{"id":35906,"date":"2022-07-16T21:38:59","date_gmt":"2022-07-16T13:38:59","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/swarma.org\/?p=35906"},"modified":"2022-07-16T21:38:59","modified_gmt":"2022-07-16T13:38:59","slug":"%e5%a4%9a%e8%80%85%e5%bc%82%e4%b9%9f%ef%bc%9a%e7%a0%b4%e7%bc%ba%e7%9a%84%e5%af%b9%e7%a7%b0%e6%80%a7%e4%b8%8e%e7%a7%91%e5%ad%a6%e5%b1%82%e7%ba%a7%e7%bb%93%e6%9e%84%e7%9a%84%e6%9c%ac%e8%b4%a8","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/swarma.org\/?p=35906","title":{"rendered":"\u591a\u8005\u5f02\u4e5f\uff1a\u7834\u7f3a\u7684\u5bf9\u79f0\u6027\u4e0e\u79d1\u5b66\u5c42\u7ea7\u7ed3\u6784\u7684\u672c\u8d28 | \u7ecf\u5178\u56de\u987e"},"content":{"rendered":"
\n
\n
\n
\n

<\/p>\n<\/section>\n

\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n

<\/section>\n<\/section>\n
\n
\n

\u5bfc\u8bed<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n

\n

<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n
\n
\n
\n

\u8bfa\u8d1d\u5c14\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5956\u5f97\u4e3b\u3001\u8457\u540d\u51dd\u805a\u6001\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u83f2\u5229\u666e\u00b7\u5b89\u5fb7\u68ee\uff08Philip Anderson\uff0c1923-2020\uff09\uff0c\u4e8e1972\u5e74\u5728Science<\/em>\u53d1\u8868\u4e86\u9898\u4e3a\u201cMore is Different\u201d\u7684\u8bba\u6587\u3002\u5b89\u5fb7\u68ee\u901a\u8fc7\u4ecb\u7ecd\u5728\u5404\u4e2a\u5c3a\u5ea6\u7684\u7269\u7406\u7cfb\u7edf\u90fd\u666e\u904d\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u201c\u5bf9\u79f0\u6027\u201d\u548c\u5bf9\u79f0\u6027\u7834\u7f3a\uff0c\u5bf9\u201c\u8fd8\u539f\u8bba\u201d\u601d\u60f3\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u6df1\u523b\u7684\u8d28\u7591\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u5bf9\u8fd9\u7bc7\u8bba\u6587\u505a\u4e86\u5168\u6587\u7ffb\u8bd1\uff0c\u6b63\u503c\u8be5\u6587\u53d1\u5e0350\u5468\u5e74\uff0c\u5e0c\u671b\u5bf9\u8bfb\u8005\u6709\u6240\u542f\u53d1\u3002<\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n


<\/span><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u7814\u7a76\u9886\u57df\uff1a\u590d\u6742\u79d1\u5b66\uff0c\u5bf9\u79f0\u6027<\/strong><\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n

\n
\n
\n
<\/svg><\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n
\n
<\/strong><\/section>\n<\/section>\n
\n

Philip Anderson<\/span> <\/span>| \u4f5c\u8005<\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u66fe\u5c0f\u6b22<\/span> <\/span>| <\/strong><\/span>\u7ffb\u8bd1<\/strong><\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u9648\u66e6\u3001\u5218\u91d1\u56fd<\/span><\/strong><\/strong><\/span><\/strong> <\/span>| <\/strong><\/span>\u5ba1\u6821<\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u9093\u4e00\u96ea<\/span> <\/span>| <\/strong><\/span>\u7f16\u8f91<\/strong><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n


<\/p>\n<\/section>\n

<\/section>\n
\n
\n
\n

\u8bba\u6587\u9898\u76ee\uff1a<\/span><\/p>\n

More is different\uff1aBroken Symmetry and the Nature of the Hierarchical Structure of Science<\/span><\/p>\n

\u8bba\u6587\u5730\u5740\uff1a<\/span><\/p>\n

https:\/\/science.sciencemag.org\/content\/177\/4047\/393<\/span><\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/blockquote>\n


<\/section>\n
\u8fd8\u539f\u8bba\uff08reductionist\uff09<\/span><\/strong>\u5047\u8bf4\u5728\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u4e2d\u6216\u8bb8\u4ecd\u5177\u4e89\u8bae\uff0c\u4f46\u6211\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u8be5\u5047\u8bf4\u65e0\u7591\u5df2\u88ab\u7edd\u5927\u591a\u6570\u6d3b\u8dc3\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u6240\u63a5\u53d7\u4e86\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u601d\u7ef4\u548c\u8eab\u4f53\u7684\u8fd0\u4f5c\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u6211\u4eec\u6240\u77e5\u7684\u4efb\u4f55\u6709\u751f\u547d\u7684\u6216\u65e0\u751f\u547d\u7684\u7269\u8d28\u7684\u8fd0\u4f5c\uff0c\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u88ab\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u4e00\u5957\u57fa\u672c\u5b9a\u5f8b<\/strong>\u6240\u63a7\u5236\u7684\u3002\u9664\u4e86\u5728\u67d0\u4e9b\u6781\u7aef\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u57fa\u672c\u5b9a\u5f8b\u53ef\u80fd\u5931\u6548\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5df2\u7ecf\u975e\u5e38\u4e86\u89e3\u8fd9\u4e9b\u57fa\u672c\u5b9a\u5f8b\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/section>\n
\u4ee5\u4e0b\u7ed3\u8bba\u4f3c\u4e4e\u662f\u8fd8\u539f\u8bba\u7684\u663e\u7136\u63a8\u8bba\uff1a\u5982\u679c\u4e07\u4e8b\u4e07\u7269\u9075\u5faa\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u5b9a\u5f8b\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u53ea\u6709\u7814\u7a76\u771f\u6b63\u57fa\u7840\u7684\u4e8b\u7269\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u624d\u662f\u7814\u7a76\u57fa\u672c\u5b9a\u5f8b\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u6307\u67d0\u4e9b\u5929\u4f53\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u3001\u7c92\u5b50\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u3001\u903b\u8f91\u5b66\u5bb6\u3001\u6570\u5b66\u5bb6\u4ee5\u53ca\u6781\u5c11\u6570\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u5b66\u79d1\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u672c\u6587\u65e8\u5728\u53cd\u9a73\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u5728 Weisskopf \u4e00\u7bc7\u975e\u5e38\u8457\u540d\u7684\u6587\u7ae0\u4e2d\u4e5f\u6709\u6240\u8868\u793a\uff1a<\/span><\/section>\n
 <\/span><\/section>\n
\u7eb5\u89c2 20 \u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u53d1\u5c55\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u53d1\u73b0\u4e24\u79cd\u8d8b\u52bf\u3002\u56e0\u7f3a\u4e4f\u66f4\u597d\u7684\u672f\u8bed\u8868\u8fbe\uff0c\u6211\u59d1\u4e14\u79f0\u5176\u4e3a\u201c\u5185\u6db5\u6027\uff08intensive\uff09\u7814\u7a76<\/strong>\u201d\u548c\u201c\u5916\u5ef6\u6027\uff08extensive\uff09\u7814\u7a76<\/strong>\u201d\u3002\u7b80\u800c\u8a00\u4e4b\uff0c\u5185\u6db5\u6027\u7814\u7a76\u65e8\u5728\u7814\u7a76\u57fa\u672c\u5b9a\u5f8b\uff0c\u5916\u5ef6\u6027\u7814\u7a76\u65e8\u5728\u6839\u636e\u5df2\u77e5\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u5b9a\u5f8b\u89e3\u91ca\u73b0\u8c61\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u533a\u5206\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u7edd\u5bf9\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u5927\u591a\u6570\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u662f\u6e05\u6670\u7684\u3002\u56fa\u4f53\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u3001\u7b49\u79bb\u5b50\u4f53\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u548c\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u5c5e\u4e8e\u5916\u5ef6\u6027\u7814\u7a76\u3002\u9ad8\u80fd\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u548c\u539f\u5b50\u6838\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u7684\u7edd\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u5185\u5bb9\u5c5e\u4e8e\u5185\u6db5\u6027\u7814\u7a76\u3002\u6b63\u5728\u8fdb\u884c\u7684\u5185\u6db5\u6027\u7814\u7a76\u603b\u662f\u6bd4\u5916\u5ef6\u6027\u7814\u7a76\u5c11\u5f97\u591a\u3002\u4e00\u65e6\u53d1\u73b0\u65b0\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u5b9a\u5f8b\uff0c\u5927\u91cf\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u5f00\u59cb\u8003\u8651\u5c06\u8fd9\u4e9b\u53d1\u73b0\u5e94\u7528\u4e8e\u8fc4\u4eca\u672a\u89e3\u7684\u73b0\u8c61\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u57fa\u7840\u7814\u7a76\u6709\u4e24\u4e2a\u7ef4\u5ea6\u3002\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u8fb9\u754c\u5ef6\u4f38\u5730\u975e\u5e38\u8fdc\uff0c\u4ece\u6700\u65b0\u6f6e\u7684\u5185\u6db5\u6027\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u5230\u7531\u6700\u65b0\u7684\u5185\u6db5\u6027\u7814\u7a76\u5f15\u53d1\u7684\u5916\u5ef6\u6027\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u518d\u5230\u57fa\u4e8e\u8fc7\u53bb\u6570\u5341\u5e74\u7684\u5185\u6db5\u6027\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u5e7f\u6cdb\u800c\u6210\u719f\u7684\u5916\u5ef6\u6027\u7814\u7a76\u7f51\u7edc\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
 <\/span><\/section>\n
\u8fd9\u79cd\u89c2\u70b9\u66fe\u88ab\u6750\u6599\u79d1\u5b66\u9886\u57df\u7684\u4e00\u4f4d\u9886\u519b\u4eba\u7269\u5f15\u7528\uff0c\u7531\u6b64\u53ef\u89c1\u8be5\u89c2\u70b9\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u529b\u3002\u8be5\u9886\u519b\u4eba\u7269\u6566\u4fc3\u4e00\u4e2a\u81f4\u529b\u4e8e\u201c\u51dd\u805a\u6001\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u95ee\u9898\u201d\u7684\u4f1a\u8bae\u7684\u4e0e\u4f1a\u8005\u63a5\u53d7\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u4e2a\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u5373\u5728\u8be5\u9886\u57df\u4e2d\uff0c\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u95ee\u9898\u6781\u5c11\u751a\u81f3\u51e0\u4e4e\u6ca1\u6709\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u8be5\u9886\u57df\u73b0\u5728\u4ec5\u5269\u5916\u5ef6\u6027\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u800c\u4ed6\u5c06\u8fd9\u79cd\u5916\u5ef6\u6027\u7814\u7a76\u620f\u79f0\u4e3a\u8bbe\u5907\u5de5\u7a0b<\/span>\uff08device engineering\uff09<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
 <\/span><\/section>\n
\u8fd9\u79cd\u60f3\u6cd5\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u8c2c\u8bef\u5728\u4e8e\u8fd8\u539f\u8bba\u5047\u8bf4\u4ece\u6765\u90fd\u4e0d\u610f\u5473\u7740\u201c\u5efa\u6784\u8bba\uff08constructionist\uff09\u201d\u5047\u8bf4\uff1a<\/strong><\/span>\u5c06\u6240\u6709\u4e8b\u7269\u8fd8\u539f\u4e3a\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u5b9a\u5f8b\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u5e76\u4e0d\u610f\u5473\u7740\u4ece\u90a3\u4e9b\u57fa\u672c\u5b9a\u5f8b\u51fa\u53d1\u5e76\u91cd\u5efa\u6574\u4e2a\u5b87\u5b99\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u3002<\/span><\/strong>\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u7c92\u5b50\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u544a\u8bc9\u6211\u4eec\u8d8a\u591a\u5173\u4e8e\u57fa\u672c\u5b9a\u5f8b\u7684\u672c\u8d28\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u57fa\u672c\u5b9a\u5f8b\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u5b66\u79d1\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u5173\u8054\u8d8a\u5c11\uff0c\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u5173\u8054\u4e5f\u8d8a\u5c11\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
 <\/span><\/section>\n
\u5728\u9762\u5bf9\u5c3a\u5ea6<\/span>\uff08Scale\uff09<\/span>\u548c\u590d\u6742\u6027<\/span>\uff08Complexity\uff09<\/span>\u7684\u5b6a\u751f\u96be\u9898\u65f6\uff0c\u5efa\u6784\u8bba\u5047\u8bf4\u8f70\u7136\u74e6\u89e3\u3002\u4e8b\u5b9e\u8bc1\u660e\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u65e0\u6cd5\u6839\u636e\u5c11\u6570\u7c92\u5b50\u7684\u6027\u8d28\u7684\u7b80\u5355\u5916\u63a8\uff0c\u6765\u7406\u89e3\u5927\u91cf\u4e14\u590d\u6742\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u7c92\u5b50\u96c6\u5408\u4f53\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u3002\u76f8\u53cd\u7684\uff0c\u5728\u4efb\u4f55\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u590d\u6742\u6027\u5c42\u7ea7\u4e0b\uff0c\u7269\u8d28\u4f1a\u51fa\u73b0\u5168\u65b0\u7684\u6027\u8d28\u3002\u5e76\u4e14\uff0c\u5bf9\u65b0\u6027\u8d28\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u9700\u8981\u672c\u8d28\u4e0a\u4e00\u6837\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u7814\u7a76\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u6211\u8ba4\u4e3a\u53ef\u4ee5\u57fa\u4e8e\u4e0b\u8ff0\u8bbe\u60f3\u7c97\u7565\u5730\u5c06\u5b66\u79d1\u7ebf\u6027\u6392\u5217\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u5c42\u7ea7\u7ed3\u6784\u4e2d\uff1a\u5b66\u79d1 X \u7684\u57fa\u672c\u5b9e\u4f53\u9075\u5faa\u5b66\u79d1 Y \u7684\u5b9a\u5f8b\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
<\/section>\n

<\/section>\n
\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5c42\u7ea7\u7ed3\u6784\u5e76\u4e0d\u610f\u5473\u7740\u5b66\u79d1 X \u201c\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662fY\u7684\u5e94\u7528\u201d\u3002<\/span>\u6bcf\u4e2a\u65b0\u7684\u5c42\u7ea7\u90fd\u9700\u8981\u5168\u65b0\u7684\u5b9a\u5f8b\u3001\u6982\u5ff5\u548c\u5f52\u7eb3<\/span><\/strong>\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u548c\u5176\u524d\u4e00\u4e2a\u5c42\u7ea7\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u7814\u7a76\u8fc7\u7a0b\u9700\u8981\u5927\u91cf\u7684\u7075\u611f\u548c\u521b\u610f\u3002\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u4e0d\u662f\u5e94\u7528\u751f\u7269\u5b66\uff0c\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u4e5f\u4e0d\u662f\u5e94\u7528\u5316\u5b66\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
 <\/section>\n
            <\/span>\u56fe1\uff1a\u8fd8\u539f\u8bba\u4e0d\u7b49\u4e8e\u5efa\u6784\u8bba\u56fe\u793a\u4e28<\/span>\u56fe\u7247\u51fa\u81ea<\/span>https:\/\/xkcd.com\/435\/<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/section>\n

<\/section>\n

\n
\n
\n
\n

<\/section>\n

<\/section>\n
\n
<\/svg><\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n
\n

1. \u5bf9\u79f0\u6027\u7834\u7f3a<\/span><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n

\n

<\/section>\n

<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n


<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/h3>\n

\u6211\u81ea\u5df1\u6240\u5728\u7684\u9886\u57df\uff0c\u591a\u4f53\u7269\u7406\u5b66\uff0c\u6216\u8bb8\u6bd4\u5176\u4ed6\u4efb\u4f55\u5b66\u79d1\u66f4\u63a5\u8fd1\u57fa\u7840\u7684\u5185\u6db5\u6027\u7814\u7a76\u3002\u8be5\u9886\u57df\u4e2d\u5b58\u5728\u975e\u5e73\u51e1\u7684*\u590d\u6742\u6027<\/span>\uff08non-trivial complexities\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u4e8e\u662f\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5f00\u59cb\u6784\u60f3\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e00\u822c\u5316\u7684\u7406\u8bba\uff0c\u6765\u8bf4\u660e\u4ece\u5b9a\u91cf\u5230\u5b9a\u6027\u7684\u8f6c\u53d8\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u7406\u8bba\u6784\u60f3\uff0c\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u201c\u5bf9\u79f0\u6027\u7834\u7f3a\uff08broken-symmetry\uff09*\u201d<\/strong>\u7406\u8bba\uff0c\u6216\u8bb8\u6709\u52a9\u4e8e\u8ba9\u8fd8\u539f\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u5bf9\u7acb\u9762\u2014\u2014\u6784\u5efa\u4e3b\u4e49\u2014\u2014\u7684\u74e6\u89e3\u66f4\u52a0\u6e05\u6670\u3002\u6211\u5c06\u7ed9\u51fa\u8fd9\u4e9b\u89c2\u70b9\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u4e14\u5c1a\u4e0d\u5b8c\u5584\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u5c06\u7ed9\u51fa\u5173\u4e8e\u5176\u4ed6\u5c42\u7ea7\u7684\u7c7b\u4f3c\u73b0\u8c61\u7684\u66f4\u4e00\u822c\u5316\u7684\u63a8\u65ad\u6027\u89e3\u91ca\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
 <\/span><\/section>\n
\n
\n
\n

*non-trivial \u5728\u6570\u5b66\uff0c\u7269\u7406\u4e0e\u8ba1\u7b97\u79d1\u5b66\u4e2d\u88ab\u5e7f\u6cdb\u7528\u4e8e\u63cf\u8ff0\u5bf9\u7814\u7a76\u5458\u6765\u8bb2\u4e0d\u76f4\u89c2\u6216\u8005\u4e0d\u5bb9\u6613\u8bc1\u660e\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff0cnon-trivial\u4e0etrivial\u4e4b\u95f4\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u660e\u663e\u754c\u9650\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

*\u5bf9\u79f0\u6027\u7834\u7f3a\u53ef\u4ee5\u7c97\u7565\u7406\u89e3\u4e3a\u539f\u6765\u5177\u6709\u8f83\u9ad8\u5bf9\u79f0\u6027\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u51fa\u73b0\u4e0d\u5bf9\u79f0\u56e0\u7d20\uff0c\u5176\u5bf9\u79f0\u7a0b\u5ea6\u81ea\u53d1\u964d\u4f4e\u7684\u73b0\u8c61\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/blockquote>\n
 <\/span><\/section>\n
\u9996\u5148\u9700\u8981\u6f84\u6e05\u4e24\u70b9\uff1a<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/span><\/section>\n
\u4e00\uff0c\u5f53\u6211\u8bf4\u5c3a\u5ea6\u53d8\u5316\u5bfc\u81f4\u6839\u672c\u6027\u53d8\u5316\u65f6\uff0c\u6211\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u5728\u8bf4\u90a3\u4e2a\u5e7f\u4e3a\u4eba\u77e5\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u5373\u65b0\u5c3a\u5ea6\u4e0b\u7684\u73b0\u8c61\u9075\u5faa\u5b8c\u5168\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u5b9a\u5f8b\u2014\u2014\u6bd4\u5982\uff0c\u5b87\u5b99\u5c3a\u5ea6\u9075\u5faa\u5e7f\u4e49\u76f8\u5bf9\u8bba\uff0c\u539f\u5b50\u5c3a\u5ea6\u9075\u5faa\u91cf\u5b50\u529b\u5b66\u3002\u6211\u60f3\u5927\u5bb6\u5e94\u8be5\u90fd\u627f\u8ba4\uff0c\u6240\u6709\u666e\u901a\u7269\u8d28\u90fd\u9075\u5faa\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u7535\u52a8\u529b\u5b66\u548c\u91cf\u5b50\u8bba\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e5f\u662f\u6211\u6240\u8ba8\u8bba\u7684\u8303\u7574\u3002<\/span>\uff08\u6b63\u5982\u6211\u6240\u8bf4\u7684\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5fc5\u987b\u4ece\u6211\u4eec\u6df1\u4fe1\u4e0d\u7591\u7684\u8fd8\u539f\u8bba\u51fa\u53d1\u3002\uff09<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/section>\n
\u8bef\u89e3\u4e4b\u4e8c\u6e90\u4e8e\u7c92\u5b50\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u501f\u7528\u4e86\u5bf9\u79f0\u6027\u7834\u7f3a\u8fd9\u4e00\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u4e8b\u5b9e\uff0c\u4e0d\u8fc7\u4ed6\u4eec\u5bf9\u8be5\u672f\u8bed\u7684\u4f7f\u7528\u53ea\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u7c7b\u6bd4\uff0c\u5176\u8868\u8fbe\u7684\u662f\u6df1\u5c42\u542b\u4e49\u8fd8\u662f\u6d45\u5c42\u542b\u4e49\u4ecd\u6709\u5f85\u5546\u69b7\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
 <\/span><\/section>\n
\u6211\u5c06\u7528\u4e00\u4e2a\u5c3d\u53ef\u80fd\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u5c42\u7ea7\u4e2d\u7684\u5b9e\u4f8b\u5f00\u59cb\u6211\u7684\u8ba8\u8bba\uff0c\u6211\u5728\u8bfb\u7814\u7684\u65f6\u5019\u63a5\u89e6\u8fc7\u5b83\uff1a\u6c28\u5206\u5b50\u3002\u90a3\u4e2a\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e2a\u4eba\u90fd\u5bf9\u6c28\u6709\u6240\u4e86\u89e3\uff0c\u5e76\u7528\u5176\u6765\u6821\u51c6\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u548c\u4eea\u5668\uff0c\u6211\u4e5f\u4e0d\u4f8b\u5916\u3002\u5316\u5b66\u5bb6\u4f1a\u8bf4\u6c28\u201c\u662f\u201d\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e09\u68f1\u9525\uff0c\u6c2e\u539f\u5b50\u5e26\u8d1f\u7535\uff0c\u6c22\u539f\u5b50\u5e26\u6b63\u7535\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u6c28\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u7535\u5076\u6781\u77e9\uff08\u03bc\uff09\uff0c\u4e14\u8d1f\u5411\u6307\u5411\u68f1\u9525\u7684\u9876\u7aef\u3002\u6211\u5f88\u96be\u7406\u89e3\u5316\u5b66\u5bb6\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u4ee5\u524d\u7684\u8001\u5e08\u544a\u8bc9\u6211\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u6709\u7535\u5076\u6781\u77e9\u7684\u7269\u8d28\u3002\u90a3\u4f4d\u6559\u6388\u771f\u7684\u8bc1\u660e\u4e86\u539f\u5b50\u6838\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u6709\u5076\u6781\u77e9\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u4ed6\u662f\u6559\u6388\u6838\u7269\u7406\u5b66\uff0c\u4e0d\u8fc7\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u4ed6\u7684\u8ba8\u8bba\u662f\u57fa\u4e8e\u65f6\u7a7a\u5bf9\u79f0\u6027\u7684\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u4ed6\u5e94\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u5177\u6709\u666e\u904d\u6027\u7684\u7ed3\u8bba\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/section>\n
       <\/span><\/section>\n
      <\/span> \u56fe2\uff1a\u5177\u6709\u5076\u6781\u77e9\u7684\u6c28\u5206\u5b50<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/section>\n
\u6211\u5f88\u5feb\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u7684\u8fd9\u4e9b\u89c2\u70b9\u662f\u6b63\u786e\u7684<\/span>\uff08\u6216\u8005\u66f4\u51c6\u786e\u7684\u8bf4\u6cd5\u662f\u8fd9\u4e9b\u89c2\u70b9\u4e0d\u662f\u9519\u8bef\u7684\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u6559\u6388\u7684\u8868\u8ff0\u975e\u5e38\u8c28\u614e\uff1a\u6ca1\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u5b9a\u6001<\/span>\uff08stationary state\uff0c\u5373\u4e0d\u968f\u65f6\u95f4\u53d8\u5316\u7684\u72b6\u6001\uff09<\/span>\u5b58\u5728\u7535\u5076\u6781\u77e9\u3002\u5982\u679c\u6c28\u5206\u5b50\u5f00\u59cb\u65f6\u662f\u4e0a\u8ff0\u7684\u975e\u5bf9\u79f0\u6001<\/span>\uff08\u5373\u5177\u6709\u5076\u6781\u77e9\u7684\u72b6\u6001\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u5b83\u65e0\u6cd5\u4fdd\u6301\u8be5\u6001\u5f88\u957f\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u5b58\u5728\u91cf\u5b50\u96a7\u9053\u6548\u5e94\uff0c\u6c2e\u539f\u5b50\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u6c22\u539f\u5b50\u7ec4\u6210\u7684\u4e09\u89d2\u5f62\u6cc4\u9732\u5230\u53e6\u4e00\u4fa7\uff0c\u5c06\u68f1\u9525\u98a0\u5012\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8fc7\u7a0b\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u53d1\u751f\u5730\u975e\u5e38\u5feb\u3002\u8fd9\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u6240\u8c13\u7684\u201c\u53cd\u8f6c<\/span>\uff08inversion\uff09<\/span>\u201d\uff0c\u53d1\u751f\u9891\u7387\u4e3a\u6bcf\u79d2 3 X 1010<\/sup><\/span> \u3002\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u5b9a\u6001\u53ea\u80fd\u662f\u4e0d\u5bf9\u79f0\u68f1\u9525\u548c\u5176\u53cd\u8f6c\u7684\u7b49\u6743\u53e0\u52a0\u3002\u90a3\u79cd\u6df7\u5408\u72b6\u6001\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u5076\u6781\u77e9\u3002<\/span>\uff08\u8bfb\u8005\u503c\u5f97\u6ce8\u610f\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u8fd9\u91cc\u662f\u9ad8\u5ea6\u7b80\u5316\u7684\u8bf4\u6cd5\uff0c\u8be6\u7ec6\u5185\u5bb9\u8bf7\u67e5\u9605\u6559\u79d1\u4e66\u3002\uff09<\/span><\/section>\n
 <\/span><\/section>\n
\u6211\u4e0d\u6253\u7b97\u63cf\u8ff0\u6574\u4e2a\u8bc1\u660e\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff0c\u4f46\u7ed3\u8bba\u5c31\u662f\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u4e00\u4e2a\u7cfb\u7edf\u72b6\u6001\u662f\u5b9a\u6001\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u5b83\u4e00\u5b9a\u62e5\u6709\u4e0e\u63a7\u5236\u5b83\u8fd0\u52a8\u7684\u52a8\u529b\u5b66\u4e00\u6837\u7684\u5bf9\u79f0\u6027\u3002<\/strong>\u539f\u56e0\u5f88\u7b80\u5355\uff1a\u5728\u91cf\u5b50\u529b\u5b66\u4e2d\uff0c\u9664\u975e\u5b58\u5728\u5bf9\u79f0\u6027\u7684\u9650\u5236\uff0c\u7cfb\u7edf\u603b\u662f\u5b58\u5728\u4ece\u4e00\u4e2a\u6001\u53d8\u5316\u5230\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u6001\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u6211\u4eec\u4ece\u4efb\u4f55\u975e\u5bf9\u79f0\u6001\u51fa\u53d1\uff0c\u7cfb\u7edf\u5c06\u8f6c\u53d8\u4e3a\u5176\u4ed6\u6001\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u53ea\u6709\u4ee5\u5bf9\u79f0\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u53e0\u52a0\u6240\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u975e\u5bf9\u79f0\u6001\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u624d\u80fd\u5f97\u5230\u5b9a\u6001\u3002\u6c28\u5206\u5b50\u6d89\u53ca\u7684\u5bf9\u79f0\u6027\u662f\u5b87\u79f0<\/span>\uff08parity\uff0c\u5373\u7a7a\u95f4\u53cd\u6f14\u5bf9\u79f0\uff09<\/span>\u2014\u2014\u5b87\u79f0\u7684\u7c92\u5b50\u5de6\u624b\u6027\u4e0e\u53f3\u624b\u6027\u7b49\u4ef7\u3002<\/span>\uff08\u5173\u4e8e\u57fa\u672c\u7c92\u5b50\u5b9e\u9a8c\u4eba\u5458\u53d1\u73b0\u7684\u7279\u5b9a\u8fdd\u80cc\u5b87\u79f0\u73b0\u8c61\u7684\u6761\u4ef6\u548c\u672c\u95ee\u9898\u65e0\u5173\uff1b\u90a3\u4e9b\u6761\u4ef6\u80fd\u9020\u6210\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u592a\u5f31\u4e86\u4ee5\u81f3\u4e8e\u65e0\u6cd5\u5f71\u54cd\u666e\u901a\u7269\u8d28\u3002\uff09<\/span><\/section>\n
 <\/span><\/section>\n
\u6211\u4eec\u5df2\u7ecf\u77e5\u9053\u4e86\u6c28\u5206\u5b50\u5982\u4f55\u6ee1\u8db3\u6ca1\u6709\u5076\u6781\u77e9\u80cc\u540e\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u5206\u6790\uff0c\u73b0\u5728\u6211\u4eec\u5f00\u59cb\u8003\u8651\u5176\u4ed6\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u5f53\u7cfb\u7edf\u6e10\u8fdb\u5b8f\u89c2\u65f6\uff0c\u4ee5\u5224\u65ad\u6001\u548c\u5bf9\u79f0\u6027\u662f\u5426\u603b\u662f\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u3002\u81ea\u7136\u754c\u4e2d\u5b58\u5728\u7740\u548c\u6c28\u7c7b\u4f3c\u7684\u91d1\u5b57\u5854\u72b6\u7684\u5206\u5b50\uff0c\u7531\u539f\u5b50\u91cf\u66f4\u5927\u7684\u5143\u7d20\u7ec4\u6210\u3002\u78f7\u5316\u6c22\uff0cPH3\uff0c\u662f\u6c28\u7684\u4e24\u500d\u91cd\uff0c\u4e5f\u4f1a\u53cd\u8f6c\uff0c\u4e0d\u8fc7\u9891\u7387\u662f\u6c28\u7684\u5341\u5206\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002\u4e09\u6c1f\u5316\u78f7\u4e2d\uff0cPF3\uff0c\u66f4\u91cd\u7684\u6c1f\u539f\u5b50\u53d6\u4ee3\u4e86\u6c22\u539f\u5b50\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u7406\u8bba\u4e0a\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u786e\u5b9a\u53cd\u8f6c\u7684\u53d1\u751f\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u65e0\u6cd5\u5728\u53ef\u6d4b\u6c34\u5e73\u4e2d\u89c2\u6d4b\u5230\u4e09\u6c1f\u5316\u78f7\u7684\u53cd\u8f6c\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
 <\/span><\/section>\n
\u63a5\u4e0b\u6765\u6211\u4eec\u8003\u8651\u66f4\u590d\u6742\u7684\u5206\u5b50\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u542b\u6709 40 \u4e2a\u539f\u5b50\u7684\u7cd6\u5206\u5b50\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u5c3a\u5ea6\u4e0b\uff0c\u671f\u5f85\u5206\u5b50\u53cd\u8f6c\u662f\u6ca1\u6709\u610f\u4e49\u7684\u3002\u751f\u547d\u6709\u673a\u4f53\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u7cd6\u5206\u5b50\u90fd\u5177\u6709\u7a33\u5b9a\u7684\u540c\u4e00\u87ba\u65cb\u65b9\u5411<\/span>\uff08\u5de6\u65cb\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u6b64\u65f6\u7cd6\u5206\u5b50\u5de6\u624b\u6027\u4e0e\u53f3\u624b\u6027\u4e0d\u7b49\u4ef7\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u4e0d\u5177\u5907\u5b87\u79f0\u5bf9\u79f0\u6027\u3002\u5e76\u4e14\uff0c\u65e0\u8bba\u662f\u91cf\u5b50\u529b\u5b66\u96a7\u9053\u6548\u5e94\u8fd8\u662f\u5e38\u6e29\u4e0b\u7684\u70ed\u6270\u52a8\u90fd\u65e0\u6cd5\u4f7f\u5176\u53cd\u8f6c\u3002\u6b64\u65f6\u7814\u7a76\u7cd6\u5206\u5b50\u7684\u6027\u8d28\u5fc5\u987b\u629b\u5f00\u53cd\u8f6c\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u5e76\u5ffd\u7565\u5b87\u79f0\u5bf9\u79f0\u6027<\/span>\uff08parity symmetry\uff09<\/span>\uff1a<\/span>\u5bf9\u79f0\u6027\u5b9a\u5f8b\u6ca1\u6709\u88ab\u8fdd\u80cc\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u7834\u7f3a\u4e86\u3002<\/span><\/strong><\/section>\n

<\/section>\n
  <\/span><\/section>\n
     <\/span><\/section>\n
\u56fe3\uff1a\u6c28\u57fa\u9178\u5206\u5b50\u662f\u624b\u6027\u7684\uff0c\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u5b87\u79f0\u5bf9\u79f0 by NASA\u4e28<\/span>\u7248\u6743\uff1a\u516c\u6709\u9886\u57df<\/span><\/section>\n
 <\/section>\n
\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u6211\u4eec\u901a\u8fc7\u70ed\u5e73\u8861\u4e2d\u7684\u5316\u5b66\u53cd\u5e94\u5408\u6210\u7cd6\u5206\u5b50\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4f1a\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c\u4e00\u822c\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u5de6\u624b\u6027\u5206\u5b50\u548c\u53f3\u624b\u6027\u5206\u5b50\u7684\u6570\u91cf\u662f\u4e00\u6837\u7684\u3002\u5982\u679c\u6ca1\u6709\u6bd4\u81ea\u7531\u5206\u5b50\u96c6\u5408\u4f53\u66f4\u590d\u6742\u7684\u7269\u8d28\uff0c\u4e00\u822c\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u5bf9\u79f0\u6027\u5b9a\u5f8b\u4e0d\u4f1a\u88ab\u6253\u7834\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u9700\u8981\u751f\u547d\u4f53\u6765\u4ea7\u751f\u4e0d\u540c\u5bf9\u79f0\u6027\u5206\u5b50\u5206\u5e03\u7684\u4e0d\u5747\u5300\u6027\u3002<\/strong><\/span><\/section>\n
 <\/span><\/section>\n
\u5927\u89c4\u6a21\u7684\u4f46\u662f\u65e0\u751f\u547d\u7684\u539f\u5b50\u805a\u5408\u7269\u4e2d\uff0c\u4f1a\u51fa\u73b0\u4e00\u79cd\u5b8c\u5168\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u5bf9\u79f0\u6027\u7834\u7f3a<\/span><\/strong>\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u5bfc\u81f4\u51c0\u5076\u6781\u77e9<\/span>\uff08net dipole moment\uff09<\/span>\u6216\u8005\u51c0\u65cb\u5149\u5ea6<\/span>\uff08net optical rotating power\uff09<\/span>\u7684\u4ea7\u751f*\uff0c\u6216\u540c\u65f6\u5bfc\u81f4\u4e24\u8005\u3002\u5f88\u591a\u6676\u4f53\u5728\u6bcf\u4e2a\u6676\u80de<\/span>\uff08\u6676\u4f53\u7684\u6700\u5c0f\u91cd\u590d\u5355\u4f4d\uff09<\/span>\u90fd\u5b58\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u51c0\u5076\u6781\u77e9<\/span>\uff08\u70ed\u7535\u6027 pyroelectricity\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u67d0\u4e9b\u57fa\u672c\u5355\u5143\u7684\u77e9\u53ef\u88ab\u7535\u573a\u53cd\u8f6c<\/span>\uff08\u94c1\u7535\u6027 ferroelectricity\uff0c\u6307\u7684\u662f\u5916\u52a0\u7535\u573a\u53ef\u4ee5\u6539\u53d8\u5076\u6781\u77e9\u65b9\u5411\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u6027\u8d28\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u94c1\u7535\u6027\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u975e\u5bf9\u79f0\u6027\u662f\u6676\u4f53\u5bfb\u6c42\u5230\u8fbe\u5176\u6700\u4f4e\u80fd\u91cf\u6001\u65f6\u7684\u81ea\u53d1\u6548\u5e94\u3002\u5f53\u7136\uff0c\u5177\u6709\u76f8\u53cd\u77e9\u7684\u6001\u4e5f\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u5bf9\u79f0\u5730\u5177\u6709\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u80fd\u91cf\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u7cfb\u7edf\u5982\u6b64\u4e4b\u5927\uff0c\u4ee5\u81f3\u4e8e\u6ca1\u6709\u70ed\u529b\u6216\u91cf\u5b50\u529b\u80fd\u591f\u5728\u6709\u9650\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u4e2d<\/span>\uff08\u76f8\u8f83\u4e8e\u5b87\u5b99\u7684\u5e74\u9f84\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u5c06\u4e00\u79cd\u6001\u8f6c\u6362\u4e3a\u53e6\u4e00\u79cd\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
 <\/span><\/section>\n
\n
\n
*\u51c0\u5076\u6781\u8ddd\u6307\u7684\u662f\u5206\u5b50\u7684\u5316\u5b66\u952e\u5177\u5907\u5076\u6781\u77e9\uff0c\u4f46\u7531\u4e8e\u7ec4\u6210\u5206\u5b50\u7684\u5076\u6781\u77e9\u5728\u7a7a\u95f4\u5404\u4e2a\u65b9\u5411\u4e0a\u62b5\u6d88\uff0c\u6700\u540e\u5206\u5b50\u603b\u5076\u6781\u77e9\u4f53\u73b0\u4e3a\u5206\u91cf\u7684\u77e2\u91cf\u5408\u3002<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/blockquote>\n

<\/section>\n
\u57fa\u4e8e\u6b64\u81f3\u5c11\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f97\u5230\u4e09\u4e2a\u63a8\u8bba\uff1a<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/span><\/section>\n
\u4e00\uff0c\u5bf9\u79f0\u6027\u5728\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u4e2d\u610f\u4e49\u91cd\u5927\u3002\u5bf9\u79f0\u6027\u610f\u5473\u7740\u5373\u4fbf\u89c2\u5bdf\u8005\u89c6\u89d2\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u7cfb\u7edf\u4ecd\u7136\u5177\u5907\u539f\u6765\u7684\u7279\u8d28\u3002\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bf4\uff0c\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u662f\u7814\u7a76\u5bf9\u79f0\u6027\u7684\u5b66\u79d1\u3002\u725b\u987f\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u5c55\u793a\u4e86\u8be5\u89c2\u70b9\u7684\u5a01\u529b\uff0c\u4ed6\u6216\u8bb8\u4f1a\u95ee\u81ea\u5df1\uff1a\u5982\u679c\u6211\u624b\u91cc\u7684\u7269\u4f53\u548c\u5929\u7a7a\u4e2d\u7684\u7269\u4f53\u9075\u5faa\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u5b9a\u5f8b\u4f1a\u600e\u6837\u2014\u2014\u5982\u679c\u7a7a\u95f4\u548c\u7269\u8d28\u662f\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u4e14\u5404\u65b9\u5411\u540c\u6027\u7684\u4f1a\u600e\u6837\uff1f<\/span><\/section>\n
 <\/span><\/section>\n
\u4e8c\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u4e00\u4e2a\u7269\u4f53\u7684\u603b\u6001<\/span>\uff08total state\uff09<\/span>\u662f\u5bf9\u79f0\u7684\uff0c\u5176\u5185\u90e8\u7ed3\u6784\u5e76\u4e0d\u4e00\u5b9a\u662f\u5bf9\u79f0\u7684\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u4ece\u91cf\u5b50\u529b\u5b66\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u5b9a\u5f8b\u51fa\u53d1\u5e76\u9884\u6d4b\u6c28\u5206\u5b50\u7684\u53cd\u8f6c\u548c\u5176\u6613\u88ab\u89c2\u5bdf\u5230\u7684\u6027\u8d28\uff0c\u800c\u65e0\u9700\u7a77\u5c3d\u975e\u5bf9\u79f0\u7684\u91d1\u5b57\u5854\u72b6\u7ed3\u6784\u7684\u6001\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u6ca1\u6709\u201c\u6001\u201d\u6709\u90a3\u79cd\u7ed3\u6784<\/span>\uff08\u610f\u4e3a\u4ece\u4e25\u8c28\u7684\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u89d2\u5ea6\uff0c\u6c28\u5206\u5b50\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u91d1\u5b57\u5854\u7ed3\u6784\u7684\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u76f4\u5230\u51e0\u5341\u5e74\u524d\uff0c\u6838\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u624d\u505c\u6b62\u5c06\u539f\u5b50\u6838\u89c6\u4e3a\u6ca1\u6709\u7279\u5f81\u7684\u3001\u5bf9\u79f0\u7684\u5c0f\u7403\u3002\u5e76\u4e14\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5f00\u59cb\u610f\u8bc6\u5230\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u539f\u5b50\u6838\u6ca1\u6709\u5076\u6781\u77e9\uff0c\u4f46\u5e76\u4e0d\u59a8\u788d\u539f\u5b50\u7684\u7535\u5b50\u4e91\u53d8\u6210\u6a44\u6984\u7403\u72b6\u6216\u76d8\u5b50\u72b6\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7ed3\u679c\u80fd\u591f\u5728\u6838\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u6240\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u53cd\u5e94\u5149\u8c31\u548c\u6fc0\u53d1\u5149\u8c31\u4e2d\u89c2\u5bdf\u5230\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5176\u6bd4\u6c28\u53cd\u8f6c\u66f4\u96be\u4ee5\u88ab\u76f4\u63a5\u8bc1\u660e\u3002\u5728\u6211\u770b\u6765\uff0c\u65e0\u8bba\u662f\u5426\u5c06\u5176\u79f0\u4e3a\u5185\u6db5\u6027\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u5b83\u90fd\u548c\u4eba\u4eec\u6240\u8ba4\u4e3a\u7684\u672c\u8d28\u89c4\u5f8b\u4e00\u6837\u57fa\u7840\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u73b0\u8c61\u5e76\u4e0d\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u65b0\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u5b9a\u5f8b\u53bb\u89e3\u91ca\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u4ece\u90a3\u4e9b\u5df2\u6709\u5b9a\u5f8b\u4e2d\u5c06\u5176\u63a8\u5bfc\u51fa\u6765\u5341\u5206\u56f0\u96be\uff1b\u5b83\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u57fa\u4e8e\u65e5\u5e38\u76f4\u89c9\u7684\u7075\u611f\uff0c\u7a81\u7136\u5c31\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u6240\u6709\u4e8b\u7269\u5951\u5408\u5730\u975e\u5e38\u597d\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
 <\/span><\/section>\n
\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7ed3\u679c\u5f88\u96be\u63a8\u5bfc\u7684\u539f\u56e0\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u63a5\u4e0b\u6765\u9700\u8981\u8ba8\u8bba\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u95ee\u9898\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002\u5982\u679c\u539f\u5b50\u6838\u8db3\u591f\u5c0f\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u6ca1\u6709\u80fd\u591f\u4e25\u683c\u5b9a\u4e49\u5176\u5f62\u72b6\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\uff1a\u6211\u4eec\u65e0\u6cd5\u5c06\u6570\u4e2a\u7f20\u7ed5\u7684\u7c92\u5b50\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e3a\u65cb\u8f6c\u7684\u201c\u76d8\u5b50\u201d\u6216\u201c\u6a44\u6984\u7403\u201d\u3002\u53ea\u6709\u5c06\u539f\u5b50\u6838\u89c6\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u591a\u4f53\u7cfb\u7edf\u2014\u2014\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f N\u2192\u221e \u6781\u9650 \u2014\u2014 \u624d\u80fd\u8bf4\u5b9a\u4e49\u5f62\u72b6\u662f\u4e25\u8c28\u7684\u3002\u90a3\u6837\u5f62\u72b6\u7684\u5b8f\u89c2\u7269\u4f53\u5c06\u5177\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u6240\u8c13\u7684\u65cb\u8f6c\u6216\u9707\u52a8\u6fc0\u53d1\u5149\u8c31\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u672c\u8d28\u4e0a\u548c\u65e0\u7279\u5f81\u7cfb\u7edf<\/span>\uff08featureless system\uff09<\/span>\u5b8c\u5168\u4e0d\u540c\u3002\u5f53\u6211\u4eec\u770b\u5230\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u5149\u8c31\u65f6\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u90a3\u4e48\u6e05\u6670\u548c\u5b8c\u7f8e\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4ecd\u7136\u4f1a\u627f\u8ba4\u539f\u5b50\u6838\u4e0d\u662f\u5b8f\u89c2\u7684\uff0c\u5b83\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u8d8b\u8fd1\u4e8e\u5b8f\u89c2\u3002\u4ece\u57fa\u7840\u5b9a\u5f8b\u548c\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u51fa\u53d1\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u5f97\u4e0d\u5b9e\u73b0\u4e24\u4ef6\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\u2014\u2014\u89e3\u51b3\u65e0\u9650\u591a\u4f53\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u5e76\u5c06\u5176\u8fd0\u7528\u4e8e\u6709\u9650\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u2014\u2014\u5728\u6211\u4eec\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5236\u5907\u4e4b\u524d\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
 <\/span><\/section>\n
\u4e09\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u8db3\u591f\u5927\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u6001\u4e0d\u4e00\u5b9a\u9075\u5faa\u5bf9\u79f0\u6027\u5b9a\u5f8b\uff1b\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u5176\u901a\u5e38\u5177\u6709\u8f83\u4f4e\u7684\u5bf9\u79f0\u6027\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u6676\u4f53\u7531\u539f\u5b50\u548c\u7a7a\u95f4\u4f9d\u636e\u5b8c\u7f8e\u7684\u7a7a\u95f4\u9f50\u6027<\/span>\uff08homogeneous space\uff09<\/span>\u6784\u6210\uff0c\u4f46\u6676\u4f53\u5374\u7a81\u7136\u6beb\u65e0\u5f81\u5146\u5730\u5c55\u73b0\u4e86\u5168\u65b0\u4e14\u7f8e\u5999\u7684\u5bf9\u79f0\u6027\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u66f4\u4e00\u822c\u5316\u7684\u89c4\u5219\u662f\u5927\u7cfb\u7edf\u8f83\u5176\u5e95\u5c42\u7ed3\u6784\u5177\u6709\u66f4\u4f4e\u7684\u5bf9\u79f0\u6027\uff0c\u6676\u4f53\u4e5f\u4e0d\u4f8b\u5916\uff1a\u5c3d\u7ba1\u6676\u4f53\u5177\u6709\u5bf9\u79f0\u6027\uff0c\u4f46\u5176\u5bf9\u79f0\u6027\u8fdc\u4f4e\u4e8e\u5b8c\u7f8e\u7a7a\u95f4\u9f50\u6027\u60c5\u51b5\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
 <\/span><\/section>\n
\u6676\u4f53\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\u4e2d\u6211\u7684\u8bba\u8bc1\u4e5f\u8bb8\u8fc7\u4e8e\u6a21\u7cca\u7c97\u6d45\u3002\u4f46\u662f19\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e2d\u671f\uff0c\u6676\u4f53\u7684\u89c4\u5f8b\u6027\u5c31\u5df2\u88ab\u534a\u7ecf\u9a8c\u5730\u63a8\u5bfc\u4e86\u51fa\u6765\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u4e1d\u6beb\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u590d\u6742\u7684\u8bba\u8bc1\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u67d0\u4e9b\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u5982\u8d85\u5bfc\u6027\uff0c\u65b0\u7684\u5bf9\u79f0\u6027\u2014\u2014\u73b0\u5728\u6211\u4eec\u79f0\u5176\u4e3a\u7834\u7f3a\u7684\u5bf9\u79f0\u6027\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u539f\u59cb\u7684\u5bf9\u79f0\u6027\u4e0d\u518d\u660e\u663e\u4e86\u2014\u2014\u662f\u8ba9\u4eba\u5b8c\u5168\u96be\u4ee5\u9884\u6d4b\u548c\u76f4\u89c2\u7406\u89e3\u7684\u3002\u4ece\u77e5\u6653\u8d85\u5bfc\u6027\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u5b9a\u5f8b\uff0c\u5230\u771f\u6b63\u505a\u51fa\u8d85\u5bfc\u73b0\u8c61\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\uff0c\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u7528\u4e86 30 \u5e74\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
 <\/span><\/section>\n
\u8d85\u5bfc\u6027\u662f\u5bf9\u79f0\u6027\u7834\u7f3a\u7684\u6700\u4e3a\u7a81\u51fa\u7684\u5b8f\u89c2\u5b9e\u4f8b\uff0c\u4f46\u5176\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u552f\u4e00\u7684\u5b9e\u4f8b\u3002\u53cd\u94c1\u78c1\u4f53\u3001\u94c1\u7535\u4f53\u3001\u6db2\u6676\u7b49\u90fd\u9075\u5faa\u4e00\u4e2a\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u3001\u975e\u5e38\u666e\u904d\u7684\u89c4\u5219\u548c\u7406\u5ff5\uff0c\u90a3\u5c31\u662f\u4e00\u4e9b\u591a\u4f53\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u6240\u8c13\u7684\u5bf9\u79f0\u6027\u7834\u7f3a\u3002\u6211\u4e0d\u4f1a\u7ee7\u7eed\u8ba8\u8bba\u8fd9\u6bb5\u5386\u53f2\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u5728\u6587\u7ae0\u672b\u5c3e\u7ed9\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u53c2\u8003\u76ee\u5f55\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
 <\/span><\/section>\n
\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u5173\u952e\u662f\uff0c\u5728\u5927\u7cfb\u7edf<\/span>\uff08\u5c31\u6211\u4eec\u800c\u8a00\u7684\u5b8f\u89c2\u5c3a\u5ea6\uff09<\/span>\u7684N \u2192\u221e \u6781\u9650\u4e2d\uff0c\u7269\u8d28\u4f1a\u7ecf\u5386\u6570\u5b66\u4e0a\u5c16\u9510\u7684\u3001\u5947\u5f02\u7684\u201c\u76f8\u53d8\u201d\uff0c\u6700\u7ec8\u5230\u8fbe\u8fdd\u53cd\u5fae\u89c2\u5bf9\u79f0\u6027\u751a\u81f3\u5fae\u89c2\u8fd0\u52a8\u65b9\u7a0b\u7684\u6001\u3002\u5bf9\u79f0\u6027\u53ea\u5728\u4e00\u4e9b\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u6027\u8d28\u4e0a\u6709\u6240\u4f53\u73b0\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u957f\u6ce2\u632f\u52a8\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u6211\u4eec\u975e\u5e38\u719f\u6089\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\u5c31\u662f\u58f0\u6ce2\uff1b\u6216\u8d85\u5bfc\u4f53\u4e0d\u540c\u5bfb\u5e38\u7684\u5b8f\u89c2\u5bfc\u7535\u73b0\u8c61\uff1b\u8fd8\u6709\u6676\u4f53\u70b9\u9635\u548c\u5927\u591a\u6570\u56fa\u4f53\u7684\u521a\u6027\u3002\u5f53\u7136\uff0c\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e0d\u662f\u771f\u7684\u5728\u8fdd\u80cc<\/span>\uff08violate\uff09<\/span>\u65f6\u7a7a\u5bf9\u79f0\u6027\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u8868\u73b0\u51fa\u4e00\u79cd\u5bf9\u79f0\u6027\u7834\u7f3a<\/span>\uff08break\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u4ece\u80fd\u91cf\u89d2\u5ea6\u8003\u8651\uff0c\u7cfb\u7edf\u5404\u90e8\u5206\u4fdd\u6301\u56fa\u5b9a\u5173\u7cfb\u662f\u66f4\u6709\u5229\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5bf9\u79f0\u6027\u53ea\u5141\u8bb8\u6574\u4f53\u5bf9\u5916\u529b\u505a\u51fa\u56de\u5e94\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
 <\/span><\/section>\n
\u8fd9\u5bfc\u81f4\u4e86\u201c\u521a\u6027\u201d\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u8d85\u5bfc\u6027\u548c\u8d85\u6d41\u6027\u7684\u6070\u5f53\u63cf\u8ff0\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5b83\u4eec\u6709\u663e\u7136\u7684\u201c\u6d41\u4f53\u201d\u6027\u8d28\u3002<\/span>\uff08London \u5f88\u65e9\u5c31\u6ce8\u610f\u5230\u4e86\u8d85\u5bfc\u6027\u3002\uff09<\/span> \u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5047\u60f3\u7684\u6728\u661f\u4e0a\u7684\u6c14\u6001\u667a\u6167\u516c\u6c11\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u94f6\u6cb3\u4e2d\u5fc3\u67d0\u5904\u7684\u6c22\u4e91\u4e2d\u7684\u516c\u6c11\uff0c\u666e\u901a\u6676\u4f53\u7684\u6027\u8d28\u5f88\u53ef\u80fd\u6bd4\u8d85\u6d41\u6c2e\u66f4\u590d\u6742\u548c\u4ee4\u4eba\u56f0\u60d1\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
 <\/span><\/section>\n
\u6211\u5e76\u4e0d\u60f3\u8ba9\u5927\u5bb6\u4ee5\u4e3a\u6240\u6709\u95ee\u9898\u5df2\u7ecf\u89e3\u51b3\u4e86\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u6211\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u73bb\u7483\u4ee5\u53ca\u975e\u6676\u4f53\u4ecd\u7136\u5b58\u5728\u4ee4\u4eba\u7740\u8ff7\u7684\u539f\u7406\u6027\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u89e3\u51b3\u6216\u8bb8\u4f1a\u63ed\u793a\u66f4\u590d\u6742\u7684\u6027\u8d28\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u81f3\u5c11\u5df2\u7406\u89e3\u4e86\u5728\u60f0\u6027\u5b8f\u89c2\u7684\u7269\u4f53\u7684\u6027\u8d28\u4e2d\uff0c\u8fd9\u7c7b\u5bf9\u79f0\u6027\u7834\u7f3a\u5728\u7406\u8bba\u5c42\u9762\u5145\u5f53\u7684\u89d2\u8272\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u6211\u4eec\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c\u6574\u4f53\u4e0d\u4ec5\u4ec5\u591a\u4e8e\u90e8\u5206\u4e4b\u548c\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u4e0d\u540c\u4e8e\u90e8\u5206\u4e4b\u548c\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
 <\/span><\/section>\n
\u63a5\u4e0b\u6765\u6211\u4eec\u4f1a\u5f88\u81ea\u7136\u5730\u8003\u8651\uff0c\u65f6\u7a7a\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u5bf9\u79f0\u6027\u662f\u5426\u6709\u66f4\u5f7b\u5e95\u7684\u74e6\u89e3\uff0c\u662f\u5426\u4f1a\u4ea7\u751f\u65b0\u7684\u3001\u672c\u8d28\u4e0a\u4e0d\u540c\u4e8e\u201c\u7b80\u5355\u201d\u76f8\u53d8<\/span>\uff08\u5373\u51dd\u7ed3\u6001\u5230\u5177\u6709\u66f4\u4f4e\u5bf9\u79f0\u6027\u7684\u6001\uff09<\/span>\u7684\u73b0\u8c61\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
 <\/span><\/section>\n
\u6211\u4eec\u5df2\u7ecf\u6392\u9664\u4e86\u663e\u7136\u4e0d\u5bf9\u79f0\u7684\u6db2\u4f53\u3001\u6c14\u4f53\u548c\u73bb\u7483\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u3002<\/span>\uff08\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u5b83\u4eec\u6bd4\u6211\u4eec\u60f3\u8c61\u5730\u66f4\u4e3a\u5bf9\u79f0\u3002\uff09<\/span>\u4e0b\u4e00\u4e2a\u9636\u6bb5\u5e94\u8be5\u8003\u8651\u89c4\u5f8b\u7684\u4f46\u662f\u5305\u542b\u4fe1\u606f\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\u8be5\u7cfb\u7edf\u5728\u7a7a\u95f4\u4e0a\u662f\u89c4\u5f8b\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u800c\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u201c\u8bfb\u51fa<\/span>\uff08read out\uff09<\/span>\u201d\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u76f8\u90bb\u5355\u5143\u6709\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u5143\u7d20\u3002\u4e00\u4e2a\u663e\u7136\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\u662f DNA\uff1b\u65e5\u5e38\u751f\u6d3b\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e00\u884c\u5b57\u6216\u4e00\u5377\u7535\u5f71\u80f6\u7247\u4e5f\u5177\u6709\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u201c\u8f7d\u6709\u4fe1\u606f\u7684\u7ed3\u6676\u6027\u201d\u4f3c\u4e4e\u5bf9\u751f\u547d\u81f3\u5173\u91cd\u8981\u3002\u751f\u547d\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u662f\u5426\u9700\u8981\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u7684\u5bf9\u79f0\u6027\u7834\u7f3a\u5c1a\u4e0d\u6e05\u695a\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/section>\n
 <\/span><\/section>\n

\n
\n
\n
\n

<\/section>\n

<\/section>\n
\n
<\/svg><\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n
\n

2. \u79d1\u5b66\u5c42\u7ea7\u7684\u7ed3\u6784<\/span><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n

\n

<\/section>\n

<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n


<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/h3>\n

\u7ee7\u7eed\u63a2\u8ba8\u751f\u547d\u4f53\u4e2d\u7684\u5bf9\u79f0\u6027\u7834\u7f3a\uff0c\u6211\u53d1\u73b0\u81f3\u5c11\u8fd8\u6709\u4e00\u79cd\u73b0\u8c61\u662f\u53ef\u8bc6\u522b\u7684\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u662f\u76f8\u5f53\u666e\u904d\u7684\uff0c\u5373\u65f6\u95f4\u7ef4\u5ea6\u7684\u6b21\u5e8f<\/span>\uff08ordering\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ef\u79f0\u4e4b\u4e3a\u65f6\u95f4\u7ef4\u5ea6\u7684\u89c4\u5f8b\u6027<\/span>\uff08regularity\uff09<\/span>\u6216\u5468\u671f\u6027<\/span>\uff08periodicity\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u5927\u91cf\u5173\u4e8e\u751f\u547d\u8fc7\u7a0b\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u4e2d\uff0c\u65f6\u95f4\u4e0a\u7684\u89c4\u5219\u8109\u52a8\u90fd\u975e\u5e38\u91cd\u8981\uff1a\u5173\u4e8e\u53d1\u80b2\u3001\u751f\u957f\u3001\u751f\u957f\u6781\u9650\u7406\u8bba\u548c\u8bb0\u5fc6\u7406\u8bba\u3002\u65f6\u95f4\u89c4\u5f8b\u6027\u5728\u751f\u547d\u4f53\u4e2d\u975e\u5e38\u666e\u904d\uff0c\u4e14\u81f3\u5c11\u8d77\u7740\u4e24\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u3002\u4e00\uff0c\u5927\u591a\u6570\u4ece\u73af\u5883\u4e2d\u83b7\u53d6\u80fd\u91cf\u4ee5\u786e\u4fdd\u6301\u7eed\u3001\u51c6\u7a33\u6001\u8fc7\u7a0b\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u7275\u6d89\u5230\u65f6\u95f4\u5468\u671f\u88c5\u7f6e<\/span>\uff08time-periodic machines\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u632f\u8361\u5668<\/span>\uff08oscillator\uff09<\/span>\u548c\u53d1\u751f\u5668<\/span>\uff08generator\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u751f\u547d\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e5f\u4e0d\u4f8b\u5916\u3002\u4e8c\uff0c\u65f6\u95f4\u89c4\u5f8b\u6027\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u5904\u7406\u4fe1\u606f\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u548c\u4fe1\u606f\u643a\u5e26\u7684\u7a7a\u95f4\u89c4\u5f8b\u6027\u7c7b\u4f3c\uff0c\u4eba\u7c7b\u7684\u53e3\u8bed\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b9e\u4f8b\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u503c\u5f97\u6ce8\u610f\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u6240\u6709\u7684\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u90fd\u4f7f\u7528\u65f6\u95f4\u8109\u51b2\u3002\u4e0a\u8ff0\u63d0\u5230\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u4e5f\u6697\u793a\u4e86\u7b2c\u4e09\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\uff1a\u5229\u7528\u65f6\u5e8f\u8109\u51b2\u7684\u76f8\u4f4d\u5173\u7cfb\u6765\u5904\u7406\u4fe1\u606f\u5e76\u63a7\u5236\u7ec6\u80de\u548c\u6709\u673a\u4f53\u7684\u751f\u957f\u548c\u53d1\u80b2\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
 <\/span><\/section>\n
\u5728\u67d0\u79cd\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\uff0c\u7ed3\u6784\u2014\u2014\u76ee\u7684\u8bba<\/span>\uff08teleological\uff09<\/span>\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u7684\u529f\u80fd\u6027\u7ed3\u6784\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u6676\u4f53\u7684\u5f62\u6001\u7ed3\u6784\u2014\u2014\u5fc5\u987b\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u5bf9\u79f0\u6027\u7834\u7f3a\u7b49\u7ea7\u7ed3\u6784\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u9636\u6bb5\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u5904\u4e8e\u7ed3\u6676\u6027<\/span>\uff08crystallinity\uff09<\/span>\u548c\u643a\u5e26\u4fe1\u606f\u7684\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32<\/span>\uff08information strings\uff09<\/span> \u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u9636\u6bb5\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
 <\/span><\/section>\n
\u57fa\u4e8e\u5c42\u5c42\u63a8\u6d4b\uff0c\u6211\u89c9\u5f97\u4e0b\u4e00\u4e2a\u9636\u6bb5\u662f\u529f\u80fd\u7684\u5c42\u7ea7\u7ed3\u6784\u6216\u4e13\u95e8\u5316\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u540c\u65f6\u5305\u62ec\u4e24\u8005\u3002\u67d0\u79cd\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5e94\u8be5\u505c\u6b62\u8ba8\u8bba\u964d\u4f4e\u7684\u5bf9\u79f0\u6027\uff0c\u800c\u5c06\u5176\u79f0\u4e3a\u589e\u52a0\u7684\u590d\u6742\u6027\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u968f\u7740\u6bcf\u4e2a\u5c42\u7ea7\u7684\u590d\u6742\u6027\u4e0d\u65ad\u589e\u52a0\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u6cbf\u7740\u5b66\u79d1\u7684\u5c42\u7ea7\u7ed3\u6784\u4e0a\u5347\u3002\u5728\u5c06\u590d\u6742\u6027\u8f83\u4f4e\u7684\u90e8\u5206\u7ec4\u5408\u4e3a\u66f4\u590d\u6742\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u3001\u5e76\u7406\u89e3\u7531\u6b64\u5bfc\u81f4\u7684\u65b0\u6027\u8d28\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5728\u6bcf\u4e2a\u5c42\u7ea7\u90fd\u4f1a\u9047\u5230\u8ff7\u4eba\u7684\u4e14\u57fa\u7840\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
 <\/span><\/section>\n
\u591a\u4f53\u7406\u8bba\u548c\u5316\u5b66\u7b49\u7b80\u5355\u60c5\u51b5\u4e2d\u590d\u6742\u6027\u51fa\u73b0\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u4e0d\u80fd\u7c7b\u6bd4\u4e8e\u771f\u6b63\u590d\u6742\u7684\u6587\u5316\u548c\u751f\u7269\u60c5\u51b5\u4e2d\u590d\u6742\u6027\u51fa\u73b0\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u9664\u975e\uff0c\u6cdb\u6cdb\u5730\u8ba4\u4e3a\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e0e\u5176\u7ec4\u6210\u90e8\u5206\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u662f\u5355\u5411\u7684\u3002\u7efc\u5408\u662f\u51e0\u4e4e\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\uff1b\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u5206\u6790\u4e0d\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u5404\u4e2a\u65b9\u9762\u90fd\u662f\u5bcc\u6709\u6210\u6548\u7684\uff1a\u5982\u679c\u6ca1\u6709\u7406\u89e3\u8d85\u5bfc\u4f53\u4e2d\u7684\u5bf9\u79f0\u6027\u7834\u7f3a\uff0cJosephson \u53ef\u80fd\u4e0d\u4f1a\u53d1\u73b0\u7ea6\u745f\u592b\u68ee\u6548\u5e94\u3002<\/span>\uff08\u7ea6\u745f\u592b\u900a\u6548\u5e94\u7684\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u540d\u5b57\u662f\u201c\u5b8f\u89c2\u91cf\u5b50\u5e72\u6d89\u73b0\u8c61\u201d\uff1a\u8d85\u5bfc\u4f53\u7535\u5b50\u6216\u8d85\u6d41\u6c2e\u4e2d\u7684\u6c2e\u539f\u5b50\u7684\u5b8f\u89c2\u6ce2\u51fd\u6570\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5e72\u6d89\u6548\u5e94\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u73b0\u8c61\u6781\u5927\u5730\u63d0\u9ad8\u4e86\u7535\u78c1\u89c2\u6d4b\u7684\u7cbe\u5ea6\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u6709\u671b\u5728\u672a\u6765\u7684\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u4e2d\u53d1\u6325\u91cd\u5927\u4f5c\u7528\uff0c\u56e0\u800c\u6700\u7ec8\u5bfc\u81f4\u5212\u65f6\u4ee3\u7684\u6280\u672f\u8fdb\u6b65\u3002\uff09<\/span>\u518d\u4e3e\u4e00\u4e2a\u4f8b\u5b50\uff0c\u5728\u5c06\u9057\u4f20\u5b66\u8fd8\u539f\u4e3a\u751f\u7269\u5316\u5b66\u548c\u751f\u7269\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u53d1\u751f\u4e86\u6781\u5927\u7684\u6539\u53d8\uff0c\u8fd9\u5c06\u5e26\u6765\u65e0\u6cd5\u4f30\u91cf\u7684\u91cd\u5927\u53d1\u73b0\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u6700\u8fd1\u4e00\u7bc7\u6587\u7ae0\u4e2d\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u662f\u4e0d\u5bf9\u7684\uff1a\u6211\u4eec\u6bcf\u4e2a\u4eba\u5e94\u8be5\u201c\u8015\u8018\u6211\u4eec\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u8c37\u5730\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u8981\u5c1d\u8bd5\u5728\u5b66\u79d1\u4e4b\u95f4\u5efa\u9020\u8de8\u8d8a\u5c71\u8109\u7684\u9053\u8def\u201d\u3002\u76f8\u53cd\u7684\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5e94\u8be5\u610f\u8bc6\u5230\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u9053\u8def\uff0c\u4e0d\u5982\u8bf4\u662f\u901a\u5411\u6211\u4eec\u81ea\u5df1\u5b66\u79d1\u5176\u4f59\u90e8\u5206\u5185\u5bb9\u7684\u6700\u5feb\u6377\u5f84\uff0c\u4ec5\u4ece\u5355\u4e00\u5b66\u79d1\u7684\u89c6\u89d2\u662f\u770b\u4e0d\u5230\u7684\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
 <\/span><\/section>\n
\u7c92\u5b50\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u7684\u81ea\u5927\u548c\u4ed6\u7684\u5185\u6db5\u6027\u7814\u7a76\u53ef\u80fd\u5df2\u7ecf\u88ab\u6211\u4eec\u629b\u5728\u8eab\u540e<\/span>\uff08\u6b63\u7535\u5b50\u7684\u53d1\u73b0\u8005\u66fe\u79f0\u201c\u5269\u4e0b\u7684\u90fd\u662f\u5316\u5b66\u201d\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u4ecd\u7136\u6ca1\u6709\u4ece\u4e00\u4e9b\u5206\u5b50\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u5bb6\u7684\u81ea\u5927\u4e2d\u6062\u590d\u8fc7\u6765\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u5bb6\u4f3c\u4e4e\u575a\u5b9a\u5730\u5c1d\u8bd5\u5c06\u4eba\u7c7b\u6709\u673a\u4f53\u7684\u6240\u6709\u4e8b\u7269\u8fd8\u539f\u4e3a\u201c\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u201d\u5316\u5b66\uff0c\u8303\u56f4\u4ece\u666e\u901a\u7684\u611f\u5192\u548c\u6240\u6709\u7684\u7cbe\u795e\u75be\u75c5\u5230\u5b97\u6559\u672c\u80fd<\/span>\uff08religious instinct\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u663e\u7136\uff0c\u4eba\u7c7b\u884c\u4e3a\u5b66\u548c DNA \u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5c42\u6b21\u6bd4 DNA \u548c\u91cf\u5b50\u7535\u52a8\u529b\u5b66\u4e4b\u95f4\u66f4\u591a\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u6bcf\u4e2a\u5c42\u7ea7\u90fd\u9700\u8981\u5168\u65b0\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u7ed3\u6784\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
 <\/span><\/section>\n
\u6700\u540e\uff0c\u6211\u60f3\u501f\u7528\u4e24\u4e2a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\u3002\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u66fe\u8bf4\u91cf\u53d8\u5bfc\u81f4\u8d28\u53d8\uff0c\u4f46\u662f1920 \u5e74\u4ee3\u5df4\u9ece\u7684\u4e00\u6bb5\u5bf9\u8bdd\u5c06\u8be5\u89c2\u70b9\u6982\u62ec\u5730\u66f4\u52a0\u6e05\u695a\uff1a<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/section>\n
\u83f2\u8328\u6770\u62c9\u5fb7\uff1a\u5bcc\u4eba\u548c\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u540c\u3002<\/span><\/strong><\/section>\n
\u6d77\u660e\u5a01\uff1a\u662f\u7684\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u6709\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u94b1\u3002<\/span><\/strong><\/section>\n

<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/section>\n
\n
\n
\n

\u53c2\u8003\u6587\u732e<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n

\n
\n
\n
\n
1. E. Garfield, Citation indexes for science; a new dimension <\/span>in documentation through association of ideas. Science 122, 108\u2013111 (1955). doi: 10.1126\/science.122.3159.108; pmid: 14385826<\/span><\/section>\n
2. D. J. S. Price, Little Science, Big Science (Columbia Univ. <\/span>Press, 1963).<\/span><\/section>\n
3. J. G. Foster, A. Rzhetsky, J. A. Evans, Tradition and <\/span>innovation in scientists\u2019 research strategies. Am. Sociol. Rev. 80, \u2013908 (2015). 875doi: 10.1177\/0003122415601618<\/span><\/section>\n
4. S. Milojevi\u0107, Quantifying the cognitive extent of science. <\/span>J. Informetr. 9, 962\u2013973 (2015). doi: 10.1016\/j.joi.2015.10.005<\/span><\/section>\n
5. T. Kuhn, M. Perc, D. Helbing, Inheritance patterns in citation <\/span>networks reveal scientific memes. Phys. Rev. X 4, 041036 (2014). doi: 10.1103\/PhysRevX.4.041036<\/span><\/section>\n
6. R. Klavans, K. W. Boyack, Which type of citation analysis <\/span>generates the most accurate taxonomy of scientific and technical knowledge? J. Assoc. Inf. Sci. Technol. 68, 984\u2013998(2016). doi: 10.1002\/asi.23734<\/span><\/section>\n
7. U. Shwed, P. S. Bearman, The temporal structure of scientific <\/span>consensus formation. Am. Sociol. Rev. 75, 817\u2013840 (2010). doi: 10.1177\/0003122410388488; pmid: 21886269<\/span><\/section>\n
8. J. Bruggeman, V. A. Traag, J. Uitermark, Detecting <\/span>communities through network data. Am. Sociol. Rev. 77,1050\u20131063 (2012). doi: 10.1177\/0003122412463574<\/span><\/section>\n
9. F. Shi, J. G. Foster, J. A. Evans, Weaving the fabric of science: <\/span>Dynamic network models of science\u2019s unfolding structure. Soc. Networks 43, 73\u201385 (2015). doi: 10.1016\/j.socnet.2015.02.006<\/span><\/section>\n
10. L. M. A. Bettencourt, D. I. Kaiser, J. Kaur, Scientific discovery <\/span>and topological transitions in collaboration networks. J. Informetr. 3, 210\u2013221 (2009). doi: 10.1016\/j.joi.2009.03.001<\/span><\/section>\n
11. X. Sun, J. Kaur, S. Milojevi\u0107, A. Flammini, F. Menczer, <\/span>Social dynamics of science. Sci. Rep. 3, 1069 (2013). doi: 10.1038\/srep01069; pmid: 23323212<\/span><\/section>\n
12. T. S. Kuhn, The Essential Tension: Selected Studies in <\/span>Scientific Tradition and Change (Univ. of Chicago Press, 1977).<\/span><\/section>\n
13. P. Bourdieu, The specificity of the scientific field and <\/span>the social conditions of the progress of reasons. Soc. Sci. Inf. (Paris) 14, 19\u201347 (1975). doi: 10.1177\/053901847501400602<\/span><\/section>\n
14. T. Jia, D. Wang, B. K. Szymanski, Quantifying patterns of <\/span>research-interest evolution. Nat. Hum. Behav. 1, 0078 (2017). doi: 10.1038\/s41562-017-0078<\/span><\/section>\n
15. A. Rzhetsky, J. G. Foster, I. T. Foster, J. A. Evans, Choosing <\/span>experiments to accelerate collective discovery. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 112, 14569\u201314574 (2015). doi: 10.1073\/pnas.1509757112; pmid: 26554009<\/span><\/section>\n
16. R. Rosenthal, The file drawer problem and tolerance for null <\/span>results. Psychol. Bull. 86, 638\u2013641 (1979). doi: 10.1037\/0033-2909.86.3.638<\/span><\/section>\n
17. S. B. Nissen, T. Magidson, K. Gross, C. T. Bergstrom, <\/span>Publication bias and the canonization of false facts. eLife 5, e21451 (2016). doi: 10.7554\/eLife.21451; pmid: 27995896<\/span><\/section>\n
18. L. Yao, Y. Li, S. Ghosh, J. A. Evans, A. Rzhetsky, Health ROI as <\/span>a measure of misalignment of biomedical needs and <\/span>resources. Nat. Biotechnol. 33, 807\u2013811 (2015). doi: 10.1038\/nbt.3276; pmid: 26252133<\/span><\/section>\n
19. C. S. Wagner et al., Approaches to understanding and <\/span>measuring interdisciplinary scientific research (IDR): A review <\/span>of the literature. J. Informetr. 5, 14\u201326 (2011). doi: 10.1016\/j.joi.2010.06.004<\/span><\/section>\n
20. V. Larivi\u00e8re, S. Haustein, K. B\u00f6rner, Long-distance <\/span>interdisciplinarity leads to higher scientific impact. PLOS ONE 10, e0122565 (2015). doi: 10.1371\/journal.pone.0122565; pmid: 25822658<\/span><\/section>\n
21. K. J. Boudreau, E. C. Guinan, K. R. Lakhani, C. Riedl, Looking <\/span>across and looking beyond the knowledge frontier: Intellectual distance, novelty, and resource allocation in science. Manage. Sci. 62, 2765\u20132783 (2016). doi: 10.1287\/mnsc.2015.2285; pmid: 27746512<\/span><\/section>\n
22. E. Leahey, J. Moody, Sociological innovation through subfield <\/span>integration. Soc. Currents 1, 228\u2013256 (2014). doi: 10.1177\/2329496514540131<\/span><\/section>\n
23. A. Yegros-Yegros, I. Rafols, P. D\u2019Este, Does interdisciplinary <\/span>research lead to higher citation impact? The different effect of proximal and distal interdisciplinarity. PLOS ONE<\/span><\/section>\n
10, e0135095 (2015). doi: 10.1371\/journal.pone.0135095; <\/span>pmid: 26266805<\/span><\/section>\n
24. L. Bromham, R. Dinnage, X. Hua, Interdisciplinary research <\/span>has consistently lower funding success. Nature 534, 684\u2013687 (2016). doi: 10.1038\/nature18315; pmid: 27357795<\/span><\/section>\n
25. D. Kim, D. B. Cerigo, H. Jeong, H. Youn, Technological novelty <\/span>profile and inventions future impact. EPJ Data Sci. 5, 8 (2016). doi: 10.1140\/epjds\/s13688-016-0069-1<\/span><\/section>\n
26. B. Uzzi, S. Mukherjee, M. Stringer, B. Jones, Atypical <\/span>combinations and scientific impact. Science 342, 468\u2013472 (2013). doi: 10.1126\/science.1240474; pmid: 24159044<\/span><\/section>\n
27. J. Wang, R. Veugelers, P. Stephan, \u201cBias against novelty in <\/span>science: A cautionary tale for users of bibliometric indicators\u201d (NBER Working Paper No. 22180, National Bureau of Economic Research, 2016).<\/span><\/section>\n
28. J. P. Walsh, Y.-N. Lee, The bureaucratization of science. Res. <\/span>Policy 44, 1584\u20131600 (2015). doi: 10.1016\/j.respol.2015.04.010<\/span><\/section>\n
29. A. M. Petersen, M. Riccaboni, H. E. Stanley, F. Pammolli, <\/span>Persistence and uncertainty in the academic career. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 109, 5213\u20135218 (2012). doi: 10.1073\/pnas.1121429109; pmid: 22431620<\/span><\/section>\n
30. P. E. Stephan, How Economics Shapes Science (Harvard Univ. <\/span>Press, 2012).<\/span><\/section>\n
31. P. Azoulay, J. S. Graff Zivin, G. Manso, Incentives and <\/span>creativity: Evidence from the academic life sciences. Rand J. Econ. 42, 527\u2013554 (2011). doi: 10.1111\/j.1756-2171.2011.00140.x<\/span><\/section>\n
32. R. Freeman, E. Weinstein, E. Marincola, J. Rosenbaum, <\/span>F. Solomon, Competition and careers in biosciences. Science 294, 2293\u20132294 (2001). doi: 10.1126\/science.1067477; pmid: 11743184<\/span><\/section>\n
33. J. A. Evans, J. G. Foster, Metaknowledge. Science <\/span>331, 721\u2013725 (2011). doi: 10.1126\/science.1201765; pmid: 21311014<\/span><\/section>\n
34. V. Larivi\u00e8re, C. Ni, Y. Gingras, B. Cronin, C. R. Sugimoto, <\/span>Bibliometrics: Global gender disparities in science. Nature 504, 211\u2013213 (2013). doi: 10.1038\/504211a; pmid: 24350369<\/span><\/section>\n
35. S. F. Way, D. B. Larremore, A. Clauset, in Proceedings of <\/span>the 25th International Conference on World Wide Web (WWW \u201816) (ACM, 2016), pp. 1169\u20131179.<\/span><\/section>\n
36. J. Duch et al., The possible role of resource requirements and <\/span>academic career-choice risk on gender differences in publication rate and impact. PLOS ONE 7, e51332 (2012). doi: 10.1371\/journal.pone.0051332; pmid: 23251502<\/span><\/section>\n
37. J. D. West, J. Jacquet, M. M. King, S. J. Correll, C. T. Bergstrom, <\/span>The role of gender in scholarly authorship. PLOS ONE 8, e66212 (2013). doi: 10.1371\/journal.pone.0066212; pmid: 23894278<\/span><\/section>\n
38. X. H. T. Zeng et al., Differences in collaboration patterns <\/span>across discipline, career stage, and gender. PLOS Biol. 14, e1002573 (2016). doi: 10.1371\/journal.pbio.1002573; pmid: 27814355<\/span><\/section>\n
39. T. J. Ley, B. H. Hamilton, The gender gap in NIH grant <\/span>applications. Science 322, 1472\u20131474 (2008). doi: 10.1126\/science.1165878; pmid: 19056961<\/span><\/section>\n
40. C. A. Moss-Racusin, J. F. Dovidio, V. L. Brescoll, M. J. Graham, <\/span>J. Handelsman, Science faculty\u2019s subtle gender biases favor male students. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 109, 16474\u201316479 (2012). doi: 10.1073\/pnas.1211286109; pmid: 22988126<\/span><\/section>\n
41. R. Van Noorden, Global mobility: Science on the move. <\/span>Nature 490, 326\u2013329 (2012). doi: 10.1038\/490326a; pmid: 23075963<\/span><\/section>\n
42. O. A. Doria Arrieta, F. Pammolli, A. M. Petersen, Quantifying <\/span>the negative impact of brain drain on the integration of European science. Sci. Adv. 3, e1602232 (2017). doi: 10.1126\/ sciadv.1602232; pmid: 28439544<\/span><\/section>\n
43. C. Franzoni, G. Scellato, P. Stephan, The mover\u2019s advantage: <\/span>The superior performance of migrant scientists. Econ. Lett. 122, 89\u201393 (2014). doi: 10.1016\/j.econlet.2013.10.040<\/span><\/section>\n
44. C. R. Sugimoto et al., Scientists have most impact when <\/span>they\u2019re free to move. Nature 550, 29\u201331 (2017). doi: 10.1038\/550029a; pmid: 28980663<\/span><\/section>\n
45. A. Clauset, S. Arbesman, D. B. Larremore, Systematic <\/span>inequality and hierarchy in faculty hiring networks. Sci. Adv.1, e1400005 (2015). doi: 10.1126\/sciadv.1400005;pmid: 26601125<\/span><\/section>\n
46. P. Deville et al., Career on the move: Geography, <\/span>stratification, and scientific impact. Sci. Rep. 4, 4770 (2014). pmid: 24759743<\/span><\/section>\n
47. A. M. Petersen et al., Reputation and impact in academic <\/span>careers. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 111, 15316\u201315321 (2014). doi: 10.1073\/pnas.1323111111; pmid: 25288774<\/span><\/section>\n
48. D. K. Simonton, Creative productivity: A predictive and <\/span>explanatory model of career trajectories and landmarks. Psychol. Rev. 104, 66\u201389 (1997). doi: 10.1037\/0033-295X.104.1.66<\/span><\/section>\n
49. R. Sinatra, D. Wang, P. Deville, C. Song, A.-L. Barab\u00e1si, <\/span>Quantifying the evolution of individual scientific impact. Science 354, aaf5239 (2016). doi: 10.1126\/science.aaf5239; pmid: 27811240<\/span><\/section>\n
50. S. Wuchty, B. F. Jones, B. Uzzi, The increasing dominance <\/span>of teams in production of knowledge. Science 316, 1036\u20131039 (2007). doi: 10.1126\/science.1136099; pmid: 17431139<\/span><\/section>\n
51. N. J. Cooke, M. L. Hilton, Eds., Enhancing the Effectiveness of <\/span>Team Science (National Academies Press, 2015).<\/span><\/section>\n
52. V. Larivi\u00e8re, Y. Gingras, C. R. Sugimoto, A. Tsou, Team size <\/span>matters: Collaboration and scientific impact since 1900. J. Assoc. Inf. Sci. Technol. 66, 1323\u20131332 (2015). doi: 10.1002\/asi.23266<\/span><\/section>\n
53. L. Wu, D. Wang, J. A. Evans, Large teams have developed <\/span>science and technology; small teams have disrupted it. arXiv:1709.02445 [physics.soc-ph] (7 September 2017).<\/span><\/section>\n
54. B. F. Jones, The burden of knowledge and the \u201cdeath <\/span>of the renaissance man\u201d: Is innovation getting harder? Rev. Econ. Stud. 76, 283\u2013317 (2009). doi: 10.1111\/j.1467-937X.2008.00531.x<\/span><\/section>\n
55. S. Milojevi\u0107, Principles of scientific research team formation <\/span>and evolution. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 111, 3984\u20133989 (2014). doi: 10.1073\/pnas.1309723111; pmid: 24591626<\/span><\/section>\n
56. G. Palla, A.-L. Barab\u00e1si, T. Vicsek, Quantifying social group <\/span>evolution. Nature 446, 664\u2013667 (2007). doi: 10.1038\/nature05670; pmid: 17410175<\/span><\/section>\n
57. G. J. Borjas, K. B. Doran, Which peers matter? The relative <\/span>impacts of collaborators, colleagues, and competitors. <\/span>Rev. Econ. Stat. 97, 1104\u20131117 (2015). doi: 10.1162\/REST_a_00472<\/span><\/section>\n
58. P. Azoulay, J. G. Zivin, J. Wang, Superstar extinction. Q. J. Econ. <\/span>125, 549\u2013589 (2010). doi: 10.1162\/qjec.2010.125.2.549<\/span><\/section>\n
59. A. M. Petersen, Quantifying the impact of weak, strong, and <\/span>super ties in scientific careers. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 112, E4671\u2013E4680 (2015). doi: 10.1073\/pnas.1501444112; pmid: 26261301<\/span><\/section>\n
60. R. K. Merton, The Matthew effect in science. Science 159, <\/span>56\u201363 (1968). doi: 10.1126\/science.159.3810.56<\/span><\/section>\n
61. L. Allen, J. Scott, A. Brand, M. Hlava, M. Altman, Publishing: <\/span>Credit where credit is due. Nature 508, 312\u2013313 (2014). doi: 10.1038\/508312a; pmid: 24745070<\/span><\/section>\n
62. H.-W. Shen, A.-L. Barab\u00e1si, Collective credit allocation in <\/span>science. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 111, 12325\u201312330(2014). doi: 10.1073\/pnas.1401992111; pmid: 25114238<\/span><\/section>\n
63. L. Waltman, A review of the literature on citation impact <\/span>indicators. J. Informetr. 10, 365\u2013391 (2016). doi: 10.1016\/j.joi.2016.02.007<\/span><\/section>\n
64. J. E. Hirsch, An index to quantify an individual\u2019s scientific <\/span>research output. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 102, 16569\u201316572 (2005). doi: 10.1073\/pnas.0507655102; pmid: 16275915<\/span><\/section>\n
65. H. F. Moed, Citation Analysis in Research Evaluation (Springer, 2010).<\/span><\/section>\n
66. E. Garfield, Citation analysis as a tool in journal evaluation. <\/span>Science 178, 471\u2013479 (1972). doi: 10.1126\/science.178.4060.471; pmid: 5079701<\/span><\/section>\n
67. D. J. de Solla Price, Networks of scientific papers. Science <\/span>149, 510\u2013515 (1965). doi: 10.1126\/science.149.3683.510; pmid: 14325149<\/span><\/section>\n
68. Q. Zhang, N. Perra, B. Gon\u00e7alves, F. Ciulla, A. Vespignani, <\/span>Characterizing scientific production and consumption in physics. Sci. Rep. 3, 1640 (2013). doi: 10.1038\/srep01640; pmid: 23571320<\/span><\/section>\n
69. F. Radicchi, S. Fortunato, C. Castellano, Universality of <\/span>citation distributions: Toward an objective measure of scientific impact. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 105, <\/span>17268\u201317272 (2008). doi: 10.1073\/pnas.0806977105; pmid: 18978030<\/span><\/section>\n
70. L. Waltman, N. J. van Eck, A. F. J. van Raan, Universality <\/span>of citation distributions revisited. J. Assoc. Inf. Sci. Technol. 63, 72\u201377 (2012). doi: 10.1002\/asi.21671<\/span><\/section>\n
71. M. Golosovsky, S. Solomon, Runaway events dominate the <\/span>heavy tail of citation distributions. Eur. Phys. J. Spec. Top. 205, 303\u2013311 (2012). doi: 10.1140\/epjst\/e2012-01576-4<\/span><\/section>\n
72. C. Stegehuis, N. Litvak, L. Waltman, Predicting the long-term <\/span>citation impact of recent publications. J. Informetr. 9, 642\u2013657 (2015). doi: 10.1016\/j.joi.2015.06.005<\/span><\/section>\n
73. M. Thelwall, The discretised lognormal and hooked power law <\/span>distributions for complete citation data: Best options for modelling and regression. J. Informetr. 10, 336\u2013346 (2016). doi: 10.1016\/j.joi.2015.12.007<\/span><\/section>\n
74. D. de Solla Price, A general theory of bibliometric and other <\/span>cumulative advantage processes. J. Am. Soc. Inf. Sci. 27, 292\u2013306 (1976). doi: 10.1002\/asi.4630270505<\/span><\/section>\n
75. A.-L. Barab\u00e1si, R. Albert, Emergence of scaling in random <\/span>networks. Science 286, 509\u2013512 (1999). doi: 10.1126\/science.286.5439.509; pmid: 10521342<\/span><\/section>\n
76. P. D. B. Parolo et al., Attention decay in science. J. Informetr. <\/span>9, 734\u2013745 (2015). doi: 10.1016\/j.joi.2015.07.006<\/span><\/section>\n
77. D. Wang, C. Song, A.-L. Barab\u00e1si, Quantifying long-term <\/span>scientific impact. Science 342, 127\u2013132 (2013). doi: 10.1126\/ science.1237825; pmid: 24092745<\/span><\/section>\n
78. Y.-H. Eom, S. Fortunato, Characterizing and modeling <\/span>citation dynamics. PLOS ONE 6, e24926 (2011). doi: 10.1371\/journal.pone.0024926; pmid: 21966387<\/span><\/section>\n
79. M. Golosovsky, S. Solomon, Stochastic dynamical model of a <\/span>growing citation network based on a self-exciting point process. Phys. Rev. Lett. 109, 098701 (2012). doi: 10.1103\/PhysRevLett.109.098701; pmid: 23002894<\/span><\/section>\n
80. A. F. J. van Raan, Sleeping Beauties in science. Scientometrics <\/span>59, 467\u2013472 (2004). doi: 10.1023\/B:SCIE.0000018543.82441.f1<\/span><\/section>\n
81. Q. Ke, E. Ferrara, F. Radicchi, A. Flammini, Defining and <\/span>identifying Sleeping Beauties in science. Proc. Natl. Acad. <\/span>Sci. U.S.A. 112, 7426\u20137431 (2015). doi: 10.1073\/pnas.1424329112; pmid: 26015563<\/span><\/section>\n
82. I. Tahamtan, A. Safipour Afshar, K. Ahamdzadeh, Factors <\/span>affecting number of citations: A comprehensive review of the literature. Scientometrics 107, 1195\u20131225 (2016). doi: 10.1007\/s11192-016-1889-2<\/span><\/section>\n
83. J. E. Hirsch, Does the h index have predictive power? <\/span>Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 104, 19193\u201319198 (2007). doi: 10.1073\/pnas.0707962104; pmid: 18040045<\/span><\/section>\n
84. D. E. Acuna, S. Allesina, K. P. Kording, Future impact: <\/span>Predicting scientific success. Nature 489, 201\u2013202 (2012). doi: 10.1038\/489201a; pmid: 22972278<\/span><\/section>\n
85. O. Penner, R. K. Pan, A. M. Petersen, K. Kaski, S. Fortunato, <\/span>On the predictability of future impact in science. Sci. Rep. 3, 3052 (2013). doi: 10.1038\/srep03052; pmid: 24165898<\/span><\/section>\n
86. J. R. Cole, H. Zuckerman, in The Idea of Social Structure: <\/span>Papers in Honor of Robert K. Merton, L. A. Coser, Ed. (Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1975), pp. 139\u2013174.<\/span><\/section>\n
87. P. Azoulay, Research efficiency: Turn the scientific method on <\/span>ourselves. Nature 484, 31\u201332 (2012). doi: 10.1038\/484031a; pmid: 22481340<\/span><\/section>\n
88. M. Thelwall, K. Kousha, Web indicators for research evaluation. <\/span>Part 1: Citations and links to academic articles from the Web. Prof. Inf. 24, 587\u2013606 (2015). doi: 10.3145\/epi.2015.sep.08<\/span><\/section>\n
89. M. Thelwall, K. Kousha, Web indicators for research <\/span>evaluation. Part 2: Social media metrics. Prof. Inf. 24, 607\u2013620 (2015). doi: 10.3145\/epi.2015.sep.09<\/span><\/section>\n
90. L. Bornmann, What is societal impact of research and how <\/span>can it be assessed? A literature survey. Adv. Inf. Sci. 64, 217\u2013233 (2013).<\/span><\/section>\n
91. C. Haeussler, L. Jiang, J. Thursby, M. Thursby, Specific and <\/span>general information sharing among competing academic researchers. Res. Policy 43, 465\u2013475 (2014). doi: 10.1016\/j.respol.2013.08.017<\/span><\/section>\n
92. A. Oettl, Sociology: Honour the helpful. Nature 489, 496\u2013497 <\/span>(2012). doi: 10.1038\/489496a; pmid: 23018949<\/span><\/section>\n
93. S. Ravindran, \u201cGetting credit for peer review,\u201d Science, 8 <\/span>February 2016; www.sciencemag.org\/careers\/2016\/02\/getting-credit-peer-review.<\/span><\/section>\n
94. R. Costas, Z. Zahedi, P. Wouters, Do \u201caltmetrics\u201d correlate <\/span>with citations? Extensive comparison of altmetric indicators with citations from a multidisciplinary perspective. J. Assoc. Inf. Sci. Technol. 66, 2003\u20132019 (2015). doi: 10.1002\/asi.23309<\/span><\/section>\n
75. A.-L. Barab\u00e1si, R. Albert, Emergence of scaling in random <\/span>networks. Science 286, 509\u2013512 (1999). doi: 10.1126\/science.286.5439.509; pmid: 10521342<\/span><\/section>\n
76. P. D. B. Parolo et al., Attention decay in science. J. Informetr. <\/span>9, 734\u2013745 (2015). doi: 10.1016\/j.joi.2015.07.006<\/span><\/section>\n
77. D. Wang, C. Song, A.-L. Barab\u00e1si, Quantifying long-term <\/span>scientific impact. Science 342, 127\u2013132 (2013). doi: 10.1126\/science.1237825; pmid: 24092745<\/span><\/section>\n
78. Y.-H. Eom, S. Fortunato, Characterizing and modeling <\/span>citation dynamics. PLOS  ONE 6, e24926 (2011). doi: 10.1371\/journal.pone.0024926; pmid: 21966387<\/span><\/section>\n
79. M. Golosovsky, S. Solomon, Stochastic dynamical model of a <\/span>growing citation network based on a self-exciting point process. Phys. Rev. Lett. 109, 098701 (2012). doi: 10.1103\/PhysRevLett.109.098701; pmid: 23002894<\/span><\/section>\n
80. A. F. J. van Raan, Sleeping Beauties in science. Scientometrics <\/span>59, 467\u2013472 (2004). doi: 10.1023\/B:SCIE.0000018543.82441.f1<\/span><\/section>\n
81. Q. Ke, E. Ferrara, F. Radicchi, A. Flammini, Defining and <\/span>identifying Sleeping Beauties in science. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 112, 7426\u20137431 (2015). doi: 10.1073\/pnas.1424329112; pmid: 26015563<\/span><\/section>\n
82. I. Tahamtan, A. Safipour Afshar, K. Ahamdzadeh, Factors <\/span>affecting number of citations: A comprehensive review of the literature. Scientometrics 107, 1195\u20131225 (2016). doi: 10.1007\/s11192-016-1889-2<\/span><\/section>\n
83. J. E. Hirsch, Does the h index have predictive power? <\/span>Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 104, 19193\u201319198 (2007). doi: 10.1073\/pnas.0707962104; pmid: 18040045<\/span><\/section>\n
84. D. E. Acuna, S. Allesina, K. P. Kording, Future impact: <\/span>Predicting scientific success. Nature 489, 201\u2013202 (2012). doi: 10.1038\/489201a; pmid: 22972278<\/span><\/section>\n
85. O. Penner, R. K. Pan, A. M. Petersen, K. Kaski, S. Fortunato, <\/span>On the predictability of future impact in science. Sci. Rep. 3, 3052 (2013). doi: 10.1038\/srep03052; pmid: 24165898<\/span><\/section>\n
86. J. R. Cole, H. Zuckerman, in The Idea of Social Structure: <\/span>Papers in Honor of Robert K. Merton, L. A. Coser, Ed. (Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1975), pp. 139\u2013174.<\/span><\/section>\n
87. P. Azoulay, Research efficiency: Turn the scientific method on <\/span>ourselves. Nature 484, 31\u201332 (2012). doi: 10.1038\/484031a; pmid: 22481340<\/span><\/section>\n
88. M. Thelwall, K. Kousha, Web indicators for research evaluation. <\/span>Part 1: Citations and links to academic articles from the Web. Prof. Inf. 24, 587\u2013606 (2015). doi: 10.3145\/epi.2015.sep.08<\/span><\/section>\n
89. M. Thelwall, K. Kousha, Web indicators for research <\/span>evaluation. Part 2: Social media metrics. Prof. Inf. 24, 607\u2013620 (2015). doi: 10.3145\/epi.2015.sep.09<\/span><\/section>\n
90. L. Bornmann, What is societal impact of research and how <\/span>can it be assessed? A literature survey. Adv. Inf. Sci. 64, 217\u2013233 (2013).<\/span><\/section>\n
91. C. Haeussler, L. Jiang, J. Thursby, M. Thursby, Specific and <\/span>general information sharing among competing academic researchers. Res. Policy 43, 465\u2013475 (2014). doi: 10.1016\/j.respol.2013.08.017<\/span><\/section>\n
92. A. Oettl, Sociology: Honour the helpful. Nature 489, 496\u2013497 <\/span>(2012). doi: 10.1038\/489496a; pmid: 23018949<\/span><\/section>\n
93. S. Ravindran, \u201cGetting credit for peer review,\u201d Science, 8 <\/span>February 2016; www.sciencemag.org\/careers\/2016\/02\/getting-credit-peer-review.<\/span><\/section>\n
94. R. Costas, Z. Zahedi, P. Wouters, Do \u201caltmetrics\u201d correlate <\/span>with citations? Extensive comparison of altmetric indicators with citations from a multidisciplinary perspective. J. Assoc. Inf. Sci. Technol. 66, 2003\u20132019 (2015).doi: 10.1002\/asi.23309<\/span><\/section>\n


<\/span><\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n

\n
\n

\uff08\u53c2\u8003\u6587\u732e\u53ef\u4e0a\u4e0b\u6ed1\u52a8<\/strong>\u67e5\u770b\uff09<\/p>\n


<\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

\n
\n
\n
\n

\u590d\u6742\u79d1\u5b66\u6700\u65b0\u8bba\u6587<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n

\n


<\/p>\n<\/section>\n

\u96c6\u667a\u6591\u56fe\u9876\u520a\u8bba\u6587\u901f\u9012\u680f\u76ee\u4e0a\u7ebf\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u6301\u7eed\u6536\u5f55\u6765\u81eaNature\u3001Science<\/span>\u7b49\u9876\u520a\u7684\u6700\u65b0\u8bba\u6587\uff0c\u8ffd\u8e2a\u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf\u3001\u7f51\u7edc\u79d1\u5b66\u3001\u8ba1\u7b97\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u7b49\u9886\u57df\u7684\u524d\u6cbf\u8fdb\u5c55\u3002\u73b0\u5728\u6b63\u5f0f\u63a8\u51fa\u8ba2\u9605\u529f\u80fd\uff0c\u6bcf\u5468\u901a\u8fc7\u5fae\u4fe1\u670d\u52a1\u53f7\u300c\u96c6\u667a\u6591\u56fe\u300d\u63a8\u9001\u8bba\u6587\u4fe1\u606f\u3002\u626b\u63cf\u4e0b\u65b9\u4e8c\u7ef4\u7801\u5373\u53ef\u4e00\u952e\u8ba2\u9605\uff1a<\/span>
<\/section>\n


<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n


<\/section>\n


<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n

\n

\u63a8\u8350\u9605\u8bfb<\/span><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n