{"id":38420,"date":"2022-11-09T18:35:34","date_gmt":"2022-11-09T10:35:34","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/swarma.org\/?p=38420"},"modified":"2022-11-09T18:35:34","modified_gmt":"2022-11-09T10:35:34","slug":"%e5%9c%b0%e7%90%83%e6%b0%94%e5%80%99%e7%b3%bb%e7%bb%9f%e4%b8%8e%e7%83%ad%e5%8a%9b%e5%ad%a6%e7%ac%ac%e4%ba%8c%e5%ae%9a%e5%be%8b","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/swarma.org\/?p=38420","title":{"rendered":"\u5730\u7403\u6c14\u5019\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e0e\u70ed\u529b\u5b66\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5b9a\u5f8b"},"content":{"rendered":"
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Martin Singh, Morgan O’Neill<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/strong> <\/span>| \u4f5c\u8005<\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u9ec4\u6cfd\u8c6a<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/strong> <\/span>| \u8bd1\u8005<\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u6881\u91d1<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/strong> <\/span>| \u5ba1\u6821<\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u9093\u4e00\u96ea<\/span> <\/span>| <\/strong><\/span>\u7f16\u8f91<\/strong><\/p>\n

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The climate system and the second law of thermodynamics<\/span><\/section>\n
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https:\/\/journals.aps.org\/rmp\/abstract\/10.1103\/RevModPhys.94.015001<\/span><\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/blockquote>\n

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\u56fe1. \u5730\u7403\u6c14\u5019\u7cfb\u7edf\u3002| \u7531\u56fd\u9645\u7a7a\u95f4\u7ad9\u5b87\u822a\u5458\u5730\u7403\u89c2\u6d4b\u8bbe\u65bd\u548c\u7f8e\u56fd\u5b87\u822a\u5c40\u7ea6\u7ff0\u900a\u822a\u5929\u4e2d\u5fc3\u5730\u7403\u79d1\u5b66\u548c\u9065\u611f\u90e8\u95e8\u63d0\u4f9b\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

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\u4e0e\u7269\u8d28\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u8f90\u5c04\u4e5f\u9075\u5faa\u70ed\u529b\u5b66\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5b9a\u5f8b\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u71b5\u548c\u4e0d\u53ef\u9006\u6027\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u4e0e\u5149\u5b50\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u5c31\u50cf\u4e0e\u539f\u5b50\u548c\u5206\u5b50\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u4e00\u6837\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5173\u4e8e\u7269\u8d28\u7684\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5b9a\u5f8b\u572819\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e2d\u671f\u7531\u5361\u8bfa<\/span>\uff08Sadi Carnot\uff09<\/span>[2]\u3001\u514b\u52b3\u4fee\u65af<\/span>\uff08Rudolf Clausius\uff09<\/span>[15]\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u4eba\u5229\u7528\u7ecf\u5178\u70ed\u529b\u5b66\u6280\u672f\u53d1\u5c55\u8d77\u6765\uff0c\u4f46\u5bf9\u8f90\u5c04\u71b5\u7684\u5168\u9762\u89e3\u91ca\u9700\u8981\u7b49\u5230\u666e\u6717\u514b<\/span>\uff08Max Planck\uff09<\/span>\u7684\u70ed\u8f90\u5c04\u7406\u8bba[16]\u3002\u666e\u6717\u514b\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u8f90\u5c04\u5149\u675f\u643a\u5e26\u7684\u71b5\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u5176\u9891\u8c31\u3001\u89d2\u5ea6\u5206\u5e03\u548c\u6781\u5316\u3002\u4e00\u5b9a\u91cf\u7684\u8f90\u5c04\u80fd\u91cf\u5728\u4f4e\u9891\u3001\u5404\u5411\u540c\u6027\u4e14\u975e\u6781\u5316\u7684\u72b6\u6001\u65f6\u643a\u5e26\u7684\u71b5\u6700\u5927\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

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\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u8f90\u5c04\u8fc7\u7a0b\u7684\u4e0d\u53ef\u9006\u71b5\u589e\u662f\u5730\u7403\u4e0a\u4e0d\u53ef\u9006\u6027\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u6765\u6e90\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5927\u591a\u6570\u5c06\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5b9a\u5f8b\u5e94\u7528\u5230\u5730\u7403\u4e0a\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u53ea\u8ba4\u4e3a\u7269\u8d28<\/span>\uff08\u539f\u5b50\u548c\u5206\u5b50\uff09<\/span>\u662f\u6c14\u5019\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u800c\u8f90\u5c04<\/span>\uff08\u5149\u5b50\uff09<\/span>\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u73af\u5883\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u89c2\u70b9\u4e0b\uff0c\u8f90\u5c04\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u662f\u5916\u90e8\u7684\u53ef\u9006\u7684\u70ed\u6e90\u6216\u6c47\uff0c\u8f90\u5c04\u8fc7\u7a0b\u7684\u4e0d\u53ef\u9006\u6027\u4e0d\u5c5e\u4e8e\u884c\u661f\u70ed\u673a\u7684\u8ba8\u8bba\u8303\u56f4\u3002<\/span> <\/span><\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n

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2. \u4f5c\u4e3a\u70ed\u673a\u7684\u6c14\u5019\u7cfb\u7edf<\/span><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n

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3. \u4e0d\u53ef\u9006\u8fc7\u7a0b<\/span><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n

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\u884c\u661f\u70ed\u673a\u6240\u505a\u7684\u529f\u5728\u5927\u6c14\u548c\u6d77\u6d0b\u4e2d\u4ea7\u751f\u4e86\u89c4\u6a21\u548c\u5f3a\u5ea6\u5f88\u5927\u7684\u6da1\u6d41\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u6d77\u9762\u4e0a\u7684\u5c0f\u6d9f\u6f2a\u548c\u70ed\u5e26\u6c14\u65cb\u4e2d\u7684\u72c2\u98ce\u3002\u6e4d\u6d41\u4f7f\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6da1\u6d41\u53d8\u5f62\u6210\u65b0\u7684\u5f62\u72b6\u548c\u6a21\u5f0f\uff0c\u76f4\u5230\u7c98\u5ea6\u6700\u7ec8\u5c06\u5176\u52a8\u80fd\u8017\u6563\u4e3a\u70ed\u91cf\u30021955\u5e74\uff0c\u7231\u5fb7\u534e\u00b7\u6d1b\u4f26\u8328<\/span>\uff08Edward Lorenz\uff09<\/span>\u5bf9\u80fd\u91cf\u4ea7\u751f\u548c\u8017\u6563\u7684\u5408\u6210\u5faa\u73af\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u6f02\u4eae\u7684\u63cf\u8ff0[4]\uff0c\u8fd9\u610f\u5473\u7740\u6c14\u5019\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u7684\u529f\u4e0e\u6469\u64e6\u8017\u6563\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5e73\u8861\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
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\u56fe3. \u5927\u6c14\u4e2d\u7684\u4e0d\u53ef\u9006\u8fc7\u7a0b\u3002\u5ffd\u7565\u8f90\u5c04\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff08\u6b64\u5904\u672a\u663e\u793a\uff09\uff0c\u5927\u6c14\u4e2d\u4e0d\u53ef\u9006\u6027\u7684\u6700\u5927\u6765\u6e90\u662f\u4e0e\u6c34\u6587\u5faa\u73af\u6709\u5173\u7684\u90a3\u4e9b\u56e0\u7d20\uff1a\u84b8\u53d1\u3001\u6f6e\u6e7f\u548c\u5e72\u71e5\u7a7a\u6c14\u7684\u6df7\u5408\u3001\u878d\u5316-\u51b7\u51bb\u5faa\u73af\uff08\u517160-80%\uff09\u548c\u964d\u6c34\u6c89\u964d\u7269\uff085-15%\uff09\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4f5c\u7528\u9650\u5236\u4e86\u98ce\u7684\u6469\u64e6\u8017\u6563\u6240\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u71b5\uff085-15%\uff09\uff0c\u8fd9\u6700\u7ec8\u9650\u5236\u4e86\u5927\u6c14\u70ed\u673a\u5728\u4ea7\u751f\u5faa\u73af\u65b9\u9762\u6240\u505a\u7684\u529f\u3002\u767e\u5206\u6bd4\u6839\u636e\u5168\u7403\u6c14\u5019\u6a21\u62df[12]\u548c\u7406\u60f3\u9ad8\u5206\u8fa8\u7387\u6a21\u62df[8]\u4f30\u7b97\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/section>\n
\u5728\u5730\u7403\u4e0a\uff0c\u53e6\u4e00\u7c7b\u4e0d\u53ef\u9006\u8fc7\u7a0b\u662f\u8fc4\u4eca\u4e3a\u6b62\u5bf9\u884c\u661f\u70ed\u673a\u5f71\u54cd\u6700\u5927\u7684\u9650\u5236\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u5730\u7403\u6c14\u5019\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u7279\u70b9\u662f\u9002\u5408\u751f\u547d\u5c45\u4f4f\uff1a\u5b58\u5728\u7740\u6d3b\u8dc3\u7684\u6c34\u6587\u5faa\u73af\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
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\u8003\u8651\u6d77\u6d0b\u8868\u9762\u7684\u4e00\u5c0f\u7247\u6c34\u901a\u8fc7\u5730\u7403\u6c34\u6587\u5faa\u73af\u7684\u8def\u5f84\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u53d7\u5230\u592a\u9633\u7684\u52a0\u70ed\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u5c0f\u7247\u6c34\u6700\u521d\u901a\u8fc7\u84b8\u53d1\u8fdb\u5165\u5927\u6c14\u3002\u5c31\u50cf\u667e\u8863\u7ef3\u4e0a\u667e\u5e72\u6e7f\u886c\u886b\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u84b8\u53d1\u8fc7\u7a0b\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u9006\u8f6c\u7684\u3002\u5728\u6c14\u6001\u5f62\u5f0f\u4e0b\uff0c\u8fd9\u7247\u6c34\u53d7\u5230\u98ce\u7684\u6446\u5e03\uff0c\u5728\u5927\u6c14\u5c42\u4e2d\u65cb\u8f6c\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0e\u5468\u56f4\u7684\u7a7a\u6c14\u6df7\u5408\u3002\u6700\u7ec8\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u5c0f\u7247\u6c34\u88ab\u62c9\u5165\u4e0a\u5347\u6c14\u6d41\uff0c\u4e0a\u5347\u65f6\u51b7\u5374\uff0c\u76f4\u5230\u5728\u9971\u548c\u7684\u4e91\u56e2\u6838\u5fc3\u51dd\u7ed3\u6210\u5fae\u5c0f\u7684\u6c34\u6ef4\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
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\u5982\u679c\u8fbe\u5230\u8db3\u591f\u9ad8\u7684\u9ad8\u5ea6\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u5c0f\u7247\u6c34\u4f1a\u9047\u5230\u4e0a\u5c42\u5927\u6c14\u7684\u4e9a\u51b0\u70b9\u6e29\u5ea6\uff0c\u6c34\u6ef4\u4f1a\u81ea\u53d1\u5730\u4e0d\u53ef\u9006\u8f6c\u5730\u51bb\u7ed3\u3002\u968f\u7740\u51b0\u51bb\u7684\u6c34\u6ef4\u957f\u5927\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u5f00\u59cb\u964d\u843d\uff0c\u9996\u5148\u662f\u96ea\u82b1\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u662f\u96e8\u6ef4\u3002\u5f53\u6c34\u6ef4\u843d\u4e0b\u65f6\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u4e0d\u53ef\u9006\u5730\u5931\u53bb\u91cd\u529b\u52bf\u80fd\uff0c\u5e76\u6709\u90e8\u5206\u5728\u901a\u8fc7\u6b20\u9971\u548c\u7a7a\u6c14\u65f6\u84b8\u53d1\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
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\u6c34\u6587\u5faa\u73af\u4e2d\u7684\u5404\u79cd\u4e0d\u53ef\u9006\u8fc7\u7a0b\u9650\u5236\u4e86\u884c\u661f\u70ed\u673a\u505a\u7684\u529f\u3002\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u8003\u8651\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8fc7\u7a0b\u5bf9\u6c14\u5019\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e0d\u53ef\u9006\u71b5\u589e\u7684\u8d21\u732e\u6765\u91cf\u5316\u8fd9\u79cd\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u867d\u7136\u5f88\u96be\u901a\u8fc7\u89c2\u5bdf\u786e\u5b9a\u8fd9\u79cd\u4f5c\u7528\u2014\u2014\u4f46\u964d\u6c34\u5f15\u8d77\u7684\u8017\u6563\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u4f8b\u5916\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u536b\u661f\u8fdb\u884c\u4f30\u8ba1\uff0c\u5982\u56fe3\u6240\u793a\u2014\u2014\u4eba\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u6c14\u5019\u7cfb\u7edf\u6a21\u578b\u6765\u4f30\u8ba1\u5176\u5f3a\u5ea6\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
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\u56fe4. \u964d\u6c34\u91cf\u3002\u5927\u6c14\u4e2d\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u8017\u6563\u6e90\u4e4b\u4e00\u53d1\u751f\u5728\u96e8\u6ef4\u4e0b\u843d\u65f6\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u8fc7\u7a0b\u964d\u4f4e\u4e86\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u91cd\u529b\u52bf\u80fd\u3002\u5229\u7528NASA\u5168\u7403\u964d\u6c34\u6d4b\u91cf\u4efb\u52a1\u7684\u536b\u661f\u4fe1\u606f\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4f7f\u7528\u53c2\u8003\u6587\u732e[13]\u4e2d\u6982\u8ff0\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u4f30\u7b97\u4e862015-2020\u5e74\u7684\u8017\u6563\u91cf\u3002\u6700\u5927\u7684\u8017\u6563\u7387\u53d1\u751f\u5728\u964d\u6c34\u7387\u6700\u9ad8\u7684\u5730\u65b9\uff0c\u5373\u70ed\u5e26\u897f\u592a\u5e73\u6d0b\u548c\u79f0\u4e3a\u70ed\u5e26\u8f90\u5408\u5e26\u7684\u73af\u7ed5\u5730\u7403\u7684\u5730\u5e26\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

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2002\u5e74\uff0cOlivier Pauluis \u548c Isaac Held \u4f7f\u7528\u8fd9\u79cd\u65b9\u6cd5\u6765\u8bc1\u660e\uff0c\u4e0e\u6c34\u6587\u5faa\u73af\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u4e0d\u53ef\u9006\u8fc7\u7a0b[5]\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u76f8\u53d8\u3001\u6df7\u5408\u548c\u964d\u6c34\uff0c\u662f\u5927\u6c14\u548c\u66f4\u5e7f\u6cdb\u7684\u5730\u7403\u6c14\u5019\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u4e0d\u53ef\u9006\u6027\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u539f\u56e0<\/strong><\/span>\uff08\u89c1\u56fe2\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6240\u8c13\u7684\u6f6e\u6e7f\u8fc7\u7a0b\u9650\u5236\u4e86\u4e0e\u6469\u64e6\u8017\u6563\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u71b5\u589e\uff0c\u5e76\u964d\u4f4e\u4e86\u884c\u661f\u70ed\u673a\u7684\u6548\u7387<\/strong>\u3002\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u6f6e\u6e7f\u8fc7\u7a0b\u5bf9\u5404\u79cd\u5927\u6c14\u73af\u6d41<\/span>\uff08\u5305\u62ec\u5355\u4e91\u548c\u5168\u7403\u73af\u6d41\uff09<\/span>\u4ea7\u751f\u4e86\u6df1\u8fdc\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
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4. \u5168\u7403\u73af\u6d41\u7684\u9a71\u52a8\u56e0\u7d20<\/span><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n

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\u60f3\u8c61\u4e00\u4e0b\uff0c\u73b0\u5728\u662f\u70ed\u5e26\u5730\u533a\u7684\u4e0a\u5348\u3002\u592a\u9633\u5f00\u59cb\u52a0\u70ed\u5730\u9762\uff0c\u5e76\u4ea7\u751f\u6e29\u6696\u3001\u4e0a\u5347\u7684\u6e05\u6d01\u7a7a\u6c14\u6c14\u6ce1\uff0c\u79f0\u4e3a\u70ed\u6c14\u6d41\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u70ed\u6c14\u6d41\u88ab\u7f13\u6162\u4e0b\u6c89\u7684\u7a7a\u6c14\u6240\u53d6\u4ee3\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u56e0\u4e3a\u8f90\u5c04\u51b7\u5374\u800c\u5931\u53bb\u80fd\u91cf\u3002\u7a7a\u6c14\u7684\u8fd9\u79cd\u5782\u76f4\u4ea4\u6362\u6216\u5faa\u73af\u662f\u884c\u661f\u70ed\u673a\u7684\u5c40\u90e8\u7248\u672c\uff0c\u6c14\u5019\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u9884\u8ba1\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u5e72\u70ed\u6c14\u6d41\u6240\u505a\u7684\u529f\u5c06\u4e0e\u8868\u9762\u52a0\u70ed\u901f\u7387\u6210\u6bd4\u4f8b\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
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\u5f53\u5929\u665a\u4e9b\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u5730\u8868\u5df2\u7ecf\u53d8\u6696\u5230\u8db3\u4ee5\u4ea7\u751f\u66f4\u5f3a\u7684\u70ed\u6c14\u6d41\u3002\u5b83\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u8fbe\u5230\u5e76\u8d85\u8fc7\u62ac\u5347\u51dd\u7ed3\u9ad8\u5ea6\uff0c\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u9ad8\u5ea6\uff0c\u7a7a\u6c14\u4e2d\u7684\u6c34\u84b8\u6c7d\u51b7\u5374\u5230\u8db3\u4ee5\u51dd\u7ed3\u4e3a\u6db2\u6001\u6c34\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u8fc7\u7a0b\u5f15\u5165\u4e86\u76f8\u53d8\u3002\u6c34\u6587\u5faa\u73af\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u610f\u5473\u7740\uff0c\u4e0a\u5347\u7684\u7a7a\u6c14\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u770b\u5230\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u4f1a\u5f62\u6210\u4e91\uff0c\u4e91\u672c\u8eab\u8868\u660e\u6f6e\u6e7f\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u4e0d\u53ef\u9006\u71b5\u589e\u7684\u5c40\u90e8\u4f18\u52bf\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
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\u5982\u679c\u5c06\u7cfb\u7edf\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e3a\u5305\u62ec\u4e91\u5c42\u548c\u5468\u56f4\u7f13\u6162\u4e0b\u6c89\u7684\u7a7a\u6c14\uff0c\u5219\u53ef\u7528\u4e8e\u9a71\u52a8\u8fd0\u52a8\u7684\u603b\u529f\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u5c0f\u5f97\u591a\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u4e0d\u518d\u968f\u8868\u9762\u52a0\u70ed\u901f\u7387\u53d8\u5316\u3002\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u4e91\u4e2d\u7684\u4e0a\u5347\u6c14\u6d41\u4e0e\u52a0\u70ed\u901f\u7387\u8131\u94a9\uff0c\u5176\u6027\u8d28\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u6210\u4e91\u8fc7\u7a0b\u7684\u5fae\u89c2\u7ec6\u8282\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u96e8\u6ef4\u7a7f\u8fc7\u7a7a\u6c14\u7684\u901f\u5ea6\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u6f6e\u6e7f\u591a\u4e91\u7684\u7a7a\u6c14\u5728\u4e91\u7684\u8fb9\u7f18\u4e0e\u5e72\u71e5\u73af\u5883\u6df7\u5408\u7684\u901f\u7387\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
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\u4eba\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u628a\u53d1\u5c55\u4e2d\u7684\u79ef\u4e91\u770b\u4f5c\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5bf9\u81ea\u8eab\u548c\u5468\u56f4\u5927\u6c14\u8d77\u4f5c\u7528\u7684\u70ed\u673a\u3002\u4f46\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u6240\u6709\u7684\u4e91\u90fd\u50cf\u70ed\u673a\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u60f3\u8c61\u4e00\u4e0b\uff0c\u9ad8\u9ad8\u7684\u5927\u6c14\u5c42\u4e2d\u4e00\u5c42\u8584\u8584\u7684\u5377\u4e91<\/span>\uff08\u51b0\u4e91\uff09<\/span>\u4ec5\u4ec5\u88ab\u98ce\u5e73\u6d41\u8f93\u9001\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u6ca1\u6709\u52bf\u80fd\u91ca\u653e\u51fa\u6765\u5bf9\u5468\u56f4\u73af\u5883\u505a\u529f\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
 <\/span><\/section>\n
\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5355\u4e91\u7684\u70ed\u673a\u7c7b\u6bd4\u53ef\u4ee5\u6709\u6548\u5730\u5e94\u7528\u4e8e\u6709\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u5bf9\u6d41\u4e91\u56e2\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5bf9\u6d41\u4e91\u56e2\u53ef\u80fd\u4ee5\u96f7\u66b4\u3001\u4e2d\u7eac\u5ea6\u98ce\u66b4\u548c\u70ed\u5e26\u6c14\u65cb\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u51fa\u73b0\u3002\u7279\u522b\u5730\uff0c\u70ed\u5e26\u6c14\u65cb\u53c8\u79f0\u98d3\u98ce\u548c\u53f0\u98ce\uff0c\u957f\u671f\u4ee5\u6765\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u5361\u8bfa\u70ed\u673a\u3002\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u98ce\u66b4\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u9006\u7684\uff0c\u6548\u7387\u6781\u4f4e\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
 <\/span><\/section>\n
\u5728\u5168\u7403\u5c3a\u5ea6\u4e0a\uff0c\u5927\u6c14\u73af\u6d41\u662f\u7531\u4e0e\u592a\u9633\u89d2\u5ea6\u6709\u5173\u7684\u5dee\u6e29\u52a0\u70ed\u9a71\u52a8\u7684\u3002\u5b83\u8868\u73b0\u4e3a\u5de8\u5927\u7684\u7ffb\u8f6c\u5355\u5143\u548c\u5c04\u6d41\u3002\u56f4\u7ed5\u6052\u661f\u8fd0\u884c\u7684\u6240\u6709\u884c\u661f\u5728\u4efb\u4f55\u7ed9\u5b9a\u65f6\u523b\u90fd\u4f1a\u5728\u661f\u4e0b\u70b9<\/span>\uff08substellar point\uff09<\/span>\u53d7\u5230\u6700\u5f3a\u70c8\u7684\u52a0\u70ed\uff0c\u5728\u8be5\u70b9\uff0c\u884c\u661f\u7684\u8868\u9762\u4e0e\u6052\u661f\u7684\u8f90\u5c04\u76f4\u63a5\u5782\u76f4\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u5730\u7403\u65e5\u76f8\u5bf9\u5176\u56f4\u7ed5\u592a\u9633\u7684\u8f68\u9053\u5468\u671f\u8f83\u77ed\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5730\u7403\u4e3b\u8981\u5728\u70ed\u5e26\u5730\u533a<\/span>\uff08\u00b130\u00b0\u7eac\u5ea6\uff09<\/span>\u53d8\u6696\uff0c\u800c\u70ed\u91cf\u901a\u8fc7\u6d77\u6d0b\u548c\u5927\u6c14\u5411\u4e24\u6781\u91cd\u65b0\u5206\u914d\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u6781\u5730\u5730\u533a\u5411\u592a\u7a7a\u635f\u5931\u7684\u8f90\u5c04\u6bd4\u4ece\u592a\u9633\u63a5\u6536\u7684\u8f90\u5c04\u8fd8\u8981\u591a\u3002\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5168\u7403\u73af\u6d41\uff0c\u884c\u661f\u70ed\u673a\u7684\u7279\u5f81\u8f93\u5165\u548c\u8f93\u51fa\u6e29\u5ea6\u7531\u4e24\u4e2a\u6e29\u5ea6\u68af\u5ea6\u63a7\u5236\uff1a\u5730\u9762\u5230\u9ad8\u5c42\u5927\u6c14\u7684\u68af\u5ea6\uff0c\u548c\u8d64\u9053\u5230\u6781\u70b9\u7684\u68af\u5ea6\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
 <\/span><\/section>\n
\u6c14\u5019\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u91cf\u5316\u4e86\u5168\u7403\u73af\u6d41\u7684\u6548\u7387\uff0c\u6b63\u5982\u6211\u4eec\u6240\u770b\u5230\u7684\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u5176\u4e2d\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u6f6e\u6e7f\u3001\u4e0d\u53ef\u9006\u8fc7\u7a0b\u7684\u5f3a\u5927\u529f\u80fd\u3002\u6c14\u5019\u53d8\u5316\u6700\u9c81\u68d2\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u9884\u6d4b\u4e4b\u4e00\u662f\uff0c\u5927\u6c14\u4e2d\u7684\u6c34\u6c7d\u603b\u91cf\u5c06\u968f\u7740\u53d8\u6696\u800c\u589e\u52a0\uff0c\u6bcf\u5f00\u5c14\u6587\u7ea6\u589e\u52a07%<\/strong>[6]\u3002\u5982\u679c\u6f6e\u6e7f\u8fc7\u7a0b\u7684\u5f3a\u5ea6\u4e5f\u968f\u7740\u6c34\u6c7d\u542b\u91cf\u7684\u589e\u52a0\u800c\u589e\u52a0\uff0c\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u53ef\u80fd\u9884\u6d4b\u6c14\u5019\u70ed\u673a\u5728\u53d8\u6696\u7684\u661f\u7403\u4e0a\u4f1a\u53d8\u5f97\u6548\u7387\u8f83\u4f4e<\/strong>\u3002\u4e00\u9879\u5bf9\u5168\u7403\u6c14\u5019\u6a21\u578b\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\uff0c\u6a21\u62df\u672a\u6765\u6c14\u5019\u7684\u673a\u68b0\u6548\u7387\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u4e0b\u964d\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u51cf\u5c11\u53ef\u7528\u4e8e\u9a71\u52a8\u98ce\u7684\u51c0\u80fd\u91cf[7]\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u66f4\u8be6\u7ec6\u7684\u5c40\u90e8\u5c3a\u5ea6\u5efa\u6a21\u5374\u663e\u793a\u51fa\u76f8\u53cd\u7684\u60c5\u51b5[8]\u3002\u54ea\u4e00\u4e2a\u662f\u6b63\u786e\u7684\uff1f\u8fd9\u5bf9\u5730\u7403\u672a\u6765\u7684\u6c14\u5019\u610f\u5473\u7740\u4ec0\u4e48\uff1f\u8fd9\u4e9b\u662f\u6c14\u5019\u79d1\u5b66\u4e2d\u7684\u7a81\u51fa\u95ee\u9898\uff1b\u8981\u56de\u7b54\u8fd9\u4e9b\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u5728\u5bf9\u6c14\u5019\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e0d\u53ef\u9006\u6027\u7684\u5efa\u6a21\u80fd\u529b\u65b9\u9762\u53d6\u5f97\u6839\u672c\u6027\u8fdb\u5c55\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
 <\/span><\/section>\n

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5. \u5efa\u6a21\u4e0d\u53ef\u9006\u6027<\/span><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n

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<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/h3>\n

<\/section>\n
\u6c14\u5019\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u6a21\u578b\u6709\u591a\u79cd\u5f62\u5f0f\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u6a21\u62df\u6574\u4e2a\u5927\u6c14\u6216\u6d77\u6d0b\u7684\u5927\u6c14\u73af\u6d41\u6a21\u578b<\/span>\uff08general-circulation model\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u6355\u6349\u4e0e\u5355\u4e91\u76f8\u5173\u8fc7\u7a0b\u7684\u8be6\u7ec6\u5927\u6da1\u6a21\u62df\u6a21\u578b<\/span>\uff08large-eddy-simulation model\uff0c\u89c1\u56fe4\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u5982\u65b9\u68462\u6240\u8ff0\uff0c\u6b64\u7c7b\u6a21\u578b\u4ee5\u591a\u79cd\u65b9\u5f0f\u4f7f\u7528\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u9884\u6d4b\u5929\u6c14\u548c\u63a2\u6d4b\u5916\u661f\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u6c14\u5019\u3002\u65e0\u8bba\u5176\u5e94\u7528\u5982\u4f55\uff0c\u6c14\u5019\u6a21\u578b\u7684\u4e00\u822c\u7279\u5f81\u4fdd\u6301\u4e0d\u53d8\u3002\u5c06\u5927\u6c14\u6216\u6d77\u6d0b\u79bb\u6563\u5316\uff0c\u5e76\u5728\u6a21\u578b\u7f51\u683c\u4e0a\u6570\u503c\u6c42\u89e3\u4e00\u7ec4\u8868\u793a\u7269\u7406\u5b9a\u5f8b\u7684\u65b9\u7a0b\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u8d28\u91cf\u5b88\u6052\u3001\u52a8\u91cf\u5b88\u6052\u548c\u80fd\u91cf\u5b88\u6052\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
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\u56fe5. \u6570\u503c\u6a21\u578b\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5f00\u5c55\u6c14\u5019\u7814\u7a76\u548c\u4f30\u7b97\u5927\u6c14\u548c\u6d77\u6d0b\u4e2d\u7684\u4e0d\u53ef\u9006\u8fc7\u7a0b\u81f3\u5173\u91cd\u8981\u3002\u8fd9\u5f20\u56fe\u7247\u662f\u7528\u5927\u6c14\u5efa\u6a21\u7cfb\u7edf[14]\u8fdb\u884c\u7684\u7406\u60f3\u9ad8\u5206\u8fa8\u7387\u6a21\u62df\u7684\u4e91\u5feb\u7167\u3002\u8be5\u6a21\u62df\u4f7f\u7528\u95f4\u8ddd\u4e3a250\u7c73\u7684\u6c34\u5e73\u7f51\u683c\uff0c\u8de8\u8d8a100×100\u5e73\u65b9\u516c\u91cc\u7684\u6d77\u6d0b\u533a\u57df\u3002\u5b83\u6355\u83b7\u4e86\u4e91\u5f62\u6001\u7684\u8bb8\u591a\u7ec6\u8282\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u5728\u56fe\u50cf\u524d\u666f\u4e2d\u5f62\u6210\u73af\u5f62\u7684\u5fae\u5c0f\u8fb9\u754c\u5c42\u4e91\u548c\u6700\u53f3\u4e0b\u89d2\u7684\u7ea4\u7ec6\u5377\u4e91\u3002\u4ea7\u751f\u4e0d\u53ef\u9006\u71b5\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff0c\u5982\u6df7\u5408\u3001\u84b8\u53d1\u548c\u96e8\u6ef4\u4e0b\u843d\uff0c\u65e0\u6cd5\u6c42\u89e3\uff0c\u5fc5\u987b\u901a\u8fc7\u79f0\u4e3a\u53c2\u6570\u5316\u7684\u5b50\u6a21\u578b\u8fdb\u884c\u4f30\u8ba1\u3002<\/span><\/strong><\/section>\n
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\u65b9\u68462. \u5176\u4ed6\u884c\u661f\u4e0a\u7684\u70ed\u673a<\/span><\/strong><\/strong><\/section>\n

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\u81ea\u8f6c\u901f\u7387\u3001\u884c\u661f\u548c\u8f68\u9053\u534a\u5f84\u3001\u5e73\u5747\u6e29\u5ea6\u548c\u542b\u6c34\u91cf\uff0c\u4f7f\u5f97\u5730\u7403\u6c14\u5019\u5177\u6709\u72ec\u7279\u7684\u603b\u4f53\u7279\u5f81\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u592a\u9633\u7cfb\u4e2d\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u884c\u661f\uff0c\u6216\u56f4\u7ed5\u5176\u4ed6\u6052\u661f\u7684\u884c\u661f\u7684\u6c14\u5019\u6709\u7740\u663e\u8457\u4e0d\u540c\u3002\u5730\u7403\u70ed\u673a\u662f\u5177\u6709\u6d41\u4f53\u5916\u58f3\u7684\u884c\u661f\u4e0a\u5404\u79cd\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u4f8b\u5b50\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5de8\u884c\u661f<\/span>\uff08\u6728\u661f\u3001\u571f\u661f\u3001\u5929\u738b\u661f\u548c\u6d77\u738b\u661f\uff09<\/span>\u90fd\u88ab\u5047\u5b9a\u4e3a\u6709\u6c34\u4e91\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83\u4eec\u4e5f\u53ef\u80fd\u6709\u6c28\u3001\u6c22\u786b\u5316\u94f5\u548c\u786b\u5316\u6c22\u4e91\u3002\u571f\u661f\u7684\u536b\u661f\u571f\u536b\u516d\u6709\u7531\u7532\u70f7\u4e91\u548c\u96e8\u6784\u6210\u7684\u6d3b\u8dc3\u7684\u6c34\u6587\u5faa\u73af\u3002\u5947\u5f02\u7684\u51b7\u51dd\u548c\u84b8\u53d1\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u884c\u661f\u70ed\u673a\u6548\u7387\u5f88\u4f4e\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u901a\u8fc7\u6574\u4e2a\u4e0d\u53ef\u9006\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4ea7\u751f\u76f8\u5f53\u5927\u7684\u71b5\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/p>\n

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\u867d\u7136\u4f17\u6240\u5468\u77e5\u73bb\u5c14\u5179\u66fc\u71b5\u53ef\u4ee5\u63d0\u4f9b\u7406\u60f3\u6c14\u4f53\u4e2d\u5206\u5b50\u901f\u5ea6\u7684\u5e73\u8861\u5206\u5e03\uff0c\u4f46\u5f53\u5e94\u7528\u4e8e\u884c\u661f\u6d41\u4f53\u5916\u58f3\u65f6\uff0c\u5b83\u9884\u6d4b\u4e86\u53cd\u76f4\u89c9\u7684\u7edd\u5999\u7684\u6f02\u4eae\u884c\u4e3a\uff0c\u5982\u5c04\u6d41\u548c\u6da1\u65cb\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u4ee5\u5206\u5c42\u548c\u65cb\u8f6c\u4e3a\u4e3b\u7684\u9ad8\u96f7\u8bfa\u6570\u6d41\u4f53<\/span>\uff08\u8fd9\u662f\u5927\u591a\u6570\u884c\u661f\u6d41\u4f53\u5916\u58f3\u7684\u7279\u5f81\uff09<\/span>\u8868\u73b0\u51fa\u51c6\u4e8c\u7ef4\u884c\u4e3a\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u5bfc\u81f4\u9ad8\u80fd\u91cf\u7ea7\u8054\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
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\u4e8c\u7ef4\u6e4d\u6d41\u4e0d\u4f1a\u4ea7\u751f\u56e0\u7c98\u5ea6\u9010\u6e10\u6d88\u5931\u7684\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u5c0f\u7684\u6da1\u6d41\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u4ea7\u751f\u66f4\u5927\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\u5e76\u53ef\u6301\u7eed\u5b58\u5728\u3002\u4e8c\u7ef4\u6d41\u4f53\u5728\u7406\u8bba\u4e0a\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u7279\u6b8a\u7684\u6311\u6218\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u4eec\u6709\u65e0\u9650\u591a\u7684\u53d8\u91cf\u5b88\u6052\uff0c\u8fd9\u5728\u5f88\u5927\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u9650\u5236\u4e86\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u6f14\u5316\u3002Robert-Sommeria-Miller<\/span>\uff08RSM\uff09<\/span>\u7406\u8bba\u514b\u670d\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e00\u6280\u672f\u6311\u6218\u3002<\/span>\uff08\u89c1\u53c2\u8003\u6587\u732e[11]\u4e2d\u7684\u7efc\u8ff0\u3002\uff09<\/span><\/section>\n
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  1. \n
    M. S. Singh, M. E O\u2019Neill, Rev. Mod. Phys. 94, 015001 (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1103\/RevModPhys.94.015001<\/section>\n<\/li>\n
  2. \n
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