{"id":36828,"date":"2022-08-27T23:08:15","date_gmt":"2022-08-27T15:08:15","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/swarma.org\/?p=36828"},"modified":"2022-08-27T23:08:15","modified_gmt":"2022-08-27T15:08:15","slug":"%e4%bb%8e%e5%ae%9e%e9%aa%8c%e5%ae%a4%e5%88%b0%e6%b6%88%e8%b4%b9%e8%80%85%ef%bc%9a%e8%87%aa%e7%84%b6%e8%b5%84%e6%ba%90%e5%ba%94%e7%94%a8%e7%9a%84%e5%88%9b%e6%96%b0%e3%80%81%e4%be%9b%e5%ba%94%e9%93%be","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/swarma.org\/?p=36828","title":{"rendered":"\u4ece\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5ba4\u5230\u6d88\u8d39\u8005\uff1a\u81ea\u7136\u8d44\u6e90\u5e94\u7528\u7684\u521b\u65b0\u3001\u4f9b\u5e94\u94fe\u548c\u91c7\u7528"},"content":{"rendered":"
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David Zilberman , Thomas Reardon , Jed Silver , Liang Lu , Amir Heiman<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/strong> <\/span>| \u4f5c\u8005<\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u88f4\u4e50\u742a<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/strong><\/span><\/strong> <\/span>| \u8bd1\u8005<\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u6881\u91d1<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/strong> <\/span>| \u5ba1\u6821<\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u9093\u4e00\u96ea<\/span> <\/span>| <\/strong><\/span>\u7f16\u8f91<\/strong><\/p>\n


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From the laboratory to the consumer: Innovation, supply chain, and adoption with applications to natural resources<\/span><\/p>\n

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https:\/\/www.pnas.org\/doi\/10.1073\/pnas.2115880119<\/span><\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/blockquote>\n

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    \u653f\u7b56\u5236\u5b9a\u8005\u3001\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u548c\u516c\u4f17\u5bf9\u4e8e\u60f3\u6cd5\u5411\u65b0\u4ea7\u54c1\u548c\u670d\u52a1\u7684\u8f6c\u5316\u8fc7\u7a0b\u611f\u5174\u8da3\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u6846\u67b6\u6765\u5206\u6790\u8fd9\u79cd\u8f6c\u5316\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u5305\u62ec\u4e24\u4e2a\u5171\u751f\u4f9b\u5e94\u94fe<\/span>\uff08symbiotic supply chains\uff09<\/span>\uff1a\u521b\u65b0\u4f9b\u5e94\u94fe<\/span> (innovation supply chain\uff0cISC) <\/span>\u548c\u4ea7\u54c1\u4f9b\u5e94\u94fe<\/span> (product supply chain\uff0cPSC) <\/span>\u3002\u5728\u521b\u65b0\u4f9b\u5e94\u94fe\u4e2d\uff0c\u79d1\u5b66\u53d1\u73b0\u88ab\u5236\u9020\u3001\u5f00\u53d1\u5e76\u6539\u7f16\u6210\u9002\u9500\u7684\u4ea7\u54c1\u3002\u5728\u4ea7\u54c1\u4f9b\u5e94\u94fe\u4e2d\uff0c\u521b\u65b0\u516c\u53f8\u5bf9\u5176\u4ea7\u54c1\u7684\u9700\u6c42\u5f62\u6210\u9884\u671f\uff0c\u8bbe\u8ba1\u4f9b\u5e94\u94fe\u6765\u751f\u4ea7\u548c\u9500\u552e\u5176\u4ea7\u54c1\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u5b9e\u65bd\u4f9b\u5e94\u94fe\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u968f\u7740\u73b0\u5b9e\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u5bf9\u5176\u8fdb\u884c\u8c03\u6574\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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    \u8fd9\u4e9b\u4f9b\u5e94\u94fe\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u673a\u68b0\u5316\u7684\u3002\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u7ba1\u7406\u4e0d\u540c\u4f9b\u5e94\u94fe\u73af\u8282\u7684\u7ec4\u7ec7\u673a\u6784\u4f1a\u53d7\u5230\u7ecf\u6d4e\u548c\u653f\u6cbb\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u6fc0\u52b1<\/strong>\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u4e00\u5bb6\u63a8\u51fa\u65b0\u6c34\u679c\u7684\u516c\u53f8\u4f1a\u901a\u8fc7\u8003\u8651\u76c8\u5229\u80fd\u529b\uff0c\u6765\u51b3\u5b9a\u6295\u653e\u591a\u5c11\u4ea7\u54c1\u4ee5\u53ca\u5728\u4f55\u79cd\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u81ea\u884c\u751f\u4ea7\u4ea7\u54c1\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u4f9d\u8d56\u627f\u5305\u5546\u3002\u4f9b\u5e94\u94fe\u4f1a\u9002\u5e94\u51b2\u51fb<\/strong>\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0cCOVID-19 \u8086\u8650\u4f7f\u5f97\u521b\u65b0\u4f9b\u5e94\u94fe\u5f00\u53d1\u75ab\u82d7\u3001\u4ea7\u54c1\u4f9b\u5e94\u94fe\u5206\u53d1\u75ab\u82d7\uff1b\u75ab\u60c5\u8fd8\u5bfc\u81f4\u98df\u54c1\u914d\u9001\u4ece\u96f6\u552e\u5546\u6269\u5927\u5230\u6d88\u8d39\u8005\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u521b\u65b0\u4f9b\u5e94\u94fe\u548c\u4ea7\u54c1\u4f9b\u5e94\u94fe\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u662f\u5171\u751f\u548c\u534f\u540c\u7684\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u5177\u6709\u591a\u91cd\u53cd\u9988<\/strong>\u3002\u901a\u8fc7\u4ea7\u54c1\u4f9b\u5e94\u94fe\u83b7\u5f97\u7684\u6d88\u8d39\u8005\u53cd\u9988\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u589e\u52a0\u5bf9\u4e8e\u63d0\u9ad8\u4ea7\u54c1\u8d28\u91cf\u7684\u76f8\u5173\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u6295\u8d44\uff0c\u800c\u5728\u4ea7\u54c1\u4f9b\u5e94\u94fe\u4e2d\u53d1\u73b0\u7684\u65b0\u4ea7\u54c1\u6027\u80fd\u53ef\u4ee5\u6709\u52a9\u4e8e\u5bf9\u4ea7\u54c1\u4f9b\u5e94\u94fe\u8fdb\u884c\u6539\u8fdb\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u5206\u6790\u6269\u5c55\u3001\u4f9d\u8d56\u4e8e\u5e76\u8865\u5145\u4e86\u5173\u4e8e\u5206\u6790\u3001\u521b\u65b0\u3001\u4f20\u64ad\u548c\u4ea7\u4e1a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u6846\u67b6\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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    \u6211\u4eec\u7684\u6846\u67b6\u666e\u904d\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u521b\u65b0\uff0c\u6db5\u76d6\u53d1\u8fbe\u56fd\u5bb6\u548c\u53d1\u5c55\u4e2d\u56fd\u5bb6\u3002\u521b\u65b0\u5177\u6709\u4e0d\u540c\u7a0b\u5ea6\u7684\u53d8\u9769\u6027\u3002\u5927\u591a\u6570\u662f\u589e\u91cf\u7684\uff1b\u6709\u4e9b\u662f\u6fc0\u8fdb\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u90fd\u9700\u8981\u4f9b\u5e94\u94fe\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u6846\u67b6\u662f\u76f8\u5f53\u901a\u7528\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83\u7684\u5e94\u7528\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u56e0\u60c5\u51b5\u800c\u5f02\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u53d8\u9769\u6027\u521b\u65b0<\/span>\uff08transformative innovation\uff09\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\u624b\u673a\uff09<\/span>\u7684\u4f9b\u5e94\u94fe\u8bbe\u8ba1\u53ef\u80fd\u6bd4\u6e10\u8fdb\u5f0f\u521b\u65b0<\/span>\uff08incremental innovation\uff09\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\u65b0\u54c1\u79cd\u7684\u5564\u9152\uff09<\/span>\u66f4\u5177\u6311\u6218\u6027\uff0c\u540e\u8005\u4e3b\u8981\u4f9d\u8d56\u4e8e\u73b0\u6709\u4f9b\u5e94\u94fe\u5e76\u5bf9\u5176\u8fdb\u884c\u4fee\u6539\u3002\u5bf9\u4e8e\u521b\u65b0\u4f9b\u5e94\u94fe\u548c\u4ea7\u54c1\u4f9b\u5e94\u94fe\u7684\u5206\u6790\u5728\u5f88\u5927\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u9ad8\u6536\u5165\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u5927\u591a\u6570\u90e8\u95e8\uff0c\u4e2d\u7b49\u6536\u5165\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u5c11\u6570\u90e8\u95e8\u4ee5\u53ca\u4f4e\u6536\u5165\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u5c11\u6570\u90e8\u95e8\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

    <\/section>\n
    \u8bba\u6587\u5305\u62ec5\u4e2a\u90e8\u5206\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
    1. \u5bf9\u521b\u65b0\u4f9b\u5e94\u94fe\u8fdb\u884c\u5206\u6790\uff0c\u5f3a\u8c03\u516c\u5171\u548c\u79c1\u8425\u90e8\u95e8\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5206\u5de5\u4ee5\u53ca\u516c\u5171\u8d44\u91d1\u5bf9\u4e8e\u63d0\u4f9b\u516c\u5171\u4ea7\u54c1\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
    2. \u8003\u67e5\u4ea7\u54c1\u4f9b\u5e94\u94fe\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u6846\u67b6\u6765\u9884\u6d4b\u91c7\u7528\u60c5\u51b5\u548c\u968f\u65f6\u95f4\u53d8\u5316\u7684\u9700\u6c42\uff0c\u5b83\u5f3a\u8c03\u4e86\u6d88\u8d39\u8005\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5f02\u8d28\u6027\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5b66\u4e60\u548c\u8425\u9500\u5728\u5851\u9020\u91c7\u7528\u52a8\u529b\u5b66\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u4f5c\u7528\u3002\u7136\u540e\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5f15\u5165\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u6846\u67b6\u6765\u5206\u6790\u4ea7\u54c1\u4f9b\u5e94\u94fe\u7684\u52a8\u529b\u5b66\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u5f3a\u8c03\u4f9b\u5e94\u94fe\u7684\u8bbe\u8ba1\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u521b\u65b0\u516c\u53f8\u8bbe\u8ba1\u5e76\u5b9e\u65bd\u4f9b\u5e94\u94fe\u6765\u91c7\u8d2d\u6295\u5165\u3001\u751f\u4ea7\u548c\u9500\u552e\u521b\u65b0\u4ea7\u54c1\u6216\u6280\u672f\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u63a8\u51fa\u4e00\u79cd\u65b0\u6c34\u679c\u7684\u516c\u53f8\u9700\u8981\u51b3\u5b9a\u4ea7\u54c1\u6570\u91cf\u3001\u8425\u9500\u65b9\u5f0f\u4ee5\u53ca\u5bf9\u627f\u5305\u5546\u751f\u4ea7\u7684\u4f9d\u8d56\u7a0b\u5ea6\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u5206\u6790\u5f3a\u8c03\u5e02\u573a\u3001\u4f01\u4e1a\u548c\u4ea7\u54c1\u662f\u521b\u65b0\u548c\u4ea7\u54c1\u4f9b\u5e94\u94fe\u7684\u5185\u751f\u7ed3\u679c\uff0c\u5e76\u8868\u660e\u4f9b\u9700\u662f\u76f8\u4e92\u4f9d\u5b58\u7684\uff0c\u4f01\u4e1a\u4ece\u4e8b\u8425\u9500\u6d3b\u52a8\u6765\u4ea7\u751f\u9700\u6c42\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
    3. \u5206\u6790\u4e86\u521b\u65b0\u4f9b\u5e94\u94fe\u548c\u4ea7\u54c1\u4f9b\u5e94\u94fe\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5171\u751f\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u5e76\u786e\u5b9a\u4e86\u4e24\u8005\u4e0d\u540c\u9636\u6bb5\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u53cd\u9988\u56de\u8def\u3002\u901a\u8fc7\u5b9e\u4f8b\u5206\u6790\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4e24\u79cd\u4f9b\u5e94\u94fe\u7684\u7279\u5f81\u90fd\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u653f\u7b56\u548c\u5e02\u573a\u6761\u4ef6\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u653f\u5e9c\u5bf9\u5e02\u573a\u7684\u76d1\u7ba1\u5fc5\u987b\u5e73\u8861\u521b\u65b0\u6fc0\u52b1\u4e0e\u8fc7\u5ea6\u5e02\u573a\u529b\u91cf\u7684\u540e\u679c\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
    4. \u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u5bf9\u73af\u5883\u3001\u81ea\u7136\u8d44\u6e90\u548c\u98df\u54c1\u7ba1\u7406\u653f\u7b56\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u6c14\u5019\u53d8\u5316\u6216\u6d41\u884c\u75c5\u7b49\u51b2\u51fb\u4f1a\u76f4\u63a5\u5f71\u54cd\u4f01\u4e1a\uff0c\u5e76\u901a\u8fc7\u5b83\u4eec\u5bf9\u6574\u4e2a\u4f9b\u5e94\u94fe\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4e3b\u4f53\u4ea7\u751f\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5bf9\u4f9b\u5e94\u94fe\u8bbe\u8ba1\u548c\u529f\u80fd\u7684\u66f4\u591a\u5173\u6ce8\u5c06\u6709\u52a9\u4e8e\u7f13\u89e3\u6c14\u5019\u53d8\u5316\u5e26\u6765\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u4ee5\u53ca\u5e94\u5bf9\u7cae\u98df\u5b89\u5168\u95ee\u9898\u548c\u5065\u5eb7\u6311\u6218\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
    5. \u7ed3\u8bba\u90e8\u5206\u786e\u5b9a\u4e86\u672a\u6765\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u65b9\u5411\u3002\u5b83\u5f3a\u8c03\u4e86\u6536\u96c6\u6570\u636e\u548c\u4f9b\u5e94\u94fe\u6f14\u8fdb\u5b9e\u8bc1\u5206\u6790\u7684\u5fc5\u8981\u6027\u3002\u5b83\u5f3a\u8c03\u4e86\u5728\u591a\u9636\u6bb5\u4f9b\u5e94\u94fe\u7684\u80cc\u666f\u4e0b\u7814\u7a76\u6280\u672f\u53d8\u9769\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\uff0c\u5e76\u4f9d\u8d56\u4e8e\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u3001\u5de5\u7a0b\u5b66\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u5b66\u79d1\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u7ed3\u679c\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

    <\/section>\n


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    1. \u521b\u65b0\u4f9b\u5e94\u94fe<\/span><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n

    \n

    <\/section>\n

    <\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/h3>\n

    <\/section>\n
    \u521b\u65b0\u662f\u4ee5\u4e00\u79cd\u65b0\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u505a\u4e8b\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u5305\u62ec\u65b0\u4ea7\u54c1\u3001\u65b0\u6280\u672f\u3001\u65b0\u670d\u52a1\u3001\u65b0\u673a\u6784\u548c\u65b0\u653f\u7b56\u3002\u5728\u5176\u73b0\u4ee3\u5f62\u5f0f\u4e2d\uff0c\u521b\u65b0\u4f9b\u5e94\u94fe\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u6559\u80b2-\u5de5\u4e1a\u7efc\u5408\u4f53<\/strong><\/span>\uff08educational\u2013industrial complex\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u521b\u65b0\u4f9b\u5e94\u94fe\u7684\u201c\u4e0a\u6e38\u201d\u662f\u201c\u57fa\u7840\u79d1\u5b66\u201d\u7684\u4f9b\u5e94\u5546\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u662f\u516c\u5171\u673a\u6784\u7684\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5ba4\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u662f\u79c1\u4eba\u516c\u53f8<\/strong>\u3002\u5728\u8fc7\u53bb\u7684\u4e24\u4e2a\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e2d\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u89c1\u8bc1\u4e86\u4ece\u4e2a\u4eba\u6216\u201c\u5c0f\u578b\u79d1\u5b66\u201d\u56e2\u961f\u5411\u5927\u578b\u56e2\u961f\u548c\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5ba4\u7684\u8f6c\u53d8\u2014\u2014\u201c\u5927\u578b\u79d1\u5b66\u201d<\/span>\uff08big science\uff09<\/span>(1)\u3002\u57fa\u7840\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u662f\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u7684\uff0c\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u7814\u7a76\u7ed3\u679c\u662f\u793e\u4f1a\u6240\u6709\u6210\u5458\u90fd\u53ef\u4ee5\u83b7\u5f97\u7684\u516c\u5171\u4ea7\u54c1\u3002\u57fa\u7840\u7814\u7a76\u8fd8\u786e\u5b9a\u4e86\u7ecf\u6d4e\u6d3b\u52a8<\/span>\uff08\u6c14\u5019\u53d8\u5316\u3001\u751f\u7269\u591a\u6837\u6027\u4e27\u5931\uff09<\/span>\u7684\u526f\u4f5c\u7528<\/span>\uff08\u5916\u90e8\u6027\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u63a7\u5236\u8fd9\u4e9b\u526f\u4f5c\u7528\u7684\u6d3b\u52a8\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6d3b\u52a8\u5bf9\u793e\u4f1a\u6bd4\u5bf9\u5355\u4e2a\u4f01\u4e1a\u66f4\u6709\u4ef7\u503c\u3002\u5728\u5f88\u5927\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\uff0c\u516c\u5171\u90e8\u95e8\u4e3a\u57fa\u7840\u7814\u7a76\u63d0\u4f9b\u8d44\u91d1\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u76f8\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5546\u4e1a\u89d2\u5ea6\uff0c\u4ece\u793e\u4f1a\u89d2\u5ea6\u6765\u770b\uff0c\u5927\u591a\u6570\u57fa\u7840\u7814\u7a76\u9879\u76ee\u7684\u6295\u8d44\u56de\u62a5\u66f4\u9ad8\u3002\u7814\u7a76\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c\u57fa\u4e8e\u793e\u4f1a\u56de\u62a5\u7387\uff0c\u516c\u5171\u7814\u7a76\u5f80\u5f80\u6295\u8d44\u4e0d\u8db3 (2)\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

    <\/section>\n
    \u5728\u521b\u65b0\u4f9b\u5e94\u94fe\u7684\u4e2d\u6e38\u9636\u6bb5\uff0c\u521b\u65b0\u60f3\u6cd5\u88ab\u8f6c\u5316\u4e3a\u53d1\u660e\uff0c\u7531\u521d\u521b\u4f01\u4e1a\u3001\u516c\u53f8\u548c\u516c\u5171\u90e8\u95e8\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5ba4\u8fdb\u884c\u63a8\u5e7f\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u6709\u6548\u6027\u548c\u5f71\u54cd\u7684\u6d4b\u8bd5<\/strong>\u3002\u4e00\u4e9b\u57fa\u7840\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u53d1\u73b0\u53ef\u4ee5\u4fc3\u8fdb\u5546\u4e1a\u4e0a\u53ef\u884c\u7684\u521b\u65b0<\/span>\uff08\u5305\u62ec\u6709\u5f62\u6280\u672f\u548c\u65e0\u5f62\u5de5\u827a\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u901a\u8fc7\u6280\u672f\u8f6c\u8ba9\u529e\u516c\u5ba4<\/span>\uff08offices of technology transfer\uff0cOTT\uff09<\/span>\u5c06\u516c\u5171\u90e8\u95e8\u521b\u65b0\u6388\u4e88\u79c1\u8425\u90e8\u95e8\u7684\u6743\u5229\u3002\u6280\u672f\u8f6c\u8ba9\u529e\u516c\u5ba4\u5c06\u5176\u4e13\u5229\u4f7f\u7528\u6743\u51fa\u552e\u7ed9\u516c\u53f8\uff0c\u5e76\u534f\u52a9\u5176\u4f7f\u7528\u3002\u4e13\u5229\u6743\u662f\u4ea7\u54c1\u5f00\u53d1\u6295\u8d44\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u6fc0\u52b1(3)\u3002\u5927\u5b66\u5f3a\u8c03\u57fa\u7840\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u4f46\u79c1\u8425\u90e8\u95e8\u4e3b\u8981\u6295\u8d44\u4e8e\u5e94\u7528\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u57fa\u7840\u7814\u7a76\u548c\u5e94\u7528\u7814\u7a76\u5f80\u5f80\u662f\u4e92\u8865\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u66ff\u4ee3\u7684\u3002\u5927\u5b66\u91cc\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u901a\u5e38\u4f1a\u53c2\u4e0e\u5b9e\u65bd\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u521b\u65b0\uff0c\u5e76\u6210\u4e3a\u516c\u53f8\u7684\u5408\u4f5c\u4f19\u4f34\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0cBoyer \u548c Cohen \u4f5c\u4e3a\u52a0\u5dde\u5927\u5b66\u65e7\u91d1\u5c71\u5206\u6821\u548c\u65af\u5766\u798f\u5927\u5b66\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u4eba\u5458\uff0c\u53d1\u73b0\u4e86\u91cd\u7ec4 DNA \u6280\u672f\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5171\u540c\u6301\u6709\u8be5\u4e13\u5229\u3002Boyer\u5728\u4e0e\u4eba\u5171\u540c\u521b\u7acbGenentech (4) \u65f6\u5c31\u5c06\u8fd9\u9879\u4e13\u5229\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5173\u952e\u8981\u7d20\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

    <\/section>\n
    \u5927\u591a\u6570\u521b\u65b0\u503e\u5411\u4e8e\u5efa\u7acb\u5728\u73b0\u6709\u7684\u6280\u672f\u6216\u6d41\u7a0b\u4e4b\u4e0a\u3002\u6e10\u8fdb\u5f0f\u521b\u65b0\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5ba4\u5185\u548c\u516c\u53f8\u4ece\u4e1a\u8005\u4e2d\u5f15\u5165\u548c\u5f00\u53d1\u3002\u521b\u65b0\u8005\u5bf9\u6765\u81ea\u4e0d\u540c\u9886\u57df\u7684\u73b0\u6709\u521b\u65b0\u548c\u6982\u5ff5\u8fdb\u884c\u91cd\u65b0\u7ec4\u5408\uff0c\u4ee5\u4ea7\u751f\u65b0\u4ea7\u54c1\u3002\u4e00\u4e9b\u4e3b\u8981\u7684\u53d1\u660e\u5bb6\uff0c\u5982\u7231\u8fea\u751f<\/span>\uff08Edison\uff09<\/span>\u548c\u798f\u7279<\/span>\uff08Ford\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u90fd\u662f\u4f9d\u9760\u73b0\u6709\u6280\u672f\u6765\u5f00\u53d1\u65b0\u4ea7\u54c1\u3002\u4ea7\u54c1\u8bbe\u8ba1\u516c\u53f8\uff0c\u5982\u5e15\u6d1b\u963f\u5c14\u6258<\/span>\uff08Palo Alto\uff09<\/span>\u7684 IDEO\uff0c\u4e13\u95e8\u4e3a\u5ba2\u6237\u8bbe\u8ba1\u4ea7\u54c1\u6216\u6d41\u7a0b (5)\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

    <\/section>\n
    \u521b\u65b0\u4f9b\u5e94\u94fe\u7684\u4e0b\u6e38\u5efa\u7acb\u4ea7\u54c1\u5546\u4e1a\u751f\u4ea7\u7684\u6d41\u7a0b<\/strong>\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u5de5\u4e1a\u8bbe\u8ba1\u9700\u8981\u5c06\u6280\u672f\u77e5\u8bc6\u4e0e\u5bf9\u9700\u6c42\u548c\u6295\u5165\u4ef7\u683c\u7684\u9884\u671f\u76f8\u7ed3\u5408\u3002\u5927\u516c\u53f8\u5728\u6536\u8d2d\u6269\u5927\u521b\u65b0\u89c4\u6a21\u7684\u521d\u521b\u516c\u53f8\u540e\uff0c\u7ecf\u5e38\u4e0e\u8425\u9500\u548c\u5de5\u4e1a\u8bbe\u8ba1\u516c\u53f8\u5408\u4f5c\uff0c\u8fdb\u884c\u8fd9\u4e00\u8fc7\u7a0b\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

    <\/section>\n
    \u653f\u5e9c\u76f4\u63a5\u901a\u8fc7\u652f\u6301\u7814\u7a76\u6765\u652f\u6301\u521b\u65b0\u4f9b\u5e94\u94fe\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u6295\u8d44\u4f1a\u53d7\u5230\u79d1\u5b66\u3001\u7ecf\u6d4e\u3001\u5b89\u5168\u548c\u653f\u6cbb\u56e0\u7d20\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u4ece1980\u5e74\u52302016\u5e74\uff0c\u5168\u7403\u7814\u53d1\u652f\u51fa\u7ffb\u4e86\u4e24\u756a\uff0c2016\u5e74\u8fbe\u5230\u8fd12\u4e07\u4ebf\u7f8e\u5143\u3002\u7f8e\u56fd\u5728\u5168\u7403\u7814\u53d1\u7684\u4efd\u989d\u5df2\u7ecf\u4e0b\u964d\u523030%\u4ee5\u4e0b\uff0c\u800c\u4e9a\u6d32\u7684\u4efd\u989d\u4e00\u76f4\u5728\u589e\u52a0\u3002\u79c1\u8425\u90e8\u95e8\u7814\u7a76\u5360\u7814\u53d1\u603b\u652f\u51fa\u7684\u6bd4\u91cd\u6709\u6240\u4e0a\u5347\uff0c\u5df2\u63a5\u8fd170%\u3002\u5728\u53d1\u8fbe\u56fd\u5bb6\u548c\u4e2d\u7b49\u6536\u5165\u56fd\u5bb6\uff0c\u79c1\u8425\u90e8\u95e8\u5bf9\u519c\u4e1a\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u63a5\u8fd160%\u3002\u800c\u5728\u4f4e\u6536\u5165\u56fd\u5bb6\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u6bd4\u4f8b\u4e0d\u5230 25%\uff0c\u5728\u8fd9\u4e9b\u56fd\u5bb6\uff0c\u6350\u52a9\u8005\u52a0\u5f3a\u4e86\u5730\u65b9\u653f\u5e9c\u5bf9\u516c\u5171\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u652f\u6301 (7)\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

    <\/span><\/section>\n
    \u653f\u5e9c\u8fd8\u901a\u8fc7\u652f\u6301\u6559\u80b2\u548c\u5efa\u7acb\u4fdd\u62a4\u77e5\u8bc6\u4ea7\u6743\u7684\u673a\u5236\u6765\u652f\u6301\u521b\u65b0\u4f9b\u5e94\u94fe\u3002Gilbert \u548c Shapiro (8) \u7814\u7a76\u4e86\u4e13\u5229\u7684\u4f18\u5316\u8bbe\u8ba1\uff0c\u5f3a\u8c03\u4e86\u5728\u6fc0\u52b1\u521b\u65b0\u548c\u9650\u5236\u6ee5\u7528\u5e02\u573a\u529b\u91cf\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u6743\u8861\u3002\u793e\u4f1a\u5df2\u7ecf\u610f\u8bc6\u5230\u5b9e\u65bd\u521b\u65b0\u53ef\u80fd\u9700\u8981\u989d\u5916\u7684\u98ce\u9669\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u6388\u4e88\u4e13\u5229\u548c\u5784\u65ad\u6743\u529b\uff0c\u4f46\u521b\u65b0\u8005\u6240\u62e5\u6709\u7684\u5e02\u573a\u6743\u529b\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u88ab\u6ee5\u7528\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u963b\u6b62\u65b0\u8fdb\u5165\u8005\u3002\u521b\u65b0\u4f9b\u5e94\u94fe\u7684\u6210\u679c\u662f\u4ea7\u54c1\u4f9b\u5e94\u94fe\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u5185\u5bb9\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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    <\/svg><\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n
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    2. \u4ea7\u54c1\u4f9b\u5e94\u94fe<\/span><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n

    \n

    <\/section>\n

    <\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/h3>\n

    <\/section>\n
    \u6e10\u8fdb\u5f0f\u521b\u65b0\u7684\u4f9b\u5e94\u94fe\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u4fee\u6539\u73b0\u6709\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u4f46\u5c06\u4e3a\u6fc0\u8fdb\u521b\u65b0\u5efa\u7acb\u65b0\u7684\u4f9b\u5e94\u94fe\u3002\u521b\u65b0\u516c\u53f8\u5f00\u5c55\u591a\u9879\u6d3b\u52a8\u6765\u5efa\u7acb\u4ea7\u54c1\u4f9b\u5e94\u94fe\u3002\u9996\u5148\uff0c\u516c\u53f8\u4f30\u8ba1\u6269\u6563\u6a21\u5f0f\uff0c\u4ee5\u9009\u62e9\u6700\u6709\u524d\u666f\u7684\u521b\u65b0\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002\u5176\u6b21\uff0c\u8bbe\u8ba1\u4f9b\u5e94\u94fe\u548c\u8425\u9500\u65b9\u6848\u3002\u7b2c\u4e09\uff0c\u5b9e\u65bd\u8ba1\u5212\u3002\u4ece\u521b\u65b0\u4f9b\u5e94\u94fe\u5230\u4ea7\u54c1\u4f9b\u5e94\u94fe\u7684\u8fc7\u6e21\u53ef\u80fd\u5e76\u4e0d\u660e\u663e\u3002\u516c\u53f8\u5728\u8bc4\u4f30\u5176\u76c8\u5229\u80fd\u529b\u65f6\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u8003\u8651\u4ea7\u54c1\u3001\u751f\u4ea7\u7cfb\u7edf\u548c\u4f9b\u5e94\u94fe\u7684\u5404\u79cd\u7ec4\u5408\u3002\u5173\u4e8e\u91c7\u7528\u548c\u8bbe\u8ba1\u4f9b\u5e94\u94fe\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u4e3a\u6307\u5bfc\u4ea7\u54c1\u4f9b\u5e94\u94fe\u7684\u5efa\u7acb\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u91cd\u8981\u5de5\u5177\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

    <\/section>\n
    | \u521b\u65b0\u7684\u6f5c\u5728\u91c7\u7528\u548c\u6269\u6563\u8bc4\u4f30\u3002<\/span><\/strong><\/strong><\/span><\/section>\n

    <\/section>\n
    \u9996\u5148\uff0c\u4f01\u4e1a\u9009\u62e9\u4e00\u4e2a\u6846\u67b6\u6765\u5206\u6790\u5176\u521b\u65b0\u7684\u6f5c\u5728\u6269\u6563\u3002\u521b\u65b0\u7684\u91c7\u7528\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u79bb\u6563\u53d8\u91cf<\/span>\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\u662f\u5426\u91c7\u7528\u62d6\u62c9\u673a\uff09<\/span>\u6216\u8fde\u7eed\u53d8\u91cf<\/span>\uff08\u79cd\u690d\u65b0\u54c1\u79cd\u7684\u571f\u5730\u4efd\u989d\uff09<\/span>\u6765\u8861\u91cf\u3002\u91c7\u7528\u7684\u521b\u65b0\u53ef\u80fd\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u7ec4\u4ef6\u6216\u4e00\u7ec4\u7ec4\u6210\u90e8\u5206\uff1a\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u7684\u786c\u4ef6\u548c\u8f6f\u4ef6\u3002\u6269\u6563\u662f\u603b\u4f53\u91c7\u7528\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u5728\u7ed9\u5b9a\u65f6\u523b\u91c7\u7528\u4ea7\u54c1\u6216\u6280\u672f\u7684\u6f5c\u5728\u91c7\u7528\u8005\u7684\u4efd\u989d\uff0c\u6216\u662f\u5229\u7528\u65b0\u6280\u672f\u7684\u751f\u4ea7\u80fd\u529b\u7684\u4efd\u989d\u6765\u8861\u91cf (9)\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

    <\/section>\n
    \u5df2\u7ecf\u7528\u5404\u79cd\u6a21\u578b\u6765\u5206\u6790\u6269\u6563\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u662f Rogers (10) \u6a21\u4eff\u6a21\u578b<\/strong><\/span>\uff08Rogers imitation model\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u6269\u6563\u5f80\u5f80\u662f\u65f6\u95f4\u7684 S \u5f62\u51fd\u6570\uff1a<\/span><\/section>\n

    <\/span><\/section>\n

    <\/p>\n

     <\/span><\/section>\n
    \u5176\u4e2dPt<\/sub>\u662f\u622a\u6b62\u5230\u65f6\u95f4t\u65f6\u91c7\u7528\u4ea7\u54c1\u6216\u6280\u672f\u7684\u603b\u4f53\u6bd4\u4f8b\uff0ck\u662f\u4ea7\u54c1\u6216\u6280\u672f\u88ab\u5b8c\u5168\u91c7\u7528\u540e\u7684\u6269\u6563\u901f\u7387\uff0ck\u22641\uff0c\u53c2\u6570a\u662f\u521d\u59cb\u91c7\u7528\u7684\u5ea6\u91cf\uff0cb\u662f\u6269\u6563\u901f\u7387\u7684\u53c2\u6570\u3002Griliches (11) \u5f00\u53d1\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u8ba1\u91cf\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u6846\u67b6\u6765\u4f30\u8ba1\u8be5\u6a21\u578b\u7684\u53c2\u6570\uff0c\u8868\u660e\u5b83\u4eec\u4f1a\u53d7\u5230\u76c8\u5229\u80fd\u529b\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u7ecf\u6d4e\u56e0\u7d20\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u3002Griliches \u7684\u6846\u67b6\u5df2\u6f14\u53d8\u4e3a Bass \u6269\u6563\u6a21\u578b<\/span>\uff08Bass diffusion model\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u8be5\u6a21\u578b\u5df2\u88ab\u5e94\u7528\u4e8e\u8425\u9500\u548c\u7ba1\u7406\u6587\u732e(12)\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

    <\/section>\n
    \u6a21\u4eff\u6a21\u578b\u7684 S \u5f62\u6269\u6563\u66f2\u7ebf\u501f\u9274\u4e86\u75be\u75c5\u4f20\u64ad\u7684\u6d41\u884c\u75c5\u5b66\u6a21\u578b\u3002\u6269\u6563\u8fc7\u7a0b\u5f00\u59cb\u7684\u7279\u70b9\u662f\u91c7\u7528\u7387\u8f83\u4f4e\uff0c\u4f46\u4e0d\u65ad\u589e\u52a0\uff0c\u91c7\u7528\u7387\u901a\u8fc7\u201c\u4ece\u4f17\u6548\u5e94\u201d\u4e0a\u5347\uff0c\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u6548\u5e94\u4e2d\uff0c\u540c\u884c\u8ffd\u968f\u91c7\u7528\u8005\u3002\u6700\u7ec8\uff0c\u91c7\u7528\u7387\u8fbe\u5230\u9876\u5cf0\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u5f00\u59cb\u653e\u7f13\uff0c\u6700\u540e\uff0c\u968f\u7740\u66f4\u5927\u7684\u603b\u4f53\u91c7\u7528\u7387\u8017\u5c3d\u6f5c\u5728\u91c7\u7528\u8005\u7684\u6570\u91cf\uff0c\u91c7\u7528\u7387\u505c\u6b62\u3002\u6700\u8fd1\u7684\u6587\u732e\u6269\u5c55\u4e86\u6a21\u4eff\u6a21\u578b\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u901a\u8fc7\u7535\u5b50\u793e\u4ea4\u7f51\u7edc\u7684\u4ea4\u6d41 (13)\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

    <\/section>\n
    \u6a21\u4eff\u6a21\u578b\u6ca1\u6709\u660e\u786e\u7684\u51b3\u7b56\u7ecf\u6d4e\u673a\u5236\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83\u4eec\u662f\u4f30\u8ba1\u6269\u6563\u7684\u6709\u6548\u6846\u67b6\u3002David (14) \u5f15\u5165\u4e86\u53e6\u4e00\u79cd\u6269\u6563\u6a21\u578b\uff0c\u5373\u9608\u503c\u6a21\u578b<\/strong><\/span>\uff08threshold model\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u5e76\u7531 Zilberman \u7b49\u4eba (15)\u8fdb\u884c\u6269\u5c55\u548c\u5f62\u5f0f\u5316\u3002\u9608\u503c\u6a21\u578b\u5047\u8bbe\u6269\u6563\u7531\u4e09\u4e2a\u8981\u7d20\u51b3\u5b9a\uff1a\u4e2a\u4f53\u51b3\u7b56\u3001\u5f02\u8d28\u6027\u548c\u52a8\u529b\u5b66\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

    <\/section>\n
    \u4e2a\u4f53\u51b3\u7b56 (10) \u5305\u62ec\u51e0\u4e2a\u9636\u6bb5\uff1a\u610f\u8bc6\u3001\u8bc4\u4f30\u3001\u51b3\u7b56\u548c\u91cd\u65b0\u8bc4\u4f30\u3002\u6f5c\u5728\u91c7\u7528\u8005\u53ef\u80fd\u901a\u8fc7\u6b63\u5f0f\u624b\u6bb5<\/span>\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\u5a92\u4f53\u3001\u9500\u552e\u4eba\u5458\u6216\u6269\u5c55\uff09<\/span>\u6216\u975e\u6b63\u5f0f\u6765\u6e90<\/span>\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\u53e3\u8033\u76f8\u4f20\u548c\u89c2\u5bdf\u4ed6\u4eba\u7684\u9009\u62e9\uff09<\/span>\u4e86\u89e3\u4ea7\u54c1\u6216\u6280\u672f\u3002\u9608\u503c\u65b9\u6cd5\u901a\u8fc7\u793e\u4ea4\u7f51\u7edc\u548c\u610f\u89c1\u9886\u8896\u5bf9\u8bc4\u4f30\u6240\u9700\u7684\u610f\u8bc6\u548c\u8bc4\u4ef7\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u8ba4\u8bc6\u5230\u5b83\u4eec\u5728\u91c7\u7528\u4e2d\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\uff0c\u6b63\u5982\u5982 Valente \u548c Davis (16) \u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u3002\u5b83\u5047\u8bbe\u5f02\u8d28\u6027\u7684\u6700\u7ec8\u7528\u6237\u4f7f\u7528\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u51b3\u7b56\u6807\u51c6\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u968f\u65f6\u95f4\u53d8\u5316\u7684\u5229\u6da6\u3001\u98ce\u9669\u548c\u6298\u6263\uff0c\u5e76\u9762\u4e34\u8d44\u6e90\u3001\u4fe1\u8d37\u548c\u51b3\u7b56\u80fd\u529b\u7684\u5dee\u5f02\u7684\u7ea6\u675f\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u5f02\u8d28\u6027\uff0c\u91c7\u7528\u7684\u65f6\u673a\u5404\u4e0d\u76f8\u540c\uff0c\u800c\u597d\u7684\u8425\u9500\u7b56\u7565\u65e8\u5728\u9996\u5148\u786e\u5b9a\u201c\u553e\u624b\u53ef\u5f97\u7684\u679c\u5b9e\u201d\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

    <\/section>\n
    \u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u968f\u7740\u65f6\u95f4\u7684\u63a8\u79fb\uff0c\u52a8\u6001\u8fc7\u7a0b\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u589e\u52a0\u91c7\u7528\u8005\u7684\u8303\u56f4\uff0c\u5e76\u63a8\u52a8\u6269\u6563\u3002\u8fd9\u5305\u62ec\u4ece\u91c7\u7528\u8005\u7684\u7ecf\u9a8c\u4e2d\u5b66\u4e60\u3001\u8fb9\u7528\u8fb9\u5b66<\/span>\uff08\u6539\u5584\u91c7\u7528\u8005\u5bf9\u6280\u672f\u7684\u5229\u7528)<\/span>\u3001\u8fb9\u505a\u8fb9\u5b66<\/span>\uff08\u964d\u4f4e\u63d0\u4f9b\u65b0\u6280\u672f\u7684\u6210\u672c\uff09<\/span>\u548c\u7f51\u7edc\u5916\u90e8\u6027<\/span>\uff08\u968f\u7740\u91c7\u7528\u8005\u7684\u6570\u91cf\u589e\u52a0\u800c\u589e\u52a0\u6280\u672f\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u7535\u8bdd\uff09<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

    <\/section>\n
    \u5176\u6b21\uff0c\u516c\u53f8\u5bf9\u5b9e\u9645\u548c\u6f5c\u5728\u7684\u91c7\u7528\u60c5\u51b5\u8fdb\u884c\u5206\u6790\u3002\u6a21\u4eff\u6a21\u578b\u548c\u9608\u503c\u6a21\u578b\u7684\u5e94\u7528\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e92\u8865\u3002\u516c\u53f8\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u9608\u503c\u6a21\u578b\u6765\u8bbe\u8ba1\u653f\u7b56\u548c\u6218\u7565\uff0c\u6765\u542f\u52a8\u548c\u7ba1\u7406\u521b\u65b0\u7684\u5546\u4e1a\u5316\uff0c\u8fd8\u53ef\u4ee5\u6574\u5408\u80fd\u591f\u4fc3\u8fdb\u91c7\u7528\u7684\u8425\u9500\u673a\u5236\u3002\u6a21\u4eff\u6a21\u578b\u5728\u8bc4\u4f30\u521b\u65b0\u610f\u8bc6\u65b9\u9762\u5177\u6709\u76f8\u5bf9\u4f18\u52bf\uff0c\u5e76\u53ef\u7528\u4e8e\u4f30\u8ba1\u6269\u6563\u7387\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

    <\/section>\n
    \u8ba1\u91cf\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u548c\u7edf\u8ba1\u5206\u6790\u65e8\u5728\u786e\u5b9a\u6539\u8fdb\u540e\u7684\u9608\u503c\u6a21\u578b\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u5173\u952e\u8981\u7d20\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u8bc4\u4f30\u4e0d\u540c\u6f5c\u5728\u91c7\u7528\u8005\u7684\u51b3\u7b56\u6807\u51c6\uff1a\u4ed6\u4eec\u53d7\u98ce\u9669\u5f71\u54cd\u7684\u7a0b\u5ea6\u3001\u53d7\u4fe1\u8d37\u9650\u5236\u548c\u504f\u79bb\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7406\u6027\u7684\u7a0b\u5ea6\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u6587\u732e\u65e8\u5728\u786e\u5b9a\u6f5c\u5728\u4e70\u5bb6\u4e4b\u95f4\u5f02\u8d28\u6027\u7684\u6765\u6e90\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u5f71\u54cd\u7279\u5b9a\u6280\u672f\u7684\u91c7\u7528 (17) \u4ee5\u53ca\u52a8\u6001\u8fc7\u7a0b\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u53c2\u6570\uff0c\u5982\u8fb9\u505a\u8fb9\u5b66\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

    <\/section>\n
    \u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u521b\u65b0\u516c\u53f8\u62e5\u6709\u4e8b\u524d\u5206\u6790\u5de5\u5177\u3002\u5b9e\u9a8c\u662f\u5f00\u53d1\u65b0\u6280\u672f\u548c\u65b0\u5236\u5ea6\u7684\u5173\u952e\u3002\u521b\u65b0\u516c\u53f8\u5728\u5b8c\u5168\u7740\u624b\u5f00\u53d1\u65b0\u6280\u672f\u4e4b\u524d\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u8fdb\u884c\u8bd5\u70b9\u7814\u7a76\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u5411\u6f5c\u5728\u7684\u7ec8\u7aef\u7528\u6237\u8fdb\u884c\u6f14\u793a\uff0c\u4ee5\u8bc4\u4f30\u9700\u6c42\u5e76\u8c03\u6574\u4ea7\u54c1\u5c5e\u6027 (18)\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

    <\/section>\n
    \u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u5bb6\u5df2\u7ecf\u8ba4\u8bc6\u5230\u4f7f\u7528\u5b9e\u9a8c\u6765\u8bc4\u4f30\u65b0\u6280\u672f\u548c\u5b9e\u8df5\u7684\u53ef\u884c\u6027 (19) \u53ca\u5176\u88ab\u91c7\u7528\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027 (20) \u7684\u4ef7\u503c\u3002\u5728\u91c7\u53d6\u884c\u52a8\u4e4b\u524d\u5148\u8fdb\u884c\u5b9e\u9a8c\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u4e5f\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u5236\u5ea6\u521b\u65b0\u3002\u4e2d\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u5728\u63a8\u884c\u5168\u56fd\u8303\u56f4\u7684\u6539\u9769\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u66fe\u5c1d\u8bd5\u4f7f\u7528\u5e02\u573a\u673a\u5236\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u5730\u533a\u914d\u7f6e\u8d44\u6e90 (21)\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

    <\/section>\n
    \u8425\u9500\u5206\u6790\u5e08\u4f7f\u7528\u5e7f\u6cdb\u7684\u53d1\u5e03\u524d\u9884\u6d4b\u5de5\u5177\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5de5\u5177\u57fa\u4e8e\u53d1\u73b0\u521b\u65b0\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u3001\u8003\u8651\u521b\u65b0\u7684\u610f\u613f\u3001\u7279\u5b9a\u5c5e\u6027\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u548c\u6d88\u8d39\u8005\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5c5e\u6027\u7684\u6743\u8861\u610f\u613f\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u4e3a\u4e0d\u540c\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u521b\u65b0\u4e70\u5355\u7684\u610f\u613f(22)\u3002\u5e02\u573a\u7814\u7a76\u5de5\u5177\uff0c\u5982\u8054\u5408\u5206\u6790<\/span>\uff08conjoint analysis\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u88ab\u5e7f\u6cdb\u7528\u4e8e\u4f30\u8ba1\u4e0d\u540c\u5c5e\u6027\u548c\u4ef7\u683c\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u8bbe\u8ba1\u65b0\u7684\u4ea7\u54c1\u7b56\u7565 (23)\u3002\u504f\u6700\u5c0f\u4e8c\u4e58\u6a21\u578b<\/span>\uff08Partial least square models\uff09<\/span>\u4e0e\u7ed3\u6784\u65b9\u7a0b\u6a21\u578b<\/span>\uff08structural equation modeling\uff09<\/span>\u76f8\u7ed3\u5408\uff0c\u5728\u9884\u6d4b\u4e2d\u7eb3\u5165\u56e0\u679c\u5173\u7cfb(24)\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

    <\/section>\n
    \u6269\u6563\u6a21\u5f0f\u662f\u6280\u672f\u91c7\u7528\u8005<\/span>\uff08\u5f62\u6210\u9700\u6c42\uff09<\/span>\u548c\u4f9b\u5e94\u5546\u53cc\u65b9\u9009\u62e9\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u3002\u5356\u65b9\u9700\u8981\u5b9a\u91cf\u8bc4\u4f30\u91c7\u7528\u884c\u4e3a\u4ee5\u53ca\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u51b3\u7b56\u5982\u4f55\u5bf9\u5176\u4ea7\u751f\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u51b3\u7b56\u5305\u62ec\u5b9a\u4ef7\u3001\u8425\u9500\u5de5\u5177\u7684\u9009\u62e9\u4ee5\u53ca\u4f9b\u5e94\u4e2d\u5fc3\u548c\u5546\u5e97\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\u3002\u516c\u53f8\u4f1a\u901a\u8fc7\u6700\u5927\u5316\u9884\u671f\u6298\u6263\u5229\u6da6<\/span>\uff08\u6536\u5165\u51cf\u53bb\u8425\u9500\u548c\u4f9b\u5e94\u6210\u672c\uff09<\/span>\u6765\u505a\u51fa\u8fd9\u4e9b\u51b3\u7b56\u3002\u5728\u8bbe\u8ba1\u6700\u4f18\u6218\u7565\u65f6\uff0c\u4f01\u4e1a\u91c7\u7528\u5e38\u7528\u7684\u7ec6\u5206\u3001\u8ba2\u5b9a\u76ee\u6807\u548c\u9501\u5b9a\u539f\u5219<\/span>\uff08segmentation, targeting, and positioning principle\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u8be5\u539f\u5219\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b65\u5c31\u662f\u786e\u5b9a\u7ec6\u5206\u5e02\u573a\u3001\u7136\u540e\u8ba2\u5b9a\u76ee\u6807<\/span>\uff08\u9009\u62e9\u5408\u9002\u7684\u7ec6\u5206\u5e02\u573a\u5e76\u786e\u5b9a\u7ec6\u5206\u5e02\u573a\u7684\u4f18\u5148\u7ea7\uff09<\/span>\u548c\u5b9a\u4f4d<\/span>\uff08\u5c06\u4ea7\u54c1\u4e0e\u5ba2\u6237\u7684\u5177\u4f53\u7279\u5f81\u76f8\u5339\u914d\uff09<\/span>\uff0825\u300126\uff09\u3002\u5f15\u5165\u6539\u8fdb\u7684\u8425\u9500\u5de5\u5177<\/span>\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u7ec6\u5206\u540e\u901a\u8fc7\u793e\u4ea4\u7f51\u7edc\u5b9a\u4f4d\u4fe1\u606f\uff09<\/span>\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u6539\u53d8\u548c\u52a0\u901f\u65b0\u6280\u672f\u7684\u6269\u6563\uff0827\uff09\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

    <\/section>\n
    \u5173\u4e8e\u91c7\u7528\u548c\u6269\u6563\u7684\u6587\u732e\u786e\u5b9a\u4e86\u91c7\u7528\u7684\u7ea6\u675f\u6761\u4ef6<\/span>\uff08\u98ce\u9669\u3001\u80fd\u529b\u3001\u7f3a\u4e4f\u80fd\u529b\u3001\u76d1\u7ba1\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u5e76\u5f3a\u8c03\u201c\u5c5e\u6027\u6346\u7ed1\u201d\uff0c\u5373\u751f\u4ea7\u5546\u5b9a\u5236\u4ea7\u54c1\u4ee5\u89e3\u51b3\u5ba2\u6237\u7684\u7ea6\u675f\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u63d0\u9ad8\u91c7\u7528\u7387\u3002\u65e9\u671f\u91c7\u7528\u4f1a\u4ea7\u751f\u79ef\u6781\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u5916\u90e8\u6027\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u4f1a\u5bfc\u81f4\u4f9b\u5e94\u5546\u548c\u6f5c\u5728\u91c7\u7528\u8005\u90fd\u53bb\u5b66\u4e60\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u5b58\u5728\u5bf9\u65e9\u671f\u91c7\u7528\u8fdb\u884c\u8865\u8d34\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

    <\/section>\n
    \u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u9884\u671f\u6548\u7528\u6a21\u578b<\/span>\uff08expected utility model\uff09<\/span>\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u5bf9\u5f85\u98ce\u9669\u7684\u6001\u5ea6\u4f1a\u5f71\u54cd\u91c7\u7528\u3002\u9ad8\u5ea6\u7684\u98ce\u9669\u538c\u6076\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u964d\u4f4e\u91c7\u7528\u9ad8\u98ce\u9669\u521b\u65b0\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u3001\u901f\u5ea6\u548c\u89c4\u6a21<\/span>\uff08\u5176\u4e2d\u98ce\u9669\u88ab\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e3a\u5728\u5e73\u5747\u6536\u76ca\u6c34\u5e73\u9644\u8fd1\u7684\u8f83\u5927\u53ef\u53d8\u6027\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u6700\u8fd1\u519c\u4e1a\u6280\u672f\u91c7\u7528\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\u5305\u62ecKarlan\u7b49\u4eba(28)\u3001Emerick\u7b49\u4eba(29)\u548cDonovan(30)\u7b49\u4eba\u3002\u524d\u666f\u7406\u8bba<\/span>\uff08Prospect theory\uff09<\/span>\u5f15\u5165\u4e86\u635f\u5931\u538c\u6076<\/span>\uff08loss aversion\uff09<\/span>\u548c\u5c0f\u6982\u7387\u52a0\u6743<\/span>\uff08overweighting of small probabilities\uff09<\/span>\u7b49\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6982\u5ff5\u53ef\u80fd\u540c\u6837\u4f1a\u964d\u4f4e\u6280\u672f\u7684\u91c7\u7528\u7387 (31)\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u5728\u8d27\u5e01\u6295\u8d44\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u91c7\u7528\u521b\u65b0\u6280\u672f\u5f80\u5f80\u9700\u8981\u8f83\u9ad8\u7684\u56fa\u5b9a\u6210\u672c\u3002\u5728\u51b3\u5b9a\u4f55\u65f6\u91c7\u7528\u65f6\uff0c\u6700\u7ec8\u7528\u6237\u4f1a\u6743\u8861\u7acb\u5373\u91c7\u7528\u4e0e\u5ef6\u8fdf\u91c7\u7528\u7684\u597d\u5904\uff0c\u540e\u8005\u53ef\u4ee5\u8282\u7701\u5229\u606f\u6210\u672c\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u964d\u4f4e\u56fa\u5b9a\u6210\u672c\uff0c\u5e76\u968f\u7740\u6709\u5173\u8be5\u6280\u672f\u7684\u66f4\u591a\u4fe1\u606f\u7684\u51fa\u73b0\u800c\u964d\u4f4e\u98ce\u9669\uff0832\uff09\u3002\u6280\u672f\u7684\u6f5c\u5728\u91c7\u7528\u53ef\u80fd\u53d7\u5230\u4e24\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u4e00\u662f\u7f3a\u4e4f\u5bf9\u6280\u672f\u6027\u80fd\u7684\u4e86\u89e3\uff0c\u4e8c\u662f\u201c\u9002\u5408\u98ce\u9669\u201d\uff0c\u5373\u6280\u672f\u9002\u5408\u6d88\u8d39\u8005\u9700\u6c42\u548c\u80fd\u529b\u7684\u7a0b\u5ea6(33)\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

    <\/section>\n
    \u5728\u8bc4\u4f30\u521b\u65b0\u7684\u98ce\u9669\u72b6\u51b5\u5c06\u5982\u4f55\u5f71\u54cd\u91c7\u7528\u4ee5\u53ca\u53ef\u80fd\u9700\u8981\u54ea\u4e9b\u670d\u52a1\u201c\u6346\u7ed1\u201d\u6765\u9f13\u52b1\u91c7\u7528\u65f6\uff0c\u521b\u65b0\u516c\u53f8\u4f1a\u8003\u8651\u8fd9\u4e9b\u98ce\u9669\u56e0\u7d20\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u521b\u65b0\u516c\u53f8\u53ef\u80fd\u5c06\u4fdd\u9669\u673a\u5236\u4e0e\u4ea7\u54c1\u6346\u7ed1\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\uff0c\u5982\u201c\u9000\u6b3e\u4fdd\u8bc1\u201d\u548c\u4fdd\u4fee\u901a\u8fc7\u63d0\u4f9b\u4ea7\u54c1\u6f14\u793a\uff0c\u5141\u8bb8\u6f5c\u5728\u91c7\u7528\u8005\u5728\u6709\u9650\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u5185\u5c1d\u8bd5\u521b\u65b0 (34)\u3002\u9884\u5148\u8d2d\u4e70\u8bd5\u9a8c\u5141\u8bb8\u201c\u4f4e\u5951\u5408\u5ea6\u201d\u7684\u6f5c\u5728\u4e70\u5bb6\u653e\u5f03\u91c7\u7528\uff0c\u800c\u9000\u6b3e\u653f\u7b56\u964d\u4f4e\u4e86\u5951\u5408\u5ea6\u4f4e\u7684\u6700\u7ec8\u7528\u6237\u7684\u6210\u672c\uff0c\u4e5f\u964d\u4f4e\u4e86\u91c7\u7528\u98ce\u9669 (33)\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

    <\/section>\n
    \u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u521b\u65b0\u516c\u53f8\u4e0e\u6f5c\u5728\u6700\u7ec8\u7528\u6237\u7684\u6c9f\u901a<\/span>\uff08\u5305\u62ec\u5e7f\u544a\uff09<\/span>\u4f1a\u544a\u77e5\u540e\u8005\u5bf9\u521b\u65b0\u98ce\u9669\u548c\u6548\u7528\u7684\u770b\u6cd5\uff0c\u5e76\u53ef\u4ee5\u51cf\u5c11\u4fe1\u606f\u4e0d\u5bf9\u79f0\u3002\u6b63\u5982\u8425\u9500\u6587\u732e\u4e2d\u6240\u5f3a\u8c03\u7684\u90a3\u6837\uff0c\u521b\u65b0\u516c\u53f8\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u5404\u79cd\u8425\u9500\u5de5\u5177\uff0c\u5982\u5e7f\u544a\u3001\u54c1\u724c\u3001\u4ea7\u54c1\u5c55\u793a\u3001\u4ea7\u54c1\u6837\u54c1\u548c\u4fdd\u4fee\uff0c\u4ee5\u964d\u4f4e\u5404\u79cd\u98ce\u9669\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u521b\u65b0\u516c\u53f8\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f00\u53d1\u4e00\u4e2a\u5411\u6f5c\u5728\u6d88\u8d39\u8005\u4f20\u8fbe\u9ad8\u8d28\u91cf\u548c\u4f4e\u98ce\u9669\u7684\u54c1\u724c (33)\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u4e00\u9879\u521b\u65b0\u7684\u6f5c\u5728\u6700\u7ec8\u7528\u6237\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u9762\u4e34\u83b7\u53d6\u5176\u8865\u5145\u4ea7\u54c1\u3001\u6295\u5165\u6216\u5907\u4ef6\u7b49\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u516c\u53f8\u901a\u8fc7\u591a\u79cd\u65b9\u5f0f\u51cf\u8f7b\u8fd9\u79cd\u98ce\u9669\u3002\u8bbe\u5907\u5236\u9020\u5546\u5728\u5f53\u5730\u6709\u7ecf\u9500\u5546\u4e3a\u5ba2\u6237\u63d0\u4f9b\u96f6\u90e8\u4ef6\u548c\u7ef4\u4fee\u3002\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u516c\u53f8\u63d0\u4f9b\u8f6f\u4ef6\u548c\u57f9\u8bad\u3002\u521b\u65b0\u516c\u53f8\u8fd8\u53ef\u4ee5\u5411\u5176\u4f9b\u5e94\u5546\u63d0\u4f9b\u6240\u9700\u7684\u8865\u5145\u6295\u5165\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u8fde\u9501\u8d85\u5e02\u5bb6\u4e50\u798f\u4e0e\u94f6\u884c\u548c\u79cd\u5b50\u516c\u53f8\u5408\u4f5c\uff0c\u4e3a\u5370\u5ea6\u5c3c\u897f\u4e9a\u7684\u519c\u6c11\u63d0\u4f9b\u79cd\u5b50\u548c\u4fe1\u8d37\uff0c\u4ee5\u79cd\u690d\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u4f5c\u7269\u54c1\u79cd\uff0835\uff09\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

    <\/section>\n
    \u6f5c\u5728\u91c7\u7528\u8005\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u4f1a\u5f71\u54cd\u6269\u6563\u3002\u6b63\u5982\u9608\u503c\u6a21\u578b\u6240\u8868\u660e\u7684\u90a3\u6837\uff0c\u6f5c\u5728\u7684\u91c7\u7528\u8005\u5728\u8d44\u6e90\u53ef\u7528\u6027<\/span>\uff08\u519c\u573a\u89c4\u6a21\u3001\u8d22\u5bcc\u3001\u6536\u5165\uff09<\/span>\u3001\u4eba\u53e3\u7edf\u8ba1\u548c\u751f\u7269\u7269\u7406\u6761\u4ef6\u65b9\u9762\u5b58\u5728\u5dee\u5f02\u3002\u6709\u5145\u5206\u7684\u8bc1\u636e\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u8f83\u5927\u7684\u519c\u573a\u4e3b\u5f88\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u5206\u5272\u6280\u672f\u7684\u65e9\u671f\u91c7\u7528\u8005\uff0c\u5982\u62d6\u62c9\u673a\u548c\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a(2,36,37)\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

    <\/section>\n
    \u5206\u914d\u80fd\u529b\u7684\u5dee\u5f02 (38) \u53ef\u80fd\u5bfc\u81f4\u4e2a\u4f53\u9075\u5faa\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u51b3\u7b56\u89c4\u5219\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u4e00\u4e9b\u662f\u65e9\u671f\u91c7\u7528\u8005\uff0c\u53e6\u4e00\u4e9b\u662f\u8ffd\u968f\u8005\u3002Wuepper\u548cLybbert(39)\u56de\u987e\u8bc1\u636e\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c\u65e9\u671f\u91c7\u7528\u8005\u5bf9\u4e8e\u81ea\u5df1\u63a7\u5236\u6240\u91c7\u7528\u6280\u672f\u6548\u679c\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u5f80\u5f80\u5f88\u6709\u4fe1\u5fc3\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

    <\/section>\n
    \u521b\u65b0\u516c\u53f8\u6709\u65f6\u4f1a\u6839\u636e\u91c7\u7528\u8005\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u548c\u9700\u6c42\u8c03\u6574\u4ea7\u54c1\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

    <\/section>\n
    \u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u5411\u8f83\u5c0f\u7684\u519c\u573a\u6216\u516c\u53f8\u63d0\u4f9b\u66f4\u5c0f\u3001\u66f4\u4fbf\u5b9c\u7684\u4ea7\u54c1\uff0c\u5c31\u50cf\u519c\u4e1a\u673a\u68b0\u90e8\u95e8\u7684\u90a3\u79cd\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u6709\u65f6\u8fd8\u4f1a\u201c\u6346\u7ed1\u201d\u5176\u4ed6\u652f\u4ed8\u65b9\u6848\uff0c\u5982\u79df\u8d41\u548c\u4fe1\u8d37\uff0c\u4ee5\u4f7f\u91c7\u7528\u8005\u80fd\u591f\u514b\u670d\u4fe1\u8d37\u9650\u5236\u548c\u4ea4\u6613\u6210\u672c\u3002\u521b\u65b0\u516c\u53f8\u8ba4\u8bc6\u5230\uff0c\u91c7\u7528\u521b\u65b0\u4f1a\u5f71\u54cd\u91c7\u7528\u8005\u5bf9\u5176\u8d44\u4ea7\u7684\u4f30\u503c\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u5f53\u704c\u6e89\u4f7f\u5f97\u88ab\u704c\u6e89\u7684\u571f\u5730\u4ef7\u503c\u589e\u52a0\u65f6\uff0840\uff09\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u4f30\u503c\u53d8\u5316\u53ef\u4ee5\u7f13\u89e3\u4fe1\u8d37\u7ea6\u675f\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

    <\/section>\n
    \u5236\u5ea6\u548c\u653f\u7b56\u4f1a\u5f71\u54cd\u98ce\u9669<\/span>\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u516c\u5171\u4fdd\u9669\u8ba1\u5212\uff09<\/span>\u3001\u4ea4\u6613\u6210\u672c<\/span>\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u5bf9\u57fa\u7840\u8bbe\u65bd\u7684\u516c\u5171\u6295\u8d44\uff09<\/span>\u548c\u4fe1\u8d37<\/span>\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u5fae\u89c2\u4e0e\u5408\u4f5c\u4fe1\u8d37\u5b89\u6392\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u867d\u7136\u89c4\u6a21\u9650\u5236\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u963b\u6b62\u4e2a\u4eba\u8d2d\u4e70\u65b0\u4ea7\u54c1\uff0c\u4f46\u6280\u672f\u4f9b\u5e94\u5546\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u5f15\u5165\u79df\u8d41\u6216\u5b9a\u5236\u670d\u52a1 (41, 42)\u3002Emerick\u548cDar (43)\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u77ed\u7530\u5b66\u6821\u6253\u7834\u4e86\u4fe1\u606f\u9650\u5236\uff0c\u4f7f\u5370\u5ea6\u91c7\u7528\u4e86\u8010\u6d2a\u6c34\u7a3b\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

    <\/section>\n
    \u653f\u5e9c\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u5236\u5b9a\u653f\u7b56\u6765\u9f13\u52b1\u91c7\u7528\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u6392\u653e\u7a0e\u6216\u51cf\u5c11\u6280\u672f\u7684\u6280\u672f\u6807\u51c6 (44) \u548c\u53ef\u518d\u751f\u71c3\u6599\u6807\u51c6\uff0c\u4ee5\u52a0\u5f3a\u751f\u7269\u71c3\u6599\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u4f7f\u7528(45)\u3002\u5728\u6781\u7aef\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u653f\u5e9c\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u7981\u6b62\u4f7f\u7528\u73b0\u6709\u6280\u672f\u7684\u540c\u65f6\u5f3a\u5236\u91c7\u7528\u65b0\u6280\u672f<\/span>\uff08\u82f1\u56fd\u8ba1\u5212\u57282030\u5e74\u7981\u6b62\u4f7f\u7528\u67f4\u6cb9\u548c\u6c7d\u6cb9\u6c7d\u8f66\uff0c\u4ee5\u9f13\u52b1\u7535\u52a8\u6c7d\u8f66\u7684\u91c7\u7528\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u521b\u65b0\u516c\u53f8\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u53c2\u4e0e\u6e38\u8bf4\u653f\u7b56\uff0c\u4ee5\u4fc3\u8fdb\u91c7\u7528(46)\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

    <\/section>\n
    | \u521b\u65b0\u4ea7\u54c1\/\u6280\u672f\u4f9b\u5e94\u94fe\u7684\u8bbe\u8ba1\u548c\u5b9e\u65bd\u3002<\/strong><\/span><\/section>\n

    <\/section>\n
    \u4e00\u65e6\u516c\u53f8\u5bf9\u91c7\u7528\u6a21\u5f0f\u548c\u9700\u6c42\u5f62\u6210\u4e86\u9884\u671f\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u7740\u624b\u8bbe\u8ba1\u4f9b\u5e94\u94fe\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u4e3a\u4f9b\u5e94\u94fe\u7684\u8bbe\u8ba1\u548c\u7ba1\u7406\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u6982\u5ff5\u6846\u67b6\uff0c\u4ee5\u5b9e\u73b0\u521b\u65b0\u3002\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u4e2d\u5e76\u672a\u5f3a\u8c03\u4f9b\u5e94\u94fe\u8bbe\u8ba1\u3002\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7406\u8bba\u662f\u5728\u519c\u4e1a\u4e3a\u4e3b\u5bfc\u4ea7\u4e1a\u65f6\u5f62\u6210\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5b8c\u5168\u7ade\u4e89\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u81ea\u7136\u7684\u57fa\u51c6\u3002\u4f20\u7edf\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5904\u4e8e\u9759\u6001\u5747\u8861\u72b6\u6001\uff0c\u800c\u73b0\u4ee3\u7ecf\u6d4e\u901a\u8fc7\u521b\u65b0\u548c\u4eba\u529b\u8d44\u672c\u79ef\u7d2f\u800c\u53d1\u751f\u53d8\u5316\uff0c\u5e76\u6301\u7eed\u5904\u4e8e\u975e\u5747\u8861\u72b6\u6001\uff0838\uff09\u3002Schumpeter (47) \u5f3a\u8c03\u4e86\u521b\u65b0\u548c\u521b\u9020\u6027\u7834\u574f\u7684\u5173\u952e\u4f5c\u7528\u3002Coase (48)\u548c Williamson (49) \u5f3a\u8c03\uff0c\u751f\u4ea7\u4ea7\u54c1\u7684\u516c\u53f8\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u53c2\u4e0e\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u6d3b\u52a8\u548c\u51b3\u7b56\uff0c\u6765\u51b3\u5b9a\u5728\u516c\u53f8\u5185\u90e8\u4e0e\u5916\u90e8\u751f\u4ea7\u591a\u5c11\uff0c\u8fd9\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u7ecf\u6d4e\u548c\u5236\u5ea6\u6761\u4ef6\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u6846\u67b6\u4e0eAghion\u7b49\u4eba(50)\u548cAcemoglu(51)\u7684\u5b8f\u89c2\u7ecf\u6d4e\u6846\u67b6\u662f\u4e92\u8865\u7684\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u8bb0\u5f55\u4e86\u521b\u65b0\u3001\u5236\u5ea6\u548c\u7ed3\u6784\u53d8\u5316\u5728\u4fc3\u8fdb\u7ecf\u6d4e\u589e\u957f\u4e2d\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

    <\/section>\n
    \u6211\u4eec\u7684\u5206\u6790\u57fa\u4e8e\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u4e2a\u5047\u8bbe\uff0c\u5373\u521b\u65b0\u7684\u5b9e\u65bd\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u5177\u6709\u591a\u4e2a\u9636\u6bb5\u7684\u4f9b\u5e94\u94fe\u8fdb\u884c\u7684\u3002\u867d\u7136\u6211\u4eec\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u652f\u6301\u8fd9\u4e00\u5047\u8bbe\u7684\u8bc1\u636e\uff0c\u4f46\u4ecd\u5e94\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u7814\u7a76\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u57fa\u672c\u7684\u52a8\u6001\u6a21\u578b\u6765\u83b7\u5f97\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\u7684\u51b3\u7b56\u89c4\u5219\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u5efa\u8bae\u5c06\u73b0\u5b9e\u4e2d\u66f4\u590d\u6742\u7684\u65b9\u9762\u7eb3\u5165\u5206\u6790<\/span>\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u98ce\u9669\u3001\u4fe1\u7528\u3001\u7ade\u4e89\u5bf9\u624b\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u4f9d\u8d56\u4e8e\u6587\u732e\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u5047\u8bbe\u4e00\u4e2a\u4f01\u4e1a\u5bb6\u62e5\u6709\u4e00\u9879\u521b\u65b0\uff0c\u5c5e\u4e8e\u521b\u65b0\u4f9b\u5e94\u94fe\u7684\u8f93\u51fa\u3002\u8be5\u4f01\u4e1a\u5bb6\u9762\u4e34\u7684\u5173\u952e\u95ee\u9898\u662f\u7ecf\u8425\u89c4\u6a21\u548c\u4f9b\u5e94\u94fe\u7ed3\u6784\uff1a\u7279\u522b\u662f\u4f7f\u7528\u5916\u90e8\u4f9b\u5e94\u5546\u6295\u5165\u7684\u7a0b\u5ea6\u548c\u65b9\u5f0f (35, 52)\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u5206\u6790\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u8d21\u732e\u662f\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u8ba4\u4e3a\u521b\u65b0\u4f1a\u5bfc\u81f4\u6574\u4e2a\u4f9b\u5e94\u94fe\u4e2d\u591a\u4e2a\u5e02\u573a\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\u53d1\u751f\u53d8\u5316\u3002Sutton(53)\u7b49\u4eba\u8003\u8651\u4e86\u4f01\u4e1a\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u6218\u7565\u4e92\u52a8\uff0c\u5e76\u5f3a\u8c03\u521b\u65b0\u5982\u4f55\u6539\u53d8\u6700\u7ec8\u4ea7\u54c1\u5e02\u573a\uff0c\u800c\u6211\u4eec\u5f3a\u8c03\u4e86\u521b\u65b0\u5bf9\u4e2d\u95f4\u6295\u5165\u5e02\u573a<\/span>\uff08intermediate input markets\uff09<\/span>\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

    <\/section>\n
    \u4e3a\u4e86\u63cf\u8ff0\u521b\u65b0\u516c\u53f8\u5728\u5176\u4f9b\u5e94\u94fe\u8bbe\u8ba1\u4e2d\u7684\u9009\u62e9\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5f15\u5165\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u4e24\u9636\u6bb5\u52a8\u6001\u4f9b\u5e94\u94fe\u8bbe\u8ba1\u6a21\u578b<\/span>\uff08two-stage dynamic supply design chain model\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u8be5\u6a21\u578b\u5efa\u7acb\u5728Du\u7b49\u4eba(54)\u7684\u9759\u6001\u6846\u67b6<\/span>\uff08static framework\uff09<\/span>\u4e0a\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u5047\u8bbe\u8be5\u516c\u53f8\u6b63\u5728\u751f\u4ea7\u4e00\u79cd\u65b0\u7684\u5dee\u5f02\u5316\u4ea7\u54c1<\/span>\uff08\u5982\u7535\u52a8\u6c7d\u8f66\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u5e76\u53ef\u80fd\u4f7f\u7528\u5dee\u5f02\u5316\u7684\u4e2d\u95f4\u6295\u5165<\/span>\uff08\u5982\u7535\u6c60\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5728\u8be5\u6a21\u578b\u4e2d\uff0c\u521b\u65b0\u4f01\u4e1a\u5f88\u53ef\u80fd\u5728\u6295\u5165\u548c\u4ea7\u51fa\u5e02\u573a\u4e0a\u90fd\u5177\u6709\u5e02\u573a\u652f\u914d\u529b\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u5fae\u89c2\u7ecf\u6d4e\u6a21\u578b\u662f\u72ec\u4e00\u65e0\u4e8c\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u5728\u4f9b\u5e94\u94fe\u7684\u4e0a\u6e38\u548c\u4e0b\u6e38\u4e4b\u95f4\u5206\u914d\u8d44\u6e90\uff0c\u5e76\u51b3\u5b9a\u5728\u52a8\u6001\u8bbe\u7f6e\u4e2d\u5bf9\u5916\u90e8\u6295\u5165\u548c\u5185\u90e8\u6295\u5165\u7684\u4f9d\u8d56\u4efd\u989d\u3002\u7b80\u5355\u8d77\u89c1\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5047\u8bbe\u5728\u65f6\u671ft\u7684\u6bcf\u4e2a\u4ea7\u51fa\u5355\u4f4d\u662f\u7531\u4e00\u4e2a\u5355\u4f4d\u7684\u4e2d\u95f4\u6295\u5165<\/span>\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\u7528\u4e8e\u751f\u7269\u71c3\u6599\u7684\u7389\u7c73\uff09<\/span>\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u603b\u7684\u4e2d\u95f4\u6295\u5165\u91cfXt<\/sub><\/span>=XIt<\/sub><\/span>+XEt<\/sub><\/span>\uff0c\u5176\u4e2dX<\/span>It<\/sub><\/span>\u662f\u5185\u90e8\u751f\u4ea7\u7684\u6295\u5165\uff0cX<\/span>Et<\/sub><\/span>\u662f\u8d2d\u4e70\u7684\u6295\u5165\uff0c\u65f6\u671f\u7531t=0\u5230t=T\u3002\u4f01\u4e1a\u5bb6\u4f7f\u7528\u5bf9\u6700\u7ec8\u4ea7\u54c1\u7684\u9700\u6c42\u7684\u4f30\u8ba1\u6765\u4f30\u8ba1\u65f6\u671ft\u5185\u7684\u9884\u671f\u6536\u5165\uff0cREVt<\/sub><\/span>(X<\/span>t<\/sub><\/span>)\u662f\u4ea7\u51fa\u7684\u51fd\u6570\u3002\u6210\u672c\u5206\u4e3a\u4e2d\u95f4\u6295\u5165\u6210\u672c\u548c\u52a0\u5de5\u6210\u672c\u3002\u5185\u90e8\u751f\u4ea7\u7684\u6295\u5165\u6210\u672c\u4e3aINFC(<\/span>X<\/span>It<\/sub><\/span>)<\/span><\/span>\uff0c\u8d2d\u4e70\u6295\u5165\u7684\u6210\u672c\u4e3aEXPC(X<\/span>Et<\/sub><\/span>)<\/span>\uff0c\u52a0\u5de5\u6210\u672c\u4e3aPROC(X<\/span>t<\/sub><\/span>, Kt<\/sub><\/span>)<\/span>\uff0c\u5b83\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8et\u65f6\u523b\u7528\u4e8e\u52a0\u5de5\u7684\u8d44\u672c\u54c1\u7684\u603b\u4e2d\u95f4\u6295\u5165\u548c\u5b58\u91cf\uff0c\u7528K<\/span>t<\/sub><\/span>\u8868\u793a\uff1a\u8d44\u672c\u5b58\u91cf\u968f\u7740\u6295\u8d44It<\/sub><\/span>\u7684\u589e\u52a0\u800c\u589e\u52a0\uff0c\u6298\u65e7\u7387<\/span>\u4e3a\u03b4<\/span>\uff0c\u5229\u7387\u4e3ar\u3002\u8d44\u672c\u79ef\u7d2f\u65b9\u7a0b<\/span>\uff08capital accumulation equation\uff09<\/span>\u4e3a\uff1a<\/span><\/section>\n
    <\/span><\/section>\n
                                                                       <\/span><\/section>\n

    <\/p>\n

     <\/span><\/section>\n
    \u516c\u53f8\u7684\u76ee\u6807\u662f\u5728\u4e00\u6bb5\u65f6\u95f4\u5185\u6700\u5927\u5316\u5229\u6da6\u7684\u51c0\u73b0\u503c<\/span>\uff08net present value of profit\uff09<\/span>\uff1a<\/span><\/section>\n

    <\/span><\/section>\n
    <\/section>\n
    <\/span><\/section>\n
     <\/span><\/section>\n
    \u8be5\u503c\u53d7\u8d44\u672c\u79ef\u7d2f\u65b9\u7a0b\u548c\u975e\u8d1f\u6027\u7ea6\u675f\u3002\u6bcf\u4e2a\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u516c\u53f8\u51b3\u5b9a\u5b83\u751f\u4ea7\u548c\u8d2d\u4e70\u7684\u6295\u5165\u6570\u91cf\u4ee5\u53ca\u6295\u8d44\u91d1\u989d\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u51b3\u7b56\u51b3\u5b9a\u4e86\u8d44\u672c\u5b58\u91cf\u3001\u4ea7\u51fa\u3001\u6536\u5165\u3001\u6210\u672c\u548c\u5229\u6da6\u3002\u6bcf\u4e2a\u65f6\u671f\u7684\u5229\u6da6\u662f\u6536\u5165\u51cf\u53bb\u4ee5\u4e0b\u56db\u9879\uff1a1\uff09\u53ef\u53d8\u7684\u52a0\u5de5\u6210\u672c\uff0c2\uff09\u6295\u8d44\u6210\u672c\uff0c3\uff09\u5185\u90e8\u751f\u4ea7\u6295\u5165\u7684\u6210\u672c\uff0c4\uff09\u5411\u4ed6\u4eba\u8d2d\u4e70\u6295\u5165\u7684\u6210\u672c\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

    <\/section>\n
    \u7279\u522b\u662f\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u516c\u53f8\u5728\u5404\u4e2a\u89c4\u6a21\u7684\u6295\u5165\u751f\u4ea7\u65b9\u9762\u90fd\u5177\u6709\u76f8\u5bf9\u4f18\u52bf<\/span>\uff08relative advantage\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u5b83\u5c06\u4f1a\u5782\u76f4\u6574\u5408\uff0c\u5e76\u5728\u5185\u90e8\u751f\u4ea7\u6240\u6709\u4e2d\u95f4\u6295\u5165\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u5f53\u6bcf\u5355\u4f4d\u6295\u5165\u7684\u8fb9\u9645\u6536\u76ca\u7b49\u4e8e\u8fb9\u9645\u52a0\u5de5\u6210\u672c\u4e0e\u8fb9\u9645\u5185\u90e8\u751f\u4ea7\u6210\u672c\u4e4b\u548c\u65f6\uff0c\u6700\u4f18\u4ea7\u51fa\u6c34\u5e73\u5904\u4e8e\u8be5\u70b9\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c<\/span>X<\/span>I<\/sub><\/span>=0, X=XE<\/sub><\/span><\/span>, <\/span><\/span>MREV(X)=MPROC(X)+MINFC(X)<\/span>\uff0c\u5176<\/span><\/sub><\/span>\uff0c\u5176\u4ed6\u8fb9\u9645\u5173\u7cfb\u636e\u6b64\u786e\u5b9a\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

    <\/section>\n
    \u5047\u8bbe\u516c\u53f8\u6216\u5916\u90e8\u6765\u6e90\u5728\u751f\u4ea7\u6295\u5165\u65b9\u9762\u6ca1\u6709\u660e\u663e\u4f18\u52bf\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u516c\u53f8\u5c06\u5728\u5185\u90e8\u751f\u4ea7\u4e00\u4e9b\u6295\u5165\uff0c\u5e76\u8d2d\u4e70\u5176\u4f59\u7684\u6295\u5165\uff0c\u76f4\u5230\u5185\u90e8\u751f\u4ea7\u7684\u8fb9\u9645\u6210\u672c\u7b49\u4e8e\u91c7\u8d2d\u7684\u8fb9\u9645\u6210\u672c\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0cMINFC(X<\/span>I<\/sub><\/span>)=MEXPC(X<\/span>E<\/sub><\/span>) and MREV(X<\/span>I<\/sub><\/span>+X<\/span>E<\/sub><\/span>)=MPROC(X<\/span>I<\/sub><\/span>+X<\/span>E1<\/sub><\/span><\/sub><\/span>)+MINFC(XI<\/sub><\/span>)\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

    <\/section>\n
    \u5982\u679c\u516c\u53f8\u5728\u4efb\u4f55\u89c4\u6a21\u7684\u6295\u5165\u751f\u4ea7\u4e0a\u90fd\u6ca1\u6709\u4f18\u52bf\uff0c\u5c31\u4f1a\u8d2d\u4e70\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6295\u5165\u3002\u5f53\u6bcf\u5355\u4f4d\u6295\u5165\u7684\u8fb9\u9645\u6536\u76ca<\/span>\uff08marginal revenue\uff09<\/span>\u7b49\u4e8e\u8fb9\u9645\u52a0\u5de5\u6210\u672c<\/span>\uff08marginal processing cost\uff09<\/span>\u52a0\u4e0a\u8fb9\u9645\u91c7\u8d2d\u6210\u672c<\/span>\uff08marginal purchasing cost\uff09<\/span>\u65f6\uff0c\u8fbe\u5230\u6700\u4f18\u6c34\u5e73\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0cX<\/span>E<\/sub><\/span>=0, X<\/span>I<\/sub><\/span>=X, and MREV(X)=MPROC(X)+MEXPC(X)<\/span>\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u8fb9\u9645\u91c7\u8d2d\u6210\u672cMEXPC(X)<\/span>\u9ad8\u4e8e\u5916\u90e8\u6295\u5165\u7684\u8fb9\u9645\u6210\u672c\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u91c7\u8d2d\u589e\u52a0\u5f80\u5f80\u4f1a\u4f7f\u5f97\u6295\u5165\u7684\u5355\u4f4d\u4ef7\u683c\u5347\u9ad8\uff0c\u800c\u8fb9\u9645\u91c7\u8d2d\u6210\u672c\u4f1a\u8003\u8651\u5230\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

    <\/section>\n
    \u6bcf\u4e2a\u65f6\u671f\u7684\u6295\u8d44\u6c34\u5e73\u5c06\u4f7f\u8d44\u672c\u7684\u8fb9\u9645\u8d34\u73b0\u51c0\u73b0\u503c<\/span>\uff08marginal discounted net present value of capital\uff09<\/span>\u4e0e\u5176\u4ef7\u683c\u76f8\u7b49\u3002\u6295\u8d44\u7684\u8fb9\u9645\u6536\u76ca\u662f\u5176\u6240\u52a0\u8d44\u672c\u7684\u672a\u6765\u8d34\u73b0\u6536\u76ca\u4e4b\u548c\u3002\u516c\u5f0f<\/sub><\/span>\uff1b<\/sub><\/span>\uff1b<\/sub><\/span>\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u8f83\u9ad8\u7684\u6298\u65e7\u548c\u8d34\u73b0\u7387\u4f1a\u5bfc\u81f4\u6295\u8d44\u51cf\u5c11\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

    <\/section>\n
    \u6211\u4eec\u7684\u5206\u6790\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u521b\u65b0\u516c\u53f8\u5c06\u53d7\u76ca\u4e8e\u4ea7\u51fa\u548c\u6295\u5165\u5e02\u573a\u7684\u5e02\u573a\u529b\u91cf\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7<\/span>\uff08\u6e10\u8fdb\u5f0f\uff09<\/span>\u521b\u65b0\uff0c\u82f9\u679c\u516c\u53f8\u521b\u9020\u4e86 iPhone\uff0c\u5728\u667a\u80fd\u624b\u673a\u9886\u57df\u62e5\u6709\u5e02\u573a\u529b\u91cf\uff0c\u5e76\u6536\u53d6\u76f8\u5bf9\u8f83\u9ad8\u7684\u4ef7\u683c\u3002\u957f\u671f\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u82f9\u679c\u4e00\u76f4\u5c06 iPhone \u7ec4\u4ef6\u7684\u751f\u4ea7\u5916\u5305\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u5728\u8d2d\u4e70\u7ec4\u4ef6\u65b9\u9762\u62e5\u6709\u8db3\u591f\u7684\u5e02\u573a\u652f\u914d\u529b\uff0c\u4ee5\u4fdd\u6301\u5176\u4f4e\u6210\u672c\u4e0e\u9ad8\u5229\u6da6\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

    <\/section>\n
    \u7531\u4e8e\u6269\u6563\u548c\u5b66\u4e60\u7684\u52a8\u6001\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff0c\u8be5\u6a21\u578b\u5141\u8bb8\u6536\u5165\u548c\u6210\u672c\u51fd\u6570\u968f\u65f6\u95f4\u53d8\u5316\u3002\u5982\u679c\u6f5c\u5728\u6536\u5165\u968f\u7740\u65f6\u95f4\u7684\u63a8\u79fb\u800c\u589e\u52a0\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u52a0\u5de5\u6210\u672c\u4e0b\u964d\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u4ea7\u91cf\u5c31\u4f1a\u589e\u52a0\u3002\u5982\u679c\u5916\u90e8\u6295\u5165\u4f9b\u5e94\u5546\u7684\u6210\u672c\u4e0b\u964d\u901f\u5ea6\u5feb\u4e8e\u521b\u65b0\u516c\u53f8\u7684\u6210\u672c\u4e0b\u964d\u901f\u5ea6\uff0c\u5219\u8d2d\u4e70\u6295\u5165\u7684\u4efd\u989d\u5c06\u589e\u52a0\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u80af\u5c3c\u4e9a\u5df2\u6210\u4e3a\u6b27\u6d32\u6700\u5927\u7684\u82b1\u5349\u51fa\u53e3\u56fd\u300220\u4e16\u7eaa60\u5e74\u4ee3\u672b\uff0c\u4e39\u65af\u514b\u83ca\u82b1\u6587\u5316<\/span>\uff08Dansk Chrysanthemum Kultur\uff0cDCK\uff09<\/span>\u5728\u80af\u5c3c\u4e9a\u5f00\u5c55\u4e86\u5782\u76f4\u6574\u5408\u7684\u82b1\u5349\u751f\u4ea7\u548c\u8fd0\u8f93\u4e1a\u52a1\u3002\u968f\u7740\u65f6\u95f4\u7684\u63a8\u79fb\uff0c\u968f\u7740\u5176\u4ed6\u6258\u8fd0\u4eba\u5728\u80af\u5c3c\u4e9a\u51fa\u73b0\uff0cDCK\u5f00\u59cb\u5c06\u4e1a\u52a1\u5916\u5305\u7ed9\u751f\u4ea7\u5546\u3002\u81ea\u6b64\u4ee5\u540e\uff0c\u80af\u5c3c\u4e9a\u7684\u5de5\u4e1a\u5df2\u7ecf\u5b9e\u73b0\u4e86\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u751f\u4ea7\u3001\u7269\u6d41\u548c\u8425\u9500\u7684\u81ea\u52a8\u5316\u548c\u6570\u5b57\u5316 (55, 56)\u3002\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u4e9a\u9a6c\u900a\u6700\u521d\u4f9d\u8d56\u627f\u5305\u5546\uff0c\u540e\u6765\u624d\u5f00\u59cb\u5782\u76f4\u6574\u5408\u5176\u914d\u9001\u4e1a\u52a1\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

    <\/section>\n
    \u6211\u4eec\u7684\u7b80\u5355\u6a21\u578b\u5bf9\u4e00\u4e9b\u91cd\u8981\u8003\u8651\u4e0d\u4e88\u8003\u8651\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u5f3a\u8c03\u6295\u5165\u5e02\u573a\u7684\u5185\u751f\u6027\uff0c\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5e02\u573a\u4e2d\uff0c\u4f01\u4e1a\u5236\u9020\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u8d2d\u4e70\u4e2d\u95f4\u6295\u5165\u7684\u7a0b\u5ea6\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u968f\u7740\u65f6\u95f4\u800c\u6539\u53d8\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5047\u8bbe\u4f01\u4e1a\u662f\u5728\u5e02\u573a\u4e0a\u8d2d\u4e70\uff0c\u800c\u4f01\u4e1a\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u7b7e\u53d1\u4e0d\u540c\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u5408\u540c\uff0c\u4ee5\u63d0\u4f9b\u5dee\u5f02\u5316\u7684\u4e2d\u95f4\u6295\u5165\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u6295\u6807\u6216\u7ade\u8d5b\u6765\u9009\u62e9\u4f9b\u5e94\u5546 (56, 57)\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u5bf9\u4ea7\u51fa\u5e02\u573a\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u5206\u6790\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u4ee5\u4e0b\u60c5\u51b5\uff1a\u521b\u65b0\u516c\u53f8\u662f\u5784\u65ad\u8005\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u662f\u5784\u65ad\u7ade\u4e89\u7ed3\u6784<\/span>\uff08\u5176\u4e2d\u591a\u5bb6\u516c\u53f8\u5728\u5bc6\u5207\u76f8\u5173\u4ea7\u54c1\u7684\u5e02\u573a\u4e0a\u62e5\u6709\u5784\u65ad\u6743\u529b\uff09<\/span>\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u5e76\u5c06\u5176\u4ed6\u516c\u53f8\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u89c6\u4e3a\u65e2\u5b9a\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u3002\u5148\u8fdb\u7684\u4ea7\u4e1a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u6a21\u578b (53, 58) \u89e3\u51b3\u4e86\u968f\u7740\u65f6\u95f4\u7684\u63a8\u79fb\u516c\u53f8\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u6218\u7565\u884c\u4e3a\u548c\u4e92\u52a8\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u5206\u6790\u5bf9\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u6709\u591a\u91cd\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u9996\u5148\uff0c\u867d\u7136\u521b\u65b0\u8005\u4e00\u5f00\u59cb\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u5784\u65ad\u4f01\u4e1a\uff0c\u4f46\u968f\u7740\u65f6\u95f4\u7684\u63a8\u79fb\uff0c\u5e02\u573a\u7ed3\u6784\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u53d8\u6210\u5be1\u5934\u5784\u65ad<\/span>\uff08oligopolistic\uff09<\/span>\u6216\u5784\u65ad\u7ade\u4e89<\/span>\uff08monopolistically competitive\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u4e0e\u539f\u59cb\u521b\u65b0\u8005\u7ade\u4e89\u7684\u516c\u53f8\u53ef\u80fd\u62e5\u6709\u5dee\u5f02\u5316\u7684\u4ea7\u54c1\uff0c\u4e0e\u539f\u59cb\u516c\u53f8\u7684\u521b\u65b0\u76f8\u6bd4\u5177\u6709\u76f8\u5f53\u7a0b\u5ea6\u7684\u53ef\u66ff\u4ee3\u6027\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5b5f\u5c71\u90fd<\/span>\uff08Monsanto\uff09<\/span>\u6700\u521d\u5784\u65ad\u4e86\u8f6c\u57fa\u56e0\u7389\u7c73\u5e02\u573a\uff0c\u4f46\u73b0\u5728\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5e02\u573a\u662f\u5be1\u5934\u5784\u65ad\u7684\u3002\u7d27\u968fiPhone\u4e4b\u540e\u51fa\u73b0\u4e86\u5176\u4ed6\u667a\u80fd\u624b\u673a\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

    <\/section>\n
    \u5176\u6b21\uff0c\u521b\u65b0\u8005\u53ef\u80fd\u9884\u8ba1\u5230\u65b0\u8fdb\u5165\u8005\u4f1a\u4f7f\u5176\u5931\u53bb\u5229\u6da6\u548c\u5e02\u573a\u529b\u91cf\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u4f1a\u91c7\u53d6\u9632\u5fa1\u6027\u7b56\u7565\uff0c\u5982\u63a0\u593a\u6027\u5b9a\u4ef7\u548c\u6536\u8d2d\u6f5c\u5728\u7ade\u4e89\u5bf9\u624b\u548c\u77e5\u8bc6\u4ea7\u6743\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5b5f\u5c71\u90fd\u4e3a\u4e86\u6269\u5927\u5728\u79cd\u5b50\u884c\u4e1a\u7684\u5e02\u573a\u652f\u6491\u529b\uff0c\u6536\u8d2d\u4e86\u591a\u5bb6\u79cd\u5b50\u516c\u53f8\uff0c\u6210\u4e3a\u5168\u7403\u6700\u5927\u7684\u79cd\u5b50\u516c\u53f8(59)\u3002\u5b5f\u5c71\u90fd\u901a\u8fc7\u6536\u8d2d Calgene \u7b49\u521d\u521b\u4f01\u4e1a\u6765\u6784\u5efa\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u4ea7\u6743\u3002\u6700\u540e\uff0c\u5b5f\u5c71\u90fd\u88ab\u751f\u547d\u79d1\u5b66\u548c\u519c\u4e1a\u9886\u57df\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u53c2\u4e0e\u8005\u62dc\u8033\u516c\u53f8<\/span>\uff08Bayer\uff09<\/span>\u6536\u8d2d\u3002\u53cd\u5784\u65ad\u90e8\u95e8\u6279\u51c6\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e9b\u884c\u52a8\uff0c\u4f46\u9700\u8981\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u7814\u7a76\u8bc4\u4f30\u5176\u4e8b\u540e\u5f71\u54cd\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

    <\/section>\n
    \u7b2c\u4e09\uff0c\u6301\u7eed\u7814\u53d1\u5bfc\u81f4\u6e10\u8fdb\u5f0f\u521b\u65b0<\/span>\uff08\u8d85\u51fa\u539f\u59cb\u521b\u65b0\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u964d\u4f4e\u751f\u4ea7\u6210\u672c\u5e76\u63d0\u9ad8\u8d28\u91cf\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u521b\u65b0\u53ef\u4ee5\u589e\u52a0\u4f9b\u5e94\u5e76\u964d\u4f4e\u4ef7\u683c\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u63d0\u9ad8\u91c7\u7528\u7387\u3002\u690d\u7269\u8089\u5c31\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u4f8b\u5b50\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u4ea7\u54c1\u7684\u521b\u65b0\u964d\u4f4e\u4e86\u6210\u672c\uff0c\u6539\u5584\u4e86\u5473\u9053\u548c\u5916\u89c2\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u63d0\u9ad8\u4e86\u91c7\u7528\u7387\uff0c\u6269\u5927\u4e86\u5e02\u573a\u89c4\u6a21\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

    <\/section>\n
    \u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u63d0\u9ad8\u8d28\u91cf\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u5bfc\u81f4\u4e00\u4e9b\u65e9\u671f\u91c7\u7528\u8005\u7528\u6700\u65b0\u4ea7\u54c1\u53d6\u4ee3\u65e7\u4ea7\u54c1\uff0c\u4e3a\u8fc7\u65f6\u7248\u672c\u521b\u9020\u4e8c\u624b\u5e02\u573a\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5c06\u8fc7\u65f6\u7684\u62d6\u62c9\u673a\u578b\u53f7\u4ece\u4e2d\u56fd\u51fa\u552e\u7ed9\u7f05\u7538\u519c\u6c11\uff0c\u6b27\u6d32\u7684\u4e8c\u624b\u8f66\u51fa\u53e3\u5230\u975e\u6d32\u3002\u52a8\u6001\u4f9b\u5e94\u94fe\u8bbe\u8ba1\u5141\u8bb8\u5347\u7ea7\uff0c\u589e\u52a0\u4e86\u540e\u7eed\u65b0\u7248\u672c\u7684\u5229\u6da6\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

    <\/section>\n
    \u6211\u4eec\u7684\u6a21\u578b\u6ca1\u6709\u8003\u8651\u4f01\u4e1a\u5bb6\u5bf9\u98ce\u9669\u7684\u6001\u5ea6\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u6570\u91cf\u3001\u65f6\u673a\u548c\u4e2d\u95f4\u6295\u5165\u8d28\u91cf\u7684\u53ef\u9760\u6027\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u7684\u3002\u98ce\u9669\u89c4\u907f\u5c06\u5bfc\u81f4\u5bf9\u98ce\u9669\u8f83\u9ad8\u7684\u5916\u90e8\u4f9b\u5e94\u5546\u7684\u4f9d\u8d56\u51cf\u5c11\uff0c\u603b\u4ea7\u51fa\u4e5f\u4f1a\u51cf\u5c11\u3002\u540c\u6837\uff0c\u4e2d\u95f4\u6295\u5165\u54c1\u7684\u52a0\u5de5\u98ce\u9669\u8f83\u9ad8\u4e5f\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u964d\u4f4e\u4ea7\u91cf\uff0842\uff09\u3002\u968f\u7740\u65f6\u95f4\u7684\u63a8\u79fb\uff0c\u5b66\u4e60\u548c\u9002\u5e94\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u964d\u4f4e\u4f9b\u5e94\u548c\u52a0\u5de5\u6d3b\u52a8\u7684\u98ce\u9669\uff0c\u5e76\u589e\u52a0\u6574\u4f53\u4ea7\u91cf\u548c\u5bf9\u5916\u90e8\u4f9b\u5e94\u5546\u7684\u4f9d\u8d56\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

    <\/section>\n
    \u6211\u4eec\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u6a21\u578b\u8fd8\u5ffd\u7565\u4e86\uff0c\u5728\u5b9e\u8df5\u4e2d\uff0c\u4f01\u4e1a\u5bb6\u5728\u4fe1\u8d37\u7ea6\u675f\u4e0b\u7ecf\u8425\uff0c\u53d1\u5c55\u4e2d\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u4fe1\u8d37\u7ea6\u675f\u66f4\u4e3a\u4e25\u683c\uff0c\u53cd\u6620\u4e86\u501f\u6b3e\u4eba\u548c\u8d37\u6b3e\u4eba\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u4e0d\u5bf9\u79f0\uff0860\uff09\u3002\u60f3\u8981\u6269\u5927\u4ea7\u51fa\u80fd\u529b\u7684\u4fe1\u8d37\u53d7\u9650\u4f01\u4e1a\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u5229\u7528\u5176\u4fe1\u8d37\u6765\u6295\u8d44\uff0c\u63d0\u9ad8\u5176\u4ea7\u51fa\u52a0\u5de5\u80fd\u529b\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u4e3b\u8981\u4f9d\u8d56\u4e8e\u5916\u90e8\u8d2d\u4e70\u7684\u4e2d\u95f4\u6295\u5165\u3002\u4e3a\u4e86\u514b\u670d\u4fe1\u8d37\u6210\u672c\u548c\u7ea6\u675f\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u6700\u5927\u7684\u5bb6\u79bd\u52a0\u5de5\u5546\u6cf0\u68ee\u516c\u53f8<\/span>\uff08Tyson\uff09<\/span>\u5728\u4e0e\u519c\u6237\u7b7e\u7ea6\u4ee5\u751f\u4ea7\u4e2d\u95f4\u6295\u5165(\u9e21)\u7684\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u6301\u7eed\u6295\u8d44\u4e8e\u4ea7\u51fa\u52a0\u5de5\u4e0e\u8425\u9500\u3002\u5e03\u9c81\u65af\u6559\u5802\u519c\u573a<\/span>\uff08Bruce Church Farms\uff09<\/span>\u662f\u4e00\u5bb6\u5927\u578b\u751f\u83dc\u751f\u4ea7\u5546\uff0c\u63a8\u51fa\u4e86\u5305\u88c5\u597d\u7684\u9884\u5207\u6c99\u62c9\u3002\u5b83\u521b\u529e\u4e86\u52a0\u5de5\u516c\u53f8Fresh Express\uff0c\u5e76\u51fa\u552e\u519c\u573a\uff0c\u4e3a\u4e00\u5bb6\u5927\u578b\u52a0\u5de5\u5382\u63d0\u4f9b\u8d44\u91d1\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u4e0e\u519c\u6c11\u7b7e\u8ba2\u4e86\u79cd\u690d\u751f\u83dc\u7684\u5408\u540c (61)\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

    <\/section>\n
    \u516c\u53f8\u7684\u6269\u5f20\u51b3\u7b56\u4e5f\u6709\u7a7a\u95f4\u56e0\u7d20\u3002\u4e00\u5bb6\u516c\u53f8\u53ef\u80fd\u4ece\u67d0\u4e9b\u5730\u70b9\u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u5e76\u5728\u5730\u7406\u4e0a\u6269\u5f20\u3002\u6700\u521d\u7684\u751f\u4ea7\u5730\u70b9\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u53d7\u5230\u4ee5\u4e0b\u56e0\u7d20\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\uff1a\u80fd\u5426\u83b7\u5f97\u6280\u672f<\/span>\uff08\u9760\u8fd1\u8fdb\u884c\u521b\u65b0\u7684\u5927\u5b66\uff09<\/span>\u3001\u80fd\u5426\u83b7\u5f97\u4e2d\u95f4\u6295\u5165\u548c\u719f\u7ec3\u52b3\u52a8\u529b\u3002\u9500\u552e\u5730\u70b9\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u53d7\u5230\u76f8\u5bf9\u9700\u6c42\u4ee5\u53ca\u4ea4\u6613\u6210\u672c\u548c\u6cd5\u89c4\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u901a\u8fc7\u5916\u56fd\u76f4\u63a5\u6295\u8d44<\/span>\uff08foreign direct investment , FDI\uff09<\/span>\u5411\u53d1\u5c55\u4e2d\u56fd\u5bb6\u8fdb\u884c\u7684\u56fd\u9645\u6269\u5f20\u7ecf\u5e38\u4e0e\u201c\u4ea7\u54c1\u5468\u671f\u201d<\/span>\uff08foreign direct investment\uff09<\/span>\u76f8\u5173(62)\u3002\u521b\u65b0\u516c\u53f8\u5728\u56fd\u5916\u5e02\u573a\u751f\u4ea7\u4ea7\u54c1\u7684\u65e9\u671f\u7248\u672c\uff0c\u5e76\u7ecf\u5e38\u5411\u56fd\u5185\u5e02\u573a\u63a8\u51fa\u5347\u7ea7\u7684\u3001\u5dee\u5f02\u5316\u7684\u521b\u65b0\u7248\u672c\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e24\u9879\u4e3e\u63aa\u90fd\u589e\u52a0\u4e86\u539f\u59cb\u521b\u65b0\u548c\u5347\u7ea7\u521b\u65b0\u7684\u6269\u6563\u3002Vernon (62)\u4ee5\u5728\u65b0\u7684\u6b20\u53d1\u8fbe\u5e02\u573a\u9500\u552e\u65e7\u6b3e\u6d17\u8863\u673a\u4e3a\u4f8b\u6765\u8bf4\u660e\u4ed6\u7684\u6a21\u578b\u3002\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u4f8b\u5b50\u662f\u9ea6\u5f53\u52b3\uff0c\u5b83\u5728\u4e00\u4e9b\u8bd5\u70b9\u95e8\u5e97\u5b66\u4e60\u5e76\u6539\u8fdb\u6280\u672f\u540e\uff0c\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\u5404\u5730\u8bbe\u7acb\u4e86\u95e8\u5e97\uff0c\u540e\u6765\u53c8\u5728\u56fd\u9645\u4e0a\u8bbe\u7acb\u4e86\u95e8\u5e97\u3002\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u9ea6\u5f53\u52b3\u516c\u53f8\u63a7\u5236\u7740\u6280\u672f\u548c\u6295\u5165\u7684\u4f9b\u5e94\uff0c\u4f46\u4e3b\u8981\u4f9d\u9760\u7279\u8bb8\u7ecf\u8425\u5546\u5728\u5f53\u5730\u8fdb\u884c\u7ba1\u7406\u4ee5\u53ca\u5bf9\u8bbe\u65bd\u8fdb\u884c\u6295\u8d44\u3002\u9ea6\u5f53\u52b3\u5f3a\u8c03\u5176\u5728\u4e0d\u540c\u56fd\u5bb6\u95e8\u5e97\u7684\u4ea7\u54c1\u7684\u4e00\u81f4\u6027\uff0c\u4f46\u7565\u5fae\u4fee\u6539\u4e86\u4e00\u4e9b\u4ea7\u54c1\u4ee5\u9002\u5e94\u5f53\u5730\u53e3\u5473\uff0863\uff09\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

    <\/section>\n
    \u6e90\u81ea\u6bcd\u56fd\u7684\u521b\u65b0\u5728\u5730\u7406\u4e0a\u7684\u6269\u6563\u4e0d\u4ec5\u5f71\u54cd\u6d88\u8d39\u8005\u53ef\u83b7\u5f97\u7684\u6700\u7ec8\u4ea7\u54c1\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5f71\u54cd\u56fd\u9645\u4e0a\u7684\u5e02\u573a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u548c\u673a\u6784\u3002\u8fc7\u53bb\u51e0\u5341\u5e74\u7684\u5168\u7403\u5316\uff0c\u4f34\u968f\u7740\u8d38\u6613\u548c\u5916\u56fd\u76f4\u63a5\u6295\u8d44\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u5316\uff0c\u4f7f\u5f97\u7f8e\u56fd\u548c\u897f\u6b27\u572820\u4e16\u7eaa20\u5e74\u4ee3\u81f350\u5e74\u4ee3\u5f15\u5165\u5e02\u573a\u521b\u65b0\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u8d85\u5e02\u548c\u5feb\u9910\u8fde\u9501\u5e97\uff0c\u4f20\u64ad\u5230\u4e9a\u6d32\u3001\u62c9\u4e01\u7f8e\u6d32\u3001\u4e1c\u6b27\u548c\u975e\u6d32\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u4e2d\u5730\u533a(35)\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

    <\/section>\n
    \u6211\u4eec\u7684\u5206\u6790\u662f\u6709\u9650\u7684\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u57fa\u4e8e\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u548c\u5e02\u573a\u8425\u9500\u5b66\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u7ed3\u679c\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u7684\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u53d1\u5c55\u5e94\u8be5\u7ed3\u5408\u5546\u4e1a\u548c\u5de5\u7a0b\u9886\u57df\u5927\u91cf\u6587\u732e\u4e2d\u7684\u89c1\u89e3\u3002Beamon (64)\u56de\u987e\u4e86\u4f9b\u5e94\u94fe\u7684\u8bbe\u8ba1\u7ba1\u7406\u548c\u5206\u6790\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u4e30\u5bcc\u6587\u732e\u3002\u5b83\u5f3a\u8c03\u591a\u5c42\u4f9b\u5e94\u94fe<\/span>\uff08multi-layer supply chains\uff09<\/span>\u7684\u8fd0\u8425\u7ba1\u7406\u95ee\u9898\u548c\u7269\u6d41\u8bbe\u8ba1\u3002\u8be5\u7efc\u8ff0\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u591a\u79cd\u4f18\u5316\u548c\u8bc4\u4f30\u4f9b\u5e94\u94fe\u6548\u679c\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u5f3a\u8c03\u7ed3\u5408\u6d88\u8d39\u8005\u504f\u597d\u548c\u63a5\u53d7\u5ea6\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002\u5173\u4e8e\u53ef\u6301\u7eed\u4f9b\u5e94\u94fe<\/span>\uff08sustainable supply chains\uff09<\/span>\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u591a\uff0c\u91cd\u70b9\u662f\u63a7\u5236\u6c61\u67d3\u548c\u4f9d\u8d56\u53ef\u518d\u751f\u7cfb\u7edf (65)\u3002Wong \u548c Ngai (66) \u7684\u8c03\u67e5\u6279\u5224\u6027\u5730\u56de\u987e\u4e86\u4f9b\u5e94\u94fe\u521b\u65b0\u7684\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u7269\u6d41\u3001\u7ec4\u7ec7\u3001\u8425\u9500\u548c\u6280\u672f\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6587\u732e\u5927\u591a\u662f\u57fa\u4e8e\u53d1\u8fbe\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u7ecf\u9a8c\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u5206\u6790\u5f97\u5230\u7684\u7ecf\u9a8c\u4e4b\u4e00\u662f\uff0c\u968f\u7740\u5916\u56fd\u76f4\u63a5\u6295\u8d44\u548c\u5168\u7403\u5316\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\uff0c\u4f9b\u5e94\u94fe\u5728\u5168\u7403\u8303\u56f4\u5185\u6269\u5f20\uff0c\u4f46\u5728\u4ea7\u54c1\u4f9b\u5e94\u65b9\u9762\u6709\u6240\u6ede\u540e\uff0c\u9075\u5faaVernon\u7684\u4ea7\u54c1\u5468\u671f\u6a21\u578b<\/span>\uff08product cycle model\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u6709\u5fc5\u8981\u4ece\u5168\u7403\u4f18\u52bf\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\uff0c\u7ed3\u5408\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u3001\u5de5\u7a0b\u5b66\u548c\u5546\u4e1a\u89c6\u89d2\uff0c\u5bf9\u4f9b\u5e94\u94fe\u8fdb\u884c\u591a\u5b66\u79d1\u7814\u7a76\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

    <\/section>\n
    \u652f\u6301\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u653f\u5e9c\u653f\u7b56\u76f4\u63a5\u6709\u5229\u4e8e\u521b\u65b0\u4f9b\u5e94\u94fe\uff0c\u4f46\u4e5f\u4f1a\u5bfc\u81f4\u65b0\u7684\u4ea7\u54c1\u4f9b\u5e94\u94fe\u7684\u5efa\u7acb\u3002\u6539\u53d8\u6700\u7ec8\u4ea7\u54c1\u9700\u6c42\u6216\u6295\u5165\u6210\u672c\u7684\u8d22\u653f\u6fc0\u52b1\u63aa\u65bd<\/span>\uff08\u5bf9\u6c61\u67d3\u7684\u5904\u7f5a\u3001\u7a0e\u6536\u4f18\u60e0\uff09<\/span>\u548c\u6cd5\u89c4\u4f1a\u5f71\u54cd\u4f9b\u5e94\u94fe\u7684\u6548\u679c\u548c\u6f14\u53d8\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u78b3\u5b9a\u4ef7\u53ef\u4ee5\u5bfc\u81f4\u91c7\u7528\u66f4\u73af\u4fdd\u7684\u505a\u6cd5\u3002\u5bf9\u57fa\u7840\u8bbe\u65bd\u548c\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u6295\u8d44\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u52a0\u901f\u4f9b\u5e94\u94fe\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u53ca\u5176\u5bf9\u6570\u5b57\u6280\u672f\u7684\u4f7f\u7528\u3002\u51cf\u5c11\u8d38\u6613\u58c1\u5792\u7684\u653f\u7b56\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u5e26\u6765\u5168\u7403\u5316\u4f9b\u5e94\u94fe\u548c\u5916\u56fd\u76f4\u63a5\u6295\u8d44\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u5c06\u77e5\u8bc6\u548c\u8d44\u672c\u8f6c\u79fb\u5230\u53d1\u5c55\u4e2d\u56fd\u5bb6\uff0c\u8981\u4e48\u6269\u5927\u73b0\u6709\u4f9b\u5e94\u94fe\uff0c\u8981\u4e48\u5f00\u53d1\u65b0\u4f9b\u5e94\u94fe\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

    <\/section>\n

    <\/section>\n

    \n
    \n
    \n
    \n
    \n

    <\/section>\n

    <\/section>\n
    \n
    <\/svg><\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n
    \n

    3. \u67b6\u8d77\u521b\u65b0\u4f9b\u5e94\u94fe\u548c\u4ea7\u54c1\u4f9b\u5e94\u94fe\u7684\u6865\u6881<\/span><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n

    \n

    <\/section>\n

    <\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/h3>\n

    <\/section>\n
    \u521b\u65b0\u4f9b\u5e94\u94fe\u548c\u4ea7\u54c1\u4f9b\u5e94\u94fe\u4e4b\u95f4\u5b58\u5728\u53cd\u9988\u56de\u8def<\/span>\uff08feedback loops\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u56de\u60f3\u4e00\u4e0b\uff0c\u521b\u65b0\u4f9b\u5e94\u94fe\u4e3a\u65b0\u4ea7\u54c1\u6216\u65b0\u6280\u672f\u5b9e\u73b0\u4e09\u4e2a\u529f\u80fd\uff1a1) \u53d1\u73b0\u6216\u53d1\u660e\uff0c2) \u5347\u7ea7\uff0c3) \u5546\u4e1a\u5316\u3002\u4ea7\u54c1\u4f9b\u5e94\u94fe\u5177\u6709\u4e09\u4e2a\u529f\u80fd\u6765\u5b9e\u65bd\u7531\u521b\u65b0\u4f9b\u5e94\u94fe\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u521b\u65b0\uff1a1) \u8bc4\u4f30\u5e02\u573a\u6f5c\u529b\uff0c2) \u4f9b\u5e94\u94fe\u8bbe\u8ba1\u548c\u5b9e\u65bd\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca 3) \u8425\u9500\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

    <\/section>\n
    \u9996\u5148\uff0c\u521b\u65b0\u4f9b\u5e94\u94fe\u5404\u73af\u8282\u4e4b\u95f4\u5b58\u5728\u53cd\u9988\u56de\u8def<\/strong>\u3002\u519c\u4e1a\u7814\u7a76\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u6709\u8fd9\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\uff0c\u9996\u5148\u57f9\u80b2\u51fa\u4e00\u4e2a\u521d\u59cb\u54c1\u79cd\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u901a\u8fc7\u6d4b\u8bd5\u548c\u521d\u6b65\u7684\u5546\u4e1a\u5316\u5c1d\u8bd5\uff0c\u53d1\u73b0\u7f3a\u9677\uff0c\u4f7f\u57fa\u7840\u7814\u7a76\u56e2\u961f\u9002\u5e94\u3002\u5728\u7eff\u8272\u9769\u547d<\/span>\uff08Green Revolution\uff09<\/span>\u4e2d\u5f00\u53d1\u7684\u6700\u521d\u7248\u672c\u7684\u9ad8\u4ea7\u5c0f\u9ea6\u54c1\u79cd\uff0c\u4e2a\u5934\u5f88\u9ad8\uff0c\u4f46\u5934\u91cd\u811a\u8f7b\uff0c\u5bb9\u6613\u53d7\u98ce\u5f71\u54cd\uff1b\u800c\u4e0b\u4e00\u4e2a\u7248\u672c\u662f\u5bf9\u98ce\u4e0d\u592a\u654f\u611f\u7684\u77ee\u4e2a\u54c1\u79cd\uff0867\uff09\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

    <\/section>\n
    \u5176\u6b21\uff0c\u5b58\u5728\u521b\u65b0\u4f9b\u5e94\u94fe-\u4ea7\u54c1\u4f9b\u5e94\u94fe\u53cd\u9988\u56de\u8def<\/strong>\u3002\u5728\u4ea7\u54c1\u4f9b\u5e94\u94fe\u7684\u5b9e\u65bd\u548c\u8425\u9500\u9636\u6bb5\uff0c\u8425\u9500\u56e2\u961f\u53d1\u73b0\uff1a1) \u9700\u8981\u6539\u53d8\u521d\u59cb\u521b\u65b0\u7684\u8bbe\u8ba1\uff0c\u4ee5\u66f4\u597d\u5730\u6ee1\u8db3\u6d88\u8d39\u8005\u7684\u9700\u6c42\uff0c2) \u9700\u8981\u5c06\u8865\u5145\u6027\u4ea7\u54c1\u6dfb\u52a0\u5230\u6346\u7ed1\u5305\u4e2d\uff0c 3 ) \u5c06\u4ea7\u54c1\u5dee\u5f02\u5316\u673a\u4f1a\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4ea7\u54c1\u5468\u671f\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u6ef4\u704c<\/span>\uff08drip irrigation\uff09<\/span>\u6700\u521d\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u8282\u7ea6\u7528\u6c34\u800c\u5f15\u5165\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83\u7684\u7528\u9014\u88ab\u6269\u5927\u5230\u4e86\u65bd\u80a5\u548c\u5316\u5b66\u704c\u6e89\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u4ea7\u751f\u4e86\u8865\u5145\u6027\u5316\u5b66\u54c1\uff0840\uff09\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u5e02\u573a\u8425\u9500\u4eba\u5458\u4e0d\u65ad\u53d1\u73b0\u4e0d\u540c\u7528\u6237\u7fa4\u4f53\u7684\u5dee\u5f02\u5316\u9700\u6c42\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u4ea7\u751f\u4e86\u62d6\u62c9\u673a\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u5404\u79cd\u5c3a\u5bf8\u548c\u529f\u80fd\u7684\u519c\u7528\u673a\u68b0(41)\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

    <\/section>\n
    \u521b\u65b0\u4f9b\u5e94\u94fe\u901a\u8fc7\u5f15\u5165\u91c7\u7528\u65b0\u6280\u672f\u7684\u65b0\u7248\u672c\u4ea7\u54c1\u6765\u5f71\u54cd\u4ea7\u54c1\u4f9b\u5e94\u94fe\u3002\u4e00\u4e2a\u4f8b\u5b50\u5c31\u662f\u4ece\u771f\u7a7a\u7ba1\u5230\u6676\u4f53\u7ba1\u7684\u8f6c\u53d8\uff0c\u4ece\u529f\u80fd\u548c\u6027\u80fd\u4e0a\u5f7b\u5e95\u6539\u53d8\u4e86\u6536\u97f3\u673a\uff0c\u6700\u7ec8\u5bfc\u81f4\u4e86\u663e\u8457\u7684\u5dee\u5f02\u5316\u3002\u6700\u7ec8\uff0c\u521b\u65b0\u4f9b\u5e94\u94fe\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u5e26\u6765\u521b\u65b0\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u4ea7\u751f\u65b0\u7684\u4ea7\u54c1\u7c7b\u522b\uff0c\u800c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u65b0\u4ea7\u54c1\u7c7b\u522b\u5177\u6709\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u4ea7\u54c1\u4f9b\u5e94\u94fe\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

    <\/section>\n
    \u521b\u65b0\u4f9b\u5e94\u94fe\u548c\u4ea7\u54c1\u4f9b\u5e94\u94fe\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u5206\u5272\u7684\u3002\u4ea7\u54c1\u4f9b\u5e94\u94fe\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u51b3\u5b9a\u521b\u65b0\u4f9b\u5e94\u94fe\u4e2d\u7684\u521b\u65b0\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u8fd8\u6709\u8d22\u653f\u8054\u7cfb\u3002\u653f\u5e9c\u5bf9\u7814\u7a76\u548c\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u6295\u8d44\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u8d44\u52a9\u521b\u65b0\u4f9b\u5e94\u94fe\u7684\u65e9\u671f\u9636\u6bb5\u548c\u57fa\u7840\u7814\u7a76\u3002\u5f00\u53d1\u548c\u5347\u7ea7\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u7531\u98ce\u9669\u8d44\u672c\u5bb6\u6216\u516c\u53f8\u8d44\u52a9\uff0c\u5e76\u83b7\u5f97\u5230\u4e00\u4e9b\u653f\u5e9c\u652f\u6301\u3002\u4ea7\u54c1\u4f9b\u5e94\u94fe\u5219\u66f4\u53ef\u80fd\u7531\u79c1\u8425\u90e8\u95e8\u63d0\u4f9b\u8d44\u91d1\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

    <\/section>\n
    \u7136\u800c\uff0c\u516c\u5171\u90e8\u95e8\u53ef\u80fd\u652f\u6301\u5bf9\u5177\u6709\u516c\u5171\u4ea7\u54c1\u5c5e\u6027\u7684\u521b\u65b0\u4f9b\u5e94\u94fe\u8fdb\u884c\u6295\u8d44\u3002\u5728\u516c\u5171\u90e8\u95e8\u7684\u652f\u6301\u4e0b\uff0c\u5177\u6709\u516c\u5171\u4ea7\u54c1\u5c5e\u6027\u7684\u6fc0\u8fdb\u7684\u3001\u5927\u89c4\u6a21\u521b\u65b0\u7684\u521b\u65b0\u4f9b\u5e94\u94fe\u548c\u4ea7\u54c1\u4f9b\u5e94\u94fe\u53ef\u80fd\u5728\u5176\u5546\u4e1a\u5316\u7684\u65e9\u671f\u9636\u6bb5\u76f8\u4e92\u4ea4\u7ec7\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u662f\u7531\u7f8e\u56fd\u56fd\u9632\u9ad8\u7ea7\u7814\u7a76\u8ba1\u5212\u5c40<\/span>\uff08Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency\uff09<\/span>\u6784\u60f3\u5e76\u521d\u6b65\u5b9e\u65bd\u7684\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

    <\/section>\n
    \u5728\u67d0\u4e9b\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u521b\u65b0\u4f9b\u5e94\u94fe\u53c2\u4e0e\u4e86\u4ea7\u54c1\u4f9b\u5e94\u94fe\u7684\u8bbe\u8ba1\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5f15\u5165\u6c22\u6c14\u4f5c\u4e3a\u71c3\u6599\u9700\u8981\u89e3\u51b3\u4e00\u4e2a\u534f\u8c03\u6545\u969c\uff0c\u5373\u5f00\u53d1\u4f9b\u5e94\u94fe\u548c\u76f8\u5173\u6280\u672f\u6765\u63d0\u70bc\u6c22\uff0c\u521b\u5efa\u5206\u9500\u7f51\u7edc\uff0c\u5e76\u5236\u9020\u6d88\u8017\u6c22\u7684\u673a\u5668\uff0868\uff09\u3002\u4e0e\u5927\u5b66\u548c\u516c\u53f8\u5408\u4f5c\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5ba4\u6b63\u5728\u5236\u5b9a\u6c22\u7ecf\u6d4e\u8def\u7ebf\u56fe\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u5236\u5b9a\u653f\u7b56\u548c\u5546\u4e1a\u5316\u6218\u7565\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

    <\/section>\n
    \u5173\u4e8e\u521b\u65b0\u7684\u653f\u7b56\u5f71\u54cd\u7684\u6587\u732e\u5c06\u53d7\u76ca\u4e8e\u660e\u786e\u8003\u8651\u521b\u65b0\u4f9b\u5e94\u94fe\u548c\u4ea7\u54c1\u4f9b\u5e94\u94fe\u3002\u7814\u7a76\u3001\u521b\u65b0\u548c\u65b0\u4f9b\u5e94\u94fe\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u8054\u7cfb\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u653f\u5e9c\u5bf9\u516c\u5171\u7814\u7a76\u548c\u521b\u65b0\u7684\u6301\u7eed\u652f\u6301\u662f\u6709\u597d\u5904\u7684\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u5728\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u65e9\u671f\u9636\u6bb5\u3002\u5b83\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u4e00\u79cd\u673a\u5236\uff0c\u5173\u4e8e\u521b\u65b0\u5982\u4f55\u542f\u52a8\u65b0\u7684\u4f9b\u5e94\u94fe\u5e76\u4fc3\u8fdb\u65b0\u4ea7\u4e1a\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u3002\u73b0\u6709\u4f01\u4e1a\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u5229\u7528\u5176\u653f\u6cbb\u5f71\u54cd\u529b\u6765\u51cf\u5c11\u653f\u5e9c\u6295\u8d44\u6216\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u51cf\u7f13\u5371\u53ca\u5176\u5e02\u573a\u529b\u91cf\u7684\u521b\u65b0\u6f14\u53d8\u3002\u4e0e\u793e\u4f1a\u671f\u671b\u7684\u6c34\u5e73\u76f8\u6bd4\uff0c\u653f\u5e9c\u5bf9\u7814\u53d1\u7684\u6295\u8d44\u5f80\u5f80\u4e0d\u8db3\uff0870\uff09\u3002\u73b0\u6709\u4f01\u4e1a\u4e5f\u53ef\u80fd\u6ee5\u7528\u5176\u5e02\u573a\u529b\u91cf\uff0c\u963b\u788d\u7ade\u4e89\u5bf9\u624b\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\uff0c\u5e76\u5411\u4f9b\u5e94\u5546\u652f\u4ed8\u8f83\u4f4e\u7684\u8d39\u7528\u3002\u516c\u5171\u90e8\u95e8\u5bf9\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u6295\u8d44\u4f1a\u5e26\u6765\u65b0\u7684\u521b\u65b0\u548c\u4ea7\u54c1\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u6280\u672f\u66f4\u65b0\u673a\u5236\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u524a\u5f31\u5e02\u573a\u529b\u91cf\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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    4. \u5bf9\u73af\u5883\u3001\u7cae\u98df\u548c\u81ea\u7136\u8d44\u6e90\u7684\u5f71\u54cd<\/span><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n

    \n

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    <\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/h3>\n

    <\/section>\n
    \u672c\u6587\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u6846\u67b6\u53ef\u7528\u4e8e\u5206\u6790\u6c14\u5019\u53d8\u5316\u4ee5\u53ca\u5176\u4ed6\u7cae\u98df\u3001\u73af\u5883\u548c\u5065\u5eb7\u6311\u6218\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u548c\u653f\u7b56\u5e94\u5bf9\u63aa\u65bd\u3002\u5173\u4e8e\u6c14\u5019\u53d8\u5316\u5bf9\u5c0f\u519c\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u53d1\u5c55\u4e2d\u56fd\u5bb6\u5c0f\u519c\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u6709\u5927\u91cf\u6587\u732e\u5f3a\u8c03\u5728\u519c\u573a\u5c42\u9762\u91c7\u7528\u548c\u9002\u5e94\u6280\u672f\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0cReardon \u548c Zilberman (71) \u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u5ffd\u7565\u4e86\u519c\u6c11\u4e0e\u5e02\u573a\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u8054\u7cfb\uff0c\u4ec5\u4ec5\u53bb\u4e86\u89e3\u5bf9\u7279\u5b9a\u5730\u533a\u519c\u4e1a\u751f\u4ea7\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u662f\u4e0d\u591f\u7684\u3002\u4f7f\u5f97\u8fdb\u5165\u6e2f\u53e3\u53d7\u963b\u7684\u6d77\u5578\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u50cf\u5e72\u65f1\u4e00\u6837\u5371\u53ca\u7cae\u98df\u7684\u5b89\u5168\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u56fd\u9645\u4f9b\u5e94\u94fe\u8ba4\u8bc6\u5230\u67d0\u4e9b\u5730\u533a\u7684\u8106\u5f31\u6027\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u901a\u8fc7\u591a\u6837\u5316\u4ee5\u51cf\u5c11\u5bf9\u8054\u7cfb\u8f83\u5f31\u5730\u533a\u7684\u4f9d\u8d56\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u76f4\u63a5\u5f71\u54cd\u5c0f\u751f\u4ea7\u8005\u7684\u7cae\u98df\u5b89\u5168\u548c\u751f\u8ba1\u3002\u8fd9\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u63d0\u9ad8\u62b5\u5fa1\u80fd\u529b\u4e0d\u4ec5\u9700\u8981\u6539\u8fdb\u519c\u573a\u7684\u505a\u6cd5\uff0c\u8fd8\u9700\u8981\u63d0\u9ad8\u4f9b\u5e94\u94fe\u7684\u6297\u51b2\u51fb\u80fd\u529b\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

    <\/section>\n
    \u540c\u6837\uff0c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7684\u8131\u78b3<\/span>\uff08decarbonization\uff09<\/span>\u5c06\u9700\u8981\u6301\u7eed\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u6295\u8d44\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u65b0\u4ea7\u4e1a\u7684\u5efa\u7acb\u548c\u73b0\u6709\u90e8\u95e8\u7684\u8f6c\u53d8\uff0c\u4ee5\u5927\u5e45\u51cf\u5c11\u5176\u6e29\u5ba4\u6c14\u4f53\u6392\u653e\u3002\u653f\u7b56\u8bbe\u8ba1\u9664\u4e86\u8003\u8651\u653f\u7b56\u5bf9\u4e2a\u522b\u5e02\u573a\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u5916\uff0c\u8fd8\u5fc5\u987b\u8003\u8651\u884c\u4e1a\u5efa\u7acb\u548c\u4fee\u6539\u4f9b\u5e94\u94fe\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5b58\u5728\u79cd\u79cd\u9650\u5236\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u548c\u5df4\u897f\u7684\u751f\u7269\u71c3\u6599\u884c\u4e1a\u8fd8\u662f\u572815\u5e74\u5185\u51fa\u73b0\u4e86\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u4fdd\u8bc1\u9700\u6c42\u7684\u6307\u4ee4\u3002\u901a\u8fc7\u5728\u5b9e\u8df5\u4e2d\u5b66\u4e60\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u8868\u73b0\u5f97\u5230\u4e86\u6781\u5927\u7684\u6539\u5584\uff0c\u514b\u670d\u4e86\u8bb8\u591a\u65e9\u671f\u7684\u6279\u8bc4\uff0872\uff09\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0cClancy \u548c Moschini (73) \u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u5728\u4fc3\u8fdb\u7a81\u7834\u6027\u521b\u65b0\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u8d22\u653f\u6fc0\u52b1\u63aa\u65bd<\/span>\uff08\u5982\u78b3\u7a0e\uff09<\/span>\u66f4\u53ef\u53d6\uff0c\u5982\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4ee3\u751f\u7269\u71c3\u6599<\/span>\uff08second generation biofuels\uff09<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

    <\/section>\n
    \u5982\u679c\u6ca1\u6709\u65e9\u671f\u7684\u652f\u6301\u653f\u7b56\uff0c\u53ef\u518d\u751f\u80fd\u6e90\u7684\u6269\u5f20\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5b58\u5728\u7f3a\u9677\uff0c\u4f46\u7f8e\u56fd\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u5730\u65b9\u5bf9\u7535\u52a8\u6c7d\u8f66\u548c\u592a\u9633\u80fd\u7684\u8865\u8d34\u4e00\u76f4\u662f\u8fd9\u4e9b\u65b0\u5174\u4ea7\u4e1a\u5efa\u7acb\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u8d21\u732e\u8005\u3002\u653f\u7b56\u7684\u5236\u5b9a\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u4fc3\u8fdb\u4f7f\u7528\u6c22\u71c3\u6599\u7535\u6c60\u6765\u964d\u4f4e\u91cd\u578b\u8fd0\u8f93\u884c\u4e1a\u7684\u78b3\u6392\u653e\uff0c\u8fd9\u9700\u8981\u4e86\u89e3\u653f\u7b56\u5bf9\u4f9b\u5e94\u94fe\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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    \u5173\u4e8e\u7cae\u98df\u5b89\u5168\u548c\u519c\u6751\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u6587\u732e\u5df2\u7ecf\u5f00\u59cb\u8ba4\u8bc6\u5230\u5206\u6790\u7cae\u98df\u7cfb\u7edf\u548c\u7cae\u98df\u4ef7\u503c\u94fe\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\uff0874\uff09\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u98df\u54c1\u4f9b\u5e94\u94fe\u7531\u4e0a\u6e38\u519c\u6c11\u3001\u4e2d\u6e38\u52a0\u5de5\u5546\u548c\u6279\u53d1\u5546\u4ee5\u53ca\u4e0b\u6e38\u96f6\u552e\u5546\u7ec4\u6210\u3002\u6240\u6709\u73af\u8282\u90fd\u5bf9\u521b\u65b0<\/span>\uff08\u65b0\u54c1\u79cd\u3001\u51b7\u5374\u548c\u50a8\u5b58\u6280\u672f\u3001\u8fd0\u8f93\u548c\u4fe1\u606f\u6280\u672f\uff09<\/span>\u4ee5\u53ca\u5168\u7403\u5316\u505a\u51fa\u4e86\u56de\u5e94\u3002\u8be5\u6587\u732e\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u5bfc\u81f4\u53d1\u8fbe\u56fd\u5bb6\u96c6\u7ea6\u5316\u548c\u57ce\u5e02\u5316\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u5f88\u53ef\u80fd\u5728\u53d1\u5c55\u4e2d\u56fd\u5bb6\u53d1\u751f\uff0c\u4f46\u901f\u5ea6\u8981\u5feb\u5f97\u591a\u3002\u8be5\u6587\u732e\u8bb0\u5f55\u4e86\u4ece\u4f20\u7edf\u4f9b\u5e94\u94fe<\/span>\uff08\u83dc\u5e02\u573a\u548c\u5c0f\u5546\u5e97\u7b49\uff09<\/span>\u5230\u73b0\u4ee3\u4f9b\u5e94\u94fe<\/span>\uff08\u5305\u62ec\u8d85\u5e02\u548c\u73b0\u4ee3\u52a0\u5de5\u8bbe\u65bd\uff09<\/span>\u7684\u8f6c\u53d8\u3002\u5df2\u7ecf\u53d1\u73b0\u4e86\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u8f6c\u578b\u8def\u5f84\uff0c\u66f4\u597d\u5730\u4e86\u89e3\u7cae\u98df\u7cfb\u7edf\u5c06\u6709\u52a9\u4e8e\u6539\u8fdb\u7814\u7a76\u3001\u6559\u80b2\u548c\u653f\u7b56\u5e72\u9884\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u53d1\u5c55\u4e2d\u56fd\u5bb6\u5982\u679c\u7f3a\u4e4f\u5bf9\u4f9b\u5e94\u94fe\u8f6c\u578b\u7684\u8ba4\u8bc6\uff0c\u4f1a\u5f71\u54cd\u5176\u653f\u7b56\u8bbe\u8ba1\u548c\u516c\u5171\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u65b9\u5411\uff0874\uff09\u3002Sexton (75) \u63d0\u51fa\uff0c\u80fd\u591f\u89e3\u51b3\u519c\u4e1a\u548c\u81ea\u7136\u8d44\u6e90\u90e8\u95e8\u65b0\u5174\u521b\u65b0\u3001\u5236\u5ea6\u7ed3\u6784\u548c\u4f9b\u5e94\u94fe\u7684\u6a21\u578b\uff0c\u6709\u52a9\u4e8e\u5bf9\u5f71\u54cd\u519c\u4e1a\u548c\u81ea\u7136\u8d44\u6e90\u90e8\u95e8\u7684\u653f\u7b56\u8fdb\u884c\u5206\u6790\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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    \u6700\u8fd1\u7684 COVID-19 \u5927\u6d41\u884c\u5bfc\u81f4\u4e86\u5404\u79cd\u793e\u4ea4\u8ddd\u79bb\u653f\u7b56\u7684\u51fa\u53f0\u3002\u8bc4\u4f30\u8fd9\u4e9b\u653f\u7b56\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u9700\u8981\u4e86\u89e3\u98df\u54c1\u4f9b\u5e94\u94fe\u7684\u8fd0\u4f5c\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002Reardon\u7b49\u4eba (76) \u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u6d41\u52a8\u6027\u9650\u5236\u6cd5\u89c4\u5c06\u4e3b\u8981\u5f71\u54cd\u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u3001\u8fc7\u6e21\u6027\u52b3\u52a8\u5bc6\u96c6\u578b\u98df\u54c1\u4f9b\u5e94\u94fe\u548c\u5c0f\u578b\u4f01\u4e1a\uff0c\u8fd9\u53ef\u80fd\u4fc3\u4f7f\u53d1\u5c55\u4e2d\u56fd\u5bb6\u5bf9\u98df\u54c1\u4f9b\u5e94\u94fe\u8fdb\u884c\u6574\u5408\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u98df\u54c1\u96f6\u552e\u5546<\/span>\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\u8d85\u5e02\u548c\u9910\u9986\uff09<\/span>\u5df2\u7ecf\u4ece\u76f4\u63a5\u5411\u6d88\u8d39\u8005\u9500\u552e\u8f6c\u5411\u7531\u201c\u914d\u9001\u4e2d\u4ecb\u201d\u63a8\u52a8\u7684\u7535\u5b50\u5546\u52a1\u3002\u5982\u679c\u6ca1\u6709\u8db3\u591f\u7684\u4fdd\u969c\u7f51\u7edc\uff0c\u4f20\u7edf\u884c\u4e1a\u7684\u52b3\u52a8\u8005\u5f88\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u53d7\u5230\u8d1f\u9762\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u519c\u4e1a\u751f\u4ea7\u53ef\u80fd\u4e0d\u4f1a\u76f4\u63a5\u53d7\u5230\u6d41\u52a8\u6027\u9650\u5236\u548c\u793e\u4ea4\u8ddd\u79bb\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u4f46\u79fb\u6c11\u9650\u5236\u548c\u4f9b\u5e94\u94fe\u4e2d\u65ad\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u5bf9\u519c\u6c11\u4ea7\u751f\u4e0d\u5229\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u57fa\u4e8e\u798f\u5229\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66<\/span>\uff08welfare economics\uff09<\/span> (77) \u7684\u653f\u7b56\u5206\u6790\u5e94\u8003\u8651\u51b2\u51fb\u5bf9\u73b0\u6709\u4f9b\u5e94\u94fe\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u3001\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u9002\u5e94\u673a\u5236\u4ee5\u53ca\u7531\u6b64\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u5bf9\u6d88\u8d39\u8005\u548c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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    \u5bf9\u4f9b\u5e94\u94fe\u7684\u5b9e\u8bc1\u7814\u7a76\u6709\u7740\u5de8\u5927\u7684\u9700\u6c42\u3002\u8fd9\u53ef\u80fd\u9700\u8981\u66f4\u597d\u5730\u8bb0\u5f55\u548c\u7406\u89e3\u5927\u516c\u53f8\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\uff1b\u5b83\u4eec\u4e4b\u95f4\u8054\u7cfb\u7684\u6f14\u53d8\uff1b\u4e2d\u5c0f\u4f01\u4e1a\u7684\u884c\u4e3a<\/span>\uff08\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u5728\u53d1\u5c55\u4e2d\u56fd\u5bb6\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u5728\u4f9b\u5e94\u94fe\u7684\u4e2d\u6e38\u73af\u8282\u3002\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6a21\u5f0f\u7684\u5206\u6790\u53ef\u80fd\u5177\u6709\u6311\u6218\u6027\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u6570\u636e\u5f88\u5c11\u88ab\u8f83\u597d\u5730\u6536\u96c6\u8d77\u6765\u6216\u8005\u6570\u636e\u4e0d\u6613\u83b7\u5f97\u3002\u4f9b\u5e94\u94fe\u6f14\u53d8\u5206\u6790\u53ef\u80fd\u9700\u8981\u5f00\u53d1\u6216\u5e94\u7528\u5de5\u5177\u6765\u5206\u6790\u53d9\u8ff0\uff0c\u5e76\u901a\u8fc7\u6848\u4f8b\u7814\u7a76\u6765\u5bf9\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u5bb6\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u4f20\u7edf\u6570\u636e\u6e90\u8fdb\u884c\u8865\u5145\u3002\u5b83\u8fd8\u9700\u8981\u4e86\u89e3\u8bbe\u8ba1\u4f9b\u5e94\u94fe\u7684\u5de5\u7a0b\u5e08\u7684\u9009\u62e9\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u4e3a\u57fa\u7840\u8bbe\u65bd\u63d0\u4f9b\u8d44\u91d1\uff0c\u5e76\u5236\u5b9a\u5f71\u54cd\u4f9b\u5e94\u94fe\u7684\u6cd5\u89c4\u7684\u653f\u7b56\u5236\u5b9a\u8005\u7684\u9009\u62e9\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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    \u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u5df2\u7ecf\u53d1\u5c55\u5230\u80fd\u591f\u5e94\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6311\u6218\u3002\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u524d\u63d0\u662f\uff0c\u4e3b\u4f53\u5728\u80fd\u529b\u548c\u5236\u5ea6\u7684\u7ea6\u675f\u4e0b\u8ffd\u6c42\u81ea\u8eab\u5229\u76ca\u3002\u572820\u4e16\u7eaa\uff0c\u884c\u4e3a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66<\/span>\uff08behavioral economics\uff09<\/span>\u548c\u653f\u6cbb\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66<\/span>\uff08political economy\uff09<\/span>\u8ba4\u8bc6\u5230\u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u53e4\u5178\u7ecf\u6d4e\u6a21\u578b\u5728\u5206\u6790\u4e2a\u4eba\u884c\u4e3a\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u9009\u62e9\u65b9\u9762\u5b58\u5728\u5c40\u9650\u6027\u3002\u5728 21 \u4e16\u7eaa\uff0c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u6846\u67b6\u9700\u8981\u8fdb\u5316\u4e3a\u591a\u5b66\u79d1\u7684\uff0c\u5e76\u7ed3\u5408\u653f\u6cbb\u3001\u6280\u672f\u548c\u5de5\u7a0b\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u8003\u8651\u548c\u5de5\u5177\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
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    3. F. Castillo, J. K. Gilless, A. Heiman, D. Zilberman, Time of adoption and intensity of technology transfer: An institutional analysis of offices of technology transfer in the United States. J. Technol. Transf. 43, 120\u2013138 (2018).<\/span><\/section>\n
    4. G. Graff, A. Heiman, D. Zilberman, University research and offices of technology transfer. Calif. Manage. Rev. 45, 88\u2013115 (2002).<\/span><\/section>\n
    5. A. Hargadon, How Breakthroughs Happen: The Surprising Truth about How Companies Innovate (Harvard Business Press, 2003).<\/span><\/section>\n
    6. R. E. Lucas, T. J. Sargent, Eds., Rational Expectations and Econometric Practice (University of Minnesota Press, 1981), vol. 2.<\/span><\/section>\n
    7. J. M. Alston, P. G. Pardey, \u201cThe economics of agricultural innovation\u201d in Handbook of Agricultural Economics, C. B. Barrett, D. R. Just, Eds. (Elsevier, 2021), vol. 5, pp. 3895\u20133980.<\/span><\/section>\n
    8. R. Gilbert, C. Shapiro, Optimal patent length and breadth. RAND J. Econ. 21, 106\u2013112 (1990).<\/span><\/section>\n
    9. G. Feder, R. E. Just, D. Zilberman, Adoption of agricultural innovations in developing countries: A survey. Econ. Dev. Cult. Change 33, 255\u2013298 (1985).<\/span><\/section>\n
    10. E. M. Rogers, Diffusion of Innovations (Simon and Schuster, 2010).<\/span><\/section>\n
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    17. T. Suri, Selection and comparative advantage in technology adoption. Econometrica 79, 159\u2013209 (2011).<\/span><\/section>\n
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    24. G. Shmueli et al., Predictive model assessment in PLS-SEM: Guidelines for using PLSpredict. Eur. J. Mark. 53, 2322\u20132347 (2019).<\/span><\/section>\n
    25. P. Doyle, J. Saunders, Market segmentation and positioning in specialized industrial markets. J. Mark. 49, 24\u201332 (1985).<\/span><\/section>\n
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