{"id":37719,"date":"2022-10-08T22:00:01","date_gmt":"2022-10-08T14:00:01","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/swarma.org\/?p=37719"},"modified":"2022-10-08T22:00:01","modified_gmt":"2022-10-08T14:00:01","slug":"%e4%b8%ba%e4%bb%80%e4%b9%88%e7%89%a9%e7%90%86%e8%af%ba%e5%a5%96%e9%a2%81%e7%bb%99%e9%87%8f%e5%ad%90%e4%bf%a1%e6%81%af%e7%a7%91%e5%ad%a6%ef%bc%9f-%e9%87%8f%e5%ad%90%e4%bf%a1%e6%81%af","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/swarma.org\/?p=37719","title":{"rendered":"\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u7269\u7406\u8bfa\u5956\u9881\u7ed9\u91cf\u5b50\u4fe1\u606f\u79d1\u5b66\uff1f\u2014\u2014\u91cf\u5b50\u4fe1\u606f\u7684\u8fc7\u53bb\u3001\u73b0\u5728\u548c\u672a\u6765"},"content":{"rendered":"
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1<\/span>0\u67084\u65e5\uff0c2022\u5e74\u8bfa\u8d1d\u5c14\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5956\u6388\u4e88 Alain Aspect, John F. Clauser \u548c Anton Zeilinger\uff0c\u8868\u5f70\u4ed6\u4eec\u201c\u7528\u7ea0\u7f20\u5149\u5b50\u5b9e\u9a8c\uff0c\u9a8c\u8bc1\u4e86\u91cf\u5b50\u529b\u5b66\u8fdd\u53cd\u8d1d\u5c14\u4e0d\u7b49\u5f0f\uff0c\u5f00\u521b\u4e86\u91cf\u5b50\u4fe1\u606f\u79d1\u5b66\u201d\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u4e3a\u57fa\u4e8e\u91cf\u5b50\u4fe1\u606f\u7684\u65b0\u6280\u672f\u5960\u5b9a\u4e86\u57fa\u7840\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u91cf\u5b50\u8ba1\u7b97\u3001\u91cf\u5b50\u4fe1\u606f\u7684\u4f20\u8f93\u548c\u5b58\u50a8\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u91cf\u5b50\u52a0\u5bc6\u7b97\u6cd5\u7b49\u3002\u4e00\u767e\u591a\u5e74\u524d\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u91cf\u5b50\u9769\u547d\u4e3a\u6211\u4eec\u5e26\u6765\u4e86\u6676\u4f53\u7ba1\u548c\u6fc0\u5149\uff0c\u4eca\u5929\uff0c\u64cd\u4f5c\u7ea0\u7f20\u7c92\u5b50\u7684\u6280\u672f\u6b63\u5728\u8ba9\u6211\u4eec\u8fdb\u5165\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u7684\u91cf\u5b50\u4fe1\u606f\u65f6\u4ee3\u3002<\/span>
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\u4eca\u5e745\u6708\u4e3e\u884c\u7684\u7b2c28\u5c4a\u7d22\u5c14\u7ef4\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u4f1a\u8bae\u5373\u4ee5\u201c\u91cf\u5b50\u4fe1\u606f\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u201d\u4e3a\u4e3b\u9898\u3002\u4f1a\u8bae\u4e0a\uff0c\u8457\u540d\u7406\u8bba\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6 John Preskill \u505a\u4e86\u540c\u4e3b\u9898\u62a5\u544a\uff0c\u56de\u987e\u4e86\u91cf\u5b50\u4fe1\u606f\u548c\u91cf\u5b50\u8ba1\u7b97\u5728\u8fc7\u53bb\u6570\u5341\u5e74\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\uff0c\u63a2\u8ba8\u4e86\u91cf\u5b50\u4fe1\u606f\u4e0e\u91cf\u5b50\u7269\u8d28\u3001\u91cf\u5b50\u5f15\u529b\u7b49\u5176\u4ed6\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u9886\u57df\u7684\u76f8\u4e92\u4ea4\u7ec7\uff0c\u5e76\u5c55\u671b\u4e86\u91cf\u5b50\u8ba1\u7b97\u7814\u7a76\u5728\u672a\u6765\u9762\u5bf9\u7684\u673a\u9047\u548c\u6311\u6218\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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\u7814\u7a76\u9886\u57df\uff1a\u91cf\u5b50\u4fe1\u606f\uff0c\u91cf\u5b50\u8ba1\u7b97\uff0c\u91cf\u5b50\u7269\u8d28\uff0c\u91cf\u5b50\u5f15\u529b<\/strong><\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n

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John Preskill<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/strong> <\/span>| \u4f5c\u8005<\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u9ec4\u6cfd\u8c6a<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/strong><\/span><\/strong> <\/span>| \u8bd1\u8005<\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u9093\u4e00\u96ea<\/span> <\/span>| <\/strong><\/span>\u7f16\u8f91<\/strong><\/p>\n


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The Physics of Quantum Information      <\/span><\/p>\n

\u8bba\u6587\u94fe\u63a5\uff1a<\/span><\/p>\n

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1911\u5e74\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u7d22\u5c14\u7ef4\u4f1a\u8bae<\/span><\/p>\n

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1927\u5e74\u7b2c\u4e94\u6b21\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u7d22\u5c14\u7ef4\u4f1a\u8bae<\/span><\/p>\n


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2022\u5e74\u7b2c28\u6b21\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u7d22\u5c14\u7ef4\u4f1a\u8bae<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

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\u91cf\u5b50\u4fe1\u606f\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u5feb\u901f\u53d1\u5c55\u4f7f\u73b0\u5728\u6210\u4e3a\u53ec\u5f00\u4e00\u6b21\u5173\u6ce8\u91cf\u5b50\u4fe1\u606f\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u7684\u7d22\u5c14\u7ef4\u4f1a\u8bae\u7684\u7279\u522b\u5408\u9002\u7684\u65f6\u673a\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8bdd\u9898\u5305\u542b\u56db\u4e2a\u76f8\u4e92\u4ea4\u7ec7\u7684\u4e3b\u9898\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u5c06\u5728\u4ee5\u4e0b\u5206\u4f1a\u573a\u4e2d\u96c6\u4e2d\u8ba8\u8bba\uff1a\u91cf\u5b50\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u79d1\u5b66[1,2]\u3001\u91cf\u5b50\u786c\u4ef6[3,4]\u3001\u91cf\u5b50\u7269\u8d28[5,6]\u548c\u91cf\u5b50\u5f15\u529b[7,8]\u3002\u9488\u5bf9\u6bcf\u4e2a\u4e3b\u9898\uff0c\u6211\u5c06\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e00\u4e9b\u5386\u53f2\u80cc\u666f\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u8bc4\u8bba\u73b0\u72b6\u548c\u672a\u6765\u524d\u666f\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

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1. \u8ba1\u7b97\u6a21\u578b<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n

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\u8ba1\u7b97\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u7406\u8bba\u5efa\u7acb\u5728\u7531\u56fe\u7075\u4e8e20\u4e16\u7eaa30\u5e74\u4ee3\u5960\u5b9a\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u4e0a[9]\u3002\u56fe\u7075\u901a\u8fc7\u64cd\u4f5c\u53ef\u79fb\u52a8\u7eb8\u5e26\u4e0a\u7684\u7b26\u53f7\u8fd9\u4e00\u7406\u60f3\u5316\u7269\u7406\u8fc7\u7a0b\u5b9a\u4e49\u8ba1\u7b97\u3002\u4ed6\u7684\u6a21\u578b\u4f5c\u4e3a\u754c\u5b9a\u4e00\u4e2a\u51fd\u6570\u662f\u5426\u539f\u5219\u4e0a\u80fd\u5728\u7269\u7406\u4e16\u754c\u4e2d\u88ab\u8ba1\u7b97\u7684\u6b63\u786e\u65b9\u6cd5\u800c\u88ab\u5e7f\u6cdb\u63a5\u53d7\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u65ad\u8a00\u88ab\u79f0\u4f5c\u4e18\u5947-\u56fe\u7075\u8bba\u9898<\/strong><\/span>\uff08Church-Turing thesis\uff09<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/p>\n

\u4e00\u4e2a\u66f4\u7cbe\u786e\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u5373\u6709\u6548\u8ba1\u7b97\uff0c\u572820\u4e16\u7eaa70\u5e74\u4ee3\u5f15\u8d77\u4e86\u4eba\u4eec\u7684\u5173\u6ce8\uff0c\u5f15\u53d1\u4e86\u8ba1\u7b97\u590d\u6742\u6027\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u51fa\u73b0 [10-12]\u3002\u4eba\u4eec\u666e\u904d\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u56fe\u7075\u673a\u6240\u9700\u7684\u8ba1\u7b97\u6b65\u6570\u7ea6\u4e3a\u95ee\u9898\u8f93\u5165\u89c4\u6a21\u7684\u591a\u9879\u5f0f\u91cf\u7ea7\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u6709\u6548\u89e3\u51b3\u3002\u8fd9\u5c31\u662f\u6240\u8c13\u7684\u6269\u5c55\u7684\u4e18\u5947-\u56fe\u7075\u8bba\u9898<\/strong><\/span>\uff08extended Church-Turing thesis\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u6839\u636e\u5e7f\u6cdb\u7684\u5171\u8bc6\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u662f\u5b9e\u9645\u53ef\u89e3\u51b3\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u5b83\u4eec\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5c5e\u4e8e\u4e00\u4e2a\u79f0\u4e3a\u201cP\u201d\u7684\u590d\u6742\u6027\u7c7b\uff0c\u201cP\u201d\u6307\u591a\u9879\u5f0f\u65f6\u95f4\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/p>\n

\u590d\u6742\u6027\u7c7b\u201cNP\u201d\u4e2d\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u662f\u6307\u90a3\u4e9b\u4e00\u65e6\u627e\u5230\u89e3\uff0c\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u56fe\u7075\u673a\u6709\u6548\u9a8c\u8bc1\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u901a\u5e38\u8ba4\u4e3aNP\u5305\u542bP\u4e4b\u5916\u7684\u96be\u9898\u3002\u6ce8\u610f\u5230\u5b58\u5728\u4e00\u7c7b\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u5982\u7ec4\u5408\u4f18\u5316\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u5c5e\u4e8e\u4e00\u4e2a\u540d\u4e3a\u201cNP\u5b8c\u5168\u201d<\/span>\uff08NP- Complete\uff09<\/span>\u7684\u7c7b\u3002\u8fd9\u7c7b\u95ee\u9898\u53ef\u80fd\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3aNP\u7c7b\u4e2d\u6700\u96be\u7684\u95ee\u9898 [10-12]\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/p>\n

\u6211\u4eec\u8ba4\u4e3aNP\u8fd8\u5305\u542b\u5904\u4e8eP\u4e4b\u5916\u800c\u53c8\u4e0d\u662fNP\u5b8c\u5168\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u5bfb\u627e\u5927\u5408\u6570\u7684\u8d28\u56e0\u6570\u5c31\u662f\u8fd9\u7c7b\u95ee\u9898\u4e2d\u6700\u6709\u540d\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/p>\n

\u4f5c\u4e3a\u590d\u6742\u6027\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b9e\u9645\u5e94\u7528\uff0c\u516c\u94a5\u5bc6\u7801\u7cfb\u7edf\u572820\u4e16\u7eaa70\u5e74\u4ee3\u88ab\u63d0\u51fa\uff0c\u5b83\u57fa\u4e8e\u7c7b\u4f3c\u56e0\u5f0f\u5206\u89e3\u7684\u90a3\u4e9b\u5904\u5728P\u4e4b\u5916\u800c\u53c8\u4e0d\u662fNP\u5b8c\u5168\u7684\u95ee\u9898[13,14]\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u65b9\u6848\u5728\u4eca\u5929\u88ab\u5927\u91cf\u7528\u4e8e\u4fdd\u62a4\u7535\u5b50\u901a\u4fe1\u7684\u9690\u79c1\u3002\u5b83\u4eec\u90fd\u57fa\u4e8e\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u4e2a\u5047\u8bbe\uff0c\u5373\u7834\u574f\u534f\u8bae\u7684\u8ba1\u7b97\u8fc7\u7a0b\u662f\u8db3\u591f\u96be\u7684\uff0c\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u5728\u5b9e\u9645\u4e2d\u6267\u884c\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/span><\/p>\n

2. \u91cf\u5316\u4fe1\u606f<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/p>\n

\u4fe1\u606f\u8bba<\/span><\/strong>\u5efa\u7acb\u5728\u9999\u519c\u572820\u4e16\u7eaa40\u5e74\u4ee3\u5960\u5b9a\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u4e0a[15]\u3002\u9999\u519c\u6839\u636e\u6d88\u606f\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u538b\u7f29\u5230\u591a\u5c11\u6bd4\u7279\u800c\u4e0d\u635f\u5931\u4efb\u4f55\u5185\u5bb9\u6765\u91cf\u5316\u4e00\u6bb5\u6d88\u606f\u6240\u4f20\u8fbe\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u3002\u4ed6\u8fd8\u91cf\u5316\u4e86\u901a\u8fc7\u5608\u6742\u4fe1\u9053\u4ece\u53d1\u9001\u65b9\u4f20\u8f93\u5230\u63a5\u6536\u65b9\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u91cf\uff0c\u4ee5\u4fbf\u63a5\u6536\u65b9\u80fd\u591f\u4ee5\u53ef\u5ffd\u7565\u4e0d\u8ba1\u7684\u9519\u8bef\u7387\u89e3\u7801\u4fe1\u606f\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/p>\n

\u8fd9\u4e00\u7406\u8bba\u5f15\u51fa\u4e86\u7ea0\u9519\u7801<\/strong><\/span>\uff08error-correcting code\uff09<\/span>\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u5b83\u53ef\u4ee5\u4fdd\u62a4\u5197\u4f59\u7f16\u7801\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u514d\u53d7\u566a\u58f0\u7684\u7834\u574f\u6027\u5f71\u54cd[16]\u3002\u8fd9\u53c8\u53cd\u8fc7\u6765\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u8ba1\u7b97\u786c\u4ef6\u4e0d\u5b8c\u7f8e\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u53ef\u9760\u5730\u6267\u884c\u8ba1\u7b97[17]\u3002\u7ea0\u9519\u7801\u5728\u73b0\u4ee3\u901a\u4fe1\u7cfb\u7edf<\/span>\uff08\u5982\u79fb\u52a8\u7535\u8bdd\u8702\u7a9d\u7f51\u7edc\uff09<\/span>\u4e2d\u4e5f\u81f3\u5173\u91cd\u8981\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/span><\/p>\n

3. \u91cf\u5b50\u4fe1\u606f<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/p>\n

\u91cf\u5b50\u4fe1\u606f\u8bba\u7684\u8d77\u6e90\u53ef\u4ee5\u8ffd\u6eaf\u5230\u7231\u56e0\u65af\u5766\u53ca\u5176\u5408\u4f5c\u8005\u572820\u4e16\u7eaa30\u5e74\u4ee3\u7684\u89c2\u5bdf[18]\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u6ce8\u610f\u5230\u91cf\u5b50\u7cfb\u7edf\u5404\u90e8\u5206\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5173\u8054\u53ef\u80fd\u5177\u6709\u53cd\u76f4\u89c9\u7684\u6027\u8d28\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u73b0\u8c61\u88ab\u859b\u5b9a\u8c14\u79f0\u4e3a\u201c\u91cf\u5b50\u7ea0\u7f20<\/strong>\u201d[19]\u3002John Bell\u572820\u4e16\u7eaa60\u5e74\u4ee3\u6b63\u5f0f\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e00\u6982\u5ff5[20]\uff0c\u4ed6\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5171\u4eab\u91cf\u5b50\u7ea0\u7f20\u7684\u535a\u5f08\u8005\u5982\u679c\u5171\u4eab\u7ea0\u7f20\u7684\u91cf\u5b50\u6bd4\u7279\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u5173\u8054\u7684\u7ecf\u5178\u6bd4\u7279\uff0c\u5219\u80fd\u4ee5\u66f4\u9ad8\u7684\u6210\u529f\u7387\u8d62\u5f97\u5408\u4f5c\u535a\u5f08[21,22]\u3002\u4ece\u8fd9\u4e2a\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u8bb2\uff0c\u91cf\u5b50\u7ea0\u7f20\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u6709\u4ef7\u503c\u7684\u8d44\u6e90\uff0c \u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u6765\u6267\u884c\u6709\u7528\u7684\u4efb\u52a1\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/p>\n

\u572870\u523080\u5e74\u4ee3\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u8ba4\u8bc6\u5230\uff0c\u91cf\u5b50\u901a\u4fe1\uff0c\u8bf8\u5982\u901a\u8fc7\u5149\u7ea4\u6216\u81ea\u7531\u7a7a\u95f4\u53d1\u9001\u5149\u5b50\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u5bf9\u5bc6\u7801\u5b66\u6709\u7528\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b89\u5168\u6027\u53ef\u4ee5\u57fa\u4e8e\u91cf\u5b50\u7269\u7406\u539f\u7406\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u6f5c\u5728\u5bf9\u624b\u53ef\u7528\u7684\u8ba1\u7b97\u8d44\u6e90\u6709\u9650[23\u201325]\u3002\u8fd9\u5176\u4e2d\u7684\u5173\u952e\u539f\u7406\u662f\uff0c\u4e0e\u7ecf\u5178\u6bd4\u7279\u76f8\u6bd4\uff0c\u672a\u77e5\u7684\u91cf\u5b50\u6001\u65e0\u6cd5\u88ab\u51c6\u786e\u590d\u5236 [26,27]\u3002\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u5bf9\u624b\u83b7\u53d6\u542b\u6709\u91cf\u5b50\u4fe1\u53f7\u5185\u5bb9\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u4f1a\u4e0d\u53ef\u907f\u514d\u5730\u4ea7\u751f\u5e72\u6270\uff0c\u8fd9\u5728\u539f\u5219\u4e0a\u662f\u53ef\u4ee5\u68c0\u6d4b\u5230\u7684\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/p>\n

\u540c\u6837\u572870\u5e74\u4ee3\uff0c\u6d4b\u91cf\u548c\u5904\u7406\u91cf\u5b50\u6001\u7684\u4e00\u822c\u7406\u8bba\u88ab\u5efa\u7acb\u8d77\u6765\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u6d4b\u91cf\u91cf\u5b50\u7cfb\u7edf\u65f6\u53ef\u4ee5\u83b7\u5f97\u591a\u5c11\u7ecf\u5178\u4fe1\u606f\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u9650\u5236[28,29]\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/span><\/p>\n

4. \u91cf\u5b50\u8ba1\u7b97<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

\u8bb8\u591a\u7c92\u5b50\u7ec4\u6210\u7684\u590d\u6742\u7684\u9ad8\u5ea6\u5173\u8054\u7684\u91cf\u5b50\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u6027\u8d28\u5f88\u96be\u8ba1\u7b97\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u91cf\u5b50\u529b\u5b66\u5148\u9a71\u4eec\u90fd\u77e5\u9053\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u65e9\u671f\u8ba4\u8bc6\u3002\u572820\u4e16\u7eaa80\u5e74\u4ee3\u65e9\u671f\uff0c\u8d39\u66fc[30]\u548c\u66fc\u5b81<\/span>\uff08Manin\uff09<\/span>[31]\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u79cd\u89c2\u70b9\uff1a\u5bf9\u4e8e\u90a3\u4e9b\u5728\u4f20\u7edf\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u4e0a\u96be\u4ee5\u88ab\u8ba1\u7b97\u7684\u6027\u8d28\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u6211\u4eec\u6539\u7528\u91cf\u5b50\u8bbe\u5907\u6765\u8ba1\u7b97\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u5f88\u5bb9\u6613\u3002\u8fd9\u5bfc\u81f4\u4e86\u5bf9\u6269\u5c55\u7684\u4e18\u5947-\u56fe\u7075\u8bba\u9898\u7684\u4fee\u6539\uff0c\u5176\u4fee\u6539\u540e\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u975e\u6b63\u5f0f\u5730\u8868\u8ff0\u4e3a\u201c\u91cf\u5b50\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u53ef\u4ee5\u6709\u6548\u5730\u6a21\u62df\u81ea\u7136\u754c\u4e2d\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u4efb\u4f55\u8fc7\u7a0b\u201d[32]\u3002\u73b0\u5728\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u666e\u904d\u8ba4\u4e3a<\/span>\uff08\u5c3d\u7ba1\u8fd8\u672a\u4ece\u7b2c\u4e00\u6027\u539f\u7406\u5f97\u5230\u8bc1\u660e\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u91cf\u5b50\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u5728\u67d0\u4e9b\u95ee\u9898\u4e0a\u76f8\u6bd4\u4f20\u7edf\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u5177\u6709\u6307\u6570\u4f18\u52bf<\/strong>\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u95ee\u9898\u53ef\u80fd\u5305\u62ec\u5316\u5b66\u548c\u6750\u6599\u79d1\u5b66\u611f\u5174\u8da3\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528\u91cf\u5b50\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u7cfb\u7edf\u5927\u5c0f\u591a\u9879\u5f0f\u7ea7\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u5185\u6267\u884c\u7684\u8ba1\u7b97\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u82b1\u8d39\u4f20\u7edf\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u6307\u6570\u7ea7\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/p>\n

\u7406\u8bba\u4e0a\u8fd8\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u73b0\u4ee3\u5bc6\u7801\u5b66\u611f\u5174\u8da3\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u91cf\u5b50\u7b97\u6cd5\u76f8\u6bd4\u6700\u8457\u540d\u7684\u7ecf\u5178\u7b97\u6cd5\u5177\u6709\u8d85\u591a\u9879\u5f0f\u4f18\u52bf\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u627e\u5230\u5927\u5408\u6570\u7684\u8d28\u56e0\u6570[33\u201335]\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u4f17\u6240\u5468\u77e5\uff0c\u91cf\u5b50\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u53ef\u4ee5\u52a0\u901f\u5bf9\u7ec4\u5408\u4f18\u5316\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u89e3\u7684\u7a77\u4e3e\u641c\u7d22\uff0c\u4f46\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u52a0\u901f\u662f\u4e8c\u6b21\u7684\uff0c\u8fd9\u610f\u5473\u7740\u6c42\u89e3\u7684\u91cf\u5b50\u65f6\u95f4\u662f\u7ecf\u5178\u65f6\u95f4\u7684\u5e73\u65b9\u6839\u91cf\u7ea7[36,37]\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/span><\/p>\n

5. \u4ec0\u4e48\u662f\u91cf\u5b50\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\uff1f<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/p>\n

\u4e00\u79cd\u63cf\u8ff0\u7406\u60f3\u91cf\u5b50\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u7684\u6570\u5b66\u6a21\u578b\u5df2\u88ab\u521b\u7acb\u51fa\u6765\uff0c\u5373\u91cf\u5b50\u7535\u8def\u6a21\u578b<\/strong><\/span>\uff08quantum circuit model\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u5b83\u5305\u542b\u5982\u4e0b\u4e94\u4e2a\u57fa\u672c\u8981\u7d20[38]\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
\uff081\uff09\u4e00\u4e2a\u542b\u6709\u5927\u91cf\u91cf\u5b50\u6bd4\u7279\u7684\u7269\u7406\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u7684\u91cf\u5b50\u6bd4\u7279\u6570\u53ef\u4ee5\u6839\u636e\u5f85\u89e3\u51b3\u95ee\u9898\u89c4\u6a21\u7684\u589e\u5927\u800c\u589e\u52a0\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
\uff082\uff09\u80fd\u591f\u5236\u5907\u91cf\u5b50\u6bd4\u7279\u7684\u7b80\u5355\u6807\u51c6\u521d\u6001\uff0c\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u662f\u5c06\u7cfb\u7edf\u51b7\u5374\u5230\u4f4e\u71b5\u72b6\u6001\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
\uff083\uff09\u4e00\u7ec4\u901a\u7528\u7684\u7ea0\u7f20\u91cf\u5b50\u64cd\u4f5c\uff0c\u79f0\u4e3a\u91cf\u5b50\u95e8\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e2a\u91cf\u5b50\u95e8\u90fd\u4f5c\u7528\u4e8e\u4e24\u4e2a\u6216\u591a\u4e2a\u91cf\u5b50\u6bd4\u7279\u3002\u8fd9\u610f\u5473\u7740\u901a\u8fc7\u8fde\u7eed\u7ec4\u5408\u8bb8\u591a\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u95e8\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u8fd1\u4f3c\u51fa\u4f5c\u7528\u4e8e\u5927\u91cf\u91cf\u5b50\u6bd4\u7279\u7684\u4efb\u610f\u9149\u53d8\u6362\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
\uff084\uff09\u4e00\u79cd\u80fd\u6709\u6548\u5730\u5c06\u95ee\u9898\u8f6c\u5316\u4e3a\u5408\u9002\u7684\u91cf\u5b50\u95e8\u7535\u8def\u7684\u7ecf\u5178\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

\uff085\uff09\u80fd\u591f\u5728\u6807\u51c6\u57fa\u4e0a\u5bf9\u91cf\u5b50\u6bd4\u7279\u8fdb\u884c\u6d4b\u91cf\uff0c\u4ee5\u8bfb\u51fa\u63d0\u4f9b\u8ba1\u7b97\u7ed3\u679c\u7684\u7ecf\u5178\u6bd4\u7279\u3002\u80fd\u6709\u6548\u89e3\u51b3\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u6307\u7684\u662f\u90a3\u4e9b\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u5927\u91cf\u91cf\u5b50\u95e8\u4ee5\u9ad8\u6210\u529f\u7387\u89e3\u51b3\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u91cf\u5b50\u95e8\u7684\u6570\u76ee\u662f\u95ee\u9898\u8f93\u5165\u89c4\u6a21\u7684\u591a\u9879\u5f0f\u91cf\u7ea7\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/p>\n

\u5176\u4ed6\u7269\u7406\u4e0a\u5408\u7406\u7684\u91cf\u5b50\u8ba1\u7b97\u6a21\u578b\u4e5f\u6709\u88ab\u7814\u7a76\u8fc7\uff0c\u5982\u62d3\u6251\u6a21\u578b[39,40]\u548c\u7edd\u70ed\u6a21\u578b[41,42]\uff0c\u5e76\u88ab\u8bc1\u660e\u4e0e\u91cf\u5b50\u7535\u8def\u6a21\u578b\u7b49\u4ef7\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u652f\u6301\u4e86\u6269\u5c55\u7684\u4e18\u5947-\u56fe\u7075\u8bba\u9898\u7684\u91cf\u5b50\u7248\u672c\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/p>\n

\u5e94\u8be5\u610f\u8bc6\u5230\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u7528\u968f\u673a\u6570\u751f\u6210\u5668\u6765\u5f97\u5230\u6700\u7ec8\u91cf\u5b50\u6d4b\u91cf\u7684\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\uff0c\u91cf\u5b50\u7535\u8def\u6a21\u578b\u7684\u6240\u6709\u7279\u5f81\u90fd\u53ef\u4ee5\u7531\u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u7ecf\u5178\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u6a21\u62df\u3002\u7ecf\u5178\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u6240\u9700\u8981\u505a\u7684\u5c31\u662f\uff0c\u5f53\u6211\u4eec\u7528\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u77e9\u9635\u4f5c\u7528\u4e8e\u5e0c\u5c14\u4f2f\u7279\u7a7a\u95f4\u4e2d\u7684\u77e2\u91cf\u65f6\uff0c\u8ddf\u8e2a\u8fd9\u4e2a\u77e2\u91cf\u7684\u53d8\u5316\u3002\u81f3\u4e8e\u6700\u7ec8\u8bfb\u51fa\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u5c06\u8be5\u77e2\u91cf\u6295\u5f71\u5230\u4e00\u7ec4\u6807\u51c6\u57fa\u4e0a\uff0c\u5e76\u76f8\u5e94\u5730\u4e3a\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u6d4b\u91cf\u7ed3\u679c\u5206\u914d\u6982\u7387\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u4e00\u53f0<\/span>\uff08\u968f\u673a\u5316\u7684\uff09<\/span>\u7ecf\u5178\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u53ef\u4ee5\u505a\u91cf\u5b50\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u80fd\u505a\u7684\u6240\u6709\u4e8b\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5b83\u4eec\u5728\u53ef\u8ba1\u7b97\u6027\u4e0a\u6ca1\u6709\u533a\u522b\u2014\u2014\u91cf\u5b50\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u80fd\u8ba1\u7b97\u7684\u4efb\u4f55\u4e1c\u897f\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u7531\u7ecf\u5178\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u8ba1\u7b97<\/strong>\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/p>\n

\u91cf\u5b50\u6a21\u578b\u548c\u7ecf\u5178\u6a21\u578b\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u533a\u522b\u5728\u4e8e\u6548\u7387\u3002\u4e00\u822c\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u7ecf\u5178\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u8981\u6a21\u62df\u91cf\u5b50\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\uff0c\u5c31\u5fc5\u987b\u5904\u7406\u4e00\u4e2a\u7a7a\u95f4\u7ef4\u5ea6\u4e3a\u91cf\u5b50\u6bd4\u7279\u6570\u7684\u6307\u6570\u7684\u77e2\u91cf\u3002\u5bf9\u4e8e\u6700\u56f0\u96be\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u5b9e\u4f8b\uff0c\u6240\u6709\u5df2\u77e5\u7684\u7528\u4e8e\u8fdb\u884c\u8fd9\u4e00\u6a21\u62df\u7684\u7ecf\u5178\u65b9\u6cd5\u90fd\u9700\u8981\u968f\u91cf\u5b50\u6bd4\u7279\u6570\u5448\u6307\u6570\u7ea7\u589e\u957f\u7684\u8d44\u6e90\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/span><\/p>\n

6. \u91cf\u5b50\u786c\u4ef6<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/p>\n

1994\u5e74\u53d1\u73b0Shor\u7684\u5927\u6570\u5206\u89e3\u7b97\u6cd5\u540e\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u5bf9\u91cf\u5b50\u8ba1\u7b97\u7684\u5174\u8da3\u6fc0\u589e\uff0c\u5f15\u53d1\u4e86\u5bf9\u6784\u5efa\u786c\u4ef6\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u65b9\u6cd5\u7684\u5bfb\u6c42\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u786c\u4ef6\u8981\u80fd\u6ee1\u8db3\u4e0a\u8ff0\u4e94\u4e2a\u6807\u51c6<\/span>\uff08\u81f3\u5c11\u8fbe\u5230\u5408\u7406\u7684\u8fd1\u4f3c\u503c\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u4eba\u4eec\u6ce8\u610f\u5230\uff0c\u51fa\u4e8e\u5176\u4ed6\u539f\u56e0\u5df2\u7ecf\u5728\u5f00\u53d1\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u6280\u672f\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u4e8e\u76f8\u5e72\u91cf\u5b50\u4fe1\u606f\u5904\u7406\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/p>\n

\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u51fa\u4e8e\u5bf9\u66f4\u7cbe\u786e\u65f6\u949f\u7684\u63a2\u6c42\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u5df2\u7ecf\u5f00\u53d1\u51fa\u4e86\u5229\u7528\u6fc0\u5149\u573a\u51b7\u5374\u548c\u64cd\u7eb5\u5355\u4e2a\u5e26\u7535\u539f\u5b50\u7684\u5de5\u5177\uff0c\u8fd9\u5f15\u51fa\u4e86\u79bb\u5b50\u9631\u91cf\u5b50\u5904\u7406\u5668[43,44]\u3002\u7ea6\u745f\u592b\u68ee\u7ed3<\/span>\uff08\u4e00\u79cd\u8d85\u5bfc\u7535\u8def\u4e2d\u7684\u975e\u7ebf\u6027\u5143\u4ef6\uff0c\u53ef\u7528\u4e8e\u9ad8\u7cbe\u5ea6\u78c1\u573a\u5f3a\u5ea6\u8ba1\uff09<\/span>\u5f15\u51fa\u4e86\u8d85\u5bfc\u91cf\u5b50\u5904\u7406\u5668[45-47]\u3002\u7eb3\u7c73\u7ea7\u7535\u8def\u7684\u7ecf\u9a8c\u5f15\u51fa\u4e86\u9694\u79bb\u548c\u64cd\u7eb5\u5355\u7535\u5b50\u81ea\u65cb\u7684\u80fd\u529b[48,49]\u3002\u9ad8\u6548\u7387\u5355\u5149\u5b50\u6e90\u548c\u63a2\u6d4b\u5668\u4e3a\u57fa\u4e8e\u5149\u5b50\u5b66\u7684\u5904\u7406\u5668\u5f00\u8f9f\u4e86\u53ef\u80fd\u6027[50]\u3002\u6355\u83b7\u548c\u51b7\u5374\u4e2d\u6027\u539f\u5b50\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u5f15\u51fa\u4e86\u5f3a\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\u91cf\u5b50\u7269\u8d28\u7684\u53ef\u8c03\u6a21\u62df[51,52]\u3002\u540e\u6765\uff0c\u5149\u954a\u4e3a\u57fa\u4e8e\u9ad8\u6fc0\u53d1\u4e2d\u6027\u539f\u5b50\u9635\u5217\u6784\u5efa\u53ef\u7f16\u7a0b\u6a21\u62df\u5668\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u673a\u4f1a[53-56]\u3002\u91cf\u5b50\u786c\u4ef6\u7684\u8fd9\u4e9b\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u65b9\u6cd5\u4ecd\u5728\u5f00\u53d1\u4e2d\uff0c\u5e76\u5728\u7a33\u6b65\u63a8\u8fdb\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/p>\n

\u76ee\u524d\u6700\u5148\u8fdb\u7684\u4e24\u79cd\u91cf\u5b50\u8ba1\u7b97\u6280\u672f\u662f\u79bb\u5b50\u9631[3,57]\u548c\u8d85\u5bfc\u7535\u8def[4,58]\u3002\u5728\u79bb\u5b50\u9631<\/strong>\u4e2d\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e2a\u91cf\u5b50\u6bd4\u7279\u90fd\u662f\u643a\u5e26\u5355\u4e2a\u7535\u8377\u7684\u539f\u5b50\uff0c\u5b83\u53ef\u4ee5\u5904\u4e8e\u57fa\u6001\u6216\u957f\u5bff\u547d\u6fc0\u53d1\u6001\u3002\u6570\u5341\u4e2a\u91cf\u5b50\u6bd4\u7279\u53ef\u4ee5\u5b58\u50a8\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u7ebf\u6027\u9635\u5217\u4e2d\uff0c\u6001\u5236\u5907\u3001\u8bfb\u51fa\u548c\u5355\u6bd4\u7279\u91cf\u5b50\u95e8\u90fd\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u5c06\u7a33\u5b9a\u7684\u6fc0\u5149\u52a0\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u79bb\u5b50\u4e0a\u5b9e\u73b0\u3002\u4e3a\u5b9e\u73b0\u7ea0\u7f20\u7684\u53cc\u91cf\u5b50\u6bd4\u7279\u95e8\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u7528\u6fc0\u5149\u573a\u64cd\u7eb5\u9631\u4e2d\u79bb\u5b50\u7684\u7b80\u6b63\u632f\u52a8\u6a21\u5f0f\u2014\u2014\u53cc\u91cf\u5b50\u6bd4\u7279\u95e8\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u51e0\u5341\u5fae\u79d2\u5185\u5bf9\u4efb\u610f\u4e00\u5bf9\u79bb\u5b50\u6267\u884c\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/p>\n

\u4e3a\u4e86\u6269\u5c55\u5230\u66f4\u5927\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u8bbe\u60f3\u4e00\u4e9b\u6a21\u5757\u5316\u7684\u6355\u83b7\u533a\u57df\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u901a\u8fc7\u5149\u5b66\u4e92\u8fde\u6216\u5c06\u79bb\u5b50\u4ece\u4e00\u4e2a\u6355\u83b7\u533a\u57df\u8fd0\u9001\u5230\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u6355\u83b7\u533a\u57df\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u8fde\u63a5\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/p>\n

\u5728\u8d85\u5bfc\u91cf\u5b50\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a<\/strong>\u4e2d\uff0c\u5927\u7ea6100\u4e2a\u91cf\u5b50\u6bd4\u7279\u53ef\u4ee5\u6392\u5217\u5728\u4e8c\u7ef4\u9635\u5217\u4e2d\uff0c\u91cf\u5b50\u6bd4\u7279\u4e4b\u95f4\u6709\u6700\u8fd1\u90bb\u8026\u5408\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u91cf\u5b50\u6bd4\u7279<\/span>\uff08\u79f0\u4e3atransmon\uff09<\/span>\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u662f\u4eba\u5de5\u539f\u5b50\uff0c\u5fc5\u987b\u7cbe\u7ec6\u5236\u9020\u5e76\u7ecf\u5e38\u6821\u51c6\u3002\u4eba\u4eec\u901a\u8fc7\u5c06transmon\u8026\u5408\u5230\u5fae\u6ce2\u8c10\u632f\u8154\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u8bfb\u51fatransmon\uff0c\u800c\u5355\u6bd4\u7279\u91cf\u5b50\u95e8\u5219\u901a\u8fc7\u5c06\u5fae\u6ce2\u8109\u51b2\u52a0\u5728\u91cf\u5b50\u6bd4\u7279\u4e0a\u6765\u6267\u884c\u3002\u53cc\u91cf\u5b50\u6bd4\u7279\u95e8\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u8bb8\u591a\u65b9\u5f0f\u5b9e\u73b0\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u5c06\u4e00\u5bf9\u91cf\u5b50\u6bd4\u7279\u7684\u9891\u7387\u8c03\u6574\u5230\u8c10\u632f\u548c\u975e\u8c10\u632f\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u4ee5\u4e00\u4e2a\u91cf\u5b50\u6bd4\u7279\u7684\u9891\u7387\u9a71\u52a8\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u91cf\u5b50\u6bd4\u7279\u3002\u4e00\u4e2a\u53cc\u91cf\u5b50\u6bd4\u7279\u95e8\u9700\u8981\u51e0\u5341\u7eb3\u79d2\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/p>\n

\u4e3a\u4e86\u6269\u5c55\u5230\u66f4\u5927\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u5fc5\u987b\u89e3\u51b3\u5904\u7406\u5927\u91cf\u5fae\u6ce2\u63a7\u5236\u7ebf\u7684\u6311\u6218\uff0c\u5e76\u63d0\u9ad8\u91cf\u5b50\u95e8\u4fdd\u771f\u5ea6\uff0c\u800c\u66f4\u597d\u7684\u6750\u6599\u3001\u5236\u9020\u8d28\u91cf\u548c\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u65b0\u9896\u91cf\u5b50\u6bd4\u7279\u5e03\u5c40\u90fd\u4f1a\u5bf9\u6b64\u6709\u6240\u5e2e\u52a9\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/p>\n

\u5230\u76ee\u524d\u4e3a\u6b62\uff0c\u91cf\u5b50\u5904\u7406\u5668\u5df2\u7ecf\u53d1\u5c55\u5230\u53ef\u4ee5\u6267\u884c\u7ecf\u5178\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u96be\u4ee5\u6a21\u62df\u7684\u4efb\u52a1\u7684\u9636\u6bb5\u3002\u7279\u522b\u662f\u53ef\u4ee5\u4ece\u968f\u673a\u9009\u62e9\u7535\u8def\u7684\u8f93\u51fa\u6982\u7387\u5206\u5e03\u4e2d\u91c7\u6837\uff0c\u8be5\u7535\u8def\u5305\u542b60\u4e2a\u91cf\u5b50\u6bd4\u7279\u548c\u8d85\u8fc720\u4e2a\u7ea0\u7f20\u53cc\u91cf\u5b50\u6bd4\u7279\u95e8\u5468\u671f[59-61]\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u8fd9\u9879\u5177\u4f53\u4efb\u52a1\u672c\u8eab\u4e0d\u5177\u6709\u5b9e\u9645\u610f\u4e49\uff0c\u4f46\u8fd9\u7c7b\u5b9e\u9a8c\u662f\u6709\u7528\u7684\u3002\u5b83\u4eec\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u7535\u8def\u4fdd\u771f\u5ea6\u7684\u65b0\u57fa\u51c6\uff0c\u5de9\u56fa\u4e86\u6211\u4eec\u5bf9\u7535\u8def\u566a\u58f0\u7684\u5168\u5c40\u7279\u5f81\u7684\u7406\u89e3\uff0c\u5e76\u6fc0\u53d1\u4e86\u5bf9\u7ecf\u5178\u6a21\u62df\u65b9\u6cd5\u7684\u6539\u8fdb[62]\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/span><\/p>\n

7. \u91cf\u5b50\u7ea0\u9519<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/p>\n

\u5f53Shor\u7b97\u6cd5\u88ab\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u5bf9\u91cf\u5b50\u8ba1\u7b97\u7684\u5174\u8da3\u6fc0\u589e\u65f6\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5927\u89c4\u6a21\u91cf\u5b50\u8ba1\u7b97\u662f\u5426\u53ef\u884c\uff0c\u5b58\u5728\u7740\u5e7f\u6cdb\u4e14\u53ef\u4ee5\u7406\u89e3\u7684\u6000\u7591[63-65]\u3002\u91cf\u5b50\u7cfb\u7edf\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u4ee4\u4eba\u4e3a\u96be\u7684\u7279\u6027\uff0c\u5373\u89c2\u5bdf\u91cf\u5b50\u6001\u4f1a\u4e0d\u53ef\u907f\u514d\u5730\u4ee5\u4e0d\u53d7\u63a7\u5236\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u6270\u4e71\u8fd9\u4e2a\u91cf\u5b50\u6001\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u4e0e\u73af\u5883\u7684\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\u4f1a\u5bfc\u81f4\u91cf\u5b50\u4fe1\u606f\u5feb\u901f\u8870\u51cf\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u73b0\u8c61\u79f0\u4e3a\u9000\u76f8\u5e72<\/strong><\/span>\uff08decoherence\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u4e3a\u4e86\u53ef\u9760\u5730\u6267\u884c\u91cf\u5b50\u8ba1\u7b97\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5fc5\u987b\u5c06\u5904\u7406\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u4e0e\u5916\u90e8\u4e16\u754c\u4fdd\u6301\u8fd1\u4e4e\u5b8c\u7f8e\u7684\u9694\u79bb\uff0c\u4ee5\u9632\u6b62\u9000\u76f8\u5e72\u3002\u8fd9\u975e\u5e38\u56f0\u96be\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u786c\u4ef6\u6c38\u8fdc\u4e0d\u4f1a\u662f\u5b8c\u7f8e\u7684\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/p>\n

\u4eba\u4eec\u5f88\u5feb\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c\u81f3\u5c11\u5728\u539f\u5219\u4e0a\uff0c\u786c\u4ef6\u7f3a\u9677\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u57fa\u4e8e\u6211\u4eec\u79f0\u4e3a\u91cf\u5b50\u7ea0\u9519\u7801<\/strong><\/span>\uff08quantum errorcorrecting codes\uff09<\/span>\u7684\u9002\u5408\u7684\u8f6f\u4ef6\u6765\u89e3\u51b3[66-69]\u3002\u5173\u952e\u601d\u60f3\u662f\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u975e\u5c40\u57df\u5730\u5b58\u50a8\u91cf\u5b50\u4fe1\u606f\u6765\u4fdd\u62a4\u5b83\uff0c\u5373\u5c06\u5176\u7f16\u7801\u5728\u975e\u5e38\u9ad8\u5ea6\u7ea0\u7f20\u7684\u72b6\u6001\u91cc\uff0c\u4f7f\u5f97\u5f53\u73af\u5883\u4e0e\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u5404\u4e2a\u90e8\u5206\u53d1\u751f\u5c40\u57df\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\u65f6\uff0c\u73af\u5883\u53ef\u4ee5\u83b7\u5f97\u5173\u4e8e\u7f16\u7801\u91cf\u5b50\u6001\u7684\u53ef\u5ffd\u7565\u4e0d\u8ba1\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u4e0d\u5fc5\u7834\u574f\u8be5\u91cf\u5b50\u6001\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u8fd8\u77e5\u9053\u4e86\u5982\u4f55\u6709\u6548\u5730\u5904\u7406\u4ee5\u8fd9\u79cd\u9ad8\u5ea6\u7ea0\u7f20\u65b9\u5f0f\u7f16\u7801\u7684\u91cf\u5b50\u4fe1\u606f[70]\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u91cf\u5b50\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u4e2d\u7684\u9519\u8bef\u8db3\u591f\u5c11\u4e14\u5173\u8054\u6027\u4e0d\u592a\u5f3a\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u6709\u566a\u58f0\u7684\u91cf\u5b50\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u6709\u6548\u5730\u6a21\u62df\u7406\u60f3\u7684\u91cf\u5b50\u8ba1\u7b97[71-77]\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/p>\n

\u8fd1\u671f\u6700\u6709\u5e0c\u671b\u7684\u7ea0\u9519\u91cf\u5b50\u8ba1\u7b97\u65b9\u6848\u57fa\u4e8e Kitaev \u8868\u9762\u7801<\/strong><\/span>\uff08surface code\uff09<\/span>[78]\uff0c\u5b83\u6709\u4e24\u4e2a\u4f18\u70b9\uff1a\uff081\uff09\u53ef\u4ee5\u5bb9\u8bb8\u76f8\u5bf9\u8f83\u9ad8\u7684\u7269\u7406\u9519\u8bef\u7387[79-81]\uff1b\uff082\uff09\u5728\u4e8c\u7ef4\u5e03\u5c40\u4e2d\u53ea\u9700\u8981\u8fdb\u884c\u5728\u51e0\u4f55\u4e0a\u5c40\u57df\u7684\u5904\u7406\u8fc7\u7a0b\u3002\u5373\u4fbf\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u7ea0\u9519\u7684\u5f00\u9500\u6210\u672c\uff0c\u65e0\u8bba\u662f\u6240\u9700\u7684\u7269\u7406\u91cf\u5b50\u6bd4\u7279\u7684\u6570\u91cf\u8fd8\u662f\u7269\u7406\u91cf\u5b50\u95e8\u7684\u6570\u91cf\uff0c\u90fd\u76f8\u5f53\u4ee4\u4eba\u671b\u800c\u751f\u754f\u3002\u4eba\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u5408\u7406\u5730\u9884\u6d4b\uff0c\u5728\u6570\u767e\u4e2a\u53d7\u4fdd\u62a4\u7684\u903b\u8f91\u91cf\u5b50\u6bd4\u7279\u4e0a\u8fd0\u884c\u7684\u7b97\u6cd5\u5c06\u5728\u67d0\u4e9b\u5b9e\u9645\u95ee\u9898\u4e0a\u8d85\u8fc7\u6700\u597d\u7684\u4f20\u7edf\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\uff0c\u4f46\u4e3a\u4e86\u5b9e\u73b0\u8db3\u591f\u7684\u53ef\u9760\u6027\uff0c\u7269\u7406\u91cf\u5b50\u6bd4\u7279\u6570\u91cf\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u8fbe\u5230\u6570\u767e\u4e07\u3002\u8fd9\u4e0e\u6211\u4eec\u9884\u8ba1\u5728\u672a\u6765\u51e0\u5e74\u5c06\u62e5\u6709\u6570\u767e\u4e2a\u7269\u7406\u91cf\u5b50\u6bd4\u7279\u7684\u8bbe\u5907\u76f8\u6bd4\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5de8\u5927\u7684\u98de\u8dc3\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/span><\/p>\n

8. \u91cf\u5b50\u7269\u8d28<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/p>\n

\u968f\u7740\u62d3\u6251\u5e8f<\/span>\uff08topological order\uff09<\/span>\u7684\u53d1\u73b0[82]<\/span>\uff08\u6700\u521d\u5728\u5206\u6570\u91cf\u5b50\u970d\u5c14\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d[83-84]\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u91cf\u5b50\u4fe1\u606f\u548c\u91cf\u5b50\u7269\u8d28\u4e4b\u95f4\u51fa\u73b0\u4e86\u6df1\u523b\u7684\u8054\u7cfb\u3002\u73b0\u5728\u6211\u4eec\u8ba4\u8bc6\u5230\u62d3\u6251\u5e8f\u662f\u91cf\u5b50\u7269\u76f8\u4e2d\u957f\u7a0b\u7ea0\u7f20\u7684\u8868\u73b0<\/strong>[85]\u3002\u957f\u7a0b\u7ea0\u7f20\u662f\u6307\uff0c\u5728\u91cf\u5b50\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u4e2d\u4ece\u975e\u7ea0\u7f20\u6001\u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528\u7a7a\u95f4\u5c40\u57df\u64cd\u4f5c\u5236\u5907\u8fd9\u79cd\u91cf\u5b50\u76f8\u6240\u9700\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u4e0e\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u603b\u5927\u5c0f\u6210\u6bd4\u4f8b\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u7269\u8d28\u7684\u62d3\u6251\u6709\u5e8f\u76f8\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u6709\u6548\u5730\u89c6\u4e3a\u9690\u85cf\u975e\u5c40\u57df\u7f16\u7801\u91cf\u5b50\u4fe1\u606f\u7684\u91cf\u5b50\u7ea0\u9519\u7801[78]\u3002\u4eba\u4eec\u8fd8\u53d1\u73b0\u4e86\u53d7\u5bf9\u79f0\u6027\u4fdd\u62a4\u7684\u62d3\u6251\u76f8[86-88]\uff0c\u5373\u5982\u679c\u91cf\u5b50\u7535\u8def\u4e2d\u7684\u6240\u6709\u5c40\u57df\u64cd\u4f5c\u90fd\u9700\u8981\u6ee1\u8db3\u6307\u5b9a\u7684\u5bf9\u79f0\u6027\uff0c\u5219\u5236\u5907\u8fd9\u79cd\u91cf\u5b50\u6001\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u4e0e\u7cfb\u7edf\u5927\u5c0f\u6210\u6bd4\u4f8b\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/p>\n

\u4eba\u4eec\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c\u91cf\u5b50\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u57fa\u6001\u901a\u5e38\u9075\u5faa\u7ea0\u7f20\u201c\u9762\u79ef\u5b9a\u5f8b\u201d\uff0c\u8fd9\u610f\u5473\u7740\u7279\u5b9a\u7403\u5f62\u533a\u57df\u5185\u5916\u7c92\u5b50\u95f4\u7684\u7ea0\u7f20\u91cf\u4e0e\u8be5\u533a\u57df\u5185\u7684\u7c92\u5b50\u603b\u6570\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u800c\u4e0e\u8be5\u533a\u57df\u8fb9\u754c\u9644\u8fd1\u7684\u7c92\u5b50\u6570\u76f8\u4f3c[89-91]\u3002\u8fd9\u5f15\u51fa\u4e86\u5728\u7ecf\u5178\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u4e0a\u57fa\u4e8e\u5f20\u91cf\u7f51\u7edc\u6a21\u62df\u91cf\u5b50\u591a\u4f53\u7cfb\u7edf<\/strong>\u7684\u65b0\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u8be5\u65b9\u6cd5\u5229\u7528\u8fd9\u79cd\u7ea0\u7f20\u7ed3\u6784\u5927\u5927\u6539\u8fdb\u4e86\u4ee5\u524d\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5[92-95]\u3002\u4eba\u4eec\u6ce8\u610f\u5230\uff0c\u5f53\u7ea0\u7f20\u901a\u8fc7\u4e00\u4e2a\u533a\u57df\u4e2d\u7c92\u5b50\u7684\u8fb9\u7f18\u91cf\u5b50\u6001\u7684\u71b5\u6765\u91cf\u5316\u65f6\uff0c\u7ea0\u7f20\u5177\u6709\u53ef\u7528\u4e8e\u8bc6\u522b\u4e0d\u540c\u91cf\u5b50\u7269\u76f8\u7684\u666e\u9002\u6027\u8d28[96-98]\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/p>\n

\u4eba\u4eec\u7814\u7a76\u4e86\u5236\u5907\u91cf\u5b50\u57fa\u6001\u7684\u8ba1\u7b97\u96be\u5ea6\uff0c\u5e76\u4ee4\u4eba\u4fe1\u670d\u5730\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u5728\u67d0\u4e9b\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u8fd9\u5bf9\u91cf\u5b50\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u6765\u8bf4\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u96be\u9898[99]\uff1b\u5373\u4fbf\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5e73\u79fb\u4e0d\u53d8\u7684\u4e00\u7ef4\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u96be\u5ea6\u4e5f\u4f1a\u5b58\u5728[100]\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u8fd9\u79cd\u8ba1\u7b97\u4e0a\u96be\u4ee5\u5904\u7406\u7684\u91cf\u5b50\u591a\u4f53\u7cfb\u7edf\u53ef\u80fd\u5177\u6709\u4e0d\u4e00\u5b9a\u6709\u5b9e\u9645\u7269\u7406\u610f\u4e49\u7684\u5947\u5f02\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\u3002\u65e0\u8bba\u5982\u4f55\uff0c\u6839\u636e\u91cf\u5b50\u7684\u6269\u5c55\u7684\u4e18\u5947-\u56fe\u7075\u8bba\u9898\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u91cf\u5b50\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u96be\u4ee5\u5904\u7406\u7684\u57fa\u6001\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u901a\u8fc7\u4efb\u4f55\u53ef\u884c\u7684\u7269\u7406\u8fc7\u7a0b\u5728\u81ea\u7136\u754c\u4e2d\u4ea7\u751f\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/p>\n

\u91cf\u5b50\u4fe1\u606f\u4e5f\u4e3a\u5f3a\u6df7\u6c8c\u91cf\u5b50\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u7684\u89c6\u89d2<\/span>\uff08\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7cfb\u7edf\u6211\u4eec\u73b0\u5728\u901a\u8fc7\u7ea0\u7f20\u52a8\u529b\u5b66\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u6765\u770b\u5f85\uff09<\/span>[101]\u3002\u91cf\u5b50\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u5c40\u57df\u7f16\u7801\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u8fc5\u901f\u6269\u6563\uff0c\u7f16\u7801\u5728\u8bb8\u591a\u7c92\u5b50\u5171\u540c\u7ec4\u6210\u7684\u91cf\u5b50\u7ea0\u7f20\u7ed3\u6784\u4e2d\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5bf9\u4e8e\u4e00\u6b21\u53ea\u80fd\u63a5\u89e6\u5230\u51e0\u4e2a\u7c92\u5b50\u7684\u5c40\u90e8\u89c2\u5bdf\u8005\u6765\u8bf4\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u89c1\u7684\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u7ea0\u7f20\u6269\u6563\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u91cf\u5b50\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u6709\u6548\u5730\u6a21\u62df[102]\uff0c\u4f46\u8fd9\u8d85\u51fa\u4e86\u5df2\u77e5\u7ecf\u5178\u8ba1\u7b97\u65b9\u6cd5\u7684\u8303\u56f4\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u7ecf\u5178\u8ba1\u7b97\u65b9\u6cd5\u65e0\u6cd5\u7b80\u6d01\u5730\u7f16\u7801\u6216\u6709\u6548\u5730\u6a21\u62df\u9ad8\u5ea6\u7ea0\u7f20\u7684\u591a\u7c92\u5b50\u91cf\u5b50\u6001\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/span><\/p>\n

9. \u91cf\u5b50\u5f15\u529b<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/p>\n

\u91cf\u5b50\u5f15\u529b\u548c\u91cf\u5b50\u4fe1\u606f\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u8054\u7cfb\u53ef\u4ee5\u8ffd\u6eaf\u5230\u970d\u91d1\u57281974\u5e74\u7684\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c\u5373\u7531\u4e8e\u91cf\u5b50\u6548\u5e94\uff0c\u9ed1\u6d1e\u4f1a\u53d1\u51fa\u70ed\u8f90\u5c04\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u7531\u4e8e\u9ed1\u6d1e\u4e8b\u4ef6\u89c6\u754c\u5185\u5916\u95f4\u7684\u91cf\u5b50\u7ea0\u7f20\u5f15\u8d77\u7684[103]\u3002\u8fd9\u5f15\u51fa\u4e86\u4e8b\u4ef6\u89c6\u754c\u9762\u79ef\u4e0e\u9ed1\u6d1e\u71b5\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5b9a\u91cf\u5173\u7cfb[104]<\/span>\uff08\u9ed1\u6d1e\u71b5\u662f\u8861\u91cf\u9ed1\u6d1e\u80fd\u5b58\u50a8\u591a\u5c11\u91cf\u5b50\u4fe1\u606f\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u91cf\u5ea6\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7ed3\u679c\u9884\u6d4b\u4e86\u6570\u5e74\u540e\u88ab\u53d1\u73b0\u7684\u51dd\u805a\u6001\u7269\u7406\u4e2d\u7ea0\u7f20\u71b5\u7684\u9762\u79ef\u5b9a\u5f8b\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u9ed1\u6d1e\u7684\u71b5\u60ca\u4eba\u5730\u5927\u2014\u2014\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u76f4\u5f84\u53ea\u6709\u51e0\u516c\u91cc\u7684\u592a\u9633\u8d28\u91cf\u9ed1\u6d1e\u7684\u71b5\u6bd4\u592a\u9633\u7684\u71b5\u592720\u4e2a\u6570\u91cf\u7ea7\u3002\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u9ed1\u6d1e\u867d\u7136\u662f\u7ecf\u5178\u5f15\u529b\u7406\u8bba\u6240\u63cf\u8ff0\u7684\u975e\u5e38\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u7269\u4f53[105,106]\uff0c\u4f46\u5728\u91cf\u5b50\u529b\u5b66\u4e0a\u662f\u81ea\u7136\u754c\u5141\u8bb8\u7684\u6700\u590d\u6742\u7684\u7269\u4f53<\/strong>\uff0c\u6b63\u5982\u9ed1\u6d1e\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u5b58\u50a8\u80fd\u529b\u6240\u91cf\u5316\u7684\u90a3\u6837\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/p>\n

20\u4e16\u7eaa90\u5e74\u4ee3\u53d1\u73b0\u7684\u5168\u606f\u5bf9\u5076<\/span>\uff08Holographic duality\uff09<\/span>\u8bc1\u660e\uff0c\u81f3\u5c11\u5728\u8d1f\u66f2\u7387\u7684\u53cd\u5fb7\u897f\u7279\u7a7a\u95f4\u4e2d\uff0c\u4f53\u91cf\u5b50\u65f6\u7a7a\u4e2d\u7684\u91cf\u5b50\u5f15\u529b\u76f8\u5f53\u4e8e\u4f4d\u4e8e\u65f6\u7a7a\u8fb9\u754c\u4e0a\u7684\u4f4e\u4e00\u7ef4\u7684\u975e\u5f15\u529b\u91cf\u5b50\u573a\u8bba[107]\u3002\u7ed3\u679c\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u4f53\u7684\u51e0\u4f55\u7ed3\u6784\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u8fb9\u754c\u7406\u8bba\u4e2d\u7684\u91cf\u5b50\u7ea0\u7f20\u7ed3\u6784\u7f16\u7801\u5728\u8fb9\u754c\u4e0a[108]\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u5c06\u5c40\u90e8\u4f53\u53ef\u89c2\u6d4b\u91cf\u6620\u5c04\u5230\u8fb9\u754c\u4e0a\u76f8\u5e94\u7684\u9ad8\u5ea6\u975e\u5c40\u57df\u53ef\u89c2\u6d4b\u91cf\u7684\u5168\u606f\u5b57\u5178\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u91cf\u5b50\u7ea0\u9519\u7801\u7684\u7f16\u7801\u6620\u5c04[109,110]\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u5c06\u65f6\u7a7a\u672c\u8eab\u7684\u51e0\u4f55\u7ed3\u6784\u89c6\u4e3a\u7531\u5e95\u5c42\u7684\u91cf\u5b50\u7ea0\u7f20\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u6d8c\u73b0\u7279\u5f81<\/strong>\uff0c\u8fd9\u5bf9\u4e8e\u8fb9\u754c\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u67d0\u4e9b\u53d8\u5f62\u5177\u6709\u5185\u7980\u7684\u9c81\u68d2\u6027\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/p>\n

\u4eba\u4eec\u7814\u7a76\u4e86\u9ed1\u6d1e\u7684\u7ea0\u7f20\u52a8\u529b\u5b66\uff0c\u5e76\u63a8\u6d4b\u9ed1\u6d1e\u662f\u81ea\u7136\u754c\u5141\u8bb8\u7684\u6700\u6709\u6548\u7684\u91cf\u5b50\u4fe1\u606f\u7f6e\u4e71\u5668[111,112]\u3002\u8d77\u6e90\u4e8e\u9ed1\u6d1e\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u7f6e\u4e71\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u4e5f\u6fc0\u53d1\u4e86\u4eba\u4eec\u7684\u5174\u8da3\uff0c\u53bb\u7814\u7a76\u4fe1\u606f\u5982\u4f55\u5728\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5ba4\u4e2d\u66f4\u5bb9\u6613\u83b7\u5f97\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u91cf\u5b50\u591a\u4f53\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u53d8\u5f97\u6df7\u4e71[113-115]\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/p>\n

\u4eba\u4eec\u5bf9\u84b8\u53d1\u9ed1\u6d1e\u53d1\u5c04\u7684\u970d\u91d1\u8f90\u5c04\u7684\u71b5\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u5b9a\u91cf\u7814\u7a76[116,117]\uff0c\u8be5\u71b5\u7528\u4e8e\u63a2\u7a76\u8f90\u5c04\u4e0e\u6f14\u5316\u7684\u9ed1\u6d1e\u91cf\u5b50\u7ea0\u7f20\uff0c\u8ba1\u7b97\u8bc1\u5b9e\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u84b8\u53d1\u8fc7\u7a0b\u7531\u5e7a\u6b63\u91cf\u5b50\u7406\u8bba\u6b63\u786e\u63cf\u8ff0\uff0c\u71b5\u4f1a\u6309\u9884\u671f\u6f14\u5316[118]\u3002\u51fa\u4e4e\u610f\u6599\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u5e7a\u6b63\u884c\u4e3a\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u534a\u7ecf\u5178\u8ba1\u7b97\u5f97\u5230\uff0c\u800c\u65e0\u9700\u53c2\u8003\u91cf\u5b50\u5f15\u529b\u7684\u5fae\u89c2\u7ec6\u8282\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7ed3\u679c\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u9ed1\u6d1e\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u662f\u6781\u5ea6\u975e\u5c40\u57df\u7684\uff1b\u539f\u5219\u4e0a\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u64cd\u7eb5\u9065\u8fdc\u7684\u8f90\u5c04\u6765\u7aa5\u63a2\u9ed1\u6d1e\u5185\u90e8\uff0c\u4f46\u8fd9\u53ea\u80fd\u901a\u8fc7\u6267\u884c\u8ba1\u7b97\u590d\u6742\u5ea6\u9ad8\u5230\u5728\u5b9e\u8df5\u4e2d\u4e0d\u53ef\u5b9e\u884c\u7684\u91cf\u5b50\u8fd0\u7b97\u624d\u80fd\u8fbe\u5230<\/strong>[119]\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/span><\/p>\n

10. \u8054\u7cfb<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

\u5230\u76ee\u524d\u4e3a\u6b62\u7684\u8ba8\u8bba\u5df2\u7ecf\u8bf4\u660e\u4e86\u672c\u6b21\u4f1a\u8bae\u6240\u4ee3\u8868\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u4e3b\u9898\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u8bb8\u591a\u4ea4\u53c9\u8054\u7cfb\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u4fe1\u606f\u7f6e\u4e71\u73b0\u5728\u5728\u91cf\u5b50\u8ba1\u7b97\u7535\u8def\u3001\u6df7\u6c8c\u591a\u7c92\u5b50\u7cfb\u7edf\u548c\u9ed1\u6d1e\u4e2d\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u7814\u7a76\u3002\u4e3a\u4e86\u5c06\u91cf\u5b50\u8ba1\u7b97\u6269\u5c55\u5230\u5927\u578b\u7cfb\u7edf\u800c\u5f15\u5165\u7684\u91cf\u5b50\u7ea0\u9519\u4e5f\u4e0e\u62d3\u6251\u7269\u76f8\u4ee5\u53ca\u91cf\u5b50\u5f15\u529b\u4e2d\u7684\u5168\u606f\u5bf9\u5076\u6709\u5173\u3002\u8ba1\u7b97\u590d\u6742\u6027\uff0c\u5373\u5bf9\u8ba1\u7b97\u95ee\u9898\u96be\u5ea6\u7684\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u7ed3\u679c\u8bc1\u660e\u4e0e\u62d3\u6251\u91cf\u5b50\u7269\u76f8\u7684\u5236\u5907\u548c\u9ed1\u6d1e\u5185\u90e8\u7684\u51e0\u4f55\u7ed3\u6784\u6709\u5173\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u662f\u8bb8\u591a\u6b64\u7c7b\u8054\u7cfb\u4e2d\u7684\u51e0\u4e2a\u4f8b\u5b50\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/p>\n

\n
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<\/section>\n

<\/section>\n
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<\/svg><\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n
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\u4e09\u3001\u73b0\u72b6\u548c\u524d\u666f <\/span><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n

\n

<\/section>\n

<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/h3>\n


<\/p>\n

\n

1. \u6211\u4eec\u73b0\u5728\u5728\u4f55\u5904\uff1f<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<\/h1>\n

 <\/span><\/p>\n

\u56de\u5230\u91cf\u5b50\u8ba1\u7b97\u6280\u672f\uff0c\u5b83\u76ee\u524d\u5904\u5728\u4ec0\u4e48\u72b6\u6001\uff1f\u5173\u4e8e\u91cf\u5b50\u8ba1\u7b97\u6709\u4e24\u4e2a\u6838\u5fc3\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u8fd9\u572840\u5e74\u524d\u5c31\u5df2\u7ecf\u88ab\u9610\u660e\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u5982\u4f55\u5c06\u91cf\u5b50\u8ba1\u7b97\u7cfb\u7edf\u6269\u5c55\u5230\u80fd\u591f\u89e3\u51b3\u96be\u9898\u7684\u89c4\u6a21\uff1f\u6211\u4eec\u5982\u4f55\u5728\u79d1\u5b66\u548c\u5de5\u4e1a\u4e2d\u6700\u5927\u7a0b\u5ea6\u5730\u5229\u7528\u8fd9\u79cd\u8ba1\u7b97\u80fd\u529b\uff1f\u5728\u6211\u770b\u6765\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\u90fd\u662f\u60ac\u800c\u672a\u51b3\u7684\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u671d\u4ec0\u4e48\u65b9\u5411\u52aa\u529b\u5e94\u8be5\u4ee5\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u8ba4\u8bc6\u4f5c\u4e3a\u6307\u5bfc\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/p>\n

\u6709\u4eba\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u95ee\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5e94\u8be5\u5982\u4f55\u4f7f\u7528\u73b0\u5728\u62e5\u6709\u7684\u6709\u566a\u58f0\u7684\u4e2d\u7b49\u89c4\u6a21\u91cf\u5b50\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a[120]\uff1f\u4e24\u4e2a\u663e\u800c\u6613\u89c1\u7684\u7b54\u6848\u662f\uff1a\u6211\u4eec\u5e94\u8be5\u4f7f\u7528\u8fd1\u671f\u7684\u91cf\u5b50\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u6765\u5b66\u4e60\u5982\u4f55\u6784\u5efa\u66f4\u5f3a\u5927\u7684\u91cf\u5b50\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u4ea7\u751f\u5b9e\u9645\u5f71\u54cd\uff1b\u6211\u4eec\u5e94\u8be5\u66f4\u6e05\u695a\u5730\u4e86\u89e3\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5b9e\u7528\u7684\u91cf\u5b50\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u6700\u7ec8\u4f1a\u5982\u4f55\u88ab\u4f7f\u7528\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/p>\n

\u5373\u4f7f\u53ef\u4f9b\u5e7f\u6cdb\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u91cf\u5b50\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u8fd8\u6709\u5f88\u957f\u7684\u8def\u8981\u8d70\uff0c\u4f46\u5728\u672a\u6765\u4e94\u5e74\u5de6\u53f3\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u91cc\uff0c\u4ecd\u6709\u5f88\u591a\u4e8b\u60c5\u53ef\u4ee5\u5b8c\u6210\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u6bb5\u65f6\u95f4\u5185\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u671f\u5f85\u5728\u53ef\u6269\u5c55\u5bb9\u9519\u91cf\u5b50\u8ba1\u7b97\u65b9\u9762\u53d6\u5f97\u4ee4\u4eba\u9f13\u821e\u7684\u8fdb\u5c55\u3002\u5e76\u4e14\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u8fd8\u53ef\u4ee5\u9884\u89c1\u4e00\u4e9b\u7531\u53ef\u7f16\u7a0b\u91cf\u5b50\u6a21\u62df\u5668\u548c\u57fa\u4e8e\u7535\u8def\u7684\u91cf\u5b50\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u6240\u5e26\u6765\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u53d1\u73b0\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/span><\/p>\n

2. \u91cf\u5b50\u7ea0\u9519\u7684\u8fdb\u5c55<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/p>\n

\u5bb9\u9519\u91cf\u5b50\u8ba1\u7b97\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u8fdb\u5c55\u5e94\u8be5\u5305\u542b\u4ec0\u4e48\uff1f\u6211\u4eec\u9700\u8981\u80fd\u591f\u53cd\u590d\u8fdb\u884c\u51c6\u786e\u7684\u9519\u8bef\u6821\u6b63\u5b50\u6d4b\u91cf<\/span>\uff08syndrome measurement\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u4ee5\u8fdb\u884c\u91cf\u5b50\u7ea0\u9519\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u5e0c\u671b\u770b\u5230\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u8bc1\u636e\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u968f\u7740\u6211\u4eec\u4f7f\u7528\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u591a\u7684\u7269\u7406\u91cf\u5b50\u6bd4\u7279\u6765\u7f16\u7801\u6bcf\u4e2a\u53d7\u4fdd\u62a4\u7684\u903b\u8f91\u91cf\u5b50\u6bd4\u7279\uff0c\u91cf\u5b50\u5b58\u50a8\u65f6\u95f4\u5c06\u6301\u7eed\u5927\u5e45\u63d0\u9ad8\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/p>\n

\u7814\u7a76\u79bb\u5b50\u9631\u65b9\u6848\u7684\u4eba\u53ef\u4ee5\u65e0\u53ef\u975e\u8bae\u5730\u7533\u8fa9\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e0d\u592a\u5173\u5fc3\u91cf\u5b50\u5b58\u50a8\u65f6\u95f4\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u539f\u5b50\u91cf\u5b50\u6bd4\u7279\u5df2\u7ecf\u5177\u6709\u975e\u5e38\u957f\u7684\u5bff\u547d\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u4e8b\u5b9e\u3002\u4f46\u5bf9\u4e8e\u76ee\u524d\u6240\u6709\u9884\u89c1\u7684\u5e73\u53f0\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u5b9e\u73b0\u66f4\u9ad8\u4fdd\u771f\u5ea6\u7684\u7ea0\u7f20\u53cc\u91cf\u5b50\u6bd4\u7279\u903b\u8f91\u95e8\u81f3\u5173\u91cd\u8981\u2014\u2014\u53ea\u6709\u8fd9\u6837\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u624d\u80fd\u8fd0\u884c\u5f3a\u5927\u7684\u91cf\u5b50\u7b97\u6cd5\u3002\u5728\u77ed\u671f\u5185\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u80fd\u5e0c\u671b\u89c1\u8bc1\u7684\u662f\u53d7\u91cf\u5b50\u7ea0\u9519\u4fdd\u62a4\u7684\u903b\u8f91\u53cc\u91cf\u5b50\u6bd4\u7279\u95e8<\/span>\uff08\u5176\u4fdd\u771f\u5ea6\u8981\u6bd4\u6211\u4eec\u6700\u597d\u7684\u7269\u7406\u53cc\u91cf\u5b50\u6bd4\u7279\u95e8\u9ad8\u5f97\u591a\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u968f\u7740\u4ee3\u7801\u5757\u5927\u5c0f\u7684\u589e\u52a0\uff0c\u903b\u8f91\u95e8\u4fdd\u771f\u5ea6\u7ee7\u7eed\u5927\u5e45\u63d0\u9ad8\u7684\u53ef\u9760\u8bc1\u636e\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u5c1a\u672a\u5b9e\u73b0\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/p>\n

\u73b0\u5728\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u5982\u4f55\uff1f\u6700\u8fd1\u5728\u91cf\u5b50\u7ea0\u9519\u65b9\u9762\u53d6\u5f97\u4e86\u4ee4\u4eba\u5174\u594b\u7684\u8fdb\u5c55\u3002\u6211\u5c06\u91cd\u70b9\u4ecb\u7ecd\u4e24\u4e2a\u8d21\u732e\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u6765\u81ea\u8c37\u6b4c\uff0c\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u6765\u81ea\u970d\u5c3c\u97e6\u5c14<\/span>\uff08Honeywell\uff0c\u73b0\u5728\u79f0\u4e3aQuantinuum\uff09<\/span>\u3002<\/span>\uff08\u6ce8\uff1a\u8fd9\u91cc\u7684\u8ba8\u8bba\u53cd\u6620\u4e86\u57282022\u5e745\u6708\u7d22\u5c14\u7ef4\u4f1a\u8bae\u65f6\u5df2\u7ecf\u53d1\u8868\u7684\u8fdb\u5c55\u3002\uff09<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/p>\n

\u8c37\u6b4c\u7814\u7a76\u4e86\u91cf\u5b50\u91cd\u590d\u7801<\/span>\uff08quantum repetition code\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u5728Sycamore\u5904\u7406\u5668\u4e2d\u4f7f\u7528\u4e86\u591a\u8fbe21\u4e2a\u91cf\u5b50\u6bd4\u7279\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d11\u4e2a\u91cf\u5b50\u6bd4\u7279\u4f4d\u4e8e\u4ee3\u7801\u5757\u4e2d\uff0c10\u4e2a\u8f85\u52a9\u91cf\u5b50\u6bd4\u7279\u7528\u4f5c\u9519\u8bef\u6821\u6b63\u5b50\u8bfb\u53d6[121]\u3002\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e0d\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u8db3\u591f\u5408\u683c\u7684\u91cf\u5b50\u7ea0\u9519\u7801\uff0c\u5b83\u53ef\u4ee5\u9632\u6b62\u9000\u76f8\u4f4d\u9519\u8bef<\/span>\uff08dephasing error\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u4f46\u4e0d\u80fd\u9632\u6b62\u6bd4\u7279\u7ffb\u8f6c\u9519\u8bef\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u8fd9\u4ecd\u662f\u4e00\u6b21\u4ee4\u4eba\u5370\u8c61\u6df1\u523b\u7684\u6f14\u793a\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u591a\u8fbe50\u8f6e\u7684\u8fde\u7eed\u7684\u6821\u6b63\u5b50\u6d4b\u91cf\uff0c\u6bcf\u8f6e\u5927\u7ea6\u9700\u89811\u5fae\u79d2\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u65f6\u95f4\u7528\u4e8e\u91cd\u7f6e\u8f85\u52a9\u91cf\u5b50\u6bd4\u7279\uff0c\u4e3a\u4e0b\u4e00\u8f6e\u6821\u6b63\u5b50\u6d4b\u91cf\u505a\u51c6\u5907\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u89c2\u5bdf\u5230\uff0c\u6bcf\u6b21\u7f16\u7801\u8ddd\u79bb\u589e\u52a04\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5f53\u7f16\u7801\u957f\u5ea6\u4ece3\u589e\u52a0\u52307\uff0c\u4ece7\u589e\u52a0\u523011\u65f6\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u76f8\u4f4d\u504f\u79fb\u5bfc\u81f4\u7684\u903b\u8f91\u9519\u8bef\u7387\u964d\u4f4e\u4e86\u5927\u7ea610\u500d\u3002\u8003\u8651\u5230\u4ed6\u4eec\u8bbe\u5907\u4e2d\u7684\u566a\u97f3\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u7b26\u5408\u9884\u671f\u7684\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/p>\n

Quantinuum\u6f14\u793a\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a7\u91cf\u5b50\u6bd4\u7279\u7801\u7684\u7ea0\u9519\uff0c\u8be5\u4ee3\u7801\u53ef\u4ee5\u7ea0\u6b63\u4f5c\u7528\u4e8e7\u4e2a\u91cf\u5b50\u6bd4\u7279\u4e2d\u7684\u4efb\u4f55\u4e00\u4e2a\u7684\u4efb\u610f\u9519\u8bef[122]\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u591a\u8fbe6\u8f6e\u7684\u8fde\u7eed\u7ea0\u9519\uff0c\u6bcf\u8f6e\u7ea0\u9519\u9700\u8981200\u6beb\u79d2\u3002\u8bf7\u6ce8\u610f\uff0c\u8d85\u5bfc\u548c\u79bb\u5b50\u9631\u5668\u4ef6\u7684\u5faa\u73af\u7528\u65f6\u76f8\u5dee\u5f88\u5927\u3002\u968f\u7740\u91cf\u5b50\u8ba1\u7b97\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\uff0c\u8fd0\u884c\u7b97\u6cd5\u7684\u5b9e\u9645\u65f6\u95f4\u6210\u4e3a\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u8003\u8651\u56e0\u7d20\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u5dee\u5f02\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u5927\u3002\u5728Quantinuum\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\u4e2d\uff0c\u79bb\u5b50\u88ab\u8f93\u9001\u5230\u53ef\u4ee5\u5e76\u884c\u6267\u884c\u76f8\u5f53\u9ad8\u4fdd\u771f\u5ea6\u64cd\u4f5c\u7684\u5904\u7406\u533a\u57df\uff0c\u5e76\u5728\u79fb\u52a8\u8fc7\u540e\u4f7f\u7528\u53e6\u4e00\u79cd\u79bb\u5b50\u6765\u4ea4\u4e92\u5730\u51b7\u5374\u8fd0\u52a8\u72b6\u6001\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u51b7\u5374\u4f7f\u4ed6\u4eec\u80fd\u591f\u8fdb\u884c\u53cd\u590d\u7684\u6821\u6b63\u6d4b\u91cf\uff0c\u4f46\u4e5f\u5360\u636e\u4e86\u5176\u7535\u8def\u7684\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u65f6\u95f4\u9884\u7b97\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/p>\n

\u4e0d\u5e78\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u8c37\u6b4c\u548c\u970d\u5c3c\u97e6\u5c14\u7684\u673a\u5668\u53ca\u5176\u4ed6\u73b0\u6709\u8bbe\u5907[123,124]\u4e2d\u7684\u95e8\u9519\u8bef\u7387\u4ecd\u7136\u592a\u9ad8\uff0c\u65e0\u6cd5\u901a\u8fc7\u91cf\u5b50\u7ea0\u9519\u6765\u63d0\u9ad8\u53cc\u91cf\u5b50\u6bd4\u7279\u903b\u8f91\u95e8\u7684\u4fdd\u771f\u5ea6\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/span><\/p>\n

3. \u7528\u8868\u9762\u7801\u5bb9\u9519<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/p>\n

\u76ee\u524d\u6700\u77e5\u540d\u7684\uff0c\u6709\u5e0c\u671b\u5728\u76f8\u5bf9\u8fd1\u671f\u6269\u5927\u91cf\u5b50\u8ba1\u7b97\u89c4\u6a21\u7684\u65b9\u6848\u662f\u57fa\u4e8e25\u5e74\u524d\u7531 Alexei Kitaev \u5f15\u5165\u7684\u8868\u9762\u7801[78]\u3002\u5982\u524d\u6240\u8ff0\uff0c\u8868\u9762\u7801\u7684\u4e24\u5927\u4f18\u70b9\u662f\uff0c\u5728\u4e8c\u7ef4\u5e03\u5c40\u4e2d\u4ec5\u4f7f\u7528\u51e0\u4f55\u5c40\u57df\u5904\u7406\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u63d0\u53d6\u9519\u8bef\u6821\u6b63\u5b50<\/span>\uff08error syndrome\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u6bcf\u4e2a\u6821\u6b63\u5b50\u6bd4\u7279\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u4ec5\u6d89\u53ca\u56db\u4e2a\u6570\u636e\u91cf\u5b50\u6bd4\u7279\u7684\u7b80\u5355\u91cf\u5b50\u7535\u8def\u8bfb\u51fa\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u8868\u9762\u7801\u53ef\u4ee5\u5bb9\u8bb8\u6bd4\u5176\u4ed6\u53ef\u884c\u7684\u91cf\u5b50\u7f16\u7801\u66f4\u9ad8\u7684\u9519\u8bef\u7387[79-81]\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/p>\n

\u5c3d\u7ba1\u8868\u9762\u7801\u7684\u7ea0\u9519\u6bd4\u5176\u4ed6\u7f16\u7801\u66f4\u9ad8\u6548\uff0c\u4f46\u5728\u6240\u9700\u7684\u91cf\u5b50\u6bd4\u7279\u548c\u91cf\u5b50\u95e8\u7684\u6570\u91cf\u4e0a\uff0c\u57fa\u4e8e\u8868\u9762\u7801\u7684\u7ea0\u9519\u4ecd\u7136\u5e26\u6765\u4e86\u76f8\u5f53\u5927\u7684\u5f00\u9500\u3002\u8ba9\u6211\u4eec\u5047\u8bbe\u53ef\u4ee5\u4ee50.1%\u7684\u9519\u8bef\u7387\u5b9e\u73b0\u7269\u7406\u7684\u53d7\u63a7\u975e\u95e8<\/span>\uff08controlled-NOT gate\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u8fd9\u6bd4\u73b0\u5728\u5728\u591a\u91cf\u5b50\u6bd4\u7279\u8bbe\u5907\u4e2d\u7684\u9519\u8bef\u7387\u66f4\u597d\uff0c\u4f46\u5f88\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u5728\u4e0d\u4e45\u7684\u5c06\u6765\u8fbe\u5230\u3002\u4e5f\u8bb8\u5230\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u542b\u6709\u6570\u767e\u4e2a\u53d7\u4fdd\u62a4\u91cf\u5b50\u6bd4\u7279\u548c\u6570\u767e\u4e07\u4e2a\u9ad8\u4fdd\u771f\u91cf\u5b50<\/span>\uff08Toffoli\uff09<\/span>\u95e8\u7684\u7535\u8def\u65f6\uff0c\u624d\u5c06\u5f00\u59cb\u770b\u5230\u91cf\u5b50\u4f18\u52bf\u3002\u4e3a\u4e86\u6267\u884c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7535\u8def\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u9700\u8981\u81f3\u5c11\u6570\u4e07\u4e2a\u7269\u7406\u91cf\u5b50\u6bd4\u7279\u3002\u4f7f\u7528Shor\u7b97\u6cd5\u7834\u89e3\u516c\u94a5\u5bc6\u7801\u7cfb\u7edf\u4f30\u8ba1\u9700\u89812000\u4e07\u4e2a\u7269\u7406\u91cf\u5b50\u6bd4\u7279[125]\u3002\u5982\u679c\u6211\u4eec\u80fd\u4ee5\u67d0\u79cd\u65b9\u5f0f\u5b9e\u73b0\u4fdd\u771f\u5ea6\u4e3a4\u4e2a9\u7684\u53d7\u63a7\u975e\u95e8<\/span>\uff08\u518d\u63d0\u9ad8\u4e00\u4e2a\u6570\u91cf\u7ea7\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u8fd9\u5c06\u964d\u4f4e\u5f00\u9500\u6210\u672c\uff0c\u4f46\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u80fd\u4ecd\u7136\u5e0c\u671b\u6bcf\u4e2a\u903b\u8f91\u91cf\u5b50\u6bd4\u7279\u81f3\u5c11\u5305\u542b\u6570\u767e\u4e2a\u7269\u7406\u91cf\u5b50\u6bd4\u7279\uff0c\u4ee5\u4fbf\u5728\u8fd0\u884c\u76ee\u524d\u5df2\u77e5\u7684\u7b97\u6cd5\u65f6\u770b\u5230\u663e\u8457\u7684\u91cf\u5b50\u4f18\u52bf\u3002\u4ece\u76ee\u524d\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u6280\u672f\u89d2\u5ea6\u770b\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6570\u5b57\u65e0\u7591\u4ee4\u4eba\u671b\u800c\u751f\u754f\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/p>\n

\u5728\u6700\u8fd1\u4e00\u4e2a\u4ee4\u4eba\u5174\u594b\u7684\u8fdb\u5c55\u4e2d\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u5df2\u7ecf\u53d1\u73b0\u4e86\u6bd4\u8868\u9762\u7801\u66f4\u6709\u6548\u7684\u91cf\u5b50\u7801[2,126,127]\u3002\u6709\u671d\u4e00\u65e5\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u4f7f\u7528\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7f16\u7801\u6765\u663e\u8457\u964d\u4f4e\u5bb9\u9519\u91cf\u5b50\u8ba1\u7b97\u7684\u5f00\u9500\u6210\u672c\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u636e\u6211\u4eec\u76ee\u524d\u6240\u77e5\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4ee3\u7801\u9700\u8981\u6bd4\u8868\u9762\u7801\u4f4e\u5f97\u591a\u7684\u7269\u7406\u9519\u8bef\u7387\u624d\u80fd\u8868\u73b0\u826f\u597d\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\u5728\u66f4\u597d\u7684\u91cf\u5b50\u786c\u4ef6\u53ef\u7528\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4ee3\u7801\u4e0d\u592a\u53ef\u80fd\u53d8\u5f97\u5b9e\u7528\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/span><\/p>\n

4. \u66f4\u597d\u7684\u95e8\u9519\u8bef\u7387\uff1f<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/p>\n

\u5927\u5e45\u63d0\u9ad8\u91cf\u5b50\u786c\u4ef6\u4e2d\u7684\u7269\u7406\u95e8\u9519\u8bef\u7387<\/span>\uff08gate error rate\uff09<\/span>\u5c06\u5e26\u6765\u4e30\u539a\u7684\u56de\u62a5\uff0c\u4f46\u8fd9\u5f88\u96be\u5b9e\u73b0\u3002\u4e00\u4e2a\u7279\u522b\u6709\u8fdc\u89c1\u7684\u65b9\u6848\u662f\u62d3\u6251\u91cf\u5b50\u8ba1\u7b97\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u91cf\u5b50\u6bd4\u7279\u88ab\u7f16\u7801\u5728\u4e00\u79cd\u5947\u5f02\u7684\u6750\u6599\u4e2d\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u6750\u6599\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u7269\u7406\u4e0a\u63d0\u4f9b\u6297\u566a\u4fdd\u62a4[128]\u3002\u9ad8\u4fdd\u771f\u62d3\u6251\u4fdd\u62a4\u7684\u91cf\u5b50\u95e8\u5982\u679c\u5b9e\u73b0\uff0c\u6682\u4e14\u4e0d\u8bba\u5bf9\u672a\u6765\u4fe1\u606f\u6280\u672f\u7684\u4efb\u4f55\u53ef\u80fd\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c06\u662f\u91cf\u5b50\u591a\u4f53\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u7684\u771f\u6b63\u91cc\u7a0b\u7891\u3002\u867d\u7136\u5b83\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u601d\u60f3\u4ee4\u4eba\u4fe1\u670d\uff0c\u4f46\u5230\u76ee\u524d\u4e3a\u6b62\uff0c\u5b9e\u9a8c\u8fdb\u5c55\u4e00\u76f4\u5f88\u7f13\u6162[129]\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/p>\n

\u8fd8\u6709\u5176\u4ed6\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u53ef\u4ee5\u5c06\u66f4\u597d\u7684\u6297\u566a\u4fdd\u62a4\u529f\u80fd\u6574\u5408\u5230\u786c\u4ef6\u672c\u8eab\u3002\u4e00\u4e9b\u6709\u524d\u666f\u7684\u60f3\u6cd5\u5229\u7528\u4e86\u73bb\u8272\u5b50\u6a21\u5f0f\u7684\u7cbe\u786e\u64cd\u7eb5\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u8d85\u5bfc\u7535\u8def\u4e2d\u7684\u5fae\u6ce2\u8c10\u632f\u5668\u3001\u56da\u7981\u79bb\u5b50\u7684\u8c10\u632f\u6216\u5149\u5b50\u5668\u4ef6\u4e2d\u7684\u5149\u5b66\u6a21\u5f0f\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u73bb\u8272\u5b50\u6a21\u5f0f\u7684GKP\u7f16\u7801\u6001<\/strong>\u5728\u76f8\u7a7a\u95f4\u5177\u6709\u5468\u671f\u6027\u7f51\u683c\u7ed3\u6784\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u5bf9\u76f8\u7a7a\u95f4\u4e2d\u7684\u5fae\u5c0f\u504f\u79fb\u8fdb\u884c\u77eb\u6b63[130-132]\u3002\u73bb\u8272\u5b50\u732b\u7f16\u7801<\/strong><\/span>\uff08cat code\uff09<\/span>\u4f7f\u7528\u76f8\u5e72\u6001\u7684\u53e0\u52a0\u6765\u63d0\u4f9b\u5bf9\u6bd4\u7279\u7ffb\u8f6c\u7684\u5f3a\u5927\u4fdd\u62a4\uff0c\u8fd9\u901a\u8fc7\u4ea7\u751f\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u91cf\u5b50\u7801\u4ee5\u8f83\u4f4e\u7684\u5f00\u9500\u8fdb\u884c\u6821\u6b63\u7684\u9ad8\u5ea6\u504f\u7f6e\u7684\u7269\u7406\u566a\u58f0\u6765\u8fbe\u5230[133-135]\u3002Fluxonium\u91cf\u5b50\u6bd4\u7279<\/strong>[136,137]\u548c0-\u03c0\u91cf\u5b50\u6bd4\u7279<\/strong>[138,139]\u5229\u7528\u8d85\u5bfc\u7535\u8def\u4e2d\u5f3a\u5927\u7535\u611f\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u5f3a\u975e\u7ebf\u6027\u6765\u6291\u5236\u566a\u58f0\u3002\u5728\u8d85\u5bfc\u91cf\u5b50\u6bd4\u7279\u9886\u57df\uff0c\u6240\u6709\u8fd9\u4e9b\u65b9\u6848\u90fd\u6bd4\u76f8\u5bf9\u7b80\u5355\u7684transmon\u66f4\u590d\u6742\uff1b\u5b83\u4eec\u4ecd\u5904\u4e8e\u76f8\u5bf9\u65e9\u671f\u7684\u9636\u6bb5\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u8fd8\u4e0d\u597d\u8bf4\u5b83\u4eec\u4f1a\u5982\u4f55\u53d1\u5c55\u3002\u4f46\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u662f\u7ee7\u7eed\u63a2\u7a76\u8fd9\u4e9b\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u5728\u6027\u80fd\u4e0a\u5b9e\u73b0\u98de\u8dc3\u7684\u5177\u6709\u6311\u6218\u6027\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u663e\u8457\u964d\u4f4e\u7684\u7269\u7406\u95e8\u9519\u8bef\u7387\u5c06\u4f7f\u6211\u4eec\u66f4\u63a5\u8fd1\u91cf\u5b50\u8ba1\u7b97\u7684\u6709\u7528\u5e94\u7528\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/span><\/p>\n

5. \u521b\u9020\u91cf\u5b50\u7269\u6001<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/p>\n

\u5df2\u6709\u7684\u91cf\u5b50\u6280\u672f\u4ee4\u4eba\u5174\u594b\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u4e3a\u63a2\u7d22\u591a\u7ea0\u7f20\u7c92\u5b50\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u65b0\u7684\u5de5\u5177\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4e5f\u6ce8\u610f\u5230\u4e86\u8fd1\u671f\u7684\u91cd\u5927\u8fdb\u5c55\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u5bf9\u65b0\u91cf\u5b50\u7269\u76f8\u7684\u524d\u6240\u672a\u6709\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u3002\u6211\u5c06\u91cd\u70b9\u4ecb\u7ecd\u4e24\u4e2a\u4f8b\u5b50\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/p>\n

\u54c8\u4f5b\/\u9ebb\u7701\u7406\u5de5\u5b66\u9662\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u5c0f\u7ec4\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528\u4e00\u4e2a\u62e5\u6709219\u4e2a\u91cf\u5b50\u6bd4\u7279\u7684\u91cc\u5fb7\u5821\u539f\u5b50<\/span>\uff08Rydberg atom\uff09<\/span>\u5e73\u53f0\uff0c\u5728\u6700\u8fd1\u521b\u9020\u5e76\u68c0\u6d4b\u5230\u4e86\u4e00\u79cd\u65b0\u7684\u9ad8\u5ea6\u7ea0\u7f20\u7684\u91cf\u5b50\u7269\u76f8\uff0c\u5373\u91cf\u5b50\u81ea\u65cb\u6db2\u4f53<\/strong><\/a><\/span>\uff08quantum spin liquid\uff09<\/span>[140]\u3002\u8fd150\u5e74\u6765\uff0c\u7406\u8bba\u5bb6\u4eec\u4e00\u76f4\u6709\u9884\u6d4b\u91cf\u5b50\u81ea\u65cb\u6db2\u4f53\u7684\u5b58\u5728[141]\uff0c\u4f46\u4e4b\u524d\u4ece\u672a\u89c1\u8fc7\u8fd9\u79cd\u91cf\u5b50\u6001\u7684\u4ee4\u4eba\u4fe1\u670d\u7684\u5b9e\u9a8c\u8bc1\u636e\u3002\u5176\u4e3b\u8981\u539f\u56e0\u6709\u4e8c\u3002\u4e00\u662f\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u9700\u8981\u4e00\u79cd\u5177\u6709\u5408\u9002\u6027\u8d28\u7684\u91cf\u5b50\u6bd4\u7279\u6750\u6599\u6765\u5bfb\u627e\u5177\u6709\u957f\u7a0b\u91cf\u5b50\u7ea0\u7f20\u7684\u57fa\u6001\u3002\u5728\u81ea\u7136\u754c\u4e2d\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u6750\u6599\u4f3c\u4e4e\u5f88\u7f55\u89c1\u3002\u4e8c\u662f\uff0c\u957f\u7a0b\u7ea0\u7f20\u6001\u7684\u7279\u5f81\u5f88\u96be\u89c2\u6d4b\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u4eba\u4eec\u9700\u8981\u540c\u65f6\u5bf9\u8bb8\u591a\u91cf\u5b50\u6bd4\u7279\u8fdb\u884c\u96c6\u4f53\u89c2\u5bdf\u3002\u91cc\u5fb7\u5821\u5e73\u53f0\u5177\u6709\u9ad8\u5ea6\u53ef\u7f16\u7a0b\u6027\u548c\u8db3\u591f\u7684\u901a\u7528\u6027\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u6a21\u62df\u5408\u9002\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u6750\u6599\u3002\u5e76\u4e14\u4eba\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u4ee5\u8db3\u591f\u7684\u4fdd\u771f\u5ea6\u6d4b\u91cf\u975e\u5c40\u57df\u53ef\u89c2\u6d4b\u91cf\uff0c\u4ee5\u8bc6\u522b\u957f\u7a0b\u7ea0\u7f20\u7684\u7279\u5f81\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/p>\n

\u5728\u6765\u81ea\u65af\u5766\u798f\u3001\u666e\u6797\u65af\u987f\u3001\u9a6c\u514b\u65af\u00b7\u666e\u6717\u514b\u7814\u7a76\u6240\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u5730\u65b9\u7684\u51dd\u805a\u6001\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u7684\u6307\u5bfc\u4e0b\uff0c\u8c37\u6b4cSycamore\u5904\u7406\u5668\u4e2d\u768420\u4e2a\u8d85\u5bfc\u91cf\u5b50\u6bd4\u7279\u88ab\u7528\u6765\u521b\u5efa\u548c\u89c2\u5bdf\u79bb\u6563\u65f6\u95f4\u6676\u4f53<\/strong><\/span>\uff08discrete time crystal\uff09<\/span>[142]\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u5468\u671f\u6027\u9a71\u52a8\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u65b0\u7684\u7269\u8d28\u76f8\uff0c\u5b83\u4ee5\u4e0e\u5468\u671f\u6027\u9a71\u52a8\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u9891\u7387\u65e0\u9650\u671f\u5730\u632f\u8361\u3002\u65f6\u95f4\u6676\u4f53\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u572810\u5e74\u524d\u9996\u6b21\u88ab\u63d0\u51fa[143]\uff0c\u4e4b\u524d\u7684\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5728\u9a8c\u8bc1\u8fd9\u4e00\u73b0\u8c61\u65b9\u9762\u4e5f\u53d6\u5f97\u4e86\u90e8\u5206\u6210\u529f[144-146]\uff0c\u4f46Sycamore\u4e2d\u7684\u9ad8\u4fdd\u771f\u95e8\u548c\u7cbe\u786e\u7684\u5355\u91cf\u5b50\u6bd4\u7279\u8bfb\u51fa\u548c\u63a7\u5236\u4f7f\u66f4\u4ee4\u4eba\u4fe1\u670d\u7684\u6f14\u793a\u6210\u4e3a\u53ef\u80fd\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/p>\n

\u6ce8\u610f\u4e24\u4ef6\u4e8b\u3002\u9996\u5148\uff0c\u4e94\u5e74\u524d\uff0c\u91cc\u5fb7\u5821\u539f\u5b50\u5728\u91cf\u5b50\u5e73\u53f0\u7684\u96f7\u8fbe\u56fe\u4e0a\u5e76\u4e0d\u591a\u89c1\uff0c\u4f46\u73b0\u5728\u5b83\u4eec\u6b63\u5728\u8fc5\u901f\u53d1\u5c55\u3002\u8fd9\u63d0\u9192\u6211\u4eec\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4ecd\u5904\u4e8e\u91cf\u5b50\u6280\u672f\u7684\u65e9\u671f\u9636\u6bb5\uff0c\u5de8\u5927\u7684\u60ca\u559c\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u4e0d\u65ad\u51fa\u73b0\u3002\u5176\u6b21\uff0c\u8c37\u6b4c\u5b9e\u9a8c\u662f\u5728\u57fa\u4e8e\u95e8\u7684\u91cf\u5b50\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u4e0a\u5b8c\u6210\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u54c8\u4f5b\/\u9ebb\u7701\u7406\u5de5\u5b66\u9662\u7684\u5b9e\u9a8c\u662f\u5728\u53ef\u7f16\u7a0b\u6a21\u62df\u6a21\u5f0f<\/span>\uff08programmable analog mode\uff09<\/span>\u4e0b\u8fdb\u884c\u7684\u3002\u8fd9\u63d0\u9192\u6211\u4eec\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e24\u79cd\u7814\u7a76\u91cf\u5b50\u7269\u8d28\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u662f\u4e92\u8865\u7684\uff0c\u4e24\u8005\u90fd\u503c\u5f97\u63a2\u7a76\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/p>\n

\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4ee4\u4eba\u9f13\u821e\u7684\u8ff9\u8c61\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u6b63\u5728\u83b7\u5f97\u5728\u4e0d\u4e45\u7684\u5c06\u6765\u521b\u9020\u548c\u7814\u7a76\u5404\u79cd\u65b0\u7684\u91cf\u5b50\u7269\u76f8\u7684\u5de5\u5177\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u65b0\u7269\u76f8\u4e2d\u65e2\u6709\u7c7b\u4f3c\u91cf\u5b50\u81ea\u65cb\u6db2\u4f53\u8fd9\u79cd\u5904\u4e8e\u5e73\u8861\u6001\u7684\u7269\u76f8\uff0c\u4e5f\u6709\u7c7b\u4f3c\u79bb\u6563\u65f6\u95f4\u6676\u4f53\u4e00\u6837\u8fdc\u79bb\u5e73\u8861\u6001\u7684\u7269\u76f8\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u6709\u5145\u5206\u7684\u7406\u7531\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e9b\u53d1\u5c55\u5370\u8c61\u6df1\u523b\u3002\u9996\u5148\uff0c\u5728\u6211\u4eec\u76ee\u524d\u9884\u89c1\u7684\u91cf\u5b50\u8ba1\u7b97\u5e94\u7528\u4e2d\uff0c\u6750\u6599\u548c\u5316\u5b66\u9886\u57df\u7684\u5e94\u7528\u4f3c\u4e4e\u6700\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u4ece\u5e7f\u4e49\u4e0a\u9020\u798f\u4eba\u7c7b\uff0c\u800c\u4ee4\u4eba\u5174\u594b\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u5728\u5f53\u524d\u65f6\u4ee3\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5df2\u7ecf\u62e5\u6709\u4e86\u53ef\u4ee5\u63d0\u9ad8\u6211\u4eec\u5bf9\u91cf\u5b50\u7269\u8d28\u7406\u89e3\u7684\u5de5\u5177\u3002\u5176\u6b21\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5bf9\u62d3\u6251\u76f8\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u53ef\u4ee5\u6fc0\u53d1\u91cf\u5b50\u7ea0\u9519\u548c\u5bb9\u9519\u7684\u65b0\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u4ece\u957f\u8fdc\u6765\u770b\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u65b9\u6cd5\u5c06\u53d6\u5f97\u6210\u529f\u3002\u5c55\u671b\u672a\u6765\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u770b\u5230\u521b\u9020\u8d85\u8d8a\u81ea\u7136\u754c\u5df2\u77e5\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u7269\u6001\u7684\u673a\u4f1a\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u72b6\u6001\u65e2\u5177\u6709\u79d1\u5b66\u4ef7\u503c\u4e5f\u5177\u6709\u6280\u672f\u4ef7\u503c\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

6. \u91cf\u5b50\u6a21\u62df\u7684\u673a\u9047<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/p>\n

\u91cf\u5b50\u8ba1\u7b97\u5bf9\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u957f\u671f\u5f71\u54cd\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\uff1f\u6ca1\u6709\u4eba\u77e5\u9053\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u4e5f\u4e0d\u5e94\u8be5\u671f\u671b\u80fd\u6e05\u695a\u5730\u8bbe\u60f3\u91cf\u5b50\u8ba1\u7b97\u5c06\u5982\u4f55\u6539\u53d8\u4e16\u754c\u3002\u6b63\u5982\u6211\u6240\u8bf4\uff0c\u5728\u76ee\u524d\u6700\u6e05\u695a\u5730\u9884\u89c1\u5230\u7684\u5e94\u7528\u4e2d\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u8ba4\u4e3a\u6700\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u5e7f\u6cdb\u9020\u798f\u4eba\u7c7b\u7684\u662f\u5316\u5b66\u548c\u6750\u6599\u7684\u5e94\u7528\uff0c\u8fd9\u53ef\u4ee5\u6539\u5584\u4eba\u7c7b\u5065\u5eb7\u3001\u80fd\u6e90\u751f\u4ea7\u3001\u519c\u4e1a\u548c\u6211\u4eec\u661f\u7403\u7684\u53ef\u6301\u7eed\u53d1\u5c55\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/p>\n

\u6211\u4eec\u80fd\u5426\u66f4\u5177\u4f53\u5730\u8bf4\u660e\u9884\u671f\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\uff1f\u7531\u4e8e\u4e00\u4e9b\u539f\u56e0\uff0c\u8fd9\u975e\u5e38\u56f0\u96be\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u5bfb\u6c42\u6ee1\u8db3\u4e09\u4e2a\u6807\u51c6\u7684\u91cf\u5b50\u8ba1\u7b97\u5e94\u7528\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u611f\u5174\u8da3\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u5e94\u8be5\u5f88\u96be\u7528\u4f20\u7edf\u8ba1\u7b97\u6765\u89e3\u51b3\uff0c\u91cf\u5b50\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u53ef\u4ee5\u6709\u6548\u5730\u89e3\u51b3\uff0c\u4e14\u89e3\u51b3\u65b9\u6848\u5e94\u8be5\u5177\u6709\u79d1\u5b66\u548c\/\u6216\u5b9e\u7528\u4ef7\u503c\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/p>\n

\u6709\u4e00\u4e9b\u4f7f\u7528\u4f20\u7edf\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u6a21\u62df\u590d\u6742\u5206\u5b50\u548c\u9ad8\u5ea6\u5173\u8054\u6750\u6599\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u76f8\u5f53\u4e0d\u9519\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u5feb\u3002\u8fd9\u4e0d\u4ec5\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u4f20\u7edf\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u5f3a\u5927\uff0c\u66f4\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u7ecf\u5178\u7b97\u6cd5\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u597d\u3002\u5bf9\u4e8e\u57fa\u6001\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u4f4e\u80fd\u6001\u7279\u6027\u7684\u8ba1\u7b97\uff0c\u7ecf\u5178\u65b9\u6cd5\u662f\u542f\u53d1\u5f0f\u7684\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u4e25\u683c\u7684\u6027\u80fd\u4fdd\u8bc1\u3002\u4f46\u6570\u503c\u8bc1\u636e\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528\u7ecf\u5178\u65b9\u6cd5<\/span>\uff08\u5982\u57fa\u4e8e\u5f20\u91cf\u7f51\u7edc\u548c\u795e\u7ecf\u7f51\u7edc\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\uff09<\/span>\u83b7\u5f97\u51c6\u786e\u7ed3\u679c\u6240\u9700\u7684\u8d44\u6e90\u968f\u7740\u5177\u6709\u79d1\u5b66\u610f\u4e49\u7684\u5178\u578b\u5206\u5b50\u6216\u6750\u6599\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u5927\u5c0f\u800c\u5728\u53ef\u63a5\u53d7\u8303\u56f4\u5185\u6269\u5c55\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7cfb\u7edf\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u90a3\u4e48\u6df1\u7684\u7ea0\u7f20\u3002\u5982\u679c\u6709\u7684\u8bdd\uff0c\u91cf\u5b50\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u5bf9\u4e8e\u6b64\u7c7b\u95ee\u9898\u6240\u4eab\u6709\u7684\u4f18\u52bf\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u591a\u9879\u5f0f\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u6307\u6570\u7684[147]\u3002\u800c\u7528\u4e8e\u7ade\u4e89\u7684\u91cf\u5b50\u65b9\u6cd5\u4e5f\u662f\u542f\u53d1\u5f0f\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u4e3a\u4e86\u6709\u6548\u5730\u83b7\u5f97\u51c6\u786e\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5fc5\u987b\u80fd\u591f\u5728\u91cf\u5b50\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u4e2d\u5236\u5907\u4e0e\u76ee\u6807\u91cf\u5b50\u6001\u6709\u5f88\u5927\u91cd\u53e0\u7684\u6001\uff0c\u800c\u8fd9\u5e76\u4e0d\u80fd\u4e25\u683c\u4fdd\u8bc1\u3002\u7528\u4e8e\u6267\u884c\u6001\u5236\u5907\u4efb\u52a1\u7684\u901a\u7528\u65b9\u6cd5\u662f\u7edd\u70ed\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u5728\u5b58\u5728\u591a\u4e2a\u7531\u4e00\u9636\u76f8\u53d8\u5206\u9694\u7684\u76f8\u4e92\u7ade\u4e89\u7684\u76f8\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\uff0c\u7edd\u70ed\u65b9\u6cd5\u7684\u4f7f\u7528\u4ee3\u4ef7\u53ef\u80fd\u975e\u5e38\u9ad8\uff0c\u800c\u6211\u4eec\u611f\u5174\u8da3\u7684\u60c5\u5f62\u901a\u5e38\u90fd\u662f\u5982\u6b64\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/p>\n

\u5728\u5bf9\u52a8\u529b\u5b66\u7684\u91cf\u5b50\u6a21\u62df\u4e2d\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u8003\u8651\u5bb9\u6613\u5236\u5907\u7684\u521d\u59cb\u6fc0\u53d1\u6001\uff0c\u4e14\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6fc0\u53d1\u6001\u5728\u6f14\u5316\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u53d8\u5f97\u9ad8\u5ea6\u7ea0\u7f20<\/span>\uff08\u5982\u91cf\u5b50\u573a\u8bba\u4e2d\u57fa\u672c\u7c92\u5b50\u7684\u9ad8\u5ea6\u975e\u5f39\u6027\u78b0\u649e[148]\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u9884\u671f\u8fd9\u5c06\u6709\u6307\u6570\u91cf\u5b50\u4f18\u52bf\u3002\u8fd9\u53ef\u80fd\u5e26\u6765\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u673a\u4f1a\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u503c\u5f97\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

7. \u91cf\u5b50\u5f15\u529b\u7684\u6311\u6218<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/p>\n

\u56de\u5230\u91cf\u5b50\u5f15\u529b\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u5207\u5b9e\u5730\u671f\u671b\u4f1a\u5728\u4e0d\u4e45\u7684\u5c06\u6765\u53d6\u5f97\u7684\u5b9e\u8d28\u6027\u8fdb\u5c55\u7684\u6311\u6218\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\uff1f<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/p>\n

\u5728\u53cd\u5fb7\u897f\u7279\u7a7a\u95f4\u91cf\u5b50\u5f15\u529b\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4ecd\u7136\u65e0\u6cd5\u5f88\u597d\u5730\u7406\u89e3\uff0c\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u5c40\u57df\u7684\u91cf\u5b50\u7269\u7406\u80fd\u5728\u4e0e\u7a7a\u95f4\u66f2\u7387\u7684\u5c3a\u5ea6\u76f8\u6bd4\u5f88\u5c0f\u7684\u8ddd\u79bb\u5c3a\u5ea6\u4e0a\u63d0\u4f9b\u6781\u597d\u7684\u8fd1\u4f3c\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\u65f6\u7a7a\u4e0d\u662f\u53cd\u5fb7\u897f\u7279\u7684\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u9700\u8981\u66f4\u597d\u7684\u5de5\u5177\u6765\u63cf\u8ff0\u6e10\u8fd1\u5e73\u5766\u6216\u6b63\u66f2\u7387\u65f6\u7a7a\u4e2d\u7684\u91cf\u5b50\u5f15\u529b\u3002\u53cd\u5fb7\u897f\u7279\u7a7a\u95f4\u5177\u6709\u65f6\u7a7a\u6709\u8fb9\u754c\u8fd9\u4e00\u4fbf\u5229\u6027\u8d28\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u53c2\u8003\u8be5\u8fb9\u754c\u6765\u5b9a\u4e49\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u53ef\u89c2\u6d4b\u91cf\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u4e0e\u65e9\u671f\u5b87\u5b99\u7684\u81a8\u80c0\u5b87\u5b99\u5b66\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u5fb7\u897f\u7279\u7a7a\u95f4\u6ca1\u6709\u8fd9\u79cd\u4fbf\u5229\u6027\u8d28\uff0c\u8fd9\u4f7f\u5f97\u5fb7\u897f\u7279\u7a7a\u95f4\u4e2d\u7684\u91cf\u5b50\u5f15\u529b\u672c\u8d28\u4e0a\u66f4\u96be\u601d\u8003\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/p>\n

\u5c3d\u7ba1\u6700\u8fd1\u53d6\u5f97\u4e86\u663e\u8457\u7684\u8fdb\u5c55[7,8]\uff0c\u4f46\u5728\u91cf\u5b50\u5f15\u529b\u4e2d\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u8fd8\u6ca1\u6709\u8db3\u591f\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u6765\u63cf\u8ff0\u843d\u5165\u9ed1\u6d1e\u7684\u89c2\u5bdf\u8005\u7684\u7ecf\u5386\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5c24\u5176\u4e0d\u77e5\u9053\u5728\u9ed1\u6d1e\u5185\u90e8\u9047\u5230\u5947\u70b9\u7684\u89c2\u5bdf\u8005\u8eab\u4e0a\u4f1a\u53d1\u751f\u4ec0\u4e48\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/p>\n

\u5168\u606f\u5bf9\u5076\u662f\u975e\u5e38\u5f3a\u5927\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u6211\u4eec\u53ea\u80fd\u5728\u6709\u9650\u7684\u7279\u6b8a\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u5bf9\u5176\u5de5\u4f5c\u65b9\u5f0f\u8fdb\u884c\u5206\u6790\u63a7\u5236\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u80fd\u5426\u66f4\u7cfb\u7edf\u5730\u7406\u89e3\u65e0\u5f15\u529b\u7684\u8fb9\u754c\u7406\u8bba\u5728\u4ec0\u4e48\u6761\u4ef6\u4e0b\u5141\u8bb8\u5168\u606f\u5bf9\u5076\uff0c\u8fd9\u53ef\u7528\u4e8e\u63cf\u8ff0\u91cf\u5b50\u5f15\u529b\u73b0\u8c61\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/p>\n

\u4ee5\u53ca\u6211\u4eec\u80fd\u5426\u66f4\u5177\u4f53\u5730\u4e86\u89e3\u4f7f\u7528\u91cf\u5b50\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u6a21\u62df\u91cf\u5b50\u5f15\u529b\uff0c\u5e76\u8ba1\u7b97\u5177\u6709\u79d1\u5b66\u610f\u4e49\u7684\u53ef\u89c2\u6d4b\u6027\u8d28\u6240\u9700\u7684\u8d44\u6e90\uff1f<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

8. \u91cf\u5b50\u5f15\u529b\uff1a\u5b9e\u9a8c\u53ef\u4ee5\u5e2e\u4e0a\u5fd9\u5417\uff1f<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/p>\n

\u6700\u7ec8\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u80fd\u5e0c\u671b\u901a\u8fc7\u4f7f\u7528\u91cf\u5b50\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u548c\u91cf\u5b50\u6a21\u62df\u5668\u5728\u5176\u4e2d\u4e00\u4e9b\u95ee\u9898\u4e0a\u53d6\u5f97\u8fdb\u5c55\uff1b\u7279\u522b\u662f\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u6a21\u62df\u5f3a\u8026\u5408\u91cf\u5b50\u591a\u4f53\u7cfb\u7edf\u5e76\u5229\u7528\u5168\u606f\u5bf9\u5076\u6027\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u6d4b\u91cf\u8fb9\u754c\u4e0a\u7684\u91cf\u5b50\u7ea0\u7f20\u7279\u5f81\u6765\u63a2\u6d4b\u5bf9\u5076\u91cf\u5b50\u51e0\u4f55\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u7ebf\u6027\u54cd\u5e94\u6d4b\u91cf\u6765\u4e86\u89e3\u4f53\u65f6\u7a7a\u4e2d\u7684\u5c40\u57df\u6027\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u7ebf\u6027\u54cd\u5e94\u6d4b\u91cf\u80fd\u4ea7\u751f\u5173\u4e8e\u8fb9\u754c\u53ef\u89c2\u6d4b\u91cf\u7684\u5bf9\u6613\u5b50\u4fe1\u606f\u3002\u7814\u7a76\u5f3a\u6df7\u6c8c\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u7ea0\u7f20\u52a8\u529b\u5b66\u53ef\u4ee5\u63ed\u793a\u91cf\u5b50\u4fe1\u606f\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u88ab\u6270\u4e71\u7684\uff0c\u8fd9\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u63ed\u793a\u4f53\u65f6\u7a7a\u4e2d\u5f26\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u7279\u5f81\u3002\u6216\u8005\uff0c\u5728\u5176\u4ed6\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u80fd\u80fd\u591f\u6d4b\u91cf\u5bf9\u534a\u7ecf\u5178\u5f15\u529b\u7684\u91cf\u5b50\u4fee\u6b63\uff0c\u8fd9\u5f88\u96be\u901a\u8fc7\u89e3\u6790\u6216\u4f7f\u7528\u7ecf\u5178\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u8fdb\u884c\u8ba1\u7b97\u3002\u5bf9\u4f53\u4e2d\u6781\u9ad8\u80fd\u6563\u5c04\u7684\u6a21\u62df\u53ef\u80fd\u7279\u522b\u6709\u6307\u5bfc\u610f\u4e49\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/p>\n

\u4e5f\u8bb8\u6765\u81ea\u6a21\u62df\u7684\u6307\u5bfc\u53ef\u4ee5\u5e2e\u52a9\u6211\u4eec\u638c\u63e1\u53cd\u5fb7\u897f\u7279\u7a7a\u95f4\u4e4b\u5916\u7684\u65f6\u7a7a\u7684\u5168\u606f\u5bf9\u5076\u63cf\u8ff0\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u4f53\u91cf\u5b50\u5f15\u529b\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u53ef\u4ee5\u66f4\u5bb9\u6613\u5730\u89e3\u91ca\u5f3a\u8026\u5408\u52a8\u529b\u5b66\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u65e0\u6cd5\u7406\u89e3\u7684\u7279\u5f81\u3002\u4e00\u4e2a\u5df2\u7ecf\u7814\u7a76\u8fc7\u5f88\u591a\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\uff0c\u662f\u8fb9\u754c\u7406\u8bba\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u795e\u79d8\u7684\u76f8\u5e72\u91cf\u5b50\u9690\u5f62\u4f20\u6001<\/span>\uff08quantum teleportation\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u5b83\u5728\u91cf\u5b50\u4fe1\u606f\u901a\u8fc7\u4f53\u7406\u8bba\u4e2d\u53ef\u7a7f\u8d8a\u7684\u7a7a\u95f4\u866b\u6d1e\u6765\u4f20\u8f93\u7684\u8bed\u5883\u4e0b\uff0c\u5177\u6709\u76f8\u5f53\u81ea\u7136\u7684\u66ff\u4ee3\u89e3\u91ca[149-152]\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/p>\n

\n
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<\/section>\n

<\/section>\n
\n
<\/svg><\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n
\n

\u56db\u3001\u4e00\u4e9b\u672a\u63d0\u53ca\u7684\u4e8b<\/span><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n

\n

<\/section>\n

<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/h3>\n


<\/p>\n

\u6709\u4e00\u4e9b\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\u6211\u8fd8\u6ca1\u6765\u5f97\u53ca\u5728\u8fd9\u6b21\u62a5\u544a\u4e2d\u63d0\u53ca\uff0c\u6211\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\u5217\u51fa\u4e86\u56db\u4ef6\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

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Shor\u7b97\u6cd5\u7684\u53d1\u73b0\u5c06\u5bf9\u7535\u5b50\u5546\u52a1\u4ea7\u751f\u7834\u574f\u6027\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5f53\u5f3a\u5927\u7684\u91cf\u5b50\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u553e\u624b\u53ef\u5f97\u65f6\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u73b0\u5728\u7528\u6765\u4fdd\u62a4\u9690\u79c1\u7684\u516c\u94a5\u5bc6\u7801\u7cfb\u7edf\u5c06\u4e0d\u518d\u5b89\u5168<\/strong>\u3002\u4e16\u754c\u6b63\u5728\u901a\u8fc7\u5f00\u53d1\u65b0\u7684\u7ecf\u5178\u5bc6\u7801\u7cfb\u7edf\u6765\u5e94\u5bf9\u8fd9\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5bc6\u7801\u7cfb\u7edf\u88ab\u5e7f\u6cdb\u8ba4\u4e3a\u80fd\u591f\u62b5\u5fa1\u6765\u81ea\u91cf\u5b50\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u7684\u653b\u51fb[153]\u3002\u90e8\u7f72\u8fd9\u4e9b\u65b0\u7cfb\u7edf\u5c06\u662f\u4e00\u9879\u5fc5\u8981\u7684\u4efb\u52a1\uff0c\u4f46\u4e5f\u662f\u4e00\u9879\u6f2b\u957f\u800c\u8017\u8d44\u5de8\u5927\u7684\u4efb\u52a1\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

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\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u91cd\u8981\u95ee\u9898\u662f\uff1a\u5982\u4f55\u786e\u4fdd\u91cf\u5b50\u8ba1\u7b97\u7ed9\u51fa\u7684\u7b54\u6848\u662f\u6b63\u786e\u7684<\/strong>\uff1f\u5728\u67d0\u4e9b\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u5728\u5206\u89e3\u4e00\u4e2a\u5927\u6570\u65f6\uff0c\u4e00\u65e6\u627e\u5230\u7b54\u6848\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f88\u5bb9\u6613\u5730\u7528\u7ecf\u5178\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u6765\u68c0\u67e5\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u5f53\u6211\u4eec\u5728\u6a21\u62df\u4e00\u4e2a\u590d\u6742\u91cf\u5b50\u591a\u4f53\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u6027\u8d28\u65f6\uff0c\u60c5\u51b5\u5c31\u4e0d\u662f\u8fd9\u6837\u4e86\u3002\u73b0\u5728\uff0c\u5229\u7528\u6297\u91cf\u5b50\u5bc6\u7801\u5b66\u7684\u5a01\u529b\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u5df2\u7ecf\u5f00\u53d1\u4e86\u5de7\u5999\u7684\u534f\u8bae\u6765\u9a8c\u8bc1\u91cf\u5b50\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u662f\u5426\u771f\u7684\u6267\u884c\u4e86\u6307\u5b9a\u7684\u4efb\u52a1[157]\u3002\u4e00\u4e2a\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u6311\u6218\u662f\u964d\u4f4e\u8fd9\u4e9b\u9a8c\u8bc1\u534f\u8bae\u7684\u6210\u672c\uff0c\u4ee5\u4fbf\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u76f8\u5bf9\u8fd1\u7684\u65f6\u671f\u5185\u4f7f\u7528\u5b83\u4eec\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u6211\u4eec\u5c06\u4efb\u52a1\u53d1\u9001\u5230\u4e91\u7aef\u7684\u91cf\u5b50\u670d\u52a1\u5668\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5e0c\u671b\u786e\u5b9a\u6536\u5230\u7684\u7b54\u6848\u662f\u53ef\u4fe1\u7684\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

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\u603b\u4e4b\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u79bb\u91cf\u5b50\u8ba1\u7b97\u7684\u5b9e\u9645\u5546\u4e1a\u5e94\u7528\u53ef\u80fd\u8fd8\u6709\u5f88\u957f\u7684\u8def\u8981\u8d70\uff0c\u800c\u91cf\u5b50\u7ea0\u9519\u5f88\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u6700\u7ec8\u5b9e\u73b0\u8fd9\u4e00\u76ee\u6807\u7684\u5173\u952e\u3002\u4f46\u672a\u6765\u4e94\u5e74\u5e94\u8be5\u662f\u4ee4\u4eba\u5174\u594b\u7684\uff0c\u8fd9\u5c06\u662f\u5bb9\u9519\u91cf\u5b50\u8ba1\u7b97\u53d6\u5f97\u8fdb\u5c55\uff0c\u548c\u63a2\u7d22\u91cf\u5b50\u7269\u8d28\u5947\u5f02\u6027\u8d28\u7684\u524d\u6240\u672a\u6709\u7684\u673a\u4f1a\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

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\u6b63\u5982\u672c\u6b21\u4f1a\u8bae\u6240\u8868\u660e\u7684\u90a3\u6837\uff0c\u91cf\u5b50\u4fe1\u606f\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u4e3a\u63a7\u5236\u548c\u63a2\u7d22\u5177\u6709\u5b9e\u7528\u548c\u57fa\u7840\u7814\u7a76\u610f\u4e49\u7684\u590d\u6742\u591a\u7c92\u5b50\u91cf\u5b50\u7cfb\u7edf\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u7edf\u4e00\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u548c\u5f3a\u5927\u7684\u6280\u672f\u3002\u91cf\u5b50\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u79d1\u5b66\u3001\u91cf\u5b50\u786c\u4ef6\u3001\u91cf\u5b50\u7269\u8d28\u548c\u91cf\u5b50\u5f15\u529b\u7684\u4ece\u4e1a\u4eba\u5458\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u4ea4\u6d41\u6fc0\u53d1\u4e86\u65b0\u7684\u60f3\u6cd5\u548c\u6df1\u523b\u89c1\u89e3\uff0c\u4f7f\u6211\u4eec\u6240\u6709\u7814\u7a76\u9ad8\u5ea6\u7ea0\u7f20\u91cf\u5b50\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u96be\u4ee5\u6349\u6478\u7279\u6027\u7684\u4eba\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u66f4\u52a0\u7f8e\u597d\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

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John Preskill\uff1a<\/span><\/strong>\u52a0\u5dde\u7406\u5de5\u5b66\u9662\u7406\u8bba\u7269\u7406\u6559\u6388\uff0c\u91cf\u5b50\u4fe1\u606f\u4e0e\u7269\u8d28\u7814\u7a76\u6240\u6240\u957f\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u7814\u7a76\u65b9\u5411\u4e3a\u91cf\u5b50\u4fe1\u606f\u4e0e\u91cf\u5b50\u8ba1\u7b97\uff0c\u201c\u91cf\u5b50\u4f18\u8d8a\u6027\u201d\uff08Quantum supremacy\uff09\u8fd9\u4e00\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u63d0\u51fa\u8005\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

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\u53c2\u8003\u6587\u732e<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n

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1. S. Aaronson, How much structure is needed for huge quantum speedups?, these proceedings.<\/span><\/p>\n

2. D. Gottesman, Opportunities and challendges in fault-tolerant quantum computation, these proceedings.<\/span><\/p>\n

3. R. Blatt, The trapped-ion platform for quantum information processing, these proceedings.<\/span><\/p>\n

4. R. Schoelkopf, Superconducting qubits as a platform for quantum computation, these proceedings.<\/span><\/p>\n

5. F. Verstraete, Quantum information and many-body systems, these proceedings.<\/span><\/p>\n

6. M. Lukin, Programmable quantum machines for probing entanglement in many-body systems, these proceedings.<\/span><\/p>\n

7. N. Engelhardt, The entropy of Hawking radiation, these proceedings.<\/span><\/p>\n

8. D. Stanford, Quantum information and spacetime, these proceedings.<\/span><\/p>\n

9. A. M. Turing et al., On computable numbers, with an application to the entscheidungsproblem, J. of Math 58, p. 5 (1936).<\/span><\/p>\n

10. S. A. Cook, The complexity of theorem-proving procedures, in Proceedings of the third annual ACM Symposium on Theory of Computing, 1971 pp. 151\u2013158.<\/span><\/p>\n

11. L. A. Levin, Universal sequential search problems, Problemy peredachi informatsii 9, 115 (1973).<\/span><\/p>\n

12. R. M. Karp, Reducibility among combinatorial problems, in Complexity of Computer Computations, (Springer, 1972) pp. 85\u2013103.<\/span><\/p>\n

13. W. Diffie and M. E. Hellman, New directions in cryptography, in Secure Communications and Asymmetric Cryptosystems, (Routledge, 2019) pp. 143\u2013180.<\/span><\/p>\n

14. R. L. Rivest, A. Shamir and L. Adleman, A method for obtaining digital signatures and public-key cryptosystems, Communications of the ACM 21, 120 (1978).<\/span><\/p>\n

15. C. E. Shannon, A mathematical theory of communication, The Bell System Technical Journal 27, 379 (1948).<\/span><\/p>\n

16. R. W. Hamming, Error detecting and error correcting codes, The Bell System Technical Journal 29, 147 (1950).<\/span><\/p>\n

17. J. Von Neumann, Probabilistic logics and the synthesis of reliable organisms from unreliable components, Automata Studies 34, 43 (1956).<\/span><\/p>\n

18. A. Einstein, B. Podolsky and N. Rosen, Can quantum-mechanical description of physical reality be considered complete?, Physical Review 47, p. 777 (1935).<\/span><\/p>\n

19. E. Schrodinger, Discussion of probability relations between separated systems, in Mathematical Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society, (4) 1935 pp. 555-563.<\/span><\/p>\n

20. J. S. Bell, On the Einstein Podolsky Rosen paradox, Physics Physique Fizika 1, p. 195 (1964).<\/span><\/p>\n

21. J. F. Clauser, M. A. Horne, A. Shimony and R. A. Holt, Proposed experiment to test local hidden-variable theories, Physical Review Letters 23, p. 880 (1969).<\/span><\/p>\n

22. A. Aspect, P. Grangier and G. Roger, Experimental tests of realistic local theories via Bell\u2019s theorem, Physical Review Letters 47, p. 460 (1981).<\/span><\/p>\n

23. S. Wiesner, Conjugate coding, ACM Sigact News 15, 78 (1983).<\/span><\/p>\n

24. C. H. Bennett and G. Brassard, Quantum cryptography: Public key distribution and coin tossing, arXiv preprint arXiv:2003.06557 (2020).<\/span><\/p>\n

25. A. K. Ekert, Quantum cryptography and Bell\u2019s theorem, in Quantum Measurements in Optics, (Springer, 1992) pp. 413\u2013418.<\/span><\/p>\n

26. W. K. Wootters and W. H. Zurek, A single quantum cannot be cloned, Nature 299, 802 (1982).<\/span><\/p>\n

27. D. Dieks, Communication by EPR devices, Physics Letters A 92, 271 (1982).<\/span><\/p>\n

28. C. W. Helstrom, Quantum detection and estimation theory, Journal of Statistical Physics 1, 231 (1969).<\/span><\/p>\n

29. A. S. Holevo, Bounds for the quantity of information transmitted by a quantum communication channel, Problemy Peredachi Informatsii 9, 3 (1973)<\/span><\/p>\n

30. R. P. Feynman, Simulating physics with computers, 1981, International Journal of Theoretical Physics 21.<\/span><\/p>\n

31. Y. Manin, Computable and Uncomputable, Sovetskoye Radio, Moscow 128 (1980).<\/span><\/p>\n

32. D. Deutsch, Quantum theory, the Church\u2013Turing principle and the universal quantum computer, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. A. Mathematical and Physical Sciences 400, 97 (1985).<\/span><\/p>\n

33. D. R. Simon, On the power of quantum computation, SIAM Journal on Computing 26, 1474 (1997).<\/span><\/p>\n

34. P. W. Shor, Polynomial-time algorithms for prime factorization and discrete logarithms on a quantum computer, SIAM Review 41, 303 (1999).<\/span><\/p>\n

35. A. Y. Kitaev, Quantum measurements and the abelian stabilizer problem, arXiv preprint quant-ph\/9511026 (1995).<\/span><\/p>\n

36. L. K. Grover, Quantum mechanics helps in searching for a needle in a haystack, Physical Review Letters 79, p. 325 (1997).<\/span><\/p>\n

37. C. H. Bennett, E. Bernstein, G. Brassard and U. Vazirani, Strengths and weaknesses of quantum computing, SIAM Journal on Computing 26, 1510 (1997).<\/span><\/p>\n

38. D. P. DiVincenzo, The physical implementation of quantum computation, Fortschritte der Physik: Progress of Physics 48, 771 (2000).<\/span><\/p>\n

39. M. H. Freedman, M. Larsen and Z. Wang, A modular functor which is universal for quantum computation, Communications in Mathematical Physics 227, 605 (2002).<\/span><\/p>\n

40. M. H. Freedman, A. Kitaev and Z. Wang, Simulation of topological field theories by quantum computers, Communications in Mathematical Physics 227, 587 (2002).<\/span><\/p>\n

41. E. Farhi, J. Goldstone, S. Gutmann and M. Sipser, Quantum computation by adiabatic evolution, arXiv preprint quant-ph\/0001106 (2000).<\/span><\/p>\n

42. D. Aharonov, W. Van Dam, J. Kempe, Z. Landau, S. Lloyd and O. Regev, Adiabatic quantum computation is equivalent to standard quantum computation, SIAM Review 50, 755 (2008).<\/span><\/p>\n

43. J. I. Cirac and P. Zoller, Quantum computations with cold trapped ions, Physical Review Letters 74, p. 4091 (1995).<\/span><\/p>\n

44. C. Monroe, D. M. Meekhof, B. E. King, W. M. Itano and D. J. Wineland, Demonstration of a fundamental quantum logic gate, Physical Review Letters 75, p. 4714 (1995).<\/span><\/p>\n

45. J. M. Martinis, M. H. Devoret and J. Clarke, Experimental tests for the quantum behavior of a macroscopic degree of freedom: The phase difference across a josephson junction, Phys. Rev. B 35, 4682 (Apr 1987).<\/span><\/p>\n

46. J. Koch, M. Y. Terri, J. Gambetta, A. A. Houck, D. I. Schuster, J. Majer, A. Blais, M. H. Devoret, S. M. Girvin and R. J. Schoelkopf, Charge-insensitive qubit design derived from the cooper pair box, Physical Review A 76, p. 042319 (2007).<\/span><\/p>\n

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\u8bfe\u7a0b\u94fe\u63a5\uff1ahttps:\/\/campus.swarma.org\/course\/3686<\/span><\/p>\n

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