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2002\u5e74\uff0c\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u4e39\u5c3c\u5c14\u00b7\u5361\u5c3c\u66fc Daniel Kahneman\u88ab\u6388\u4e88\u8bfa\u8d1d\u5c14\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u5956\uff0c\u201c\u56e0\u4e3a\u4ed6\u5c06\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u6210\u679c\u6574\u5408\u5230\u7ecf\u6d4e\u79d1\u5b66\u4e2d\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u5173\u4e8e\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u6761\u4ef6\u4e0b\u4eba\u7c7b\u7684\u5224\u65ad\u548c\u51b3\u7b56\u3002\u201d2013\u5e74\uff0c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u5bb6\u7f57\u4f2f\u7279\u00b7\u5e0c\u52d2 Robert J. Shiller\u56e0\u201c\u5bf9\u8d44\u4ea7\u4ef7\u683c\u7684\u5b9e\u8bc1\u5206\u6790\u201d\uff08\u5c5e\u4e8e\u91d1\u878d\u5b66\u9886\u57df\uff09\u800c\u83b7\u5f97\u8bfa\u8d1d\u5c14\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u5956\u30022017\u5e74\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u5bb6\u7406\u67e5\u5fb7\u00b7\u6cf0\u52d2 Richard Thaler\u56e0\u4e3a\u4ed6\u201c\u5bf9\u884c\u4e3a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u7684\u8d21\u732e\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u4ed6\u5728\u4e0d\u7b26\u5408\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u539f\u7406\u7684\u4eba\u7c7b\u53ef\u9884\u6d4b\u6027\u975e\u7406\u6027\u884c\u4e3a\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u5f00\u521b\u6027\u5de5\u4f5c\u201d\u800c\u88ab\u6388\u4e88\u8bfa\u8d1d\u5c14\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u5956\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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\u4e9a\u5f53\u00b7\u65af\u5bc6Adam Smith\uff0c\u300a\u56fd\u5bcc\u8bba The Wealth of Nations\u300b(1776)\u548c\u300a\u9053\u5fb7\u60c5\u64cd\u8bba The Theory of Moral Sentiments\u300b(1759)\u7684\u4f5c\u8005<\/span><\/p>\n


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\u5728\u53e4\u5178\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u5fae\u89c2\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u4e0e\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u6709\u7740\u5bc6\u5207\u7684\u8054\u7cfb\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0cAdam Smith\u7684\u300a\u9053\u5fb7\u60c5\u64cd\u8bba\u300b\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u4e2a\u4eba\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u89e3\u91ca\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u4e00\u4e9b\u5bf9\u516c\u5e73\u548c\u6b63\u4e49\u7684\u60f3\u6cd5\u3002\u6770\u91cc\u7c73\u00b7\u8fb9\u6c81 Jeremy Bentham\u5199\u4e86\u5927\u91cf\u6587\u7ae0\u6765\u8ba8\u8bba\u6548\u7528\u7684\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u57fa\u7840\u3002\u7136\u540e\uff0c\u5728\u65b0\u53e4\u5178\u4e3b\u4e49\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66 neo-classical economics\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u5bf9\u7ecf\u6d4e\u884c\u4e3a\u4e3b\u4f53\u6027\u8d28\u7684\u5047\u8bbe\u6765\u63a8\u65ad\u884c\u4e3a\uff0c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u5bb6\u8bd5\u56fe\u5c06\u8be5\u5b66\u79d1\u91cd\u5851\u4e3a\u4e00\u95e8\u81ea\u7136\u79d1\u5b66\uff0c\u5373\u901a\u8fc7\u5bf9\u7ecf\u6d4e\u884c\u4e3a\u4e3b\u4f53\u6027\u8d28\u7684\u5047\u8bbe\u6765\u63a8\u65ad\u4e3b\u4f53\u884c\u4e3a\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4eba\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u2014\u2014\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4eba\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u57fa\u672c\u4e0a\u662f\u7406\u6027\u7684\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


\u65b0\u53e4\u5178\u4e3b\u4e49\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u5bb6\u7684\u786e\u7eb3\u5165\u4e86\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\uff1aFrancis Edgeworth\u3001Vilfredo Pareto\u548cIrving Fisher\u5c31\u662f\u5982\u6b64\u3002\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u572820\u4e16\u7eaaGabriel Tarde\uff0c\u4e54\u6cbb\u00b7\u5361\u6258\u7eb3 George Katona\u548cLaszlo Garai\u7684\u8457\u4f5c\u4e2d\u51fa\u73b0\u3002\u671f\u671b\u6548\u7528\u6a21\u578b\u548c\u6298\u6263\u6548\u7528\u6a21\u578b\u5f00\u59cb\u88ab\u63a5\u53d7\uff0c\u5728\u5b58\u5728\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\u548c\u8de8\u671f\u6d88\u8d39\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u751f\u6210\u6709\u5173\u51b3\u7b56\u7684\u5047\u8bbe\u3002\u7136\u800c\u4e00\u4e9b\u4eba\u4eec\u89c2\u5bdf\u5230\u7684\u3001\u9891\u7e41\u91cd\u590d\u7684\u5f02\u5e38\u60c5\u51b5\u6700\u7ec8\u6311\u6218\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5047\u8bf4\u3002\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u4e3a\u6b64\u91c7\u53d6\u4e86\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u7684\u6b65\u9aa4\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0cMaurice Allais\u8bbe\u5b9a\u4e86\u963f\u83b1\u6096\u8bba Allais paradox\u3002Allais\u57281953\u5e74\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u63d0\u51fa\u8fd9\u4e2a\u51b3\u7b56\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u5e76\u7528\u4ee5\u53cd\u5bf9\u671f\u671b\u6548\u7528\u5047\u8bf4\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


\u572820\u4e16\u7eaa60\u5e74\u4ee3\uff0c\u8ba4\u77e5\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66 cognitive psychology\u5f00\u59cb\u7ed9\u4e88\u5927\u8111\u8fd9\u4e00\u4fe1\u606f\u5904\u7406\u8bbe\u5907\uff08\u4e0e\u884c\u4e3a\u4e3b\u4e49\u6a21\u578b\u76f8\u5bf9\uff09\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u5173\u6ce8\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u9886\u57df\u7684\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\uff0c\u5982Ward Edwards\uff0cAmos Tversky\u548cDaniel Kahneman\u5f00\u59cb\u5c06\u5728\u4e00\u5b9a\u98ce\u9669\u6027\u548c\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\u4e0b\u505a\u51b3\u7b56\u7684\u8ba4\u77e5\u6a21\u578b\u4e0e\u7406\u6027\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u6a21\u578b\u8fdb\u884c\u6bd4\u8f83\u3002\u6570\u5b66\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u53cd\u6620\u4e86\u957f\u671f\u4ee5\u6765\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u5bf9\u504f\u597d\u4f20\u9012\u6027\u548c\u6548\u7528\u5ea6\u91cf\u7684\u5174\u8da3\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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\u8d6b\u4f2f\u7279\u00b7\u897f\u8499 Herbert A. Simon\uff0c1975\u5e74\u56fe\u7075\u5956\u548c1978\u5e74\u8bfa\u8d1d\u5c14\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u5956\u5f97\u4e3b<\/span><\/p>\n


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\u6709\u9650\u7406\u6027 Bounded rationality\u662f\u6307\uff0c\u5f53\u4e2a\u4f53\u505a\u51fa\u51b3\u7b56\u65f6\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u7406\u6027\u53d7\u9650\u4e8e\u51b3\u7b56\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u53ef\u64cd\u4f5c\u6027\u3001\u81ea\u8eab\u8ba4\u77e5\u7684\u5c40\u9650\u6027\u548c\u65f6\u95f4\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u89c2\u70b9\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u51b3\u7b56\u8005\u50cf\u6ee1\u610f\u8005\u4e00\u6837\u5bfb\u6c42\u4e00\u4e2a\u4ee4\u81ea\u5df1\u6ee1\u610f\u7684\u89e3\u51b3\u65b9\u6848\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u5bfb\u6c42\u6700\u4f73\u7684\u89e3\u51b3\u65b9\u6848\u3002Herbert A. Simon\u63d0\u51fa\u4ee5\u6709\u9650\u7406\u6027\u4e3a\u57fa\u7840\u66ff\u4ee3\u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u51b3\u7b56\u6570\u5b66\u6a21\u578b\uff0c\u8865\u5145\u4e86\u201c\u7406\u6027\u5373\u4f18\u5316\u201d\uff08\u5373\u51b3\u7b56\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b8c\u5168\u7406\u6027\u7684\uff0c\u57fa\u4e8e\u5df2\u6709\u4fe1\u606f\u83b7\u53d6\u6700\u4f73\u9009\u62e9\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff09\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u3002Simon\u7528\u4e00\u628a\u526a\u5200\u505a\u7c7b\u6bd4\u3002\u526a\u5200\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u5200\u7247\u4ee3\u8868\u4eba\u7c7b\u8ba4\u77e5\u7684\u5c40\u9650\u6027\uff0c\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u5200\u7247\u4ee3\u8868\u201d\u73af\u5883\u7ed3\u6784\u201d \uff0c\u4ee5\u6b64\u6765\u8bf4\u660e\u4eba\u7c7b\u601d\u7ef4\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u5229\u7528\u5df2\u77e5\u7684\u73af\u5883\u7ed3\u6784\u89c4\u5f8b\u6765\u5f25\u8865\u8d44\u6e90\u6709\u9650\u8fd9\u4e00\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


\u6709\u9650\u7406\u6027\u610f\u5473\u7740\uff0c\u8d70\u6377\u5f84\u7684\u7b56\u7565\u53ef\u80fd\u5bfc\u81f4\u4eba\u4eec\u505a\u51fa\u6b21\u4f18\u51b3\u7b56\u3002\u884c\u4e3a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u5bb6\u4ece\u4e8b\u4e3b\u4f53\u51b3\u7b56\u6377\u5f84\u7684\u7ed8\u5236\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u4ee5\u5e2e\u52a9\u4eba\u4eec\u63d0\u9ad8\u51b3\u7b56\u7684\u6709\u6548\u6027\u3002\u5173\u4e8e\u8fd9\u4e2a\u89c2\u70b9\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u8bba\u8ff0\u6765\u81ea\u5361\u65af \u00b7 \u6851\u65af\u5766Cass Sunstein\u548cRichard Thaler\u7684\u300a\u201c\u52a9\u63a8\u201d Nudge\u300b\u4e00\u4e66\u3002Sunstein\u548cThaler\u5efa\u8bae\uff0c\u9009\u9879\u7ed3\u6784 choice architectures\u5e94\u8be5\u6839\u636e\u4eba\u7c7b\u7684\u6709\u9650\u7406\u6027\u8fdb\u884c\u4fee\u6539\u3002Sunstein\u548cThaler\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u88ab\u5e7f\u6cdb\u5f15\u7528\u7684\u5efa\u8bae\u662f\uff0c\u4e3a\u4e86\u589e\u52a0\u4eba\u4eec\u9009\u62e9\u5065\u5eb7\u98df\u54c1\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u4e0d\u5065\u5eb7\u98df\u54c1\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\uff0c\u5e94\u8be5\u628a\u5065\u5eb7\u98df\u54c1\u653e\u5728\u4eba\u4eec\u7684\u89c6\u7ebf\u8303\u56f4\u5185\u3002\u4e00\u4e9b\u5bf9\u300a\u52a9\u63a8\u300b\u6301\u6279\u8bc4\u6001\u5ea6\u7684\u4eba\u5219\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u4fee\u6539\u9009\u9879\u7ed3\u6784\u5c06\u5bfc\u81f4\u4eba\u4eec\u6210\u4e3a\u66f4\u7cdf\u7cd5\u7684\u51b3\u7b56\u8005\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

\u524d\u666f\u7406\u8bba<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n

1979\u5e74\uff0cKahneman\u548cTversky\u53d1\u8868\u4e86\u300a\u524d\u666f\u7406\u8bba: \u98ce\u9669\u4e0b\u7684\u51b3\u7b56\u5206\u6790 Prospect Theory: An Analysis of Decision Under Risk\u300b\u4e00\u6587\uff0c\u8be5\u6587\u5229\u7528\u8ba4\u77e5\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u89e3\u8bfb\u4e86\u65b0\u53e4\u5178\u4e3b\u4e49\u7ecf\u6d4e\u51b3\u7b56\u7406\u8bba\u4e2d\u7684\u591a\u79cd\u5206\u6b67\u3002\u524d\u666f\u7406\u8bba Prospect theory\u5206\u4e3a\u4e24\u4e2a\u9636\u6bb5\uff1a\u7f16\u8f91\u9636\u6bb5\u548c\u8bc4\u4f30\u9636\u6bb5\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


\u5728\u7f16\u8f91\u9636\u6bb5\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u4f7f\u7528\u5404\u79cd\u542f\u53d1\u5f0f\u7b80\u5316\u98ce\u9669\u60c5\u51b5\u3002\u5728\u8bc4\u4f30\u9636\u6bb5\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u5229\u7528\u5404\u79cd\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u539f\u5219\u5bf9\u98ce\u9669\u9009\u9879\u8fdb\u884c\u8bc4\u4f30\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u539f\u5219\u4e2d\u5305\u62ec:<\/span><\/p>\n


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    \n
  • \n

    \u53c2\u8003\u4f9d\u8d56 Reference dependence\uff1a\u8bc4\u4f30\u7ed3\u679c\u65f6\uff0c\u51b3\u7b56\u8005\u4f1a\u786e\u5b9a\u4e00\u4e2a\u201c\u53c2\u8003\u6c34\u5e73\u201d\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u5c06\u7ed3\u679c\u4e0e\u53c2\u8003\u70b9\u8fdb\u884c\u6bd4\u8f83\u3002\u5982\u679c\u7ed3\u679c\u5927\u4e8e\u53c2\u8003\u70b9\u5219\u5f52\u7c7b\u4e3a\u201d\u6536\u76ca\u201d \uff0c\u5982\u679c\u5c0f\u4e8e\u53c2\u8003\u70b9\u5219\u4e3a\u201d\u635f\u5931\u201d\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    \u635f\u5931\u538c\u6076 Loss aversion\uff1a\u76f8\u6bd4\u8ffd\u6c42\u7b49\u4ef7\u7684\u6536\u76ca\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u66f4\u503e\u5411\u4e8e\u89c4\u907f\u635f\u5931\u3002\u57281992\u5e74\u7684\u8bba\u6587\u4e2d\uff0cKahneman\u548cTversky\u53d1\u73b0\u635f\u5931\u538c\u6076\u7cfb\u6570\u7684\u4e2d\u4f4d\u6570\u5927\u7ea6\u662f2.25\u3002\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u635f\u5931\u9020\u6210\u7684\u4f24\u5bb3\u662f\u540c\u7b49\u6536\u76ca\u76842.25\u500d\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    \u975e\u7ebf\u6027\u6982\u7387\u52a0\u6743\uff1a\u51b3\u7b56\u8005\u91cd\u5c0f\u6982\u7387\u800c\u8f7b\u5927\u6982\u7387\u2014\u2014\u8fd9\u5c31\u4ea7\u751f\u4e86\u53cd S \u578b\u7684\u201c\u6982\u7387\u52a0\u6743\u51fd\u6570\u201d\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    \u5bf9\u6536\u76ca\u548c\u635f\u5931\u7684\u654f\u611f\u5ea6\u9012\u51cf\uff1a\u5f53\u6536\u76ca\u548c\u635f\u5931\u7684\u5927\u5c0f\u76f8\u5bf9\u4e8e\u53c2\u8003\u70b9\u7684\u7edd\u5bf9\u503c\u589e\u52a0\u65f6\uff0c\u5bf9\u51b3\u7b56\u8005\u7684\u6548\u7528\u6216\u6ee1\u610f\u5ea6\u4ea7\u751f\u5f71\u54cd\u7684\u8fb9\u9645\u6548\u7528\u5c31\u4f1a\u51cf\u5f31\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n


    \u524d\u666f\u7406\u8bba\u80fd\u591f\u89e3\u91ca\u5df2\u6709\u7684\u4e24\u4e2a\u4e3b\u8981\u51b3\u7b56\u7406\u8bba\uff0c\u5373\u671f\u671b\u6548\u7528\u7406\u8bba expected utility theory\u548c\u7b49\u7ea7\u4f9d\u8d56\u6548\u7528\u7406\u8bba rank dependent utility theory\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u524d\u666f\u7406\u8bba\u4e5f\u80fd\u88ab\u7528\u6765\u89e3\u91ca\u73b0\u6709\u51b3\u7b56\u7406\u8bba\u96be\u4ee5\u89e3\u91ca\u7684\u73b0\u8c61\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u73b0\u8c61\u5305\u62ec\u540e\u5f2f\u7684\u52b3\u52a8\u529b\u4f9b\u7ed9\u66f2\u7ebf\u3001\u4e0d\u5bf9\u79f0\u7684\u4ef7\u683c\u5f39\u6027\u3001\u9003\u7a0e\u4ee5\u53ca\u80a1\u7968\u4ef7\u683c\u548c\u6d88\u8d39\u7684\u5171\u540c\u6ce2\u52a8\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


    1992\u5e74\uff0c\u5728\u300a\u98ce\u9669\u4e0e\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u6027 Risk and Uncertainty\u300b\u671f\u520a\u4e0a\uff0cKahneman\u548cTversky\u5bf9\u524d\u666f\u7406\u8bba\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u4fee\u6b63\uff0c\u5e76\u5c06\u4fee\u6b63\u7ed3\u679c\u79f0\u4e4b\u4e3a\u7d2f\u79ef\u524d\u666f\u7406\u8bba cumulative prospect theory<\/span>[17]<\/span>\u3002\u65b0\u7406\u8bba\u6d88\u9664\u4e86\u524d\u666f\u7406\u8bba\u4e2d\u7684\u7f16\u8f91\u9636\u6bb5\uff0c\u53ea\u6ce8\u91cd\u8bc4\u4f30\u9636\u6bb5\u3002\u5b83\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u7279\u70b9\u662f\u5141\u8bb8\u4ee5\u7d2f\u79ef\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u5bf9\u6982\u7387\u8fdb\u884c\u975e\u7ebf\u6027\u7684\u52a0\u6743\uff0c\u800c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u60f3\u6cd5\u6700\u521d\u51fa\u73b0\u4e8e\u7ea6\u7ff0\u00b7\u594e\u91d1 John Quiggin\u7684\u7b49\u7ea7\u4f9d\u8d56\u6548\u7528\u7406\u8bba\u4e2d\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


    \u4e00\u4e9b\u5fc3\u7406\u7279\u5f81\uff0c\u5982\u8fc7\u5ea6\u81ea\u4fe1\u3001\u6295\u5c04\u504f\u5dee\u548c\u6709\u9650\u7684\u6ce8\u610f\u529b\u7b49\u73b0\u5df2\u7ecf\u6210\u4e3a\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u3002\u5176\u4ed6\u8fdb\u5c55\u5305\u62ec\uff1a\u5728\u829d\u52a0\u54e5\u5927\u5b66\u4e3e\u884c\u7684\u4e00\u6b21\u4f1a\u8bae\uff0c\u300a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u5b63\u520a Quarterly Journal of Economics\u300b\u4e0a\u7684\u4e00\u671f\u884c\u4e3a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u7279\u520a\u300a\u7eaa\u5ff5\u963f\u83ab\u65af\u00b7\u7279\u6c83\u65af\u57fa In Memory of Amos Tversky\u300b\uff0c\u4ee5\u53caKahneman\u201c\u5c06\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u89c1\u89e3\u6574\u5408\u5230\u7ecf\u6d4e\u79d1\u5b66\u4e2d\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u5728\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u6761\u4ef6\u4e0b\u7684\u4eba\u7c7b\u5224\u65ad\u548c\u51b3\u7b56\u5c24\u4e3a\u91cd\u8981\u201d\u800c\u83b7\u5f97\u76842002\u5e74\u8bfa\u8d1d\u5c14\u5956\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


    <\/p>\n

    \u8de8\u671f\u9009\u62e9<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n

    <\/p>\n

    \u54c8\u4f5b\u5927\u5b66\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u6559\u6388\u5927\u536b\u00b7\u83b1\u5e03\u68ee David Laibson<\/span><\/p>\n


    <\/p>\n

    \u884c\u4e3a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u5df2\u7ecf\u88ab\u5e94\u7528\u5230\u8de8\u671f\u9009\u62e9\u4e2d\u3002\u8de8\u671f\u9009\u62e9\u662f\u6307\u5728\u67d0\u4e2a\u65f6\u95f4\u70b9\u505a\u51fa\u51b3\u7b56\uff0c\u5728\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u65f6\u95f4\u70b9\u83b7\u5f97\u8be5\u51b3\u7b56\u6240\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u6548\u679c\u3002\u8de8\u671f\u9009\u62e9\u884c\u4e3a\u5728\u5f88\u5927\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u662f\u4e0d\u4e00\u81f4\u7684\uff0cGeorge Ainslie\u7684\u53cc\u66f2\u6298\u6263\u5c31\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5f88\u597d\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\u2014\u2014David Laibson\u3001Ted O’Donoghue\u548cMatthew Rabin\u5219\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u53d1\u5c55\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e2a\u60f3\u6cd5\u3002\u53cc\u66f2\u6298\u6263\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e86\u4e00\u79cd\u503e\u5411\uff0c\u5373\u4e0e\u9065\u8fdc\u7684\u672a\u6765\u76f8\u6bd4\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u66f4\u503e\u5411\u4e8e\u5bf9\u5728\u8f83\u8fd1\u7684\u672a\u6765\u4f1a\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u6253\u6298\u6263\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u6298\u6263\u6a21\u5f0f\u5728\u52a8\u6001\u4e0a\u662f\u4e0d\u4e00\u81f4\u7684\uff08\u6216\u8005\u8bf4\u662f\u5728\u65f6\u95f4\u4e0a\u4e0d\u4e00\u81f4\u7684\uff09\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5b83\u4e0e\u7406\u6027\u9009\u62e9\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u6a21\u578b\u4e0d\u4e00\u81f4\u2014\u2014\u56e0\u4e3a\u65f6\u95f4 t \u548c t + 1\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u6298\u6263\u7387\u6bd4\u5728\u65f6\u95f4 t-1 \u548ct \u65f6\u4f4e\uff08\u5f53t\u662f\u8f83\u8fd1\u7684\u672a\u6765\u65f6\uff09\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u4e5f\u4f1a\u66f4\u9ad8\uff08\u5728\u65f6\u95f4 t \u4e3a\u73b0\u5728\uff0c \u800c t + 1 \u4e3a\u8f83\u8fd1\u7684\u672a\u6765\u65f6\uff09\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


    \u8fd9\u79cd\u6a21\u5f0f\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u6b21\u52a0\u6cd5\u6298\u6263\u6a21\u578b\u6765\u89e3\u91ca\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u6a21\u578b\u533a\u5206\u4e86\u6298\u6263\u7684\u5ef6\u8fdf\u548c\u6298\u6263\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u95f4\u9694\uff1a\u65e0\u8bba\u6298\u6263\u4f55\u65f6\u53d1\u751f\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u5728\u8f83\u77ed\u7684\u6298\u6263\u65f6\u95f4\u95f4\u9694\u5185\u90fd\u7f3a\u4e4f\u8010\u5fc3\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


    <\/p>\n

    \u7814\u7a76\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u9886\u57df<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n

    \u884c\u4e3a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u5206\u652f\u4e30\u5bcc\u4e86\u6548\u7528\u51fd\u6570\u6a21\u578b\uff0c\u4f46\u5e76\u4e0d\u8574\u542b\u504f\u597d\u7684\u4e0d\u4e00\u81f4\u6027\u3002\u6069\u65af\u7279\u00b7\u8d39\u5c14 Ernst Fehr\u3001\u963f\u660e\u00b7\u798f\u67ef Armin Falk\u548c \u62c9\u5bbe Rabin \u7814\u7a76\u4e86\u516c\u5e73\u3001\u4e0d\u516c\u5e73\u538c\u6076 inequity aversion\u548c\u4e92\u60e0\u5229\u4ed6reciprocal altruism\uff0c\u524a\u5f31\u4e86\u65b0\u53e4\u5178\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e2d\u5b8c\u7f8e\u81ea\u79c1\u7684\u5047\u8bbe\u3002\u8fd9\u9879\u5de5\u4f5c\u7279\u522b\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u5de5\u8d44\u786e\u5b9a\u8fd9\u4e00\u95ee\u9898\u3002Gneezy \u3001 Rustichini \u5173\u4e8e\u201c\u5185\u5728\u52a8\u673a\u201d\u548c Akerlof \u3001 Kranton \u5173\u4e8e\u201c\u8ba4\u540c\u201d\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u90fd\u5047\u5b9a\uff0c\u4e3b\u4f53\u9664\u4e86\u4ece\u6761\u4ef6\u671f\u671b\u6548\u7528 conditional expected utility\u4e2d\u83b7\u5f97\u6548\u7528\u4ee5\u5916\uff0c\u4e5f\u4f1a\u4ece\u4e2a\u4eba\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u89c4\u8303\u4e2d\u83b7\u5f97\u6548\u7528\u3002\u6839\u636eAggarwal\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u9664\u4e86\u884c\u4e3a\u504f\u79bb\u5408\u7406\u5747\u8861 rational equilibrium\uff0c\u5e02\u573a\u8fd8\u53ef\u80fd\u53d7\u5230\u54cd\u5e94\u6ede\u540e lagged responses\uff0c\u641c\u7d22\u6210\u672c search costs\uff0c\u6781\u7aef\u60c5\u51b5 externalities of the commons\u4ee5\u53ca\u5176\u4ed6\u51b2\u7a81\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u8fd9\u4f7f\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u96be\u4ee5\u4ece\u5e02\u573a\u884c\u4e3a\u4e2d\u533a\u5206\uff08\u4e2a\u4eba\u7684\uff09\u884c\u4e3a\u6548\u5e94\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


    \u201c\u6761\u4ef6\u671f\u671b\u6548\u7528\u201d\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u4e2a\u4eba\u81ea\u8ba4\u4e3a\u62e5\u6709\u638c\u63a7\u6743\u7684\u9519\u89c9\uff0c\u5e76\u6839\u636e\u4ed6\u4eec\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u53bb\u8ba1\u7b97\u5916\u90e8\u4e8b\u4ef6\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u6982\u7387\uff0c\u8fdb\u800c\u81ea\u5df1\u5f97\u51fa\u6548\u7528\u7ed3\u679c\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u4ed6\u4eec\u6ca1\u6709\u80fd\u529b\u5f71\u54cd\u5916\u90e8\u4e8b\u4ef6\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


    \u884c\u4e3a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u968f\u7740\u4e39\u00b7\u57c3\u5229\u91ccDan Ariely\u7684\u300a\u602a\u8bde\u884c\u4e3a\u5b66 Predictably Irrational\u300b\u7b49\u4e66\u7c4d\u7684\u6210\u529f\u800c\u5728\u666e\u901a\u5927\u4f17\u4e2d\u6d41\u884c\u8d77\u6765\u3002\u8be5\u5b66\u79d1\u7684\u4ece\u4e1a\u8005\u7814\u7a76\u4e86\u5bbd\u5e26\u5236\u56fe\u7b49\u51c6\u516c\u5171\u653f\u7b56\u4e13\u9898 quasi-public policy topics\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


    \u884c\u4e3a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u7684\u5e94\u7528\u5305\u62ec\uff0c\u5728\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u548c\u673a\u5668\u5b66\u4e60\u4e2d\u5bf9\u6d88\u8d39\u8005\u51b3\u7b56\u8fc7\u7a0b\u5efa\u6a21\u3002\u7845\u8c37\u516c\u53f8\u5947\u70b9Singularities\u5728\u4f7f\u7528\u963f\u5c14\u8096\u4f26 Alchourr\u00f3n\u3001\u52a0\u767b\u5f17\u65afG\u00e4rdenfors\u548c\u6885\u91d1\u68ee Makinson \u63d0\u51fa\u7684AGM\u5047\u8bbe\uff0c\u5373\u4fe1\u5ff5\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u5316\u548c\u7406\u6027\u5b9e\u4f53\u7684\u6539\u53d8\uff0c\u5728\u7b26\u53f7\u903b\u8f91\u4e2d\u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u201c\u4f7f\u7528\u6700\u65b0\u7684\u6570\u636e\u79d1\u5b66\u548c\u5927\u6570\u636e\u7b97\u6cd5\u7684\u673a\u5668\u5b66\u4e60\u548c\u6f14\u7ece\u5f15\u64ce\uff0c\u4ee5\u751f\u6210\u6355\u6349\u5ba2\u6237\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u548c\u60f3\u6cd5\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u548c\u6761\u4ef6\u89c4\u5219\uff08\u5373\u4e00\u4e9b\u53cd\u4e8b\u5b9e\u63a8\u7406\uff09 \u3002\u201d <\/span><\/p>\n


    \u884c\u4e3a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u7684\u5e94\u7528\u4e5f\u5b58\u5728\u4e8e\u5176\u4ed6\u5b66\u79d1\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u4f9b\u5e94\u94fe\u7ba1\u7406\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


    <\/p>\n

    \u81ea\u7136\u5b9e\u9a8c<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n

    \u4ece\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u6765\u770b\uff0c\u4e0d\u7ba1\u662f\u80a1\u5e02\u5d29\u6e83\u7684\u5371\u673a\u671f\u8fd8\u662f\u80a1\u4ef7\u8d85\u8fc7\u5386\u53f2\u9ad8\u70b9\u7684\u6ce1\u6cab\u589e\u957f\u671f\uff0c\u4eba\u7c7b\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u672c\u8d28\u662f\u4e00\u81f4\u7684\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u4e9b\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u5927\u591a\u6570\u5e02\u573a\u53c2\u4e0e\u8005\u770b\u5230\u4e86\u5bf9\u81ea\u5df1\u6709\u7528\u7684\u65b0\u4e1c\u897f\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e0d\u53ef\u907f\u514d\u5730\u5f15\u53d1\u4e86\u538b\u529b\u53cd\u5e94\uff0c\u5185\u5206\u6ccc\u7cfb\u7edf\u548c\u5fc3\u7406\u52a8\u673a\u4e5f\u968f\u4e4b\u53d1\u751f\u53d8\u5316\u3002\u800c\u6700\u7ec8\u7ed3\u679c\u5c31\u662f\u4eba\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u53d1\u751f\u5b9a\u91cf\u548c\u5b9a\u6027\u7684\u53d8\u5316\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5178\u578b\u7684\u8fd0\u7528\u884c\u4e3a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u6765\u89c2\u5bdf\u3001\u5bf9\u6bd4\u4eba\u7c7b\u884c\u4e3a\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u5f71\u54cd\u7ecf\u6d4e\u548c\u91d1\u878d\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


    \u884c\u4e3a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u4e0d\u4ec5\u5728\u7c7b\u4f3c\u8bc1\u5238\u4ea4\u6613\u6240\u7684\u73af\u5883\u4e2d\u4f1a\u53d1\u6325\u4f5c\u7528\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u72af\u7f6a\u9690\u7792\u884c\u4e3a\u4e2d\u53d1\u73b0\u81ea\u79c1\u63a8\u7406\u3001\u201c\u6210\u4eba\u884c\u4e3a\u201d\u4ee5\u53ca\u4e0d\u540c\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7f3a\u9677\u548c\u758f\u5ffd\u3002\u9700\u8981\u660e\u786e\u7684\u662f\u4e0d\u540c\u5b9e\u9a8c\u6a21\u578b\u548c\u65b9\u6cd5\u5177\u6709\u5229\u7528\u95f4\u63a5\u540e\u679c\u7684\u8ba4\u8bc6\uff08\u6216\u7f3a\u4e4f\uff09\u7684\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u2014\u2014\u81f3\u5c11\u662f\u6f5c\u529b\u3002\u884c\u4e3a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u7684\u6f5c\u5728\u7528\u9014\u662f\u5e7f\u6cdb\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u9700\u8981\u5ba1\u67e5\u5176\u53ef\u9760\u6027\u3002\u4f4e\u4f30\u65b0\u5f02\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u538b\u529b\u6e90\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u662f\u76ee\u524d\u5e02\u573a\u7814\u7a76\u65b9\u6cd5\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u7f3a\u70b9\u3002\u7814\u7a76\u65b9\u6cd5\u6709\u5fc5\u8981\u89e3\u91ca\u5728\u65e5\u5e38\u4f4e\u5e94\u6fc0\u6761\u4ef6\u4e0b\u548c\u5e94\u5bf9\u5e94\u6fc0\u6e90\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u4eba\u7c7b\u884c\u4e3a\u4e2d\u5177\u6709\u7684\u7531\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u6240\u51b3\u5b9a\u7684\u53cc\u76f8\u6027 diphasisms Angus Deaton\u5bf9\u5b9e\u9a8c\u65b9\u6cd5\uff08\u5982<\/span>\u968f\u673a\u5bf9\u7167\u8bd5\u9a8c<\/span>\uff09\u7684\u5c40\u9650\u6027\u53ca\u5176\u5728\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u4e2d\u7684\u5e94\u7528\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u8457\u540d\u7684\u5206\u6790\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


    <\/p>\n

    \n
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    <\/p>\n

    \n
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    <\/section>\n

    <\/section>\n
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    <\/svg><\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n
    \n

    \u6279\u8bc4<\/span><\/strong><\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n

    \n

    <\/section>\n
    <\/strong><\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n

    <\/span>
    <\/h2>\n

    \u884c\u4e3a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u7684\u6279\u8bc4\u901a\u5e38\u5f3a\u8c03\u7ecf\u6d4e\u884c\u4e3a\u4e3b\u4f53\u7684\u7406\u6027\u3002\u739b\u4e9a\u83b1Maaialeh (2019)\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u57fa\u672c\u7684\u6279\u8bc4\uff0c\u4ed6\u8ba4\u4e3a\u6ca1\u6709\u884c\u4e3a\u7814\u7a76\u53ef\u4ee5\u5efa\u7acb\u4e00\u4e2a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u7406\u8bba\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4f8b\u5b50\u5305\u62ec\uff0c\u884c\u4e3a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u7684\u652f\u67f1\uff1a\u4ece\u65b0\u53e4\u5178\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u53cd\u9762\u5206\u522b\u6311\u6218\u6548\u7528\u6700\u5927\u5316\u548c\u671f\u671b\u6548\u7528\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u6ee1\u610f\u884c\u4e3a\u548c<\/span>\u524d\u666f\u7406\u8bba<\/span>\u3002\u4f5c\u8005\u5411\u8bfb\u8005\u5c55\u793a\uff0c\u884c\u4e3a\u7814\u7a76\u7ed3\u679c\u5f88\u96be\u88ab\u63a8\u5e7f\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5b83\u4eec\u4e0d\u80fd\u5426\u5b9a\u7406\u6027\u884c\u4e3a\u6709\u5173\u7684\u5178\u578b\u4e3b\u6d41\u516c\u7406\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


    \u5176\u4ed6\u4eba\u5219\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u524d\u666f\u7406\u8bba\u7b49\u8ba4\u77e5\u7406\u8bba\u662f\u51b3\u7b56\u6a21\u578b\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u63a8\u5e7f\u5316\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u884c\u4e3a\u3002\u5b83\u4eec\u53ea\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u5411\u5b9e\u9a8c\u53c2\u4e0e\u8005\u6216\u8c03\u67e5\u5bf9\u8c61\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u4e00\u6b21\u6027\u7684\u51b3\u7b56\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u5176\u4ed6\u4eba\u8ba4\u4e3a\u51b3\u7b56\u6a21\u578b\uff0c\u5982\u5df2\u88ab\u5e7f\u6cdb\u63a5\u53d7\u7684\u7980\u8d4b\u6548\u5e94\u7406\u8bba endowment effect theory\uff0c\u884c\u4e3a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u5bb6\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u88ab\u9519\u8bef\u5730\u5efa\u7acb\u4e3a\u7cdf\u7cd5\u7684\u5b9e\u9a8c\u8bbe\u8ba1\u5b9e\u8df5\u7684\u540e\u679c\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u5145\u5206\u63a7\u5236\u53d7\u8bd5\u8005\u7684\u9519\u8bef\u6982\u5ff5\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


    \u884c\u4e3a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u7684\u6279\u8bc4\u8005\u901a\u5e38\u5f3a\u8c03\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4e3b\u4f53\u7684\u7406\u6027\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u5b9e\u9a8c\u89c2\u5bdf\u5230\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u5728\u5e02\u573a\u73af\u5883\u4e2d\u7684\u5e94\u7528\u6709\u9650\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b66\u4e60\u673a\u4f1a\u548c\u7ade\u4e89\u81f3\u5c11\u80fd\u786e\u4fdd\u4ed6\u4eec\u63a5\u8fd1\u7406\u6027\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


    \u53e6\u4e00\u4e9b\u4eba\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u8ba4\u77e5\u7406\u8bba\uff0c\u5982\u524d\u666f\u7406\u8bba\uff0c\u662f\u51b3\u7b56\u6a21\u578b\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u5e7f\u4e49\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u884c\u4e3a\u3002\u5b83\u4eec\u53ea\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u5411\u5b9e\u9a8c\u53c2\u4e0e\u8005\u6216\u8c03\u67e5\u5bf9\u8c61\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u90a3\u79cd\u4e00\u6b21\u6027\u51b3\u7b56\u95ee\u9898\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


    \u4e00\u4e2a\u503c\u5f97\u5173\u6ce8\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u662f\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u6709\u5927\u91cf\u7684\u4fee\u9970\u4e0e\u63aa\u8f9e\uff0c\u4f46\u4ecd\u7136\u6ca1\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u7edf\u7387\u6027\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u7406\u8bba\u5f97\u5230\u652f\u6301\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u884c\u4e3a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u5bb6\u8fd8\u6ca1\u6709\u63d0\u51fa\u7edf\u4e00\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


    \u5927\u536b\u00b7\u52a0\u5c14 David Gal\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4e89\u8bba\u4e2d\u7684\u8bb8\u591a\u95ee\u9898\u6e90\u4e8e\u884c\u4e3a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u8fc7\u5206\u6267\u7740\u4e8e\u5206\u6790\u884c\u4e3a\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u504f\u79bb\u6807\u51c6\u7ecf\u6d4e\u6a21\u578b\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u7406\u89e3\u4eba\u4eec\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u4f1a\u8fd9\u6837\u505a\u3002\u7406\u89e3\u7279\u5b9a\u884c\u4e3a\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u539f\u56e0\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5f52\u7eb3\u6027\u77e5\u8bc6\u7684\u8bde\u751f\u5f88\u5fc5\u8981\u2014\u2014\u8fd9\u4e5f\u662f\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u76ee\u6807\u3002\u4ed6\u8fd8\u5c06\u884c\u4e3a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u79f0\u4e3a\u201c\u5e02\u573a\u8425\u9500\u7684\u80dc\u5229\u201d \uff0c\u5e76\u7279\u522b\u63d0\u5230\u4e86\u635f\u5931\u538c\u6076\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


    \u4f20\u7edf\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u5bb6\u5bf9\u884c\u4e3a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u5e7f\u6cdb\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u5b9e\u9a8c\u548c\u8c03\u67e5\u6280\u672f\u6301\u6000\u7591\u6001\u5ea6\u3002\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u5bb6\u901a\u5e38\u4f1a\u5f3a\u8c03\uff0c\u5728\u51b3\u5b9a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4ef7\u503c\u65f6\uff0c\u4e0e\u663e\u793a\u6027\u504f\u597d\u76f8\u6bd4\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u66f4\u504f\u5411\u4e8e\u5c55\u793a(\u6765\u81ea\u8c03\u67e5\u7684)\u9648\u8bc9\u504f\u597d\u3002\u5b9e\u9a8c\u548c\u8c03\u67e5\u5177\u6709\u7cfb\u7edf\u504f\u5dee\u3001\u7b56\u7565\u884c\u4e3a\u548c\u7f3a\u4e4f\u6fc0\u52b1\u76f8\u5bb9\u7684\u98ce\u9669\u3002\u4e00\u4e9b\u7814\u7a76\u4eba\u5458\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u884c\u4e3a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u5b9e\u9a8c\u7684\u53c2\u4e0e\u8005\u4ee3\u8868\u6027\u4e0d\u591f\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5177\u6709\u5e7f\u6cdb\u9002\u7528\u6027\u7684\u7ed3\u8bba\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u5728\u6b64\u7c7b\u5b9e\u9a8c\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u4e0a\u5f97\u51fa\u3002\u4e3a\u4e86\u63cf\u8ff0\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u53c2\u4e0e\u8005\u2014\u2014\u8fd9\u4e9b\u53d7\u8fc7\u6559\u80b2\u4e14\u6709\u5bcc\u88d5\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u5de5\u4e1a\u5316\u793e\u4f1a\u80cc\u666f\u7684\u897f\u65b9\u5b9e\u9a8c\u53c2\u4e0e\u8005\uff0c\u88ab\u4eba\u4eec\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e3a \uff1aWEIRD\uff08\u5404\u4e2a\u5355\u8bcd\u9996\u5b57\u6bcd\u7684\u96c6\u5408\uff09\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


    <\/p>\n

    \u56de\u5e94<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n

    Matthew Rabin\u53cd\u9a73\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6279\u8bc4\u3002\u4ed6\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4e00\u81f4\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u901a\u5e38\u662f\u5728\u591a\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u548c\u590d\u6742\u5730\u7406\u73af\u5883\u4e0b\u83b7\u5f97\u7684\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u53ef\u4ee5\u7531\u6b64\u4ea7\u751f\u5f88\u597d\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u6d1e\u5bdf\u529b\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u884c\u4e3a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u5bb6\u5219\u5c06\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6279\u8bc4\u7684\u56de\u5e94\u91cd\u70b9\u653e\u5728\u7530\u91ce\u7814\u7a76\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5ba4\u5b9e\u9a8c\u4e0a\u3002\u4e00\u4e9b\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u5bb6\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5b9e\u9a8c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u548c\u884c\u4e3a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u4e4b\u95f4\u5b58\u5728\u6839\u672c\u7684\u5206\u6b67\uff0c\u4f46\u4e00\u4e9b\u6770\u51fa\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u548c\u5b9e\u9a8c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u5bb6\u503e\u5411\u4e8e\u5728\u4e00\u4e9b\u5171\u540c\u95ee\u9898\u4e0a\u4f5c\u51fa\u4ea4\u53c9\u6027\u7684\u56de\u7b54\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u884c\u4e3a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u5bb6\u6b63\u5728\u7814\u7a76\u795e\u7ecf\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u2014\u2014\u5b83\u662f\u5b8c\u5168\u5b9e\u9a8c\u6027\u7684\u4e14\u5c1a\u672a\u5728\u8be5\u9886\u57df\u5f97\u5230\u9a8c\u8bc1\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


    \u884c\u4e3a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u7684\u8ba4\u8bc6\u8bba\u3001<\/span>\u672c\u4f53\u8bba<\/span>\u548c\u65b9\u6cd5\u8bba\u9971\u53d7\u4e89\u8bae\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u5728\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u53f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u548c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u65b9\u6cd5\u8bba\u5b66\u5bb6\u8fd9\u91cc\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


    \u4e00\u4e9b\u7814\u7a76\u4eba\u5458\u8868\u793a\uff0c\u5728\u7814\u7a76\u51b3\u7b56\u57fa\u7840\u7684\u673a\u5236\uff08\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u8d22\u52a1\u51b3\u7b56\uff09\u65f6\uff0c\u6709\u5fc5\u8981\u8ba4\u8bc6\u5230\u5927\u591a\u6570\u51b3\u7b56\u90fd\u662f\u5728\u538b\u529b\u72b6\u6001\u4e0b\u505a\u51fa\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u201c\u538b\u529b\u662f\u8eab\u4f53\u5728\u9762\u5bf9\u4efb\u52a1\u65f6\u7684\u975e\u7279\u5f02\u6027\u53cd\u5e94\u3002\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n


    <\/span><\/p>\n

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    \u5e94\u7528\u95ee\u9898<\/span><\/strong><\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n

    \n

    <\/section>\n
    <\/strong><\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n

    <\/span><\/strong><\/strong><\/section>\n
    \u201c\u52a9\u63a8\u201d\u7406\u8bba<\/span><\/strong><\/strong><\/section>\n

    \u201c\u52a9\u63a8 Nudge\u201d\u662f\u884c\u4e3a\u79d1\u5b66\u3001\u653f\u6cbb\u7406\u8bba\u548c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u8be5\u7406\u8bba\u63d0\u51fa\u6b63\u5f3a\u5316 positive reinforcement\u548c\u95f4\u63a5\u6697\u793a indirect suggestions\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f71\u54cd\u7fa4\u4f53\u6216\u4e2a\u4f53\u884c\u4e3a\u4e0e\u51b3\u7b56\u3002\u201c\u52a9\u63a8\u201d\u4e0e\u5176\u4ed6\u5b9e\u73b0\u4f9d\u4ece\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u6559\u80b2\u3001\u7acb\u6cd5\u6216\u6267\u6cd5\uff0c\u5f62\u6210\u4e86\u9c9c\u660e\u5bf9\u6bd4\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6982\u5ff5\u5df2\u7ecf\u5f71\u54cd\u4e86\u82f1\u56fd\u548c\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u5bb6\u3002\u5728\u4e16\u754c\u5404\u5730\uff0c\u56fd\u5bb6\u5c42\u9762\uff08\u82f1\u56fd\u3001\u5fb7\u56fd\u3001\u65e5\u672c\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u56fd\u5bb6\uff09\u548c\u56fd\u9645\u5c42\u9762\uff08\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5408\u4f5c\u4e0e\u53d1\u5c55\u7ec4\u7ec7OECD\u3001\u4e16\u754c\u94f6\u884c\u3001\u8054\u5408\u56fd\uff09\uff0c\u90fd\u5b58\u5728\u4e00\u4e9b\u201c\u52a9\u63a8\u201d\u5355\u4f4d\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


    \u8a79\u59c6\u65af\u00b7\u6c83\u5c14\u592b James Wilk \u65e9\u57281995\u5e74\u4ee5\u524d\u5c31\u5728\u63a7\u5236\u8bba\u4e2d\u9996\u6b21\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e00\u672f\u8bed\u548c\u76f8\u5173\u539f\u5219\uff0c\u5e03\u9c81\u5185\u5c14\u5927\u5b66\u7684\u5b66\u8005 \u65af\u56fe\u5c14\u7279 D. J. Stewart \u79f0\u4e4b\u4e3a\u201c\u52a9\u63a8\u201d\u7684\u827a\u672f\uff08\u6709\u65f6\u79f0\u4e3a\u201c\u5fae\u63a8 micronudges\u201d\uff09\u3002\u5b83\u8fd8\u53d7\u5230\u4e86\u4e34\u5e8a\u5fc3\u7406\u6cbb\u7597\u65b9\u6cd5\u8bba\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u65b9\u6cd5\u53ef\u4ee5\u8ffd\u6eaf\u5230Gregory Bateson\uff0c\u5305\u62ecMilton Erickson\uff0cWatzlawick\uff0cWeakland\uff0cFisch\uff0c\u548cBill O’Hanlon\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u53d8\u4f53\u4e2d\uff0c\u201d\u52a9\u63a8\u201d\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u9488\u5bf9\u7279\u5b9a\u4eba\u7fa4\u7684\u5fae\u89c2\u76ee\u6807\u8bbe\u8ba1\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u8003\u8651\u9884\u671f\u5e72\u9884\u7684\u89c4\u6a21\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


    2008\u5e74\uff0cRichard Thaler\u548cCass Sunstein\u7684\u4e66\u300a\u201c\u52a9\u63a8\u201d\uff1a\u6211\u4eec\u5982\u4f55\u505a\u51fa\u6700\u4f73\u9009\u62e9 Nudge: Improving Decisions About Health, Wealth, and Happiness\u300b\u8ba9\u201d\u52a9\u63a8\u201d\u7406\u8bba\u5f97\u5230\u4e86\u91cd\u89c6\u3002\u5b83\u8fd8\u8d62\u5f97\u4e86\u90e8\u5206\u7f8e\u56fd\u548c\u82f1\u56fd\u7684\u653f\u754c\u4eba\u58eb\u3001\u79c1\u8425\u90e8\u95e8\u4ee5\u53ca\u516c\u5171\u536b\u751f\u9886\u57df\u4eba\u5458\u7684\u8ffd\u968f\u3002\u4e24\u4f4d\u4f5c\u8005\u628a\u975e\u5f3a\u5236\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u65bd\u52a0\u8fc7\u7a0b\u79f0\u4e3a\u8f6f\u5bb6\u957f\u4f5c\u98ce libertarian paternalism\uff0c\u79f0\u5f71\u54cd\u8005\u4e3a\u9009\u62e9\u5efa\u7b51\u5e08 choice architects\u3002Thaler\u548cSunstein\u5c06\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e3a:<\/span><\/p>\n


    \u6b63\u5982\u6211\u4eec\u5c06\u8981\u63d0\u5230\u7684\u90a3\u6837\uff0c\u201c\u52a9\u63a8\u201d\u662f\u6307\u9009\u9879\u7ed3\u6784 choice architecture\u4e2d\u7684\u4efb\u610f\u4e00\u4e2a\uff0c\u5373\u5728\u4e0d\u7981\u6b62\u4efb\u4f55\u9009\u62e9\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u98a0\u8986\u4eba\u4eec\u7ecf\u6d4e\u52a8\u673a\u7684\u6761\u4ef6\u4e0b\u4ee5\u53ef\u9884\u6d4b\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u6539\u53d8\u4eba\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u3002\u800c\u53ea\u6709\u80fd\u88ab\u8f7b\u6613\u505a\u5230\u7684\u5e72\u9884\u624d\u80fd\u88ab\u7b97\u4f5c\u4e00\u6b21\u201c\u52a9\u63a8\u201d\u3002\u201c\u52a9\u63a8\u201d\u4e0d\u662f\u547d\u4ee4\u3002\u628a\u6c34\u679c\u653e\u5728\u773c\u775b\u6240\u5728\u7684\u9ad8\u5ea6\u7b97\u662f\u201c\u52a9\u63a8\u201d\uff0c\u7981\u6b62\u5783\u573e\u98df\u54c1\u5c31\u4e0d\u662f\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


    \u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u5f62\u5f0f\u4e0b\uff0c\u501f\u9274\u884c\u4e3a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\uff0c\u201c\u52a9\u63a8\u201d\u80fd\u591f\u66f4\u5e7f\u6cdb\u5730\u5e94\u7528\u4e8e\u884c\u4e3a\u5f71\u54cd\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


    \u4eba\u4eec\u7ecf\u5e38\u5f15\u7528\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u201d\u52a9\u63a8\u201d\u4f8b\u5b50\u662f\uff0c\u5728\u963f\u59c6\u65af\u7279\u4e39\u53f2\u57fa\u6d66\u673a\u573a\u7684\u7537\u5395\u6240\u5c0f\u4fbf\u6c60\u91cc\u753b\u4e86\u5bb6\u8747\u7684\u56fe\u8c61\u3002\u8fd9\u4e48\u505a\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u662f\u201c\u4f18\u5316\u76ee\u6807\u201d\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


    \u201c\u52a9\u63a8\u201d\u6280\u5de7\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u662f\u5229\u7528\u5224\u65ad\u542f\u53d1\u5f0f\u7ed9\u6211\u4eec\u63d0\u4f9b\u597d\u5904\u3002\u6362\u53e5\u8bdd\u8bf4\uff0c\u201d\u52a9\u63a8\u201d\u6539\u53d8\u4e86\u73af\u5883\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u5f53\u4f7f\u7528\u4e86\u542f\u53d1\u5f0f\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u7cfb\u7edf1\u6765\u505a\u51b3\u7b56\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u5f80\u5f80\u5c31\u4f1a\u51fa\u73b0\u6700\u79ef\u6781\u7684\u6216\u6700\u60f3\u8981\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u3002\u4e00\u4e2a\u4f8b\u5b50\u5c31\u662f\uff0c\u6539\u53d8\u4e00\u4e9b\u4ea7\u54c1\u5728\u5546\u5e97\u91cc\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\u2014\u2014\u5c06\u5065\u5eb7\u98df\u7269\u653e\u5728\u6536\u94f6\u673a\u65c1\u8fb9\uff0c\u628a\u5783\u573e\u98df\u54c1\u642c\u5230\u522b\u90e8\u5206\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


    2008\u5e74\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u4efb\u547d\u5e2e\u52a9\u5b8c\u5584\u8be5\u7406\u8bba\u7684Sunstein\u4e3a\u4fe1\u606f\u548c\u7ba1\u7406\u4e8b\u52a1\u529e\u516c\u5ba4Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs\u7684\u7ba1\u7406\u5458\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


    \u201c\u52a9\u63a8\u201d\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u5e94\u7528\u5305\u62ec2010\u5e74\u82f1\u56fd\u884c\u4e3a\u6d1e\u5bdf\u5c0f\u7ec4British Behavioural Insights Team\u7684\u6210\u7acb\u3002\u5b83\u4ece\u5c5e\u4e8e\u6234\u7ef4\u00b7\u54c8\u73c0\u6069 David Halpern\u9886\u5bfc\u7684\u82f1\u56fd\u5185\u9601\u529e\u516c\u5ba4 British Cabinet Office\uff0c\u5e38\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u201c\u52a9\u63a8\u201d\u5c0f\u7ec4\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


    \u82f1\u56fd\u9996\u76f8\u6234\u7ef4\u00b7\u5361\u6885\u4f26 David Cameron\u548c\u7f8e\u56fd\u524d\u603b\u7edf\u00b7\u5965\u5df4\u9a6c Barack Obama\u90fd\u8bd5\u56fe\u5728\u4efb\u671f\u5185\u8fd0\u7528\u201d\u52a9\u63a8\u201d\u7406\u8bba\u6765\u5b9e\u73b0\u56fd\u5185\u653f\u7b56\u76ee\u6807\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


    \u5728\u6fb3\u5927\u5229\u4e9a\uff0c\u65b0\u5357\u5a01\u5c14\u58eb\u5dde\u653f\u5e9c\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u884c\u4e3a\u6d1e\u5bdf\u5b9e\u8df5\u793e\u533aBehavioural Insights community of practice\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


    \u201c\u52a9\u63a8\u201d\u7406\u8bba\u4e5f\u88ab\u5e94\u7528\u4e8e\u4f01\u4e1a\u7ba1\u7406\u548c\u4f01\u4e1a\u6587\u5316\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u5065\u5eb7\u3001\u5b89\u5168\u3001\u73af\u5883\uff08health, safety and environment, HSE\uff09\u3001\u4eba\u529b\u8d44\u6e90\u7b49\u9886\u57df\u3002\u5e94\u7528\u201d\u52a9\u63a8\u201d\u5728HSE\u4e2d\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u76ee\u6807\u4e4b\u4e00\u662f\u5b9e\u73b0\u201c\u96f6\u4e8b\u6545\u6587\u5316 zero accident culture\u201d\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


    \u7845\u8c37\u7684\u5404\u4e2a\u4f01\u4e1a\u5de8\u5934\u662f\u201d\u52a9\u63a8\u201d\u7406\u8bba\u5e94\u7528\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u5148\u950b\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u516c\u53f8\u6b63\u5728\u7528\u5404\u79cd\u65b9\u5f0f\u7684\u201d\u52a9\u63a8\u201d\u6765\u63d0\u9ad8\u5458\u5de5\u7684\u751f\u4ea7\u529b\u548c\u5e78\u798f\u611f\u3002\u6700\u8fd1\uff0c\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u591a\u7684\u516c\u53f8\u5f00\u59cb\u7814\u7a76\u5982\u4f55\u5229\u7528\u201c\u52a9\u63a8\u201d\u7ba1\u7406\u6765\u63d0\u9ad8\u767d\u9886\u5de5\u4eba\u7684\u751f\u4ea7\u7387\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


    \u76ee\u524d\u4e16\u754c\u4e0a\u8bb8\u591a\u56fd\u5bb6\u90fd\u5728\u8fd0\u7528\u884c\u4e3a\u6d1e\u5bdf\u529b\u548c\u201c\u52a9\u63a8\u201d\u529b\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


    <\/p>\n

    \u6279\u8bc4<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n

    \u201c\u52a9\u63a8\u201d\u4e5f\u53d7\u5230\u4e86\u6279\u8bc4\u3002\u6765\u81ea\u516c\u5171\u536b\u751f\u57fa\u91d1\u4f1a\u201c\u56fd\u738b\u57fa\u91d1\u4f1a The King’s Fund\u201d\u7684Tammy Boyce\u8bf4\uff1a\u201c\u6211\u4eec\u907f\u514d\u77ed\u671f\u7684\u3001\u51fa\u4e8e\u653f\u6cbb\u52a8\u673a\u7684\u884c\u52a8\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u2018\u201c\u52a9\u63a8\u201d\u4eba\u4eec\u7684\u60f3\u6cd5\u2014\u2014\u8fd9\u79cd\u60f3\u6cd5\u6ca1\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u6709\u529b\u7684\u8bc1\u636e\u652f\u6491\uff0c\u4e5f\u65e0\u52a9\u4e8e\u4eba\u4eec\u505a\u51fa\u957f\u671f\u7684\u6539\u53d8\u3002\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n


    Sunstein\u5728\u4ed6\u7684\u300a\u5f71\u54cd\u529b\u7684\u9053\u5fb7 The Ethics of Influence\u300b\u4e00\u4e66\u4e2d\u5bf9\u6279\u8bc4\u505a\u51fa\u4e86\u8be6\u5c3d\u7684\u56de\u5e94\uff0c\u8868\u793a\u652f\u6301\u201c\u52a9\u63a8\u201d\u5e76\u53cd\u5bf9\u90a3\u4e9b\u8ba4\u4e3a\u201c\u52a9\u63a8\u201d\u4f1a\u524a\u5f31\u81ea\u4e3b\u6743\u3001\u5a01\u80c1\u5c0a\u4e25\u3001\u4fb5\u72af\u81ea\u7531\u6216\u51cf\u5c11\u798f\u5229\u7684\u6307\u63a7\u3002\u4f26\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u4eec\u5bf9\u6b64\u5c55\u5f00\u4e86\u6fc0\u70c8\u7684\u8fa9\u8bba\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6307\u63a7\u662f\u7531\u535a\u82ac\u7533Bovens\uff0c\u53e4\u5fb7\u6e29 Goodwin\u7b49\u8fa9\u8bba\u53c2\u4e0e\u8005\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0cWilkinson\u6307\u8d23\u201d\u52a9\u63a8\u201d\u5bf9\u4f1a\u64cd\u7eb5\u4e2a\u4eba\u884c\u4e3a\uff0c\u800c\u6768 Yeung\u7b49\u4eba\u5219\u8d28\u7591\u5176\u79d1\u5b66\u53ef\u4fe1\u5ea6\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


    Hausman\u548cWelch\u7b49\u4eba\u66fe\u63d0\u51fa\uff0c\u5728\u5206\u914d\u516c\u5e73\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u4e0a\uff0c\u201c\u52a9\u63a8\u201d\u662f\u5426\u5e94\u8be5\u88ab\u5141\u8bb8\uff1bLepenies\u548cMalecka\u66fe\u8d28\u7591\u201d\u52a9\u63a8\u201d\u662f\u5426\u7b26\u5408\u6cd5\u5f8b\u89c4\u8303\u3002\u7c7b\u4f3c\u5730\uff0c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5b66\u8005\u4e5f\u8ba8\u8bba\u4e86\u201c\u52a9\u63a8\u201d\u548c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u6240\u626e\u6f14\u7684\u89d2\u8272\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


    Bob Sugden\u7b49\u884c\u4e3a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u5bb6\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u201d\u52a9\u63a8\u201d\u7684\u57fa\u51c6\u4ecd\u7136\u662f\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4eba\u2014\u2014\u5c3d\u7ba1\u8be5\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u652f\u6301\u8005\u8ba4\u4e3a\u6070\u6070\u76f8\u53cd\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


    \u6709\u4eba\u8bf4\uff0c\u201d\u52a9\u63a8\u201d\u4e5f\u662f\u793e\u4f1a\u5de5\u7a0b\u5b66\u91cc\u5bf9\u5fc3\u7406\u64cd\u7eb5\u7684\u59d4\u5a49\u8bf4\u6cd5\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


    \u5728\u5f3a\u8c03\u79ef\u6781\u53c2\u4e0e\u201c\u52a9\u63a8\u201d\u7684\u5308\u7259\u5229\u793e\u4f1a\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\uff08\u5f17\u4f26\u8328\u00b7\u6885\u96f7 Ferenc Merei\u548c\u62c9\u65af\u6d1b\u00b7\u52a0\u83b1 Laszlo Garai)\uff09\u7684\u8457\u4f5c\u4e2d\uff0c\u5bf9\u201c\u52a9\u63a8\u201d\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u9884\u671f\u548c\u542b\u84c4\u6279\u8bc4\u540c\u65f6\u5b58\u5728\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


    <\/p>\n

    \u884c\u4e3a\u91d1\u878d\u5b66<\/span><\/strong><\/strong><\/section>\n

    \u884c\u4e3a\u91d1\u878d\u5b66 behavioral finance\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u95ee\u9898\u662f\u89e3\u91ca\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u5e02\u573a\u53c2\u4e0e\u8005\u4f1a\u72af\u4e0e\u7406\u6027\u5e02\u573a\u53c2\u4e0e\u8005\u5047\u8bbe\u76f8\u53cd\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u6027\u975e\u7406\u6027\u9519\u8bef\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u9519\u8bef\u4f1a\u5f71\u54cd\u4ef7\u683c\u548c\u6536\u76ca\uff0c\u9020\u6210\u5e02\u573a\u5931\u6548 market inefficiencies\u3002\u884c\u4e3a\u91d1\u878d\u5b66\u4e5f\u7814\u7a76\u5176\u4ed6\u53c2\u4e0e\u8005\u5982\u4f55\u5229\u7528\u8fd9\u4e9b\u9519\u8bef\u548c\u5e02\u573a\u5931\u6548\u4e3a\u81ea\u5df1\u725f\u5229\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u6240\u8c13\u7684\u201c\u5957\u5229\u201d\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


    \u884c\u4e3a\u91d1\u878d\u5b66\u5173\u6ce8\u4f4e\u6548\u7387\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u5bf9\u4fe1\u606f\u53cd\u5e94\u8fdf\u949d\u6216\u8fc7\u6fc0\u2014\u2014\u5b83\u4eec\u5f15\u5bfc\u7740\u5e02\u573a\u8d8b\u52bf\uff0c\u89e6\u53d1\u6781\u7aef\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u7684\u6ce1\u6cab\u548c\u5d29\u6e83\u3002\u8fd9\u88ab\u5f52\u56e0\u4e8e\u6295\u8d44\u8005\u6ce8\u610f\u6709\u9650\u3001\u8fc7\u5ea6\u81ea\u4fe1\u3001\u8fc7\u4e8e\u4e50\u89c2\u3001\u6a21\u4eff\uff08\u96c6\u7fa4\u672c\u80fd\uff09\u548c\u566a\u97f3\u4ea4\u6613\u3002\u6280\u672f\u5206\u6790\u5bb6\u8ba4\u4e3a\u884c\u4e3a\u91d1\u878d\u5b66\u662f\u884c\u4e3a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u7684\u201c\u5b66\u672f\u8868\u4eb2\u201d \uff0c\u662f\u6280\u672f\u5206\u6790\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u57fa\u7840\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


    \u5176\u4ed6\u5173\u952e\u7684\u89c2\u5bdf\u8fd8\u5305\u62ec\u83b7\u53d6\u548c\u4fdd\u7559\u8d44\u6e90\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u4e0d\u5bf9\u79f0\u51b3\u7b56\uff0c\u5373\u6240\u8c13\u7684\u201c\u6797\u4e2d\u4e4b\u9e1f\uff08\u6ca1\u628a\u63e1\u7684\u4e8b\uff09\u201d\u6096\u8bba\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u635f\u5931\u538c\u6076\u2014\u2014\u5373\u4e0d\u613f\u610f\u653e\u5f03\u6709\u4ef7\u503c\u7684\u8d22\u4ea7\u3002\u635f\u5931\u538c\u6076\u53ef\u4ee5\u8868\u73b0\u4e3a\u6295\u8d44\u8005\u5728\u53ef\u80fd\u4ea7\u751f\u5c11\u91cf\u635f\u5931\u7684\u6761\u4ef6\u4e0b\u4e0d\u613f\u51fa\u552e\u80a1\u7968\u6216\u5176\u4ed6\u80a1\u6743\u3002\u8fd9\u53ef\u80fd\u4e5f\u6709\u52a9\u4e8e\u89e3\u91ca\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u5728\u9700\u6c42\u4f4e\u8ff7\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u4f1a\u51fa\u73b0\u623f\u4ef7\u5f88\u5c11\u6216\u8005\u4ee5\u6781\u6162\u7684\u901f\u5ea6\u4e0b\u964d\u5230\u5e02\u573a\u6e05\u7b97\u6c34\u5e73\u7684\u73b0\u8c61\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


    \u901a\u8fc7\u4f7f\u7528\u524d\u666f\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u7248\u672c\uff0cBenartzi\u548cThaler\u58f0\u79f0\u5df2\u7ecf\u89e3\u51b3\u4e86\u80a1\u6743\u6ea2\u4ef7\u4e4b\u8c1c\u2014\u2014\u4e00\u4e2a\u4f20\u7edf\u91d1\u878d\u6a21\u578b\u8fc4\u4eca\u65e0\u6cd5\u89e3\u51b3\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u5b9e\u9a8c\u91d1\u878d\u5b66\u5728\u7814\u7a76\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u4f1a\u8fd0\u7528\u5b9e\u9a8c\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u901a\u8fc7\u67d0\u79cd\u6a21\u62df\u8f6f\u4ef6\u4eba\u4e3a\u521b\u9020\u4e00\u4e2a\u5e02\u573a\u6765\u7814\u7a76\u4eba\u4eec\u5728\u91d1\u878d\u5e02\u573a\u4e2d\u7684\u51b3\u7b56\u8fc7\u7a0b\u548c\u884c\u4e3a\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


    <\/p>\n

    \u91cf\u5316\u884c\u4e3a\u91d1\u878d\u5b66<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n

    \u91cf\u5316\u884c\u4e3a\u91d1\u878d\u5b66 Quantitative behavioral finance\u4f7f\u7528\u6570\u5b66\u548c\u7edf\u8ba1\u65b9\u6cd5\u6765\u7814\u7a76\u884c\u4e3a\u504f\u5dee\u3002\u5728\u5e02\u573a\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e00\u9879\u8c03\u67e5\u663e\u793a\u6ca1\u6709\u8bc1\u636e\u8868\u660e\u9010\u6b65\u5347\u7ea7\u7684\u504f\u89c1\u4f1a\u5f71\u54cd\u5e02\u573a\u51b3\u7b56\u3002\u4e3b\u8981\u8d21\u732e\u8005\u5305\u62ec\u5188\u5179\u00b7\u5361\u57fa\u7eb3\u5c14\u666e Gunduz Caginalp (2001-2004\u5e74\u300a\u884c\u4e3a\u91d1\u878d\u5b66\u671f\u520a Journal of Behavioral Finance\u300b\u7684\u7f16\u8f91) \uff0c\u5408\u4f5c\u8005\u5305\u62ec2002\u5e74\u8bfa\u8d1d\u5c14\u5956\u83b7\u5f97\u8005\u5f17\u519c\u00b7\u53f2\u5bc6\u65af Vernon Smith\uff0c\u6234\u7ef4\u00b7\u6ce2\u7279 David Porter\uff0c\u5510\u00b7\u5df4\u5217\u8bfa\u7ef4\u5947 Don Balenovich\uff0c\u5f17\u62c9\u57fa\u7c73\u5c14\u00b7\u9ece\u5229\u8036\u592b Vladimira Ilieva \uff0c\u827e\u54c8\u8fc8\u5fb7\u00b7\u675c\u5170 Ahmet Duran\u4ee5\u53ca\u96f7\u00b7\u65af\u7279\u59c6 Ray Sturm\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


    <\/p>\n

    \u91d1\u878d\u6a21\u578b<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n

    \u4e00\u4e9b\u7528\u4e8e\u8d27\u5e01\u7ba1\u7406\u548c\u8d44\u4ea7\u8bc4\u4f30\u7684\u91d1\u878d\u6a21\u578b\u4e0e\u884c\u4e3a\u91d1\u878d\u5b66\u53c2\u6570\u76f8\u7ed3\u5408\u3002\u4f8b\u5982:<\/span><\/p>\n

      \n
    • \n

      Thaler\u5236\u9020\u8fc7\u4e00\u4e2a\u901a\u8fc7\u4fe1\u606f\u56de\u9988\u6765\u521b\u9020\u4ef7\u683c\u5e02\u573a\u8d8b\u52bf\u7684\u4ef7\u683c\u53cd\u5e94\u6a21\u578b\u3002\u8be5\u6a21\u578b\u5177\u6709\u4e09\u4e2a\u9636\u6bb5\uff08\u53cd\u5e94\u4e0d\u8db3\u3001\u8c03\u6574\u548c\u53cd\u5e94\u8fc7\u5ea6\uff09\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n


      \u53cd\u5e94\u8fc7\u5ea6\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u7279\u70b9\u662f\uff0c\u5ba3\u5e03\u597d\u6d88\u606f\u540e\u83b7\u5f97\u7684\u5e73\u5747\u6536\u76ca\u4f4e\u4e8e\u5ba3\u5e03\u574f\u6d88\u606f\u540e\u83b7\u5f97\u7684\u3002\u6362\u53e5\u8bdd\u8bf4\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u5e02\u573a\u5bf9\u65b0\u95fb\u53cd\u5e94\u8fc7\u5f3a\u6216\u8fc7\u957f\u5c31\u4f1a\u51fa\u73b0\u53cd\u5e94\u8fc7\u5ea6\u73b0\u8c61\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u9700\u8981\u5411\u53cd\u65b9\u5411\u4f5c\u51fa\u8c03\u6574\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u65f6\u671f\u8d85\u5e38\u8868\u73b0\u7684\u8d44\u4ea7\u5728\u4e0b\u4e00\u4e2a\u65f6\u671f\u53ef\u80fd\u8868\u73b0\u4e0d\u4f73\u3002\u8fd9\u4e5f\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u89e3\u8bfb\u6d88\u8d39\u8005\u4e0d\u7406\u6027\u7684\u8d2d\u4e70\u4e60\u60ef\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

        \n
      • \n

        \u80a1\u7968\u4f30\u4ef7\u6216\u80a1\u7968\u56fe\u50cf\u7cfb\u6570<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n


        <\/p>\n

        \u6279\u8bc4<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n

        \u50cf\u5c24\u91d1\u00b7\u73d0\u739b Eugene Fama \u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u8bb8\u591a\u6279\u8bc4\u5bb6\u901a\u5e38\u652f\u6301\u5e02\u573a\u6709\u6548\u6027\u5047\u8bf4 efficient-market hypothesis\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u4e0e\u5176\u8bf4\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u91d1\u878d\u5b66\u5206\u652f\uff0c\u884c\u4e3a\u91d1\u878d\u5b66\u66f4\u50cf\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5f02\u5e38\u73b0\u8c61\u7684\u96c6\u5408\u2014\u2014\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5f02\u5e38\u73b0\u8c61\u8981\u4e48\u5f88\u5feb\u88ab\u6392\u6324\u51fa\u5e02\u573a\uff0c\u8981\u4e48\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u5e02\u573a\u5fae\u89c2\u7ed3\u6784\u7406\u8bba\u6765\u89e3\u91ca\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u4e2a\u4eba\u8ba4\u77e5\u504f\u5dee\u4e0d\u540c\u4e8e\u793e\u4f1a\u504f\u5dee\uff1b\u524d\u8005\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u5e02\u573a\u5e73\u5747\u5316\uff0c\u800c\u540e\u8005\u53ef\u4ee5\u521b\u9020\u6b63\u53cd\u9988\u5faa\u73af\u4ece\u800c\u4f7f\u5e02\u573a\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u504f\u79bb\u201d\u516c\u5e73\u4ef7\u683c\u201d\u8fd9\u4e00\u5747\u8861\u72b6\u6001\u3002\u540c\u6837\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u8fdd\u53cd\u5e02\u573a\u6709\u6548\u6027\u7684\u5f02\u5e38\u73b0\u8c61\uff0c\u6295\u8d44\u8005\u5fc5\u987b\u6709\u80fd\u529b\u8fdb\u884c\u53cd\u5411\u4ea4\u6613\u5e76\u83b7\u5f97\u5f02\u5e38\u5229\u6da6\u3002\u4f46\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\u8bb8\u591a\u4eba\u96be\u4ee5\u505a\u5230\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


        \u8be5\u6279\u8bc4\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u5177\u4f53\u4f8b\u5b50\u51fa\u73b0\u5728\u5bf9\u80a1\u7968\u6ea2\u4ef7\u4e4b\u8c1c\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u89e3\u91ca\u4e2d\u3002\u6709\u4eba\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u80a1\u7968\u6ea2\u4ef7\u4e4b\u8c1c\u7684\u539f\u56e0\u662f\u58c1\u5792\uff08\u65e2\u662f\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u7684\u4e5f\u662f\u5fc3\u7406\u4e0a\u7684\uff09\uff0c\u5e76\u58f0\u79f0\u968f\u7740\u7535\u5b50\u8d44\u6e90\u4f7f\u80a1\u7968\u5e02\u573a\u5411\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u4ea4\u6613\u8005\u5f00\u653e\uff0c\u80a1\u7968\u548c\u503a\u5238\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u56de\u62a5\u5e94\u8be5\u76f8\u7b49\u3002\u4f5c\u4e3a\u56de\u5e94\uff0c\u5176\u4ed6\u4eba\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u5927\u591a\u6570\u4e2a\u4eba\u6295\u8d44\u57fa\u91d1\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u517b\u8001\u57fa\u91d1\u7ba1\u7406\u7684\uff0c\u8fd9\u6700\u5c0f\u5316\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5047\u5b9a\u58c1\u5792\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u8003\u8651\u5230\u56de\u62a5\u7387\u5dee\u5f02\uff0c\u4e13\u4e1a\u6295\u8d44\u8005\u548c\u57fa\u91d1\u7ecf\u7406\u6301\u6709\u7684\u503a\u5238\u4f3c\u4e4e\u8d85\u51fa\u4e86\u4eba\u4eec\u7684\u9884\u671f\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


        <\/p>\n

        \u884c\u4e3a\u535a\u5f08\u8bba<\/span><\/strong><\/strong><\/section>\n

        \u884c\u4e3a\u535a\u5f08\u8bba Behavioral game theory\u7531\u79d1\u6797\u00b7\u5361\u6885\u52d2 Colin Camerer\u53d1\u660e\uff0c\u8fd0\u7528\u535a\u5f08\u8bba\u3001\u5b9e\u9a8c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u548c\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u5206\u6790\u4ea4\u4e92\u5f0f\u6218\u7565\u51b3\u7b56\u548c\u884c\u4e3a\u3002\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5305\u62ec\u68c0\u9a8c\u5178\u578b\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7406\u8bba\u7b80\u5316\u7684\u504f\u5dee\uff0c\u5982\u72ec\u7acb\u516c\u7406 independence axiom\u548c\u5ffd\u89c6\u5229\u4ed6\u4e3b\u4e49\u3001\u516c\u5e73\u516c\u6b63\uff0c\u548c\u6846\u67b6\u6548\u5e94 framing effects\u3002\u79ef\u6781\u7684\u4e00\u9762\u662f\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u65b9\u6cd5\u5df2\u7ecf\u5e94\u7528\u4e8e\u4ea4\u4e92\u5f0f\u5b66\u4e60\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u504f\u597d\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u95e8\u5728\u8fd1\u4e09\u5341\u5e74\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u91cc\u53d1\u5c55\u8d77\u6765\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u8bfe\u9898\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


        <\/p>\n

        \u52a8\u7269\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u63a8\u7406<\/span><\/strong><\/strong><\/section>\n

        \u4e00\u4e9b\u6bd4\u8f83\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u8bd5\u56fe\u8bc1\u660e\u9664\u4e86\u4eba\uff0c\u5176\u4ed6\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u4e5f\u80fd\u591f\u8fdb\u884c\u51c6\u7ecf\u6d4e\u63a8\u7406 quasi-economic reasoning\u3002\u65e9\u671f\u5c1d\u8bd5\u96c6\u4e2d\u5728\u5927\u9f20\u548c\u9e3d\u5b50\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u7814\u7a76\u4e0a\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7814\u7a76\u8fd0\u7528\u4e86\u6bd4\u8f83\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u7684\u539f\u5219\uff0c\u5176\u4e3b\u8981\u76ee\u6807\u662f\u5728\u975e\u4eba\u7c7b\u52a8\u7269\u5b9e\u9a8c\u4f53\u8eab\u4e0a\u53d1\u73b0\u7c7b\u4eba\u884c\u4e3a\u3002\u5b83\u5728\u7814\u7a76\u65b9\u6cd5\u4e0a\u4e5f\u4e0e\u8d39\u65af\u7279 Ferster\u548c\u65af\u91d1\u7eb3 Skinner\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u76f8\u4f3c\u3002\u6487\u5f00\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4e0d\u8c08\uff0c\u975e\u4eba\u7c7b\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66 non-human economics\u7684\u65e9\u671f\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u6240\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u672f\u8bed\u504f\u79bb\u4e86\u884c\u4e3a\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u51c6\u5219\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7814\u7a76\u4e3b\u8981\u901a\u8fc7\u8bbe\u7f6e\u64cd\u4f5c\u6761\u4ef6\u7bb1 operant conditioning chamber\u2014\u2014\u7528\u98df\u7269\u5956\u52b1\u5544\u98df\u6216\u6309\u68d2\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u2014\u2014\u6765\u83b7\u5f97\uff0c\u4f46\u7814\u7a76\u4eba\u5458\u5e76\u672a\u4ece\u5f3a\u5316\u4e0e\u523a\u6fc0-\u53cd\u5e94\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u6765\u63cf\u8ff0\u8fd9\u4e9b\u884c\u4e3a\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u4ece\u5de5\u4f5c\u3001\u9700\u6c42\u3001\u9884\u7b97\u548c\u52b3\u52a8\u529b\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u8fdb\u884c\u9610\u91ca\u3002\u6700\u8fd1\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u91c7\u7528\u4e86\u7a0d\u5fae\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u4ece\u4eba\u7c7b\u8fdb\u5316\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\uff0c\u5c06\u4eba\u7c7b\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u884c\u4e3a\u4e0e\u4e00\u79cd\u7075\u957f\u7c7b\u52a8\u7269\u5377\u5c3e\u7334\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u6bd4\u8f83\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


        <\/p>\n

        \u52a8\u7269\u7814\u7a76<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n

        \u8bb8\u591a\u5173\u4e8e\u975e\u4eba\u7c7b\u7ecf\u6d4e\u63a8\u7406\u7684\u65e9\u671f\u7814\u7a76\u90fd\u662f\u5728\u64cd\u4f5c\u6761\u4ef6\u7bb1\u4e2d\u7684\u5927\u9f20\u548c\u9e3d\u5b50\u8eab\u4e0a\u8fdb\u884c\u7684\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7814\u7a76\u8bb0\u5f55\u4e86\u5728\u4e00\u5b9a\u5956\u52b1\u6761\u4ef6\u4e0b\u7684\uff08\u9e3d\u5b50\uff09\u5544\u98df\u7387\u548c\uff08\u5927\u9f20\uff09\u538b\u68d2\u7387\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u65e9\u671f\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u4eba\u5458\u58f0\u79f0\uff0c\u53cd\u5e94\u6a21\u5f0f\uff08\u5544\u98df\u6216\u538b\u68d2\u901f\u7387\uff09\u662f\u52b3\u52a8\u529b\u4f9b\u5e94\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u6070\u5f53\u7c7b\u6bd4\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u9886\u57df\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u4eba\u5458\u4e3b\u5f20\u7528\u52a8\u7269\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u884c\u4e3a\u6765\u7406\u89e3\u57fa\u672c\u7684\u4eba\u7c7b\u7ecf\u6d4e\u884c\u4e3a\u3002\u5df4\u5854\u5229\u5965 Battalio\uff0c\u683c\u6797 Green\u548c\u51ef\u683c\u5c14 Kagel\u5728\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u4e00\u7bc7\u8bba\u6587\u4e2d\u5199\u9053:<\/span><\/p>\n


        \u9650\u4e8e\u7bc7\u5e45\uff0c\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u65e0\u6cd5\u8be6\u7ec6\u8ba8\u8bba\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u5bb6\u5e94\u8be5\u4e25\u8083\u5bf9\u5f85\u4f7f\u7528\u975e\u4eba\u7c7b\u7814\u7a76\u5bf9\u8c61\u6240\u8fdb\u884c\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u7406\u8bba\u7814\u7a76\uff08\u5bf9\u52a8\u7269\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u7814\u7a76\uff09\u2026\u2026\u56e0\u4e3a\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u7528\u4e8e\u8bc6\u522b\u3001\u6d4b\u8bd5\u548c\u6df1\u5165\u7406\u89e3\u7ecf\u6d4e\u884c\u4e3a\u4e00\u822c\u89c4\u5f8b\u7684\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5ba4\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5ba4\u7684\u8fd0\u884c\u57fa\u4e8e\u7269\u79cd\u4e4b\u95f4\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u548c\u7ed3\u6784\u3002\u7ecf\u6d4e\u884c\u4e3a\u539f\u5219\u5982\u679c\u4e0d\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u975e\u4eba\u7c7b\uff08\u5f53\u7136\u4e5f\u6709\u4e00\u4e9b\u53d8\u5316\uff09\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u7ecf\u6d4e\u884c\u4e3a\u5c06\u662f\u72ec\u4e00\u65e0\u4e8c\u7684\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


        <\/p>\n

        \u52b3\u52a8\u4f9b\u7ed9<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n

        \u5178\u578b\u7684\u9e3d\u5b50\u52b3\u52a8\u4f9b\u7ed9\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u5b9e\u9a8c\u73af\u5883\u662f\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\uff1a\u9e3d\u5b50\u4e00\u5f00\u59cb\u5c31\u88ab\u5265\u593a\u98df\u7269\u3002\u968f\u7740\u9965\u997f\u611f\u7684\u589e\u5f3a\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u53d8\u5f97\u6e34\u671b\u98df\u7269\u3002\u7136\u540e\u9e3d\u5b50\u88ab\u653e\u5728\u64cd\u4f5c\u6761\u4ef6\u7bb1\u4e2d\uff0c\u5728\u5b9a\u5411\u548c\u63a2\u7d22\u7bb1\u5b50\u73af\u5883\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u53d1\u73b0\u901a\u8fc7\u5544\u98df\u623f\u95f4\u4e00\u4fa7\u7684\u5c0f\u5706\u76d8\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u83b7\u5f97\u88ab\u9001\u6765\u7684\u98df\u7269\u3002\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u4e0e\u98df\u7269\u6709\u5173\uff0c\u5544\u98df\u884c\u4e3a\u5f97\u5230\u4e86\u5f3a\u5316\u3002\u4e0d\u4e45\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u9e3d\u5b50\u4f1a\u5b9a\u671f\u5544\u98df\u5706\u76d8\uff08\u6216\u523a\u6fc0\u7269\uff09\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


        \u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bf4\u9e3d\u5b50\u4e3a\u98df\u7269\u800c\u201c\u5de5\u4f5c\u201d\uff1a\u91cd\u590d\u8fdb\u884c\u5544\u8fd9\u4e00\u52a8\u4f5c\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u98df\u7269\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u8d27\u5e01\u3002\u8d27\u5e01\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u51e0\u79cd\u65b9\u5f0f\u8fdb\u884c\u8c03\u6574\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u63d0\u4f9b\u98df\u7269\u7684\u6570\u91cf\u3001\u901f\u5ea6\u548c\u7c7b\u578b\uff08\u6709\u4e9b\u98df\u7269\u6bd4\u5176\u4ed6\u98df\u7269\u66f4\u53d7\u6b22\u8fce\uff09\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


        \u5f53\u5956\u52b1\u51cf\u5c11\u65f6\uff0c\u9965\u997f\u7684\u9e3d\u5b50\u505c\u6b62\u6216\u51cf\u5c11\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u8fd9\u548c\u4eba\u7c7b\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u884c\u4e3a\u76f8\u4f3c\u3002\u7814\u7a76\u4eba\u5458\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u8fd9\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u4e0e\u4eba\u7c7b\u7684\u52b3\u52a8\u4f9b\u7ed9\u884c\u4e3a\u76f8\u4f3c\u3002\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u50cf\u4eba\u7c7b\u4e00\u6837\uff08\u5373\u4f7f\u5728\u9700\u8981\u98df\u7269\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u9762\u5bf9\u65e2\u5b9a\u5de5\u8d44\u4e5f\u53ea\u4f1a\u5b8c\u6210\u56fa\u5b9a\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u91cf\uff09\uff0c\u5f53\u56de\u62a5\uff08\u4ef7\u503c\uff09\u51cf\u5c11\u65f6\uff0c\u9e3d\u5b50\u4f1a\u8868\u73b0\u51fa\u5544\u98df\u884c\u4e3a\uff08\u5de5\u4f5c\uff09\u7684\u51cf\u5c11\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


        <\/p>\n

        \u9700\u6c42<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n

        \u5728\u4eba\u7c7b\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u4e2d\uff0c\u5178\u578b\u7684\u9700\u6c42\u66f2\u7ebf\u5177\u6709\u8d1f\u659c\u7387\u3002\u8fd9\u610f\u5473\u7740\uff0c\u968f\u7740\u67d0\u79cd\u5546\u54c1\u4ef7\u683c\u7684\u4e0a\u6da8\uff0c\u6d88\u8d39\u8005\u613f\u610f\u5e76\u4e14\u80fd\u591f\u8d2d\u4e70\u7684\u6570\u91cf\u4f1a\u51cf\u5c11\u3002\u7814\u7a76\u4eba\u5458\u5728\u7814\u7a76\u975e\u4eba\u7c7b\u52a8\u7269\uff08\u5982\u5927\u9f20\uff09\u7684\u9700\u6c42\u66f2\u7ebf\u65f6\uff0c\u4e5f\u53d1\u73b0\u4e86\u540c\u6837\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


        \u7814\u7a76\u4eba\u5458\u7528\u4e00\u79cd\u4e0d\u540c\u4e8e\u7814\u7a76\u9e3d\u5b50\u52b3\u52a8\u529b\u4f9b\u5e94\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u6765\u7814\u7a76\u5927\u9f20\u7684\u9700\u6c42\u3002\u5177\u4f53\u5c31\u662f\uff0c\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u4ee5\u5927\u9f20\u4e3a\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u64cd\u4f5c\u6761\u4ef6\u7bb1\u4e2d\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u8981\u6c42\u5b83\u4eec\u4e0b\u538b\u4e00\u4e2a\u5c0f\u6746\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u5544\u4e00\u4e2a\u5c0f\u5706\u76d8\u4ee5\u83b7\u5f97\u5956\u52b1\u3002\u5956\u52b1\u53ef\u4ee5\u662f\u98df\u7269\uff08\u5956\u52b1\u98df\u4e38\uff09\u3001\u6c34\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u50cf\u6a31\u6843\u53ef\u4e50\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u996e\u6599\u3002\u5728\u4ee5\u524d\u7684\u9e3d\u5b50\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\uff0c\u52b3\u52a8\u7684\u6a21\u62df\u884c\u4e3a\u662f\u5544\u98df\uff0c\u91d1\u94b1\u7684\u6a21\u62df\u7269\u662f\u5956\u52b1\u3002\u5927\u9f20\u7684\u5b9e\u9a8c\u4e2d\u5de5\u4f5c\u7684\u6a21\u62df\u884c\u4e3a\u5219\u662f\u538b\u6746\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u7814\u7a76\u4eba\u5458\u58f0\u79f0\uff0c\u6539\u53d8\u80fd\u591f\u83b7\u5f97\u5546\u54c1\u7684\u538b\u6746\u6b21\u6570\u6807\u51c6\u7c7b\u4f3c\u4e8e\u5728\u4eba\u7c7b\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u4e2d\u6539\u53d8\u5546\u54c1\u7684\u4ef7\u683c\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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        \u8fdb\u5316\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66<\/span><\/strong><\/strong><\/section>\n

        \u8fdb\u5316\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66 evolutionary psychology\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u8fd9\u4e48\u89e3\u91ca\u7406\u6027\u9009\u62e9\u4e2d\u7684\u8bb8\u591a\u5c40\u9650\u6027\u2014\u2014\u5728\u6700\u5927\u5316\u751f\u7269\u9002\u5e94\u6027\u7684\u7956\u4f20\u73af\u5883\u4e2d\u7684\u7406\u6027\u9009\u62e9\u5728\u5f53\u524d\u73af\u5883\u4e2d\u5374\u4e0d\u4e00\u5b9a\u662f\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5f53\u56e0\u8d44\u6e90\u51cf\u5c11\u800c\u4e0d\u5f97\u4e0d\u751f\u6d3b\u5728\u8d2b\u56f0\u7ebf\u4e0a\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u53ef\u80fd\u9762\u5bf9\u6b7b\u4ea1\u65f6\uff0c\u7406\u6027\u7684\u505a\u6cd5\u662f\u91cd\u89c6\u907f\u514d\u635f\u5931\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u83b7\u5f97\u6536\u76ca\u3002\u8fd9\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u89e3\u91ca\u4e0d\u540c\u7fa4\u4f53\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u5dee\u5f02\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u7537\u6027\u76f8\u5bf9\u5973\u6027\u4f1a\u66f4\u8f7b\u89c6\u98ce\u9669\u89c4\u907f\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u7537\u6027\u6bd4\u5973\u6027\u6709\u66f4\u5927\u7684\u7e41\u6b96\u6210\u529f\u7387\u3002\u867d\u7136\u5931\u8d25\u7684\u5192\u9669\u884c\u4e3a\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u540c\u65f6\u9650\u5236\u4e24\u6027\u7684\u7e41\u6b96\u6210\u529f\u7387\uff0c\u4f46\u5bf9\u7537\u6027\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u4e00\u65e6\u5192\u9669\u884c\u4e3a\u6210\u529f\uff0c\u5176\u66f4\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u63d0\u9ad8\u7e41\u6b96\u6210\u529f\u7387\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


        <\/p>\n

        \u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd<\/span><\/strong><\/strong><\/section>\n

        \u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u591a\u7684\u51b3\u7b56\u5f00\u59cb\u7531\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u8f85\u52a9\u4e0b\u7684\u4eba\u7c7b\u505a\u51fa\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u76f4\u63a5\u7531\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u505a\u51fa\u3002\u9f50\u7acb\u5179\u00b7\u9a6c\u5c14\u74e6\u62c9 Tshilidzi Marwala\u548c\u57c3\u6587\u00b7\u8d6b\u7ef4\u5179 Evan Hurwitz\u5728\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u4e66\u4e2d\u7814\u7a76\u4e86\u884c\u4e3a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u7684\u6548\u7528\uff0c\u5e76\u5f97\u51fa\u7ed3\u8bba\uff0c\u79f0\u8fd9\u4e9b\u667a\u80fd\u673a\u5668\u51cf\u5c11\u4e86\u6709\u9650\u7406\u6027\u51b3\u7b56\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u7279\u522b\u662f\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u89c2\u5bdf\u5230\u8fd9\u4e9b\u667a\u80fd\u673a\u5668\u964d\u4f4e\u4e86\u5e02\u573a\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u4e0d\u5bf9\u79f0\u6c34\u5e73\uff0c\u4fc3\u8fdb\u51b3\u7b56\u6539\u5584\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u4f7f\u5e02\u573a\u66f4\u52a0\u7406\u6027\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


        \u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u5728\u5e02\u573a\u4e0a\u7684\u5e94\u7528\uff08\u5982\u5728\u7ebf\u4ea4\u6613\u548c\u51b3\u7b56\uff09\u5df2\u7ecf\u6539\u53d8\u4e86\u4e3b\u6d41\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7406\u8bba\u3002\u53d7\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u5f71\u54cd\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u8fd8\u5305\u62ec\u7406\u6027\u9009\u62e9 rational choice\u3001\u7406\u6027\u9884\u671f rational expectations\u3001<\/span>\u535a\u5f08\u8bba<\/span> game theory\u3001\u5218\u6613\u65af\u8f6c\u6298\u70b9 Lewis turning point\u3001\u6295\u8d44\u7ec4\u5408\u4f18\u5316 portfolio optimization\u548c\u53cd\u4e8b\u5b9e\u601d\u7ef4 counterfactual thinking\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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        \u5b9e\u9a8c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u901a\u8fc7\u8fd0\u7528\u7edf\u8ba1\u5b66\u3001\u8ba1\u91cf\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66 econometric\u548c\u8ba1\u7b97\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66 computational\u7b49\u5b9e\u9a8c\u65b9\u6cd5\u6765\u7814\u7a76\u7ecf\u6d4e\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u5b9e\u9a8c\u4e2d\u6536\u96c6\u7684\u6570\u636e\u88ab\u7528\u4e8e\u4f30\u8ba1\u6548\u679c\u91cf\uff0c\u68c0\u9a8c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u6709\u6548\u6027\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u9610\u660e\u5e02\u573a\u673a\u5236\u3002\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b9e\u9a8c\u901a\u5e38\u4f7f\u7528\u73b0\u91d1\u6765\u6fc0\u52b1\u53d7\u8bd5\u8005\uff0c\u4ee5\u6a21\u62df\u73b0\u5b9e\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u6fc0\u52b1\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5b9e\u9a8c\u88ab\u7528\u6765\u89e3\u8bfb\u5e02\u573a\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u4ea4\u6613\u7cfb\u7edf\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u4ee5\u53ca\u4e3a\u4f55\u8fd9\u6837\u8fd0\u4f5c\u7684\u3002\u5b9e\u9a8c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u8fd8\u88ab\u6269\u5c55\u5230\u673a\u6784\u7ec4\u7ec7\u548c\u6cd5\u5f8b\uff08\u5b9e\u9a8c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u548c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\uff09\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u53bb\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


        \u8fd9\u95e8\u5b66\u79d1\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u57fa\u672c\u65b9\u9762\u662f\u5b9e\u9a8c\u8bbe\u8ba1\u3002\u65e0\u8bba\u662f\u4e2a\u4eba\u884c\u4e3a\u8fd8\u662f\u7fa4\u4f53\u884c\u4e3a\uff0c\u5b9e\u9a8c\u65e2\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u771f\u5b9e\u751f\u6d3b\u573a\u666f\u4e2d\uff08\u7530\u91ce\uff09\u8fdb\u884c\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5ba4\u73af\u5883\u4e2d\u8fdb\u884c\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


        \u9664\u4e86\u6b63\u5f0f\u7684\u6807\u51c6\u5b9e\u9a8c\uff0c\u8fd9\u91cc\u8fd8\u6709\u4e00\u4e9b\u53d8\u4f53\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u81ea\u7136\u5b9e\u9a8c\u548c\u51c6\u81ea\u7136\u5b9e\u9a8c\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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        \u795e\u7ecf\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n

        \u795e\u7ecf\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66 Neuroeconomics\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u8de8\u5b66\u79d1\u7684\u9886\u57df\uff0c\u65e8\u5728\u63a2\u7d22\u7814\u7a76\u4eba\u7c7b\u51b3\u7b56\u673a\u5236\u4ee5\u53ca\u4eba\u7c7b\u5904\u7406\u591a\u91cd\u9009\u9879\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u3002\u8be5\u5b66\u79d1\u9075\u5faa\u4e00\u4e2a\u884c\u52a8\u65b9\u9488\u3002\u5b83\u7814\u7a76\u7ecf\u6d4e\u884c\u4e3a\u5982\u4f55\u5f71\u54cd\u6211\u4eec\u5bf9\u5927\u8111\u7684\u7406\u89e3\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u795e\u7ecf\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u53d1\u73b0\u5982\u4f55\u7ea6\u675f\u548c\u6307\u5bfc\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u6a21\u578b\u7684\u5efa\u6784\u4e0e\u53d1\u5c55\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


        \u5b83\u7efc\u5408\u8fd0\u7528\u4e86\u795e\u7ecf\u79d1\u5b66\u3001\u5b9e\u9a8c\u548c\u884c\u4e3a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u4ee5\u53ca\u8ba4\u77e5\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002\u968f\u7740\u5bf9\u51b3\u7b56\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u53d8\u5f97\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u4e0e\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u76f8\u5173\uff0c\u5b83\u4e5f\u5438\u6536\u4e86\u6765\u81ea\u7406\u8bba\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u3001\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u79d1\u5b66\u548c\u6570\u5b66\u9886\u57df\u7684\u65b0\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002\u795e\u7ecf\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u4f7f\u7528\u7ec4\u5408\u5de5\u5177\u6765\u7814\u7a76\u51b3\u7b56\uff0c\u4ee5\u907f\u514d\u51fa\u73b0\u56e0\u4f7f\u7528\u5355\u4e00\u65b9\u6cd5\u800c\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u5f0a\u7aef\u3002\u5728\u4e3b\u6d41\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u4e2d\uff0c\u671f\u671b\u6548\u7528\u548c\u7406\u6027\u4e3b\u4f53\u8fd9\u4e00\u6982\u5ff5\u4ecd\u88ab\u4f7f\u7528\u3002\u4e0d\u8fc7\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6a21\u578b\u65e0\u6cd5\u5145\u5206\u89e3\u91ca\u67d0\u4e9b\u7ecf\u6d4e\u884c\u4e3a\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u542f\u53d1\u5f0f\u548c\u6846\u67b6\u6548\u5e94\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


        \u884c\u4e3a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u5728\u89e3\u8bfb\u7ecf\u6d4e\u51b3\u7b56\u65f6\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u7efc\u5408\u8003\u8651\u793e\u4f1a\u3001\u8ba4\u77e5\u548c\u60c5\u611f\u56e0\u7d20\u6765\u89e3\u91ca\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5f02\u5e38\u73b0\u8c61\u3002\u795e\u7ecf\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u901a\u8fc7\u8fd0\u7528\u795e\u7ecf\u79d1\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u4e3a\u7406\u89e3\u7ecf\u6d4e\u884c\u4e3a\u548c\u795e\u7ecf\u673a\u5236\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\u53c8\u589e\u52a0\u4e86\u65b0\u7684\u7ef4\u5ea6\u3002\u901a\u8fc7\u4f7f\u7528\u6765\u81ea\u4e0d\u540c\u9886\u57df\u7684\u5de5\u5177\uff0c\u4e00\u4e9b\u5b66\u8005\u58f0\u79f0\u795e\u7ecf\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u63d0<\/span>\u4f9b\u4e86\u4e00\u79cd\u66f4\u52a0\u7efc\u5408\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u6765\u5e2e\u52a9\u4eba\u7406\u89e3\u51b3\u7b56\u673a\u5236\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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        <\/span><\/strong><\/h3>\n
        \u96c6\u667a\u8bfe\u7a0b<\/span><\/strong><\/strong><\/section>\n

        \u884c\u4e3a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u4e0e\u5b9e\u9a8c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66 | \u590d\u6742\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u8bfb\u4e66\u4f1a\u7b2c\u5341\u516b\u671f\uff08\u4e09\uff09<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n

        https:\/\/campus.swarma.org\/course\/2845<\/span><\/p>\n

        \u7ecf\u6d4e\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5177\u6709\u65e0\u6bd4\u5e9e\u5927\u7684\u5e76\u53d1\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf\u3002\u5e02\u573a\u3001\u4ef7\u683c\u3001\u4ea7\u4e1a\u3001\u4ea4\u6613\u5408\u7ea6\u548c\u5236\u5ea6\uff0c\u5168\u90fd\u5f62\u6210\u4e8e\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5e76\u53d1\u884c\u4e3a\u4e2d\uff0c\u5e76\u6700\u7ec8\u5f62\u6210\u4e86\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7684\u603b\u4f53\u8868\u73b0\u6216\u805a\u5408\u6a21\u5f0f\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


        <\/span><\/p>\n

        \u590d\u6742\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u662f\u770b\u5f85\u8fd9\u79cd\u590d\u6742\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u5b8c\u5168\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002\u590d\u6742\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6982\u5ff5\u7531\u5e03\u83b1\u6069\u00b7\u963f\u745f\uff08W. Brain Arthur\uff09\u4e8e 1999 \u5e74\u5728\u300aScience\u300b\u4e0a\u53d1\u8868\u7684\u4e00\u7bc7\u8bba\u6587\u4e2d\u63d0\u51fa\u3002\u963f\u745f\u4e5f\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u590d\u6742\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u7684\u521b\u59cb\u4eba\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


        <\/span><\/p>\n

        \u8be5\u8bfe\u7a0b\u662f\u5bf9\u590d\u6742\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u8bfb\u4e66\u4f1a\u603b\u7ed3\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


        <\/p>\n

        \u7cfb\u7edf\u79d1\u5b66\u4e0e\u793e\u4f1a\u7ecf\u6d4e<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n

        https:\/\/campus.swarma.org\/course\/1001<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n