f53n\u8d8b\u4e8e\u65e0\u7a77\u65f6\uff0cM\u6536\u655b\u4e8e\u4e00\u4e2a\u5177\u6709\u56fa\u5b9a\u503c\u7684\u77e9\u9635\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14j\u8d8b\u5411\u4e00\u4e2a\u957f\u671f\u6982\u7387\uff0c\u4e0ei\u72ec\u7acb\u3002\u6362\u53e5\u8bdd\u8bf4\uff0c <\/span><\/mjx-msup><\/mjx-texatom><\/mjx-mstyle><\/mjx-math><\/mjx-container>M\u221e<\/sub>\u7684\u884c\u5c06\u662f\u76f8\u540c\u7684\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u7ed9\u51fa\u4e86\u91cd\u590d\u56da\u5f92\u56f0\u5883\u7684\u957f\u671f\u5747\u8861\u7ed3\u679c\u6982\u7387\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u660e\u786e\u5730\u8ba1\u7b97\u5927\u91cf\u7684\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\u3002\u53ef\u4ee5\u770b\u51fa\uff0cv\u662fM<\/span>n<\/sub>\u7279\u522b\u662fM\u221e<\/span>\u7684\u5e73\u7a33\u5411\u91cf\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64M<\/span>\u221e<\/span>\u7684\u6bcf\u4e00\u884c\u90fd\u7b49\u4e8ev\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\u5e73\u7a33\u5411\u91cf\u6307\u5b9a\u4e86X\u7684\u5747\u8861\u7ed3\u679c\u6982\u7387\u3002\u5b9a\u4e49Sx={R,S,T,P}\u548cSy={R,S,T,P}\u4f5c\u4e3a{cc,cd,dc,dd}\u7ed3\u679c\u7684\u77ed\u671f\u6536\u76ca\u5411\u91cf(\u4eceX\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u6765\u770b) \uff0c\u73b0\u5728\u53ef\u4ee5\u5c06X\u548cY\u7684\u5747\u8861\u6536\u76ca\u6307\u5b9a\u4e3a<\/span>sx<\/sub>=v\u00b7Sx<\/sub>\u548csy<\/sub>=v\u00b7Sy<\/sub>\uff0c\u4f7f\u5f97P\u3001Q\u4e24\u79cd\u7b56\u7565\u7684\u957f\u671f\u6536\u76ca\u53ef\u4ee5\u6bd4\u8f83\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


      <\/p>\n

      \u96f6\u51b3\u5b9a\u7b56\u7565<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n

      <\/p>\n

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      2012\u5e74\uff0c\u5a01\u5ec9\u00b7H\u00b7\u666e\u83b1\u65af William H. Press\u548c\u5f17\u91cc\u66fc\u00b7\u6234\u68ee Freeman Dyson\u9488\u5bf9\u968f\u673a\u91cd\u590d\u56da\u5f92\u56f0\u5883\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u4e00\u7c7b\u65b0\u7684\u7b56\u7565\uff0c\u79f0\u4e3a\u201c\u96f6\u51b3\u5b9a\u201d\u7b56\u7565\u3002X\u548cY\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u957f\u671f\u6536\u76ca\u53ef\u4ee5\u8868\u793a\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u77e9\u9635\u7684\u51b3\u5b9a\u56e0\u7d20\uff0c\u5b83\u662f\u4e24\u4e2a\u7b56\u7565\u548c\u77ed\u671f\u6536\u76ca\u5411\u91cf\u7684\u51fd\u6570:s<\/span>x<\/sub>=D(P,Q,Sx<\/sub>)\u548csy<\/sub>=D(P,Q,Sy<\/sub>)\uff0c\u4e0d\u6d89\u53ca\u5e73\u7a33\u5411\u91cfv\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u884c\u5217\u5f0f\u51fd\u6570sy=D(P,Q,f)\u5728f\u4e2d\u662f\u7ebf\u6027\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u53ef\u4ee5\u63a8\u51fa\u03b1sx<\/sub>+\u03b2sy<\/sub>+\u03b3=<\/span>D(P,Q,\u03b1sx<\/sub>+\u03b2sy<\/sub>+\u03b3U)<\/span>(\u5176\u4e2dU={1,1,1,1})\u3002\u4efb\u4f55\u7b56\u7565\u7684D(<\/span>P,Q<\/span>,\u03b1s<\/span>x<\/sub>+\u03b2s<\/span>y<\/sub>+\u03b3U)<\/span>=0\u88ab\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e3a\u96f6\u51b3\u5b9a\u7b56\u7565\uff0c\u957f\u671f\u6536\u76ca\u670d\u4ece\u5173\u7cfb\u5f0f,\u03b1s<\/span>x<\/sub>+\u03b2s<\/span>y<\/sub>+\u03b3<\/span>=0\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


      <\/span><\/p>\n

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      \u91cd\u590d\u56da\u5f92\u56f0\u5883\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u6269\u5c55\u662f\u8fdb\u5316\u7684\u968f\u673a\u91cd\u590d\u56da\u5f92\u56f0\u5883\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u5141\u8bb8\u7279\u5b9a\u7b56\u7565\u7684\u76f8\u5bf9\u4e30\u5ea6\u6539\u53d8\uff0c\u66f4\u6210\u529f\u7684\u7b56\u7565\u76f8\u5bf9\u589e\u52a0\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8fc7\u7a0b\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u8ba9\u4e0d\u592a\u6210\u529f\u7684\u73a9\u5bb6\u6a21\u4eff\u66f4\u6210\u529f\u7684\u7b56\u7565\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u901a\u8fc7\u4ece\u6e38\u620f\u4e2d\u6dd8\u6c70\u4e0d\u592a\u6210\u529f\u7684\u73a9\u5bb6\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u8ba9\u66f4\u6210\u529f\u7684\u73a9\u5bb6\u6210\u500d\u589e\u52a0\u3002\u7814\u7a76\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u4e0d\u516c\u5e73\u7684\u96f6\u51b3\u5b9a\u7b56\u7565\u4e0d\u662f\u8fdb\u5316\u7a33\u5b9a\u7b56\u7565\u3002\u5173\u952e\u7684\u76f4\u89c9\u544a\u8bc9\u6211\u4eec\uff0c\u8fdb\u5316\u7a33\u5b9a\u7b56\u7565\u4e0d\u4ec5\u8981\u80fd\u591f\u5165\u4fb5\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u7fa4\u4f53(\u8fd9\u662f\u52d2\u7d22\u96f6\u51b3\u5b9a\u7b56\u7565\u53ef\u4ee5\u505a\u5230\u7684) \uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u8fd8\u8981\u5728\u540c\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u73a9\u5bb6\u9762\u524d\u8868\u73b0\u826f\u597d(\u52d2\u7d22\u96f6\u51b3\u5b9a\u7b56\u7565\u73a9\u5bb6\u8868\u73b0\u4e0d\u4f73\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u4ed6\u4eec\u51cf\u5c11\u4e86\u5f7c\u6b64\u7684\u76c8\u4f59)\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


      <\/span><\/p>\n

      \u7406\u8bba\u548c\u6a21\u62df\u8bc1\u5b9e\uff0c\u8d85\u8fc7\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e34\u754c\u79cd\u7fa4\u89c4\u6a21\uff0c\u96f6\u51b3\u5b9a\u52d2\u7d22\u5728\u4e0e\u66f4\u591a\u5408\u4f5c\u7b56\u7565\u7684\u8fdb\u5316\u7ade\u4e89\u4e2d\u4f1a\u5931\u8d25\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u79cd\u7fa4\u8d8a\u5927\uff0c\u79cd\u7fa4\u7684\u5e73\u5747\u6536\u76ca\u5c31\u8d8a\u5927\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u5728\u67d0\u4e9b\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u52d2\u7d22\u8005\u751a\u81f3\u53ef\u80fd\u901a\u8fc7\u5e2e\u52a9\u6253\u7834\u7edf\u4e00\u7684\u80cc\u53db\u8005\u4e0e\u4f7f\u7528\u201c\u8d62-\u4fdd\u6301-\u8f93\u201d\u7b56\u7565\u7684\u8f6c\u6362\u73a9\u5bb6\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5bf9\u5cd9\u800c\u4fc3\u8fdb\u5408\u4f5c\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


      \u867d\u7136\u52d2\u7d22\u96f6\u51b3\u5b9a\u7b56\u7565\u5728\u4eba\u53e3\u4f17\u591a\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u5e76\u4e0d\u7a33\u5b9a\uff0c\u4f46\u53e6\u4e00\u79cd\u5bbd\u677e\u7684\u96f6\u51b3\u5b9a\u7b56\u7565\u65e2\u7a33\u5b9a\u53c8\u7a33\u5065\u3002\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u5f53\u4eba\u53e3\u4e0d\u7b97\u592a\u5c11\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7b56\u7565\u53ef\u4ee5\u53d6\u4ee3\u4efb\u4f55\u5176\u4ed6\u96f6\u51b3\u5b9a\u7b56\u7565\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u5728\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u9488\u5bf9\u91cd\u590d\u56da\u5f92\u56f0\u5883\u7684\u5e7f\u6cdb\u901a\u7528\u7b56\u7565\uff08\u5305\u62ec\u201c\u83b7\u80dc-\u4fdd\u6301-\u8f93\u201d\u7684\u8f6c\u6362\u7b56\u7565\uff09\u4e2d\u8868\u73b0\u826f\u597d\u3002\u4e9a\u5386\u5c71\u5927\u00b7\u65af\u56fe\u5c14\u7279 Alexander Stewart\u548c\u7ea6\u4e66\u4e9a\u00b7\u666e\u6d1b\u7279\u91d1 Joshua Plotkin\u57282013\u5e74\u7684\u6350\u8d60\u535a\u5f08\u4e2d\u8bc1\u660e\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u3002[20]\u5bbd\u677e\u7684\u7b56\u7565\u4f1a\u4e0e\u5176\u4ed6\u5408\u4f5c\u7684\u73a9\u5bb6\u5408\u4f5c\uff0c\u9762\u5bf9\u80cc\u53db\uff0c\u6177\u6168\u7684\u73a9\u5bb6\u6bd4\u4ed6\u7684\u5bf9\u624b\u5931\u53bb\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u6548\u7528\u3002\u5bbd\u677e\u7b56\u7565\u662f\u96f6\u51b3\u5b9a\u7b56\u7565\u548c\u6240\u8c13\u7684\u201c\u597d\u201d\u7b56\u7565\u7684\u4ea4\u96c6\uff0c\u963f\u91d1(2013) \u5728\u826f\u597d\u7684\u7b56\u7565\u4e2d\uff0c\u6177\u6168 (ZD) \u5b50\u96c6\u5728\u4eba\u53e3\u4e0d\u662f\u592a\u5c0f\u65f6\u65f6\u8868\u73b0\u826f\u597d\u3002\u5982\u679c\u4eba\u53e3\u975e\u5e38\u5c11\uff0c\u53db\u9003\u7b56\u7565\u5f80\u5f80\u5360\u4e3b\u5bfc\u5730\u4f4d\u3002\u5c06\u8fd9\u4e24\u79cd\u7b56\u7565\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e3a\u73a9\u5bb6\u5bf9\u8fc7\u53bb\u7684\u76f8\u4e92\u5408\u4f5c\u4f5c\u51fa\u56de\u5e94\uff0c\u5e76\u5728\u81f3\u5c11\u83b7\u5f97\u5408\u4f5c\u9884\u671f\u6536\u76ca\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u5e73\u5747\u5206\u914d\u9884\u671f\u6536\u76ca\u7684\u7b56\u7565\u3002\u5728\u597d\u7684\u7b56\u7565\u4e2d\uff0c\u5f53\u603b\u4f53\u4e0d\u592a\u5c0f\u65f6\uff0c\u5bbd\u677e(\u96f6\u51b3\u5b9a)\u5b50\u96c6\u8868\u73b0\u826f\u597d\u3002\u5982\u679c\u603b\u4f53\u5f88\u5c11\uff0c\u80cc\u53db\u7b56\u7565\u5f80\u5f80\u5360\u4e3b\u5bfc\u5730\u4f4d\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


      <\/p>\n

      \u8fde\u7eed\u91cd\u590d\u56da\u5f92\u56f0\u5883<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n

      \u5173\u4e8e\u91cd\u590d\u56da\u5f92\u56f0\u5883\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u5927\u591a\u96c6\u4e2d\u5728\u79bb\u6563\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u53c2\u4e0e\u8005\u8981\u4e48\u5408\u4f5c\uff0c\u8981\u4e48\u80cc\u53db\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6a21\u578b\u5206\u6790\u8d77\u6765\u6bd4\u8f83\u7b80\u5355\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u4e00\u4e9b\u7814\u7a76\u4eba\u5458\u5df2\u7ecf\u7814\u7a76\u4e86\u8fde\u7eed\u91cd\u590d\u56da\u5f92\u56f0\u5883\u6a21\u578b\uff0c\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6a21\u578b\u4e2d\uff0c\u73a9\u5bb6\u80fd\u591f\u5bf9\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u73a9\u5bb6\u505a\u51fa\u53ef\u53d8\u7684\u8d21\u732e\u3002\u4e50 Le\u548c\u535a\u4f0a\u5fb7 Boyd\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u5408\u4f5c\u6bd4\u79bb\u6563\u91cd\u590d\u7684\u56da\u5f92\u56f0\u5883\u66f4\u96be\u53d1\u5c55\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7ed3\u679c\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u76f4\u89c9\u5f88\u7b80\u5355: \u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u6301\u7eed\u7684\u56da\u5f92\u56f0\u5883\u4e2d\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u7fa4\u5f00\u59cb\u5904\u4e8e\u975e\u5408\u4f5c\u5747\u8861\u72b6\u6001\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u4e0e\u975e\u5408\u4f5c\u8005\u76f8\u6bd4\uff0c\u5408\u4f5c\u7a0b\u5ea6\u7a0d\u9ad8\u7684\u73a9\u5bb6\u4e0d\u4f1a\u4ece\u76f8\u4e92\u914d\u5408\u4e2d\u83b7\u76ca\u3002\u76f8\u6bd4\u4e4b\u4e0b\uff0c\u5728\u79bb\u6563\u7684\u56da\u5f92\u56f0\u5883\u4e2d\uff0c\u76f8\u5bf9\u4e8e\u975e\u5408\u4f5c\u8005\uff0c\u9488\u950b\u76f8\u5bf9\u7684\u5408\u4f5c\u8005\u5728\u975e\u5408\u4f5c\u5747\u8861\u4e2d\u76f8\u4e92\u914d\u5408\u4f1a\u83b7\u5f97\u5de8\u5927\u7684\u56de\u62a5\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u81ea\u7136\u754c\u53ef\u4ee5\u63d0\u4f9b\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u673a\u4f1a\u6765\u8fdb\u884c\u5404\u79cd\u5404\u6837\u7684\u5408\u4f5c\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u4e25\u683c\u5730\u5c06\u5408\u4f5c\u6216\u80cc\u53db\u5206\u4e3a\u4e24\u7c7b\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u8fde\u7eed\u7684\u56da\u5f92\u56f0\u5883\u53ef\u4ee5\u5e2e\u52a9\u89e3\u91ca\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u73b0\u5b9e\u751f\u6d3b\u4e2d\u9488\u950b\u76f8\u5bf9\u7684\u5408\u4f5c\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\u5728\u81ea\u7136\u754c\u4e2d\u6781\u5176\u7f55\u89c1\u3002\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u54c8\u9ed8\u65af\u5766 Hammerstein \uff09\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


      \u5c3d\u7ba1\u5728\u7406\u8bba\u6a21\u578b\u4e2d\uff0c\u9488\u950b\u76f8\u5bf9\u7b56\u7565\u4f3c\u4e4e\u662f\u7a33\u5065\u7684\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


      <\/p>\n

      \u7a33\u5b9a\u7b56\u7565\u7684\u51fa\u73b0<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n

      \u73a9\u5bb6\u4f3c\u4e4e\u4e0d\u80fd\u534f\u8c03\u76f8\u4e92\u5408\u4f5c\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5e38\u5e38\u9677\u5165\u52a3\u7b49\u800c\u7a33\u5b9a\u7684\u80cc\u53db\u7b56\u7565\u3002\u8fd9\u6837\uff0c\u91cd\u590d\u56de\u5408\u53ef\u4ee5\u4fc3\u8fdb\u7a33\u5b9a\u7b56\u7565\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u3002\u91cd\u590d\u56de\u5408\u5f80\u5f80\u4ea7\u751f\u65b0\u9896\u7684\u7b56\u7565\uff0c\u8fd9\u5bf9\u590d\u6742\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u4e92\u52a8\u6709\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u5176\u4e2d\u4e00\u4e2a\u7b56\u7565\u5c31\u662f\u201c\u8d62-\u4fdd\u6301-\u8f93\u201d\u7684\u8f6c\u53d8\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7b56\u7565\u6bd4\u4e00\u4e2a\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u9488\u950b\u76f8\u5bf9\u7b56\u7565\u8981\u597d \u2013\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u80fd\u9003\u8131\u4f5c\u5f0a\u7684\u60e9\u7f5a\uff0c\u5c31\u91cd\u590d\u8fd9\u4e2a\u884c\u4e3a\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u88ab\u6293\u4f4f\u4e86\uff0c\u5c31\u6539\u53d8\u7b56\u7565\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


      \u8fd9\u79cd\u9488\u950b\u76f8\u5bf9\u7b56\u7565\u7684\u552f\u4e00\u95ee\u9898\u662f\u5b83\u4eec\u5f88\u5bb9\u6613\u51fa\u73b0\u4fe1\u53f7\u9519\u8bef\u3002\u5f53\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u56e0\u62a5\u590d\u800c\u4f5c\u5f0a\uff0c\u800c\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u5c06\u5176\u5355\u7eaf\u89e3\u91ca\u4e3a\u6b3a\u9a97\u65f6\uff0c\u5c31\u4f1a\u51fa\u73b0\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u7ed3\u679c\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4e2a\u4eba\u73b0\u5728\u4f5c\u5f0a\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u5728\u63a5\u4e0b\u6765\u7684\u8fde\u9501\u53cd\u5e94\u4e2d\u5f00\u59cb\u4e86\u53cd\u590d\u4ea4\u66ff\u7684\u4f5c\u5f0a\u6a21\u5f0f\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


      <\/p>\n

      \n
      \n
      \n
      \n
      \n
      \n
      \n
      \n
      \n
      \n
      \n
      \n
      \n


      <\/p>\n

      \n
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      <\/section>\n

      <\/section>\n
      \n
      <\/svg><\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n
      \n

      \u73b0\u5b9e\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50<\/span><\/strong><\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n

      \n

      <\/section>\n
      <\/strong><\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n

      <\/span>
      <\/h2>\n

      \u56da\u72af\u7684\u73af\u5883\u4f3c\u4e4e\u662f\u4eba\u4e3a\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\uff0c\u5728\u4eba\u7c7b\u4ea4\u5f80\u4ee5\u53ca\u81ea\u7136\u754c\u7684\u4ea4\u4e92\u4e2d\u6709\u8bb8\u591a\u5177\u6709\u76f8\u540c\u6536\u76ca\u77e9\u9635\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u56da\u5f92\u56f0\u5883\u662f\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u3001\u653f\u6cbb\u5b66\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u7b49\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u4ee5\u53ca\u52a8\u7269\u884c\u4e3a\u5b66\u3001\u8fdb\u5316\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u7b49\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u70ed\u70b9\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u8bb8\u591a\u81ea\u7136\u8fc7\u7a0b\u90fd\u88ab\u62bd\u8c61\u4e3a\u751f\u7269\u8fdb\u884c\u65e0\u4f11\u6b62\u7684\u56da\u5f92\u56f0\u5883\u535a\u5f08\u7684\u6a21\u578b\u3002\u56da\u5f92\u56f0\u5883\u8fd9\u79cd\u5e7f\u6cdb\u7684\u9002\u7528\u6027\u8ba9\u535a\u5f08\u53d8\u5f97\u975e\u5e38\u91cd\u8981\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


      <\/p>\n

      \u73af\u5883\u7814\u7a76<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n

      \u5728\u73af\u5883\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\uff0c\u56da\u5f92\u56f0\u5883\u5728\u8bf8\u5982\u5168\u7403\u6c14\u5019\u53d8\u5316\u7b49\u5371\u673a\u4e2d\u663e\u800c\u6613\u89c1\u3002\u6709\u4eba\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u6240\u6709\u56fd\u5bb6\u90fd\u5c06\u4ece\u7a33\u5b9a\u7684\u6c14\u5019\u4e2d\u53d7\u76ca\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u6bcf\u4e00\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\u901a\u5e38\u90fd\u5728\u9650\u5236\u4e8c\u6c27\u5316\u78b3\u6392\u653e\u65b9\u9762\u72b9\u8c6b\u4e0d\u51b3\u3002\u4eba\u4eec\u9519\u8bef\u5730\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u6240\u6709\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u90fd\u6539\u53d8\uff0c\u4efb\u4f55\u4e00\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\u4fdd\u6301\u76ee\u524d\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u6240\u5e26\u6765\u7684\u76f4\u63a5\u597d\u5904\u90fd\u4f1a\u5927\u4e8e\u6240\u8c13\u7684\u6700\u7ec8\u597d\u5904\uff0c\u8fd9\u5c31\u89e3\u91ca\u4e862007\u5e74\u6c14\u5019\u53d8\u5316\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u50f5\u5c40\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


      \u6c14\u5019\u53d8\u5316\u653f\u6cbb\u4e0e\u56da\u5f92\u56f0\u5883\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u91cd\u8981\u533a\u522b\u662f\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u6027; \u6c61\u67d3\u5bf9\u6c14\u5019\u53d8\u5316\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u7a0b\u5ea6\u548c\u901f\u5ea6\u5c1a\u4e0d\u6e05\u695a\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u653f\u5e9c\u9762\u4e34\u7684\u56f0\u5883\u4e0d\u540c\u4e8e\u56da\u5f92\u56f0\u5883\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5408\u4f5c\u7684\u56de\u62a5\u662f\u672a\u77e5\u7684\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u5dee\u5f02\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u5404\u56fd\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5408\u4f5c\u8fdc\u8fdc\u5c11\u4e8e\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u91cd\u590d\u56da\u5f92\u56f0\u5883\u4e2d\u7684\u5408\u4f5c\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u907f\u514d\u53ef\u80fd\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u6c14\u5019\u707e\u96be\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u8fdc\u8fdc\u5c0f\u4e8e\u4f7f\u7528\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u91cd\u590d\u56da\u5f92\u56f0\u5883\u535a\u5f08\u8bba\u60c5\u666f\u5206\u6790\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


      \u6b27\u6851 Osang\u548c\u5357\u8fea Nandy (2003)\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u7406\u8bba\u89e3\u91ca\uff0c\u5e76\u6839\u636e\u8fc8\u514b\u5c14\u00b7\u6ce2\u7279 Michael Porter\u7684\u5047\u8bbe\uff0c\u5373\u653f\u5e9c\u5bf9\u7ade\u4e89\u4f01\u4e1a\u7684\u76d1\u7ba1\u662f\u5b9e\u8d28\u6027\u7684\uff0c\u8bc1\u660e\u4e86\u76d1\u7ba1\u9a71\u52a8\u7684\u53cc\u8d62\u5c40\u9762\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


      <\/p>\n

      \u52a8\u7269<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n

      \u8bb8\u591a\u52a8\u7269\u7684\u5408\u4f5c\u884c\u4e3a\u53ef\u4ee5\u7406\u89e3\u4e3a\u56da\u5f92\u56f0\u5883\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u4f8b\u5b50\u3002\u901a\u5e38\u52a8\u7269\u4f1a\u5efa\u7acb\u957f\u671f\u7684\u4f19\u4f34\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u5173\u7cfb\u53ef\u4ee5\u66f4\u5177\u4f53\u5730\u6a21\u62df\u4e3a\u91cd\u590d\u56da\u5f92\u56f0\u5883\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5b54\u96c0\u9c7c\u6210\u7fa4\u7ed3\u961f\u5730\u5408\u4f5c\u76d1\u5bdf\u6355\u98df\u8005\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u5728\u60e9\u7f5a\u4e0d\u5408\u4f5c\u7684\u76d1\u5bdf\u8005\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


      \u5438\u8840\u8759\u8760\u662f\u4ece\u4e8b\u76f8\u4e92\u7684\u98df\u7269\u4ea4\u6362\u7684\u7fa4\u5c45\u52a8\u7269\u3002\u5e94\u7528\u56da\u5f92\u56f0\u5883\u6536\u76ca\u53ef\u4ee5\u5e2e\u52a9\u89e3\u91ca\u8fd9\u79cd\u884c\u4e3a:<\/span><\/p>\n


      <\/p>\n