{"id":33556,"date":"2022-04-02T20:42:16","date_gmt":"2022-04-02T12:42:16","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/swarma.org\/?p=33556"},"modified":"2022-04-02T20:42:16","modified_gmt":"2022-04-02T12:42:16","slug":"%e6%84%8f%e8%af%86%e7%a0%94%e7%a9%b6%e5%85%a8%e6%99%af%e5%9c%b0%e5%9b%be%ef%bc%9a-%e9%97%ae%e9%a2%98%e5%92%8c%e8%bf%9b%e8%b7%af","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/swarma.org\/?p=33556","title":{"rendered":"\u610f\u8bc6\u7814\u7a76\u5168\u666f\u5730\u56fe\uff1a \u95ee\u9898\u548c\u8fdb\u8def"},"content":{"rendered":"
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n

<\/p>\n<\/section>\n

\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n

<\/section>\n<\/section>\n
\n
\n

\u5bfc\u8bed<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n

\n

<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n
\n
\n
\n

2020\u5e74\uff0c\u300aFrontiers in Psychology\uff1aConsciousness Research\u300b\u53d1\u8868\u4e00\u7bc7\u8bba\u6587\u4e2d\uff0c\u7efc\u8ff0\u4e86\u4e00\u7bc7\u610f\u8bc6\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u5168\u666f\u5730\u56fe\uff0c\u5b83\u7531\u4e00\u4efd\u5173\u4e8e\u610f\u8bc6\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u95ee\u9898\u6e05\u5355\u548c\u73b0\u6709\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u65b9\u6cd5\u96c6\u7ec4\u6210\u3002\u5176\u4e2d\u610f\u8bc6\u57fa\u672c\u95ee\u9898\u5206\u4e3a\u4e94\u4e2a\u7c7b\u522b\uff1a\u5b9a\u4e49\u6027\u7684\u3001\u73b0\u8c61\u5b66\u7684\u3001\u8ba4\u8bc6\u8bba\u7684\u3001\u5b58\u5728\u8bba\u7684\u548c\u4ef7\u503c\u8bba\u7684\u3002\u6bcf\u4e2a\u57fa\u672c\u7c7b\u522b\u90fd\u88ab\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u5212\u5206\u4e3a\u66f4\u591a\u786e\u5b9a\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u89e3\u51b3\u6bcf\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u73b0\u6709\u65b9\u6cd5\u4e5f\u88ab\u5206\u4e3a\u51e0\u7ec4\uff0c\u672c\u6587\u4f1a\u4ecb\u7ecd\u8fd9\u4e9b\u610f\u8bc6\u57fa\u672c\u95ee\u9898\u548c\u76f8\u5e94\u89e3\u51b3\u65b9\u6cd5\u9762\u5411\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u7814\u7a76\u8fdb\u8def\u3002<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n

\n
\n
\n
<\/svg><\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n
\n
<\/strong><\/section>\n<\/section>\n
\n

\u5341\u4e09\u7ef4<\/span> <\/span>| \u4f5c\u8005<\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

Mindverse Research<\/span> | \u6765\u6e90<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u5ed6\u6234\u4e3d<\/span> | \u7f16\u8f91<\/strong>
<\/p>\n


<\/p>\n


<\/section>\n
\n
\n
\n

\u8bba\u6587\u9898\u76ee\uff1a<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

A Map of Consciousness Studies: Questions and Approaches<\/span><\/p>\n

\u8bba\u6587\u94fe\u63a5\uff1a<\/span><\/p>\n

https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.530152\/full<\/span><\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/blockquote>\n


<\/section>\n

<\/section>\n<\/section>\n

“\u5982\u4f55\u5168\u9762\u5bf9\u610f\u8bc6\u95ee\u9898\u8fdb\u884c\u7814\u7a76\uff1f”<\/span><\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n

\n


<\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n

\n
\n
\n
\n
\n

<\/section>\n

<\/section>\n
\n
<\/svg><\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n
\n

1. \u5b9a\u4e49\u6027\u95ee\u9898<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<\/section>\n

\n

<\/section>\n

<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/h3>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n

<\/section>\n

\u6211\u4eec\u5e94\u8be5\u5982\u4f55\u5b9a\u4e49\u300c\u610f\u8bc6\u300d<\/span>\uff08consciousness\uff09<\/span>\u4e00\u8bcd\u53ca\u5176\u540c\u4e49\u8bcd\uff1f\u5b9a\u4e49\u6027\u95ee\u9898\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u5b50\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u4f46\u6709\u4e24\u79cd\u65b9\u6cd5\uff1a(I) \u57fa\u4e8e\u5b9e\u4f8b\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u548c (II) \u672c\u8d28\u5b9a\u4e49\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n<\/section>\n

\n
<\/section>\n<\/section>\n
\n


<\/p>\n

1.1 \u57fa\u4e8e\u5b9e\u4f8b\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\uff08example-based approach\uff09<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

\u57fa\u4e8e\u5b9e\u4f8b\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u5c06\u300c\u610f\u8bc6\u300d\u4e00\u8bcd\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e3a\u610f\u8bc6\u72b6\u6001\/\u4f53\u9a8c\u7684\u5178\u578b\u5b9e\u4f8b\u7684\u5171\u6709\u96c6\u5408\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u75bc\u75db\u4f53\u9a8c\u548c\u89c6\u89c9\u4f53\u9a8c<\/span>(Velmans,2009; Nida-R\u00fcmelin,2016; Prinz,2016; Schwitzgebe,2016)<\/span>\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u65b9\u6cd5\u53ef\u4ee5\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e00\u4e2a\u7406\u8bba\u4e0a\u4e2d\u7acb\u7684\u610f\u8bc6\u5b9a\u4e49\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u5728\u300c\u610f\u8bc6\u300d\u4e00\u8bcd\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e2d\u6ca1\u6709\u63d0\u5230\u4efb\u4f55\u72ec\u7279\u7684\u5c5e\u6027\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

\u4f46\u8fd9\u79cd\u65b9\u6cd5\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u53cd\u800c\u662f\uff0c\u5e94\u8be5\u5982\u4f55\u786e\u5b9a\u610f\u8bc6\u4f53\u9a8c\u7684\u5178\u578b\u4f8b\u5b50\u8303\u56f4\u662f\u4e0d\u6e05\u7684\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\u5982\u679c\u628a\u610f\u8bc6\u4f53\u9a8c\u7684\u5178\u578b\u4f8b\u5b50\u9650\u5236\u5f97\u592a\u7a84\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u610f\u8bc6\u7684\u8fb9\u7f18\u6848\u4f8b\uff0c\u5982\u65e0\u68a6\u7761\u7720\u548c\u690d\u7269\u4eba\u72b6\u6001\uff0c\u5c31\u53ef\u80fd\u88ab\u81ea\u52a8\u6392\u9664\u5728\u610f\u8bc6\u7814\u7a76\u4e4b\u5916\u3002\u7136\u800c\u76ee\u524d\u65e0\u68a6\u7761\u7720\u548c\u690d\u7269\u4eba\u72b6\u6001\u662f\u5426\u5b58\u5728\u610f\u8bc6\u8fd8\u5b58\u5728\u4e89\u8bae<\/span>(Shea&Bayne,2010\uff1bWindt,2016)<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

1.2 \u672c\u8d28\u5b9a\u4e49\u65b9\u6cd5\uff08essence-based approach\uff09<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

\u672c\u8d28\u5b9a\u4e49\u6cd5\u5bf9\u300c\u610f\u8bc6\u300d\u4e00\u8bcd\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\u6307\u51fa\u5176\u672c\u8d28\u5c5e\u6027\uff0c\u5982\u73b0\u8c61\u6027<\/span>(phenomenality\uff0c”\u5b83\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\u6837\u5b50\u7684\uff1f”,Chalmers,1997)<\/span>\uff0c\u5185\u5728\u7684\u5c5e\u6027\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u611f\u53d7\u6027<\/span>(qualitative)<\/span>\u7684\u4e3b\u89c2\u6027<\/span>(Searle,2000)<\/span>\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u53ef\u51c6\u786e\u62a5\u544a\u7684\u5c5e\u6027<\/span>(Baars,1993)<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

\u8fd9\u79cd\u65b9\u6cd5\u7684\u4f18\u70b9\u662f\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e3a\u610f\u8bc6\u4e00\u8bcd\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e00\u4e2a\u4fe1\u606f\u4e30\u5bcc\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\u3002\u4f46\u95ee\u9898\u662f\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5e94\u8be5\u628a\u4ec0\u4e48\u5c5e\u6027\u7b97\u4f5c\u662f\u610f\u8bc6\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\u5c5e\u6027\uff0c\u662f\u975e\u5e38\u6709\u4e89\u8bae\u7684\uff1b\u53ef\u80fd\u6ca1\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u5355\u4e00\u7684\u5c5e\u6027\u88ab\u6240\u6709\u7684\u610f\u8bc6\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u63a5\u53d7\u4e3a\u610f\u8bc6\u7684\u672c\u8d28\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u57fa\u4e8e\u672c\u8d28\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\u6cd5\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u5f15\u8d77\u5bf9\u610f\u8bc6\u7684\u6b63\u786e\u5b9a\u4e49\u7684\u4e89\u8bae\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

\u5982\u679c\u6211\u4eec\u5bf9\u610f\u8bc6\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\u91c7\u53d6\u591a\u5143\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u7acb\u573a\uff0c\u5141\u8bb8\u6709\u51e0\u4e2a\u4ee5\u4e0d\u540c\u65b9\u5f0f\u5b9a\u4e49\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u610f\u8bc6\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u5982\u300c\u73b0\u8c61\u610f\u8bc6\u300d<\/span>(phenomenal consciousness)<\/span>\u548c\u300c\u53d6\u7528\u610f\u8bc6\u300d<\/span>(access consciousness)(Block, 1995)<\/span>\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4e89\u8bae\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u89e3\u51b3\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5bf9\u591a\u5143\u8bba\u8005\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u5143\u5c42\u6b21\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u5c31\u51fa\u73b0\u4e86\uff1a\u8fd9\u4e9b\u610f\u8bc6\u6982\u5ff5\u4e4b\u95f4\u5b58\u5728\u4ec0\u4e48\u5173\u7cfb\uff1f\u5b83\u4eec\u662f\u5355\u4e00\u73b0\u8c61\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u8fd8\u662f\u6307\u7684\u662f\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u73b0\u8c61\uff1f<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n

\n
\n
\n
\n
\n

<\/section>\n

<\/section>\n
\n
<\/svg><\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n
\n

2. \u73b0\u8c61\u5b66\u95ee\u9898<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<\/section>\n

\n

<\/section>\n

<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/h3>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n

<\/section>\n

\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\u662f\u610f\u8bc6\u7684\u73b0\u8c61\u5b66\u95ee\u9898<\/span>(Phenomenological Question)<\/span>\uff1a\u610f\u8bc6\u5177\u6709\u54ea\u4e9b\u73b0\u8c61\u7279\u5f81\uff1f\u6839\u636e\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u5173\u6ce8\u4fa7\u9762\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u5206\u4e3a\u4e09\u4e2a\u5b50\u95ee\u9898\uff1a\u5185\u5bb9\u3001\u7ef4\u5ea6\u548c\u7ed3\u6784\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

– \u610f\u8bc6\u7684\u5185\u5bb9<\/span>\uff08content\uff09<\/span>\uff1a\u610f\u8bc6\u7684\u53ef\u53d8\u7279\u5f81\uff0c\u5982\u7ecf\u9a8c\u7684\u989c\u8272\u3001\u5f62\u72b6\u3001\u8fd0\u52a8\u3001\u5473\u9053\u6216\u611f\u53d7[2]\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/span><\/p>\n

– \u610f\u8bc6\u7684\u7ef4\u5ea6<\/span>\uff08dimension\uff09<\/span>\uff1a\u610f\u8bc6\u4f53\u9a8c\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u57fa\u7840\u7c7b\u522b\uff0c\u5982\u611f\u77e5\u3001\u8ba4\u77e5\u548c\u60c5\u611f\u7ef4\u5ea6<\/span>(Kriegel,2015)<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/span><\/p>\n

– \u610f\u8bc6\u7684\u7ed3\u6784<\/span>\uff08structure\uff09<\/span>\uff1a\u610f\u8bc6\u7684\u4e0d\u53d8\u7279\u5f81\uff0c\u5982\u7edf\u4e00\u6027\u548c\u56fe\u5f62-\u80cc\u666f\u7ed3\u6784<\/span>\uff08Bayne,2010;Watzl,2011;Macpherson,2015\uff09<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

\u867d\u7136\u5728\u610f\u8bc6\u54f2\u5b66\u4e2d\u901a\u5e38\u4f1a\u8ba8\u8bba\u610f\u8bc6\u672c\u8eab\u7684\u4e00\u822c\u7ed3\u6784\uff0c\u4f46\u4e5f\u4f1a\u5bf9\u610f\u8bc6\u6bcf\u4e2a\u9762\u5411\u7684\u5177\u4f53\u7ed3\u6784\u8fdb\u884c\u7814\u7a76\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n<\/section>\n

\n
<\/section>\n<\/section>\n
\n


<\/p>\n

\u5bf9\u610f\u8bc6\u73b0\u8c61\u6bcf\u4e2a\u5b50\u95ee\u9898\u7814\u7a76\u6709\u4e09\u79cd\u65b9\u6cd5\uff1a(I) \u5185\u7701\u6cd5\uff0c(II) \u89c2\u5bdf\u6cd5\uff0c\u548c\uff08III\uff09\u63a8\u7406\u6cd5\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

2.1 \u5185\u7701\u6cd5\uff08introspection approach\uff09<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

\u901a\u8fc7\u5e7f\u4e49\u7684\u5185\u7701\u6d3b\u52a8<\/span>\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\u53cd\u601d\u3001\u5185\u89c2\u3001\u51a5\u60f3\uff09<\/span>\u6765\u63a2\u7d22\u610f\u8bc6\u4f53\u9a8c\u7684\u73b0\u8c61\u5b66\u7279\u5f81\uff0c\u4e0d\u4ec5\u6d89\u53ca\u300c\u5c06\u6ce8\u610f\u529b\u8f6c\u5411\u5185\u90e8\uff0c\u5173\u6ce8\u81ea\u5df1\u540c\u65f6\u8fdb\u884c\u7684\u5185\u90e8\u6d3b\u52a8\u300d\u7684\u8ba4\u77e5\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff0c\u8fd8\u5305\u62ec\u8bb0\u5fc6\u3001\u60f3\u8c61\u548c\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u4f7f\u7528\u7b49<\/span>\uff08Kriegel,2015,P20-21\uff09<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u7684\u5185\u7701\u4e0d\u4ec5\u5305\u62ec\u60f3\u8c61\u4e00\u79cd\u610f\u8bc6\u4f53\u9a8c\uff0c\u5e76\u4ece\u6982\u5ff5\u4e0a\u63cf\u8ff0\u5176\u73b0\u8c61\u5b66\u7279\u5f81\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u5305\u62ec\u901a\u8fc7\u60f3\u8c61\u5c06\u5f53\u524d\u7684\u610f\u8bc6\u4f53\u9a8c\u4e0e\u8fc7\u53bb\u7684\u610f\u8bc6\u4f53\u9a8c\u8fdb\u884c\u6bd4\u8f83[5]\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

\u5185\u7701\u6cd5\u5bf9\u610f\u8bc6\u4f53\u9a8c\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u5185\u5bb9\u4ee5\u53ca\u91cd\u70b9\u7ef4\u5ea6\u548c\u7ed3\u6784\u6709\u4f5c\u7528\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5f53\u6211\u5185\u7701\u6211\u76ee\u524d\u559d\u4e8615\u5e74\u7684Springbank \u7684\u610f\u8bc6\u4f53\u9a8c\u65f6\uff0c\u6211\u80fd\u53d1\u73b0\u5b83\u6709\u751c\u5473\u3001\u70df\u718f\u5473\u3001\u54b8\u5473\u548c\u72ec\u7279\u7684\u786b\u78fa\u5473\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5b83\u7684\u5473\u9053\u5185\u5bb9\uff0c\u6709\u65f6\u95f4\u4e0a\u7684\u8fde\u7eed\u6027\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5b83\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u5b83\u6709\u77e5\u89c9\u548c\u6b23\u5feb\u75db\u89c9\u7684\u7ef4\u5ea6\u3002\u7136\u800c\u5728\u67d0\u4e9b\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u5185\u7701\u65b9\u6cd5\u5f88\u96be\u594f\u6548\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\u8981\u6355\u6349\u610f\u8bc6\u7684\u590d\u6742\u73b0\u8c61\u5b66\u7279\u5f81\uff0c\u5982\u6ce8\u610f\u529b\u8f6c\u79fb\u7684\u52a8\u6001\u4e92\u52a8\u548c\u996e\u7528 Springbank 15\u5e74\u7684\u5473\u9053\u53d8\u5316\u65f6\uff0c\u5c31\u9700\u8981\u590d\u6742\u7684\u5185\u7701\u6280\u80fd\uff0c\u4f46\u4e00\u822c\u4eba\u901a\u5e38\u7f3a\u4e4f\u8fd9\u79cd\u6280\u80fd\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u5185\u7701\u4f3c\u4e4e\u65e0\u6cd5\u786e\u5b9a\u4e00\u79cd\u77e5\u89c9\u7ecf\u9a8c\u662f\u5426\u5177\u6709\u56e0\u679c\u5173\u7cfb<\/span>\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u89e6\u6478\u5c4f\u5e55\u5bfc\u81f4\u5c4f\u5e55\u95ea\u70c1\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u81ea\u7136\u7c7b\u5c5e\u6027<\/span>\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\u6c34\uff09<\/span>\u662f\u5426\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5176\u5185\u5bb9<\/span>\uff08Siegel, 2007\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u610f\u8bc6\u662f\u5426\u5177\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u72ec\u7279\u7684\u8ba4\u77e5\u73b0\u8c61\u5b66\u7ef4\u5ea6<\/span>\uff08Spener, 2011\uff09<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

\u8fd9\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u5185\u7701\u6280\u80fd\u6ca1\u6709\u6210\u719f\u5230\u6240\u9700\u7684\u7a0b\u5ea6\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u4e0d\u6e05\u695a\u5185\u7701\u6570\u636e\u4e0e\u8fd9\u4e9b\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u9700\u8981\u5398\u6e05\u7684\u662f\u5185\u7701\u6570\u636e\u7a76\u7adf\u80fd\u9884\u6d4b\u4ec0\u4e48\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u6211\u4eec\u9664\u4e86\u4f53\u9a8c\u5230\u4e8b\u4ef6\u7684\u8fde\u7eed\u53d1\u751f\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u8fd8\u80fd\u6709\u610f\u8bc6\u5730\u4f53\u9a8c\u5230\u4e8b\u4ef6\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u56e0\u679c\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u6211\u4eec\u9664\u4e86\u4f53\u9a8c\u5230\u65e0\u8272\u900f\u660e\u6db2\u4f53\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u8fd8\u80fd\u6709\u610f\u8bc6\u5730\u4f53\u9a8c\u5230\u4f5c\u4e3a\u6c34\u7684\u5c5e\u6027\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u610f\u8bc6\u5b58\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u8ba4\u77e5\u7ef4\u5ea6\uff0c\u800c\u5bf9\u5176\u5b83\u7ef4\u5ea6\u5982\u611f\u89c9\u548c\u60f3\u8c61\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u8fd8\u539f\u7684\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

\u5982\u679c\u5728\u90a3\u91cc\u6ca1\u6709\u9884\u6d4b\u5230\u53ef\u5185\u7701\u7684\u5dee\u5f02\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u5185\u7701\u5c31\u53d8\u6210\u4e86\u65e0\u7528\u7684\u3002\u5185\u7701\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u66f4\u6839\u672c\u7684\u9650\u5236\u662f\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u7684\u5185\u7701\u4e0d\u80fd\u6709\u6548\u5730\u7406\u89e3\u4ed6\u65e0\u6cd5\u62e5\u6709\u7684\u610f\u8bc6\u4f53\u9a8c\u7684\u73b0\u8c61\u5b66\u7279\u5f81\u2014\u2014\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u6b63\u5e38\u4eba\u5f88\u96be\u901a\u8fc7\u5185\u7701\u6765\u7406\u89e3\u7cbe\u795e\u5206\u88c2\u75c7\u4f53\u9a8c\u548c\u901a\u611f\u4f53\u9a8c\u7684\u73b0\u8c61\u5b66\u7279\u5f81\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

2.2 \u89c2\u5bdf\u6cd5\uff08observation approach\uff09<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

\u662f\u6307\u4ece\u610f\u8bc6\u4f53\u9a8c\u62e5\u6709\u8005\u7684\u53ef\u89c2\u5bdf\u72b6\u6001\u548c\u884c\u4e3a\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u4e3b\u89c2\u62a5\u544a\u4e2d\u63a8\u65ad\u51fa\u610f\u8bc6\u4f53\u9a8c\u5177\u6709\u54ea\u4e9b\u73b0\u8c61\u5b66\u7279\u5f81\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5f53\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u62a5\u544a\u8bf4\u5979\u770b\u5230\u4e86\u4e00\u5757\u7ea2\u8272\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u6211\u4eec\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u63a8\u65ad\u51fa\u5979\u7684\u610f\u8bc6\u4f53\u9a8c\u6709\u7ea2\u8272\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\uff1b\u5f53\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u75db\u82e6\u5730\u547b\u541f\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u63a8\u65ad\u51fa\u5979\u6709\u75db\u82e6\u4f53\u9a8c\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u65b9\u6cd5\u53ef\u7528\u4e8e\u63a2\u7d22\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u81ea\u8eab\u96be\u4ee5\u62e5\u6709\u7684\u610f\u8bc6\u4f53\u9a8c\u7684\u73b0\u8c61\u5b66\u7279\u5f81\uff0c\u5982\u7cbe\u795e\u5206\u88c2\u75c7\u548c\u901a\u611f\u4f53\u9a8c\u3002\u539f\u5219\u4e0a\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u4ece\u610f\u8bc6\u4f53\u9a8c\u8005\u7684\u53ef\u89c2\u5bdf\u72b6\u6001\u548c\u884c\u4e3a\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u5185\u7701\u62a5\u544a\u4e2d\u63a8\u65ad\u51fa\u8fd9\u79cd\u610f\u8bc6\u4f53\u9a8c\u5177\u6709\u6709\u54ea\u4e9b\u73b0\u8c61\u5b66\u7279\u5f81<\/span>\uff08Hubbard and Ramachandran, 2003; Fuchs, 2007; SimmondsMoore, 2016\uff09<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

\u610f\u8bc6\u7684\u5b9e\u9a8c\u6027\u795e\u7ecf\u79d1\u5b66\u5728\u7814\u7a76\u8d1f\u8d23\u610f\u8bc6\u4f53\u9a8c\u7684\u73b0\u8c61\u5b66\u7279\u5f81\u7684\u795e\u7ecf\u5c5e\u6027\u65f6\u901a\u5e38\u91c7\u7528\u89c2\u5bdf\u6cd5\u2014\u2014\u4e3b\u89c2\u62a5\u544a\u6cd5<\/span>\uff08Tononi&Koch,2015\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u8fd9\u90e8\u5206\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u9700\u8981\u4ece\u8bb8\u591a\u5b9e\u9a8c\u53c2\u4e0e\u8005\u90a3\u91cc\u6536\u96c6\u5173\u4e8e\u795e\u7ecf\u6d3b\u52a8\u7684\u5b9a\u91cf\u6570\u636e\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u81ea\u5df1\u80fd\u5355\u72ec\u63d0\u4f9b\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

\u8fd9\u79cd\u65b9\u6cd5\u9762\u5bf9\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u5728\u4e8e\u5982\u4f55\u89e3\u91ca\u5b9e\u9645\u53ef\u89c2\u5bdf\u7684\u72b6\u6001\u548c\u884c\u4e3a\u3002\u7136\u800c\u5728\u5904\u7406\u975e\u5178\u578b\u610f\u8bc6\u4f53\u9a8c\u65f6\uff0c\u5373\u4fbf\u6709\u4f53\u9a8c\u7684\u5185\u7701\u62a5\u544a\u4e5f\u5f88\u96be\u89e3\u91ca\u3002\u4ee5\u4e0b\u662f\u4e00\u4f4d\u4eba\u683c\u89e3\u4f53\u7efc\u5408\u5f81\u60a3\u8005\u7684\u62a5\u544a\uff1a\u300c\u6211\u89c9\u5f97\u6211\u597d\u50cf\u6ca1\u6709\u751f\u547d\uff0c\u6211\u7684\u8eab\u4f53\u50cf\u4e00\u4e2a\u7a7a\u865a\u3001\u6ca1\u6709\u751f\u547d\u7684\u58f3\u3002\u4f3c\u4e4e\u4e0e\u4e16\u754c\u5269\u4e0b\u5730\u65b9\u5206\u5f00\uff0c\u597d\u50cf\u6211\u4e0d\u662f\u771f\u7684\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\u300d<\/span>\uff08Bockner, 1949, p. 969\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u5f88\u96be\u7406\u89e3\u75c5\u4eba\u7684\u7ecf\u5386\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\u6837\u5b50\u7684\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0cMichel<\/span> (2019) <\/span>\u6307\u51fa\u80cc\u666f\u4fe1\u5ff5<\/span>\uff08background beliefs\uff09<\/span>\u5728\u89e3\u91ca\u53ef\u89c2\u5bdf\u7684\u72b6\u6001\u548c\u884c\u4e3a\u4e2d\u8d77\u5173\u952e\u4f5c\u7528\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u610f\u8bc6\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5206\u6b67\u4e3b\u8981\u5728\u4e8e\u662f\u5426\u5c06\u67d0\u4e9b\u53ef\u89c2\u5bdf\u7684\u72b6\u6001\u548c\u884c\u4e3a\u89e3\u91ca\u4e3a\u5b58\u5728\u73b0\u8c61\u5b66\u7279\u5f81\u7684\u8bc1\u636e\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

2.3 \u63a8\u7406\u65b9\u6cd5\uff08reasoning approach\uff09<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

\u662f\u4ece\u4e00\u4e2a\u7ed9\u5b9a\u7684\u5173\u4e8e\u610f\u8bc6\u7684\u8bba\u9898\u4e2d\u63a8\u65ad\u51fa\u610f\u8bc6\u6709\u54ea\u4e9b\u73b0\u8c61\u5b66\u7279\u5f81\u3002\u4f8b\u5982 Pitt (2004) \u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u9274\u4e8e\u62e5\u6709\u610f\u8bc6\u4f7f\u6211\u4eec\u80fd\u591f\u5185\u7701\u5730\u77e5\u9053\u6211\u4eec\u5728\u60f3\u4ec0\u4e48\uff0c\u610f\u8bc6\u5fc5\u987b\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u8ba4\u77e5\u7ef4\u5ea6\uff0c\u4e14\u4e0e\u5176\u5b83\u7ef4\u5ea6\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u8fd8\u539f\u7684\u3002\u91c7\u7528\u8fd9\u79cd\u65b9\u6cd5\u7684\u4eba\u9762\u4e34\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u6311\u6218\u662f\uff0c\u5982\u4f55\u8bc1\u660e\u4e00\u4e2a\u4f5c\u4e3a\u63a8\u7406\u524d\u63d0\u5173\u4e8e\u610f\u8bc6\u7684\u8bba\u9898\u662f\u6b63\u786e\u7684\u3002\u800c\u4e14\u503c\u5f97\u6ce8\u610f\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u4e0d\u540c\u524d\u63d0\u4e5f\u4f1a\u5bf9\u8ba4\u8bc6\u8bba\u548c\u4ef7\u503c\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u6709\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u56de\u7b54\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n


<\/span><\/p>\n

\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n

\n
\n
\n
\n
\n

<\/section>\n

<\/section>\n
\n
<\/svg><\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n
\n

3. \u8ba4\u8bc6\u8bba\u95ee\u9898<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<\/section>\n

\n

<\/section>\n

<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/h3>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n

<\/section>\n

\u7b2c\u4e09\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\u662f\u610f\u8bc6\u7684\u8ba4\u8bc6\u8bba\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff1a\u6211\u4eec\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u77e5\u9053\u610f\u8bc6\u7684\uff1f\u5b83\u5206\u4e3a\u4e24\u4e2a\u5b50\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u8981\u7406\u89e3\u8c01\u7684\u610f\u8bc6\uff0c\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u610f\u8bc6<\/span>\uff08\u6211\u4eec\u5982\u4f55\u77e5\u9053\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u610f\u8bc6\uff1f\uff09<\/span>\u8fd8\u662f\u4ed6\u4eba\u7684\u610f\u8bc6<\/span>\uff08\u6211\u4eec\u5982\u4f55\u8ba4\u8bc6\u4ed6\u4eba\u7684\u610f\u8bc6\uff1f\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u5bf9\u8ba4\u8bc6\u8bba\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u6709\u4e09\u79cd\u65b9\u6cd5\uff1a(I) \u7b2c\u4e00\u4eba\u79f0\u63cf\u8ff0\u6cd5\uff0c(II) \u7b2c\u4e09\u4eba\u79f0\u63cf\u8ff0\u6cd5\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\uff08III\uff09\u6539\u8fdb\u6027\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n<\/section>\n

\n
<\/section>\n<\/section>\n
\n


<\/p>\n

\u7b2c\u4e00\u4eba\u79f0\u63cf\u8ff0\u6cd5<\/span>(first-person descriptive approach)<\/span>\uff1a\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e86\u6211\u4eec\u5982\u4f55\u4ece\u7b2c\u4e00\u4eba\u79f0\u89c6\u89d2\u8ba4\u8bc6\u81ea\u5df1\u548c\u4ed6\u4eba\u7684\u610f\u8bc6\u3002\u4ece\u7b2c\u4e00\u4eba\u79f0\u89c6\u89d2\u63cf\u8ff0\u5982\u4f55\u8ba4\u8bc6\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u610f\u8bc6\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u4ee5\u7b2c\u4e00\u4eba\u79f0\u6765\u63cf\u8ff0\u5185\u7701\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u65b9\u6cd5\u88ab\u7528\u4e8e\u6784\u5efa\/\u8bc4\u4f30\u5185\u7701\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u6709\u4e00\u4e9b\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u53cd\u601d\u5bf9\u77e5\u89c9\u7ecf\u9a8c\u7684\u5185\u7701\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff0c\u5e76\u5c06\u5176\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e3a\u300c\u900f\u660e\u6027\u300d<\/span>\uff08transparent\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u5373\u6211\u4eec\u901a\u8fc7\u5bf9\u5916\u90e8\u5bf9\u8c61\/\u4e8b\u4ef6\u7684\u610f\u8bc6\u6765\u4e86\u89e3\u6211\u4eec\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u77e5\u89c9\u7ecf\u9a8c\u7684\u5185\u5bb9<\/span>\uff08Harman, 1990; Tye, 2000\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u5185\u7701\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u6784\u5efa\/\u8bc4\u4f30\u90e8\u5206\u662f\u57fa\u4e8e\u77e5\u89c9\u7ecf\u9a8c\u7684\u900f\u660e\u5ea6\u3002\u5982\u679c\u4e00\u4e2a\u5185\u7701\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u6697\u793a\u5185\u7701\u5b8c\u5168\u4e0d\u540c\u4e8e\u77e5\u89c9\u610f\u8bc6\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7406\u8bba\u5c31\u4e0e\u77e5\u89c9\u7ecf\u9a8c\u7684\u900f\u660e\u5ea6\u76f8\u51b2\u7a81\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u4f1a\u88ab\u6d88\u6781\u5730\u8bc4\u4f30\u3002\u540c\u6837\uff0c\u4ece\u7b2c\u4e00\u4eba\u79f0\u89c6\u89d2\u6765\u63cf\u8ff0\u5982\u4f55\u8ba4\u8bc6\u4ed6\u4eba\u7684\u610f\u8bc6\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u7b2c\u4e00\u4eba\u79f0\u5730\u63cf\u8ff0\u8ba4\u8bc6\u4ed6\u4eba\u610f\u8bc6\u7ecf\u9a8c\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u3002\u4e00\u4e9b\u5173\u4e8e\u5982\u4f55\u8ba4\u8bc6\u4ed6\u4eba\u610f\u8bc6\u7ecf\u9a8c\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\u548c\u73b0\u8c61\u5b66\u7684\u63cf\u8ff0\uff0c\u90e8\u5206\u662f\u57fa\u4e8e\u5bf9\u8fd9\u79cd\u8fc7\u7a0b\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u4eba\u79f0\u89c6\u89d2\u63cf\u8ff0<\/span>\uff08Wittgenstein, 1980, sec. 570; Scheler, 2008; Overgaard, 2017\uff09<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

\u7b2c\u4e09\u4eba\u79f0\u63cf\u8ff0\u6cd5<\/span>(third-person descriptive approach)<\/span>\uff1a\u4ee5\u7b2c\u4e09\u4eba\u79f0\u89c6\u89d2\u63cf\u8ff0\u6211\u4eec\u5982\u4f55\u77e5\u9053\u81ea\u5df1\u548c\u4ed6\u4eba\u7684\u610f\u8bc6\u3002\u4ece\u7b2c\u4e09\u4eba\u79f0\u89d2\u5ea6\u63cf\u8ff0\u5982\u4f55\u8ba4\u8bc6\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u610f\u8bc6\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u4ee5\u7b2c\u4e09\u4eba\u79f0\u65b9\u5f0f\u63cf\u8ff0\u81ea\u5df1\u5185\u7701\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u65b9\u6cd5\u901a\u5e38\u4fa7\u91cd\u4e8e\u8d1f\u8d23\u5185\u7701\u7684\u795e\u7ecf\/\u5fc3\u7406\u8fc7\u7a0b<\/span>\uff08Fleming et al.,2010; Baird et al.,2013; Jacobs and Silvanto,2015)<\/span>\uff0c\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\u5185\u7701\u4e0e\u5143\u8ba4\u77e5\u6ca1\u6709\u533a\u522b\u3002<\/span>\uff08\u5173\u4e8e\u5185\u7701\u548c\u5143\u8ba4\u77e5\u6982\u5ff5\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u89c1Overgaard & Sandberg(2012, sec.1\uff09)<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

\u4e00\u79cd\u5173\u4e8e\u5185\u7701\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u53ef\u4ee5\u6839\u636e\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u53d1\u73b0\u6765\u8fdb\u884c\u8bc4\u4f30\u3002\u540c\u6837\uff0c\u4ece\u7b2c\u4e09\u4eba\u79f0\u89c6\u89d2\u63cf\u8ff0\u5982\u4f55\u8ba4\u8bc6\u4ed6\u4eba\u7684\u610f\u8bc6\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u4ee5\u7b2c\u4e09\u4eba\u79f0\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u6765\u63cf\u8ff0\u8ba4\u8bc6\u4ed6\u4eba\u7684\u610f\u8bc6\u7ecf\u9a8c\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u65b9\u6cd5\u5305\u62ec\u8bd5\u56fe\u63cf\u8ff0\u5fc3\u667a\u9605\u8bfb<\/span>\uff08mind reading\uff09<\/span>\u548c\u79fb\u60c5<\/span>\uff08empathy\uff09<\/span>\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u7b49\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u65b9\u9762\u6709\u4e9b\u4eba\u4e13\u6ce8\u4e8e\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u795e\u7ecf\/\u5fc3\u7406\u8fc7\u7a0b<\/span>\uff08Marsh,2018\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u6709\u4e9b\u4eba\u5219\u6d89\u53ca\u6211\u4eec\u8bd5\u56fe\u4e86\u89e3\u4ed6\u4eba\u610f\u8bc6\u7ecf\u9a8c\u7684\u5916\u90e8\u6761\u4ef6<\/span>\uff08Gallagher&Hutto,2008\uff09<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

\u6539\u8fdb\u6027\u65b9\u6cd5<\/span>(betterment approach)<\/span>\uff1a\u63a2\u8ba8\u7684\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u5982\u4f55\u80fd\u66f4\u597d\u5730\u4e86\u89e3\u610f\u8bc6\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u66f4\u597d\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e86\u89e3\u610f\u8bc6\u3002\u6709\u51e0\u4e2a\u7814\u7a76\u9879\u76ee\u53ef\u4ee5\u7b97\u4f5c\u662f\u6539\u8fdb\u6027\uff0c\u5982\u4e00\u4e9b\u63d0\u9ad8\u540c\u7406\u5fc3\u6280\u80fd\u7684\u57f9\u8bad\u9879\u76ee\u5df2\u7ecf\u88ab\u5f00\u53d1\u51fa\u6765<\/span>\uff08Lam,2011\uff1bEnglander,2014\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u540c\u6837\uff0c\u4e5f\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u7814\u7a76\u9879\u76ee\u8bbe\u8ba1\u4e00\u4e2a\u57f9\u8bad\u9879\u76ee\u6765\u63d0\u9ad8\u4e00\u822c\u7684\u5185\u7701\u6280\u80fd<\/span>\uff08Miyahara\uff0c2020\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u4e5f\u6709\u5f88\u591a\u4eba\u8bd5\u56fe\u53d1\u660e\u4e00\u79cd\u57fa\u4e8e\u8bbf\u8c08\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u4ee5\u66f4\u597d\u5730\u4e86\u89e3\u4ed6\u4eba\u7684\u610f\u8bc6\u4f53\u9a8c<\/span>\uff08Petitmengin, 2006; Langdridge, 2007; Giorgi, 2009; Petitmengin\u7b49\u4eba, 2019\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u5927\u8111\u89e3\u7801<\/span>\uff08brain-decoding\uff09<\/span> \u6280\u672f\u53ef\u7528\u4e8e\u66f4\u597d\u5730\u4e86\u89e3\u4ed6\u4eba\u7684\u610f\u8bc6\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u884c\u4e3a\u4e0a\u65e0\u53cd\u5e94\u7684\u75c5\u4eba\u7684\u7ecf\u9a8c<\/span>\uff08Naci,2017\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u628a\u66f4\u597d\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u53d1\u5c55\u7528\u6765\u89e3\u51b3\u73b0\u8c61\u5b66\u95ee\u9898\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n


<\/span><\/p>\n

\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n

\n
\n
\n
\n
\n

<\/section>\n

<\/section>\n
\n
<\/svg><\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n
\n

4. \u5b58\u5728\u8bba\u95ee\u9898<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<\/section>\n

\n

<\/section>\n

<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/h3>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n

<\/section>\n

\u7b2c\u56db\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\u662f\u5b58\u5728\u8bba\u95ee\u9898\uff1a\u610f\u8bc6\u5728\u4e16\u754c\u4e2d\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u5b9a\u4f4d\u7684\uff1f<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/span><\/p>\n

\u5b83\u5206\u4e3a\u4e24\u4e2a\u5b50\u95ee\u9898[3]\uff1a\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\u662f\u5fc3-\u8eab\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u6d89\u53ca\u610f\u8bc6\u548c\u7269\u7406\u4e16\u754c\uff08<\/span>\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u5927\u8111\uff09<\/span>\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\uff1b\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\u662f\u5206\u5e03\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u6d89\u53ca\u610f\u8bc6\u5728\u7269\u7406\u4e16\u754c\u4e2d\u5982\u4f55\u5206\u5e03<\/span>\uff08\u6362\u53e5\u8bdd\u8bf4\uff0c\u4ec0\u4e48\u6709\u610f\u8bc6\uff1f\uff09<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n<\/section>\n

\n
<\/section>\n<\/section>\n
\n


<\/p>\n

\u89e3\u51b3\u5fc3\u8eab-\u95ee\u9898\u6709\u4e24\u79cd\u65b9\u6cd5\uff1a(I) \u76f8\u5173\u6027\u65b9\u6cd5\u548c (II) \u63a8\u7406\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u5206\u5e03\u95ee\u9898\u4e5f\u6709\u4e24\u79cd\u65b9\u6cd5\uff1a(I) \u76f4\u89c9\u65b9\u6cd5\u548c (II)\u63a8\u7406\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

\u76f8\u5173\u6027\u65b9\u6cd5(correlation approach)\uff1a<\/span><\/strong>\u901a\u8fc7\u4f7f\u7528\u529f\u80fd\u6027\u78c1\u5171\u632f\u6210\u50cf<\/span>\uff08fMRI\uff09<\/span>\u7b49\u8111\u90e8\u626b\u63cf\u6280\u672f\u548c\u7ecf\u9885\u78c1\u523a\u6fc0<\/span>\uff08rTMS\uff09<\/span>\u7b49\u8111\u90e8\u523a\u6fc0\u6280\u672f\uff0c\u63a2\u7d22\u4ec0\u4e48\u795e\u7ecf\u6216\u4fe1\u606f\u7279\u5f81\u4e0e\u610f\u8bc6\u7684\u73b0\u8c61\u5b66\u7279\u5f81\uff08\u6216\u610f\u8bc6\u5b58\u5728\u672c\uff09\u5b58\u5728\u76f8\u5173\u3002\u7b80\u5355\u5730\u8bf4\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u63a2\u7d22 \u300c\u610f\u8bc6\u7684\u795e\u7ecf\u76f8\u5173\u56e0\u7d20<\/span>\uff08NCC\uff09<\/span>\u300d\uff0c\u5373\u5bf9\u610f\u8bc6\u7684\u7279\u5b9a\u5185\u5bb9\u3001\u7ef4\u5ea6\u6216\u7ed3\u6784\u6765\u8bf4\u8db3\u591f\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u6700\u5c0f\u795e\u7ecf\u5143\u673a\u5236<\/span>\uff08Crick and Koch, 1990\uff09<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

\u6709\u8bb8\u591a\u5173\u4e8e\u610f\u8bc6\u7684\u795e\u7ecf\u548c\u4fe1\u606f\u76f8\u5173\u6027\u7684\u53d1\u73b0<\/span>\uff08Koch\u7b49\u4eba\uff0c2016\uff1bBoly\u7b49\u4eba\uff0c2017\uff1bWu\uff0c2018\uff0c\u7b2c4\u30015\u8282\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u6709\u4eba\u53d1\u73b0\u89c6\u89c9\u573a\u666f\u7684\u610f\u8bc6\u4f53\u9a8c\u4e0e\u6211\u4eec\u5927\u8111\u7684\u6d77\u9a6c\u65c1\u4f4d\u7f6e\u533a<\/span>\uff08\u6d77\u9a6c\u65c1\u76ae\u5c42\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e9a\u533a\uff0c\u4f4d\u4e8e\u4e0b\u989e\u6795\u76ae\u5c42\u7684\u5185\u4fa7\uff09<\/span>\u7684\u6d3b\u52a8\u76f8\u5173<\/span>\uff08M\u00e9gevand\u7b49\u4eba\uff0c2014\uff09<\/span>\uff1b\u8fd8\u6709\u4eba\u53d1\u73b0\u4eba\u8138\u7684\u610f\u8bc6\u4f53\u9a8c\u4e0e\u540e\u90e8\u548c\u4e2d\u90e8\u7eba\u9524\u56de\u7684\u6d3b\u52a8\u76f8\u5173<\/span>\uff08Parvizi\u7b49\u4eba\uff0c2012\uff09<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

\u76f8\u5173\u65b9\u6cd5\u7684\u5c40\u9650\u6027\u5728\u4e8e\uff0c\u539f\u5219\u4e0a\u5b83\u4e0d\u80fd\u63ed\u793a\u610f\u8bc6\u548c\u7269\u7406\u4e16\u754c\u4e4b\u95f4\u6bd4\u76f8\u5173\u5173\u7cfb\u66f4\u5b9e\u5728\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u76f8\u5173\u5173\u7cfb\u4e0e\u8bb8\u591a\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b66\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u5982\u56e0\u679c\u5173\u7cfb\u3001\u80cc\u666f\u5173\u7cfb\u548c\u6807\u8bc6\u5173\u7cfb\u5177\u6709\u4e00\u81f4\u6027\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5b83\u4e0d\u80fd\u786e\u5b9a\u610f\u8bc6\u548c\u7269\u7406\u4e16\u754c\u4e4b\u95f4\u5b58\u5728\u54ea\u79cd\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b66\u5173\u7cfb<\/span>\uff08Kozuch and Kriegel, 2015\uff09<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

\u63a8\u7406\u65b9\u6cd5\uff08reasoning approach): <\/span><\/strong>\u662f\u4ece\u4e00\u4e2a\u7ed9\u5b9a\u7684\u5173\u4e8e\u610f\u8bc6\u7684\u8bba\u9898\u4e2d\u63a8\u65ad\u51fa\u610f\u8bc6\u548c\u7269\u7406\u4e16\u754c\u4e4b\u95f4\u5b58\u5728\u4ec0\u4e48\u5173\u7cfb\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0cPapineau<\/span>\uff082002\uff09<\/span>\u5c06\u610f\u8bc6\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f15\u8d77\u7269\u7406\u6548\u5e94\u7684\u56e0\u679c\u6548\u529b\u4f5c\u4e3a\u63a8\u7406\u7684\u5173\u952e\u524d\u63d0\uff0c\u5e76\u8ba4\u4e3a\u610f\u8bc6\u4e0e\u7269\u7406\u5c5e\u6027\u662f\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u3002Chalmers<\/span> (2010, pp.106-108)<\/span> \u5c06\u73b0\u8c61\u5b66\u50f5\u5c38\u7684\u53ef\u60f3\u8c61\u6027\u2014\u2014\u5373\u53ef\u4ee5\u60f3\u8c61\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u7269\u7406\u590d\u5236\u4f53\u7f3a\u4e4f\u610f\u8bc6\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u63a8\u7406\u7684\u5173\u952e\u524d\u63d0\uff0c\u7531\u6b64\u8ba4\u4e3a\u610f\u8bc6\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u7269\u7406\u7684\u3002\u63a8\u7406\u65b9\u6cd5\u53ef\u4ee5\u89e3\u51b3\u610f\u8bc6\u548c\u7269\u7406\u4e16\u754c\u4e4b\u95f4\u6709\u4ec0\u4e48\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u76f8\u5173\u5173\u7cfb\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u6b63\u5982\u6211\u4eec\u5728\u73b0\u8c61\u5b66\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u4e00\u8282\u4e2d\u6240\u770b\u5230\u7684\uff0c\u91c7\u7528\u8fd9\u79cd\u65b9\u6cd5\u7684\u4eba\u6240\u9762\u4e34\u7684\u6311\u6218\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u8bc1\u660e\u4f5c\u4e3a\u63a8\u7406\u7684\u5173\u952e\u524d\u63d0\u6b63\u786e\u800c\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u76f8\u5173\u610f\u8bc6\u7684\u8bba\u9898\u3002\u63a8\u7406\u65b9\u6cd5\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u56f0\u96be\u5728\u4e8e\u89e3\u51b3\u90a3\u4e9b\u4ee5\u4e0d\u540c\u65b9\u5f0f\u8bba\u8bc1\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u8bba\u70b9\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u51b2\u7a81\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u4ee5\u76f8\u53cd\u8bba\u70b9\u4e3a\u524d\u63d0\u63a8\u7406\u7684\u7269\u7406\u4e3b\u4e49\u548c\u53cd\u7269\u7406\u4e3b\u4e49\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

\u5206\u5e03\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u76f4\u89c9\u65b9\u6cd5\uff08intuition approach\uff09<\/span><\/strong>\u5219\u95ee\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u76f4\u89c9\u4ec0\u4e48\u6709\u610f\u8bc6\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

\u6211\u4eec\u901a\u5e38\u5bf9\u4ec0\u4e48\u80fd\u6709\u610f\u8bc6\u6709\u4e00\u4e9b\u76f4\u89c2\u7684\u60f3\u6cd5\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5728\u6211\u770b\u6765\uff0c\u5176\u5b83\u4eba\u7c7b\u662f\u6709\u610f\u8bc6\u7684\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u6beb\u65e0\u7591\u95ee\u7684\u3002\u8bb8\u591a\u5176\u4ed6\u79cd\u7c7b\u7684\u54fa\u4e73\u52a8\u7269\uff0c\u5982\u72d7\u548c\u732b\uff0c\u4f3c\u4e4e\u4e5f\u6709\u610f\u8bc6\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5fae\u89c2\u7269\u7406\u5b9e\u4f53\u548c\u673a\u5668\uff0c\u5982\u6211\u7684\u7b14\u8bb0\u672c\u7535\u8111\uff0c\u4f3c\u4e4e\u6ca1\u6709\u610f\u8bc6\u3002\u6211\u4e0d\u6e05\u695a\u6606\u866b\u548c\u690d\u7269\u662f\u5426\u6709\u610f\u8bc6\u3002\u5047\u8bbe\u76f4\u89c9\u662f\u4e86\u89e3\u4e16\u754c\u4e0a\u610f\u8bc6\u5206\u5e03\u7684\u53ef\u9760\u8ba4\u8bc6\u8bba\u9014\u5f84\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u8fd0\u7528\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u76f4\u89c9\u6765\u56de\u7b54\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5206\u5e03\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u65b9\u6cd5\u7684\u6700\u660e\u663e\u95ee\u9898\u662f\u8981\u8bc1\u660e\u76f4\u89c9\u5728\u4e16\u754c\u8303\u56f4\u5185\u7684\u610f\u8bc6\u5206\u5e03\u65b9\u9762\u662f\u53ef\u9760\u7684\u8fd9\u4e00\u5047\u8bbe\u3002
<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

\u63a8\u7406\u65b9\u6cd5\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u6765\u89e3\u51b3\u5206\u5e03\u95ee\u9898\uff1a\u4ece\u4e00\u4e2a\u7ed9\u5b9a\u7684\u5173\u4e8e\u610f\u8bc6\u7684\u8bba\u9898\u4e2d\u63a8\u65ad\u51fa\u4ec0\u4e48\u5177\u6709\u610f\u8bc6\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u6211\u4eec\u628a\u751f\u7269\u81ea\u7136\u4e3b\u4e49\u8ba4\u4e3a\u7684\u610f\u8bc6\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u751f\u7269\u73b0\u8c61<\/span>\uff08Searle, 1992\uff09<\/span>\u4f5c\u4e3a\u63a8\u7406\u7684\u524d\u63d0\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u63a8\u65ad\u51fa\u975e\u751f\u7269\u5b9e\u4f53\uff0c\u5982\u673a\u5668\u548c\u673a\u5668\u4eba\uff0c\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u6709\u610f\u8bc6\u3002\u5982\u679c\u6211\u4eec\u628a\u610f\u8bc6\u4e0e\u5185\u90e8\u751f\u6210\u548c\u6574\u5408\u4fe1\u606f\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u6574\u5408\u4fe1\u606f\u7406\u8bba<\/span>\uff08IIT\uff0cTononi\uff0c2008\uff09<\/span>\u4f5c\u4e3a\u63a8\u7406\u7684\u524d\u63d0\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f97\u51fa\u7ed3\u8bba\uff0c\u4efb\u4f55\u4ee5\u6574\u5408\u65b9\u5f0f\u751f\u6210\u4fe1\u606f\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u90fd\u6709\u610f\u8bc6\uff09<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

\u6b63\u5982\u6211\u4eec\u6240\u770b\u5230\u7684\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u65b9\u6cd5\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u56f0\u96be\u662f\u8981\u89e3\u51b3\u90a3\u4e9b\u628a\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u8bba\u70b9\u4f5c\u4e3a\u63a8\u7406\u524d\u63d0\u7684\u4eba\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u4e89\u8bba\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8bba\u70b9\u4ee5\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u5f97\u5230\u8bc1\u660e\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

\u503c\u5f97\u6ce8\u610f\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u5bf9\u5206\u5e03\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u56de\u7b54\u76f4\u63a5\u5f71\u54cd\u5230\u73b0\u8c61\u5b66\u548c\u8ba4\u8bc6\u8bba\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u8303\u56f4\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u82e5\u662f\u627f\u8ba4 IIT \u5219\u610f\u5473\u7740\u4ee5\u6574\u5408\u65b9\u5f0f\u4ea7\u751f\u4fe1\u606f\u7684\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u4e5f\u62e5\u6709\u610f\u8bc6\u3002\u5bf9IIT\u7684\u652f\u6301\u8005\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5982\u4f55\u80fd\u591f\u77e5\u9053\u8fd9\u79cd\u8ba1\u7b97\u610f\u8bc6\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u5c31\u4ea7\u751f\u4e86\u3002\u540c\u6837\uff0cIIT\u4e5f\u5f00\u542f\u4e86\u5173\u4e8e\u6b64\u7c7b\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u7684\u73b0\u8c61\u5b66\u95ee\u9898\u2014\u2014\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u610f\u8bc6\u6709\u4ec0\u4e48\u5185\u5bb9\u3001\u7ef4\u5ea6\u548c\u7ed3\u6784\uff1f<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n


<\/span><\/p>\n

\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n

\n
\n
\n
\n
\n

<\/section>\n

<\/section>\n
\n
<\/svg><\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n
\n

5. \u4ef7\u503c\u8bba\u95ee\u9898<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<\/section>\n

\n

<\/section>\n

<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/h3>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n

<\/section>\n

\u7b2c\u4e94\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\u662f\u4ef7\u503c\u8bba\u95ee\u9898\uff1a\u610f\u8bc6\u5177\u6709\u4ec0\u4e48\u4ef7\u503c\uff1f\u8fd9\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u8981\u89e3\u51b3\u4ec0\u4e48\u6837\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u5206\u4e3a\u56db\u4e2a\u5b50\u95ee\u9898\uff1a\u8ba4\u77e5\u7684\u3001\u8ba4\u8bc6\u7684\u3001\u9053\u5fb7\u7684\u548c\u5ba1\u7f8e\u7684\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

\u8ba4\u77e5\u4ef7\u503c<\/span>\uff08Cognitive Value\uff09<\/span> \uff1a\u610f\u8bc6\u4f7f\u5176\u62e5\u6709\u8005\u5177\u6709\u54ea\u79cd\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u8ba4\u77e5\u80fd\u529b\uff1f<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/span><\/p>\n

\u8ba4\u8bc6\u8bba\u4ef7\u503c <\/span>\uff08Epistemic Value Question\uff09<\/span>\uff1a\u610f\u8bc6\u4f7f\u4ed6\u7684\u62e5\u6709\u8005\u62e5\u6709\u4ec0\u4e48\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\uff1f<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/span><\/p>\n

\u9053\u5fb7\u4ef7\u503c<\/span>\uff08Moral Value Question\uff09<\/span> \uff1a\u610f\u8bc6\u4f7f\u4ed6\u7684\u62e5\u6709\u8005\u5177\u6709\u4ec0\u4e48\u6837\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u5730\u4f4d\uff1f<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/span><\/p>\n

\u5ba1\u7f8e\u4ef7\u503c<\/span>\uff08Aesthetic Value Question\uff09<\/span>\uff1a\u610f\u8bc6\u4f7f\u4ed6\u7684\u62e5\u6709\u8005\u5177\u6709\u4ec0\u4e48\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u5ba1\u7f8e\u4ef7\u503c\uff1f<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5b50\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u8303\u56f4\u4e0d\u9650\u4e8e\u610f\u8bc6\u672c\u8eab\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\uff0c\u800c\u53ef\u80fd\u5305\u62ec\u610f\u8bc6\u7684\u6bcf\u4e2a\u5185\u5bb9\u3001\u7ef4\u5ea6\u548c\u7ed3\u6784\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\u3002\u5bf9\u4e8e\u4ef7\u503c\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u6709\u4e09\u79cd\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002(I) \u7b2c\u4e00\u4eba\u79f0\u5bf9\u6bd4\u6cd5\uff0c(II) \u7b2c\u4e09\u4eba\u79f0\u5bf9\u6bd4\u6cd5\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca (III) \u63a8\u7406\u6cd5\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n<\/section>\n

\n
<\/section>\n<\/section>\n
\n


<\/p>\n

\u7b2c\u4e00\u4eba\u79f0\u5bf9\u6bd4\u6cd5(first-person contrast approach)\uff1a<\/span><\/strong>\u4ece\u7b2c\u4e00\u4eba\u79f0\u89c6\u89d2\u63a2\u8ba8\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u6709\u610f\u8bc6\u548c\u6ca1\u6709\u610f\u8bc6<\/span>\uff08\u6216\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u7684\u610f\u8bc6\u6709\u548c\u6ca1\u6709\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u73b0\u8c61\u5b66\u7279\u5f81\uff09<\/span>\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u5728\u76f8\u5173\u4ef7\u503c\u4e0a\u6709\u4ec0\u4e48\u533a\u522b\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u65b9\u6cd5\u901a\u5e38\u5305\u62ec\u4ee5\u4e0b\u4e24\u4e2a\u6b65\u9aa4\u3002(a) \u4ee5\u7b2c\u4e00\u4eba\u79f0\u60f3\u8c61\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u5931\u53bb\u4e86\u610f\u8bc6<\/span>\uff08\u6216\u5176\u610f\u8bc6\u7684\u7279\u5b9a\u73b0\u8c61\u5b66\u7279\u5f81\u6d88\u5931\u4e86\uff09<\/span>\uff0c(b) \u8003\u8651\u5979\u56e0\u6b64\u5931\u53bb\u4e86\u4ec0\u4e48\u4ef7\u503c\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u7279\u5f81\u3002Siewert<\/span>\uff081998,2014\uff09<\/span>\u91c7\u53d6\u8fd9\u79cd\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff081\uff09\u610f\u8bc6\u4f7f\u5176\u62e5\u6709\u8005\u7684\u751f\u547d\u6709\u4ef7\u503c\uff082\uff09\u53ea\u6709\u610f\u8bc6\u7684\u62e5\u6709\u8005\u624d\u80fd\u8fdb\u884c\u6709\u610f\u7684\u8ba4\u77e5\u6d3b\u52a8\u4e92\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff0c\u5982\u505a\u51fa\u5224\u65ad\u548c\u62e5\u6709\u6b32\u671b\u7b49\u3002\u53ef\u89c1\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e00\u70b9\u8868\u660e\u610f\u8bc6\u5177\u6709\u9053\u5fb7\u4ef7\u503c\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5ba1\u7f8e\u4ef7\u503c\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e8c\u70b9\u5219\u6d89\u53ca\u8ba4\u77e5\u4ef7\u503c\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

\u7b2c\u4e09\u4eba\u79f0\u5bf9\u6bd4\u6cd5(third-person contrast approach)\uff1a<\/span><\/strong>\u4ece\u7b2c\u4e09\u4eba\u89c6\u89d2\u63a2\u8ba8\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u6709\u610f\u8bc6\u548c\u7f3a\u4e4f\u610f\u8bc6\u60c5\u51b5\u5728\u76f8\u5173\u4ef7\u503c\u4e0a\u6709\u4ec0\u4e48\u533a\u522b\u3002Dehaene \u548c Naccache<\/span>\uff082001\uff09<\/span>\u91c7\u53d6\u4e86\u8fd9\u79cd\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u610f\u8bc6\u80fd\u591f\u5b9e\u73b0\u6301\u4e45\u548c\u660e\u786e\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u7ef4\u62a4\u3001\u65b0\u7684\u884c\u52a8\u7ec4\u5408\u548c\u610f\u5411\u6027\u884c\u4e3a\u3002Weiskrantz<\/span>\uff081997\uff09<\/span>\u5219\u5173\u6ce8\u4e0e\u610f\u8bc6\u76f8\u5173\u80fd\u529b\u4e27\u5931\u7684\u5e7f\u6cdb\u7efc\u5408\u75c7\uff0c\u5982\u76f2\u89c6\u548c\u5931\u8bed\u75c7\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u610f\u8bc6\u4e3a\u8fdb\u884c\u7075\u6d3b\u601d\u8003\u548c\u60f3\u8c61\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u57fa\u7840\u3002Kriegel<\/span>\uff082017\uff09<\/span>\u6bd4\u8f83\u4e86\u6211\u4eec\u5bf9\u6709\u610f\u8bc6\u7684\u4eba\u548c\u65e0\u610f\u8bc6\u7684\u4eba\u7684\u81ea\u7136\u6001\u5ea6\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u610f\u8bc6\u8d4b\u4e88\u5176\u62e5\u6709\u8005\u5c0a\u4e25\u8fd9\u4e00\u9053\u5fb7\u5730\u4f4d<\/span>\uff08\u53ef\u80fd\u8fd8\u6709\u4e00\u4e9b\u5176\u4ed6\u6761\u4ef6\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u6709\u4eba\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u53cd\u5bf9\u8bf4\uff0c\u4e0d\u8bc9\u8bf8\u610f\u8bc6\u4e5f\u80fd\u89e3\u91ca\u4ef7\u503c\u4e0a\u7684\u660e\u663e\u5dee\u5f02<\/span>\uff08Lau\uff0c2009\uff1bRosenthal\uff0c2008\uff09<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

\u63a8\u7406\u65b9\u6cd5(reasoning approach)\uff1a<\/span><\/strong>\u4ece\u4e00\u4e2a\u5173\u4e8e\u610f\u8bc6\u7684\u7ed9\u5b9a\u8bba\u9898\u4e2d\u63a8\u65ad\u51fa\u610f\u8bc6\u6709\u54ea\u4e9b\u4ef7\u503c\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0cTye<\/span>(1996)<\/span> \u628a\u610f\u8bc6\u7684\u8868\u5f81\u4e3b\u4e49\u89c2\u70b9\u4f5c\u4e3a\u63a8\u7406\u7684\u5173\u952e\u524d\u63d0\uff0c\u5e76\u5f97\u51fa\u7ed3\u8bba\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u610f\u8bc6\u4f7f\u5176\u62e5\u6709\u8005\u300c\u80fd\u591f\u505a\u5404\u79cd\u5404\u6837\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u6ca1\u6709\u5b83\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5c31\u4e0d\u80fd\u505a\u2014\u2014\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u8ba4\u8bc6\u7269\u4f53\uff0c\u907f\u514d\u649e\u5230\u5b83\u4eec\u300d\u3002\u6ce8\u610f\u529b\u56fe\u5f0f\u7406\u8bba<\/span>\uff08attentional schema\uff09<\/span>\u7684\u652f\u6301\u8005\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u610f\u8bc6\u662f\u6ce8\u610f\u529b\u7684\u5185\u90e8\u6a21\u5f0f<\/span>\uff08Graziano&Webb,2014\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u628a\u5b83\u4f5c\u4e3a\u63a8\u7406\u7684\u524d\u63d0\u5e76\u5f97\u51fa\u7ed3\u8bba\uff0c\u610f\u8bc6\u4f7f\u5176\u62e5\u6709\u8005\u80fd\u591f\u4ee5\u9002\u5f53\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u63a7\u5236\u6ce8\u610f\u529b\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n


<\/span><\/p>\n

\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n

\n
\n
\n
\n
\n

<\/section>\n

<\/section>\n
\n
<\/svg><\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n
\n

6. \u603b\u7ed3<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<\/section>\n

\n

<\/section>\n

<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/h3>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n

<\/section>\n<\/section>\n
\n
\n
\n

\u5728\u8fd9\u7bc7\u8bba\u6587\uff0c\u4ece\u5b9a\u4e49\u6027\u3001\u73b0\u8c61\u5b66\u3001\u8ba4\u8bc6\u8bba\u3001\u5b58\u5728\u8bba\u3001\u4ef7\u503c\u8bba\u4e94\u4e2a\u65b9\u9762\u8be6\u5c3d\u5730\u5212\u5206\u4e86\u610f\u8bc6\u9700\u8981\u89e3\u51b3\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u9762\u5411\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u548c\u5b50\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u6d89\u53ca\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b66\u3001\u5fc3\u7075\u54f2\u5b66\u3001\u73b0\u8c61\u5b66\u3001\u5fc3\u7075\u54f2\u5b66\u3001\u795e\u7ecf\u79d1\u5b66\u3001\u8111\u795e\u7ecf\u79d1\u5b66\u3001\u8ba4\u77e5\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u3001\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u3001\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u3001\u4fe1\u606f\u8bba\u3001\u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf\u79d1\u5b66\u7b49\u7b49\u3002\u867d\u7136\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u4e5f\u5206\u522b\u6307\u51fa\u4e86\u89e3\u51b3\u4e0d\u540c\u95ee\u9898\u548c\u5b50\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u8fdb\u8def\u548c\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u7136\u800c\u5374\u5e76\u4e0d\u5168\u9762\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5b9a\u4e49\u6027\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u53ea\u6307\u51fa\u4e86\u57fa\u4e8e\u5f52\u7eb3\u7684\u5b9e\u4f8b\u5b9a\u4e49\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u57fa\u4e8e\u672c\u8d28\u5c5e\u6027\u7684\u5185\u6db5\u5b9a\u4e49\u6cd5\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u63d0\u53ca\u64cd\u4f5c\u5b9a\u4e49\u65b9\u6cd5<\/span>\uff08operational definition\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u800c\u6211\u4eec\u77e5\u9053\u8457\u540d\u7684\u56fe\u7075\u6d4b\u8bd5\u5c31\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u64cd\u4f5c\u6027\u5b9a\u4e49\uff0c\u5728\u63a2\u5bfb\u751f\u547d\u5b9a\u4e49\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e5f\u4f1a\u4f7f\u7528\u64cd\u4f5c\u5b9a\u4e49\uff0c\u5373\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u80fd\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u4ee5\u7279\u5b9a\u6982\u5ff5\u9884\u5148\u5b9a\u4e49\u610f\u8bc6\uff0c\u6700\u540e\u5374\u80fd\u5f97\u5230\u6216\u521b\u9020\u51fa\u4e0e\u4e4b\u7b49\u4ef7\u7684\u610f\u8bc6\u8fc7\u7a0b\u6216\u5c5e\u6027\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/span><\/p>\n

\u6b64\u5916\u8fd8\u6bd4\u5982\uff0c\u5728\u8ba4\u8bc6\u8bba\u4e2d\u7ed3\u5408\u7b2c\u4e00\u4eba\u79f0\u548c\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4eba\u79f0\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u5728\u5b58\u5728\u8bba\u4e0a\u7ed3\u5408\u4e3b\u89c2\u548c\u5ba2\u89c2\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u8bba\u7b49\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n


<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n


<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\n
\n
\n
\n

\u590d\u6742\u79d1\u5b66\u6700\u65b0\u8bba\u6587<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n

\n


<\/p>\n<\/section>\n

\u96c6\u667a\u6591\u56fe\u9876\u520a\u8bba\u6587\u901f\u9012\u680f\u76ee\u4e0a\u7ebf\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u6301\u7eed\u6536\u5f55\u6765\u81eaNature\u3001Science<\/span>\u7b49\u9876\u520a\u7684\u6700\u65b0\u8bba\u6587\uff0c\u8ffd\u8e2a\u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf\u3001\u7f51\u7edc\u79d1\u5b66\u3001\u8ba1\u7b97\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u7b49\u9886\u57df\u7684\u524d\u6cbf\u8fdb\u5c55\u3002\u73b0\u5728\u6b63\u5f0f\u63a8\u51fa\u8ba2\u9605\u529f\u80fd\uff0c\u6bcf\u5468\u901a\u8fc7\u5fae\u4fe1\u670d\u52a1\u53f7\u300c\u96c6\u667a\u6591\u56fe\u300d\u63a8\u9001\u8bba\u6587\u4fe1\u606f\u3002\u626b\u63cf\u4e0b\u65b9\u4e8c\u7ef4\u7801\u5373\u53ef\u4e00\u952e\u8ba2\u9605\uff1a<\/span>
<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\n


<\/p>\n<\/section>\n


<\/p>\n

\n

\u63a8\u8350\u9605\u8bfb<\/span><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n