{"id":34862,"date":"2022-06-01T19:35:03","date_gmt":"2022-06-01T11:35:03","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/swarma.org\/?p=34862"},"modified":"2022-06-01T19:35:03","modified_gmt":"2022-06-01T11:35:03","slug":"%e7%a5%9e%e7%bb%8f%e5%bd%a2%e6%80%81%e8%ae%a1%e7%ae%97%ef%bc%9a%e7%94%9f%e7%89%a9%e5%90%af%e5%8f%91%e5%bc%8f%e7%9a%84%e4%ba%ba%e5%b7%a5%e7%a5%9e%e7%bb%8f%e7%bd%91%e7%bb%9c%e8%ae%be%e8%ae%a1","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/swarma.org\/?p=34862","title":{"rendered":"\u795e\u7ecf\u5f62\u6001\u8ba1\u7b97\uff1a\u751f\u7269\u542f\u53d1\u5f0f\u7684\u4eba\u5de5\u795e\u7ecf\u7f51\u7edc\u8bbe\u8ba1 | \u96c6\u667a\u767e\u79d1"},"content":{"rendered":"
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\u65e9\u57282006\u5e74\uff0c\u4f50\u6cbb\u4e9a\u7406\u5de5\u5b66\u9662\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u4eba\u5458\u5c31\u7814\u53d1\u51fa\u4e86\u4e00\u79cd\u73b0\u573a\u53ef\u7f16\u7a0b\u795e\u7ecf\u9635\u5217\u3002<\/span>\u5728\u6b64\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u590d\u6742\u7684\u6d6e\u6805\u6676\u4f53\u7ba1\u9635\u5217\u88ab\u6210\u529f\u7814\u53d1\u51fa\u6765\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6676\u4f53\u7ba1\u9635\u5217\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u5728\u91d1\u5c5e-\u6c27\u5316\u7269\u534a\u5bfc\u4f53\u6548\u5e94\u6676\u4f53\u7ba1MOSFET\u7684\u6805\u6781\u4e0a\u7f16\u7a0b\u6765\u6a21\u62df\u5927\u8111\u4e2d\u795e\u7ecf\u5143\u7684\u79bb\u5b50\u901a\u9053\u7279\u6027\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e5f\u662f\u4ee5\u7845\u4e3a\u4e3b\u8981\u6750\u6599\u7684\u53ef\u7f16\u7a0b\u795e\u7ecf\u5143\u9635\u5217\u7684\u6700\u65e9\u6210\u529f\u6848\u4f8b\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


2011\u5e7411\u6708\uff0c\u9ebb\u7701\u7406\u5de5\u5b66\u9662\u7684\u4e00\u7ec4\u7814\u7a76\u4eba\u5458\u7814\u53d1\u51fa\u4e00\u79cd\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u82af\u7247\uff0c\u8be5\u82af\u7247\u4e0a\u4f7f\u7528\u6807\u51c6\u7684\u4e92\u8865\u91d1\u5c5e\u6c27\u5316\u7269\u534a\u5bfc\u4f53CMOS\u5236\u9020\u6280\u672f\u96c6\u6210\u4e86400\u4e2a\u6676\u4f53\u7ba1\uff0c\u80fd\u591f\u6a21\u62df\u795e\u7ecf\u5143\u95f4\u7a81\u89e6\u4e2d\u57fa\u4e8e\u79bb\u5b50\u7684\u901a\u8baf\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


2012\u5e746\u6708\uff0c\u666e\u6e21\u5927\u5b66\u7684\u81ea\u65cb\u7535\u5b50\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u4eba\u5458\u53d1\u8868\u4e86\u4e00\u7bc7\u5173\u4e8e\u5229\u7528\u4fa7\u5411\u81ea\u65cb\u9600\u548c\u5fc6\u963b\u5668\u8bbe\u8ba1\u795e\u7ecf\u5f62\u6001\u82af\u7247\u7684\u8bba\u6587\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u82af\u7247\u7ed3\u6784\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u539f\u7406\u4e0e\u795e\u7ecf\u5143\u76f8\u4f3c\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u4e8e\u5927\u8111\u8fd0\u884c\u673a\u5236\u7684\u590d\u523b\u65b9\u6cd5\u7684\u6d4b\u8bd5\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u82af\u7247\u5728\u80fd\u8017\u65b9\u9762\u660e\u663e\u4f18\u4e8e\u4f20\u7edf\u82af\u7247\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


\u60e0\u666e\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5ba4\u5728\u83ab\u7279\u5fc6\u963b\u5668\u4e0a\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5b83\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u662f\u975e\u6613\u5931\u6027\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u5728<\/span>\u76f8\u53d8<\/span>\u6e29\u5ea6\u4ee5\u4e0b\u65f6\u8868\u73b0\u51fa\u7684\u6613\u5931\u6027\u884c\u4e3a\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u7528\u6765\u5236\u9020\u7c7b\u795e\u7ecf\u5143\u7535\u963b\u5668\uff08\u4e00\u79cd\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u542f\u53d1\u7684\u6a21\u4eff\u795e\u7ecf\u5143\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u786c\u4ef6\uff09<\/span>\u30022013\u5e749\u6708\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u901a\u8fc7\u6a21\u578b\u548c\u4eff\u771f\u5c55\u793a\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7c7b\u795e\u7ecf\u5143\u7535\u963b\u5668\u7684\u8109\u51b2\u884c\u4e3a\u5982\u4f55\u4ea7\u751f<\/span>\u56fe\u7075\u673a<\/span>\u7684\u6240\u9700\u5143\u7d20\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n


\u795e\u7ecf\u6805\u683c Neurogrid<\/span>\u662f\u7531\u65af\u5766\u798f\u5927\u5b66Brains in Silicon\u516c\u53f8\u7814\u53d1\u7684\u3001\u4f7f\u7528\u795e\u7ecf\u5f62\u6001\u5de5\u7a0b\u539f\u7406\u8bbe\u8ba1\u7684\u786c\u4ef6\u3002\u8be5\u7535\u8def\u677f\u753116\u4e2a\u5b9a\u5236\u8bbe\u8ba1\u7684\u82af\u7247\u7ec4\u6210\u3002\u5728\u8bbe\u8ba1\u4e2d\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e2aNeuroCore\u82af\u7247\u7684\u6a21\u62df\u7535\u8def\u5bf965536\u4e2a\u795e\u7ecf\u5143\u7684\u795e\u7ecf\u5143\u7d20\u8fdb\u884c\u6a21\u62df\uff0c\u4ee5\u6700\u5927\u9650\u5ea6\u5730\u63d0\u9ad8\u80fd\u91cf\u6548\u7387\u3002\u6a21\u62df\u51fa\u7684\u795e\u7ecf\u5143\u901a\u8fc7\u8bbe\u8ba1\u7684\u6570\u5b57\u7535\u8def\u8fde\u63a5\uff0c\u4ee5\u6700\u5927\u5316\u8109\u51b2\u541e\u5410\u91cf\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


\u4eba\u7c7b\u5927\u8111\u8ba1\u5212 Human Brain Project\u5bf9\u795e\u7ecf\u5f62\u6001\u5de5\u7a0b\u5177\u6709\u8f83\u5927\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u5176\u4e3b\u8981\u4efb\u52a1\u662f\u5c1d\u8bd5\u7528\u751f\u7269\u6570\u636e\u5728\u8d85\u7ea7\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u4e2d\u6a21\u62df\u5b8c\u6574\u7684\u4eba\u8111\u3002\u4eba\u7c7b\u5927\u8111\u8ba1\u5212\u7531\u795e\u7ecf\u79d1\u5b66\u3001\u533b\u5b66\u548c\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u79d1\u5b66\u80cc\u666f\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u4eba\u5458\u7ec4\u6210\u3002<\/span>\u8be5\u9879\u76ee\u7684\u8054\u5408\u4e3b\u7ba1\u4ea8\u5229\u2022\u9a6c\u514b\u62c9\u59c6 Henry Markram\u8868\u793a\uff0c\u4eba\u7c7b\u5927\u8111\u8ba1\u5212\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u662f\u5efa\u7acb\u4e00\u4e2a\u63a2\u7d22\u548c\u4e86\u89e3\u8111\u79d1\u5b66\u548c\u8111\u75be\u75c5\u77e5\u8bc6\u7684\u57fa\u7840\uff0c\u5e76\u5229\u7528\u8fd9\u4e9b\u77e5\u8bc6\u6765\u6784\u5efa\u66f4\u5148\u8fdb\u7684\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u6280\u672f\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u9879\u76ee\u7684\u4e09\u4e2a\u4e3b\u8981\u76ee\u6807\u5206\u522b\u662f: \u66f4\u597d\u5730\u7406\u89e3\u5927\u8111\u7684\u5404\u4e2a\u90e8\u5206\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u76f8\u4e92\u914d\u5408\u534f\u540c\u5de5\u4f5c\u7684; \u7406\u89e3\u5982\u4f55\u5ba2\u89c2\u5730\u8bca\u65ad\u548c\u6cbb\u7597\u8111\u90e8\u75be\u75c5; \u4ee5\u53ca\u5229\u7528\u5bf9\u4eba\u7c7b\u5927\u8111\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u6765\u5f00\u53d1\u795e\u7ecf\u5f62\u6001\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u3002\u6a21\u62df\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b8c\u6574\u7684\u4eba\u7c7b\u5927\u8111\u9700\u8981\u4e00\u53f0\u6bd4\u73b0\u5728\u5f3a\u5927\u4e00\u5343\u500d\u7684\u8d85\u7ea7\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e0d\u65ad\u6fc0\u53d1\u7740\u5bf9\u795e\u7ecf\u5f62\u6001\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u9886\u57df\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u5174\u8da3\u3002<\/span>\u6b27\u76df\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u5df2\u7ecf\u5411\u4eba\u7c7b\u5927\u8111\u8ba1\u5212\u62e8\u6b3e13\u4ebf\u7f8e\u5143\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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\u5176\u4ed6\u4e0e\u795e\u7ecf\u5f62\u6001\u5de5\u7a0b\u6709\u5173\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u8fd8\u5305\u62ec\u8111\u8ba1\u5212BRAIN initiative<\/span>\u548cIBM\u7814\u53d1\u7684TrueNorth\u82af\u7247\u3002<\/span>\u4f7f\u7528\u7eb3\u7c73\u6676\u4f53\u3001\u7eb3\u7c73\u7ebf\u548c\u5bfc\u7535\u805a\u5408\u7269\u4e5f\u80fd\u591f\u7528\u4e8e\u5236\u9020\u795e\u7ecf\u5f62\u6001\u5b66\u786c\u4ef6\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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2017\u5e7410\u6708\uff0c\u82f1\u7279\u5c14\u53d1\u5e03\u4e86\u795e\u7ecf\u5f62\u6001\u82af\u7247 Loihi\u3002\u8be5\u82af\u7247\u91c7\u7528\u5f02\u6b65<\/span>\u8109\u51b2\u795e\u7ecf\u7f51\u7edc<\/span>\u5b9e\u73b0\u4e86\u81ea\u9002\u5e94\u3001\u81ea\u4fee\u6539\u3001\u4e8b\u4ef6\u9a71\u52a8\u7684\u7ec6\u7c92\u5ea6\u5e76\u884c\u8ba1\u7b97\uff0c\u5b9e\u73b0\u4e86\u9ad8\u6548\u7684\u5b66\u4e60\u548c\u63a8\u7406\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n


\u6bd4\u5229\u65f6\u7684\u5fae\u7535\u5b50\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u5fc3\uff08IMEC\uff09\u7814\u53d1\u4e86\u4e16\u754c\u4e0a\u9996\u4e2a\u81ea\u5b66\u4e60\u795e\u7ecf\u5f62\u6001\u82af\u7247\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u57fa\u4e8e\u4e1d\u72b6\u6c27\u5316\u7269\u7535\u963b\u5b58\u50a8\u6280\u672f filamentary-oxide-based resistive memory technology\uff08OxRAM\uff09\u6280\u672f\u7684\u5927\u8111\u542f\u53d1\u82af\u7247\u5177\u6709\u81ea\u5b66\u4e60\u80fd\u529b\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u5df2\u88ab\u8bc1\u660e\u5177\u6709\u521b\u4f5c\u97f3\u4e50\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u3002<\/span>IMEC\u53d1\u5e03\u4e86\u7531\u82af\u7247\u539f\u578b\u673a\u8c31\u5199\u768430\u79d2\u65cb\u5f8b\u3002\u5411\u82af\u7247\u52a0\u8f7d\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u7279\u5f81\u3001\u98ce\u683c\u7edf\u4e00\u7684\u6b4c\u66f2\uff08\u53e4\u4ee3\u6bd4\u5229\u65f6\u548c\u6cd5\u56fd\u957f\u7b1b\u5c0f\u6b65\u821e\u66f2\uff09\uff0c\u82af\u7247\u4ece\u4e2d\u5b66\u4e60\u76f8\u5173\u89c4\u5219\u5e76\u5c06\u5176\u5e94\u7528\u4e8e\u521b\u4f5c\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n


\u7531Henry Markram\u9886\u5bfc\u7684\u84dd\u8111\u8ba1\u5212 The Blue Brain Project\u65e8\u5728\u5efa\u7acb\u5c0f\u9f20\u5927\u8111\u751f\u7406\u5b66\u7ec6\u8282\u7684\u6570\u5b57\u91cd\u5efa\u548c\u6a21\u62df\u3002\u84dd\u8111\u8ba1\u5212\u5df2\u7ecf\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86\u556e\u9f7f\u52a8\u7269\u5927\u8111\u7684\u7535\u5b50\u6a21\u578b\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u8fdb\u884c\u7740\u5c3d\u53ef\u80fd\u591a\u5730\u590d\u5236\u5176\u751f\u7406\u5b66\u7ec6\u8282\u7684\u5c1d\u8bd5\u3002\u57fa\u4e8e\u8d85\u7ea7\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u7684\u6a21\u62df\u4e3a\u7406\u89e3\u5927\u8111\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\u548c\u529f\u80fd\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u65b0\u7684\u89c6\u89d2\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


\u6b27\u76df\u8d44\u52a9\u4e86\u6d77\u5fb7\u5821\u5927\u5b66\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u4fc3\u8fdbBrainScaleS\uff08\u795e\u7ecf\u5f62\u6001\u6df7\u5408\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u53d7\u5927\u8111\u542f\u53d1\u7684\u591a\u5c3a\u5ea6\u8ba1\u7b97\uff09\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u9879\u76ee\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u53f0\u4f4d\u4e8e\u5fb7\u56fd\u6d77\u5fb7\u5821\u5927\u5b66\u7684\u6df7\u5408\u6a21\u62df\u795e\u7ecf\u5f62\u6001\u8d85\u7ea7\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u3002\u5b83\u662f\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4eba\u7c7b\u5927\u8111\u8ba1\u5212\u4e2d\u795e\u7ecf\u5f62\u6001\u8ba1\u7b97\u5e73\u53f0\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u800c\u5f00\u53d1\u7684\uff0c\u662fSpiNNaker\u8d85\u7ea7\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\uff08\u57fa\u4e8e\u6570\u5b57\u6280\u672f\uff09\u7684\u8865\u5145\u3002BrainScaleS\u4e2d\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u4f53\u7cfb\u67b6\u6784\u6a21\u62df\u4e86\u751f\u7269\u795e\u7ecf\u5143\u53ca\u5176\u5728\u7269\u7406\u5c42\u9762\u4e0a\u7684\u8fde\u63a5\uff1b\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7ec4\u4ef6\u662f\u7531\u7845\u5236\u6210\u7684\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6a21\u578b\u795e\u7ecf\u5143\u5e73\u5747\u8fd0\u884c\u901f\u5ea6\u662f\u751f\u7269\u795e\u7ecf\u5143\u7684864\u500d\uff0c\u8fd9\u610f\u5473\u7740\u5728\u673a\u5668\u6a21\u62df\u4e2d\uff0c24\u5c0f\u65f6\u7684\u5b9e\u65f6\u65f6\u95f4\u4ec5\u4e3a100\u79d2\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n


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\u795e\u7ecf\u5f62\u6001\u4f20\u611f\u5668<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n

\u795e\u7ecf\u5f62\u6001\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u53ef\u4ee5\u6269\u5c55\u5230\u4f20\u611f\u5668\uff08\u800c\u4e0d\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u8ba1\u7b97\u5355\u5143\uff09\u3002\u4e00\u4e2a\u7528\u4e8e\u68c0\u6d4b\u5149\u7ebf\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\u662f\u7c7b\u89c6\u7f51\u819c\u4f20\u611f\u5668\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u4e8b\u4ef6\u6444\u50cf\u673a\u9635\u5217\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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\u867d\u7136\u795e\u7ecf\u5f62\u6001\u5de5\u7a0b\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8de8\u5b66\u79d1\u6982\u5ff5\u76f8\u5bf9\u8f83\u65b0\uff0c\u4f46\u8bb8\u591a\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u7c7b\u4eba\u673a\u5668 Human-like machines\u548c\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u7684\u4f26\u7406\u8ba8\u8bba\u5728\u795e\u7ecf\u5f62\u6001\u7cfb\u7edf\u9886\u57df\u4e5f\u65e0\u6cd5\u907f\u514d\u3002\u53e6\u5916\uff0c\u795e\u7ecf\u5f62\u6001\u7cfb\u7edf\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u6a21\u4eff\u4eba\u7c7b\u5927\u8111\u800c\u8bbe\u8ba1\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u5e95\u5c42\u903b\u8f91\u4e5f\u5bfc\u81f4\u4e86\u4e00\u4e9b\u65b0\u7684\u4f26\u7406\u95ee\u9898\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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\u8054\u5408\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u4e2d\u5fc3 The Joint Artificial Intelligence Center\uff08JAIC\uff09\uff0c\u662f\u7f8e\u56fd\u519b\u961f\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u5206\u652f\uff0c\u4e13\u95e8\u4ece\u4e8b\u91c7\u8d2d\u548c\u5b9e\u65bd\u7528\u4e8e\u6218\u6597\u7684\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u8f6f\u4ef6\u548c\u795e\u7ecf\u5f62\u6001\u786c\u4ef6\u3002\u5177\u4f53\u5e94\u7528\u5305\u62ec\u667a\u80fd\u8033\u673a\u3001\u62a4\u76ee\u955c\u548c\u673a\u5668\u4eba\u3002JAIC\u6253\u7b97\u9ad8\u5ea6\u4f9d\u8d56\u795e\u7ecf\u5f62\u6001\u6280\u672f\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528\u795e\u7ecf\u5f62\u6001\u6280\u672f\u6765\u8fde\u63a5\u795e\u7ecf\u5f62\u6001\u5355\u4f4d\u7f51\u7edc\u4e2d\u7684\u201c\u6bcf\u4e2a\u6218\u58eb\u3001\u6bcf\u4e2a\u5c04\u624b\u201d\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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\u6000\u7591\u6d3e\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u5728\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4e0a\u6ca1\u6709\u529e\u6cd5\u5e94\u7528\u80fd\u591f\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u795e\u7ecf\u5f62\u6001\u6280\u672f\u7684\u7535\u5b50\u4eba\u683c\u3002\u5728\u4e00\u5c01\u7531285\u540d\u6cd5\u5f8b\u3001\u673a\u5668\u4eba\u6280\u672f\u3001\u533b\u5b66\u548c\u4f26\u7406\u5b66\u4e13\u5bb6\u7684\u8054\u540d\u4fe1\u4e2d\uff0c\u4f5c\u8005\u4eec\u53cd\u5bf9\u6b27\u76df\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u627f\u8ba4\u201c\u667a\u80fd\u673a\u5668\u4eba\u201d\u4e3a\u6cd5\u4eba\u7684\u63d0\u8bae\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u5199\u9053\uff0c\u201c\u673a\u5668\u4eba\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5730\u4f4d\u65e0\u6cd5\u4ece\u81ea\u7136\u4eba\u6a21\u578b\u4e2d\u63a8\u5bfc\u51fa\u6765\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u673a\u5668\u4eba\u5c06\u88ab\u8d4b\u4e88\u4eba\u6743\uff0c\u5982\u5c0a\u4e25\u6743\u3001\u5b8c\u6574\u6743\u3001\u62a5\u916c\u6743\u6216\u516c\u6c11\u6743\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u76f4\u63a5\u9762\u4e34\u4eba\u6743\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u8fd9\u5c06\u6709\u6096\u4e8e\u300a\u6b27\u8054\u57fa\u672c\u6743\u5229\u5baa\u7ae0\u300b\u548c\u300a\u6b27\u6d32\u4fdd\u969c\u4eba\u6743\u548c\u6839\u672c\u81ea\u7531\u516c\u7ea6\u300b\u201d\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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\u6cd5\u5f8b\u754c\u56f4\u7ed5\u8d22\u4ea7\u6743\u548c\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u6709\u7740\u91cd\u5927\u4e89\u8bba\u3002\u5728Acohs Pty\u6709\u9650\u516c\u53f8\u8bc9Ucorp Pty\u6709\u9650\u516c\u53f8\u4e00\u6848\u4e2d\uff0c\u6fb3\u5927\u5229\u4e9a\u8054\u90a6\u6cd5\u9662\u7684Christopher Jessup\u6cd5\u5b98\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c\u7248\u6743\u4fdd\u62a4\u4e0d\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u6750\u6599\u5b89\u5168\u6570\u636e\u8868\u7684\u6e90\u4ee3\u7801\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u662f\u7531\u8f6f\u4ef6\u754c\u9762\u751f\u6210\u800c\u975e\u4eba\u7c7b\u5de5\u4f5c\u8005\u751f\u6210\u7684\u3002<\/span>\u540c\u6837\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u53ef\u80fd\u4e5f\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u795e\u7ecf\u5f62\u6001\u7cfb\u7edf\uff1a\u5982\u679c\u4e00\u4e2a\u795e\u7ecf\u5f62\u6001\u7cfb\u7edf\u6210\u529f\u5730\u6a21\u4eff\u4e86\u4eba\u7c7b\u7684\u5927\u8111\uff0c\u5e76\u4ea7\u751f\u4e86\u4e00\u90e8\u539f\u521b\u4f5c\u54c1\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u8be5\u5982\u4f55\u786e\u8ba4\u8fd9\u90e8\u4f5c\u54c1\u7684\u6240\u6709\u6743\u5f52\u5c5e\uff1f<\/span><\/p>\n


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\u53d7\u795e\u7ecf\u5143\u542f\u53d1\u3001\u4f7f\u7528\u5fc6\u963b\u5668\u5b9e\u73b0\u7684\u9608\u503c\u903b\u8f91\u51fd\u6570<\/span>\u5728\u9ad8\u7ea7\u6a21\u5f0f\u8bc6\u522b\u4e2d\u6709\u7740\u5e7f\u6cdb\u7684\u5e94\u7528\uff0c\u6700\u8fd1\u62a5\u9053\u4e2d\u5176\u5e94\u7528\u5305\u62ec\u8bed\u97f3\u8bc6\u522b<\/span>\u3001\u4eba\u8138\u8bc6\u522b<\/span>\u548c\u7269\u4f53\u8bc6\u522b<\/span>\u3002\u9608\u503c\u903b\u8f91\u51fd\u6570\u8fd8\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u6765\u53d6\u4ee3\u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u6570\u5b57\u903b\u8f91\u95e8\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n


\u5bf9\u4e8e\u7406\u60f3\u7684\u65e0\u6e90\u8bb0\u5fc6\u7535\u8def\uff0c\u7535\u8def\u7684\u5185\u90e8\u8bb0\u5fc6\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u7cbe\u786e\u7684\u65b9\u7a0b\uff08Caravelli-Traversa-Di Ventra\u65b9\u7a0b) \u6765\u63cf\u8ff0:<\/span><\/p>\n


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Caravelli-Traversa-Di Ventra\u65b9\u7a0b\u662f\u63cf\u8ff0\u7269\u7406\u8bb0\u5fc6\u7f51\u7edc\u548c\u5916\u90e8\u6e90\u6027\u8d28\u7684\u51fd\u6570\u3002\u5728\u4e0a\u8ff0\u65b9\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u03b1\u662f\u201c\u9057\u5fd8\u201d\u65f6\u95f4\u5c3a\u5ea6\u5e38\u6570\uff0c<\/span><\/p>\n


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https:\/\/campus.swarma.org\/course\/4370<\/span><\/p>\n

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https:\/\/campus.swarma.org\/course\/1925<\/span><\/p>\n

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https:\/\/campus.swarma.org\/course\/951<\/span><\/p>\n

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