{"id":33269,"date":"2022-03-22T21:08:37","date_gmt":"2022-03-22T13:08:37","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/swarma.org\/?p=33269"},"modified":"2022-03-22T21:08:37","modified_gmt":"2022-03-22T13:08:37","slug":"%e8%8f%b2%e5%88%a9%e6%99%ae%c2%b7%e5%ae%89%e5%be%b7%e6%a3%ae%ef%bc%9a%e5%87%9d%e8%81%9a%e6%80%81%e7%89%a9%e7%90%86%e7%9a%84%e8%89%ba%e6%9c%af%e5%ae%b6","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/swarma.org\/?p=33269","title":{"rendered":"\u83f2\u5229\u666e\u00b7\u5b89\u5fb7\u68ee\uff1a\u51dd\u805a\u6001\u7269\u7406\u7684\u827a\u672f\u5bb6"},"content":{"rendered":"
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<\/strong>\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6P.W.\u5b89\u5fb7\u68ee\uff08Philip Anderson\uff09\u56e0\u65e0\u5e8f\u548c\u78c1\u6027\u6750\u6599\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u83b7\u5f971977\u5e74\u8bfa\u8d1d\u5c14\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5956\uff0c\u4f46\u8fd9\u5e76\u4e0d\u8db3\u4ee5\u5f70\u663e\u4ed6\u7684\u8d21\u732e\u3002\u4ed6\u63a8\u52a8\u591a\u4f53\u7406\u8bba\u4e0e\u56fa\u4f53\u7269\u7406\u7684\u878d\u5408\uff0c\u6700\u7ec8\u5f62\u6210\u4e86\u5982\u4eca\u7684\u51dd\u805a\u6001\u7269\u7406\uff0c\u582a\u79f0\u51dd\u805a\u6001\u7269\u7406\u7684\u5b97\u5e08\u3002\u5728\u7ecf\u5178\u8bba\u6587\u201cmore is different<\/a>\u201d\u4e2d\uff0c\u5b89\u5fb7\u68ee\u9a73\u65a5\u4e86\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u754c\u957f\u671f\u5f25\u6f2b\u7684\u8fd8\u539f\u8bba\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u81ea\u7136\u5728\u4e0d\u540c\u5c3a\u5ea6\u4e0a\u4f1a\u6d8c\u73b0\u51fa\u65b0\u7684\u590d\u6742\u6027\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u66f4\u662f\u53c2\u4e0e\u521b\u5efa\u4e86\u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u5723\u5730\u2014\u2014\u5723\u5854\u83f2\u7814\u7a76\u6240\u3002\u5b89\u5fb7\u68ee\u4e8e2020\u5e743\u670829\u65e5\u901d\u4e16\uff0c\u5bf9\u51dd\u805a\u6001\u53ca\u5176\u4ed6\u9886\u57df\u7684\u6df1\u523b\u5f71\u54cd\u4f7f\u4ed6\u6210\u4e3a\u7406\u8bba\u7269\u7406\u5929\u7a7a\u4e2d\u6700\u95ea\u4eae\u7684\u4e00\u9897\u5de8\u661f\u3002<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n


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\u7814\u7a76\u9886\u57df\uff1a\u51dd\u805a\u6001\u7269\u7406\uff0c\u5bf9\u79f0\u6027\u7834\u7f3a\uff0c\u591a\u4f53\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u91cd\u6574\u5316\u7fa4\u7406\u8bba\uff0c\u81ea\u65cb\u73bb\u7483\uff0c\u8d85\u5bfc\uff0c\u6d8c\u73b0<\/strong><\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n

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Andrew Zangwill<\/span> <\/span>| \u4f5c\u8005<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u8463\u552f\u5143<\/span> <\/span>| \u8bd1\u8005<\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u6881\u91d1<\/span> | \u5ba1\u6821<\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u9093\u4e00\u96ea<\/span> | \u7f16\u8f91<\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n


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\u83f2\u5229\u666e\u00b7\u6c83\u4f26\u00b7\u5b89\u5fb7\u68ee<\/span>\uff08Philip Warren Anderson, 1923-2020\uff09<\/span>\u662f20\u4e16\u7eaa\u6700\u6709\u6210\u5c31\u4e5f\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002\u5728\u8d1d\u5c14\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5ba4\u3001\u5251\u6865\u5927\u5b66\u548c\u666e\u6797\u65af\u987f\u5927\u5b66\u768450\u591a\u5e74\u7814\u7a76\u5de5\u4f5c\u4e2d\uff0c\u4ed6\u4e00\u76f4\u4ee5\u8d85\u7fa4\u7684\u54c1\u5473\u3001\u6df1\u523b\u7684\u6d1e\u5bdf\u548c\u60ca\u4eba\u7684\u521b\u9020\u529b\uff0c\u52aa\u529b\u63a2\u7d22\u5927\u81ea\u7136\u7684\u89c4\u5f8b\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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\u5b89\u5fb7\u68ee\u63a8\u52a8\u4e86\u591a\u4f53\u7406\u8bba\u4e0e\u56fa\u4f53\u7269\u7406\u7684\u878d\u5408\uff0c\u5e76\u6700\u7ec8\u5f62\u6210\u4e86\u5982\u4eca\u7684\u51dd\u805a\u6001\u7269\u7406\uff0c\u4ed6\u5728\u8fd9\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u8d21\u732e\u8fdc\u8d85\u4ed6\u4eba\u3002\u4ed6\u57281984\u5e74\u6240\u8457\u7684\u300a\u51dd\u805a\u6001\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u6982\u5ff5\u300b<\/span>\uff08Basic Notions of Condensed Matter Physics<\/em>\uff09<\/span>\u4e2d\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u8981\u60f3\u63cf\u8ff0\u542b\u67091023<\/sup>\u4e2a\u7c92\u5b50\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u884c\u4e3a\uff0c\u66f4\u597d\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u5e94\u5f53\u662f\u6784\u5efa\u5e76\u4f7f\u7528\u6a21\u578b\u7684\u54c8\u5bc6\u987f\u91cf\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u53bb\u89e3\u591a\u4f53\u859b\u5b9a\u8c14\u65b9\u7a0b\u3002\u5728\u8fc7\u53bb\u51e0\u5341\u5e74\u91cc\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u65b9\u6cd5\u5df2\u7136\u6210\u4e3a\u5404\u7c7b\u51dd\u805a\u6001\u7269\u7406\u6559\u79d1\u4e66\u7684\u4e3b\u6d41\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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\u53e6\u4e00\u4f4d\u8bfa\u5956\u5f97\u4e3b Pierre-Gilles de Gennes \u975e\u5e38\u7fa1\u6155\u5b89\u5fb7\u68ee\uff0c\u66fe\u7ecf\u79f0\u5176\u4e3a\u201c\u56fa\u4f53\u7269\u7406\u754c\u7684\u6559\u7687\u201d\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7ef0\u53f7\u5012\u662f\u86ee\u6070\u5f53\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b89\u5fb7\u68ee\u786e\u5b9e\u50cf\u662f\u5efa\u7acb\u8d77\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e2a\u9886\u57df\u7684\u6559\u4e49\u4fe1\u6761\u3002\u90a3\u4e9b\u5fe0\u5b9e\u7684\u8ffd\u968f\u8005\u4eec\u65f6\u523b\u5173\u6ce8\u7740\u4ed6\u7684\u58f0\u97f3\uff0c\u8bb8\u591a\u4eba\u8fd8\u4f1a\u52aa\u529b\u63e3\u6d4b\u4ed6\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u5e76\u5c3d\u529b\u8bc1\u660e\u3002\u7136\u800c\u5728\u4ed6\u81ea\u5df1\u770b\u6765\uff0c\u4ed6\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u53cd\u53db\u8005\uff0c\u4ece\u4e0d\u4e56\u4e56\u5c31\u8303\uff0c\u603b\u662f\u5bf9\u81ea\u7136\u89c4\u5f8b\u80cc\u540e\u7684\u539f\u56e0\u5145\u6ee1\u7740\u6c38\u8fdc\u65e0\u6cd5\u6ee1\u8db3\u7684\u597d\u5947\u5fc3\u3002\u8fd9\u7bc7\u6587\u7ae0\u4e2d\u6211\u5c06\u7b80\u7565\u4ecb\u7ecd\u5b89\u5fb7\u68ee\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u548c\u79d1\u7814\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u5e0c\u671b\u80fd\u4f7f\u8bfb\u8005\u611f\u53d7\u5230\u4ed6\u7ed9\u6211\u4eec\u5e26\u6765\u7684\u8bf8\u591a\u5f71\u54cd\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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\u5b89\u5fb7\u68ee\u53cc\u4eb2\u7684\u7956\u5148\u5206\u522b\u662f\u82cf\u683c\u5170\u548c\u7231\u5c14\u5170\u79fb\u6c11\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u90fd\u53c2\u52a0\u8fc7\u7f8e\u56fd\u72ec\u7acb\u6218\u4e89\uff0c\u540e\u6765\u5728\u5370\u7b2c\u5b89\u7eb3\u897f\u90e8\u80a5\u6c83\u7684\u571f\u5730\u4e0a\u7ecf\u8425\u519c\u5e84\u3002\u519c\u6d3b\u663e\u7136\u4e0d\u662f\u6240\u6709\u4eba\u7684\u6700\u7231\uff0c\u5b89\u5fb7\u68ee\u7684\u5916\u516c\u548c\u8205\u8205\u66f4\u559c\u6b22\u5728\u514b\u52b3\u798f\u5fb7\u65af\u7ef4\u5c14\u7684\u6c83\u5df4\u4ec0\u5b66\u9662<\/span>\uff08Wabash College\uff09<\/span>\u6559\u62c9\u4e01\u6587\u3001\u6570\u5b66\u548c\u82f1\u6587\u3002\u540c\u6837\u7684\u7231\u597d\u4f7f\u5b89\u5fb7\u68ee\u7684\u7236\u4eb2\u548c\u53d4\u53d4\u90fd\u6210\u4e3a\u4e86\u690d\u7269\u75c5\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u3002\u5b89\u5fb7\u68ee\u7684\u7236\u4eb2\u662f\u4f0a\u5229\u8bfa\u4f0a\u5927\u5b66\u9999\u69df\u5206\u6821\u7684\u6559\u6388\uff0c\u4ed6\u4e5f\u5728\u90a3\u91cc\u957f\u5927\u3002\u671f\u95f4\u4ed6\u4f1a\u9891\u7e41\u5730\u56de\u5230\u514b\u52b3\u798f\u5fb7\u65af\u7ef4\u5c14\uff0c\u4e00\u76f4\u4e0e\u5bb6\u65cf\u4fdd\u6301\u7740\u5bc6\u5207\u7684\u8054\u7cfb\u3002\u4ed6\u7684\u5bb6\u65cf\u5177\u6709\u5178\u578b\u7684\u5370\u7b2c\u5b89\u7eb3\u4eba\u6c14\u8d28\uff0c\u65e2\u52c7\u4e8e\u8d28\u7591\u53c8\u7ec6\u81f4\u654f\u611f\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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\u56fe1. 10\u5c81\u7684\u5b89\u5fb7\u68ee\uff08\u524d\u6392\u4e2d\u95f4\uff09\u4e0e\u5bb6\u4eba\u548c\u4eb2\u621a\uff081934\u5e74\uff09\u3002| \u6765\u6e90\uff1aSusan Anderson<\/span><\/section>\n


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\u9ad8\u4e2d\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u5b89\u5fb7\u68ee\u4e0d\u4ec5\u5b66\u4e1a\u4f18\u79c0\u800c\u4e14\u64c5\u957f\u8dd1\u6b65\u3001\u7f51\u7403\u548c\u901f\u6ed1\u8fd0\u52a8\u3002\u4ed6\u4e5f\u53c2\u52a0\u4e86\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u548c\u68cb\u7c7b\u793e\u56e2\uff0c\u6bcf\u5e74\u8fd8\u4f1a\u53c2\u6f14\u5b66\u6821\u4e3e\u529e\u7684\u6f14\u51fa\uff0c\u5728\u6bd5\u4e1a\u5178\u793c\u4e0a\u521b\u4f5c\u5e76\u6717\u8bf5\u7684\u4f5c\u54c1\u66f4\u662f\u5c55\u73b0\u4e86\u4ed6\u4e0d\u4fd7\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u4fee\u517b\u3002\u4ed6\u7684\u9ad8\u4e2d\u6bd5\u4e1a\u76f8\u518c\u4e0a\u5199\u7740\u201cThe Importance of Being Earnest\u201d\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u4f5c\u5bb6\u5965\u65af\u5361\u00b7\u738b\u5c14\u5fb7\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u620f\u5267\u7684\u540d\u5b57\uff0c\u4e2d\u6587\u8bd1\u4e3a\u201c\u4e0d\u53ef\u513f\u620f\u201d\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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\u5728\u90a3\u4e9b\u5e74\u91cc\uff0c\u5b89\u5fb7\u68ee\u7ecf\u5e38\u8ddf\u968f\u7740\u7236\u4eb2\u53c2\u52a0\u5927\u5b66\u91cc\u7684\u5468\u672b\u805a\u4f1a\u6d3b\u52a8\u3002\u4f0a\u5229\u8bfa\u4f0a\u5927\u5b66\u7684\u6559\u804c\u5458\u4eec\u5468\u672b\u7ecf\u5e38\u805a\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\uff0c\u8fdc\u8db3\u3001\u6e38\u6cf3\u3001\u6253\u68d2\u7403\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e5f\u7ecf\u5e38\u4ee5\u5de6\u7ffc\u601d\u60f3\u8c08\u8bba\u653f\u6cbb\u8bdd\u9898\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u601d\u60f3\u6df1\u6df1\u5f71\u54cd\u4e86\u5e74\u8f7b\u7684\u5b89\u5fb7\u68ee\uff0c\u4f7f\u4ed6\u7ec8\u751f\u5bf9\u793e\u4f1a\u516c\u5e73\u548c\u6b63\u4e49\u62b1\u6709\u70ed\u5ff1\u3002\u4e5f\u6b63\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u8fd9\u4e9b\u805a\u4f1a\u6d3b\u52a8\uff0c\u5b89\u5fb7\u68ee\u7ed3\u8bc6\u4e86\u7269\u7406\u7cfb\u4e3b\u4efbF. Wheeler Loomis\uff0c\u5e76\u5728\u4ed6\u7684\u63a8\u8350\u4e0b\u8d62\u5f97\u4e86\u54c8\u4f5b\u5927\u5b66\u7684\u5956\u5b66\u91d1\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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\u8bb8\u591a\u6218\u65f6\u7684\u5b66\u751f\u90fd\u53ea\u4e13\u6ce8\u4e8e\u519b\u4e8b\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u548c\u6280\u80fd\uff0c\u800c\u548c\u5e73\u65f6\u671f\u5bf9\u77e5\u8bc6\u6280\u80fd\u7684\u8981\u6c42\u5219\u6709\u6240\u533a\u522b\u3002\u4e8e\u662f\uff0c\u8bb8\u591a\u5177\u5907\u7406\u8bba\u7814\u7a76\u7d20\u517b\u7684\u5b66\u751f\u90fd\u8ddf\u5b89\u5fb7\u68ee\u4e00\u6837\u6765\u54c8\u4f5b\u56de\u7089\u518d\u9020\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e2d\u768411\u4f4d\u9009\u62e9\u8ddf\u968f\u5927\u5b66\u65b0\u8058\u7684\u660e\u661f\u6559\u6388\u65bd\u6e29\u683c<\/span>\uff08Julian Schwinger\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u4ece\u4e8b\u539f\u5b50\u7269\u7406\u7814\u7a76\u3002\u800c\u5b89\u5fb7\u68ee\u5219\u5728\u6b64\u65f6\u8868\u9732\u51fa\u4e86\u4ed6\u6b64\u540e\u9891\u7e41\u5c55\u73b0\u7684\u53cd\u4e3b\u6d41\u7cbe\u795e\uff0c\u523b\u610f\u5730\u627e\u4e86\u4e2a\u4e0d\u559c\u6b22\u539f\u5b50\u7269\u7406\u7684\u501f\u53e3\uff0c\u8f6c\u800c\u8ddf\u4eceJohn Van Vleck\uff0c\u5e76\u9996\u6b21\u5b8c\u6210\u4e86\u5c0f\u5206\u5b50\u5fae\u6ce2\u5438\u6536\u8c31\u7684\u5b8c\u6574\u91cf\u5b50\u529b\u5b66\u7406\u8bba\u8ba1\u7b97\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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\u5b89\u5fb7\u68ee\u57281949\u5e74\u5b8c\u6210\u7684\u535a\u58eb\u6bd5\u4e1a\u8bba\u6587\uff0c\u81f3\u4eca\u4ecd\u88ab\u5e7f\u6cdb\u5f15\u7528\uff0c\u7136\u800c\u4ed6\u7684\u6c42\u804c\u8fc7\u7a0b\u5374\u9887\u4e3a\u8270\u96be\u3002\u9762\u8bd5\u5b98\u5bf9\u4e00\u4f4d\u8c19\u719f\u5206\u5b50\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u7684\u5e94\u8058\u8005\u63d0\u4e0d\u8d77\u592a\u5927\u5174\u8da3\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u4f3c\u4e4e\u66f4\u559c\u6b22\u539f\u5b50\u7269\u7406\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u4e13\u5bb6\u3002\u6700\u540e\uff0c\u5b89\u5fb7\u68ee\u53ea\u597d\u63a5\u53d7\u4e86\u8001\u5e08\u5e2e\u52a9\u5b89\u6392\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u804c\u4f4d\uff0c\u52a0\u5165\u8d1d\u5c14\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5ba4 William Shockley \u9886\u5bfc\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u5c0f\u7ec4\uff0c\u4ece\u4e8b\u56fa\u4f53\u7269\u7406\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u90a3\u662f\u5f53\u65f6\u7f8e\u56fd\u552f\u4e00\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e13\u6ce8\u4e8e\u6b64\u9886\u57df\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u8bfe\u9898\u7ec4\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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\u572820\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e2d\u671f\u7684\u90a350\u5e74\u65f6\u95f4\u91cc\uff0c\u8d1d\u5c14\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5ba4<\/span>\uff08Bell Labs\uff09<\/span>\u5927\u6982\u662f\u4e16\u754c\u4e0a\u6700\u597d\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u673a\u6784\u3002\u5b89\u5fb7\u68ee\u53d7\u76ca\u4e8e\u90a3\u91cc\u7684\u73af\u5883\uff0c\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5ba4\u4e5f\u56e0\u4ed6\u7684\u52a0\u5165\u800c\u53d7\u76ca\u9887\u4e30\u3002\u5728\u6700\u521d\u7684\u51e0\u4e2a\u6708\u91cc\uff0c\u4ed6\u9189\u5fc3\u7814\u8bfb\u4e861940\u5e74 Frederick Seitz \u6240\u8457\u7684 The Modern Theory of Solids<\/em>\uff0c\u8bc1\u5b9e\u4e86 Shockley \u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u5173\u4e8e\u949b\u9178\u94a1\u6c27\u5316\u9676\u74f7\u4e2d\u94c1\u7535\u6027\u8d77\u6e90\u7684\u731c\u60f3\uff0c\u8fd8\u5411\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b66\u672f\u671f\u520a\u4ff1\u4e50\u90e8\u63a8\u8350\u9c8d\u6797<\/span>\uff08Linus Pauling\uff09<\/span>\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u4ee5\u5171\u632f\u4ef7\u952e\u7406\u8bba\u89e3\u91ca\u91d1\u5c5e\u7ed3\u5408\u529b\u7684\u8bba\u6587\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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\u7136\u800c\u5c31\u540c\u8bb8\u591a\u5148\u524d\u8005\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u5b89\u5fb7\u68ee\u4e5f\u5f88\u5feb\u5bf9Shockley\u7684\u86ee\u6a2a\u98ce\u683c\u5931\u671b\u4e0d\u5df2\uff0c\u4ed6\u8f6c\u800c\u5411\u8d1d\u5c14\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5ba4\u7684\u53e6\u5916\u4e09\u540d\u6770\u51fa\u5b66\u8005\u5bfb\u6c42\u6307\u5bfc\uff0cGregory Wannier\u3001Conyers Herring \u548c Charles Kittel\u3002Wannier \u6559\u4f1a\u4e86\u4ed6\u70ed\u7231\u7edf\u8ba1\u529b\u5b66\uff0cHerring \u4e0d\u4ec5\u6559\u4f1a\u4e86\u4ed6\u56fa\u4f53\u7269\u7406\uff0c\u8fd8\u4f20\u6388\u4e86\u8bb8\u591a\u6587\u5b66\u65b9\u9762\u767e\u79d1\u5168\u4e66\u4e00\u822c\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\uff0cKittel \u6559\u4f1a\u4e86\u4ed6\u78c1\u5b66\u5e76\u4e14\u7279\u522b\u5efa\u8bae\u4ed6\u5728\u53cd\u94c1\u78c1\u6027\u65b9\u9762\u5c55\u5f00\u7814\u7a76<\/span>\uff08Kittel \u8457\u6709\u56fa\u4f53\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u7684\u7ecf\u5178\u6559\u6750\u300a\u56fa\u4f53\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bfc\u8bba\u300b\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u8fd9\u65b9\u9762\u6b64\u524d\u4e00\u76f4\u7f3a\u4e4f\u76f4\u63a5\u7684\u5b9e\u9a8c\u624b\u6bb5\uff0c\u5f53\u65f6\u521a\u51fa\u73b0\u7684\u78c1\u6027\u4e2d\u5b50\u6563\u5c04\u6280\u672f\u6b63\u597d\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u4e8e\u53cd\u94c1\u78c1\u6027\u5b9e\u9a8c\u7814\u7a76\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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\u56fe2. \u5b89\u5fb7\u68ee\u5728\u8d1d\u5c14\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5ba4\u7684\u5bfc\u5e08 Gregory Wannier, Conyers Herring \u548c Charles Kittel. | \u56fe\u7247\u6765\u6e90\uff1aWannier portrait courtesy of the AIP Emilio Segr\u00e8 Visual Archives, Physics Today Collection; Herring and Kittel portraits courtesy of the AIP Emilio Segr\u00e8 Visual<\/span><\/section>\n


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1952\u5e741\u6708\u5b89\u5fb7\u68ee\u5411\u300a\u7269\u7406\u8bc4\u8bba\u300b<\/span>\uff08Physical Review<\/em>\uff09<\/span>\u63d0\u4ea4\u4e86\u4f30\u7b97\u53cd\u94c1\u78c1\u6027\u91cf\u5b50\u7406\u8bba\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u8bba\u6587\uff0c\u8fd9\u7bc7\u6587\u7ae0\u5177\u6709\u76f8\u5f53\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u610f\u4e49\uff0c\u6b63\u662f\u5728\u8fd9\u7bc7\u6587\u7ae0\u4e2d\uff0c\u81ea\u53d1\u5bf9\u79f0\u6027\u7834\u7f3a<\/strong>\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u88ab\u9996\u6b21\u63d0\u51fa\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u5f88\u7279\u6b8a\u7684\u73b0\u8c61\uff0c\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u54c8\u5bc6\u987f\u91cf\u8868\u8ff0\u5f62\u5f0f\u660e\u660e\u5177\u5907\u67d0\u79cd\u5bf9\u79f0\u6027\uff0c\u7136\u800c\u7cfb\u7edf\u5374\u4f1a\u81ea\u53d1\u5730\u4ece\u591a\u4e2a\u7b80\u5e76\u7684\u5bf9\u79f0\u6784\u578b\u4e2d\u9009\u62e9\u4e00\u4e2a\u4ece\u800c\u5931\u53bb\u5bf9\u79f0\u6027\u3002\u5b89\u5fb7\u68ee\u5bf9\u6b64\u8ba8\u8bba\u4e86\u5f88\u591a\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u5c31\u63d0\u5230\u4e86\u4e0e\u540e\u6765\u6240\u8c13\u53e4\u5fb7\u65af\u901a\u6a21\u5f0f<\/span>\uff08Goldstone mode\uff09<\/span>\u9887\u4e3a\u7c7b\u4f3c\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u3002\u53ef\u60dc\u76f4\u523010\u5e74\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u4ed6\u5728\u5bf9\u79f0\u6027\u7834\u7f3a\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u521b\u89c1\u624d\u5f97\u5230\u4eba\u4eec\u7684\u5173\u6ce8\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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\u5728\u9047\u5230\u65e5\u672c\u7406\u8bba\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6 Ryogo Kubo \u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u5b89\u5fb7\u68ee\u5f88\u5feb\u5c31\u6536\u5230\u9080\u8bf7\u3002Kubo \u9080\u8bf7\u4ed6\u53bb\u4e1c\u4eac\u53c2\u52a0\u5728\u90a3\u91cc\u4e3e\u529e\u7684\u9996\u5c4a\u56fd\u9645\u7406\u8bba\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5927\u4f1a\uff0c\u5e76\u5728 Kubo \u7684\u7814\u7a76\u7ec4\u91cc\u53c2\u89c26\u4e2a\u6708\u3002\u8d1d\u5c14\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5ba4\u6279\u51c6\u4e86\u5b89\u5fb7\u68ee\u7684\u65e0\u85aa\u5047\u671f\uff0c1953\u5e749\u6708\uff0c\u4ed6\u643a\u5e26\u7740\u59bb\u5b50Joyce\u548c\u5973\u513fSusan\u62b5\u8fbe\u4e86\u65e5\u672c\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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\u56fe3. 1954\u5e741\u6708\uff0c\u5b89\u5fb7\u68ee\u4e0e\u59bb\u5b50Joyce\u548c\u5973\u513fSusan\u5728\u65e5\u672c\u3002| \u6765\u6e90\uff1aCourtesy of Hiroto Kono and the Kubo family.<\/span><\/section>\n


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\u5728\u4e1c\u4eac\u7684\u5927\u4f1a\u4e0a\uff0c\u5b89\u5fb7\u68ee\u5728\u4e94\u516d\u4e2a\u4e3b\u9898\u62a5\u544a\u73af\u8282\u4e2d\u90fd\u73b0\u573a\u63d0\u95ee\uff0c\u4ed6\u53d1\u73b0\u81ea\u5df1\u8ddf\u8fd9\u4e9b\u9876\u7ea7\u7406\u8bba\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\uff0cFelix Bloch\u3001Lars Onsager \u8fd8\u6709 Nevill Mott\uff0c\u90fd\u80fd\u975e\u5e38\u987a\u7545\u5730\u4ea4\u6d41\u3002\u968f\u540e\u5b89\u5fb7\u68ee\u81ea\u5df1\u6240\u505a\u7684\u5173\u4e8e\u5f53\u4ee3\u78c1\u6027\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u6f14\u8bb2\u4e5f\u5f97\u5230\u4e86Kubo\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u5e74\u8f7b\u65e5\u672c\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u4eec\u7684\u597d\u8bc4\uff0c\u8fd9\u4f7f\u4ed6\u4fe1\u5fc3\u5927\u589e\u3002\u5728\u56de\u5bb6\u7684\u8def\u4e0a\uff0c\u4ed6\u5df2\u7ecf\u610f\u8bc6\u5230\u81ea\u5df1\u4e0d\u518d\u53ea\u662f\u4e2a\u56fa\u4f53\u7269\u7406\u7684\u65b0\u624b\u7814\u7a76\u5458\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u4e2a\u5177\u5907\u4e86\u8db3\u591f\u80fd\u529b\u548c\u7814\u7a76\u54c1\u5473\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u8005\uff0c\u5b8c\u5168\u53ef\u4ee5\u72ec\u7acb\u5f00\u5c55\u7406\u8bba\u7269\u7406\u7814\u7a76\u5de5\u4f5c\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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\u5728\u8d1d\u5c14\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5ba4\u7684\u6700\u521d15\u5e74\u91cc\uff0c\u7531\u4ed6\u81ea\u5df1\u72ec\u7acb\u5b8c\u6210\u7684\u90a3\u4e9b\u8bba\u6587\u57fa\u672c\u90fd\u662f\u76f4\u89c9\u4e0e\u8be6\u7ec6\u8ba1\u7b97\u7684\u5b8c\u7f8e\u7ed3\u5408\u3002\u5176\u4e2d\u5c31\u5305\u62ec\u4ed6\u5c06\u5e93\u4f26\u6548\u5e94\u6574\u5408\u8fdb\u89e3\u91ca\u8d85\u5bfc\u73b0\u8c61\u7684 Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer<\/span>\uff08BCS\uff09<\/span>\u6a21\u578b\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u53e6\u5916\u90a3\u4e24\u7bc7\u4f7f\u4ed6\u83b7\u5f971977\u8bfa\u8d1d\u5c14\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5956\u7684\u8bba\u6587\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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\u5f15\u8d77\u8bfa\u5956\u8bc4\u59d4\u5173\u6ce8\u7684\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u5947\u7279\u7684\u73b0\u8c61\uff0c\u5b89\u5fb7\u68ee\u53d1\u73b0\u53d1\u73b0\u539f\u672c\u6b63\u5e38\u4f20\u64ad\u7684\u6ce2\u7adf\u7136\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u65e0\u5e8f\u4ecb\u8d28\u9650\u5236\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u533a\u57df\u5185\u3002\u540c\u5728\u8d1d\u5c14\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5ba4\u5de5\u4f5c\u7684\u540c\u4e8b George Feher \u6536\u96c6\u4e86\u5927\u91cf\u591a\u6676\u7845\u4e2d\u7684\u81ea\u65cb\u5171\u632f\u6570\u636e\uff0c\u900f\u8fc7\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8868\u9762\u4e0a\u7eb7\u7e41\u590d\u6742\u7684\u6570\u636e\uff0c\u5b89\u5fb7\u68ee\u6784\u5efa\u51fa\u4e86\u7535\u5b50\u5728\u65e0\u5e8f\u6676\u683c\u4e2d\u7684\u7b80\u5355\u884c\u4e3a\u6a21\u578b\u3002\u4ed6\u7531\u731c\u6d4b\u51fa\u53d1\u5e76\u7ee7\u800c\u8bc1\u660e\uff0c\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u65e0\u5e8f\u6676\u683c\u4e2d\u91cf\u5b50\u96a7\u7a7f\u6548\u4f1a\u88ab\u4e25\u91cd\u6291\u5236\uff0c\u4e8e\u662f\u539f\u672c\u53ef\u4ee5\u81ea\u7531\u7a7f\u884c\u4e8e\u6709\u5e8f\u6676\u683c\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u7535\u5b50\u5c31\u4f1a\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u65e0\u5e8f\u6676\u683c\u4e2d\u88ab\u7ea6\u675f\u3002\u5c31\u50cf\u81ea\u53d1\u5bf9\u79f0\u6027\u7834\u7f3a\uff0c\u65e0\u5e8f\u4f1a\u5bfc\u81f4\u6ce2\u51fd\u6570\u88ab\u7ea6\u675f\u5728\u5c40\u90e8\u533a\u57df\u5185\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u73b0\u8c61\u73b0\u5728\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u5b89\u5fb7\u68ee\u5c40\u57df\u5316<\/strong><\/span>\uff08Anderson localization\uff09<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

\u8bfa\u5956\u8bc4\u5ba1\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u6240\u5173\u6ce8\u7684\u53e6\u4e00\u7bc7\u8bba\u6587\uff0c\u662f\u5b89\u5fb7\u68ee\u5bf9\u5d4c\u5165\u65e0\u78c1\u6027\u91d1\u5c5e\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u5206\u5b50\u78c1\u77e9\u7684\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u5206\u5b50\u5177\u6709\u4e0d\u6210\u5bf9\u7684\u81ea\u65cb\u3002\u5b89\u5fb7\u68ee\u4ece\u540c\u4e8bBernd Matthias\u90a3\u91cc\u83b7\u5f97\u4e86\u76f8\u5173\u6570\u636e\uff0c\u5e76\u82b1\u4e86\u6570\u5468\u65f6\u95f4\u4ed4\u7ec6\u7814\u7a76\u3002\u6700\u7ec8\u5b8c\u6210\u7684\u90a3\u7bc7\u5173\u4e8e\u78c1\u77e9\u5206\u6790\u7684\u8bba\u6587\uff0c\u662f\u4ed6\u6240\u6709\u8bba\u6587\u4e2d\u6700\u4e3a\u51fa\u8272\u7684\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002\u4ed6\u603b\u7ed3\u4e86\u5b9e\u9a8c\u60c5\u51b5\uff0c\u4e5f\u8ba8\u8bba\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8bfe\u9898\u4ee5\u5f80\u7684\u7406\u8bba\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u4ed6\u7ed9\u51fa\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u6a21\u578b\u7684\u54c8\u5bc6\u987f\u91cf\uff0c\u5148\u5b9a\u6027\u8ba8\u8bba\u4e86\u7279\u6b8a\u60c5\u51b5\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u518d\u4f7f\u7528Hartree\u2013Fock\u65b9\u6cd5\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u5206\u6790\uff0c\u7531\u6b64\u5f97\u51fa\u91cd\u8981\u7ed3\u8bba\uff0c\u6700\u540e\u518d\u7ed9\u51fa\u4ed6\u6240\u4f30\u8ba1\u7684\u6781\u9650\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

\u5b89\u5fb7\u68ee\u559c\u6b22\u4e0e\u5b9e\u9a8c\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u804a\u5929\uff0c\u5bf9\u5b9e\u9a8c\u6d89\u53ca\u7684\u6280\u672f\u7ec6\u8282\u4e5f\u603b\u8868\u73b0\u51fa\u73b0\u5f3a\u70c8\u7684\u597d\u5947\u5fc3\u548c\u6c42\u77e5\u6b32\u3002\u4ed6\u82b1\u4e86\u8bb8\u591a\u65f6\u95f4\u53bb\u7406\u89e3\u5b9e\u9a8c\u7684\u52a8\u673a\u548c\u7b56\u7565\uff0c\u975e\u5e38\u4eab\u53d7\u90a3\u79cd\u4eb2\u624b\u62ff\u5230\u7b2c\u4e00\u624b\u5b9e\u9a8c\u6570\u636e\u7684\u6ee1\u8db3\u611f\u3002\u57281999\u5e74\u7f8e\u56fd\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u4f1a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u4e00\u6b21\u53e3\u8ff0\u5386\u53f2\u8bbf\u8c08\u4e2d\uff0c\u4ed6\u79f0\u81ea\u5df1\u201c\u516d\u6210\u662f\u7406\u8bba\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\uff0c\u56db\u6210\u662f\u5b9e\u9a8c\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6<\/strong>\u201d\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\uff0c\u4ed6\u4ece\u6765\u6ca1\u6709\u771f\u7684\u4eb2\u81ea\u5b8c\u6210\u8fc7\u4e00\u6b21\u5b9e\u9a8c\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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3. \u5251\u6865<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n

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<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/h3>\n


<\/p>\n

1961-1962\u5e74\u95f4\uff0c\u5b89\u5fb7\u68ee\u66fe\u5229\u7528\u4f11\u5047\u5e74\u5728\u5251\u6865\u5927\u5b66\u77ed\u6682\u6e38\u8bbf\u4e86\u4e00\u5e74\uff0c\u5728\u90a3\u671f\u95f4\u53ea\u53d1\u8868\u4e86\u4e00\u7bc7\u77ed\u5c0f\u7684\u8bba\u6587\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u5374\u76f4\u63a5\u4f7f\u53e6\u5916\u4e24\u4f4d\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u83b7\u5f97\u4e86\u8bfa\u8d1d\u5c14\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5956\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u4f4d\u662f\u7ea6\u745f\u592b\u68ee<\/span>\uff08Brian Josephson\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u4ed6\u4ece\u5b89\u5fb7\u68ee\u8bb2\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u751f\u8bfe\u4e0a\u5b66\u5230\u4e86\u5bf9\u79f0\u6027\u7834\u7f3a\u3002\u8bfe\u540e\u7ea6\u745f\u592b\u68ee\u548c\u5b89\u5fb7\u68ee\u4e3a\u4e86\u8d85\u5bfc\u7684\u5fae\u89c2\u6ce2\u51fd\u6570\u76f8\u4f4d\u7684\u542b\u4e49\u8ba8\u8bba\u4e86\u6570\u4e2a\u5c0f\u65f6\uff0c\u4e0d\u5230\u4e00\u5e74\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u7ea6\u745f\u592b\u68ee\u53d1\u8868\u4e86\u7b80\u77ed\u7684\u8bba\u6587\uff0c\u9884\u8a00\u4e86\u76f4\u6d41\u548c\u4ea4\u6d41\u7ea6\u745f\u592b\u68ee\u6548\u5e94\uff0c\u8fd9\u9879\u5de5\u4f5c\u4f7f\u7ea6\u745f\u592b\u68ee\u57281973\u5e74\u83b7\u5f97\u4e86\u8bfa\u8d1d\u5c14\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5956\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

\u5bf92013\u5e74\u83b7\u5f97\u8bfa\u5956\u7684\u5e0c\u683c\u65af<\/span>\uff08Peter Higgs\uff09<\/span>\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u5b89\u5fb7\u68ee\u4e5f\u540c\u6837\u8d77\u5230\u4e86\u7c7b\u4f3c\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u3002\u5728\u4e0e\u5251\u6865\u7684\u7c92\u5b50\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u54c1\u8336\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u5b89\u5fb7\u68ee\u542c\u8bf4\u4e86\u73b0\u6709\u7684\u89c4\u8303\u573a\u7406\u8bba\u65e0\u6cd5\u4f7f\u539f\u5b50\u6838\u4e2d\u643a\u5e26\u5f31\u529b\u7684\u7c92\u5b50\u5177\u6709\u8d28\u91cf\u3002\u4ed6\u5728\u95ea\u5ff5\u4e4b\u95f4\u5ffd\u7136\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u8fdb\u884c\u4e00\u4e9b\u53d8\u91cf\u66ff\u6362\uff0c\u4ed6\u65e9\u4e9b\u5e74\u7814\u7a76\u8fc7\u7684BCS\u8d85\u5bfc\u6a21\u578b\u4e2d\u7684\u5e93\u4f26\u6548\u5e94\uff0c\u6070\u597d\u5c31\u4e0e\u57fa\u672c\u7c92\u5b50\u7684\u8d28\u91cf\u5177\u6709\u76f8\u4eff\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u30021963\u5e74\uff0c\u5b89\u5fb7\u68ee\u5728\u300a\u7269\u7406\u8bc4\u8bba\u300b\u4e0a\u53d1\u8868\u4e86\u76f8\u5173\u6587\u7ae0\u3002\u5e0c\u683c\u65af\u654f\u9510\u5730\u610f\u8bc6\u5230\uff0c\u5b89\u5fb7\u68ee\u601d\u8def\u7684\u76f8\u5bf9\u8bba\u7248\u672c\u5c31\u6070\u597d\u662f\u6240\u9700\u7684\u7b54\u6848\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

\u5728\u4f11\u5047\u5e74\u7ed3\u675f\u540e\uff0c\u5b89\u5fb7\u68ee\u548c\u59bb\u5b50\u90fd\u5bf9\u82f1\u56fd\u4ea7\u751f\u4e86\u597d\u611f\uff0c\u4e8e\u662f\u5b89\u5fb7\u68ee\u6109\u5feb\u5730\u63a5\u53d7\u4e86\u5251\u6865\u7269\u7406\u7cfb\u4e3b\u4efb Mott \u7684\u9080\u8bf7\uff0c\u7528\u4e00\u534a\u65f6\u95f4\u4efb\u804c\u56fa\u4f53\u7269\u7406\u7406\u8bba\u7ec4\u7684\u6559\u804c\u3002\u8d1d\u5c14\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5ba4\u4e5f\u540c\u610f\u5b89\u5fb7\u68ee\u53ea\u7528\u4e00\u534a\u65f6\u95f4\u627f\u62c5\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5ba4\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u3002\u4ece1967\u52301975\u5e74\uff0c\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u65e5\u7a0b\u4f7f\u5f97\u4ed6\u5728\u5251\u6865\u4ece\u5341\u6708\u5230\u4e09\u6708\u4ece\u4e8b\u6559\u5b66\u548c\u6307\u5bfc\u7814\u7a76\u751f\u3002\u8fd9\u671f\u95f4\u4ed6\u4ece\u4e8b\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u5de5\u4f5c\u5217\u5728\u56fe4\u4e2d\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\u56fe4. \u5b89\u5fb7\u68ee\u4e00\u4e9b\u7814\u7a76\u6d3b\u52a8\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u7ebf\uff08\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6e05\u5355\u5e76\u4e0d\u5b8c\u6574\uff09\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

\u5b89\u5fb7\u68ee\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u91cd\u8981\u8d21\u732e\u662f\u5bf9\u8fd1\u85e4\u6548\u5e94<\/span>\uff08Kondo effect\uff09<\/span>\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\u3002\u8fd1\u85e4\u6548\u5e94\u662f\u6307\u63ba\u6709\u78c1\u6027\u6742\u8d28\u7684\u975e\u78c1\u6027\u91d1\u5c5e\uff0c\u5728\u6781\u4f4e\u6e29\u4e0b\u5176\u7535\u963b\u968f\u6e29\u5ea6\u7684\u53d8\u5316\u8d8b\u52bf\u7ebf\u4f1a\u51fa\u73b0\u4e00\u4e2a\u6781\u5c0f\u503c\u3002\u8981\u89e3\u91ca\u8fd9\u4e2a\u73b0\u8c61\uff0c\u5fc5\u987b\u6784\u5efa\u51fa\u53ef\u4ee5\u523b\u753b\u51fa\u57fa\u6001\u9644\u8fd1\u81ea\u65cb\u6784\u578b\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u6a21\u578b\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u6a21\u578b\u5728\u4f4e\u6e29\u6761\u4ef6\u4e0b\u9700\u8981\u8868\u73b0\u51fa\u8fd9\u79cd\u53cd\u5e38\u7684\u8d8b\u52bf\u53d8\u5316\u89c4\u5f8b\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\u662f60\u5e74\u4ee3\u6700\u5177\u6311\u6218\u6027\u7684\u7535\u5b50\u591a\u4f53\u95ee\u9898<\/strong>\u3002\u5b89\u5fb7\u68ee\u57281970\u5e74\u627e\u5230\u4e86\u7b54\u6848\u3002\u8d77\u521d\u4ed6\u4e0e\u4e24\u4f4d\u521d\u7ea7\u5408\u4f5c\u8005\u5b8c\u6210\u4e86\u4e00\u7bc7\u5145\u6ee1\u516c\u5f0f\u7684\u8bba\u6587\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u4ed6\u53c8\u72ec\u81ea\u5b8c\u6210\u4e86\u4e00\u7bc7\u66f4\u4e3a\u63d0\u7eb2\u6308\u9886\u4e5f\u66f4\u4f18\u96c5\u7684\u8bba\u6587\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u4e24\u7bc7\u8bba\u6587\u4e2d\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u53d1\u73b0\u91cd\u6574\u5316\u7fa4\u65b9\u6cd5<\/strong>\u7684\u53d1\u660e\u548c\u8fd0\u7528\uff0c\u6574\u6574\u65e9\u4e8e Kenneth Wilson \u4e00\u5e74\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

\u51e0\u5e74\u540e\uff0c\u5b89\u5fb7\u68ee\u4e0e\u6770\u51fa\u7684\u5a01\u5c14\u58eb\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6 Sam Edwards \u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u63cf\u8ff0\u5f02\u91d1\u5c5e\u5408\u91d1\u4e2d\u78c1\u6027\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u6a21\u578b\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u4eca\u5929\u5927\u540d\u9f0e\u9f0e\u7684\u81ea\u65cb\u73bb\u7483<\/strong>\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u5bf9\u81ea\u65cb\u57fa\u6001\u7684\u6c42\u89e3\u5728\u5f53\u65f6\u53ea\u662f\u4f30\u7b97\uff0c\u4f46\u5728\u8bd5\u56fe\u4f18\u5316\u7ed3\u679c\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u5f88\u5feb\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c\u65e0\u5e8f\u548c\u76f8\u4e92\u51b2\u7a81\u7684\u7ea6\u675f\u6761\u4ef6\u540c\u65f6\u51fa\u73b0\uff0c\u6697\u793a\u51fa\u6c42\u89e3\u7684\u8ba1\u7b97\u91cf\u5c06\u968f\u7740\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u81ea\u65cb\u6570\u91cf\u6307\u6570\u66b4\u589e\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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\u540c\u6837\u7684\u8ba1\u7b97\u91cf\u7206\u70b8\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u4e5f\u51fa\u73b0\u5728\u8bb8\u591a\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u4e4b\u5916\u7684\u9886\u57df\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u8457\u540d\u7684\u9500\u552e\u5458\u6700\u4f73\u8def\u7ebf\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u867d\u7136\u96be\u4ee5\u7cbe\u786e\u8ba1\u7b97\uff0c\u4f46\u5b89\u5fb7\u68ee\u7684\u6a21\u578b\u8fd8\u662f\u5386\u7ecf\u591a\u5e74\u4e00\u76f4\u4e3a\u4eba\u6240\u8877\u7231\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u4ed6\u7684\u6a21\u578b\u6240\u80fd\u591f\u63cf\u8ff0\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u5df2\u7ecf\u8d85\u51fa\u4e86\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u7684\u8303\u56f4\uff0c\u53ea\u8981\u7a0d\u5fae\u53d8\u52a8\u4e00\u4e9b\u53d8\u91cf\uff0c\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u5e94\u7528\u4e8e\u822a\u73ed\u65e5\u7a0b\u3001\u6a21\u5f0f\u8bc6\u522b\u3001\u96c6\u6210\u7535\u8def\u8bbe\u8ba1\u3001\u901a\u8baf\u7f16\u7801\u2026\u2026<\/span><\/p>\n


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4. More is different<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n

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1972\u5e74\uff0c\u5b89\u5fb7\u68ee\u53d1\u8868\u4e86\u4e00\u7bc7\u6587\u7ae0\uff0c\u9898\u76ee\u662f\u201cMore is different: Broken symmetry and the nature of the hierarchical structure of science\u201d<\/span>\uff08\u300a\u591a\u8005\u5f02\u4e5f\uff1a\u7834\u7f3a\u7684\u5bf9\u79f0\u6027\u4e0e\u79d1\u5b66\u5c42\u7ea7\u7ed3\u6784\u7684\u672c\u8d28<\/a>\u300b\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u8fd9\u7bc7\u6587\u7ae0\u65d7\u5e1c\u9c9c\u660e\u5730\u9a73\u65a5\u4e86\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u754c\u957f\u671f\u5f25\u6f2b\u7740\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u504f\u89c1\u3002\u8bb8\u591a\u4ece\u4e8b\u9ad8\u80fd\u7269\u7406\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u4f1a\u6709\u610f\u65e0\u610f\u5730\u8ba4\u4e3a\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u9886\u57df\u66f4\u4e3a\u57fa\u7840\uff0c\u4e5f\u66f4\u4e3a\u91cd\u8981\uff0c\u800c\u90a3\u4e9b\u56fa\u4f53\u7269\u7406\u548c\u51dd\u805a\u6001\u7269\u7406\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u5219\u76f8\u5bf9\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u8f83\u5f31\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u504f\u89c1\u4e0d\u4ec5\u4f53\u73b0\u5728\u5b66\u8005\u7684\u58f0\u671b\u540d\u8a89\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u4e5f\u4f53\u73b0\u5728\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u79d1\u7814\u7ecf\u8d39\u548c\u8d44\u6e90\u5206\u914d\u65b9\u9762\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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\u5b89\u5fb7\u68ee\u627f\u8ba4\u90e8\u5206\u8fd8\u539f\u8bba\u8005\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5728\u81ea\u7136\u754c\u4e2d\u6240\u770b\u5230\u7684\u4e00\u5207\uff0c\u5fc5\u7136\u7531\u57fa\u672c\u7c92\u5b50\u7684\u5c5e\u6027\u6784\u6210\u3002\u4ed6\u6240\u5426\u8ba4\u7684\u662f\u90a3\u4e9b\u8ba4\u4e3a\u591a\u7c92\u5b50\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u590d\u6742\u884c\u4e3a\u53ef\u4ee5\u76f4\u63a5\u4ece\u7b80\u5355\u7c92\u5b50\u7684\u5c5e\u6027\u63a8\u5bfc\u51fa\u6765\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u3002\u4e8b\u5b9e\u6070\u6070\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u81ea\u7136\u5728\u4e0d\u540c\u5c3a\u5ea6\u4e0a\u90fd\u5b58\u5728\u7740\u7b49\u5f85\u6211\u4eec\u53d1\u73b0\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u89c4\u5f8b\u548c\u6cd5\u5219\uff0c\u53ea\u5b58\u5728\u4e8e\u5b8f\u89c2\u5c3a\u5ea6\u4e0a\u7684\u90a3\u4e9b\u6cd5\u5219\uff0c\u5176\u57fa\u672c\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e1d\u6beb\u4e0d\u4e9a\u4e8e\u57fa\u672c\u7c92\u5b50\u5c3a\u5ea6\u4e0a\u7684\u7269\u7406\u89c4\u5f8b\u3002\u8bf8\u5982\u5bf9\u79f0\u6027\u7834\u7f3a\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u673a\u5236\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u53ea\u628a\u76ee\u5149\u96c6\u4e2d\u5728\u7eb3\u7c73\u5c3a\u5ea6\uff0c\u5c31\u51e0\u4e4e\u65e0\u6cd5\u627e\u5230\u5176\u51fa\u73b0\u7684\u539f\u56e0\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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\u5b89\u5fb7\u68ee\u5728\u201cMore is different\u201d\u4e2d\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u6d8c\u73b0\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u4e0d\u4ec5\u5728\u51dd\u805a\u6001\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u9886\u57df\u5f15\u8d77\u4e86\u6781\u5927\u5171\u9e23\uff0c\u5c31\u8fde\u5316\u5b66\u5bb6\u3001\u751f\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u3001\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u5bb6\u4ee5\u53ca\u90a3\u4e9b\u88ab\u5206\u5b50\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u5bb6\u8fb9\u7f18\u5316\u4e86\u7684\u201c\u5b8f\u89c2\u201d\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u5bb6\u4eec\uff0c\u90fd\u7eb7\u7eb7\u5f00\u59cb\u5bfb\u627e\u5e76\u5f3a\u8c03\u81ea\u5df1\u4e13\u4e1a\u9886\u57df\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u6027\u5185\u6838\u3002\u8fd8\u6709\u4eba\u5728\u5e94\u548c\u5b89\u5fb7\u68ee\u7684\u6587\u7ae0\u4e2d\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u63d0\u51fa\uff0c\u5f53\u7cfb\u7edf\u53d8\u5f97\u8db3\u591f\u5927\u65f6\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u4e0d\u5e94\u8be5\u518d\u601d\u8003\u5bf9\u79f0\u6027\u7684\u51cf\u5c11\uff0c\u800c\u5e94\u8be5\u601d\u8003\u590d\u6742\u5ea6\u7684\u589e\u52a0\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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10\u5e74\u540e\uff0c\u5b89\u5fb7\u68ee\u548c\u4e00\u4e9b\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u6210\u7acb\u4e86\u5723\u5854\u83f2\u7814\u7a76\u6240\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e13\u6ce8\u4e8e\u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u673a\u6784\u3002\u90a3\u91cc\u9f50\u805a\u6765\u81ea\u7ecf\u6d4e\u3001\u795e\u7ecf\u79d1\u5b66\u3001\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u79d1\u5b66\u7b49\u9886\u57df\u7684\u4e13\u5bb6\uff0c\u5df2\u7136\u6210\u4e3a\u590d\u6742\u6027\u548c\u975e\u7ebf\u6027\u52a8\u529b\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u4e00\u65b9\u6c83\u571f\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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5. \u666e\u6797\u65af\u987f<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n

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<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/h3>\n


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1975\u5e74\uff0c\u5b89\u5fb7\u68ee\u628a\u4ed6\u5728\u5251\u6865\u7684\u534a\u4e2a\u6559\u804c\u6362\u6210\u4e86\u666e\u6797\u65af\u987f\u5927\u5b66\u7684\u534a\u4e2a\u6559\u804c\u3002\u4ed6\u7684\u6559\u5b66\u65b9\u5f0f\u8fd8\u8ddf\u5728\u5251\u6865\u65f6\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u7ecf\u5e38\u663e\u5f97\u4e0d\u591f\u7cfb\u7edf\u6709\u5e8f\uff0c\u597d\u5728\u4ed6\u88ab\u5141\u8bb8\u6309\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u60f3\u6cd5\u6388\u8bfe\u3002\u5dee\u4e0d\u591a\u7ecf\u8fc7\u4e86\u8fd110\u5e74\u7684\u6559\u5b66\uff0c\u4ed6\u6700\u7ec8\u5199\u51fa\u4e86\u4e00\u672c\u51dd\u805a\u6001\u9886\u57df\u7684\u7ecf\u5178\u6559\u79d1\u4e66 Basic Notions of Condensed Matter Physics<\/em><\/span>\uff08\u300a\u51dd\u805a\u6001\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u6982\u5ff5\u300b\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u4f34\u968f\u8fd9\u8fd9\u672c\u4e66\u7684\u51fa\u7248\uff0c\u4ed6\u4e5f\u6b63\u5f0f\u4ece\u8d1d\u5c14\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5ba4\u9000\u4f11\uff0c\u5c06\u666e\u6797\u65af\u987f\u7684\u534a\u65f6\u6559\u804c\u6b63\u5f0f\u6539\u6210\u4e86\u5168\u65f6\u6559\u804c\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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\u5b89\u5fb7\u68ee\u5728\u666e\u6797\u65af\u987f\u4e5f\u4fdd\u6301\u7740\u4e00\u8d2f\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u98ce\u683c\uff1a\u5c06\u7406\u8bba\u7814\u7a76\u6839\u690d\u4e8e\u5b9e\u9a8c\u6570\u636e\uff1b\u4e50\u4e8e\u5bfb\u627e\u53d1\u73b0\u90a3\u4e9b\u5b9e\u9a8c\u6570\u636e\u4e0e\u5f53\u524d\u7406\u8bba\u4e0d\u7b26\u7684\u201c\u5f02\u5e38\u201d\uff1b\u6784\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u80fd\u591f\u5f70\u663e\u7269\u7406\u5185\u5bb9\u7684\u6a21\u578b\u54c8\u5bc6\u987f\u91cf\u3002\u4ed6\u8d85\u51e1\u7684\u76f4\u89c9\u7ecf\u5e38\u53ef\u4ee5\u5e2e\u4ed6\u76f4\u63a5\u627e\u5230\u7b54\u6848\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u5728\u6570\u5b66\u7684\u6280\u672f\u7ec6\u8282\u4e0a\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u9700\u8981\u4f9d\u9760\u4ed6\u4eba\u3002\u4e8e\u662f\u4ed6\u62db\u52df\u4e86\u4e09\u4f4d\u540c\u4e8b\uff0c\u5e76\u6566\u4fc3\u4ed6\u4eec\u6784\u5efa\u4e00\u5957\u5173\u4e8e\u65e0\u5e8f\u6027\u8bf1\u5bfc\u6ce2\u5c40\u57df\u5316\u7684\u6807\u5ea6\u7406\u8bba\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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\u5728\u56db\u4eba\u7684\u5171\u540c\u52aa\u529b\u4e4b\u4e0b\uff0c\u6700\u7ec8\u4e0d\u4ec5\u4f18\u96c5\u5730\u91cd\u73b0\u4e86\u5b89\u5fb7\u68ee\u5148\u524d\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u6ce2\u5c40\u57df\u5316\u7ed3\u679c\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5c06\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7ed3\u679c\u4ece\u539f\u6765\u76843\u7ef4\u63a8\u5e7f\u5230\u4e862\u7ef4\u548c1\u7ef4\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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\u505a\u5b89\u5fb7\u68ee\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u751f\u5e76\u4e0d\u5bb9\u6613\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u4ed6\u51e0\u4e4e\u4ece\u4e0d\u6307\u5bfc\u5982\u4f55\u7740\u624b\u5904\u7406\u8ba1\u7b97\u3002\u4e0d\u6b62\u4e00\u4e24\u4e2a\u5b66\u751f\u5c06\u4ed6\u5bf9\u7814\u7a76\u751f\u7684\u6307\u5bfc\u65b9\u5f0f\u6bd4\u4f5c\u201c\u795e\u8c15\u201d\u3002\u5b66\u751f\u4eec\u7ecf\u5e38\u5728\u4e0e\u4ed6\u5f00\u4f1a\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u4e00\u5934\u96fe\u6c34\u5730\u79bb\u5f00\u4f1a\u8bae\u5ba4\uff0c\u6839\u672c\u4e0d\u61c2\u4ed6\u60f3\u8868\u8fbe\u4ec0\u4e48\uff0c\u76f4\u5230\u51e0\u5468\u751a\u81f3\u51e0\u4e2a\u6708\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u624d\u4f1a\u604d\u7136\u5927\u609f\u3002\u4fc4\u56fd\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6 Anatoly Larkin \u66fe\u7ecf\u8bf4\u8fc7\uff0c\u201c\u4e0a\u5e1d\u900f\u8fc7\u5b89\u5fb7\u68ee\u5411\u6211\u4eec\u8bb2\u8bdd\uff0c\u4e0d\u53ef\u601d\u8bae\u7684\u662f\u4e0a\u5e1d\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u9009\u62e9\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e48\u4e00\u4f4d\u96be\u4ee5\u7406\u89e3\u7684\u4ee3\u8a00\u4eba\u3002\u201d[11]<\/span><\/p>\n


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6. \u8d85\u5bfc\u578b\u5927\u578b\u52a0\u901f\u5668SSC<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n

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1970\u5e74\u5b89\u5fb7\u68ee\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u4f1a\u4e00\u6b21\u4f1a\u8bae\u7684\u5e03\u544a\u680f\u4e0a\u5f97\u77e5\uff0c\u5efa\u8bbe\u56fd\u5bb6\u52a0\u901f\u5668\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5ba4<\/span>\uff08\u5373\u968f\u540e\u7684\u8d39\u7c73\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5ba4 Fermilab\uff0c\u62e5\u6709\u4e16\u754c\u4e0a\u7b2c\u4e8c\u9ad8\u80fd\u91cf\u7684\u7c92\u5b50\u52a0\u901f\u5668\uff0c\u4ec5\u6b21\u4e8eCERN\u7684\u5927\u578b\u5f3a\u5b50\u5bf9\u649e\u673a\uff09<\/span>\u7684\u9884\u7b97\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u5a01\u80c1\u5230\u5168\u56fd\u5176\u4ed6\u201c\u5c0f\u79d1\u5b66\u201d<\/span>\uff08small science\uff09<\/span>\u9879\u76ee\u7684\u8d44\u91d1\u3002\u4ed6\u968f\u5373\u5728\u300a\u65b0\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u300b\u6742\u5fd7\u4e0a\u64b0\u6587\u53cd\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5efa\u8bbe\u8ba1\u5212\uff0c\u5bf9\u9ad8\u80fd\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u754c\u5b9e\u8df5\u7684\u201c\u5927\u79d1\u5b66\u201d<\/span>\uff08Big Science\uff09<\/span>\u63d0\u51fa\u6279\u8bc4\u3002\u591a\u5e74\u540e\uff0c\u4ed6\u518d\u6b21\u6210\u4e3a\u8d85\u5bfc\u8d85\u5927\u578b\u52a0\u901f\u5668<\/span>\uff08SSC\uff09<\/span>\u7684\u53cd\u5bf9\u8005\uff0cSSC\u662f\u7f8e\u56fd\u5efa\u9020\u7684\u7528\u4e8e\u6d4b\u8bd5\u7c92\u5b50\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u6807\u51c6\u6a21\u578b\u7684\u5de8\u578b\u673a\u5668\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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1993\u5e748\u67084\u65e5\uff0c\u5b89\u5fb7\u68ee\u548c\u7406\u8bba\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u6e29\u4f2f\u683c<\/span>\uff08Steven Weinberg\uff0c2021\u5e747\u670823\u65e5\u901d\u4e16\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u6807\u51c6\u6a21\u578b\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u5960\u57fa\u8005\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u5728\u4e00\u573a\u542c\u8bc1\u4f1a\u4e0a\u80cc\u5bf9\u80cc\u63a5\u53d7\u52a0\u901f\u5668\u5efa\u8bbe\u9879\u76ee\u7684\u76f8\u5173\u8d28\u8be2\u3002\u6e29\u4f2f\u683c\u4e3a\u52a0\u901f\u5668\u9879\u76ee\u7684\u8fa9\u62a4\u59cb\u7ec8\u56f4\u7ed5\u7740\u8fd9\u9879\u7814\u7a76\u5de5\u4f5c\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u6027\uff0c\u800c\u5b89\u5fb7\u68ee\u5219\u8ba4\u4e3a\u6807\u51c6\u6a21\u578b\u662f\u5426\u88ab\u8bc1\u5b9e\u6216\u8bc1\u4f2a\u90fd\u4e0d\u503c\u5f97\u4e3a\u6b64\u4ed8\u51fa\u8fc7\u5ea6\u7684\u4ee3\u4ef7\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u4ee5\u727a\u7272\u5176\u4ed6\u7814\u7a76\u9886\u57df\u7684\u7ecf\u8d39\u4e3a\u4ee3\u4ef7\uff0c\u90a3\u4e9b\u7814\u7a76\u9886\u57df\u5177\u6709\u540c\u7b49\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u8bb8\u591a\u9886\u57df\u8fd8\u6709\u66f4\u5177\u5b9e\u9645\u4ef7\u503c\u7684\u8bfe\u9898\u4e9f\u5f85\u7814\u7a76\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5f53\u65f6\u6709\u4e00\u5927\u7b14\u94b1\u5df2\u7ecf\u6295\u5165\u5230\u52a0\u901f\u5668\u9879\u76ee\u4e2d\uff0c\u4f46\u5728\u542c\u8bc1\u4f1a\u540e\u4e24\u4e2a\u6708\u9879\u76ee\u5c31\u88ab\u53eb\u505c\u4e86\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

\u79d1\u5b66\u53f2\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u666e\u904d\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0cSSC\u9879\u76ee\u7684\u6700\u7ec8\u4e0b\u9a6c\u5176\u5b9e\u4e0e\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u8fa9\u8bba\u548c\u8a00\u8f9e\u5e76\u65e0\u592a\u5927\u5173\u8054\u3002\u4f7f\u653f\u5e9c\u548c\u8bae\u4f1a\u9009\u62e9\u653e\u5f03\u7684\u771f\u6b63\u539f\u56e0\uff0c\u5e94\u5f53\u5f52\u548e\u4e8e\u8fd9\u4e2a\u9879\u76ee\u4e0d\u65ad\u589e\u52a0\u7684\u6210\u672c\u9884\u7b97\uff0c\u7cdf\u7cd5\u7684\u9879\u76ee\u7ba1\u7406\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u653f\u5ba2\u4eec\u7684\u5404\u79cd\u6743\u8861\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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7. \u9ad8\u6e29\u8d85\u5bfc<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n

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<\/section>\n

<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/h3>\n


<\/p>\n

1986\u5e74\uff0c\u6574\u4e2a\u51dd\u805a\u6001\u7269\u7406\u9886\u57df\u4ea7\u751f\u4e86\u4e00\u6b21\u5927\u5730\u9707\uff0c\u6c27\u5316\u94dc\u9676\u74f7\u6750\u6599\u5728\u610f\u60f3\u4e0d\u5230\u7684\u9ad8\u6e29\u6761\u4ef6\u4e0b\u51fa\u73b0\u4e86\u8d85\u5bfc\u73b0\u8c61\u3002\u5b89\u5fb7\u68ee\u957f\u671f\u5173\u6ce8\u7740\u8d85\u5bfc\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u4ed6\u662f\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u5bf9\u65b0\u7684\u8d85\u5bfc\u73b0\u8c61\u63d0\u51fa\u89e3\u91ca\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u3002\u4ed6\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u5177\u6709\u6781\u5927\u98a0\u8986\u6027\uff0c\u5f7b\u5e95\u629b\u5f03\u4e86\u539f\u5148\u89e3\u91ca\u4f20\u7edf\u5408\u91d1\u8d85\u5bfc\u65f6\u60ef\u5e38\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u7535\u5b50-\u5149\u5b50\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\u673a\u5236\uff0c\u8f6c\u800c\u5f3a\u8c03\u7535\u5b50\u95f4\u7684\u77ed\u7a0b\u5e93\u4f26\u65a5\u529b\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

\u5b89\u5fb7\u68ee\u5728\u8bba\u6587\u4e2d\u5efa\u8bae\uff0c\u5bf9\u6c27\u5316\u7269\u8d85\u5bfc\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u5e94\u5f53\u4f7f\u7528\u51e0\u5e74\u524d John Hubbard \u6240\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u94c1\u78c1\u6a21\u578b\u3002\u987a\u4fbf\u63d0\u4e00\u4e0b\uff0c\u5b89\u5fb7\u68ee\u7ecf\u5e38\u5ba3\u79f0\u4ed6\u81ea\u5df1\u624d\u662f Hubbard \u6a21\u578b\u7684\u53d1\u660e\u4eba\uff0c\u8fd9\u57fa\u672c\u4e0a\u4e5f\u786e\u5b9e\u662f\u4e8b\u5b9e\u3002Hubbard \u6a21\u578b\u7684\u7cbe\u786e\u89e3\u81f3\u4eca\u90fd\u65e0\u4eba\u77e5\u6653\uff0c\u5b89\u5fb7\u68ee\u5927\u81f4\u731c\u6d4b\u51fa\u89e3\u7684\u8fb9\u754c\u8303\u56f4\uff0c\u5176\u57fa\u6001\u591a\u4f53\u6ce2\u51fd\u6570\u5c31\u4e0e40\u5e74\u524d\u5b89\u5fb7\u68ee\u4e0e\u540c\u4e8b\u9c8d\u6797\u6240\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u5171\u632f\u4ef7\u952e\u7684\u7535\u5b50\u6001\u975e\u5e38\u7c7b\u4f3c\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

1987\u5e743\u6708\u7f8e\u56fd\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u4f1a\u4e3e\u884c\u4e86\u4e00\u6b21\u5173\u4e8e\u9ad8\u6e29\u8d85\u5bfc\u4e3b\u9898\u7684\u8457\u540d\u4f1a\u8bae\uff0c\u5b89\u5fb7\u68ee\u662f\u4f1a\u4e0a\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u53d1\u8a00\u7684\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u3002\u4ed6\u4e0d\u4ec5\u8ddf\u4e0e\u4f1a\u5b66\u8005\u901a\u5bb5\u8fbe\u65e6\u5730\u8ba8\u8bba\uff0c\u8fd8\u662f\u552f\u4e00\u4e00\u540d\u51fa\u5e2d\u8bb0\u8005\u53d1\u5e03\u4f1a\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\uff0c\u8d1f\u8d23\u5728\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5929\u65e9\u6668\u4f1a\u8bae\u7ed3\u675f\u540e\uff0c\u5411\u516c\u4f17\u4ecb\u7ecd\u4f1a\u8bae\u60c5\u51b5\u3002\u5176\u4ed6\u7406\u8bba\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u5bf9\u65b0\u53d1\u73b0\u7684\u8d85\u5bfc\u4f53\u6709\u4e0d\u540c\u60f3\u6cd5\uff0c\u6b64\u540e20\u5e74\u65f6\u95f4\u91cc\uff0c\u5b89\u5fb7\u68ee\u59cb\u7ec8\u6ca1\u80fd\u4f7f\u5927\u591a\u6570\u540c\u4e8b\u63a5\u53d7\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u5176\u5b9e\u8fd9\u4e3b\u8981\u602a\u4ed6\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u672c\u6765\u5c31\u968f\u7740\u65b0\u53d1\u73b0\u7684\u5b9e\u9a8c\u7ed3\u679c\u4e0d\u505c\u53d8\u5316\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

\u5b89\u5fb7\u68ee\u662f\u4e2a\u813e\u6c14\u66b4\u70c8\u4e89\u5f3a\u597d\u80dc\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u4ed6\u8ddf\u51e0\u4e4e\u6240\u6709\u5b9e\u9a8c\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u90fd\u5173\u7cfb\u4e0d\u9519\uff0c\u4f46\u5728\u8ddf\u7406\u8bba\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u7684\u8fa9\u8bba\u4e2d\uff0c\u5374\u5f88\u5bb9\u6613\u8a00\u8f9e\u6fc0\u70c8\u3002\u4e0d\u5e78\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u4ed6\u5bf9\u5f85\u9ad8\u6e29\u8d85\u5bfc\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u6001\u5ea6\u63ba\u6742\u4e86\u8fc7\u591a\u4e2a\u4eba\u60c5\u7eea\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u4ed6\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u60f3\u6cd5\u4e5f\u7ecf\u5e38\u53d8\u5316\uff0c\u5374\u65e0\u6cd5\u5bb9\u5fcd\u5176\u4ed6\u7406\u8bba\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u62b1\u6709\u4e0d\u540c\u89c1\u89e3\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u56e0\u6b64\u65e0\u6cd5\u4e0e\u4ed6\u4eec\u5171\u4e8b\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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\u4e00\u4e9b\u4eba\u4f1a\u4ee5\u540c\u6837\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u56de\u5e94\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u9886\u57df\u6e10\u6e10\u53d8\u6210\u4e86\u706b\u836f\u5473\u5341\u8db3\u7684\u683c\u6597\u573a\uff0c\u8fd9\u4f7f\u8bb8\u591a\u5e74\u8f7b\u4eba\u4e0d\u613f\u610f\u52a0\u5165\u5176\u4e2d\u3002\u5982\u4eca\uff0c\u65e9\u5e74\u7684\u654c\u610f\u5df2\u7ecf\u6563\u53bb\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u4e00\u4e2a\u7406\u8bba\u80fd\u591f\u89e3\u91ca\u6240\u6709\u6c27\u5316\u7269\u8d85\u5bfc\u884c\u4e3a\u3002\u4e5f\u8bb8\u552f\u4e00\u88ab\u5e7f\u6cdb\u8ba4\u53ef\u7684\u5c31\u662f\u5b89\u5fb7\u68ee\u66fe\u5168\u529b\u62e5\u62a4\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\uff1a\u5fae\u5999\u96be\u6d4b\u4e4b\u611f\u4e5f\u8bb8\u6b63\u662f\u591a\u4f53\u7269\u7406\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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8. \u65e0\u61be\u7684\u4e00\u751f<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n

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<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/h3>\n


<\/p>\n

\u5b89\u5fb7\u68ee\u5728\u665a\u5e74\u751f\u6d3b\u4e2d\uff0c\u7ecf\u5e38\u4e0e\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5708\u5b50\u4e4b\u5916\u7684\u542c\u4f17\u6216\u8bfb\u8005\u6253\u4ea4\u9053\u3002\u4ed6\u4f1a\u5728\u671f\u520a\u6742\u5fd7\u4e0a\u53d1\u8868\u4e66\u8bc4\uff0c\u5185\u5bb9\u6d89\u53ca\u7684\u8303\u56f4\u4e5f\u4e0d\u9650\u4e8e\u7269\u7406\u5b66\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u4e0d\u9650\u4e8e\u79d1\u5b66\uff0c\u4ed6\u4f1a\u8c08\u8bba\u519b\u4e8b\u89c4\u6a21\u63a7\u5236\u3001\u590d\u6742\u6027\u3001\u5b97\u6559\u3001\u79d1\u5b66\u5708\u653f\u6cbb\u3001\u672a\u6765\u5b66\u3001\u6587\u5316\u51b2\u7a81\u3001\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u610f\u4e49\u3002\u4ed6\u601d\u8003\u79d1\u5b66\u54f2\u5b66\uff0c\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u4ed6\u8ba4\u8bc6\u5230\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\u66f4\u50cf\u5f7c\u6b64\u4ea4\u9519\u7684\u7f51\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u5c42\u7ea7\u7684\u6f14\u5316\u6811\u6216\u91d1\u5b57\u5854<\/strong>\u30021994\u5e74\u4ed6\u4e3a\u82f1\u56fd\u300a\u6bcf\u65e5\u7535\u8baf\u62a5\u300b\u6240\u5199\u7684\u968f\u7b14\u4e2d\u8bf4\u5230\uff0c\u5173\u4e8e\u79d1\u5b66\u6bcf\u4e2a\u4eba\u90fd\u5e94\u8be5\u77e5\u6653\u4ee5\u4e0b\u56db\u70b9\uff1a\u79d1\u5b66\u4e0d\u662f\u6c11\u4e3b\uff1b\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u4e0d\u80fd\u4ee3\u66ff\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\uff1b\u7edf\u8ba1\u6709\u65f6\u5019\u4f1a\u88ab\u8bef\u7528\u800c\u4e14\u7ecf\u5e38\u88ab\u8bef\u89e3\uff1b\u597d\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u6709\u7f8e\u5b66\u7279\u8d28\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

\u8fd9\u5176\u4e2d\u7684\u7b2c\u4e8c\u70b9\u53cd\u5e94\u4e86\u5b89\u5fb7\u68ee\u5bf9\u7406\u8bba\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u4e2d\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u7684\u4f7f\u7528\u5fc3\u5b58\u4e00\u79cd\u5fae\u5999\u7684\u611f\u53d7\uff0c\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u4ed6\u7fa1\u6155\u4e00\u4e9b\u670b\u53cb\u5728\u8ba1\u7b97\u65b9\u9762\u6240\u505a\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982 William McMillan \u548cVolker Heine\uff1b\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u4ed6\u6bd4\u5176\u4ed6\u540c\u5e74\u4ee3\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u66f4\u8f7b\u89c6\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u6240\u80fd\u8d77\u5230\u7684\u521b\u9020\u6027\u5e2e\u52a9\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u503e\u5411\u5bfc\u81f4\u4ed6\u8f7b\u89c6\u7269\u8d28\u7535\u5b50\u7ed3\u6784\u7684\u6570\u503c\u8ba1\u7b97\uff0c\u800c\u61d2\u5f97\u53bb\u719f\u6089\u8fd9\u4e00\u5b66\u79d1\u7684\u73b0\u72b6\u3002\u8bbd\u523a\u7684\u662f\u8fd1\u6765\u9ad8\u6e29\u8d85\u5bfc\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u8fdb\u5c55\uff0c\u51e0\u4e4e\u90fd\u6765\u81ea\u5bf9 Hubbard \u6a21\u578b\u53ca\u5176\u53d8\u4f53\u7684\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u4eff\u771f\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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\u53c2\u8003\u8d44\u6599<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

[1] L. Pl\u00e9vert, Pierre-Gilles de Gennes: A Life in Science, World Scientific (2011), p. 287.<\/span><\/p>\n

[2] A. Zangwill, A Mind Over Matter: Philip Anderson and the Physics of the Very Many, Oxford U. Press (2021).<\/span><\/p>\n

[3] P. W. Anderson, Phys. Rev. 86, 694 (1952).<\/span><\/p>\n

[4] P. W. Anderson, Phys. Rev. 109, 1492 (1958).<\/span><\/p>\n

[5] P. W. Anderson, Phys. Rev. 124, 41 (1961).<\/span><\/p>\n

[6] P. W. Anderson, Phys. Rev. 130, 439 (1963).<\/span><\/p>\n

[7] P. W. Anderson, G. Yuval, D. R. Hamann, Phys. Rev. B 1, 4464 (1970); <\/span>P. W. Anderson, J. Phys. C: Solid State Phys. 3, 2436 (1970).<\/span><\/p>\n

[8] S. F. Edwards, P. W. Anderson, J. Phys. F: Met. Phys. 5, 965 (1975).<\/span><\/p>\n

[9] P. W. Anderson, Science 177, 393 (1972).<\/span><\/p>\n

[10] E. Abrahams et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 42, 673 (1979).<\/span><\/p>\n

[11] P. W. Anderson, New Sci. 51, 510 (1971).<\/span><\/p>\n

[12] P. W. Anderson, Science 235, 1196 (1987).<\/span><\/p>\n

[13] P. W. Anderson, More and Different: Notes from a Thoughtful Curmudgeon, World Scientific (2011).<\/span><\/p>\n

[14] P. W. Anderson, Stud. Hist. Philos. Mod. Phys. 32, 487 (2001).<\/span><\/p>\n

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\u672c\u6587\u7ffb\u8bd1\u81ea\uff1aPhysics Today<\/em><\/span><\/section>\n
\u539f\u6587\u9898\u76ee\uff1a<\/span><\/section>\n
Philip Anderson: Virtuoso of condensed matter<\/span><\/section>\n
\u539f\u6587\u94fe\u63a5\uff1a<\/span><\/section>\n
https:\/\/physicstoday.scitation.org\/doi\/full\/10.1063\/PT.3.4960<\/span><\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/blockquote>\n


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