{"id":34593,"date":"2022-05-22T19:00:05","date_gmt":"2022-05-22T11:00:05","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/swarma.org\/?p=34593"},"modified":"2022-05-22T19:00:05","modified_gmt":"2022-05-22T11:00:05","slug":"%e6%99%ae%e8%8e%b1%e6%96%af%e5%92%8c%e4%bb%96%e7%9a%84%e5%ae%9a%e5%be%8b%e5%8f%8a%e6%a8%a1%e5%9e%8b%e4%b8%a8%e9%99%88%e5%85%b3%e8%8d%a3","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/swarma.org\/?p=34593","title":{"rendered":"\u666e\u83b1\u65af\u548c\u4ed6\u7684\u5b9a\u5f8b\u53ca\u6a21\u578b\u4e28\u9648\u5173\u8363"},"content":{"rendered":"
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\u5f53\u4eca\u7684\u5b66\u8005\u4eec\u5bf9\u79d1\u5b66\u5f15\u6587\u7d22\u5f15SCI<\/span>\uff08Science Citation Index\uff09<\/span>\u7231\u6068\u4ea4\u52a0\u3002\u5b83\u662f\u7531\u7f8e\u56fd\u60c5\u62a5\u5b66\u5bb6\u548c\u79d1\u5b66\u8ba1\u91cf\u5b66\u5bb6\u5c24\u91d1\u00b7\u52a0\u83f2\u5c14\u5fb7<\/span>\uff08Eugene E. Garfield\uff0c1925-2017\uff09<\/span>\u4e8e1955\u5e74\u5f15\u8fdb\u7684\u3002\u5f53\u5e74\u4ed6\u5728\u300a\u79d1\u5b66\u300b\u6742\u5fd7\u4e0a\u53d1\u8868\u4e86\u9898\u4e3a\u201c\u4e3a\u79d1\u5b66\u8bbe\u7acb\u5f15\u6587\u7d22\u5f15\u6307\u6807\u201d<\/span>\uff08Citation indexes for science<\/em>\uff09<\/span>\u7684\u6587\u7ae0\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u5f15\u6587\u7d22\u5f15<\/span>\uff08SCI\uff09<\/span>\u7684\u6784\u60f3\uff0c\u65e8\u5728\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e00\u79cd\u6587\u732e\u8ba1\u91cf\u5de5\u5177\u6765\u5e2e\u52a9\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u5bfb\u627e\u548c\u8bc6\u522b\u611f\u5174\u8da3\u7684\u4e13\u4e1a\u6587\u732e\u3002\u52a0\u83f2\u5c14\u5fb7\u4e8e1960\u5e74\u521b\u529e\u4e86\u7f8e\u56fd\u79d1\u5b66\u4fe1\u606f\u7814\u7a76\u6240ISI<\/span>\uff08Institute for Scientific Information\uff09<\/span>\uff0c1963\u5e74\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86\u5168\u7403SCI\u6570\u636e\u5e93\uff0c1964\u5e74\u8d77\u5f00\u59cb\u516c\u5e03SCI\u5e74\u5ea6\u6570\u636e\uff0c\u968f\u540e\u57281973\u5e74\u5f00\u59cb\u516c\u5e03\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u5f15\u6587\u7d22\u5f15SSCI\u5e74\u5ea6\u6570\u636e\u548c\u57281978\u5e74\u5f00\u59cb\u516c\u5e03\u827a\u672f\u4e0e\u4eba\u6587\u5f15\u6587\u7d22\u5f15A&HCI\u5e74\u5ea6\u6570\u636e\u3002\u4ed6\u751f\u524d\u62c5\u4efb\u6c64\u68ee\u8def\u900f\u79d1\u6280\u96c6\u56e2<\/span>\uff08Thomson Reuters Corporation\uff09<\/span>\u7684\u7ec8\u8eab\u540d\u8a89\u8463\u4e8b\u957f\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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\u56fd\u9645\u79d1\u5b66\u8ba1\u91cf\u5b66\u548c\u4fe1\u606f\u8ba1\u91cf\u5b66\u5b66\u4f1a <\/span>\uff08International Society for Scientometrics and Infometrics\uff09<\/span>\u4e8e1984\u5e74\u8bbe\u7acb\u4e86\u201c\u5fb7\u91cc\u514b\u00b7\u5fb7\u00b7\u7d22\u62c9\u00b7\u666e\u83b1\u65af\u7eaa\u5ff5\u5956\u201d<\/span>\uff08Derek de Solla Price Memorial Medal\uff09<\/span>\u5e76\u628a\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u5956\u7ae0\u6388\u4e88\u52a0\u83f2\u5c14\u5fb7\uff0c\u8868\u5f70\u4ed6\u5bf9\u60c5\u62a5\u5b66\u548c\u8ba1\u91cf\u5b66\u505a\u51fa\u7684\u5353\u8d8a\u8d21\u732e\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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\u56fe1  \u79d1\u5b66\u8ba1\u91cf\u5b66\u548c\u79d1\u5b66\u53f2\u4e13\u5bb6\u666e\u83b1\u65af<\/span><\/p>\n


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\u666e\u83b1\u65af\u51fa\u751f\u4e8e\u82f1\u56fd\u4f26\u6566\u4e1c\u90ca\u7684Leyton\u9547\uff0c\u7236\u4eb2\u83f2\u5229\u666e\u00b7\u666e\u83b1\u65af<\/span>\uff08Philip Price\uff09<\/span>\u662f\u4e2a\u88c1\u7f1d\uff0c\u6bcd\u4eb2\u8303\u59ae\u00b7\u5fb7\u00b7\u7d22\u62c9<\/span>\uff08Fanny de Solla\uff09<\/span>\u662f\u540d\u6b4c\u624b\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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1938\u5e74\uff0c\u666e\u83b1\u65af\u4e2d\u5b66\u6bd5\u4e1a\u540e\u5230\u897f\u5357Essex\u6280\u672f\u5b66\u9662\u7269\u7406\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5ba4\u4ece\u4e8b\u4e86\u4e00\u6bb5\u65f6\u95f4\u7684\u52a9\u7406\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u4e4b\u540e\u8fdb\u5165\u4f26\u6566\u5927\u5b66\u4fee\u8bfb\u7269\u7406\u548c\u6570\u5b66\u3002\u5728\u4f26\u6566\u5927\u5b66\uff0c\u4ed6\u4e8e1942\u5e74\u83b7\u5b66\u58eb\u5b66\u4f4d\u30011946\u5e74\u83b7\u5b9e\u9a8c\u7269\u7406\u535a\u58eb\u5b66\u4f4d\u3002\u5728\u7814\u7a76\u751f\u9636\u6bb5\uff0c\u4ed6\u53d1\u8868\u4e86\u51e0\u7bc7\u8bba\u6587\u548c\u4e00\u9879\u5149\u5b66\u9ad8\u6e29\u8ba1\u4e13\u5229\u3002\u968f\u540e\uff0c\u4ed6\u83b7\u5f97\u7f8e\u56fd\u8054\u90a6\u57fa\u91d1\u4f1a\u7684\u52a9\u7814\u91d1\u524d\u5f80\u7f8e\u56fd\uff0c\u5728\u5339\u5179\u5821\u548c\u666e\u6797\u65af\u987f\u5de5\u4f5c\u4e86\u4e00\u5e74\uff0c\u4e8e 1947 \u5e74\u8fd4\u56de\u82f1\u56fd\u3002\u540c\u5e74\uff0c\u4ed6\u5728\u54e5\u672c\u54c8\u6839\u4e0e Ellen Hjorth<\/span>\uff081925-1995\uff09<\/span>\u7ed3\u4e86\u5a5a\uff0c\u4e24\u4eba\u540e\u6765\u80b2\u6709\u4e24\u5b50\u4e00\u5973\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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1948\u5e74\uff0c\u666e\u83b1\u65af\u5230\u4e86\u65b0\u52a0\u5761University of Malaya\u7684Raffles College\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u62c5\u4efb\u5e94\u7528\u6570\u5b66\u6559\u5e08\u3002\u5728\u90a3\u91cc\uff0c\u6709\u4e24\u4ef6\u4e8b\u5bf9\u4ed6\u540e\u6765\u7684\u5b66\u672f\u53d1\u5c55\u4ea7\u751f\u4e86\u6df1\u8fdc\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u4e00\u662f\u4ed6\u9047\u5230\u4e86\u82f1\u56fd\u5251\u6865\u5927\u5b66\u7684\u6d77\u519b\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u8bfa\u65af\u79d1\u7279\u00b7\u5e15\u91d1\u68ee<\/span>\uff08C. Northcote Parkinson\uff0c1909-1993\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u5e15\u91d1\u68ee\u6fc0\u53d1\u4e86\u666e\u83b1\u65af\u5bf9\u5386\u53f2\u7684\u5174\u8da3\u548c\u70ed\u60c5\u3002\u4e8c\u662f\u666e\u83b1\u65af\u5728\u5927\u5b66\u56fe\u4e66\u9986\u91cc\u8d1f\u8d23\u300a\u82f1\u56fd\u7687\u5bb6\u5b66\u4f1a\u54f2\u5b66\u6c47\u520a\u300b\u7684\u6574\u7406\u5de5\u4f5c\u3002\u5f53\u4ed6\u63091665\u81f31850\u5e74\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u987a\u5e8f\u6392\u5217\u4f1a\u520a\u65f6\uff0c\u6ce8\u610f\u5230\u4e86\u5b83\u4eec\u6309\u5e74\u4efd\u5806\u780c\u8d77\u6765\u7684\u9ad8\u5ea6\u968f\u7740\u65f6\u95f4\u5448\u6307\u6570\u5f0f\u589e\u957f\u3002\u666e\u83b1\u65af\u540e\u6765\u56de\u5fc6\u9053\uff1a\u201c\u6211\u628a\u5b83\u4eec\u6309\u65f6\u95f4\u987a\u5e8f\u6574\u9f50\u5730\u5806\u653e\u5728\u5367\u5ba4\u5185\u7684\u5899\u8fb9\uff0c\u2026\u2026\u6211\u6ce8\u610f\u5230\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u9ad8\u5ea6\u5f62\u6210\u4e00\u6761\u6f02\u4eae\u7684\u6307\u6570\u66f2\u7ebf\u2026\u2026\u201d\u4ed6\u4e8e\u662f\u4ea7\u751f\u4e86\u79d1\u5b66\u53d1\u5c55\u53ef\u80fd\u4e5f\u662f\u6307\u6570\u5f0f\u589e\u957f\u7684\u60f3\u6cd5\u5e76\u5728\u591a\u5e74\u4ee5\u540e\u8bbe\u8ba1\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u6570\u5b66\u6a21\u578b\u6765\u523b\u753b\u8fd9\u79cd\u589e\u957f\u89c4\u5f8b\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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\u666e\u83b1\u65af\u5728\u65b0\u52a0\u5761\u5de5\u4f5c\u4e09\u5e74\u540e\u4fbf\u8fd4\u56de\u82f1\u56fd\u3002\u4ed6\u51b3\u5b9a\u6539\u53d8\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u65b9\u5411\uff0c\u6765\u5230\u5251\u6865\u5927\u5b66\u4fee\u8bfb\u79d1\u5b66\u53f2\u535a\u58eb\u5b66\u4f4d\u3002\u5728\u5251\u6865\u5927\u5b66Peterhouse\u56fe\u4e66\u9986\uff0c\u4ed6\u610f\u5916\u5730\u53d1\u73b0\u4e86\u4e00\u7bc7\u7528\u4e2d\u53e4\u82f1\u8bed\u5199\u6210\u7684\u624b\u7a3f\u201c\u884c\u661f\u8d64\u9053\u201d<\/span>\uff08The Equatorie of the Planetis\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e86\u4e00\u79cd\u5929\u6587\u7528\u7684\u884c\u661f\u5b9a\u4f4d\u4eea<\/span>\uff08Equatorium\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u4e8e\u662f\u4ed6\u4ee5\u4e4b\u4e3a\u9898\u6750\uff0c\u5728 1954 \u5e74\u5b8c\u6210\u4e86\u535a\u58eb\u5b66\u4f4d\u8bba\u6587\uff0c\u5e76\u5728\u7fcc\u5e74\u51fa\u7248\u4e86\u4e00\u672c\u5173\u4e8e\u8fd9\u4e2a\u884c\u661f\u5b9a\u4f4d\u4eea\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u53f2\u4e13\u8457\u3002\u666e\u83b1\u65af\u4ee5\u4e3a\u8be5\u884c\u661f\u8d64\u9053\u624b\u7a3f\u662f\u5c5e\u4e8e\u201c\u82f1\u56fd\u6587\u5b66\u4e4b\u7236\u201d\u6770\u5f17\u91cc\u00b7\u4e54\u53df<\/span>\uff08Geoffrey Chaucer\uff0c\u7ea6\u524d1400-1340\uff09<\/span>\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u4e54\u53df\u8fd8\u5199\u8fc7\u53e6\u4e00\u7bc7\u5929\u6587\u661f\u76d8\u8bba\u7684\u6587\u7ae0\u3002\u4f46\u7ecf\u540e\u4eba\u8003\u8bc1\uff0c\u8be5\u624b\u7a3f\u5176\u5b9e\u662f\u82f1\u56fd\u53e4\u5929\u6587\u5b66\u5bb6\u7ea6\u7ff0\u00b7\u97e6\u65af\u7279\u7ef4\u514b<\/span>\uff08John Westwyk\uff0c\u7ea6\u524d1400-1350\uff09<\/span>\u7559\u4e0b\u7684\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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\u5728\u5251\u6865\u653b\u8bfb\u535a\u58eb\u5b66\u4f4d\u671f\u95f4\uff0c\u666e\u83b1\u65af\u9047\u89c1\u4e86\u4e2d\u56fd\u79d1\u5b66\u53f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u674e\u7ea6\u745f<\/span>\uff08Noel Joseph T. M. Needham\uff0c1900-1995\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u666e\u83b1\u65af\u5728\u884c\u661f\u8d64\u9053\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u674e\u7ea6\u745f\u9080\u8bf7\u4ed6\u53c2\u52a0\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u5173\u4e8e\u4e2d\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e2d\u56fd\u5929\u6587\u949f\u7684\u8c03\u7814\u9879\u76ee\u3002\u8fd9\u6b21\u5408\u4f5c\u8ba9\u674e\u7ea6\u745f\uff0c\u738b\u94c3\u548c\u666e\u83b1\u65af\u4e09\u4eba\u8054\u540d\u57281960\u5e74\u51fa\u7248\u4e86\u300a\u5929\u949f\u300b<\/span>\uff08Heavenly Clockwork<\/em>\uff09<\/span>\u4e00\u4e66\uff0c\u5176\u4e3b\u8981\u5185\u5bb9\u540e\u6765\u6536\u5f55\u5728\u674e\u7ea6\u745f\u7684\u5de8\u8457\u300a\u4e2d\u56fd\u79d1\u5b66\u6280\u672f\u53f2\u300b\u4e2d\u3002\u738b\u94c3<\/span>\uff081917-1994\uff09<\/span>\u662f\u6c5f\u82cf\u5357\u901a\u4eba\uff0c\u5f53\u5e74\u5728\u5251\u6865\u7559\u5b66\u5386\u53f2\u4e13\u4e1a\uff0c\u662f\u674e\u7ea6\u745f\u65e9\u671f\u4e2d\u56fd\u79d1\u6280\u53f2\u7814\u7a76\u548c\u8457\u8ff0\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u52a9\u624b\u30021968\u5e74\uff0c\u666e\u83b1\u65af\u8fd8\u53d1\u8868\u4e86\u4e00\u7bc7\u5173\u4e8e\u5e0c\u814a\u96c5\u5178\u6c34\u529b\u949f\u7684\u6587\u7ae0\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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\u666e\u83b1\u65af\u83b7\u5f97\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4e2a\u535a\u58eb\u5b66\u4f4d\u540e\uff0c\u4e8e1957\u5e74\u79fb\u5c45\u5230\u7f8e\u56fd\u3002\u4ed6\u5f00\u59cb\u65f6\u5728\u534e\u76db\u987f\u53f2\u5bc6\u68ee\u5b66\u4f1a<\/span>\uff08Smithsonian Institution\uff09<\/span>\u5f53\u79d1\u5b66\u53f2\u987e\u95ee\uff0c\u53c2\u4e0e\u534f\u52a9\u5efa\u7acb\u7f8e\u56fd\u56fd\u5bb6\u5386\u53f2\u548c\u6280\u672f\u535a\u7269\u9986\u3002\u4ed6\u540e\u6765\u5230\u666e\u6797\u65af\u987f\u9ad8\u7b49\u7814\u7a76\u9662<\/span>\uff08IAS\uff09<\/span>\u5de5\u4f5c\u81f31959\u5e74\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u5230\u8036\u9c81\u5927\u5b66\u5386\u53f2\u7cfb\u4efb\u804c\u6559\u6388\uff0c1960\u5e74\u62c5\u4efb\u7cfb\u4e3b\u4efb\u53ca\u5927\u5b66Peabody\u81ea\u7136\u5386\u53f2\u535a\u7269\u9986\u9986\u957f\u30021962\u5e74\uff0c\u666e\u83b1\u65af\u664b\u5347\u4e3aAvalon\u8bb2\u5ea7\u6559\u6388\u3002\u4ed6\u5728\u8036\u9c81\u5927\u5b66\u5de5\u4f5c\u76f4\u52301983\u5e74\u5728\u4f26\u6566\u670b\u53cb\u5bb6\u56e0\u7a81\u53d1\u5fc3\u810f\u75c5\u53bb\u4e16\uff0c\u4eab\u5e74\u4ec561\u5c81\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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\u56fe2  \u666e\u83b1\u65af\u5728\u5251\u6865\u5927\u5b66\uff081954\uff09<\/span><\/p>\n


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\u666e\u83b1\u65af\u5728 1950 \u5e74\u4ee3\u5f00\u59cb\u7814\u7a76\u795e\u79d8\u7684\u201c\u5b89\u63d0\u57fa\u7279\u62c9\u673a\u68b0\u88c5\u7f6e\u201d<\/span>\uff08Antikythera mechanism\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u8fd9\u53f0\u673a\u5668\u662f1900\u5e74\u7531\u6f5c\u6c34\u5458\u4ece\u5e0c\u814a\u514b\u91cc\u7279<\/span>\uff08Crete\uff09<\/span>\u5c9b\u897f\u5317\u90e8\u7684\u5b89\u63d0\u57fa\u7279\u62c9\u6d77\u57df\u4e00\u8184\u6c89\u8239\u7684\u6b8b\u9ab8\u4e2d\u6253\u635e\u51fa\u6765\u7684\uff0c\u540e\u6765\u4e00\u76f4\u6536\u85cf\u5728\u96c5\u5178\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u8003\u53e4\u535a\u7269\u9986\u91cc\u3002\u5b83\u7ed3\u6784\u590d\u6742\uff0c\u529f\u80fd\u672a\u77e5\uff0c\u8bb8\u591a\u7814\u7a76\u4eba\u5458\u901a\u8fc7\u5404\u79cd\u6280\u672f\u624b\u6bb5\u5206\u6790\u8fc7\u5b83\uff0c\u7ed3\u8bba\u4f17\u8bf4\u7eb7\u7ead\u3002\u666e\u83b1\u65af\u5728 1959 \u5e74\u548c 1974 \u5e74\u5148\u540e\u53d1\u8868\u8fc7\u4e24\u7bc7\u5173\u4e8e\u8be5\u673a\u68b0\u88c5\u7f6e\u7684\u8bba\u6587\uff0c\u6307\u51fa\u5b83\u662f\u4e00\u53f0\u5173\u4e8e\u884c\u661f\u8f68\u9053\u7684\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u68b0\uff0c\u5236\u9020\u65f6\u95f4\u53ef\u8ffd\u6eaf\u5230\u516c\u5143\u524d 65-80 \u5e74\u4e4b\u95f4\u30021959 \u5e74\uff0c\u666e\u83b1\u65af\u5728\u300a\u79d1\u5b66\u7f8e\u56fd\u4eba\u300b\u53d1\u8868\u4e86\u4e00\u7bc7\u5c01\u9762\u6587\u7ae0\u201c\u4e00\u53f0\u53e4\u5e0c\u814a\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u201d<\/span>\uff08An Ancient Greek Computer\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u8be6\u5c3d\u5730\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e86\u5e76\u5c1d\u8bd5\u521d\u6b65\u8fd8\u539f\u51fa\u8fd9\u53f0\u590d\u6742\u7684\u673a\u5668\u3002\u4ed6\u5199\u9053\uff1a\u8fd9\u53f0\u673a\u5668\u201c\u5728\u6d77\u5e95\u4e0b\u4e24\u5343\u5e74\u88ab\u8150\u8680\u5f97\u6447\u6447\u6b32\u5760\u4e86\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83\u7684\u8868\u76d8\u3001\u9f7f\u8f6e\u548c\u94ed\u724c\u4f9d\u7136\u5411\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u5c55\u793a\u7740\u795e\u79d8\u7684\u7591\u56e2\u3002\u2026\u2026\u5b83\u6216\u8bb8\u4f1a\u6539\u53d8\u6211\u4eec\u5bf9\u53e4\u5e0c\u814a\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u8bf8\u591a\u731c\u6d4b\u201d\u3002\u4ed6\u6307\u51fa\uff1a\u201c\u636e\u6211\u4eec\u6240\u77e5\u5173\u4e8e\u5e0c\u814a\u5316\u65f6\u4ee3<\/span>\uff08Hellenistic age\uff09<\/span>\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u6280\u672f\uff0c\u4fbf\u5e94\u8be5\u8ba4\u4e3a\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u8bbe\u5907\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u201d\u3002\u4ed6\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u90a3\u662f\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u201cHigh-Tech\u201d\u4f8b\u5b50\u30021974\u5e74\uff0c\u666e\u83b1\u65af\u51fa\u7248\u4e86\u8bba\u6587\u53ca\u4e13\u8457\u201c\u6765\u81ea\u5e0c\u814a\u4eba\u7684\u9f7f\u8f6e\uff1a\u5b89\u63d0\u57fa\u7279\u62c9\u673a\u68b0\u88c5\u7f6e\u2014\u2014\u516c\u5143\u524d80\u5e74\u7684\u65e5\u5386\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u201d\uff0c\u628a\u5b83\u548c\u725b\u6d25\u5927\u5b66\u535a\u7269\u9986\u91cc1221-1222\u5e74\u51fa\u571f\u7684\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u9f7f\u8f6e\u65e5\u5386\u88c5\u7f6e\u4f5c\u4e86\u6bd4\u8f83\u3002\u666e\u83b1\u65af\u59cb\u7ec8\u501f\u7528\u201c\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u201d\u8fd9\u4e00\u79f0\u8c13\uff0c\u610f\u6307\u8be5\u673a\u5668\u5c31\u50cf\u4e00\u53f0\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528\u65cb\u8f6c\u90e8\u4ef6\u7684\u8fde\u7eed\u8fd0\u52a8\u6765\u6a21\u62df\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u5929\u6587\u548c\u5386\u6cd5\u4e2d\u65f6\u95f4\u5468\u671f\u5173\u7cfb\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c 1961\u5e74\u666e\u83b1\u65af\u8fd8\u51fa\u7248\u4e86\u4e00\u672c\u6781\u5177\u5f71\u54cd\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u53f2\u4e66\u300a\u5df4\u6bd4\u4f26\u4ee5\u6765\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u300b\u3002\u4ed6\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u53f2\u7814\u7a76\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u5df4\u6bd4\u4f26\u4eba\u662f\u7b2c\u4e00\u4ee3\u201c\u7a0b\u5e8f\u5458\u201d\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u5929\u6587\u6570\u5b66\u8bfb\u8d77\u6765\u5c31\u50cf\u4eca\u5929\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u7a0b\u5e8f\u7684\u6253\u5370\u8f93\u51fa\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u6298\u5c04\u51fa\u5df4\u6bd4\u4f26\u53e4\u4ee3\u6280\u672f\u7684\u590d\u6742\u6027\u548c\u5148\u8fdb\u6027\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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\u56fe3  \u666e\u83b1\u65af\u548c\u5b89\u63d0\u57fa\u7279\u62c9\u673a\u68b0\u88c5\u7f6e\u6a21\u578b\uff081982\uff09<\/span><\/p>\n


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1963\u5e74\uff0c\u666e\u83b1\u65af\u51fa\u7248\u4e86\u4e00\u672c\u6709\u53e3\u7686\u7891\u7684\u8ba1\u91cf\u79d1\u5b66\u79d1\u666e\u8457\u4f5c\u300a\u5c0f\u79d1\u5b66\uff0c\u5927\u79d1\u5b66\u300b<\/span>\uff08Little Science\uff0cBig Science<\/em>\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u8fd9\u672c\u4e66\u4e00\u76f4\u662f\u4ed6\u6240\u6709\u8bba\u8457\u4e2d\u88ab\u5f15\u6b21\u6570\u6700\u9ad8\u7684\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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1965 \u5e74\u662f\u666e\u83b1\u65af\u5b66\u672f\u521b\u65b0\u6210\u679c\u6700\u4e3a\u4e30\u5bcc\u4e5f\u6700\u5907\u53d7\u5b66\u672f\u754c\u5173\u6ce8\u7684\u4e00\u5e74\u3002\u4ece\u666e\u83b1\u65af\u7684\u5b66\u672f\u8bba\u6587\u88ab\u5f15\u6570\u5206\u5e03\u56fe\u53ef\u4ee5\u770b\u51fa\uff0c\u4ed6\u7528\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u5b9e\u8df5\u5370\u8bc1\u4e86\u5728\u300a\u5c0f\u79d1\u5b66\uff0c\u5927\u79d1\u5b66\u300b\u91cc\u8bf4\u7684\u4e00\u53e5\u8bdd\uff1a\u201c\u4efb\u4f55\u4e00\u4e2a\u5e74\u8f7b\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\uff0c\u5728\u56de\u987e\u4ed6\u6b63\u5e38\u4eba\u751f\u4e2d\u4ece\u73b0\u5728\u5f00\u59cb\u5230\u804c\u4e1a\u751f\u6daf\u7ed3\u675f\u7684\u7ecf\u5386\u65f6\uff0c\u5c06\u4f1a\u53d1\u73b0\u4ed6\u6240\u5b8c\u6210\u7684\u5168\u90e8\u79d1\u5b66\u5de5\u4f5c\u7684 80% \u5230 90% \u90fd\u662f\u5728\u4ed6\u773c\u524d\u53d1\u751f\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u53ea\u6709 10% \u5230 20% \u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u65f6\u6bb5\u4e4b\u524d\u53d1\u751f\u3002\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n


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\u56fe4  \u666e\u83b1\u65af\u5b66\u672f\u8bba\u6587\u88ab\u5f15\u6570\u5206\u5e03\u56fe\uff08\u9ad8\u5cf0\u57281965\u5e74\uff09<\/span><\/p>\n


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1965\u5e74\uff0c\u666e\u83b1\u65af\u5728\u4f26\u6566\u7687\u5bb6\u5b66\u4f1a\u4f5c\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u9898\u4e3a\u201c\u79d1\u5b66\u653f\u7b56\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u57fa\u7840\u201d\u7684\u8bb2\u5ea7\uff0c\u9610\u8ff0\u4e86\u4ed6\u5173\u4e8e\u201c\u79d1\u5b66\u5b66\u201d<\/span>\uff08Science of Science\uff09<\/span>\u7684\u7406\u5ff5\u3002\u540c\u5e74\uff0c\u8be5\u62a5\u544a\u5728\u300a\u81ea\u7136\u300b\u6742\u5fd7\u4ee5\u540c\u6837\u6807\u9898\u6b63\u5f0f\u53d1\u8868\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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\u666e\u83b1\u65af\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u5b66\u548c\u8ba1\u91cf\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u601d\u60f3\u6765\u81ea\u4e8e\u540e\u6765\u4ee5\u4ed6\u547d\u540d\u7684\u5e73\u65b9\u6839\u5b9a\u5f8b\uff0c \u5373\u201c\u666e\u83b1\u65af\u5b9a\u5f8b\u201d\u3002\u8be5\u5b9a\u5f8b\u8bf4\uff1a\u6bcf\u4efd\u5de5\u4f5c\u7684\u4e00\u534a\u662f\u7531\u53c2\u4e0e\u5de5\u4f5c\u7684\u603b\u4eba\u6570\u7684\u5e73\u65b9\u6839\u6570\u76ee\u7684\u4eba\u53bb\u5b8c\u6210\u7684\u3002\u6bd4\u5982\u670925\u4f4d\u4f5c\u8005\u53d1\u8868\u4e86100\u7bc7\u8bba\u6587\uff0c\u5219\u5176\u4e2d50\u7bc7\u8bba\u6587\u662f\u75315\u4f4d\u4f5c\u8005\u53c2\u4e0e\u64b0\u5199\u7684\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a5\u5c31\u662f25 \u7684\u5e73\u65b9\u6839\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u6bd4\u4f8b\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u6765\u53cd\u6620\u5176\u5b83\u4e00\u4e9b\u793e\u4f1a\u73b0\u8c61\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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\u5f53\u7136\uff0c\u666e\u83b1\u65af\u5e76\u975e\u7814\u7a76\u8fd9\u79cd\u4f5c\u8005\u4eba\u6570\u4e0e\u5176\u51fa\u7248\u6587\u732e\u6570\u91cf\u4e4b\u95f4\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u4eba\u3002\u7edf\u8ba1\u5b66\u5bb6\u963f\u5c14\u5f17\u96f7\u5fb7\u00b7\u6d1b\u7279\u5361<\/span>\uff08Alfred J. Lotka\uff0c1880-1949\uff09<\/span>\u5f88\u65e9\u5c31\u7814\u7a76\u8fc7\u8fd9\u7c7b\u95ee\u9898\u5e76\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u201c\u6d1b\u7279\u5361\u5b9a\u5f8b\u201d\uff1a\u53d1\u8868n\u7bc7\u8bba\u6587\u7684\u4f5c\u8005\u6570\u7ea6\u7b49\u4e8en\u7684\u5012\u5e73\u65b9\u6570\u3002\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u53d1\u8868n\u7bc7\u8bba\u6587\u7684\u4f5c\u8005\u603b\u6570\uff0c\u662f\u53d1\u88681\u7bc7\u8bba\u6587\u4f5c\u8005\u603b\u6570\u7684n\u5e73\u65b9\u5206\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\u51992\u7bc7\u8bba\u6587\u7684\u4f5c\u8005\u6570\u91cf\u7ea6\u4e3a\u51991\u7bc7\u8bba\u6587\u4f5c\u8005\u6570\u91cf\u76841\/4\uff0c\u51993\u7bc7\u8bba\u6587\u4f5c\u8005\u6570\u91cf\u7ea6\u4e3a\u5199\u4e00\u7bc7\u8bba\u6587\u4f5c\u8005\u6570\u91cf\u76841\/9\uff0c\u5982\u6b64\u7c7b\u63a8\u3002\u8fd8\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f30\u7b97\u51fa\uff0c\u53ea\u53d1\u8868\u4e00\u7bc7\u8bba\u6587\u7684\u4f5c\u8005\u603b\u6570\u7ea6\u5360\u5168\u90e8\u4f5c\u8005\u603b\u6570\u768460.79%\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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\u5e38\u8a00\u9053\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u6700\u65e9\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u66f4\u65e9\u3002\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u8ba9-\u96c5\u514b\u00b7\u5362\u68ad<\/span>\uff08Jean-Jacques Roussean\uff0c1712-1778\uff09<\/span>\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e4b\u524d\u5c31\u5df2\u7ecf\u6307\u51fa\u4e86\uff1a\u4efb\u4f55\u4ea7\u54c1\u96c6\u5408n\u4e2d\uff0c\u54c1\u8d28\u4f18\u826f\u7684\u4ea7\u54c1\u6570\u91cf\u7ea6\u7b49\u4e8en\u7684\u5e73\u65b9\u6839\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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\u73b0\u4ee3\u8bb8\u591a\u5b66\u672f\u5de5\u4f5c\u548c\u6587\u732e\u7684\u8ba1\u7b97\u90fd\u57fa\u4e8e\u6d1b\u7279\u5361\u5b9a\u5f8b\u548c\u666e\u83b1\u65af\u5b9a\u5f8b\u3002\u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u5b9a\u5f8b\u4e0e\u610f\u5927\u5229\u5de5\u7a0b\u5e08\u548c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u5bb6\u7ef4\u5c14\u5f17\u96f7\u591a\u00b7\u5e15\u7d2f\u6258<\/span>\uff08Vilfredo F. D. Pareto\uff0c1848-1923\uff09<\/span>\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u201c80-20\u6cd5\u5219\u201d\u7c7b\u4f3c\u3002\u8be5\u6cd5\u5219\u8bf4\uff1a\u901a\u5e3880%\u7684\u8d21\u732e\u662f\u753120%\u7684\u4eba\u505a\u51fa\u7684\u3002\u6d1b\u7279\u5361\u5b9a\u5f8b\u548c\u666e\u83b1\u65af\u5b9a\u5f8b\u4e5f\u88ab\u6bd4\u55bb\u4e3a\u9a6c\u592a<\/span>\uff08\u4e5f\u79f0\u9a6c\u4fee\uff09<\/span>\u6548\u5e94<\/span>\uff08Matthew Effect\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u5176\u5178\u51fa\u81ea\u300a\u9a6c\u592a\u798f\u97f3\u300b\uff1a\u201c\u51e1\u6709\u7684\uff0c\u8fd8\u8981\u52a0\u7ed9\u4ed6\uff0c\u8ba9\u4ed6\u6709\u4f59\uff1b\u51e1\u6ca1\u6709\u7684\uff0c\u8fde\u4ed6\u62e5\u6709\u7684\u4e5f\u8981\u593a\u53bb\u201d\u3002\u8fd9\u5f88\u751f\u52a8\u5730\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e86\u4eca\u5929\u6211\u4eec\u5e38\u8bf4\u7684\u201c\u5bcc\u8005\u8d8a\u5bcc\uff0c\u7a77\u8005\u8d8a\u7a77\u201d\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u89c4\u5f8b\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u73b0\u8c61\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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1934 \u5e74\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u6570\u5b66\u5bb6\u585e\u7f2a\u5c14\u00b7\u5e03\u62c9\u5fb7\u798f\u5fb7<\/span>\uff08Samuel C. Bradford\uff0c1878-1948\uff09<\/span>\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e86\u4e00\u79cd\u6a21\u5f0f\uff0c\u79f0\u4e3a\u201c\u5e03\u62c9\u5fb7\u798f\u5fb7\u5b9a\u5f8b\u201d\uff0c\u7528\u6765\u4f30\u8ba1\u5728\u79d1\u5b66\u671f\u520a\u4e2d\u641c\u7d22\u53c2\u8003\u6587\u732e\u7684\u56de\u62a5\u5448\u6307\u6570\u5f0f\u9012\u51cf\u3002\u6bd4\u5982\u4e00\u4e2a\u9886\u57df\u7684\u671f\u520a\u6309\u6587\u7ae0\u6570\u91cf\u5206\u4e3a\u4e09\u7ec4\uff0c\u6bcf\u7ec4\u5927\u7ea6\u5360\u6240\u6709\u6587\u7ae0\u603b\u6570\u7684\u4e09\u5206\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u6bcf\u7ec4\u7684\u671f\u520a\u6570\u91cf\u5c06\u4ee5 1:n:n\u00b2 \u6210\u6bd4\u4f8b\uff0c\u5373\u5c11\u91cf\u7684\u6742\u5fd7\u53d1\u8868\u5927\u91cf\u7684\u6587\u7ae0\u800c\u5927\u91cf\u7684\u6742\u5fd7\u53ea\u53d1\u8868\u5f88\u5c11\u7684\u6587\u7ae0\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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1949\u5e74\uff0c\u54c8\u4f5b\u5927\u5b66\u8bed\u8a00\u5b66\u5bb6\u4e54\u6cbb\u00b7\u9f50\u592b<\/span>\uff08George K. Zipf\uff0c1902-1950\uff09<\/span>\u4e5f\u53d1\u8868\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u57fa\u4e8e\u5927\u91cf\u6570\u636e\u7684\u7edf\u8ba1\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5b9a\u5f8b\uff0c\u79f0\u4e3a\u201c\u9f50\u592b\u5b9a\u5f8b\u201d<\/span>\uff08Zipf Law\uff09<\/span>\uff1a\u5728\u81ea\u7136\u8bed\u8a00\u7684\u8bed\u6599\u5e93\u91cc\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u5355\u8bcd\u51fa\u73b0\u7684\u9891\u7387\u4e0e\u5b83\u5728\u9891\u7387\u8868\u91cc\u7684\u6392\u540d\u6210\u53cd\u6bd4\u3002\u5177\u4f53\u5730\u8bf4\uff0c\u9891\u7387\u6700\u9ad8\u7684\u5355\u8bcd\u51fa\u73b0\u7684\u9891\u7387\u5927\u7ea6\u662f\u51fa\u73b0\u9891\u7387\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4f4d\u7684\u5355\u8bcd\u76842\u500d\uff0c\u800c\u51fa\u73b0\u9891\u7387\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4f4d\u7684\u5355\u8bcd\u5219\u662f\u51fa\u73b0\u9891\u7387\u7b2c\u56db\u4f4d\u7684\u5355\u8bcd\u76842\u500d\uff0c\u5982\u6b64\u7c7b\u63a8\uff0c\u4e8e\u662f\u5168\u90e8\u7ed3\u679c\u670d\u4ece\u4e00\u4e2a\u5e42\u5f8b\u5206\u5e03\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u7c7b\u4f3c\u7684\u8ba1\u91cf\u7814\u7a76\u62a5\u544a\u8fd8\u80fd\u4ece\u53e4\u8001\u7684\u6587\u732e\u5806\u91cc\u627e\u5230\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u6709\u82f1\u56fd\u7edf\u8ba1\u5b66\u5bb6\u4e54\u6cbb\u00b7\u5c24\u5c14<\/span>\uff08George U. Yule\uff0c1871-1951\uff09<\/span>\u7684\u79bb\u6563\u5e42\u5f8b\u5206\u5e03\u3002\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u7c7b\u4f3c\u7684\u5e42\u5f8b\u5206\u5e03\u89c4\u5f8b\u968f\u5904\u53ef\u89c1\u2500\u2500\u81f3\u5c11\u524d\u9762\u63d0\u5230\u7684\u5b66\u8005\u4eec\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u8fd9\u6837\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u666e\u904d\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u73b0\u8c61\u53d7\u5230\u4e86\u5e7f\u6cdb\u7684\u5173\u6ce8\u4f46\u4e5f\u5f15\u6765\u8bb8\u591a\u4e89\u8bae\u30021968\u5e74\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u5bb6\u7f57\u4f2f\u7279\u00b7\u83ab\u987f<\/span>\uff08Robert K. Merton\uff0c1910-2003\uff09<\/span>\u7528\u9a6c\u592a\u6548\u5e94\u53bb\u63cf\u8ff0\u8fd9\u7c7b\u793e\u4f1a\u73b0\u8c61\u65f6\u6307\u51fa\uff1a\u201c\u76f8\u5bf9\u4e8e\u90a3\u4e9b\u4e0d\u77e5\u540d\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u8005\uff0c\u58f0\u540d\u663e\u8d6b\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u901a\u5e38\u5f97\u5230\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u58f0\u671b\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u6210\u5c31\u662f\u76f8\u4f3c\u7684\u3002\u540c\u6837\u5730\uff0c\u5728\u540c\u4e00\u4e2a\u9879\u76ee\u91cc\uff0c\u58f0\u8a89\u901a\u5e38\u90fd\u88ab\u7ed9\u4e88\u90a3\u4e9b\u5df2\u7ecf\u51fa\u540d\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u5956\u9879\u51e0\u4e4e\u603b\u662f\u6388\u4e88\u6700\u8d44\u6df1\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u8005\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u5168\u90e8\u5de5\u4f5c\u90fd\u662f\u7531\u4e00\u4e2a\u7814\u7a76\u751f\u5b8c\u6210\u7684\u3002\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n


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\u56fe5  \u5e42\u5f8b\u5206\u5e03\u793a\u4f8b<\/span><\/p>\n


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\u666e\u83b1\u65af\u5bf9\u79d1\u5b66\u8bba\u6587\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5f15\u6587\u7f51\u7edc\u8fdb\u884c\u8fc7\u8bb8\u591a\u5b9a\u91cf\u7814\u7a76\u3002\u4ed61965\u5e74\u53d1\u8868\u5728\u300a\u79d1\u5b66\u300b\u6742\u5fd7\u7684\u6587\u7ae0\u201c\u79d1\u5b66\u8bba\u6587\u7f51\u7edc\u201d\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u6307\u51fa\u5f15\u6587\u7f51\u7edc\u7684\u5165\u5ea6\u548c\u51fa\u5ea6\u5747\u7b26\u5408\u5e42\u5f8b\u5206\u5e03\u3002\u8fd9\u7bc7\u8bba\u6587\u4e3a\u4eca\u5929\u5468\u77e5\u7684\u201c\u65e0\u6807\u5ea6\u7f51\u7edc\u201d<\/span>\uff08Scale-free Network\uff09<\/span>\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u65e9\u671f\u53d1\u73b0\u7684\u5177\u4f53\u4f8b\u5b50\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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<\/section>\n

\u56fe6  \u666e\u83b1\u65af\u7684\u300a\u79d1\u5b66\u300b\u6742\u5fd7\u8bba\u6587\uff081965\uff09<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

\u8bf4\u5230\u65e0\u6807\u5ea6\u7f51\u7edc\uff0c\u5c31\u4e0d\u80fd\u4e0d\u63d0\u53ca\u201c\u666e\u83b1\u65af\u6a21\u578b\u201d<\/span>\uff08Price Model\uff09<\/span>\u30021976\u5e74\uff0c\u666e\u83b1\u65af\u5728\u300a\u7f8e\u56fd\u4fe1\u606f\u5b66\u4f1a\u6742\u5fd7\u300b\u4e0a\u53d1\u8868\u8bba\u6587\u201c\u6587\u732e\u8ba1\u91cf\u5b66\u548c\u5176\u5b83\u7d2f\u79ef\u4f18\u52bf\u8fc7\u7a0b\u7684\u4e00\u822c\u7406\u8bba\u201d\uff0c\u83b7\u5f97\u4e86\u8be5\u6742\u5fd7\u8be5\u5e74\u5ea6\u6700\u4f73\u8bba\u6587\u5956\u3002\u53d7\u201c\u901a\u624d\u4eba\u7269\u201d\u53f8\u9a6c\u8d3a<\/span>\uff08\u8d6b\u4f2f\u7279\u00b7\u897f\u8499\uff0cHerbert A. Simon\uff0c1916-2001\uff09<\/span>\u5e42\u5f8b\u5206\u5e03\u968f\u673a\u6a21\u578b\u7684\u542f\u53d1\uff0c\u666e\u83b1\u65af\u5728\u8fd9\u7bc7\u8bba\u6587\u4e2d\u5f15\u8fdb\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u7f51\u7edc\u6570\u5b66\u6a21\u578b\uff0c\u7528\u6765\u63cf\u8ff0\u5f15\u6587\u7f51\u7edc\u589e\u957f\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u548c\u5ea6\u5206\u5e03\u751f\u6210\u7684\u89c4\u5f8b\u3002\u8be5\u7f51\u7edc\u6a21\u578b\u57fa\u4e8e\u4e00\u4e2a\u6587\u732e\u6570\u76ee\u7684\u201c\u589e\u957f\u201d<\/span>\uff08Growth\uff09 <\/span>\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4ee5\u53ca\u4e00\u4e2a\u5177\u6709\u7d2f\u8ba1\u4f18\u52bf\u5373\u4eca\u5929\u79f0\u4e3a\u201c\u504f\u597d\u6027\u8fde\u63a5\u201d<\/span>\uff08Preferential Attachment\uff09<\/span>\u7684\u6587\u732e\u5f15\u7528\u673a\u5236\u3002\u666e\u83b1\u65af\u4ece\u6570\u5b66\u4e0a\u8bc1\u660e\u4e86\u4ed6\u65b0\u6a21\u578b\u7684\u8282\u70b9\u5ea6\u7d2f\u79ef\u5206\u5e03\u5728\u67d0\u79cd\u7edf\u4e00\u5f62\u5f0f\u4e0b\u53cd\u6620\u4e86\u4e0a\u9762\u63d0\u5230\u7684\u5e03\u62c9\u5fb7\u798f\u5fb7\u5b9a\u5f8b\u3001\u6d1b\u7279\u5361\u5b9a\u5f8b\u3001\u5e15\u7d2f\u6258\u6cd5\u5219\u548c\u9f50\u592b\u5e42\u5f8b\u5206\u5e03\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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\u4e5f\u8bb8\u662f\u7531\u4e8e\u5728\u666e\u83b1\u65af\u90a3\u4e2a\u65f6\u4ee3\u4eba\u4eec\u5c1a\u672a\u6709\u9ad8\u901f\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u548c\u5927\u89c4\u6a21\u6570\u636e\u5e93\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u8fd8\u6ca1\u6709\u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\uff0c\u8ba1\u91cf\u79d1\u5b66\u9886\u57df\u7684\u4e13\u5bb6\u4eec\u5bf9\u666e\u83b1\u65af\u6a21\u578b\u4e0d\u592a\u91cd\u89c6\uff0c\u5176\u5b83\u9886\u57df\u7edd\u5927\u591a\u6570\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u751a\u81f3\u4e0d\u77e5\u9053\u5b83\u7684\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u56e0\u800c\u8be5\u6a21\u578b\u5e76\u4e0d\u4e3a\u5927\u4f17\u77e5\u6653\u3002\u76f4\u52301999\u5e74\uff0c\u963f\u4f2f\u7279-\u62c9\u65af\u6d1b\u00b7\u5df4\u62c9\u5df4\u897f<\/span>\uff08Albert-L\u00e1szl\u00f3 Barab\u00e1si\uff0c1967-\uff09<\/span>\u548c\u4ed6\u7684\u535a\u58eb\u751f\u96f7\u5361\u00b7\u963f\u4f2f\u7279<\/span>\uff08R\u00e9ka Albert\uff0c1972-\uff09<\/span>\u5728\u300a\u79d1\u5b66\u300b\u6742\u5fd7\u4e0a\u53d1\u8868\u4e86\u5f71\u54cd\u6781\u4e3a\u5e7f\u6cdb\u7684\u8bba\u6587\u201c\u968f\u673a\u7f51\u7edc\u4e2d\u6807\u5ea6\u7684\u6d8c\u73b0\u201d\uff0c\u624d\u6fc0\u53d1\u4e86\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u4eec\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e2a\u540e\u6765\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u201cBA\u65e0\u6807\u5ea6\u7f51\u7edc\u6a21\u578b\u201d\u7684\u5174\u8da3\u548c\u70ed\u60c5\u3002\u73b0\u5728\u77e5\u9053\uff0cBA\u7f51\u7edc\u672c\u8d28\u4e0a\u662f\u201c\u91cd\u65b0\u53d1\u73b0\u201d\u4e86\u666e\u83b1\u65af\u6a21\u578b\u3002\u4e0d\u8fc7\uff0c\u666e\u83b1\u65af\u6a21\u578b\u63cf\u8ff0\u6709\u5411\u7f51\u7edc\u800cBA\u6a21\u578b\u523b\u753b\u65e0\u5411\u7f51\u7edc\uff0c\u4e24\u8005\u5e76\u975e\u5168\u540c\u3002\u56de\u987e\u4e8c\u5341\u591a\u5e74\u6765\u7684\u5386\u53f2\uff0cBA\u6a21\u578b\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u8d21\u732e\u662f\u5728\u65b0\u5343\u79a7\u4e4b\u5e74\u5e26\u8d77\u4e86\u4e00\u6ce2\u7814\u7a76\u7f51\u7edc\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u70ed\u6f6e\uff0c\u5728\u79d1\u5b66\u53d1\u5c55\u8fdb\u7a0b\u4e2d\u529f\u4e0d\u53ef\u6ca1\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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1956\u5e74\uff0c\u666e\u83b1\u65af\u5728\u56fd\u9645\u79d1\u5b66\u8054\u76df\u7406\u4e8b\u4f1a<\/span>\uff08International Council of Science Unions\uff09<\/span>\u65d7\u4e0b\u521b\u5efa\u4e86\u56fd\u9645\u79d1\u5b66\u53f2\u4e0e\u79d1\u5b66\u54f2\u5b66\u8054\u76df<\/span>\uff08International Union of History and Philosophy of Science and Technology\uff09<\/span>\u4ee5\u53ca\u56fd\u9645\u79d1\u5b66\u653f\u7b56\u7814\u7a76\u7406\u4e8b\u4f1a<\/span>\uff08International Council for Science Policy Studies\uff09<\/span>\u5e76\u4efb\u7b2c\u4e00\u5c4a\u4e3b\u5e2d\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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1960\u5e74\u4ee3\uff0c\u666e\u83b1\u65af\u88ab\u7f8e\u56fd\u56fd\u5bb6\u79d1\u5b66\u57fa\u91d1\u4f1a<\/span>\uff08NSF\uff09<\/span>\u4efb\u547d\u4e3a\u79d1\u5b66\u4fe1\u606f\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u6210\u5458\u3002\u8fd9\u9879\u5de5\u4f5c\u8ba9\u4ed6\u6709\u673a\u4f1a\u6df1\u5165\u7814\u7a76\u4e86\u5927\u91cf\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u6587\u732e\uff0c\u542f\u52a8\u4e86\u4ed6\u540e\u6765\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u8ba1\u91cf\u5b66\u5960\u57fa\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u5e76\u8ba9\u4ed6\u6709\u6761\u4ef6\u5206\u6790\u5404\u79cd\u79d1\u5b66\u653f\u7b56\u548c\u8fdb\u884c\u201c\u79d1\u5b66\u5b66\u201d \u7814\u7a76\u3002\u666e\u83b1\u65af\u540e\u6765\u8fd8\u62c5\u4efb\u8fc7\u8054\u5408\u56fd\u6559\u79d1\u6587\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u653f\u7b56\u987e\u95ee\uff0c\u5e94\u9080\u5230\u8fc7\u963f\u6839\u5ef7\u3001\u6fb3\u5927\u5229\u4e9a\u3001\u5df4\u897f\u3001\u4e39\u9ea6\u3001\u57c3\u53ca\u3001\u5fb7\u56fd\u3001\u5370\u5ea6\u3001\u4ee5\u8272\u5217\u3001\u5df4\u57fa\u65af\u5766\u3001\u745e\u58eb\u3001\u82cf\u8054\u7b49\u56fd\u5bb6\u8fdb\u884c\u8c03\u67e5\u54a8\u8be2\u548c\u653f\u7b56\u7814\u7a76\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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1976 \u5e74\uff0c\u666e\u83b1\u65af\u83b7\u5f97\u56fd\u9645\u6280\u672f\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u4f1a<\/span>\uff08Society for the History of Technology\uff09<\/span>\u7684\u6700\u9ad8\u5956\u8fbe\u82ac\u5947\u5956\u7ae0<\/span>\uff08Leonardo da Vinci Medal\uff09<\/span>\u30021981\u5e74\uff0c\u4ed6\u53c8\u83b7\u5f97\u56fd\u9645\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u5b66\u4f1a<\/span>\uff08Society for Social Studies of Science\uff09<\/span>\u7684\u4f2f\u7eb3\u5c14\u5956<\/span>\uff08Bernal Award\uff09<\/span>\u30021983\u5e74\u521d\uff0c\u4ed6\u88ab\u9009\u4e3a\u745e\u5178\u7687\u5bb6\u5b66\u9662\u7684\u5916\u7c4d\u9662\u58eb\uff0c\u540c\u5e74\u53d7\u7f8e\u56fd\u79d1\u5b66\u4fc3\u8fdb\u4f1a<\/span>\uff08AIAA\uff09<\/span>\u9080\u8bf7\u4f5c\u8428\u987f\u8bb2\u5ea7<\/span>\uff08Sarton Lecture\uff09<\/span>\u7684\u6f14\u8bb2\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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1978\u5e74\uff0c\u666e\u83b1\u65af\u521b\u529e\u4e86\u300a\u79d1\u5b66\u8ba1\u91cf\u5b66\u300b<\/span>\uff08Scientometrics<\/em>\uff09<\/span>\u6742\u5fd7\u5e76\u62c5\u4efb\u4e3b\u7f16\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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\u666e\u83b1\u65af1983\u5e74\u53bb\u4e16\u540e\uff0c\u56fd\u9645\u79d1\u5b66\u8ba1\u91cf\u5b66\u548c\u4fe1\u606f\u8ba1\u91cf\u5b66\u5b66\u4f1a<\/span>\uff08International Society for Scientometrics and Infometrics\uff09<\/span>\u81ea1984\u5e74\u8d77\u8bbe\u7acb\u4e86\u5fb7\u91cc\u514b\u00b7\u5fb7\u00b7\u7d22\u62c9\u00b7\u666e\u83b1\u65af\u7eaa\u5ff5\u5956\u7ae0<\/span>\uff08Derek de Solla Price Memorial Medal\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u6bcf\u5e74\u9881\u53d1\u4e00\u6b21\uff0c\u6388\u4e88\u5728\u79d1\u5b66\u8ba1\u91cf\u7814\u7a76\u9886\u57df\u505a\u51fa\u6770\u51fa\u8d21\u732e\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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\u96c6\u667a\u6591\u56fe\u9876\u520a\u8bba\u6587\u901f\u9012\u680f\u76ee\u4e0a\u7ebf\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u6301\u7eed\u6536\u5f55\u6765\u81eaNature\u3001Science<\/span>\u7b49\u9876\u520a\u7684\u6700\u65b0\u8bba\u6587\uff0c\u8ffd\u8e2a\u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf\u3001\u7f51\u7edc\u79d1\u5b66\u3001\u8ba1\u7b97\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u7b49\u9886\u57df\u7684\u524d\u6cbf\u8fdb\u5c55\u3002\u73b0\u5728\u6b63\u5f0f\u63a8\u51fa\u8ba2\u9605\u529f\u80fd\uff0c\u6bcf\u5468\u901a\u8fc7\u5fae\u4fe1\u670d\u52a1\u53f7\u300c\u96c6\u667a\u6591\u56fe\u300d\u63a8\u9001\u8bba\u6587\u4fe1\u606f\u3002\u626b\u63cf\u4e0b\u65b9\u4e8c\u7ef4\u7801\u5373\u53ef\u4e00\u952e\u8ba2\u9605\uff1a<\/span>
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