{"id":36360,"date":"2022-08-09T22:19:44","date_gmt":"2022-08-09T14:19:44","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/swarma.org\/?p=36360"},"modified":"2022-08-09T22:19:44","modified_gmt":"2022-08-09T14:19:44","slug":"%e4%bb%8e%e7%94%9f%e5%91%bd%e8%b5%b7%e6%ba%90%e5%88%b0%e6%b5%81%e8%a1%8c%e7%97%85%ef%bc%9a%e5%a4%8d%e6%9d%82%e7%b3%bb%e7%bb%9f%e4%b8%ad%e7%9a%84%e5%a4%9a%e5%b0%ba%e5%ba%a6%e6%b6%8c%e7%8e%b0%e7%8e%b0","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/swarma.org\/?p=36360","title":{"rendered":"\u4ece\u751f\u547d\u8d77\u6e90\u5230\u6d41\u884c\u75c5\uff1a\u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u7684\u591a\u5c3a\u5ea6\u6d8c\u73b0\u73b0\u8c61"},"content":{"rendered":"
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Oriol Artime, Manlio De Domenico<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/strong> <\/span>| <\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/strong>\u4f5c\u8005<\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u6881\u680b\u680b\u3001\u6881\u91d1<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/strong><\/span><\/strong> <\/span>| <\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/strong>\u8bd1\u8005<\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

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From the origin of life to pandemics: emergent phenomena in complex systems<\/span><\/p>\n

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https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/doi\/10.1098\/rsta.2020.0410<\/span><\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/blockquote>\n


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\u5728\u53e4\u5e0c\u814a\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u4e9a\u91cc\u58eb\u591a\u5fb7\u7684\u300a\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b66\u300b<\/span>\uff08Metaphysics<\/em>\uff09<\/span>\u4e2d\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u53d1\u73b0\u4e00\u4e2a\u539f\u59cb\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u4ed6\u8ba4\u4e3a\u6574\u4f53\u662f\u8d85\u8d8a\u4e8e\u90e8\u5206\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u3002\u5728\u5b8c\u5f62\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66<\/span>\uff08Gestalt psychology\uff09<\/span>\u4e2d\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u627e\u5230\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u4f46\u542b\u4e49\u7565\u6709\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u5b83\u57fa\u4e8e\u4e00\u79cd\u76f4\u89c9\uff0c\u5373\u751f\u7269\u4f53\u4e0d\u4ec5\u80fd\u611f\u77e5\u4e2a\u4f53\u7684\u7ec4\u6210\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u8fd8\u80fd\u611f\u77e5\u6574\u4f53\u7684\u6a21\u5f0f\u6216\u7ed3\u6784\uff1a\u7b80\u8a00\u4e4b\uff0c\u201c\u6574\u4f53\u4e0d\u662f\u90e8\u5206\u4e4b\u548c\u201d[2]\uff0c\u7c7b\u4f3c\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u4e5f\u51fa\u73b0\u57281926\u5e74 William M. Wheeler \u7684\u4f5c\u54c1\u4e2d\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u6982\u5ff5\u88ab\u6d8c\u73b0\u4e3b\u4e49\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6 Samuel Alexander \u548c Charlie Dunbar Broad \u63d0\u53ca\uff0c\u4e0e20\u4e16\u7eaa20\u5e74\u4ee3\u7684\u8fd8\u539f\u8bba\u5f62\u6210\u9c9c\u660e\u5bf9\u6bd4\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u63a7\u5236\u8bba\u7684\u5148\u9a71\u4eec\u572820\u4e16\u7eaa40\u5e74\u4ee3\u53d1\u5c55\u4e86\u4e00\u79cd\u66f4\u6b63\u5f0f\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u63a7\u5236\u8bba\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u662f\u7cfb\u7edf\u53ca\u5176\u56e0\u679c\u53cd\u9988\u56de\u8def\uff1a\u5176\u521b\u59cb\u4eba\u4e2d\u6709\u7ef4\u7eb3<\/span>\uff08Norbert Wiener\uff09<\/span>\u548c\u7ea6\u7ff0\u00b7\u51af\u00b7\u8bfa\u4f0a\u66fc<\/span>\uff08John von Neumann\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u540e\u8005\u662f\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u63d0\u51fa\u5143\u80de\u81ea\u52a8\u673a\u548c\u901a\u7528\u6784\u9020\u5668<\/span>\uff08universal constructor\uff09<\/span>\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u6982\u5ff5\u90fd\u4e0e\u6d8c\u73b0\u5bc6\u5207\u76f8\u5173\u3002\u8d1d\u5854\u6717\u83f2<\/span>\uff08Ludwig von Bertalanffy\uff09<\/span>\u662f\u4e00\u822c\u7cfb\u7edf\u8bba\u7684\u521b\u59cb\u4eba\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u4e3a\u63cf\u8ff0\u751f\u7269\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u89c2\u5bdf\u5230\u7684\u590d\u6742\u6027\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u6570\u5b66\u57fa\u7840[5,6]\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

\u572820\u4e16\u7eaa70\u5e74\u4ee3\uff0c\u8bfa\u8d1d\u5c14\u5956\u5f97\u4e3b\u83f2\u5229\u666e\u00b7\u5b89\u5fb7\u68ee<\/span>\uff08Philip Anderson\uff09<\/span>\u5bf9\u8fd8\u539f\u8bba\u7684\u5371\u9669\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u8b66\u544a\u3002\u5728[7]\u4e2d\uff0c\u4ed6\u7ed9\u51fa\u4e86\u8fd8\u539f\u8bba\u601d\u60f3\u5931\u8d25\u7684\u5177\u4f53\u4f8b\u5b50\uff0c\u5e76\u5f3a\u8c03\u4e86\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e8b\u5b9e\uff0c\u6700\u57fa\u672c\u7684\u7269\u7406\u5b9a\u5f8b\u65e0\u6cd5\u89e3\u91ca\u9075\u5faa\u8fd9\u4e9b\u57fa\u672c\u5b9a\u5f8b\u7684\u5927\u91cf\u5355\u5143\u5728\u805a\u5408\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u65b0\u6027\u8d28\u548c\u65b0\u884c\u4e3a\u3002\u7531\u6b64\u5b89\u5fb7\u68ee\u6253\u5f00\u4e86\u5728\u4e0d\u540c\u590d\u6742\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u90fd\u5b58\u5728\u57fa\u672c\u5b9a\u5f8b\u7684\u5927\u95e8\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u5bf9\u8c61\u4e0d\u9075\u5faa\u5316\u5b66\u5b9a\u5f8b\uff0c\u5316\u5b66\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u5bf9\u8c61\u4e5f\u4e0d\u9075\u5faa\u7c92\u5b50\u7269\u7406\u5b9a\u5f8b\u3002\u5b89\u5fb7\u68ee\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u6211\u4eec\u53ea\u770b\u8fd9\u4e2a\u590d\u6742\u5c42\u7ea7\u4e2d\u7684\u5355\u4e2a\u5c42\u6b21\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u5bf9\u79f0\u6027\u7834\u7f3a\uff08symmetry breaking\uff09\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff0c\u7531\u5927\u91cf\u5b9e\u4f53\u7ec4\u6210\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u5176\u72b6\u6001\u53ef\u80fd\u5e76\u4e0d\u4f1a\u9075\u5faa\u5b9e\u4f53\u672c\u8eab\u9075\u5faa\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u5b9a\u5f8b\u3002<\/strong>\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u65b0\u5c5e\u6027\u7684\u51fa\u73b0\u548c\u7cfb\u7edf\u5bf9\u79f0\u6027\u7684\u6d88\u5931\u5bc6\u5207\u76f8\u5173\uff0c\u65e0\u8bba\u662f\u7a7a\u95f4\u3001\u65f6\u95f4\u8fd8\u662f\u4fe1\u606f\u7b49\u3002\u8bf4\u5230\u56e0\u4e3a\u5bf9\u79f0\u6027\u7834\u7f3a\u800c\u51fa\u73b0\u6d8c\u73b0\u73b0\u8c61\u7684\u7279\u6b8a\u4f8b\u5b50\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5c31\u4e0d\u5f97\u4e0d\u63d0\u5230\u8017\u6563\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u590d\u6742\u65f6\u7a7a\u6a21\u5f0f\u7684\u5f62\u6210\uff0c\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\uff0c\u4ece\u70ed\u529b\u5b66\u89d2\u5ea6\u671f\u671b\u770b\u5230\u7684\u5404\u5411\u540c\u6027\u5bf9\u79f0\u6027\u88ab\u6253\u7834\u4e86[8]\u3002\u503c\u5f97\u6ce8\u610f\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u8017\u6563\u7ed3\u6784\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u4e0e\u5b89\u5fb7\u68ee\u5f00\u521b\u6027\u7684\u8bba\u6587\u662f\u540c\u65f6\u4ee3\u7684\uff0c\u5e76\u4e3a\u666e\u5229\u9ad8\u6d25<\/span>\uff08Ilya Prigogine\uff09<\/span>\u8d62\u5f97\u4e861977\u5e74\u8bfa\u8d1d\u5c14\u5956\u3002\u5728\u5b89\u5fb7\u68ee\u5bcc\u6709\u542f\u53d1\u6027\u7684\u6587\u7ae0\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4eb2\u773c\u89c1\u8bc1\u4e86\u5728\u4e0d\u65ad\u63a2\u7d22\u8fd9\u4e00\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u5728\u7406\u8bba\u5c42\u9762\u548c\u5e94\u7528\u5c42\u9762\u90fd\u505a\u51fa\u4e86\u7a81\u51fa\u8d21\u732e\uff0c\u53c2\u89c1[9]\u7684\u5176\u4e2d\u4e00\u4e9b\u6c47\u7f16\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

\u5b89\u5fb7\u68ee\u6307\u51fa\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u6709\u8da3\u7684\u63a2\u7d22\u65b9\u5411\u662f\u751f\u547d\u7684\u6d8c\u73b0\u73b0\u8c61\u3002\u751f\u547d\u7684\u8d77\u6e90\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u6781\u5176\u590d\u6742\u7684\u5b9e\u4f8b\uff0c\u5176\u5f00\u7aef\u662f\u57fa\u4e8e\u6267\u884c\u7b80\u5355\u3001\u5206\u6563\u4efb\u52a1\u7684\u7ec6\u80de\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\u3002\u7406\u89e3\u751f\u547d\u8d77\u6e90\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u65b9\u6cd5\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u6a21\u62df\u3002\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u572820\u4e16\u7eaa80\u5e74\u4ee3\uff0c\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u5e7f\u6cdb\u4f7f\u7528\uff0c\u63a8\u52a8\u4e86\u4ece\u8ba1\u7b97\u89d2\u5ea6\u5bf9\u6d8c\u73b0\u73b0\u8c61\u7684\u63a2\u7d22\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u5fc5\u987b\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\u63d0\u4e00\u4e0b \u53f2\u8482\u82ac\u00b7\u6c83\u5c14\u592b\u52d2\u59c6<\/span>\uff08Stephen Wolfram\uff09<\/span> \u5728\u5143\u80de\u81ea\u52a8\u673a\u9886\u57df\u5f71\u54cd\u6df1\u8fdc\u7684\u63a2\u7d22\u3002\u4ed6\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u7f16\u53f7\u65b9\u6848<\/span>\uff08numbering scheme\uff09<\/span>\u81f3\u4eca\u4ecd\u5728\u4f7f\u7528[10]\u30021985\u5e74\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u7a81\u7834\u6027\u731c\u60f3\uff0c\u5373110\u89c4\u5219\u5143\u80de\u81ea\u52a8\u673a\u662f\u56fe\u7075\u5b8c\u5907\u7684\uff0c\u572820\u5e74\u540e\u88ab\u6b63\u5f0f\u8bc1\u660e[11]\u3002\u8fd1\u5e74\u6765\uff0c\u5bf9\u751f\u547d\u6d8c\u73b0\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u4e0d\u65ad\u6df1\u5165\uff0c\u5e76\u7eb3\u5165\u4e86\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u591a\u7684\u751f\u7269\u548c\u5206\u5b50\u673a\u5236\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

\u8fc7\u53bb\u51e0\u5341\u5e74\u5448\u73b0\u51fa\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u79cd\u8d8b\u52bf\uff1a\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u9010\u6e10\u8ba4\u8bc6\u5230\uff0c\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u4ee5\u53ca\u5176\u4ed6\u79d1\u5b66\u5206\u652f\u7684\u8bb8\u591a\u6838\u5fc3\u95ee\u9898\u90fd\u53ef\u4ee5\u7406\u89e3\u4e3a\u6d8c\u73b0\u73b0\u8c61<\/strong>\uff0c\u5982\u8d85\u6d41\u4f53\u6216\u5206\u6570\u91cf\u5b50\u970d\u5c14\u6548\u5e94[12]\uff0c\u6b63\u56e0\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u7f57\u4f2f\u7279\u00b7\u62c9\u592b\u6797<\/span>\uff08Robert Laughlin\uff09<\/span> \u88ab\u6388\u4e881998\u5e74\u8bfa\u8d1d\u5c14\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5956\u3002\u6d8c\u73b0\u73b0\u8c61\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u5728\u76d6\u5c14\u66fc<\/span>\uff08Murray Gell-Mann\uff0c1969\u5e74\u8bfa\u8d1d\u5c14\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5956\uff09<\/span>[13]\u4e4b\u540e\u53d8\u5f97\u66f4\u52a0\u6d41\u884c\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u5728\u8de8\u5b66\u79d1\u7684\u5171\u540c\u52aa\u529b\u4e4b\u4e0b\uff0c\u6210\u4e3a\u5728\u590d\u6742\u79d1\u5b66\u5927\u4f1e\u4e0b\u7684\u91cd\u70b9\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u57fa\u77f3[14]\u3002\u73b0\u5982\u4eca\uff0c\u7814\u7a76\u4eba\u5458\u901a\u8fc7\u9002\u5f53\u7ed3\u5408\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u5206\u6790\u3001\u8ba1\u7b97\u548c\u5b9e\u9a8c\u6280\u672f\uff0c\u52aa\u529b\u5728\u8bc6\u522b\u3001\u523b\u753b\u548c\u7406\u89e3\u8fd9\u79cd\u73b0\u8c61\u7684\u65b9\u5411\u524d\u8fdb\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u7531\u4e8e\u4fe1\u606f\u8bba\u5de5\u5177\u53d6\u5f97\u4e86\u76f8\u5f53\u5927\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u8fd8\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u5173\u4e8e\u6d8c\u73b0\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u7406\u8bba\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u9886\u57df\u65e9\u5df2\u4e0d\u662f\u8fb9\u7f18\u7406\u8bba\uff0c\u6700\u65b0\u7684\u91cd\u5927\u6d88\u606f\u662f\uff0c\u8bfa\u8d1d\u5c14\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5956\u4e8e2021\u5e74\u6388\u4e88\u5e15\u91cc\u897f<\/span>\uff08Giorgio Parisi\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u4ee5\u8868\u5f70\u4ed6\u5bf9\u65e0\u5e8f\u7269\u7406\u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf\u53ca\u5176\u6da8\u843d\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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3. \u4ec0\u4e48\u662f\u6d8c\u73b0\uff1f\u5b83\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u91cd\u8981\uff1f<\/span><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n

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\u7b80\u5355\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u7279\u5f81\u662f\uff0c\u6574\u4f53\u7684\u6027\u8d28\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u5bf9\u5176\u5355\u72ec\u90e8\u5206\u7684\u5206\u6790\u3001\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u76f8\u52a0\u6216\u805a\u5408\u6765\u7406\u89e3\u3001\u63a8\u5bfc\u3001\u9884\u6d4b\uff1a\u5728\u5b9e\u8df5\u4e2d\uff0c\u5b8f\u89c2\u53ef\u89c2\u6d4b\u91cf\u53ef\u4ee5\u4ece\u5fae\u89c2\u53ef\u89c2\u6d4b\u91cf\u63a8\u5bfc\u51fa\u6765\u3002\u57fa\u4e8e\u6b64\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u6e05\u695a\u5730\u8ba4\u8bc6\u5230\uff0c\u4e3a\u4e86\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e00\u4e2a\u6d8c\u73b0\u73b0\u8c61\uff0c\u81f3\u5c11\u9700\u8981\u4e24\u4e2a\u5b8c\u5168\u5206\u5f00\u7684\u5c3a\u5ea6<\/strong>\u2014\u2014\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u6839\u636e\u80fd\u91cf\u6216\u5728\u7a7a\u95f4\u3001\u65f6\u95f4\u4e2d\u5b9a\u4e49\u2014\u2014\u4ee5\u53ca\u4e00\u4e2a\u5916\u90e8\u89c2\u5bdf\u8005<\/strong>\uff0c\u4ed6\u80fd\u591f\u8bc6\u522b\u6709\u610f\u4e49\u7684\u6a21\u5f0f\uff0c\u5e76\u6839\u636e\u4fe1\u606f\u6765\u6d4b\u91cf\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u5c3a\u5ea6\u4e0a\u51fa\u73b0\u800c\u5728\u5176\u5b83\u5c3a\u5ea6\u6ca1\u6709\u51fa\u73b0\u7684\u6a21\u5f0f\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

\u8ba9\u6211\u4eec\u8003\u8651\u8d28\u91cf\u4e3aM\u7684\u590d\u5408\u7269\uff0c\u5982\u6905\u5b50\uff0c\u5b83\u7531\u8d28\u91cf Mi<\/sub>\uff08i=1,2\uff0c\u2026\uff0cn\uff09\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u90e8\u5206\u7ec4\u6210\uff1a\u6574\u4f53\u8d28\u91cf\u53ef\u4ee5\u7b80\u5355\u5730\u901a\u8fc7\u5c06\u6bcf\u4e2a\u7ec4\u4ef6\u7684\u8d28\u91cf\u76f8\u52a0\u5f97\u5230 M=\u2211i<\/sub>mi<\/sub>\u3002\u5728\u66f4\u5c0f\u7684\u5c3a\u5ea6\u4e0a\uff0c\u6bd4\u65b9\u8bf4\u5728\u5206\u5b50\u5c3a\u5ea6\u4e0a\uff0c\u7c7b\u4f3c\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u4f1a\u5f97\u5230\u7c7b\u4f3c\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u3002\u5728\u6700\u4f4e\u7684\u5c3a\u5ea6\u4e0a\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u539f\u5b50\u6838\u5c3a\u5ea6\u4e0a\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u4e89\u8bba\u8bf4\uff0c\u540c\u6837\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u4ecd\u7136\u4f1a\u6709\u7c7b\u4f3c\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u4e8b\u5b9e\u5e76\u975e\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u8d28\u5b50\u548c\u4e2d\u5b50\u7684\u5f3a\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528<\/span>\uff08\u5373\u539f\u5b50\u6838\u529b\uff09<\/span>\u4f1a\u5bfc\u81f4\u8d28\u91cf\u7f3a\u5931\u2014\u2014\u6839\u636e\u8d28\u80fd\u7b49\u6548\u539f\u7406\uff0c\u8d28\u91cf\u7f3a\u5931\u88ab\u8f6c\u5316\u4e3a\u7ed3\u5408\u80fd\u3002\u8d28\u91cf\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u6709\u8da3\u7684\u7279\u6027\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5728\u6bd4\u539f\u5b50\u8d28\u91cf\u5927\u5f97\u591a\u7684\u7a7a\u95f4\u5c3a\u5ea6\u4e0a\uff0c\u7ebf\u6027\u8fd1\u4f3c\u975e\u5e38\u9002\u7528\uff0c\u800c\u5728\u6700\u4f4e\u5c3a\u5ea6\u4e0a\u4e0d\u9002\u7528\u3002\u5728\u57fa\u672c\u5c42\u9762\u4e0a\uff0c\u5c31\u50cf\u5728\u91cf\u5b50\u573a\u8bba\u4e2d\uff0c\u8d28\u91cf\u5141\u8bb8\u6211\u4eec\u6d4b\u91cf\u7c92\u5b50\u4e0e\u5e0c\u683c\u65af\u573a<\/span>\uff08Higgs field\uff09<\/span>\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u8026\u5408\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83\u4e0d\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u6d8c\u73b0\u7279\u6027\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u8fd9\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\u4e00\u76f4\u4e89\u8bba\u4e0d\u4f11\u3002\u540c\u6837\u6709\u8da3\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u5728\u539f\u5b50\u6838\u5c3a\u5ea6\u4e0a\uff0c\u57fa\u672c\u6210\u5206\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\u80fd\u591f\u4f7f\u5f97\u7b80\u5355\u6c42\u548c\u4e0b\u7684\u6734\u7d20\u671f\u671b\u4ea7\u751f\u504f\u5dee\u3002\u503c\u5f97\u6ce8\u610f\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u8d28\u91cf\u7279\u6027\u65e2\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u5355\u4e2a\u7c92\u5b50\u7684\u6c34\u5e73\u4e0a\u5b9a\u4e49\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u805a\u96c6\u7c92\u5b50\u7684\u6c34\u5e73\u4e0a\u5b9a\u4e49\uff0c\u65e0\u8bba\u5b83\u4eec\u662f\u5426\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\u3002\u5176\u4ed6\u7269\u7406\u6027\u8d28\u4e5f\u662f\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u81ea\u65cb\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u6709\u4e9b\u7279\u6027\u4e0d\u80fd\u5728\u5355\u4e2a\u5355\u5143<\/span>\uff08\u65e0\u8bba\u662f\u7c92\u5b50\u3001\u7ec6\u80de\u8fd8\u662f\u4e2a\u4eba\uff09<\/span>\u5c42\u9762\u4e0a\u5b9a\u4e49\uff1a\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7279\u6027\u53ea\u6709\u5728\u66f4\u5927\u5c3a\u5ea6\u4e0a\u624d\u6709\u610f\u4e49\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u76f8\u5e94\u7684\u73b0\u8c61\u901a\u5e38\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u6d8c\u73b0\uff1a\u6d8c\u73b0\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u590d\u6742\u9002\u5e94\u6027\u7269\u8d28\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u7279\u5f81\uff0c\u5b83\u8d85\u8d8a\u4e86\u4f20\u7edf\u7406\u8bba\u7269\u7406\u524d\u6cbf\uff0c\u6210\u4e3a\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u5e7f\u6cdb\u5b66\u79d1\u7684\u5730\u6807\uff0c\u4ece\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u5230\u795e\u7ecf\u79d1\u5b66\uff0c\u4ece\u7cfb\u7edf\u751f\u6001\u5b66\u5230\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u3002\u63a5\u4e0b\u6765\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5c06\u7b80\u8981\u56de\u987e\u8de8\u8d8a\u5404\u5b66\u79d1\u7684\u5e7f\u6cdb\u7684\u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u4ece\u91cf\u5b50\u9886\u57df\u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u8f6c\u79fb\u5230\u975e\u91cf\u5b50\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u3001\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u3001\u751f\u6001\u5b66\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u548c\u57ce\u5e02\u79d1\u5b66\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u5c06\u7279\u522b\u5173\u6ce8\u4ece\u7f51\u7edc\u79d1\u5b66\u4e2d\u83b7\u5f97\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\uff0c\u5728\u7f51\u7edc\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u89c6\u89d2\u4e0b\uff0c\u4e00\u4e9b\u6d8c\u73b0\u7279\u6027\u4e0e\u6709\u610f\u4e49\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\u3001\u52a8\u529b\u5b66\u6216\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\u6709\u5173\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

\uff08a\uff09\u91cf\u5b50\u7269\u7406\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u7684\u6d8c\u73b0<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

\u91cf\u5b50\u529b\u5b66\u9886\u57df\u6709\u8bb8\u591a\u8ff7\u4eba\u7684\u6d8c\u73b0\u73b0\u8c61\uff0c\u5982\u5c40\u57df\u5316\u548c\u8d85\u5bfc\u6027\u3002\u5c40\u57df\u5316<\/strong>\u7531\u5b89\u5fb7\u68ee\u572820\u4e16\u7eaa50\u5e74\u4ee3\u63d0\u51fa\uff0c\u4ed6\u79f0\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u8db3\u591f\u5927\u7684\u6676\u683c\u4e2d\uff0c\u8db3\u591f\u591a\u7684\u65e0\u5e8f\u53ef\u4ee5\u963b\u6b62\u6ce2\u7684\u6807\u51c6\u6269\u6563[16]\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u8bbe\u7f6e\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u534a\u5bfc\u4f53\u4e2d\u7684\u6742\u8d28\u6216\u7f3a\u9677\u6709\u6548\u5b9e\u73b0\u3002\u81f3\u4e8e\u8d85\u5bfc\u6027<\/strong>\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u77e5\u9053\uff0c\u8d85\u5bfc\u4f53\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u5728\u7279\u5b9a\u4e34\u754c\u6e29\u5ea6\u4e0b\u7c92\u5b50\u81ea\u53d1\u6d8c\u73b0\u51fa\u96c6\u4f53\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u6750\u6599\uff1a\u4f4e\u4e8e\u8be5\u6e29\u5ea6\uff0c\u6750\u6599\u4e0d\u8868\u73b0\u51fa\u7535\u963b\uff0c\u4f7f\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6750\u6599\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u65e0\u8017\u6563\u5e94\u7528\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u6709\u4e9b\u7279\u6027\u4e0e\u6750\u6599\u6709\u5173\uff0c\u4f46\u6240\u6709\u8d85\u5bfc\u4f53\u6750\u6599\u90fd\u6253\u7834 U(1) \u89c4\u8303\u5bf9\u79f0\u6027\u5230 \u21242 \u5bf9\u79f0\u6027\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u4ea7\u751f\u8bf8\u5982\u8fc8\u65af\u7eb3\u6548\u5e94<\/span>\uff08Meissner\u2013Ochsenfeld effect\uff09<\/span>\u548c\u975e\u5bf9\u89d2\u957f\u7a0b\u6709\u5e8f\u7b49\u666e\u9002\u7279\u6027\u3002\u5728\u51dd\u805a\u6001\u7269\u7406\u4e2d\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u73b0\u8c61\u7684\u8d77\u6e90\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528 Bardeen, Cooper \u548c Schrieffer \u63d0\u51fa\u7684 BCS \u7406\u8bba\u6765\u89e3\u91ca\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u8ba4\u4e3a\u8d39\u7c73\u5b50\u5bf9<\/span>\uff08\u5982\u7535\u5b50\uff09<\/span>\u5728\u4f4e\u6e29\u6761\u4ef6\u4e0b\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u51dd\u805a\u6210\u5904\u4e8e\u76f8\u540c\u57fa\u6001\u7684\u5f3a\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\u7c92\u5b50\u2014\u2014\u5373\u5e93\u73c0\u5bf9 [17]\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u63a8\u8350\u611f\u5174\u8da3\u7684\u8bfb\u8005\u9605\u8bfb\u5173\u4e8e\u6d8c\u73b0\u8d85\u5bfc\u6027\u7684\u6700\u65b0\u7279\u520a [18]\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

\u5728\u66f4\u5927\u7684\u5c3a\u5ea6\u4e0a\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u8003\u8651\u4e24\u4e2a\u6216\u591a\u4e2a\u8d85\u5bfc\u4f53\u5f7c\u6b64\u9760\u8fd1\u4ece\u800c\u76f8\u4e92\u5f31\u8026\u5408\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u3002\u6574\u4f53\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u572820\u4e16\u7eaa60\u5e74\u4ee3\u662f\u51fa\u4e4e\u610f\u6599\u7684\uff1a\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u7ea6\u745f\u592b\u68ee\u6548\u5e94<\/strong><\/span>\uff08Josephson effect\uff09<\/span>\uff0cBrian Josephson \u57281962\u5e74\u9996\u6b21\u9884\u6d4b\uff0c\u5728\u6ca1\u6709\u7535\u538b\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u53ef\u4ee5\u4ea7\u751f\u8d85\u7535\u6d41\uff0c\u540e\u6765\u5728\u5b9e\u9a8c\u4e2d\u89c2\u5bdf\u5230[19]\u3002\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u73b0\u8c61\u65e0\u6cd5\u4ece\u5355\u72ec\u4e00\u4e2a\u8d85\u5bfc\u4f53\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u4e2d\u63a8\u65ad\u51fa\u6765\uff1a\u53ea\u6709\u5f31\u8026\u5408\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u624d\u5141\u8bb8\u8fd9\u79cd\u96c6\u4f53\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u81ea\u53d1\u51fa\u73b0\u3002\u91cf\u5b50\u970d\u5c14\u6548\u5e94<\/strong>\uff0c\u5373\u5728\u4f4e\u6e29\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u89c2\u5bdf\u5230\u7684\u91cf\u5b50\u5316\u7684\u970d\u5c14\u6548<\/span>\u5e94\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5206\u6570\u91cf\u5b50\u970d\u5c14\u6548\u5e94[22-24]\uff0c\u662f\u7531\u96c6\u4f53\u884c\u4e3a\u5f15\u8d77\u7684\u53e6\u4e00\u79cd\u6d8c\u73b0\u73b0\u8c61[12,20,21]\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

\uff08b\uff09\u7ecf\u5178\u7269\u7406\u3001\u975e\u751f\u547d\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u6d8c\u73b0<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n


<\/span><\/p>\n

\u81ea\u4ece\u5b89\u5fb7\u68ee\u5229\u7528\u5bf9\u79f0\u6027\u7834\u7f3a\u673a\u5236\u6765\u53cd\u5bf9\u8fd8\u539f\u8bba\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u666e\u5229\u9ad8\u6d25\u5173\u4e8e\u8017\u6563\u7ed3\u6784\u7684\u5f00\u521b\u6027\u5de5\u4f5c\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u5927\u91cf\u7814\u7a76\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u4ee4\u4eba\u4fe1\u670d\u7684\u8bc1\u636e\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u5b58\u5728\u4ee5\u7279\u6027\u7684\u81ea\u53d1\u51fa\u73b0\u4e3a\u7279\u5f81\u7684\u7269\u7406\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u4e0d\u80fd\u4ece\u5173\u4e8e\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u7ec4\u6210\u90e8\u5206\u7684\u5b8c\u6574\u77e5\u8bc6\u6765\u7406\u89e3\u6216\u9884\u6d4b\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

\u5728\u7ecf\u5178\u5c3a\u5ea6\uff0c\u6d8c\u73b0\u73b0\u8c61\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u5178\u578b\u4f8b\u5b50\u662f\u6d41\u4f53\u4e2d\u89c2\u5bdf\u5230\u7684\u6e4d\u6d41<\/strong>\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5728 Rayleigh-B\u00e9nard \u5bf9\u6d41\u4e2d\uff0c\u4ece\u4e00\u4e2a\u5e73\u9762\u4e0b\u65b9\u52a0\u70ed\u6d41\u4f53\uff0c\u5bfc\u81f4\u4e9a\u7a33\u6001\u5bf9\u6d41\u5143\u80de\u7684\u5f62\u6210\u2014\u2014\u79f0\u4e3aB\u00e9nard\u5143\u80de\u2014\u2014\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5143\u80de\u81ea\u53d1\u5730\u6253\u7834\u65cb\u8f6c\u5bf9\u79f0\u6027\uff0c\u5e76\u81ea\u7ec4\u7ec7\u6210\u89c4\u5219\u6a21\u5f0f[25]\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/span><\/p>\n

\u6e4d\u6d41\u4e0d\u80fd\u5728\u5355\u4e00\u6d41\u4f53\u5355\u5143\u7684\u5c3a\u5ea6\u4e0a\u5b9a\u4e49\uff0c\u5b83\u51fa\u73b0\u5728\u5e7f\u6cdb\u7684\u6d41\u4f53\u52a8\u529b\u7cfb\u7edf\u548c\u975e\u6d41\u4f53\u52a8\u529b\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\uff0c\u4ece\u5730\u7403\u78c1\u573a\u518d\u5230\u5316\u5b66\u53cd\u5e94[26]\u3002\u503c\u5f97\u6ce8\u610f\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u5982\u4e0b\u5047\u8bbe\u63cf\u8ff0\u5145\u5206\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u6e4d\u6d41\uff1a\u5e95\u5c42\u6ce2\u52a8\u4e0d\u80fd\u7528\u552f\u4e00\u7684\u6807\u5ea6\u6307\u6570\u6765\u63cf\u8ff0\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u9700\u8981\u4e00\u4e2a\u8fde\u7eed\u7684\u6307\u6570\u8c31\u6765\u63cf\u8ff0\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e2a\u6307\u6570\u5c5e\u4e8e\u4e00\u4e2a\u7ed9\u5b9a\u7684\u5206\u5f62\u96c6\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u5bfc\u81f4\u5bf9\u8be5\u73b0\u8c61\u7684\u591a\u91cd\u5206\u5f62\u63cf\u8ff0[27]\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/span><\/p>\n

\u7c7b\u4f3c\u5730\uff0c\u6df7\u6c8c\u52a8\u529b\u7cfb\u7edf\u901a\u5e38\u5177\u6709\u7a7a\u95f4\u548c\u65f6\u95f4\u4e0a\u7684\u5206\u5f62\u6216\u591a\u91cd\u5206\u5f62\u7ed3\u6784\u7684\u7279\u5f81\uff1a\u8003\u8651\u5230\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u5b8c\u5168\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\u8bbe\u8ba1\uff0c\u6df7\u6c8c\u7cfb\u7edf\u5bf9\u521d\u59cb\u6761\u4ef6\u7684\u654f\u611f\u6027\u662f\u76f8\u5f53\u51fa\u4eba\u610f\u6599\u548c\u8fdd\u53cd\u76f4\u89c9\u7684\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u7684\u6d8c\u73b0\u7279\u6027\u662f\u5728\u4e00\u5b9a\u65f6\u95f4\u8303\u56f4\u5185\u7f3a\u4e4f\u53ef\u9884\u6d4b\u6027[28]\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

\u5316\u5b66\u6216\u975e\u5316\u5b66\u7269\u8d28\u805a\u96c6\u4e2d\u7684\u53e6\u4e00\u7c7b\u5e7f\u6cdb\u65f6\u7a7a\u53d8\u5316\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u53cd\u5e94\u6269\u6563\u6a21\u578b\u6355\u6349\u5230\uff0c\u8be5\u6a21\u578b\u5e7f\u6cdb\u7528\u4e8e\u63cf\u8ff0\u7531\u4e8e\u884c\u6ce2\u7684\u81ea\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5bfc\u81f4\u7684\u6a21\u5f0f\u5f62\u6210\u2014\u2014\u4e5f\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u56fe\u7075\u6591\u56fe<\/strong><\/span>\uff08Turing pattern\uff09<\/span>[29] \u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\uff0c\u6700\u521d\u5747\u5300\u7684\u7269\u8d28\u901a\u8fc7\u53cd\u5e94\u88ab\u5c40\u90e8\u6fc0\u6d3b\uff0c\u800c\u540c\u65f6\u5728\u66f4\u5927\u8303\u56f4\u5185\u88ab\u6291\u5236\uff1a\u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u52a8\u6001\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u7ade\u4e89\u5df2\u88ab\u5e7f\u6cdb\u7528\u4e8e\u89e3\u91ca\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u4e2d\u7684\u5f62\u6001\u53d1\u751f[29,30]\u3001\u5316\u5b66\u53cd\u5e94[31]\u3001\u8868\u76ae\u4f24\u53e3\u6108\u5408[32]\u3001\u7269\u79cd\u52a8\u529b\u5b66[33]\u548c\u79cd\u7fa4\u5185\u7684\u6d41\u884c\u75c5\u4f20\u64ad[34]\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

\u4e34\u754c\u6027<\/strong>\uff0c\u5373\u7269\u7406\u7cfb\u7edf\u5728\u4e34\u754c\u70b9\u9644\u8fd1\u8868\u73b0\u51fa\u7684\u7279\u6b8a\u884c\u4e3a\uff0c\u6807\u5fd7\u7740\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u72b6\u6001\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u76f8\u53d8\uff0c\u4e3a\u6d8c\u73b0\u73b0\u8c61\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u53e6\u4e00\u7ec4\u6848\u4f8b\uff1a\u5728\u4e34\u754c\u70b9\u4ee5\u4e0a\uff0c\u7cfb\u7edf\u8868\u73b0\u51fa\u4e00\u79cd\u7279\u5f81\uff0c\u4e00\u65e6\u63a7\u5236\u53c2\u6570<\/span>\uff08\u5982\u6e29\u5ea6\uff09<\/span>\u8c03\u6574\u5230\u9608\u503c\u4ee5\u4e0b\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u7279\u5f81\u5c31\u4f1a\u6d88\u5931\u3002\u4e34\u754c\u73b0\u8c61\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u6807\u5fd7\uff0c\u662f\u5728\u7cfb\u7edf\u5355\u5143\u5185\u5b58\u5728\u957f\u7a0b\u5173\u8054\uff1a\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u7279\u5f81\u5173\u8054\u957f\u5ea6\u53d8\u5f97\u65e0\u7a77\u5927\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u5178\u578b\u7684\u5e42\u5f8b\u3002\u5728\u63a5\u8fd1\u4e34\u754c\u70b9\u5904\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u89c2\u5bdf\u5230\u4e00\u5b9a\u7a0b\u5ea6\u7684\u666e\u9002\u6027\uff1a\u5c11\u91cf\u7684\u6807\u5ea6\u6307\u6570<\/span>\uff08scaling exponent\uff09<\/span>\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u6765\u5b9a\u4e49\u666e\u9002\u6027\u7c7b\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u80fd\u591f\u63cf\u8ff0\u5177\u6709\u5206\u5f62\u7279\u5f81\u7684\u5e7f\u6cdb\u7cfb\u7edf[35-38]\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/span><\/p>\n

\u4e00\u4e2a\u5e7f\u4e3a\u4eba\u77e5\u7684\u6d8c\u73b0\u73b0\u8c61\uff0c\u5982\u94c1\u78c1\u6027\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u6750\u6599\u4e2d\u7535\u5b50\u7684\u81ea\u65cb-\u81ea\u65cb\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\u7684\u96c6\u4f53\u884c\u4e3a\u6765\u7406\u89e3\uff0c\u7535\u5b50\u81ea\u65cb\u5728\u4e34\u754c\u6e29\u5ea6\u4e0b\u503e\u5411\u4e8e\u81ea\u53d1\u5bf9\u9f50\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u8ba9\u7cfb\u7edf\u5728\u5927\u5c3a\u5ea6\u4e0a\u6709\u6548\u5730\u8868\u73b0\u51fa\u78c1\u6027\u3002\u8fd9\u91cc\u9700\u8981\u6ce8\u610f\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u94c1\u78c1\u6027\u5bf9\u53ea\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u7c92\u5b50\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u6ca1\u6709\u610f\u4e49\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u8fd9\u79cd\u73b0\u8c61\u662f\u7531\u4e8e\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u5728\u6ca1\u6709\u5916\u90e8\u78c1\u573a\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u96c6\u4f53\u884c\u4e3a\u4e5f\u4f1a\u5bfc\u81f4\u81ea\u65cb\u540c\u65f6\u5bf9\u9f50\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/span><\/p>\n

\u4e86\u89e3\u4e34\u754c\u73b0\u8c61\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u8303\u4f8b\u65b9\u6cd5\u662f\u4e0d\u540c\u7ef4\u5ea6\u7684 Ising \u6a21\u578b\uff1a\u5df2\u7ecf\u8bc1\u660e\uff0c\u78c1\u573a\u4e2d\u7684\u7b80\u5355\u4e8c\u7ef4 Ising \u6a21\u578b\u662f\u901a\u7528\u7684\uff0c\u5b83\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u6765\u4fc3\u8fdb\u5bf9\u5177\u6709\u590d\u6742\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\u7684\u54c8\u5bc6\u987f\u91cf\u7684\u7269\u7406\u6a21\u62df[39]\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u4e0e\u5143\u80de\u81ea\u52a8\u673a\u6709\u5173[40]\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/span><\/p>\n

\u503c\u5f97\u6ce8\u610f\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u6709\u4e9b\u7cfb\u7edf\u751a\u81f3\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u8c03\u8282\u67d0\u4e2a\u53c2\u6570<\/span>\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\u6e29\u5ea6\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u5c31\u80fd\u591f\u663e\u793a\u51fa\u7a7a\u95f4\u6216\u65f6\u95f4\u4e0a\u7684\u5c3a\u5ea6\u65e0\u5173\u7684\u7ec4\u7ec7\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u5728\u4e34\u754c\u76f8\u53d8\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u3002\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u4f1a\u52a8\u6001\u5730\u91cd\u65b0\u914d\u7f6e\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u72b6\u6001\uff0c\u5e76\u81ea\u53d1\u5230\u8fbe\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e34\u754c\u70b9\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e5f\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5438\u5f15\u5b50\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u7279\u6b8a\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u81ea\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4e34\u754c<\/span>\uff08self-organized criticality\uff0cSOC\uff09<\/span>[41,42]\uff0c\u5b83\u662f\u7531\u8bb8\u591a\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\u5355\u5143\u9a71\u52a8\u7684\u975e\u7ebf\u6027\u7cfb\u7edf\u8fdc\u79bb\u5e73\u8861\u6001\u7684\u7279\u5f81[43]\uff1a\u81ea\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4e34\u754c\u7279\u5f81\u662f\u5728\u7a7a\u95f4\u6216\u65f6\u95f4\u4e0a\u7684\u5206\u5f62\u7ec4\u7ec7\uff0c\u5728\u751f\u7269\u3001\u751f\u6001\u3001\u7269\u7406\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u90fd\u5df2\u7ecf\u89c2\u5bdf\u5230 [44,45]\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

\u7531\u4e8e\u5230\u76ee\u524d\u4e3a\u6b62\u6240\u63d0\u5230\u7684\u5927\u591a\u6570\u7cfb\u7edf\u90fd\u662f\u975e\u751f\u547d\u7684\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u6709\u5fc5\u8981\u8bf4\u660e\u4e00\u4e0b\u8fdc\u79bb\u70ed\u529b\u5b66\u5e73\u8861\u6001\u7684\u5f00\u653e\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u7684\u201c\u7ec4\u7ec7\u201d<\/strong>\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\u610f\u601d\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\uff0c\u5b83\u662f\u7531\u7a7a\u95f4\u6216\u65f6\u95f4<\/span>\uff08\u6216\u4e24\u8005\uff09<\/span>\u7ed3\u6784\u7684\u5f62\u6210\u5b9a\u4e49\u7684\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u5916\u90e8\u89c2\u5bdf\u8005\u611f\u77e5\u5e76\u4ee5\u4fe1\u606f\u65b9\u5f0f\u6d4b\u91cf\u5b83\u4eec\u3002\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u8be5\u4fe1\u606f\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u7406\u89e3\u4e3a\u201c\u9020\u6210\u5dee\u5f02\u7684\u5dee\u5f02\u201d[46]\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e0d\u5141\u8bb8\u64cd\u4f5c\u4e0a\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\u3002\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u514b\u52b3\u5fb7\u00b7\u9999\u519c<\/span>\uff08Claude Shannon\uff09<\/span>\u5f15\u5165\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u7684\u6570\u5b66\u6982\u5ff5[47]\u5141\u8bb8\u4e0d\u540c\u89c2\u5bdf\u8005\u5b9a\u4e49\u5bf9\u4ed6\u4eec\u6765\u8bf4\u662f\u6709\u610f\u4e49\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u5f97\u5230\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e3b\u89c2\u5b9a\u4e49\uff0c\u5176\u81ea\u7531\u5ea6\u4e0e\u5bf9\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u63cf\u8ff0\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u56e0\u6b64\u7528\u4e8e\u8ba1\u7b97\u9999\u519c\u71b5\u7684\u72b6\u6001\u6570\u91cf\uff0c\u5373\u7f16\u7801\u7b26\u53f7\u5e8f\u5217\u6240\u9700\u7684\u4e8c\u8fdb\u5236\u6570\u7684\u5e73\u5747\u6700\u5c0f\u6570\u91cf\u6709\u5173\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/span><\/p>\n

\u7531\u6b64\u53ef\u89c1\uff0c\u4fe1\u606f\u4f9d\u8d56\u4e8e\u89c2\u5bdf\u8005[48]\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u4e5f\u4f9d\u8d56\u4e8e\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u6a21\u5f0f\u7684\u8bc6\u522b\u3002\u8fd9\u4e0e William Ross Ashby \u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u4e00\u81f4\uff0c\u5373\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5728\u4e00\u5b9a\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u89c2\u5bdf\u8005[49,50]\u3002\u4ece\u70ed\u529b\u5b66\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\uff0c\u8fd9\u610f\u5473\u7740\u4ec0\u4e48\u5462\uff1f\u8ba9\u6211\u4eec\u8003\u8651\u4e00\u4e2a\u81ea\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7cfb\u7edf\ud835\udcae\u548c\u73af\u5883\u2130\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u4e00\u8d77\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u5c01\u95ed\u7684\u96c6\u5408 \ud835\udcb0=\ud835\udcae\u22c3\u2130\u3002\u7528 \ud835\udc46\ud835\udcae<\/span><\/sub> \u548c \ud835\udc46\u2130<\/span><\/sub> \u5206\u522b\u8868\u793a\u81ea\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7cfb\u7edf\u548c\u73af\u5883\u7684\u71b5\u3002\u5f53\u7136\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u7eaf\u70ed\u529b\u5b66\u975e\u81ea\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7cfb\u7edf\u6709 \u0394\ud835\udc46\ud835\udcae<\/span><\/sub>\/\u0394\ud835\udc61>0\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u673a\u68b0\u7cfb\u7edf \u0394\ud835\udc46<\/span>\ud835\udcae <\/span><\/sub>\/\u0394\ud835\udc61=0\u3002\u53cd\u4e4b\uff0c\u81ea\u7ec4\u7ec7\u8981\u6c42\u5355\u4f4d\u65f6\u95f4\u7684\u71b5\u53d8\u5316\u4e3a\u8d1f\uff1a\u5373\u5728\u8db3\u591f\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u5185\uff0c\u0394\ud835\udc46\ud835\udcae <\/span><\/sub>\/\u0394\ud835\udc61<0\uff0c\u8fd9\u8981\u6c42\u73af\u5883\u7684\u71b5\u53d8\u5316\u4e3a \u0394\ud835\udc46\u2130<\/span><\/sub>\/\u0394\ud835\udc61>0\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u4f7f\u5f97\u6574\u4f53 \ud835\udcb0 \u4e0d\u8fdd\u53cd\u70ed\u529b\u5b66\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5b9a\u5f8b\u3002\u4e0d\u53ef\u9006\u8fc7\u7a0b\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u5bfc\u81f4\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u71b5\u51cf\u5c11\uff0c\u800c\u6574\u4f53\u5176\u4f59\u90e8\u5206\u71b5\u7684\u589e\u52a0\u66f4\u591a\uff0c\u4e24\u8005\u76f8\u62b5\u6d88\uff0c\u6700\u7ec8\u4f7f\u5f97 \u0394\ud835\udc46\ud835\udcb0<\/span><\/sub>\/\u0394\ud835\udc61>0\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u4ece\u5168\u5c40\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u6765\u770b\uff0c\u81ea\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\u5f88\u96be\u88ab\u63a5\u53d7\uff0c\u9664\u975e\u8ba4\u4e3a\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e0e\u80fd\u591f\u63d0\u4f9b\u80fd\u91cf\u548c\u79e9\u5e8f\u7684\u73af\u5883\u6c38\u8fdc\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\uff0c\u6b63\u5982 Heinz von Forster \u572820\u4e16\u7eaa60\u5e74\u4ee3\u6307\u51fa\u7684 [51]\u3002\u4e00\u4e2a\u8865\u5145\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u662f\uff0c\u975e\u751f\u547d\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u7684\u8017\u6563\u7ed3\u6784\uff0c\u5982\u706b\u7130\u6216\u98d3\u98ce\uff0c\u4e0d\u662f\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u65e0\u751f\u547d\u7684\u5355\u5143\u4e0d\u80fd\u7ec4\u7ec7\uff0c\u800c\u53ea\u80fd\u81ea\u53d1\u4ea7\u751f\u79e9\u5e8f<\/span>\uff08self-order\uff09<\/span> [52]\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

\uff08c\uff09\u751f\u547d\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u6d8c\u73b0<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n


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\u5bf9\u4e8e\u751f\u547d\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u859b\u5b9a\u8c14<\/span>\uff08Erwin Schr\u00f6dinger\uff09<\/span>\u572820\u4e16\u7eaa40\u5e74\u4ee3\u9996\u6b21\u8ba8\u8bba\u4e86\u81ea\u7ec4\u7ec7\uff0c\u8bd5\u56fe\u4ece\u7406\u8bba\u7269\u7406\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u63cf\u8ff0\u751f\u547d[53]\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u4ee5\u8be5\u89c6\u89d2\u4f5c\u4e3a\u8d77\u70b9\uff0c\u7b80\u8981\u56de\u987e\u4ece\u7ec6\u80de\u5230\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u751f\u547d\u7cfb\u7edf<\/span>\uff08living systems\uff09<\/span>\u4e2d\u7684\u6d8c\u73b0\u73b0\u8c61\u3002\u65e9\u5728\u5341\u5e74\u524d\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u5c31\u5df2\u7ecf\u7ed9\u51fa\u542f\u53d1\u6027\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u4ee5\u53ca\u8ba1\u7b97\u8bc1\u660e\uff0c\u8bf4\u660e\u751f\u7269\u81ea\u7ec4\u7ec7\u6216\u751f\u547d\u4f53\u5c31\u662f\u62e5\u6709\u9a6c\u5c14\u53ef\u592b\u6bef\u7684\u968f\u673a\u52a8\u529b\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u6d8c\u73b0\u7279\u6027\u3002\u4e0d\u8fc7\uff0c\u6784\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u6e05\u6670\u7684\u673a\u5236\uff0c\u9610\u91ca\u5982\u4f55\u4ece\u975e\u751f\u7269\u4e16\u754c\u8fc7\u6e21\u5230\u751f\u547d\uff0c\u4ecd\u7136\u662f\u751f\u547d\u8d77\u6e90\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u6838\u5fc3\u95ee\u9898[55-61]\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u5728\u524d\u751f\u547d\u5316\u5b66\u4e2d[62,63]\uff0c\u539f\u521d\u53cd\u5e94\u7f51\u7edc\u626e\u6f14\u7740\u57fa\u672c\u7684\u89d2\u8272\uff0c\u6b63\u5982\u6700\u8fd1\u7684\u73af\u5883\u81ea\u53d1\u5fae\u8c03\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u6240\u6307\u51fa\u7684\u90a3\u6837[64]\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

\u5728\u66f4\u9ad8\u7684\u5c3a\u5ea6\u4e0a\uff0c\u591a\u79cd\u7ec6\u80de\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u81ea\u53d1\u4ea7\u751f\uff0c\u53ca\u5176\u901a\u8fc7\u751f\u6001\u73af\u5883\u3001\u57fa\u56e0\u7ec4\u521b\u65b0\u548c\/\u6216\u5408\u4f5c\u6574\u5408\uff0c\u90fd\u6709\u5229\u4e8e\u591a\u7ec6\u80de\u751f\u547d\u7684\u6d8c\u73b0<\/strong>\uff0c\u4fc3\u8fdb\u4e86\u751f\u7269\u591a\u6837\u6027\u548c\u590d\u6742\u6027\uff1a\u5728\u6b64\u80cc\u666f\u4e0b\uff0c\u6700\u8fd1\u6709\u7814\u7a76\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u4e00\u7c7b\u79bb\u6563\u52a8\u529b\u7cfb\u7edf\u2014\u2014\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u5e03\u5c14\u7f51\u7edc\uff0c\u6700\u521d\u7528\u4e8e\u6a21\u62df\u57fa\u56e0\u8c03\u63a7\u7cfb\u7edf\u5e76\u518d\u73b0\u5176\u5185\u7a33\u6001\u548c\u5206\u5316[65]\u2014\u2014\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u6765\u89e3\u91ca\u7ec6\u80de\u5206\u5316[66]\u3002\u8bf7\u6ce8\u610f\uff0c\u66f4\u597d\u5730\u7406\u89e3\u57fa\u56e0\u8c03\u63a7\u7f51\u7edc\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u86cb\u767d\u8d28-\u86cb\u767d\u8d28\u548c\u4ee3\u8c22\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u6709\u52a9\u4e8e\u9610\u660e\u8bbe\u8ba1\u3001\u5408\u6210\u6216\u91cd\u65b0\u914d\u7f6e\u6700\u5c0f\u751f\u7269\u4f53\u57fa\u56e0\u7ec4[67]\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u591a\u7ec6\u80de\u751f\u7269\u548c\u751f\u547d\u673a\u5668 [68-72] \u6240\u9700\u7684\u673a\u68b0\u89c4\u5219\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u6269\u5927\u6211\u4eec\u5bf9\u7eaf\u6570\u5b57\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u6d8c\u73b0\u7684\u590d\u6742\u6027\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6[73,74]\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

\u5728\u66f4\u9ad8\u5c3a\u5ea6\u4e0a\uff0c\u591a\u7ec6\u80de\u751f\u7269\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\u4f1a\u5bfc\u81f4\u610f\u60f3\u4e0d\u5230\u7684\u6d8c\u73b0\u73b0\u8c61\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u73b0\u8c61\u65e0\u6cd5\u5728\u5355\u4e2a\u751f\u7269\u4e2d\u89c2\u5bdf\u5230\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u65e0\u6cd5\u88ab\u5b9a\u4e49\u3002\u4e00\u4e2a\u5178\u578b\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u53eb\u591a\u5934\u7ed2\u6ce1\u83cc<\/span>\uff08Physarum polycephalum\uff09<\/span>\u7684\u9ecf\u83cc\uff0c\u80fd\u591f\u751f\u6210\u81ea\u9002\u5e94\u7f51\u7edc\uff0c\u89e3\u51b3\u7ec4\u5408\u4f18\u5316\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u751f\u7269\u4f53\u7f3a\u4e4f\u795e\u7ecf\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u800c\u795e\u7ecf\u7cfb\u7edf\u901a\u5e38\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u5b9e\u73b0\u8fd9\u4e00\u76ee\u7684\u6240\u5fc5\u9700\u7684[75]\u3002\u5bf9\u4e8e\u7531\u795e\u7ecf\u7cfb\u7edf\u7ec4\u7ec7\u6210\u795e\u7ecf\u7f51\u7edc\u7684\u6709\u673a\u4f53\uff0c\u989d\u5916\u7684\u7279\u6027\u4f1a\u81ea\u53d1\u51fa\u73b0\u2014\u2014\u4f8b\u5982\u4ece\u6cdb\u5316\u80fd\u529b\u5230\u5206\u7c7b\u80fd\u529b\u3001\u7ea0\u9519\u80fd\u529b\u548c\u65f6\u95f4\u5e8f\u5217\u4fdd\u7559\u80fd\u529b[76]\u2014\u2014\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5176\u4e2d\u4e00\u4e9b\u529f\u80fd\u53ef\u80fd\u5e76\u4e0d\u5c40\u9650\u4e8e\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\u7684\u751f\u547d\u5355\u5143\u7cfb\u7edf\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

\u5176\u4ed6\u751f\u7269\u4f53\uff0c\u5982\u7fa4\u5c45\u6606\u866b\uff0c\u8868\u73b0\u51fa\u4e00\u5b9a\u7684\u7ec4\u7ec7\u6c34\u5e73\uff0c\u5bfc\u81f4\u96c6\u7fa4<\/strong><\/span>\uff08swarm\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u96c6\u4f53\u884c\u4e3a\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u8fdc\u79bb\u70ed\u529b\u5b66\u5e73\u8861\u7684\u6d3b\u6027\u7269\u8d28\u6765\u89e3\u91ca\uff1a\u8fd9\u4e9b\u96c6\u4f53\u5b9e\u73b0\u4e86\u6bcf\u4e2a\u5355\u72ec\u4e2a\u4f53\u65e0\u6cd5\u5b9e\u73b0\u7684\u529f\u80fd\u3002\u7fa4\u5c45\u8815\u866b\u2014\u2014\u4e2a\u4f53\u7269\u7406\u8026\u5408\u6210\u7684\u7fa4\u4f53\uff0c\u8d4b\u4e88\u7fa4\u4f53\u673a\u68b0\u529f\u80fd\u6750\u6599\u7684\u5c5e\u6027[77]\u2014\u2014\u4ee5\u53ca\u8682\u8681\u8db3\u8ff9[78]\u548c\u95ea\u95ea\u53d1\u5149\u7684\u871c\u8702\u7fa4[79]\uff0c\u90fd\u662f\u96c6\u7fa4\u7684\u5178\u578b\u4f8b\u5b50\uff0c\u5728\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7fa4\u4f53\u4e2d\uff0c\u5927\u91cf\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\u7684\u4e2a\u4f53\u5355\u5143\u6709\u6548\u5730\u5f62\u6210\u4e00\u4e2a\u8d85\u7ea7\u751f\u7269\u4f53\uff0c\u4ece\u786e\u5b9a\u98df\u7269\u4f4d\u7f6e\u5230\u8fc1\u79fb\u8def\u7ebf\uff0c\u4fe1\u606f\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u6ca1\u6709\u4fe1\u53f7\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u4f20\u9012\uff1a\u503c\u5f97\u6ce8\u610f\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u7fa4\u4f53\u8d8a\u5927\uff0c\u9a71\u52a8\u7fa4\u4f53\u51b3\u7b56\u6240\u9700\u7684\u4e2a\u4f53\u6bd4\u4f8b\u5c31\u8d8a\u5c0f[80,81]<\/span>\uff08\u8bc4\u8bba\u89c1[82]\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u60ca\u4eba\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u4e0d\u4ec5\u9650\u4e8e\u6606\u866b\uff1a\u4ece\u7267\u7fa4[83]\u5230\u9e1f\u7fa4[84,85]\u548c\u9c7c\u7fa4[86-88]\uff0c\u6709\u5e8f\u7ed3\u6784\u7684\u5f62\u6210\u3001\u591a\u7a33\u5b9a\u6027\u3001\u673a\u68b0\u548c\u80fd\u91cf\u6548\u7387\uff0c\u53ea\u662f\u57fa\u4e8e\u7edf\u8ba1\u7269\u7406\u6a21\u578b\u6240\u6355\u6349\u5230\u7684\u5927\u91cf\u4e2a\u4f53\u7684\u96c6\u4f53\u72b6\u6001\u7684\u51e0\u4e2a\u663e\u8457\u7279\u5f81[89-93]\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

\uff08d\uff09\u793e\u4f1a\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u7684\u6d8c\u73b0<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n


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\u5728\u4eba\u7c7b\u5c3a\u5ea6\u4e0a\uff0c\u4e2a\u4f53\u4e4b\u95f4\u4ee5\u53ca\u4e0e\u73af\u5883\u7684\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\u5bfc\u81f4\u4e86\u5404\u79cd\u5404\u6837\u7684\u6d8c\u73b0\u73b0\u8c61[94]\u3002\u793e\u4f1a\u9694\u79bb\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u5178\u578b\u4f8b\u5b50\uff0c\u5373\u4e2d\u89c2\u5c3a\u5ea6\u4e0b\u7ec4\u7ec7\u6210\u7fa4\u4f53\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e2a\u7fa4\u4f53\u7684\u7279\u5f81\u662f\u9ad8\u6c34\u5e73\u7684\u540c\u8d28\u6027<\/span>\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u57fa\u4e8e\u6027\u522b\u3001\u79cd\u65cf\u6216\u793e\u4f1a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5730\u4f4d\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u572820\u4e16\u7eaa70\u5e74\u4ee3\uff0cThomas Shelling \u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u673a\u68b0\u6a21\u578b\u6765\u89e3\u91ca\u9694\u79bb\u73b0\u8c61\u7684\u6d8c\u73b0\uff1a\u81f3\u5c11\u6709\u4e24\u79cd\u7279\u5f81\u622a\u7136\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u4e00\u7ec4\u4e2a\u4f53\uff0c\u5728\u7a7a\u95f4\u4e2d\u5747\u5300\u5206\u5e03\u3002\u5728\u63a5\u4e0b\u6765\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e2a\u4e2a\u4f53\u88ab\u5141\u8bb8\u6839\u636e\u5bf9\u9644\u8fd1\u5927\u91cf\u5177\u6709\u4e0d\u540c\u7279\u5f81\u4e2a\u4f53\u7684\u5bb9\u5fcd\u5ea6\uff0c\u8fdb\u884c\u6b67\u89c6\u6027\u9009\u62e9\uff1a\u5982\u679c\u7fa4\u4f53\u89c4\u6a21\u9ad8\u4e8e\u9884\u5b9a\u4e49\u7684\u9608\u503c\uff0c\u4e2a\u4f53\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u81ea\u7531\u5730\u968f\u673a\u79fb\u52a8\u5230\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u4f4d\u7f6e\u3002\u4e00\u6bb5\u65f6\u95f4\u540e\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u5728\u6ca1\u6709\u96c6\u4e2d\u534f\u8c03\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u76f8\u540c\u7279\u5f81\u7684\u4e2a\u4f53\u4e5f\u4f1a\u81ea\u53d1\u5730\u805a\u96c6\u8d77\u6765[95]\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u6709\u8da3\u7684\u73b0\u8c61\u662f\u7fa4\u4f53\u89c4\u6a21\u7684\u534f\u8c03\uff0c\u6216\u793e\u4f1a\u5171\u8bc6\uff0c\u5373\u5728\u6ca1\u6709\u4e2d\u592e\u96c6\u6743\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u884c\u4e3a\u4f20\u67d3\u8fd9\u79cd\u5fae\u89c2\u89c4\u5f8b\uff0c\u96c6\u4f53\u884c\u4e3a\u4f1a\u81ea\u53d1\u6d8c\u73b0[96]\u3002\u4e00\u79cd\u884c\u4e3a\u6216\u4e00\u79cd\u4fe1\u606f\u7684\u4f20\u64ad\u4e0e\u4f20\u67d3\u6027\u75c5\u539f\u4f53\u7684\u4f20\u64ad\u6709\u51e0\u4e2a\u5171\u540c\u7279\u70b9\uff1a\u6d41\u884c\u75c5\u66b4\u53d1<\/span>\uff08\u901a\u5e38\u662f\u6682\u65f6\u7684\uff09<\/span>\u662f\u81ea\u53d1\u73b0\u8c61\uff0c\u5229\u7528\u793e\u4f1a\u4e92\u52a8\u5c55\u5f00\uff0c\u5728\u7a7a\u95f4\u548c\u65f6\u95f4\u4e0a\u805a\u96c6\u3002\u540c\u6837\uff0c\u4ea4\u901a\u62e5\u5835\u4e5f\u4e0d\u80fd\u5728\u5355\u4e2a\u5355\u5143\u7684\u6c34\u5e73\u4e0a\u5b9a\u4e49\uff1a\u65e0\u8bba\u662f\u884c\u4eba\u8fd8\u662f\u8f66\u8f86\uff0c\u5176\u52a8\u529b\u5b66\u53d7\u9650\u4e8e<\/span>\uff08\u6216\u4e0d\u53d7\u9650\u4e8e\uff09<\/span>\u8f66\u9053\u548c\u65b9\u5411\uff0c\u901a\u5e38\u5728\u8fbe\u5230\u9053\u8def\u5bb9\u91cf\u4e4b\u524d\u5c31\u4f1a\u53d1\u751f\u4e0d\u540c\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u62e5\u5835\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u884c\u4e3a\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u5fae\u89c2<\/span>\uff08\u57fa\u4e8e\u7c92\u5b50\u7684\uff09<\/span>\u3001\u4ecb\u89c2<\/span>\uff08\u6c14\u4f53\u52a8\u529b\u5b66\uff09<\/span>\u548c\u5b8f\u89c2<\/span>\uff08\u6d41\u4f53\u52a8\u529b\u5b66\uff09<\/span>\u6a21\u578b\u90e8\u5206\u518d\u73b0[97]\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

\u6700\u540e\uff0c\u503c\u5f97\u4e00\u63d0\u7684\u662f\u53e6\u4e00\u5927\u578b\u800c\u53c8\u8ff7\u4eba\u7684\u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf\uff1a\u57ce\u5e02\u3002\u4ece\u8bb8\u591a\u89d2\u5ea6\u770b\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u662f\u590d\u6742\u7684\uff0c\u7531\u8bb8\u591a\u5b50\u7cfb\u7edf\u7ec4\u6210\uff0c\u5982\u793e\u4f1a\u3001\u7ecf\u6d4e\u3001\u73af\u5883\u7cfb\u7edf\u4ee5\u53ca\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5b50\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u7ec4\u5408\u3002\u7814\u7a76\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u5728\u5c40\u90e8\u5c42\u9762\u8fd0\u884c\u7684\u4e00\u5c0f\u5957\u57fa\u672c\u539f\u7406\uff0c\u8db3\u4ee5\u89e3\u91ca\u57ce\u5e02\u4e2d\u89c2\u5bdf\u5230\u7684\u589e\u957f\u3001\u5927\u5c3a\u5ea6\u89c4\u5f8b\u548c\u89c4\u6a21\u6cd5\u5219[98-100]\uff0c\u57fa\u4e8e\u7edf\u8ba1\u7269\u7406\u7684\u6a21\u578b\u518d\u6b21\u5f88\u597d\u5730\u6355\u6349\u5230\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e9b\u89c4\u5f8b[101,102]\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

\uff08e\uff09\u590d\u6742\u7f51\u7edc\u5728\u6d8c\u73b0\u4e2d\u626e\u6f14\u7684\u89d2\u8272<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n


<\/span><\/p>\n

\u4e00\u5927\u7c7b\u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u5176\u7ed3\u6784\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u76f8\u4e92\u8fde\u63a5\u7684\u5355\u5143\u6765\u8868\u793a\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5355\u5143\u7f16\u7801\u4e86\u4e00\u79cd\u6216\u591a\u79cd\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\u548c\u5173\u7cfb[103]\u3002\u5728\u6570\u5b66\u4e0a\uff0c\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u77e9\u9635\u6765\u8868\u793a\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u540c\u65f6\u5177\u6709\u591a\u79cd\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u5982\u591a\u5c42\u7f51\u7edc\uff0c\u5219\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u5f20\u91cf[104,105]\u6765\u8868\u793a\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

\u5728\u67d0\u4e9b\u6761\u4ef6\u6216\u7ea6\u675f\u4e0b\uff0c\u7f51\u7edc\u9aa8\u67b6\u672c\u8eab\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u4ee3\u8868\u6d8c\u73b0\u7279\u6027\ud835\udef4\u3002\u6bd4\u5982\u5728\u5d4c\u5957\u4ea4\u4e92\u7f51\u7edc\uff0c\u7f51\u7edc\u9aa8\u67b6\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u7fa4\u843d\u7269\u79cd\u4e30\u5ea6\u6700\u5927\u5316\u7684\u4f18\u5316\u6765\u5f97\u5230[106]\u3002\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u7f51\u7edc\u9aa8\u67b6\u662f\u5bf9\u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\u548c\u52a8\u529b\u5b66\u7279\u5f81 \ud835\udef1 \u8fdb\u884c\u5206\u6790\u7684\u8d77\u70b9\u3002\u8be5\u65b9\u5411\u7684\u4e00\u9879\u5f00\u521b\u6027\u5de5\u4f5c\u63ed\u793a\u4e86\u5404\u79cd\u7f51\u7edc\u8fde\u901a\u6027\u5206\u5e03\u4e2d\u5e42\u5f8b\u6807\u5ea6\u7684\u6d8c\u73b0\uff0c\u4ece\u751f\u7269\u7f51\u7edc\u5230\u6280\u672f\u7f51\u7edc [107]\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u53d1\u73b0\u5bfc\u81f4\u4e86\u5173\u4e8e\u4e92\u8054\u7cfb\u7edf\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u5927\u91cf\u57fa\u672c\u6d1e\u5bdf\uff0c\u4ece\u6781\u7aef\u8106\u5f31\u6027\u5230\u9488\u5bf9\u6027\u653b\u51fb\u5728\u7206\u70b8\u73b0\u8c61\u4e2d\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u3002[108]<\/span>\uff08\u8be6\u89c1\u672c\u8282\uff09<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

\u7ecf\u9a8c\u590d\u6742\u7f51\u7edc\u6700\u663e\u8457\u4e14\u666e\u904d\u7684\u7279\u5f81\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u662f\u4e2d\u89c2\u5c3a\u5ea6\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u6d8c\u73b0\uff0c\u5982\u5206\u5c42\u7ed3\u6784[109,110]\u548c\u6a21\u5757\u5316\u7ed3\u6784[111-113]\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e0e\u4fe1\u606f\u4ea4\u6362\u3001\u529f\u80fd\u5206\u79bb\u548c\u6574\u5408\u6548\u7387\u6709\u5173[114-123]\u3002\u7f51\u7edc\u8fd8\u5448\u73b0\u51fa\u5176\u4ed6\u6d8c\u73b0\u7279\u5f81\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u6f5c\u5728\u51e0\u4f55\u7ed3\u6784[124]\u6216\u72ec\u7279\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u591a\u5c42\u7ec4\u7ec7\uff0c\u4ece\u76f8\u4e92\u4f9d\u8d56[125]\u5230\u591a\u91cd\u6027<\/span>\uff08multiplexity\uff09<\/span>[104,105,126-129]\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

\u63ed\u793a\u7f51\u7edc\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\u7279\u5f81\u662f\u7406\u89e3\u5176\u8868\u793a\u7684\u5e95\u5c42\u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u529f\u80fd\u7684\u5fc5\u8981\u6b65\u9aa4\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u529f\u80fd\u4e0e\u7f51\u7edc\u5185\u90e8\u6216\u7f51\u7edc\u4e0a\u7684\u52a8\u529b\u5b66\u76f8\u4e92\u4ea4\u9519\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5df2\u6709\u7814\u7a76\u62a5\u9053\u4e86\u5b89\u5fb7\u68ee\u5c40\u57df\u5316<\/span>\uff08Anderson localization\uff09<\/span>\u7684\u7f51\u7edc\u5bf9\u5e94\u7269[130]\u3002\u5728\u632f\u5b50\u7f51\u7edc\u4e2d\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u5355\u5143\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u8026\u5408\u8d85\u8fc7\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e34\u754c\u9608\u503c[131-134]\uff0c\u5219\u4f1a\u81ea\u53d1\u6d8c\u73b0\u540c\u6b65\u8fd9\u4e00\u96c6\u4f53\u73b0\u8c61\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u65e0\u6807\u5ea6\u7f51\u7edc\u4e2d\u7684\u7206\u53d1\u884c\u4e3a[135]\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5177\u6709\u96c6\u7fa4\u884c\u4e3a<\/span>\uff08\u5982\u5728\u8702\u7fa4\u4e2d[136]\u6216\u7f51\u7edc\u52a8\u529b\u5b66[137]\uff09<\/span>\u7684\u8026\u5408\u540c\u6b65\u52a8\u529b\u5b66\u4e2d\u6d8c\u73b0\u7684\u65b0\u578b\u96c6\u4f53\u72b6\u6001\u3002\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u4e00\u4e9b\u4e34\u754c\u7279\u6027\u2014\u2014\u5982\u5143\u4e34\u754c\u70b9\u7684\u6d8c\u73b0\u2014\u2014\u5f00\u59cb\u4f9d\u8d56\u4e8e\u5404\u79cd\u52a8\u529b\u5b66\u8026\u5408\u8d77\u6765\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u5728\u7b80\u5355\u6216\u591a\u5c42\u7f51\u7edc\u4e4b\u4e0a\u7684\u4ea4\u4e92\u6269\u6563\u73b0\u8c61[129,138-140]\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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\u5982\u524d\u6240\u8ff0\uff0c\u7ecf\u9a8c\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u7f51\u7edc\u8868\u793a\u901a\u5e38\u652f\u6301\u7f51\u7edc\u4e0a\u7684\u52a8\u529b\u5b66\u8fc7\u7a0b[141]\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u7535\u7f51\u4e2d\u7535\u529b\u7684\u4ea7\u751f\u548c\u4f20\u8f93\uff0c\u4ea4\u901a\u7f51\u7edc\u7684\u4eba\u5458\u548c\u8d27\u7269\u6d41\u52a8\uff0c\u7528\u6237\u901a\u8fc7\u8d85\u94fe\u63a5\u6d4f\u89c8\u4e07\u7ef4\u7f51\uff0c\u4fe1\u606f\u6216\u75c5\u539f\u4f53\u901a\u8fc7\u53cb\u8c0a\u548c\u719f\u4eba\u5173\u7cfb\u5728\u7ebf\u4e0a\u548c\u7ebf\u4e0b\u7684\u793e\u4ea4\u7f51\u7edc\u4f20\u64ad\uff0c\u7b49\u7b49\u3002\u5728\u67d0\u79cd\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\uff0c\u7ef4\u6301\u7684\u7f51\u7edc\u529f\u80fd\u53ef\u4ee5\u770b\u4f5c\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u7a33\u5065\u7684\u6d8c\u73b0\u73b0\u8c61\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u8eb2\u907f\u7f51\u7edc\u4e2d\u5404\u4e2a\u5355\u5143\u7684\u4e2d\u65ad\u4e8b\u4ef6\uff0c\u5982\u9519\u8bef\u3001\u968f\u673a\u6545\u969c\u6216\u653b\u51fb\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u529f\u80fd\u3001\u9c81\u68d2\u6027\u548c\u97e7\u6027\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u4e92\u8865\u6d8c\u73b0\u5c5e\u6027\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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\u7f51\u7edc\u529f\u80fd\u548c\u9c81\u68d2\u6027\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u8054\u7cfb\u5177\u6709\u91cd\u8981\u793e\u4f1a\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u56e0\u800c\u5f97\u5230\u4e86\u5e7f\u6cdb\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u5728\u57fa\u7840\u8bbe\u65bd\u6216\u751f\u6001\u5c42\u9762\u4e0a\u3002\u7814\u7a76\u4e24\u8005\u4e4b\u95f4\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u5047\u8bbe\u7f51\u7edc\u4e2d\u6700\u5927\u7684\u8fde\u63a5\u7ec4\u4ef6\u662f\u6700\u5177\u529f\u80fd\u7684\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u4ece\u521d\u59cb\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u79fb\u9664\u90e8\u5206\u8282\u70b9\u6216\u8fde\u63a5\u6765\u5bf9\u7cfb\u7edf\u8fdb\u884c\u5e72\u6270\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u64cd\u4f5c\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u662f\u5f53\u5b8f\u89c2\u529f\u80fd\u7ed3\u6784\u6d8c\u73b0\u65f6\uff0c\u5728\u6700\u521d\u7684\u7a7a\u7f51\u7edc\u4e2d\u6dfb\u52a0\u8282\u70b9\u6216\u8fde\u63a5\u7684\u64cd\u4f5c\u7684\u53cd\u8fc7\u7a0b\u3002\u5728\u6ca1\u6709\u8fdf\u6ede\u56de\u8def\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u8fc7\u7a0b\u662f\u5b8c\u5168\u7b49\u4ef7\u7684\u3002\u6e17\u6d41\u7406\u8bba[142]\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u662f\u6709\u7528\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u4e00\u7ec4\u6982\u5ff5\u53ca\u5206\u6790\u548c\u8ba1\u7b97\u6280\u672f\uff0c\u5f88\u9002\u5408\u63cf\u8ff0\u8fd9\u79cd\u529f\u80fd\u5230\u975e\u529f\u80fd\u7684\u8f6c\u53d8\u3002\u4eba\u4eec\u4e5f\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u591a\u79cd\u5e72\u9884\u534f\u8bae\u6765\u62c6\u89e3\u7cfb\u7edf\uff1a\u968f\u673a\u5747\u5300\u9009\u62e9\u8282\u70b9\u6765\u6a21\u62df\u610f\u5916\u4e2d\u65ad[143]\uff0c\u77e5\u60c5\u5e72\u9884\u5219\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u6709\u9488\u5bf9\u6027\u7684\u653b\u51fb\u3002\u540e\u8005\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\u5305\u62ec\u540c\u65f6\u4f7f\u7528\u62d3\u6251\u4fe1\u606f[143-145]\u548c\u975e\u62d3\u6251\u4fe1\u606f[146]\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u529f\u80fd\u7ed3\u6784\u7684\u6d8c\u73b0\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u8bbe\u8ba1\u590d\u6742\u7684\u62d3\u6251\u89c4\u5219[147-149]\u6216\u52a0\u5165\u76f8\u4e92\u5173\u7cfb[150,151]\uff0c\u4ee5\u4e00\u79cd\u7206\u70b8\u6027\u7684\u3001\u7a81\u7136\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u5b9e\u73b0\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b9e\u9645\u65b9\u6cd5\u662f\u8003\u8651\u7f51\u7edc\u5982\u4f55\u54cd\u5e94\u7ea7\u8054\u6545\u969c\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8fc7\u7a0b\u7684\u7279\u5f81\u662f\u521d\u59cb\u5e94\u529b\u6e90\uff0c\u5b83\u4f4d\u4e8e\u7f51\u7edc\u7684\u5c0f\u533a\u57df\uff0c\u80fd\u591f\u6269\u5c55\u5e76\u5f71\u54cd\u7f51\u7edc\u7684\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u533a\u57df\u3002\u4eba\u4eec\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u5f88\u591a\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u4f20\u64ad\u89c4\u5219\uff0c\u5176\u7279\u5f81\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u5efa\u6a21\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf<\/span>\uff08\u89c1[152-157]\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u7279\u522b\u4ee4\u4eba\u611f\u5174\u8da3\u7684\u662f\u5728\u591a\u5c42\u548c\u76f8\u4e92\u4f9d\u8d56\u7ed3\u6784\u4e0b\u7684\u7ea7\u8054\u4f20\u64ad\uff0c\u5df2\u6709\u7814\u7a76\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u7a81\u7136\u574d\u584c\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5f88\u96be\u8bc6\u522b\u74e6\u89e3\u7684\u65e9\u671f\u4fe1\u53f7[125158]\u3002\u9664\u4e86\u6545\u969c\u4f20\u64ad\uff0c\u8fd8\u53ef\u4ee5\u8003\u8651\u5f53\u7f51\u7edc\u7ec4\u4ef6\u635f\u574f\u65f6\uff0c\u6b65\u884c\u8005\u7684\u63a2\u7d22\u6216\u5bfc\u822a\u7279\u6027\u4f1a\u53d7\u5230\u600e\u6837\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u6709\u62a5\u9053\u79f0\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7279\u6027\u5f88\u5927\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u53d7\u5230\u884c\u8d70\u7b56\u7565\u548c\u62d3\u6251\u6027\u8d28\u7684\u5f71\u54cd[159]\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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4. \u4ece\u6570\u5b66\u89d2\u5ea6\u5b9a\u4e49\u6d8c\u73b0<\/span><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n

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David Chalmers \u6e05\u6670\u5730\u533a\u5206\u4e86\u4e24\u79cd\u6d8c\u73b0\u7c7b\u578b\uff1a\u5f31\u6d8c\u73b0\u548c\u5f3a\u6d8c\u73b0\u3002\u5982\u679c\u7ed9\u5b9a\u652f\u914d\u5c0f\u5c3a\u5ea6\u7684\u5b9a\u5f8b\uff0c\u5927\u5c3a\u5ea6\u4e0a\u89c2\u5bdf\u5230\u7684\u6a21\u5f0f\u65e0\u6cd5\u9884\u6599\uff0c\u4f46\u539f\u5219\u4e0a\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u8ba1\u7b97\u63a8\u5bfc\u51fa\u6765\uff0c\u5219\u6211\u4eec\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5927\u5c3a\u5ea6\u4e0a\u7684\u73b0\u8c61\u76f8\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5c0f\u5c3a\u5ea6\u662f\u5f31\u6d8c\u73b0\u7684\u3002\u5982\u679c\u8fd9\u79cd\u63a8\u5bfc\u5373\u4f7f\u5728\u539f\u5219\u4e0a\u4e5f\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\uff0c\u5219\u5927\u5c3a\u5ea6\u73b0\u8c61\u662f\u5f3a\u6d8c\u73b0\u7684[160]\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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\u5728 Mark Bedau \u7684\u8457\u4f5c\u4e2d\u5df2\u7ecf\u51fa\u73b0\u4e86\u7c7b\u4f3c\u7684\u533a\u522b\uff0c\u4ed6\u786e\u5b9a\u4e86\u6d8c\u73b0\u7684\u4e24\u4e2a\u7279\u5f81\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u73b0\u8c61\u8981\u4e48\u662f\uff08i\uff09\u7531\u5e95\u5c42\u8fc7\u7a0b\u6784\u6210\u5e76\u4ea7\u751f\uff1b\u6216\uff08ii\uff09\u4ee5\u67d0\u79cd\u65b9\u5f0f\u72ec\u7acb\u4e8e\u5e95\u5c42\u8fc7\u7a0b[161]\u3002\u5f3a\u6d8c\u73b0\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u9700\u8981\u65b0\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u81ea\u7136\u6cd5\u5219\u6765\u89e3\u91ca\u3002\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u6709\u4eba\u8ba4\u4e3a\u53ea\u6709\u5f31\u6d8c\u73b0\u624d\u4e0e\u79d1\u5b66\u76f8\u5173\uff0c\u4e0e\u552f\u7269\u4e3b\u4e49\u76f8\u4e00\u81f4\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u4e3a\u590d\u6742\u6027\u79d1\u5b66\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u57fa\u7840[161]\u3002\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u521d\u59cb\u7ed3\u6784\u53ef\u4ee5\u6f14\u53d8\u6210\u610f\u60f3\u4e0d\u5230\u7684\u6a21\u5f0f\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u4f7f\u6211\u4eec\u514b\u670d\u4e86\u8fd8\u539f\u8bba\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u4fdd\u7559\u4e86\u5728\u4e0d\u540c\u5c42\u6b21\u4e0a\u89e3\u91ca\u5404\u79cd\u73b0\u8c61\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\uff0c\u5e76\u6700\u7ec8\u5f62\u6210\u7269\u7406\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u56fe\u666f[160]\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u5229\u7528\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8bba\u70b9\u6765\u5408\u7406\u5316\u4e00\u4e2a\u53ef\u64cd\u4f5c\u7684\u6d8c\u73b0\u5b9a\u4e49\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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\u7cfb\u7edf\ud835\udcae\u7531\u6709\u9650\u6570\u91cf\u7684\u5355\u5143\ud835\udc62\u7ec4\u6210\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5355\u5143\u4e4b\u95f4\u4ee5\u53ca\u4e0e\u73af\u5883\u8fdb\u884c\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\u3002\u6d8c\u73b0\u662f\u7cfb\u7edf\u5c42\u9762\u7279\u6027\u7684\u4f53\u73b0\uff0c\u4e0d\u4f1a\u5355\u72ec\u51fa\u73b0\u5728\u5355\u5143\u4e2d\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u8d77\u6e90\u4e8e\u5355\u5143\u7684\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u5c06\u4e00\u7ec4\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u4f4e\u5c42\u7ea7\u673a\u68b0\u89c4\u5219<\/span>\uff08ow-level mechanistic rule\uff0cLLMR\uff09<\/span>\ud835\udc1f[\u22c5] \u5e94\u7528\u4e8e\u5355\u5143\u4e0a\uff0c\u4f7f\u5176\u5728\u5c40\u90e8\u53d1\u751f\u53d8\u5316\u3002\u5982\u679c\u6211\u4eec\u901a\u8fc7 \ud835\udc31(\ud835\udc61) \u8868\u660e\u7cfb\u7edf\u5728\u7279\u5b9a\u65f6\u95f4\ud835\udc61\u7684\u72b6\u6001\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u89c4\u5219\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u7f16\u7801\u6210\u4e00\u4e2a\u5728\u65f6\u95f4\u4e0a\u79bb\u6563\u6216\u8fde\u7eed\u7684\u6f14\u5316\u65b9\u7a0b\u3002\u4e3a\u7b80\u5355\u8d77\u89c1\uff0c\u8ba9\u6211\u4eec\u8003\u8651\u4e00\u4e2a\u79bb\u6563\u7684\u6f14\u5316\u65b9\u7a0b\uff0c\u5982\u56fe1\u6240\u793a\uff0c\u7cfb\u7edf\u521d\u59cb\u72b6\u6001\u5728\u6570\u5b66\u4e0a\u8868\u793a\u4e3a\uff1a<\/span><\/p>\n


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\u521d\u59cb\u6761\u4ef6<\/span>\uff08initial condition\uff0cIC\uff09<\/span>\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528 \ud835\udc310<\/sub> \u8868\u793a\uff0c\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u5fae\u89c2\u6f14\u5316\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u4f4e\u5c42\u7ea7\u6f14\u5316\u8fc7\u7a0b<\/span>\uff08low-level evolution process\uff0cLLEP\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u7ecf\u8fc7\u4e00\u6bb5\u65f6\u95f4\u540e\uff0c\u5b83\u4f1a\u4ea7\u751f\u4e00\u4e2a\u7a33\u6001\u6216\u4e9a\u7a33\u6001\u7684\u6d8c\u73b0\u6a21\u5f0f\uff0c\u5373\u9ad8\u5c42\u7ea7\u73b0\u8c61<\/span>\uff08high-level phenomenon\uff0cHLP\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u8bf7\u6ce8\u610f\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u6ca1\u6709\u8bf4\u660e \ud835\udc1f[\u22c5] \u662f\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\u7684\u8fd8\u662f\u968f\u673a\u7684\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u7cfb\u7edf\u662f\u5f00\u653e\u7684\u8fd8\u662f\u5c01\u95ed\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u539f\u5219\u4e0a\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u4efb\u4f55\u7ec4\u5408\u90fd\u662f\u5408\u7406\u7684\u3002\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u7cfb\u7edf\u662f\u5f00\u653e\u7684\u540c\u65f6\u52a8\u529b\u5b66\u89c4\u5219\u786e\u5b9a\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\ud835\udcae\u7684\u72b6\u6001\u53ca\u90e8\u5206\u6d41\u52a8\u7684\u5076\u7136\u6027\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u63d0\u4f9b\u989d\u5916\u7684\u5916\u90e8\u6761\u4ef6\uff1b\u800c\u5982\u679c\u7cfb\u7edf\u662f\u5c01\u95ed\u7684\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u5c31\u53ea\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u5916\u90e8\u6761\u4ef6\uff0c\u5373\u521d\u59cb\u6761\u4ef6\u3002\u5982\u679c\u52a8\u529b\u5b66\u662f\u968f\u673a\u7684\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u610f\u5916\u5f71\u54cd\u4f1a\u63d0\u4f9b\u989d\u5916\u7684\u5916\u90e8\u6761\u4ef6\u3002\u5f88\u660e\u663e\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u6211\u4eec\u5bf9\ud835\udcae\uff0c\ud835\udc1f[\u22c5]\uff0c\ud835\udc310<\/sub>\u4ee5\u53ca\u6700\u7ec8\u7684\u5916\u90e8\u6761\u4ef6\u80fd\u591f\u5145\u5206\u638c\u63e1\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u8ba1\u7b97\u5206\u6790\u6765\u6f14\u5316\u5fae\u89c2\u72b6\u6001\uff0c\u5e76\u89c2\u5bdf\u610f\u60f3\u4e0d\u5230\u7684\u5b8f\u89c2\u72b6\u6001\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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\u56fe1\uff1a\u76f8\u4e92\u8fde\u63a5\u5355\u5143\u7ec4\u6210\u7684\u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5355\u5143\u88ab\u5206\u914d\u4e86\u4e00\u5957\u5c40\u90e8\u673a\u68b0\u89c4\u5219\uff08\u5de6\u4e0a\uff09\u3002\u7ed9\u5b9a\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u521d\u59cb\u6761\u4ef6\uff08\u53f3\u4e0a\uff09\uff0c\u7cfb\u7edf\u6309\u7167\u5176\u5fae\u89c2\u89c4\u5219\u6f14\u8fdb\uff0c\u76f4\u5230\u89c2\u5bdf\u5230\u6d8c\u73b0\u6a21\u5f0f\u3002\u8bfb\u8005\u53ef\u80fd\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e0e\u8457\u540d\u7684\u751f\u547d\u6e38\u620f\uff0c\u5eb7\u5a01\uff08John Conway\uff09\u572820\u4e16\u7eaa70\u5e74\u4ee3\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u5143\u80de\u81ea\u52a8\u673a\uff0c\u6709\u76f8\u4f3c\u4e4b\u5904[162]\uff0c\u8fd1\u6765\u4eba\u4eec\u5728\u63a2\u7d22\u5176\u91cf\u5b50\u7248\u672c[163]\u3002\u7136\u800c\u4e0e\u5b83\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u8981\u6c42\u5355\u5143\u7684\u72b6\u6001\u662f\u4e8c\u8fdb\u5236\u6216\u662f\u79bb\u6563\u7684\u3002\u5f53\u8003\u8651\u4e00\u4e9b\u5fae\u89c2\u89c4\u5219\u548c\u5145\u5206\u7684\u521d\u59cb\u6761\u4ef6\u65f6\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u7c7b\u6bd4\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u6765\u6765\u7406\u89e3\u6d8c\u73b0\u73b0\u8c61\u7684\u201c\u5bcc\u9976\u76c6\u5730\u201d\u3002\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u5e76\u975e\u6240\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u7684LLMR\u548cIC\u90fd\u4f1a\u5bfc\u81f4HLP\uff0c\u8be6\u89c1\u6b63\u6587\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n


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\u4e0a\u9762\u7684\u5206\u7c7b\u5f88\u597d\u5730\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u6211\u4eec\u5df2\u7ecf\u8ba8\u8bba\u8fc7\u7684\u4e24\u79cd\u4e0d\u540c\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u6d8c\u73b0\u73b0\u8c61\uff1a\uff081\uff09\u7cfb\u7edf\ud835\udef4\u4ece\u5b83\u7684\u7ec4\u6210\u90e8\u5206\u4e2d\u6d8c\u73b0\uff0c\u5c31\u50cf\u4e0a\u4e00\u8282\u63d0\u5230\u7684\u81ea\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5230\u7ed3\u6784\u9aa8\u67b6\u4e00\u6837\uff1b\uff082\uff09\u7531\u4e8e\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u800c\u6d8c\u73b0\u5b8f\u89c2\u5c5e\u6027\ud835\udef1<\/span>\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u8d85\u5bfc\u6027\u6216\u7f51\u7edc\u5bf9\u968f\u673a\u4e2d\u65ad\u7684\u9c81\u68d2\u6027\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u6d89\u53ca\u5927\u89c4\u6a21\u7ed3\u6784\u548c\u6027\u8d28\u7684\u6d8c\u73b0\u73b0\u8c61\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5c42\u7ea7\u7ed3\u6784\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u66f4\u597d\u5730\u5e2e\u52a9\u8bfb\u8005\u7406\u89e3\u672c\u7279\u520a\u4e2d\u53d1\u8868\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u6210\u679c\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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5. \u4e3b\u9898\u7279\u520a\u6587\u7ae0\u6c47\u603b<\/span><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n

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\u73b0\u5728\uff0c\u8bfb\u8005\u5e94\u8be5\u90fd\u719f\u6089\u6d8c\u73b0\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u4e00\u8282\u4e2d\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u7b80\u8981\u4ecb\u7ecd\u4e86\u7279\u520a\u4e2d\u7684\u8bba\u6587\uff1a\u6bcf\u4efd\u624b\u7a3f\u90fd\u662f\u72ec\u7acb\u4e8e\u5176\u4ed6\u624b\u7a3f\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u540c\u65f6\u5b83\u4eec\u4e92\u6709\u5173\u8054\uff0c\u56e0\u800c\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u4ece\u591a\u5b66\u79d1\u3001\u8de8\u5b66\u79d1\u7684\u89c6\u89d2\u6765\u63a2\u7d22\u6d8c\u73b0\u3002\u5728\u67d0\u79cd\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\uff0c\u672c\u7279\u520a\u4e5f\u662f\u6d8c\u73b0\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u3002\u5728\u672c\u7279\u520a\u4e2d\uff0c\u8bba\u6587\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5982\u4e0b\uff1a\u6211\u4eec\u9996\u5148\u5c55\u793a\u5173\u4e8e\u6d8c\u73b0\u672c\u8eab\u7684\u76f8\u5173\u7406\u8bba\u6587\u7ae0\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u662f\u4e0d\u540c\u80cc\u666f\u4e0b\u7684\u7279\u5b9a\u6d8c\u73b0\u73b0\u8c61\uff0c\u6309\u7167\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u5c3a\u5ea6\u8fdb\u884c\u4ecb\u7ecd\uff0c\u4ece\u6700\u5c0f\u7684<\/span>\uff08\u91cf\u5b50\u9886\u57df\uff09<\/span>\u5230\u6700\u5927\u7684<\/span>\uff08\u6d41\u884c\u75c5\uff09<\/span>\u9886\u57df\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

\u4e3b\u9898\u7279\u520a\u59cb\u4e8e Abrah\u00e3o \u548c Zenil \u7684\u6587\u7ae0[164]\u300a\u6d8c\u73b0\u548c\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e0e\u89c2\u5bdf\u8005\u7684\u7b97\u6cd5\u4fe1\u606f\u52a8\u529b\u5b66\u300b<\/span>\uff08Emergence and algorithmic information dynamics of systems and observers<\/em>\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u4f5c\u8005\u4ece\u8ba1\u7b97\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u51fa\u53d1\uff0c\u8ba8\u8bba\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u73b0\u8c61\u662f\u5426\u662f\u6d8c\u73b0\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u53d1\u73b0\u89c2\u5bdf\u8005\u7684\u89c2\u6d4b\u884c\u4e3a\u662f\u7cfb\u7edf\u548c\u89c2\u6d4b\u8005\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u76f8\u4e92\u6270\u52a8\uff0c\u7b97\u6cd5\u4fe1\u606f\u7684\u6d8c\u73b0\u4f9d\u8d56\u4e8e\u89c2\u6d4b\u8005\u672c\u8eab\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\uff0c\u4f46\u5bf9\u5176\u4ed6\u4e3b\u89c2\u56e0\u7d20\u5177\u6709\u9c81\u68d2\u6027\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u8bc1\u660e\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u6d8c\u73b0\u4ee5\u65e0\u754c\u548c\u5feb\u901f\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u589e\u957f\uff0c\u5c31\u4f1a\u53d8\u5f97\u4e0e\u89c2\u5bdf\u8005\u65e0\u5173\uff0c\u5e76\u7814\u7a76\u4e86\u4e24\u4e2a\u4f8b\u5b50\u6765\u8bf4\u660e\u8fd9\u4e00\u73b0\u8c61\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

\u968f\u540e\u662f Rosas \u7b49\u4eba\u7684\u6587\u7ae0\u300a\u5927\u4e8e\u90e8\u5206\uff1a\u56e0\u679c\u6d8c\u73b0\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u5206\u89e3\u65b9\u6cd5\u7efc\u8ff0\u300b<\/span>\uff08Greater than the parts: a review of the information decomposition approach to causal emergence<\/em>\uff09<\/span>[165]\uff0c\u8be5\u6587\u7ae0\u5bf9\u6700\u8fd1\u53d1\u5c55\u8d77\u6765\u7684\u56e0\u679c\u6d8c\u73b0\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u7406\u8bba\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u6613\u61c2\u548c\u4e25\u683c\u7684\u7efc\u8ff0\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u7406\u8bba\u57fa\u4e8e\u4fe1\u606f\u5206\u89e3\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u6d8c\u73b0\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u7814\u7a76\u7cfb\u7edf\u90e8\u5206-\u6574\u4f53\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u7279\u6027\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u5bf9\u5e94\u7684\u6570\u5b66\u7406\u8bba\u3001\u5173\u952e\u539f\u5219\u4ee5\u53ca\u51e0\u4e2a\u6848\u4f8b\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u4ece\u7ecf\u9a8c\u6570\u636e\u548c\u7efc\u5408\u6a21\u62df\u4e24\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u8bc1\u660e\u4e86\u4ed6\u4eec\u65b9\u6cd5\u7684\u9002\u7528\u6027\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

\u4e3a\u4e86\u5bfb\u627e\u4e00\u79cd\u53ef\u9760\u800c\u4ee4\u4eba\u4fe1\u670d\u7684\u6d8c\u73b0\u7406\u8bba\uff0cVarley \u548c Hoel \u5728\u300a\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4fe1\u606f\u8f6c\u6362\u7684\u6d8c\u73b0\uff1a\u4e00\u4e2a\u7edf\u4e00\u7406\u8bba\u300b<\/span>\uff08Emergence as the conversion of information: a unifying theory<\/em>\uff09<\/span>[166]\u4e2d\uff0c\u65e8\u5728\u627e\u5230\u4e00\u79cd\u80fd\u591f\u8bc6\u522b\u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf\u529f\u80fd\u7684\u5185\u5728\u5c3a\u5ea6\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u7406\u8bba\uff0c\u514b\u670d\u4e86\u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u5f3a\u6d8c\u73b0\u548c\u5f31\u6d8c\u73b0\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u4e8c\u5143\u5bf9\u7acb\uff0c\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u6570\u5b66\u6846\u67b6\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u6d8c\u73b0\u88ab\u89c6\u4f5c\u8de8\u5c3a\u5ea6\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u8f6c\u6362\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u4ee5\u4fe1\u606f\u8bba\u4e3a\u57fa\u7840\uff0c\u6210\u529f\u5730\u5c06\u5176\u5e94\u7528\u4e8e\u5e03\u5c14\u7f51\u7edc\u6a21\u578b\u7cfb\u7edf\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

Adami \u548c Nitash \u5728\u6587\u7ae0\u300a\u591a\u5143\u53d8\u91cf\u76f8\u5173\u6027\u4e2d\u529f\u80fd\u4fe1\u606f\u7684\u6d8c\u73b0\u300b<\/span>\uff08Emergence of functional information from multivariate correlations<\/em>\uff09<\/span>[167]\u4e2d\uff0c\u8003\u8651\u7b26\u53f7\u5e8f\u5217<\/span>\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\u6838\u9178\u6216\u6c28\u57fa\u9178\uff09<\/span>\u4e2d\u591a\u5143\u53d8\u91cf\u76f8\u5173\u6027\uff0c\u53ca\u7f16\u7801\u5728\u5176\u4e0a\u7684\u529f\u80fd\u4fe1\u606f\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u6620\u5c04\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u65e0\u6a21\u578b\u65b9\u6cd5\u5728\u5df2\u77e5\u6700\u5927\u7684\u8ba1\u7b97\u57fa\u56e0\u578b-\u8868\u73b0\u578b\u6620\u5c04\u56fe\u4e2d\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u6d4b\u8bd5\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u6210\u529f\u5730\u533a\u5206\u4e86\u529f\u80fd\u6027\u548c\u975e\u529f\u80fd\u6027\u5e8f\u5217\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

\u6211\u4eec\u5df2\u7ecf\u8ba8\u8bba\u8fc7\uff0c\u53d1\u73b0\u6d8c\u73b0\u73b0\u8c61\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u5fc5\u8981\u6761\u4ef6\uff0c\u662f\u9700\u8981\u8be5\u7cfb\u7edf\u7531\u591a\u4e2a\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\u7684\u5b50\u7cfb\u7edf\u7ec4\u6210\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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\u5728\u300a\u4e0e\u591a\u4e2a\u70ed\u6d74\u8026\u5408\u7684\u591a\u7ef4\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u5f3a\u5316\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5b9a\u5f8b\u300b<\/span>\uff08Strengthened second law for multi-dimensional systems coupled to multiple thermodynamic reservoirs<\/em>\uff09<\/span>[168]\u4e2d\uff0cDavid Wolpert \u7814\u7a76\u4e86\u6b64\u7c7b\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u968f\u673a\u70ed\u529b\u5b66\u6027\u8d28\uff0c\u5e76\u8981\u6c42\u5b83\u4eec\u6309\u7167\u8fde\u7eed\u65f6\u95f4\u9a6c\u5c14\u53ef\u592b\u94fe\u6f14\u5316\u3002\u71b5\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u4e0b\u754c\u901a\u8fc7\u6570\u5b66\u63a8\u5bfc\u5f97\u51fa\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bf4\u662f\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u52a0\u5f3a\u7248\u7684\u70ed\u529b\u5b66\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5b9a\u5f8b\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

\u76f8\u53d8\u4e2d\u89c2\u5bdf\u5230\u7684\u4e34\u754c\u73b0\u8c61\uff0c\u662f\u8bf4\u660e\u5c40\u90e8\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\u5982\u4f55\u5bfc\u81f4\u7cfb\u7edf\u6548\u5e94\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u5f88\u597d\u8303\u4f8b\u3002Sokolov \u7b49\u4eba\u5728\u6587\u7ae0\u300a\u91cf\u5b50\u81ea\u65cb\u94fe\u4e2d\u7684\u6d8c\u73b0\u7ea0\u7f20\u7ed3\u6784\u548c\u81ea\u76f8\u4f3c\u6027\u300b<\/span>\uff08Emergent entanglement structures and self-similarity in quantum spin chains<\/em>\uff09<\/span>[169]\u4e2d\uff0c\u5bf9\u91cf\u5b50\u9886\u57df\u7684\u8fd9\u4e00\u73b0\u8c61\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u5168\u9762\u63cf\u8ff0\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u501f\u7528\u590d\u6742\u7f51\u7edc\u7406\u8bba\u5de5\u5177\uff0c\u63ed\u793a\u4e86\u901a\u8fc7\u78c1\u5b66XX\u6a21\u578b\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\u7684\u81ea\u65cb\u7684\u6d8c\u73b0\u73b0\u8c61\uff0c\u5982\u7ea0\u7f20\u7f51\u7edc\u4e2d\u7684\u7ea0\u7f20\u793e\u533a\u7ed3\u6784\u3001\u62d3\u6251\u4e0d\u7a33\u5b9a\u6027\u548c\u81ea\u76f8\u4f3c\u6027\u7b49\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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\u5728\u66f4\u9ad8\u5c3a\u5ea6\u4e0a\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4ece\u81ea\u65cb\u8fc7\u6e21\u5230\u5206\u5b50\u548c\u65b0\u9648\u4ee3\u8c22\u3002\u5728Nader, Sebastianelli \u548c Mansy \u7684\u8bc4\u8bba\u6587\u7ae0\u300a\u539f\u4ee3\u8c22\u4f5c\u4e3a\u8fdc\u79bb\u5e73\u8861\u6001\u5316\u5b66\u300b<\/span>\uff08Protometabolism as out-of-equilibrium chemistry<\/em>\uff09<\/span>[170]\u4e2d\uff0c\u4f5c\u8005\u8ba4\u4e3a\u751f\u547d\u8d77\u6e90\u4e4b\u524d\u7684\u80fd\u91cf\u6765\u6e90\u6216\u8bb8\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4ee3\u8c22\u8d77\u6e90\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u53ef\u80fd\u89e3\u91ca\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u5c06\u7814\u7a76\u91cd\u70b9\u653e\u5728\u8fdc\u79bb\u5e73\u8861\u6001\u7684\u5316\u5b66\u6027\u8d28\u4e0a\uff0c\u4e3b\u5f20\u65e9\u671f\u5730\u7403\u7684\u975e\u70ed\u6db2\u55b7\u53e3\u533a\u57df\uff0c\u6216\u8bb8\u80fd\u591f\u4e3a\u7b2c\u4e00\u6279\u539f\u521d\u7ec6\u80de\u63d0\u4f9b\u6240\u9700\u7684\u80fd\u91cf\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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\u4ecd\u7136\u5728\u5206\u5b50\u5c3a\u5ea6\u4e0a\uff0cXavier \u548c Kauffman\u7684\u6587\u7ae0\u300a\u5c0f\u5206\u5b50\u81ea\u50ac\u5316\u7f51\u7edc\u662f\u666e\u904d\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u4ee3\u8c22\u5316\u77f3\u300b<\/span>\uff08Small-molecule autocatalytic networks are universal metabolic fossils<\/em>\uff09<\/span> [171]\u91cd\u70b9\u7814\u7a76\u4e86\u65e9\u671f\u4ee3\u8c22\u7684\u6d8c\u73b0\u73b0\u8c61\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u7814\u7a76\u4e86\u5c0f\u5206\u5b50\u81ea\u50ac\u5316\u7684\u98df\u7269\u751f\u6210\u7f51\u7edc\uff0c\u8bc1\u660e\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7ed3\u6784\u53ef\u4ee5\u4ece\u5df2\u6709\u7684KEGG\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u4e2d\u6ce8\u91ca\u8fc7\u7684\u539f\u6838\u4ee3\u8c22\u7f51\u7edc\u4e2d\u751f\u6210\u3002\u57fa\u4e8e\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7f51\u7edc\u5206\u6790\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5f97\u51fa\u4e00\u4e2a\u60ca\u4eba\u7684\u7ed3\u8bba\uff1a\u5206\u5b50\u590d\u5236\u7684\u5f00\u59cb\u8fdc\u65e9\u4e8e\u6700\u540e\u666e\u904d\u5171\u540c\u7956\u5148<\/span>\uff08LUCA\uff09<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

\u5206\u5b50\u6f14\u5316\u4e2d\u6d8c\u73b0\u51fa\u5206\u5b50\u529f\u80fd\u3002\u5728\u7efc\u8ff0\u6587\u7ae0\u300a\u590d\u6742\u5206\u5b50\u529f\u80fd\u7684\u7b80\u5355\u6d8c\u73b0\u300b<\/span>\uff08The simple emergence of complex molecular function<\/em>\uff09<\/span>[172]\u4e2d\uff0cManrubia\u4e3a\u6211\u4eec\u4ecb\u7ecd\u4e86\u4fc3\u8fdb\u8fd9\u79cd\u6f14\u5316\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u673a\u5236\uff0c\u5982\u8868\u578b\u504f\u5dee\u3001\u57fa\u56e0\u578b-\u8868\u578b\u5197\u4f59\u7b49\u3002\u5f53\u6240\u6709\u8fd9\u4e9b\u673a\u5236\u7ed3\u5408\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\u65f6\uff0c\u5206\u5b50\u590d\u6742\u6027\u4f3c\u4e4e\u662f\u6700\u81ea\u7136\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

\u5728\u66f4\u5927\u5c3a\u5ea6\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u8003\u8651\u795e\u7ecf\u5143\u548c\u5927\u8111\u7684\u6d8c\u73b0\u73b0\u8c61\u3002\u5982\u4eca\u666e\u904d\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u65e0\u8bba\u662f\u5065\u5eb7\u8fd8\u662f\u53d8\u5316\u7684\u5927\u8111\u72b6\u6001\uff0c\u90fd\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u590d\u6742\u7684\u6d8c\u73b0\u65f6\u7a7a\u6a21\u5f0f\u6240\u8868\u5f81\u3002Vohryzek \u7b49\u4eba\u5728\u300a\u901a\u8fc7\u5168\u8111\u6a21\u578b\u4e86\u89e3\u5927\u8111\u5728\u65f6\u7a7a\u4e2d\u7684\u72b6\u6001\u300b<\/span>\uff08Understanding brain states across spacetime informed by whole-brain modelling<\/em>\uff09<\/span>[173]\u4e2d\uff0c\u5c06\u4eba\u7c7b\u5927\u8111\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u60f3\u6cd5\u4f5c\u4e3a\u57fa\u7840\u5047\u8bbe\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u5728\u6587\u4e2d\u56de\u987e\u4e86\u901a\u8fc7\u975e\u4fb5\u5165\u6027\u6210\u50cf\u548c\u5168\u8111\u5efa\u6a21\u7ed8\u5236\u548c\u5efa\u6a21\u5927\u8111\u6a21\u5f0f\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u5e76\u5c06\u91cd\u70b9\u653e\u5728\u6291\u90c1\u75c7\u548c\u5e7b\u89c9\u76f8\u5173\u75be\u75c5\u4e0a\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

\u5728\u5927\u8111\u4e2d\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4e5f\u53d1\u73b0\u4e86\u540c\u6b65\u73b0\u8c61\u3002Buend\u00eda\u7b49\u4eba\u5728\u300a\u5e7f\u6cdb\u7684\u540c\u6b65\u8fb9\u7f18\uff1a\u5927\u8111\u7f51\u7edc\u4e2d\u7684 Griffiths \u6548\u5e94\u548c\u96c6\u4f53\u73b0\u8c61\u300b<\/span>\uff08The broad edge of synchronisation: Griffiths effects and collective phenomena in brain networks<\/em>\uff09<\/span>[174]\u4e2d\uff0c\u975e\u5e38\u5168\u9762\u5730\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e86\u5927\u8111\u540c\u6b65\u4e2d\u51fa\u73b0\u7684\u4e30\u5bcc\u52a8\u529b\u5b66\u73b0\u8c61\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u5229\u7528\u5927\u8111\u8fde\u63a5\u6027<\/span>\uff08\u6bd4\u5982\u5c42\u7ea7-\u6a21\u5757\u5316\u548c\u6838\u5fc3-\u5916\u56f4\u7ed3\u6784\uff09<\/span>\u7684\u7ecf\u9a8c\u89c2\u5bdf\u6027\u8d28\uff0c\u8003\u8651\u5355\u4e2a\u795e\u7ecf\u5143\u6d3b\u52a8\u7684\u6700\u5c0f\u52a8\u529b\u5b66\u6a21\u578b\u3002\u5b83\u4eec\u63ed\u793a\u4e86\u5177\u6709\u7075\u6d3b\u540c\u6b65\u6c34\u5e73\u7684\u590d\u6742\u96c6\u4f53\u72b6\u6001\u7684\u6d8c\u73b0\u73b0\u8c61\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u671d\u7740\u66f4\u597d\u5730\u7406\u89e3\u5927\u8111\u529f\u80fd\u8fc8\u51fa\u7684\u5fc5\u8981\u4e00\u6b65\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

Saeedian \u7b49\u4eba\u7684\u6587\u7ae0\u300a\u5ef6\u8fdf\u5bf9 Lotka-Volterra \u751f\u6001\u52a8\u529b\u5b66\u6d8c\u73b0\u7a33\u5b9a\u6a21\u5f0f\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u300b<\/span>\uff08Effect of delay on the emergent stability patterns in Lotka\u2013Volterra ecological dynamics<\/em>\uff09<\/span>[175]\uff0c\u5219\u4ece\u751f\u6001\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u5c3a\u5ea6\u4f5c\u4e3a\u7740\u773c\u70b9\u6765\u89c2\u5bdf\u6d8c\u73b0\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u5c06\u7269\u79cd\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5ef6\u8fdf\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\u8fd9\u4e00\u771f\u5b9e\u7279\u6027\u7eb3\u5165\u5e7f\u4e49 Lotka-Volterra \u6a21\u578b\uff0c\u4ee5\u5c1d\u8bd5\u89e3\u51b3\u751f\u6001\u7cfb\u7edf\u7a33\u5b9a\u6027\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u5c06\u5ef6\u8fdf\u5f3a\u5ea6\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5f71\u54cd\u5206\u6790\u548c\u6570\u503c\u7ed3\u679c\u7684\u53c2\u6570\uff0c\u5e76\u5f97\u51fa\u5ef6\u8fdf\u589e\u52a0\u5bf9\u751f\u6001\u7cfb\u7edf\u7a33\u5b9a\u6027\u6709\u5bb3\u7684\u7ed3\u8bba\u3002\u5f53\u5ef6\u8fdf\u8fbe\u5230\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e34\u754c\u503c\u65f6\uff0c\u4f1a\u6d8c\u73b0\u632f\u8361\u6001\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u6807\u51c6\u7ebf\u6027\u7a33\u5b9a\u6027\u5206\u6790\u65e0\u6cd5\u9884\u6d4b\u7684\u52a8\u529b\u5b66\u72b6\u6001\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

Peters \u548c Adamou \u4e3b\u8981\u5e94\u5bf9\u548c\u76f8\u4e92\u534f\u4f5c\u6709\u5173\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u76f8\u4e92\u534f\u4f5c\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u7406\u89e3\u4e3a\u7cfb\u7edf\u5355\u5143<\/span>\uff08\u5982\u7ec6\u80de\u3001\u52a8\u7269\u3001\u4eba\u7c7b\u3001\u673a\u6784\u7b49\uff09<\/span>\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u8d44\u6e90\u5171\u4eab\u3002\u5728\u6587\u7ae0\u300a\u5408\u4f5c\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u904d\u5386\u89e3\u300b<\/span>\uff08The ergodicity solution of the cooperation puzzle<\/em>\uff09<\/span>\u4e2d [176]\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u7b80\u5355\u6a21\u578b\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u4e00\u4e2a\u884c\u4e3a\u4f3c\u4e4e\u5bf9\u4efb\u4f55\u4e00\u4e2a\u5408\u4f5c\u8005\u90fd\u6ca1\u6709\u5438\u5f15\u529b\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u4e0d\u6ee1\u8db3\u7ecf\u5178\u7684\u4e92\u60e0\u5047\u8bbe\u6216\u5408\u4f5c\u8005\u4e4b\u95f4\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u51c0\u6536\u76ca\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u53ea\u8981\u8d44\u6e90\u662f\u6709\u566a\u58f0\u7684\u500d\u589e\u589e\u957f\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u884c\u4e3a\u4f9d\u65e7\u4f1a\u51fa\u73b0\u3002\u6b63\u56e0\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u6a21\u578b\u6210\u4e3a\u5f88\u591a\u73b0\u5b9e\u4e2d\u5408\u4f5c\u573a\u666f\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\u6a21\u578b\uff0c\u5e76\u4e3a\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u6bd4\u8f83\u63d0\u4f9b\u57fa\u51c6\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

\u6211\u4eec\u63a5\u7740\u4ece\u4eba\u7c7b\u5c42\u9762\u6765\u4e86\u89e3\u6d8c\u73b0\u3002\u5728\u7efc\u8ff0\u300a\u793e\u4f1a\u89c4\u8303\u53d8\u5316\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u8bae\u7a0b\u300b<\/span>\uff08A research agenda for the study of social norm change<\/em>\uff09<\/span>\u4e2d[177]\uff0cAndrighetto \u548c Vriens \u5bf9\u793e\u4f1a\u89c4\u8303\u53d8\u5316\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u5b8c\u6574\u6982\u8ff0\u3002\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4f53\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\u662f\u89c4\u8303\u6d8c\u73b0\u548c\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u57fa\u7840\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5b83\u6b63\u6210\u4e3a\u5904\u7406\u96c6\u4f53\u884c\u4e3a\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u6709\u8da3\u5de5\u5177\u3002\u540c\u65f6\u4ed6\u4eec\u6279\u5224\u6027\u5730\u8ba8\u8bba\u4e86\u5982\u4f55\u8bc6\u522b\u793e\u4f1a\u89c4\u8303\uff0c\u5982\u4f55\u5efa\u7acb\u56e0\u679c\u6548\u5e94\uff0c\u89c4\u8303\u53d8\u5316\u5982\u4f55\u4e0e\u4e34\u754c\u70b9\u52a8\u529b\u5b66\u76f8\u8054\u7cfb\uff0c\u5e76\u6982\u8ff0\u672a\u6765\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u95ee\u9898\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

\u4eba\u4e0d\u4ec5\u4e0e\u4eba\u8fdb\u884c\u76f4\u63a5\u4e92\u52a8\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u8fd8\u4e0e\u6280\u672f\u8bbe\u5907\u4e92\u52a8\u3002Brinkmann\u548c\u5408\u8457\u8005\u9610\u660e\u4e86\u4eba\u7c7b\u548c\u7b97\u6cd5\u4e92\u52a8\u5728\u5851\u9020\u6587\u5316\u6f14\u5316\u7684\u6d8c\u73b0\u7279\u6027\u4e2d\u53d1\u6325\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u3002\u5728\u300a\u4eba\u7c7b-\u7b97\u6cd5\u6587\u5316\u4f20\u64ad\u7684\u6df7\u5408\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u4e60\u300b<\/span>\uff08Hybrid social learning in human-algorithm cultural transmission<\/em>\uff09<\/span>[178]\u4e2d\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u901a\u8fc7<\/span>\uff08\u6df7\u5408\uff09<\/span>\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u4e60\u6539\u5584\u96c6\u4f53\u8868\u73b0\u76846\u4e2a\u5047\u8bbe\uff0c\u5e76\u5728\u5b9e\u9a8c\u8bbe\u7f6e\u4e2d\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u6d4b\u8bd5\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u7ed3\u679c\u540c\u65f6\u5f3a\u8c03\u4e86\u504f\u89c1\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\uff1a\u5373\u4f7f\u7b97\u6cd5\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u662f\u5e2e\u52a9\u4eba\u7c7b\uff0c\u4f46\u7531\u4e8e\u4eba\u7c7b\u7684\u504f\u89c1\uff0c\u63d0\u4f9b\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u4f1a\u5728\u8fde\u7eed\u7684\u4eba\u4e0e\u4eba\u4e92\u52a8\u4e2d\u8fc5\u901f\u4e22\u5931\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7279\u520a\u7684\u6700\u540e\u4e00\u7bc7\u6587\u7ae0\uff0c\u662f Khanjanianpak \u7b49\u4eba\u7684\u300a\u5bf9\u75be\u75c5\u4f20\u64ad\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u98ce\u9669\u8ba4\u77e5\u4e0b\u4fdd\u62a4\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u6d8c\u73b0\u300b<\/span>\uff08Emergence of protective behaviour under different risk perceptions to disease spreading<\/em>\uff09<\/span>[179]\u3002\u4f5c\u8005\u89e3\u51b3\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u662f\uff0c\u5f53\u4e00\u4e2a\u7fa4\u4f53\u66b4\u9732\u4e8e\u7279\u5b9a\u98ce\u9669\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u7fa4\u4f53\u611f\u77e5\u8fd9\u4e2a\u98ce\u9669\u5b58\u5728\u5f02\u8d28\u6027\u65f6\uff0c\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u53cd\u5e94\u5982\u4f55\u6d8c\u73b0\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u5173\u6ce8\u75be\u75c5\u4f20\u64ad\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u53ca\u65f6\u91c7\u53d6\u9632\u62a4\u63aa\u65bd<\/span>\uff08\u5982\u4fdd\u6301\u793e\u4ea4\u8ddd\u79bb\u7b49\uff09<\/span>\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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\u81ea\u4ece\u9996\u6b21\u53d1\u73b0\u6d8c\u73b0\u73b0\u8c61\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u5927\u91cf\u7684\u73b0\u8c61\u5b66\u8bc1\u636e\u5df2\u7ecf\u8bf4\u660e\u5b83\u4eec\u65e0\u5904\u4e0d\u5728\u7684\u4e8b\u5b9e\uff0c\u4ece\u91cf\u5b50\u5230\u7ecf\u5178\u7269\u7406\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u4ece\u975e\u751f\u547d\u5230\u751f\u547d\u7cfb\u7edf\u3002\u53ef\u4ee5\u9884\u89c1\uff0c\u6d8c\u73b0\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u7814\u7a76\u548c\u5e94\u7528\u5c06\u9762\u4e34\u7a81\u51fa\u7684\u6311\u6218\u548c\u4ee4\u4eba\u5174\u594b\u7684\u8ba8\u8bba\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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