{"id":36914,"date":"2022-08-30T20:56:18","date_gmt":"2022-08-30T12:56:18","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/swarma.org\/?p=36914"},"modified":"2022-08-30T20:56:18","modified_gmt":"2022-08-30T12:56:18","slug":"nature-reviews-physics%ef%bc%9a%e7%89%a9%e7%90%86%e5%ad%a6%e4%b8%ad%e7%9a%84%e5%b9%82%e5%be%8b","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/swarma.org\/?p=36914","title":{"rendered":"Nature Reviews Physics\uff1a\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u4e2d\u7684\u5e42\u5f8b"},"content":{"rendered":"
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James Sethna<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/span> <\/span>| \u4f5c\u8005<\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u6881\u680b\u680b<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/span> <\/span>| \u8bd1\u8005<\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u9648\u6e05\u534e\u3001\u6881\u91d1<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/span> <\/span>| \u5ba1\u6821<\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u9093\u4e00\u96ea<\/span> <\/span>| <\/strong><\/span>\u7f16\u8f91<\/strong><\/p>\n


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\u6587\u7ae0\u9898\u76ee\uff1a<\/span>Power laws in physics<\/span><\/p>\n

\u6587\u7ae0\u94fe\u63a5\uff1a<\/span>https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s42254-022-00491-x<\/span><\/section>\n
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\u8bb8\u591a\u7cfb\u7edf\u5728\u53d8\u5927\u65f6\uff0c\u4f1a\u5c55\u73b0\u51fa\u5206\u5f62\u7ed3\u6784\u548c\u5177\u6709\u6807\u5ea6\u4e0d\u53d8\u6027\u7684\u6da8\u843d\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u63cf\u8ff0\u7cfb\u7edf\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u89c4\u5219\u5728\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u5927\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u4e5f\u662f\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u3002\u8fde\u7eed\u76f8\u53d8<\/span>\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\u94c1\u78c1\u4f53\u4e2d\u7684\u5c45\u91cc\u70b9\uff09<\/span>\u3001\u65e0\u5e8f\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u52a8\u529b\u5b66\u884c\u4e3a<\/span>\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\u8131\u9489\u76f8\u53d8\uff08depinning transitions\uff09\u3001\u88c2\u7eb9\u566a\u58f0\uff08crackling noise\uff09\u3001\u96ea\u5d29\uff09<\/span>\u3001\u6df7\u6c8c\u8fb9\u7f18\u3001\u5730\u9707\u3001\u5145\u5206\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u6e4d\u6d41\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u80a1\u7968\u5e02\u573a\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\uff0c\u90fd\u8868\u73b0\u51fa\u6d8c\u73b0\u6807\u5ea6\u4e0d\u53d8\u6027\u7684\u660e\u663e\u8ff9\u8c61\uff0c\u6240\u6709\u7cfb\u7edf\u5728\u5404\u79cd\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u89c2\u6d4b\u4e2d\u90fd\u663e\u793a\u51fa\u5e42\u5f8b\u7279\u5f81\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
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\u56fe1\uff1a\u968f\u673a\u573a Ising \u6a21\u578b\u7684\u6807\u5ea6\u5f8b\u548c\u96ea\u5d29\u3002\uff08a\uff09\u96ea\u5d29\u6982\u7387\u5206\u5e03\uff1b\uff08b\uff09\u540c\u6837\u6570\u636e\u7684\u5c3a\u5ea6\u574d\u7f29\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5bf9\u6807\u5ea6\u51fd\u6570 A \u7684\u62df\u5408\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

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\u53d8\u91cf u \u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u65e0\u5173\u63a7\u5236\u53d8\u91cf\uff1a\u5728 t=0 \u65f6\uff0cu\u4e58\u4ee50\uff0c\u4e5f\u5373\u5f53\u63a5\u8fd1\u4e34\u754c\u6e29\u5ea6 Tc<\/span><\/sub><\/span> \u548c\u4e34\u754c\u538b\u529b Pc<\/span><\/sub><\/span> \u65f6\uff0c\u5b83\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u5c0f\u3002\u51fd\u6570 <\/span><\/sub><\/span>+…<\/span><\/span><\/sub><\/span> \u548c <\/span><\/sub> <\/span>\u662f\u89e3\u6790\u7684\u5e42\u7ea7\u6570\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u4f53\u73b0\u4e86\u6e29\u5ea6\u548c\u538b\u529b\u5982\u4f55\u6620\u5c04\u5230 Ising \u666e\u9002\u6027\u7c7b\u4e2d\u7684\u201c\u81ea\u7136\u201d\u91cd\u6574\u5316\u7fa4\u53c2\u6570 t, h, u\u4e0a\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
 <\/span><\/section>\n
\u901a\u8fc7\u5bf9 u\uff0cT-Tc<\/span><\/sub><\/span>\uff0cP-Pc<\/span><\/sub><\/span> \u505a\u6cf0\u52d2\u5c55\u5f00\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f97\u5230 T-Tc<\/span><\/sub><\/span> \u66f4\u9ad8\u6b21\u5e42\u7684\u4fee\u6b63\u3002\u7279\u522b\u7684\uff0c\u65e0\u5173\u53d8\u91cf u \u4f1a\u4ea7\u751f\u6bd4\u4e3b\u5bfc\u5947\u70b9\u5c0f <\/span><\/sub><\/span> \u500d\u7684\u5bf9\u7f29\u653e\u7684\u5947\u5f02\u4fee\u6b63\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
 <\/span><\/section>\n
\u5f53\u6211\u4eec\u6709\u8d85\u8fc7\u4e00\u4e2a\u53d8\u91cf\u7684\u7f29\u653e\u51fd\u6570\u65f6\uff0c\u5982\u65b9\u7a0b3\uff0c\u5c3a\u5ea6\u574d\u7f29\u5c31\u4e0d\u518d\u6709\u7528\u3002\u4e00\u4e2a\u5f3a\u5927\u3001\u4ee4\u4eba\u6ee1\u610f\u3001\u6570\u503c\u4e0a\u65b9\u4fbf\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u5c31\u662f\u5bf9\u6570\u636e [6-8] \u8fdb\u884c\u591a\u53c2\u6570\u62df\u5408\uff0c\u4e0d\u4ec5\u6539\u53d8\u4e86\u53c2\u6570\u5982 \u03b2\u3001\u03b4\u3001u\u3001Tc<\/span><\/sub><\/span>\u3001Pc<\/span><\/sub><\/span>\u3001a\u3001b\u3001c \u7b49\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u8fd8\u6539\u53d8\u7f29\u653e\u51fd\u6570 F \u7684\u53c2\u6570\u5316\u51fd\u6570\u5f62\u5f0f\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
 <\/span><\/section>\n
\u62df\u5408\u51fd\u6570\u5f62\u5f0f\u8fd8\u6709\u4e09\u4e2a\u597d\u5904\u3002\u9996\u5148\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u4e0d\u4ec5\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u5bf9\u666e\u9002\u4e34\u754c\u6307\u6570\u7684\u4f30\u8ba1\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u8fd8\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u666e\u9002\u7f29\u653e\u51fd\u6570\u3002\u5176\u6b21\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u8003\u8651\u5230<\/span>\u4e86\u5bf9\u6307\u6570\u7684\u7edf\u8ba1\u8bef\u5dee\u548c\u7cfb\u7edf\u8bef\u5dee\u7684\u4f30\u8ba1\uff08\u901a\u5e38\u6bd4\u76f4\u63a5\u5e42\u5f8b\u62df\u5408\u8981\u5927\u5f97\u591a\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u6700\u540e\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4fee\u6b63\u5728\u4e34\u754c\u70b9\u9644\u8fd1\u5f88\u5c0f\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u63cf\u8ff0\u5468\u56f4\u76f8\u4e2d\u7684\u524d\u671f\u6da8\u843d\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u91cd\u8981\u3002\u786e\u5b9e\uff0c\u8fd9\u91cc\u6709\u4eba\u60f3\u8981\u901a\u8fc7\u5bf9 Ising \u4e34\u754c\u70b9\u4f7f\u7528\u89e3\u6790\u548c\u5947\u5f02\u4fee\u6b63\uff0c\u7528\u76f8\u56fe\u63cf\u7ed8<\/span>\uff08\u5177\u6709\u6311\u6218\u6027\u7684\uff09<\/span>\u6db2\u4f53\u7279\u6027\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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4. \u5947\u5f02\u7f29\u653e\u51fd\u6570\u548c\u5371\u9669\u7684\u65e0\u5173\u53d8\u91cf<\/span><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n

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<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/h3>\n

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\u4ed4\u7ec6\u6d4b\u91cf\u4e0e\u5fae\u89c2\u76f8\u6bd4\u5927\u3001\u4e0e\u7cfb\u7edf\u76f8\u6bd4\u5c0f\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u4e2d\u7b49\u5c3a\u5bf8\u7279\u5f81\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u80fd\u591f\u627e\u5230\u6b63\u786e\u7684\u5e42\u5f8b\u5417\uff1f\u5982\u679c\u7f29\u653e\u51fd\u6570\u672c\u8eab\u662f\u5947\u5f02\u7684\u2014\u2014\u5f53\u8f90\u5c04\u89d2\u8d8b\u4e8e\u96f6\u65f6\uff0c\u5b83\u8d8b\u4e8e\u96f6\u6216\u8005\u65e0\u7a77\u5927\uff0c\u90a3\u5c31\u4e0d\u884c\u3002\u5728\u6211\u4eec\u5bf9\u4e09\u7ef4\u968f\u673a\u573a Ising \u6a21\u578b\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d[9]\uff0c\u8fd9\u51e0\u4e4e\u53d1\u751f\u4e86<\/span>\uff08\u89c1\u56fe1\uff09<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
 <\/span><\/section>\n
\u6211\u4eec\u6d4b\u91cf\u4e86\u96ea\u5d29\u7684\u8986\u76d6\u7387\uff0c<\/span><\/sub><\/span>\uff0c\u8fd9\u91cc r = (R-Rc<\/span><\/sub><\/span>) \u662f\u5230\u4e34\u754c\u7d0a\u4e71<\/span>\uff08critical disorder\uff09<\/span>\u7684\u8ddd\u79bb\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u53d1\u73b0\u4e86\u6781\u597d\u7684\u5c3a\u5ea6\u574d\u7f29\uff0c\u4f46\u662f A \u4f3c\u4e4e\u968f\u7740 S\u03c3<\/span><\/sup><\/span>r \u8d8b\u4e8e 0 \u800c\u7ebf\u6027\u5730\u8d8b\u4e8e0<\/span>\uff08\u56fe1b\uff09<\/span>\u2014\u2014 \u7ed9\u51fa\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u6709\u6548\u5e42\u5f8b\u516c\u5f0f<\/span><\/sub><\/span><\/span>\uff08\u56fe1a\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u5b83\u4e0e\u4ece\u5c3a\u5ea6\u574d\u7f29\u4e2d\u63d0\u53d6\u7684\u91cd\u6574\u5316\u7fa4\u6307\u6570 <\/span><\/sub><\/span> \u4e0d\u4e00\u81f4\u3002\u6700\u540e\uff0c\u6211\u4eec<\/span>\uff08\u5f53\u65f6\uff09<\/span>\u4f7f\u7528\u4e86\u5341\u4ebf\u4f4d\u70b9\u6a21\u62df\uff0c\u53d1\u73b0 A \u51e0\u4e4e\u6d88\u5931\u4e86\u2014\u2014\u5b83\u4ece\u5f88\u5c0f\u7684\u521d\u503c\u589e\u52a0\u4e8610\u500d\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
 <\/span><\/section>\n
\u5947\u5f02\u7f29\u653e\u51fd\u6570\u540c\u6837\u4f1a\u5728\u5371\u9669\u65e0\u5173\u53d8\u91cf\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\u4e2d\u51fa\u73b0\uff0c\u5982\u65b9\u7a0b3\u4e2d\u7684u\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u91cf\uff0c\u5b83\u4f1a\u5728\u7f29\u653e<\/span>\uff08\u65e0\u5173\u53d8\u91cf\uff09<\/span>\u4e2d\u6d88\u5931\uff0c\u4f46\u5f53\u5b83\u6d88\u5931\u65f6\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u7269\u7406\u6027\u8d28\u7684\u7f29\u653e\u51fd\u6570\u4f1a\u53d1\u6563\u3002\u8fd9\u53d1\u751f\u5728\u4e00\u4e9b\u73bb\u7483\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\uff0c\u5728\u957f\u5c3a\u5ea6\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u51bb\u7ed3\u4e0d\u518d\u662f\u901a\u5e38\u7c92\u5b50\u95f4\u7684\u6e29\u5ea6\u548c\u8026\u5408\u7684\u7ade\u4e89\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u968f\u673a\u65e0\u5e8f\u548c\u8026\u5408\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u7ade\u4e89\u3002\u6e29\u5ea6\u80fd\u591f\u4f7f\u5176\u8df3\u8dc3\u8fc7\u969c\u788d\uff0c\u5141\u8bb8\u7cfb\u7edf\u5f1b\u8c6b<\/span>\uff08relax\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u5728\u73bb\u7483\u5316\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u6e29\u5ea6\u662f\u65e0\u5173\u53d8\u91cf\uff0c\u5f1b\u8c6b\u65f6\u95f4<\/span>\uff08\u53ca\u5176\u7f29\u653e\u51fd\u6570\uff09<\/span>\u968f\u7740\u7cfb\u7edf\u901a\u8fc7\u76f8\u53d8\u51b7\u5374\u800c\u53d1\u6563\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
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5. \u4ea4\u53c9\u7f29\u653e\uff0c\u975e\u7ebf\u6027\u91cd\u6574\u5316\u7fa4\u6d41\u7b49<\/span><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n

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\u5bf9\u4e8e\u666e\u9002\u7684\u7f29\u653e\u51fd\u6570\uff0c\u8fd8\u6709\u8bb8\u591a\u66f4\u5438\u5f15\u4eba\u7684\u542b\u4e49\u548c\u7528\u9014\uff0c\u5f53\u7136\u8fd8\u6709\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u8b66\u544a\uff1a\u62df\u5408\u5e42\u5f8b\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u8ba9\u4f60\u8bef\u5165\u6b67\u9014\u3002\u8bb8\u591a\u7cfb\u7edf\u8868\u73b0\u51fa\u4ea4\u53c9<\/span>\uff08Crossover\uff09<\/span>\u7684\u7279\u5f81\uff0c\u5373\u968f\u7740\u6807\u5ea6\u7684\u589e\u5927\uff0c\u4ece\u4e00\u4e2a\u5e42\u5f8b\u5e73\u7a33\u8fc7\u6e21\u5230\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u5e42\u5f8b\u2014\u2014\u901a\u5e38\u662f\u5728\u6709\u9650\u6e29\u5ea6\u4e0b\u89c2\u5bdf\u5230\u7684\u91cf\u5b50\u4e34\u754c\u70b9<\/span>\uff08quantum critical point\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u4f46\u540c\u6837\u80fd\u591f\u5728\u4f8b\u5982\u78c1\u96ea\u5d29[10]\u3001\u65ad\u88c2<\/span>\uff08fracture\uff09<\/span>\u548c\u8131\u9489\u76f8\u53d8[7]\u4e2d\u53d1\u751f\u3002\u5176\u5b83\u7cfb\u7edf\u8868\u73b0\u51fa\u66f4\u52a0\u590d\u6742\u7684\u7f29\u653e\u884c\u4e3a\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u91cd\u6574\u5316\u7fa4\u6d41\u672c\u8d28\u4e0a\u662f\u975e\u7ebf\u6027\u7684[8]\u3002\u8fd9\u975e\u5e38\u5e38\u89c1\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5728\u76f8\u53d8\u4e34\u754c\u70b9\uff0c\u6240\u6709\u7684\u4e8c\u7ef4\u3001\u56db\u7ef4\u7cfb\u7edf\u90fd\u6709\u5bf9\u6570\u3001\u6307\u6570\u6216\u5fc5\u9700\u7684\u5947\u5f02\u70b9\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
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\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5173\u4e8e\u76f8\u4fe1\u5e42\u5f8b\u5206\u5e03\u62df\u5408\u7684\u9677\u9631\u4e0d\u5e94\u8be5\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u969c\u788d\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u673a\u4f1a\u3002\u901a\u8fc7\u4f7f\u7528\u666e\u9002\u7684\u7f29\u653e\u51fd\u6570\u4ece\u6570\u636e\u4e2d\u63d0\u53d6\u5c3d\u53ef\u80fd\u591a\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\uff0c\u8fd9\u6781\u5177\u6311\u6218\uff0c\u4f46\u5728\u667a\u529b\u4ee5\u53ca\u79d1\u5b66\u4e0a\u90fd\u662f\u6781\u5bcc\u6709\u6210\u6548\u7684\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u590d\u6742\u79d1\u5b66\u6700\u65b0\u8bba\u6587<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n

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\u96c6\u667a\u6591\u56fe\u9876\u520a\u8bba\u6587\u901f\u9012\u680f\u76ee\u4e0a\u7ebf\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u6301\u7eed\u6536\u5f55\u6765\u81eaNature\u3001Science<\/span>\u7b49\u9876\u520a\u7684\u6700\u65b0\u8bba\u6587\uff0c\u8ffd\u8e2a\u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf\u3001\u7f51\u7edc\u79d1\u5b66\u3001\u8ba1\u7b97\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u7b49\u9886\u57df\u7684\u524d\u6cbf\u8fdb\u5c55\u3002\u73b0\u5728\u6b63\u5f0f\u63a8\u51fa\u8ba2\u9605\u529f\u80fd\uff0c\u6bcf\u5468\u901a\u8fc7\u5fae\u4fe1\u670d\u52a1\u53f7\u300c\u96c6\u667a\u6591\u56fe\u300d\u63a8\u9001\u8bba\u6587\u4fe1\u606f\u3002\u626b\u63cf\u4e0b\u65b9\u4e8c\u7ef4\u7801\u5373\u53ef\u4e00\u952e\u8ba2\u9605\uff1a<\/span>
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\u63a8\u8350\u9605\u8bfb<\/span><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n