{"id":38506,"date":"2022-11-16T21:39:28","date_gmt":"2022-11-16T13:39:28","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/swarma.org\/?p=38506"},"modified":"2022-11-16T21:39:28","modified_gmt":"2022-11-16T13:39:28","slug":"%e8%87%aa%e4%b8%8a%e8%80%8c%e4%b8%8b%e7%9a%84%e5%9b%a0%e6%9e%9c%e5%85%b3%e7%b3%bb%ef%bc%9a%e6%95%b0%e5%ad%a6%e7%bb%93%e6%9e%84%e4%b8%8e%e8%a7%82%e5%af%9f%e8%80%85","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/swarma.org\/?p=38506","title":{"rendered":"\u81ea\u4e0a\u800c\u4e0b\u7684\u56e0\u679c\u5173\u7cfb\uff1a\u6570\u5b66\u7ed3\u6784\u4e0e\u89c2\u5bdf\u8005"},"content":{"rendered":"
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Ot\u00e1vio Bueno<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/strong> <\/span>| \u4f5c\u8005<\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u5218\u5fd7\u822a<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/strong> <\/span>| \u8bd1\u8005<\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u5218\u57f9\u6e90<\/span><\/span> <\/span>| \u5ba1\u6821<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u9093\u4e00\u96ea<\/span><\/span> <\/span>| \u7f16\u8f91<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n


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Mathematics and Measurement: Causation and the Mind<\/span><\/p>\n

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https:\/\/link.springer.com\/chapter\/10.1007\/978-3-030-71899-2_3<\/span><\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/blockquote>\n


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4. \u7ed3\u8bba<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n


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\u6458\u8981\uff1a<\/span><\/strong><\/span>\u8fd9\u7bc7\u6587\u7ae0\u8ba8\u8bba\u4e86\u81ea\u4e0a\u800c\u4e0b\u56e0\u679c\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u4e24\u4e2a\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u4e54\u6cbb\u00b7\u57c3\u5229\u65af<\/span>\uff08George Ellis\uff0c\u8457\u540d\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u4e0e\u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf\u5b66\u8005\uff09<\/span>\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e00\u590d\u6742\u6982\u5ff5\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u4ee4\u4eba\u4fe1\u670d\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\u3002\u4f5c\u8005\u9996\u5148\u8003\u5bdf\u4e86\u6570\u5b66\u77e9\u9635\u7ed3\u6784\uff0c\u5e76\u8ba4\u8ba4\u4e3a\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7ed3\u6784\u662f\u5426\u53ef\u4ee5\u8fdb\u5165\u4efb\u4f55\u56e0\u679c\u5173\u7cfb\u5c1a\u4e0d\u6e05\u695a\u3002\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u4f5c\u8005\u5f3a\u8c03\u5728\u5e94\u7528\u6570\u5b66\u7684\u80cc\u666f\u4e0b\uff0c\u6570\u5b66\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\u6240\u8d77\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u3002\u5176\u6b21\uff0c\u4f5c\u8005\u8003\u5bdf\u4e86\u81ea\u4e0a\u800c\u4e0b\u7684\u56e0\u679c\u5173\u7cfb\u5728\u6d4b\u91cf\u4e2d\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u5728\u91cf\u5b50\u529b\u5b66\u4e2d\uff0c\u5e76\u786e\u5b9a\u4e86\u89c2\u5bdf\u8005\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u3002\u8fd9\u7bc7\u6587\u7ae0\u5f88\u5927\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u540c\u610f\u57c3\u5229\u65af\u7684\u603b\u4f53\u4fe1\u606f\uff0c\u4f46\u53ef\u80fd\u5bf9\u67d0\u4e9b\u7ec6\u8282\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u7565\u6709\u4e0d\u540c\u3002\u4f5c\u8005\u662f\u5728\u5e7f\u6cdb\u7684\u7ecf\u9a8c\u4e3b\u4e49\u80cc\u666f\u4e0b\u9610\u660e\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e00\u4fe1\u606f\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u6570\u5b66\u7684\u672c\u4f53\u8bba\u901a\u5e38\u88ab\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e3a\u65e2\u4e0d\u5728\u65f6\u7a7a\u4e2d\u4e5f\u4e0d\u5177\u6709\u56e0\u679c\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\u548c\u7ed3\u6784<\/span>\uff08\u53c2\u89c1 Lewis 1986\uff1bHale 1987\uff1bColyvan 2001\uff09<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u5f3a\u8c03\u81ea\u4e0a\u800c\u4e0b\u56e0\u679c\u5173\u7cfb\u4f5c\u7528\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u6709\u8da3\u7ed3\u679c\u662f\uff0c\u81f3\u5c11\u5728\u67d0\u79cd\u89c6\u89d2\u4e0b\uff0c\u6570\u5b66\u5728\u56e0\u679c\u5173\u7cfb\u89e3\u91ca\u4e0a\u53d8\u5f97\u6d3b\u8dc3\u3002\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u6839\u636e\u57c3\u5229\u65af\u7684\u8bf4\u6cd5\uff0c\u6570\u5b66\u7684\u62bd\u8c61\u4e16\u754c\u5728\u56e0\u679c\u4e0a\u662f\u6709\u6548\u7684<\/span>\uff08causally efficacious\uff09<\/span>\uff1a<\/span><\/section>\n
\n
\n
\u6570\u5b66\u8fd9\u4e2a\u62bd\u8c61\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u5728\u4e24\u4e2a\u65b9\u9762\u662f\u56e0\u679c\u6709\u6548\u7684\u3002\u9996\u5148\uff0c\u5b83\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u4eba\u7c7b\u7684\u5fc3\u667a\u63a2\u7d22\uff0c\u7531\u6b64\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u4ee5\u591a\u79cd\u65b9\u5f0f\u5171\u4eab\u548c\u8868\u793a\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u5c06\u66fc\u5fb7\u5e03\u6d1b\u7279\u96c6\u7684\u56fe\u5f62\u7248\u672c\u5370\u5237\u5728\u4e00\u672c\u4e66\u4e2d\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u5728\u9875\u9762\u7684\u58a8\u6c34\u4e2d\u4ea7\u751f\u8fd9\u79cd\u62bd\u8c61\u56fe\u6848\u7684\u7269\u7406\u4f53\u73b0\u3002\uff08Ellis 2016, p. 367\uff09<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/blockquote>\n

<\/section>\n
<\/section>\n
\u56fe1. \u66fc\u5fb7\u5e03\u6d1b\u7279\u96c6\uff08Mandelbrot set\uff09\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/section>\n
\u6b63\u662f\u4eba\u7c7b\u5fc3\u667a\u5bf9\u6570\u5b66\u7684\u63a2\u7d22\uff0c\u4f7f\u4eba\u4eec\u80fd\u591f\u53d1\u73b0\u62bd\u8c61\u5bf9\u8c61\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u65b0\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u5e76\u5728\u7269\u7406\u4e16\u754c\u4e2d\u8868\u793a\u8fd9\u79cd\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u5728\u66fc\u5fb7\u5e03\u6d1b\u7279\u96c6\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u7528\u62bd\u8c61\u56fe\u6848\u7684\u5370\u5237\u8868\u793a\u3002\u4f46\u8fd9\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u62bd\u8c61\u4e16\u754c\u56e0\u679c\u6709\u6548\u7684\u552f\u4e00\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002\u57c3\u5229\u65af\u7ee7\u7eed\u8bf4\uff1a<\/span><\/section>\n
\n
\n
\u5176\u6b21\uff0c\u7531\u6b64\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\uff08\u62bd\u8c61\u5bf9\u8c61\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\uff09\u5173\u7cfb\u53ef\u7528\u4e8e\u5546\u4e1a\u3001\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u548c\u5de5\u7a0b\u5b66\uff0c\u4ee5\u5206\u6790\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u6539\u53d8\u4e16\u754c\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u6570\u5b66\u662f\u5546\u4e1a\u548c\u5efa\u7b51\u9879\u76ee\u4e2d\u6539\u53d8\u6211\u4eec\u5468\u56f4\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u5efa\u7b51\u548c\u5de5\u7a0b\u51b3\u7b56\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u3002\u5b83\u8fd8\u5960\u5b9a\u4e86\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u652f\u6491\u5de5\u7a0b\u5b66\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u9ea6\u514b\u65af\u97e6\u65b9\u7a0b\u7ec4\u662f\u7535\u4fe1\u884c\u4e1a\u57fa\u7840\u7684\u7406\u8bba[. . . ]\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u6570\u5b66\u5173\u7cfb\u5bf9\u4e16\u754c\u4e0a\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\u4ea7\u751f\u4e86\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\uff08Ellis 2016, p. 367\uff09<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/blockquote>\n

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\u4f7f\u7528\u6570\u5b66\u6765\u5206\u6790\u73b0\u5b9e\u5de5\u7a0b\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u5bf9\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u53d8\u5316\u91c7\u53d6\u884c\u52a8\u3002\u4e00\u4e2a\u5de5\u7a0b\u9879\u76ee\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u91d1\u95e8\u5927\u6865\u7684\u5efa\u8bbe\uff0c\u662f\u5728\u4ed4\u7ec6\u7684\u6570\u5b66\u5206\u6790\u4e0b\u8bbe\u8ba1\u7684\uff0c\u4f53\u73b0\u4e86\u6570\u5b66\u53ef\u4ee5\u7ed9\u4e16\u754c\u5e26\u6765\u7684\u5404\u79cd\u53d8\u5316\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u5982\u679c\u6211\u4eec\u7406\u89e3\u5f97\u5f53\uff0c\u8fd9\u65e0\u7591\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5408\u7406\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u3002\u6beb\u65e0\u7591\u95ee\uff0c\u6570\u5b66\u5728\u6211\u4eec\u8868\u793a\u3001\u7406\u89e3\u548c\u6539\u53d8\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u4e2d\u8d77\u7740\u81f3\u5173\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u3002\u6ce2\u666e\u5c14<\/span>\uff081972\uff09<\/span>\u4e5f\u634d\u536b\u4e86\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u79cd\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u5373\u6570\u5b66\u4e16\u754c\u662f\u56e0\u679c\u6709\u6548\u7684\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u4f46\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u6e05\u695a\uff0c\u662f\u5426\u9700\u8981\u6570\u5b66\u4e16\u754c\u672c\u8eab\u5177\u6709\u56e0\u679c\u6548\u529b\uff0c\u5b83\u624d\u80fd\u5728\u6211\u4eec\u7406\u89e3\u548c\u6539\u53d8\u4e16\u754c\u4e2d\u53d1\u6325\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u3002\u6bd5\u7adf\uff0c\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u6570\u5b66\u7ed3\u6784\u4e0e\u5b8c\u5168\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u7269\u7406\u60c5\u51b5\u517c\u5bb9\uff0c\u5177\u6709\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u56e0\u679c\u5173\u7cfb\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u9274\u4e8e\u76f8\u5173\u6570\u5b66\u7ed3\u6784\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u517c\u5bb9\u6027\u5e76\u4e14\u6ca1\u6709\u76f8\u5e94\u7684\u56e0\u679c\u53d8\u5316\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5c1a\u4e0d\u6e05\u695a\u6570\u5b66\u662f\u5426\u5177\u6709\u56e0\u679c\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u5e76\u5bf9\u7269\u7406\u4e16\u754c\u4e2d\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u8d1f\u8d23\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u8003\u8651\u4e00\u4e0b\u91cf\u5b50\u529b\u5b66\u4e2d\u7684\u72c4\u62c9\u514b\u65b9\u7a0b\uff1a\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5177\u6709\u8d1f\u80fd\u89e3\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u65b9\u7a0b\u3002\u90a3\u4e48\u95ee\u9898\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u89e3\u91ca\u8fd9\u4e9b\u89e3\u3002\u4e8b\u5b9e\u8bc1\u660e\uff0c\u65b9\u7a0b\u53ca\u5176\u89e3\u4e0e\u4e09\u79cd\u622a\u7136\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u7269\u7406\u60c5\u51b5\u517c\u5bb9\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u662f\u8d1f\u80fd\u89e3\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4e0e\u7269\u7406\u4e16\u754c\u4e2d\u7684\u4efb\u4f55\u4e8b\u7269\u90fd\u4e0d\u5bf9\u5e94\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u4fdd\u7f57\u00b7\u72c4\u62c9\u514b<\/span>\uff08Paul Dirac\uff09<\/span>\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e2a\u65b9\u7a0b\u7684\u6700\u521d\u53cd\u5e94\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u65b9\u7a0b\u5728\u4ed6 1928 \u5e74\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u9047\u5230\u8fd9\u4e2a\u65b9\u7a0b\u540e\u4ee5\u4ed6\u7684\u540d\u5b57\u547d\u540d\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u53cd\u5e94\u662f\u76f8\u5f53\u5408\u7406\u7684\uff0c\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e0e\u7ecf\u5178\u529b\u5b66\u4e2d\u65b9\u7a0b\u7684\u8d1f\u89e3\u65f6\u7684\u53cd\u5e94\u662f\u4e00\u6837\u7684\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5230 1930 \u5e74\uff0c\u72c4\u62c9\u514b\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u5bf9\u72c4\u62c9\u514b\u65b9\u7a0b\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u89e3\u91ca\uff1a\u8d1f\u91cf\u89e3\u5bf9\u5e94\u4e8e\u65f6\u7a7a\u4e2d\u7684\u201c\u6d1e\u201d\u3002\u4f46\u6b63\u5982\u7ef4\u5c14\u7eb3\u00b7\u6d77\u68ee\u5821<\/span>\uff08Werner Heisenberg\uff09<\/span>\u548c\u8d6b\u5c14\u66fc\u00b7\u5916\u5c14<\/span>\uff08Hermann Weyl\uff09<\/span>\u7b49\u4eba\u8fc5\u901f\u6307\u51fa\u7684\u90a3\u6837\uff0c\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u89e3\u91ca\u4e2d\uff0c\u7535\u5b50\u548c\u8d28\u5b50\u5c06\u5177\u6709\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u8d28\u91cf\uff0c\u8fd9\u5728\u7ecf\u9a8c\u4e0a\u663e\u7136\u662f\u4e0d\u5145\u5206\u7684\u30021931 \u5e74\uff0c\u72c4\u62c9\u514b\u4e0d\u4e3a\u6240\u52a8\u5730\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u5bf9\u540c\u4e00\u65b9\u7a0b\u7684\u7b2c\u4e09\u79cd\u89e3\u91ca\uff0c\u6839\u636e\u8be5\u65b9\u7a0b\uff0c\u8d1f\u80fd\u89e3\u5bf9\u5e94\u4e8e\u4e0e\u7535\u5b50\u8d28\u91cf\u76f8\u540c\u4f46\u7535\u8377\u76f8\u53cd\u7684\u65b0\u7c92\u5b50\u3002\u6b21\u5e74\uff0c\u5373 1932 \u5e74\uff0c\u5361\u5c14\u00b7\u5b89\u5fb7\u68ee<\/span>\uff08Carl Anderson\uff09<\/span>\u5236\u4f5c\u4e86\u4e00\u5f20\u5b87\u5b99\u8f90\u5c04\u7684\u4e91\u96fe\u5ba4\u56fe\u50cf\uff0c\u7ecf\u8fc7\u9002\u5f53\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u652f\u6301\u8fd9\u79cd\u7c92\u5b50\u7684\u5b58\u5728\uff1a\u6b63\u7535\u5b50\u5df2\u7ecf\u88ab\u53d1\u73b0<\/span>\uff08\u6709\u5173\u8be6\u7ec6\u4fe1\u606f\u548c\u53c2\u8003\u8d44\u6599\uff0c\u8bf7\u53c2\u9605 Bueno 2005\uff09<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u56fe2. \u6b63\u7535\u5b50\u7684\u56fe\u50cf\u3002\u72c4\u62c9\u514b\u63d0\u51fa\u4e00\u79cd\u5e26\u6b63\u7535\u8377\u7684\u7535\u5b50\uff0c1932\u5e74\u5b89\u5fb7\u68ee\u7b49\u4eba\u5728\u4e91\u96fe\u5ba4\u4e2d\u89c2\u6d4b\u5230\u4e86\u6b63\u7535\u5b50\uff0c\u5f00\u8f9f\u4e86\u53cd\u7269\u8d28\u9886\u57df\u7684\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u4ed6\u4e5f\u56e0\u6b64\u83b7\u5f97\u4e86\u8bfa\u8d1d\u5c14\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5956\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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\u63a5\u4e0b\u6765\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u662f\uff0c\u7a76\u7adf\u662f\u6570\u5b66\u7684\u62bd\u8c61\u4e16\u754c\u5177\u6709\u56e0\u679c\u6709\u6548\u6027\uff0c\u8fd8\u662f\u4eba\u4eec\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4e16\u754c\u4e2d\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\uff0c\u5728\u67d0\u4e9b\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u662f\u7531\u5bf9\u6570\u5b66\u5f62\u5f0f\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u9002\u5f53\u89e3\u91ca\u6240\u51b3\u5b9a\u7684\uff0c\u6700\u7ec8\u662f\u56e0\u679c\u6709\u6548\u6027\u3002\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u6570\u5b66\u4e0e\u4e16\u754c\u4e0a\u975e\u5e38\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u7269\u7406\u72b6\u6001\u517c\u5bb9\u8fd9\u4e00\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4f3c\u4e4e\u8d28\u7591\u62bd\u8c61\u4e16\u754c\u4e0e\u7269\u7406\u73af\u5883\u4e4b\u95f4\u662f\u5426\u53ef\u4ee5\u5efa\u7acb\u76f4\u63a5\u7684\u56e0\u679c\u5173\u7cfb\u3002<\/strong>\u4efb\u4f55\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u8054\u7cfb\u90fd\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u5bf9\u6570\u5b66\u7ed3\u6784\u7684\u9002\u5f53\u89e3\u91ca\u6765\u8c03\u8282\u7684\uff0c\u5176\u7ed3\u679c\u662f\uff0c\u4e0e\u5176\u8bf4\u662f\u6570\u5b66\uff0c\u4e0d\u5982\u8bf4\u662f\u5b83\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\u5c06\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u62bd\u8c61\u7ed3\u6784\u4e0e\u76f8\u5e94\u7684\u7269\u7406\u8fc7\u7a0b\u8054\u7cfb\u8d77\u6765\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u6570\u5b66\u5f88\u91cd\u8981\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83\u53ea\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u6574\u4f53\u6846\u67b6\uff0c\u5b83\u5bf9\u7269\u7406\u4e16\u754c\u4e2d\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\u7684\u56e0\u679c\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4fdd\u6301\u6c89\u9ed8\u3002\u5c06\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6846\u67b6\u4e0e\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u7269\u7406\u8fc7\u7a0b\u8054\u7cfb\u8d77\u6765\u7684\u8270\u5de8\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u6070\u5f53\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\uff0c\u8fd9\u901a\u5e38\u4e0d\u662f\u552f\u4e00\u7684\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u4f1a\u5bfc\u81f4\u975e\u5e38\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u56e0\u679c\u7ed3\u679c\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u4f5c\u4e3a\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u7684\u8bf4\u660e\uff0c\u8bf7\u8003\u8651\u9009\u62e9\u516c\u7406<\/span>\uff08Axiom of Choice\uff09<\/span>\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\uff0c\u8be5\u516c\u7406\u5728\u5176\u4f17\u591a\u516c\u5f0f\u4e2d\u6307\u5b9a\u4efb\u4f55\u975e\u7a7a\u96c6\u5408\u90fd\u5177\u6709\u9009\u62e9\u51fd\u6570\uff0c\u5373\u4ece\u539f\u59cb\u96c6\u5408\u4e2d\u7684\u6bcf\u4e2a\u96c6\u5408\u751f\u6210\u76f8\u5e94\u5143\u7d20\u7684\u51fd\u6570\u3002\u4f17\u6240\u5468\u77e5\uff0c\u4ece\u8fd9\u4e2a\u516c\u7406\u53ef\u4ee5\u770b\u51fa\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e2a\u96c6\u5408\u90fd\u53ef\u4ee5\u662f\u826f\u5e8f\u7684\u3002\u9009\u62e9\u51fd\u6570\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u826f\u5e8f\u7684\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u5b83\u4e0d\u80fd\u8868\u73b0\u51fa\u6240\u8ba8\u8bba\u7684\u7279\u5b9a\u826f\u5e8f\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u6069\u65af\u7279\u00b7\u7b56\u6885\u6d1b<\/span>\uff08Ernst Zermelo\uff09<\/span>\u5728\u96c6\u5408\u8bba\u65e9\u671f\u5efa\u7acb\u7684\u7ed3\u679c<\/span>\uff08Zermelo 1904\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u9274\u4e8e\u9009\u62e9\u516c\u7406\u7684\u660e\u786e\u8868\u8ff0\u6240\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u4e89\u8bae\uff0c\u826f\u5e8f\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u6700\u7ec8\u5bfc\u81f4\u7b56\u6885\u6d1b\u9610\u660e\u4e86\u96c6\u5408\u8bba\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u516c\u7406\u5316<\/span>\uff08Zermelo 1908; \u6709\u5173\u8ba8\u8bba\uff0c\u8bf7\u53c2\u9605 Kanamori 1997\uff09<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u4f46\u9009\u62e9\u516c\u7406\u4e5f\u6709\u610f\u60f3\u4e0d\u5230\u7684\u540e\u679c\uff0c\u6240\u8c13\u7684\u5df4\u62ff\u8d6b-\u5854\u65af\u57fa\u201c\u6096\u8bba\u201d\u5c31\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\u3002\u6839\u636e\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7ed3\u679c\uff0c\u7ed9\u5b9a\u4e00\u4e2a\u56fa\u4f53\u7403\u4f53\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u5c06\u5176\u5206\u89e3\u6210\u6709\u9650\u591a\u7684\u788e\u7247\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u788e\u7247\u53ef\u4ee5\u653e\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\u5f62\u6210\u4e24\u4e2a\u4e0e\u539f\u59cb\u7403\u4f53\u5927\u5c0f\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u56fa\u4f53\u7403\u4f53<\/span>\uff08\u6709\u5173\u9009\u62e9\u516c\u7406\u540e\u679c\u7684\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u8ba8\u8bba\uff0c\u8bf7\u53c2\u9605 Bell 2009\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u6096\u8bba\u7684\u611f\u89c9\u4e8e\u8003\u8651\u5230\u4e00\u4e2a\u7269\u7406\u7403\u4f53<\/span>\uff08\u4e5f\u8bb8\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u6a59\u5b50\uff09<\/span>\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u5207\u6210\u4e24\u4e2a\u7403\u4f53<\/span>\uff08\u4e24\u4e2a\u6a59\u5b50\uff09<\/span>\u800c\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u6df7\u4e71\u3002\u663e\u7136\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\uff0c\u5df4\u62ff\u8d6b-\u5854\u65af\u57fa\u5b9a\u7406\u4e5f\u6ca1\u6709\u53e6\u5916\u8bf4\u660e\u3002\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u8be5\u5b9a\u7406\u4ec5\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u62bd\u8c61\u5bf9\u8c61\uff1a\u6240\u8ba8\u8bba\u7684\u7403\u4f53\u6ca1\u6709\u4f53\u79ef<\/span>\uff08\u5b83\u4eec\u662f\u70b9\u7684\u65e0\u9650\u6563\u5c04\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u8be5\u5b9a\u7406\u5bf9\u5177\u4f53\u5bf9\u8c61<\/span>\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\u6c34\u679c\uff09<\/span>\u53ef\u4ee5\u6216\u4e0d\u80fd\u505a\u4ec0\u4e48\u6ca1\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u8bf4\u660e\u3002\u518d\u4e00\u6b21\uff0c\u5728\u7269\u7406\u4e16\u754c\u4e2d\uff0c\u4ece\u62bd\u8c61\u5b9e\u4f53\u5230\u5177\u4f53\u914d\u7f6e\u6ca1\u6709\u76f4\u63a5\u7684\u56e0\u679c\u5173\u7cfb\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u4e5f\u8bb8\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bf4\uff0c\u6570\u5b66\u53ea\u6709\u4e00\u79cd\u503e\u5411\u56e0\u679c\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\uff1a\u53ea\u6709\u5728\u9002\u5f53\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u624d\u80fd\u5728\u4e16\u754c\u4e0a\u611f\u53d7\u5230\u6570\u5b66\u7684\u56e0\u679c\u6548\u5e94\u3002\u4eba\u7c7b<\/span>\uff08\u6216\u5177\u6709\u76f8\u5e94\u610f\u8bc6\u7684\u751f\u7269\uff09<\/span>\u9700\u8981\u5b58\u5728\u5e76\u80fd\u591f\u9002\u5f53\u5730\u89e3\u91ca\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u6570\u5b66\u7ed3\u6784\uff0c\u5e76\u6839\u636e\u6240\u8ba8\u8bba\u7684\u6570\u5b66\u63d0\u4f9b\u7684\u62bd\u8c61\u6a21\u5f0f\u5728\u73b0\u5b9e\u4e16\u754c\u4e0a\u5b9e\u65bd\u76f8\u5e94\u7684\u884c\u52a8<\/span>\uff08\u5efa\u9020\u6865\u6881\u3001\u98de\u673a\u3001\u7c92\u5b50\u52a0\u901f\u5668\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u4f46\u5173\u952e\u662f\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u6ca1\u6709\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u6570\u5b66\uff0c\u6839\u672c\u65e0\u6cd5\u521b\u5efa\u51e0\u4e2a\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u8fd9\u5c31\u628a\u6570\u5b66\u5728\u79d1\u5b66\u3001\u5de5\u7a0b\u548c\u6280\u672f\u5b9e\u8df5\u4e2d\u4e0d\u53ef\u7f3a\u5c11\u7684\u95ee\u9898<\/span>\uff08Colyvan 2001\uff09<\/span>\u5e26\u5230\u4e86\u79d1\u5b66\u3001\u5de5\u7a0b\u548c\u6280\u672f\u5b9e\u8df5\u4e2d\u3002\u6211\u5f53\u7136\u627f\u8ba4\uff0c\u6570\u5b66\u5bf9\u4e8e\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5b9e\u8df5\u4e2d\u786e\u5b9e\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u6216\u7f3a\u7684\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u5728\u90a3\u4e9b\u53ef\u4ee5\u7701\u7565\u6570\u5b66\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b<\/span>\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5728\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u7b97\u672f\u8ba1\u7b97\u4e2d\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4ec5\u4ece\u903b\u8f91\u89d2\u5ea6\u8fdb\u884c\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u6beb\u65e0\u7591\u95ee\uff0c\u6570\u5b66\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u5f3a\u5927\u7684\u8868\u793a\u5de5\u5177\uff0c\u6781\u5927\u5730\u7b80\u5316\u4e86\u6240\u6d89\u53ca\u7684\u63a8\u7406\u8fc7\u7a0b\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u8d4b\u4e88\u6570\u5b66\u7684\u4e0d\u53ef\u6216\u7f3a\u6027\uff0c\u8fd8\u9700\u8981\u4e00\u4e2a\u989d\u5916\u7684\u6b65\u9aa4\u6765\u5f97\u51fa\u7ed3\u8bba\uff0c\u6570\u5b66\u9700\u8981\u5177\u6709\u56e0\u679c\u6548\u5e94\u624d\u80fd\u53d1\u6325\u8fd9\u79cd\u4e0d\u53ef\u6216\u7f3a\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u4e0e\u5176\u5c06\u8fd9\u4e00\u8fc7\u7a0b\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e3a\u4ece\u62bd\u8c61\u7ed3\u6784\u5230\u7269\u7406\u73b0\u8c61\u3001\u8fc7\u7a0b\u548c\u4e8b\u4ef6\u7684\u81ea\u4e0a\u800c\u4e0b\u7684\u56e0\u679c\u5173\u7cfb\u5f62\u5f0f\uff0c\u4e0d\u5982\u7528\u6570\u5b66\u5728\u7269\u7406\u4e16\u754c\u8868\u793a\u4e2d\u53d1\u6325\u7684\u63a8\u8bba\u4f5c\u7528\u6765\u89e3\u91ca\u3002<\/strong>\u6570\u5b66\u7ed3\u6784\u63d0\u4f9b\u6709\u5173\u7ed9\u5b9a\u62bd\u8c61\u57df\u4e2d\u53ef\u80fd<\/span>\uff08\u6216\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\uff09<\/span>\u914d\u7f6e\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u3002\u4e00\u65e6\u5f97\u5230\u9002\u5f53\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\uff0c\u5c31\u50cf\u72c4\u62c9\u514b\u8bd5\u56fe\u5c06\u72c4\u62c9\u514b\u65b9\u7a0b\u7684\u8d1f\u80fd\u89e3\u8fde\u63a5\u5230\u7269\u7406\u4e16\u754c\u65f6\u6240\u505a\u7684\u90a3\u6837\uff0c\u6570\u5b66\u7ed3\u679c\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u6765\u63a8\u65ad\u5177\u4f53\u7269\u4f53\u3002\u6beb\u65e0\u7591\u95ee\uff0c\u5c06\u63a8\u7406\u8fc7\u7a0b\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u81ea\u4e0a\u800c\u4e0b\u7684\u56e0\u679c\u5173\u7cfb\u5f62\u5f0f\u662f\u9ad8\u5ea6\u6697\u793a\u6027\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83\u4f3c\u4e4e\u8981\u6c42\u62bd\u8c61\u7ed3\u6784\u672c\u8eab\u5177\u6709\u56e0\u679c\u6548\u529b\u3002\u8981\u505a\u5230\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u7ed3\u6784\u9700\u8981\u6210\u4e3a\u5177\u4f53\u4e16\u754c\u56e0\u679c\u7f51\u7edc\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u5177\u6709\u65f6\u7a7a\u4f4d\u7f6e\u548c\u56e0\u679c\u6d3b\u6027\u3002<\/strong>\u56f0\u96be\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u5728\u62bd\u8c61\u5b9e\u4f53\u7684\u60c5\u666f\u4e2d\u7406\u89e3\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7279\u5f81\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u56f0\u96be\u5728\u4e8e\u6570\u5b66\u7406\u8bba\u901a\u5e38\u6bd4\u4efb\u4f55\u6f5c\u5728\u7684\u7269\u7406\u5b9e\u4f8b\u5177\u6709\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\u3002\u6570\u5b66\u7406\u8bba\u5728\u7269\u7406\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u5e94\u7528\u4e2d\u5982\u6b64\u6709\u7528\u7684\u90e8\u5206\u539f\u56e0\u662f\u5b83\u4eec\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u989d\u5916\u7684\uff0c\u591a\u4f59\u7684\u7ed3\u6784<\/span>\uff08Bueno & French 2018\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u4e0a\u9762\u72c4\u62c9\u514b\u65b9\u7a0b\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\u4e5f\u8bf4\u660e\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\uff0c\u8003\u8651\u5230\u6700\u521d\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u5b8c\u5168\u591a\u4f59\u7684\u6570\u5b66\u7279\u5f81<\/span>\uff08\u5373\u8d1f\u80fd\u89e3\uff09<\/span>\u6240\u8d77\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u53ea\u662f\u7ed3\u6784\u5197\u4f59\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u9002\u5f53\u7684\u7269\u7406\u89e3\u91ca\uff0c\u7ed3\u679c\u8bc1\u660e\u5728\u542f\u53d1\u5f0f\u4e0a\u975e\u5e38\u5bcc\u6709\u6210\u6548\uff0c\u5e76\u6700\u7ec8\u53d1\u73b0\u4e86\u4e00\u79cd\u65b0\u7c92\u5b50<\/span>\uff08\u6b63\u7535\u5b50\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u6709\u8da3\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u5f53\u5b89\u5fb7\u68ee\u88ab\u95ee\u53ca\u4ed6\u662f\u5426\u77e5\u9053\u72c4\u62c9\u514b\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u65f6\uff0c\u4ed6\u627f\u8ba4\u4ed6\u77e5\u9053\u72c4\u62c9\u514b\u7684\u8bba\u6587\uff0c\u4f46\u6307\u51fa\u4ed6\u5fd9\u4e8e\u5904\u7406\u4ed6\u7684\u4eea\u5668\uff0c\u5728\u4ed6\u770b\u6765\uff0c\u6b63\u7535\u5b50\u7684\u53d1\u73b0\u5bf9\u4ed6\u6765\u8bf4\u662f\u201c\u4e00\u4e2a\u610f\u5916\u201d <\/span>\uff08\u6709\u5173\u53c2\u8003\uff0c\u8bf7\u53c2\u89c1 Bueno 2005\uff09<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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3. \u6d4b\u91cf\u548c\u81ea\u4e0b\u800c\u4e0a\u7684\u56e0\u679c\u5173\u7cfb<\/span><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n

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\u56fe3. \u4e54\u6cbb\u00b7\u57c3\u5229\u65af\uff08George Ellis\uff09\uff0c\u8457\u540d\u7406\u8bba\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u7687\u5bb6\u5b66\u4f1a\u9662\u58eb\uff0c\u5357\u975e\u5f00\u666e\u6566\u5927\u5b66\u6570\u5b66\u4e0e\u5e94\u7528\u6570\u5b66\u7cfb\u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf\u8363\u4f11\u6559\u6388\u3002\u66fe\u4e0e\u5251\u6865\u5927\u5b66\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u65af\u8482\u82ac\u00b7\u970d\u91d1\u5408\u8457\u4e86\u300a\u65f6\u7a7a\u7684\u5927\u5c3a\u5ea6\u7ed3\u6784\u300b\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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\u6839\u636e\u57c3\u5229\u65af\u7684\u8bf4\u6cd5\uff0c\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u81ea\u4e0a\u800c\u4e0b\u7684\u56e0\u679c\u5173\u7cfb\u4e5f\u81f3\u5173\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u9886\u57df\u662f\u5fae\u89c2\u7269\u7406\u5b66\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u5728\u91cf\u5b50\u529b\u5b66\u6d4b\u91cf\u7684\u80cc\u666f\u4e0b\u3002\u901a\u5e38\uff0c\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u662f\u8981\u5c06\u6309\u7167\u859b\u5b9a\u8c14\u65b9\u7a0b\u6f14\u5316\u7684\u91cf\u5b50\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u6f14\u5316\u4e0e\u6d4b\u91cf\u8fc7\u7a0b\u533a\u5206\u5f00\u6765\uff0c\u5728\u9002\u5f53\u7684\u51c6\u5907\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u6d4b\u91cf\u8fc7\u7a0b\u65e8\u5728\u786e\u5b9a\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u72b6\u6001\u3002\u6b63\u5982\u57c3\u5229\u65af\u6240\u6307\u51fa\u7684\uff1a<\/span><\/section>\n
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\u6d4b\u91cf\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e0e\u72b6\u6001\u51c6\u5907\u8fc7\u7a0b\u6709\u663e\u7740\u76f8\u4f3c\u4e4b\u5904\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u4e24\u8005\u90fd\u53ef\u4ee5\u5c06\u4f5c\u4e3a\u72b6\u6001\u53e0\u52a0\u7684\u6ce2\u51fd\u6570\u66f4\u6539\u4e3a\u7279\u5f81\u51fd\u6570\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u662f\u975e\u5355\u4e00\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff0c\u4e0d\u7b49\u4ef7\u4e8e\u859b\u5b9a\u8c14\u65b9\u7a0b\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u3002\uff08Ellis 2016, p. 273\uff09<\/span><\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/blockquote>\n

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\u5c06\u89c2\u5bdf\u8005\u4e0e\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u7684\u91cf\u5b50\u7cfb\u7edf\u533a\u5206\u5f00\u6765\u4e5f\u662f\u5e38\u89c1\u4e14\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u3002\u5426\u5219\uff0c\u6d4b\u91cf\u8bbe\u5907\u4e0e\u5f85\u6d4b\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\u5c06\u4ec5\u76f8\u5f53\u4e8e\u91cf\u5b50\u529b\u5b66\u8981\u89e3\u91ca\u7684\u53e6\u4e00\u79cd\u7269\u7406\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u5bf9\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u6d4b\u91cf\u3002\u4f46\u6d4b\u91cf\u4e0d\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u4efb\u4f55\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\uff1a\u5b83\u6d89\u53ca\u5230\u4e00\u4e9b\u7279\u6b8a\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u89c2\u5bdf\u8005\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u4ee5\u53ca\u89c2\u5bdf\u8005\u5f71\u54cd\u6d4b\u91cf\u8fc7\u7a0b\u67d0\u4e9b\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u3002\u6b63\u662f\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5173\u5934\uff0c\u81ea\u4e0a\u800c\u4e0b\u7684\u56e0\u679c\u5173\u7cfb\u8fdb\u5165\u4e86\u3002\u57c3\u5229\u65af\u5f3a\u8c03\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\uff1a<\/span><\/section>\n
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\u5b9e\u9a8c\u89c2\u70b9\u662f\uff0c\u5b8f\u89c2\u89c2\u5bdf\u8005\u548c\u8bbe\u5907\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5b8f\u89c2\u5b9e\u4f53\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u7406\u6240\u5f53\u7136\u7684\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u542f\u7528\u72b6\u6001\u5411\u91cf\u51c6\u5907\u548c\u786e\u5b9a\u6d4b\u91cf\u7ed3\u679c\u7684\u60c5\u5883\u65b9\u9762\u5f71\u54cd\u91cf\u5b50\u72b6\u6001\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u786e\u5b9a\u5c06\u6cbf\u5176\u6d4b\u91cf\u81ea\u65cb\u7684\u8f74\u3002\u5f53\u7136\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e24\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u90fd\u662f\u81ea\u4e0a\u800c\u4e0b\u7684\u56e0\u679c\u5173\u7cfb\u3002\uff08Ellis 2016, pp. 273\u2013274\uff09<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/blockquote>\n

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\u57c3\u5229\u65af\u5c06\u89c2\u5bdf\u8005\u5728\u6d4b\u91cf\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u53ef\u80fd\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u4e24\u79cd\u5f71\u54cd<\/span>\uff08\u5373\uff0c\u542f\u7528\u72b6\u6001\u5411\u91cf\u51c6\u5907\u548c\u4e3a\u6d4b\u91cf\u7ed3\u679c\u63d0\u4f9b\u60c5\u5883\uff09<\/span>\u8bc6\u522b\u4e3a\u81ea\u4e0a\u800c\u4e0b\u56e0\u679c\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u5b9e\u4f8b\u662f\u5b8c\u5168\u6b63\u786e\u7684\u3002\u6bd5\u7adf\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e24\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u7c97\u7565\u5730\u8bf4\uff0c\u90fd\u6d89\u53ca\u4ece\u601d\u7ef4\u5230\u8eab\u4f53\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u8fd9\u4e24\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u4e5f\u76f8\u5f53\u5408\u7406\uff0c\u4e0d\u50cf\u4ea7\u751f\u91cf\u5b50\u529b\u5b66\u7279\u6709\u7684\u4ee4\u4eba\u56f0\u60d1\u7684\u56f0\u96be\u6216\u6311\u6218\u3002\u6bd5\u7adf\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u5728\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u6d4b\u91cf\u4e2d\u53d1\u73b0\u4e86\u7c7b\u4f3c\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u4e3a\u4e86\u4f7f\u7528\u900f\u5c04\u7535\u5b50\u663e\u5fae\u955c\uff0c\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u5bb6\u9996\u5148\u9700\u8981\u6b63\u786e\u51c6\u5907\u6837\u54c1\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u65e0\u6cd5\u901a\u8fc7\u6d4b\u91cf\u8fc7\u7a0b\u68c0\u6d4b\u5230\u4efb\u4f55\u6709\u7528\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u3002\u53ea\u6709\u5728\u6837\u54c1\u548c\u663e\u5fae\u955c\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u9002\u5f53\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\u5df2\u7ecf\u8bbe\u7f6e\u597d\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u6d4b\u91cf\u624d\u80fd\u4ea7\u751f\u6700\u4f4e\u9650\u5ea6\u7684\u8db3\u591f\u7ed3\u679c\u3002\u6362\u53e5\u8bdd\u8bf4\uff0c\u6837\u54c1\u5236\u5907\u662f\u5fc5\u4e0d\u53ef\u5c11\u7684\u6b65\u9aa4\uff0c\u5b83\u4e3a\u6574\u4e2a\u6d4b\u91cf\u8fc7\u7a0b\u63d0\u4f9b\u4fe1\u606f\u3002\u8fd9\u5305\u62ec\u5c06\u4e00\u5757\u88ab\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u6750\u6599\u5207\u5272\u6210\u9002\u5f53\u7684\u5c3a\u5bf8\uff0c\u5c06\u5176\u7c98\u5728\u73bb\u7483\u677f\u4e0a\uff0c\u7814\u78e8\u548c\u629b\u5149\u6837\u54c1\uff0c\u6700\u540e\u5c06\u5176\u653e\u5165\u6837\u54c1\u67b6\u4e2d\u3002\u89c2\u5bdf\u8005\u5728\u8fc7\u7a0b\u7684\u6bcf\u4e2a\u9636\u6bb5\u6240\u505a\u7684\u9009\u62e9\u548c\u6070\u5f53\u7684\u884c\u52a8\uff0c\u6e05\u695a\u5730\u8bf4\u660e\u4e86\u81ea\u4e0a\u800c\u4e0b\u7684\u56e0\u679c\u5173\u7cfb\u5728\u6d4b\u91cf\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u6240\u8d77\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u3002\u5982\u679c\u9009\u62e9\u4e0d\u540c<\/span>\uff08\u4e0e\u7814\u7a76\u6750\u6599\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u90e8\u5206\uff1b\u5982\u6837\u54c1\u67b6\u4e0a\u653e\u9519\u4e86\u6837\u54c1\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u6d4b\u91cf\u7ed3\u679c<\/span>\uff08\u76f8\u5e94\u7684\u663e\u5fae\u7167\u7247\uff09<\/span>\u4e5f\u4f1a\u76f8\u5e94\u4e0d\u540c\u3002\u89c2\u5bdf\u8005\u6e05\u695a\u5730\u542f\u7528\u548c\u5b9e\u65bd\u6837\u54c1\u5236\u5907\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u540c\u6837\uff0c\u786e\u5b9a\u201c\u6d4b\u91cf\u7ed3\u679c\u7684\u60c5\u5883\u201d\u4e5f\u662f\u7535\u5b50\u663e\u5fae\u955c\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u3002\u6bd5\u7adf\uff0c\u6837\u54c1\u4e2d\u6750\u6599\u7684\u5207\u5272\u65b9\u5f0f\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u4ea7\u751f\u663e\u7740\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\uff0c\u6700\u7ec8\u901a\u8fc7\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u663e\u5fae\u7167\u7247\u8868\u73b0\u51fa\u6765\u3002\u6839\u636e\u663e\u5fae\u7167\u7247\u4e2d\u63d0\u4f9b\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u8ba4\u4e3a\u7ed9\u5b9a\u7ec6\u80de\u7ed3\u6784\u7684\u5f62\u72b6\u662f\u957f\u65b9\u5f62\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u5982\u679c\u8003\u8651\u5230\u5b83\u7684\u4e09\u7ef4\u7ed3\u6784\uff0c\u5219\u76f8\u5173\u5f62\u72b6\u66f4\u63a5\u8fd1\u4e8e\u5706\u67f1\u5f62\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u6d4b\u91cf\u7ed3\u679c\u7684\u80cc\u666f\u5bf9\u4e8e\u6b63\u786e\u786e\u5b9a\u76f8\u5173\u6d4b\u91cf\u7ed3\u679c\u81f3\u5173\u91cd\u8981\uff0c\u4ee5\u4fbf\u4eba\u4eec\u80fd\u591f\u6b63\u786e\u7406\u89e3\u6240\u83b7\u5f97\u7ed3\u679c\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u8003\u8651\u6839\u636e\u5408\u9002\u7684\u663e\u5fae\u7167\u7247\u786e\u5b9a\u7ebf\u7c92\u4f53\u7684\u5f62\u72b6\u3002\u6ce8\u610f\u6d4b\u91cf\u7ed3\u679c\u7684\u9002\u5f53\u60c5\u5883\u5bf9\u4e8e\u907f\u514d\u4ece\u6d4b\u91cf\u7ed3\u679c\u4e2d\u5f97\u51fa\u4e0d\u6b63\u786e\u7684\u63a8\u8bba\u81f3\u5173\u91cd\u8981\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528\u7535\u5b50\u663e\u5fae\u955c\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u662f\u5426\u5e94\u8be5\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u6d4b\u91cf\u7ed3\u679c\uff1f\u6211\u8ba4\u4e3a\u7b54\u6848\u662f\u80af\u5b9a\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u8fd9\u5f53\u7136\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u6d4b\u91cf\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u6982\u5ff5\u3002\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u5e94\u8be5\u8db3\u591f\u5e7f\u6cdb\uff0c\u4ee5\u4fbf\u4eba\u4eec\u7406\u89e3\u6d4b\u91cf\u5982\u4f55\u6d89\u53ca\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u5b9e\u8df5\uff0c\u4e0d\u4ec5\u5728\u7269\u7406\u3001\u5316\u5b66\u548c\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u4e2d\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5728\u5176\u4ed6\u51e0\u4e2a\u4ee3\u8868\u6027\u6d3b\u52a8\u4e2d\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u8003\u53e4\u5b66\u4e2d\u7684\u77f3\u523b\u63d2\u56fe<\/span>\uff08Lopes 2018, Chapter 10\uff09<\/span>\u548c\u7f8e\u672f\u4e2d\u7684\u900f\u89c6\u7ed8\u753b<\/span>\uff08van Fraassen 2008, Chapters 1\u20133\uff09<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u5728\u6700\u4e00\u822c\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u4e2d\uff0c\u6d4b\u91cf\u5177\u6709\u4e24\u4e2a\u7279\u5f81<\/span>\uff08van Fraassen 2008\uff0cp. 91\uff09<\/span>\uff1a\uff08a\uff09\u5b83\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u7279\u6b8a\u7684\u7269\u7406\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\uff0c\uff08b\uff09\u5b83\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u6536\u96c6\u76f8\u5173\u4fe1\u606f\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff0c\u9002\u5408\u4e8e\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\u3002\u6761\u4ef6\uff08a\uff09\u4fdd\u8bc1\u6d4b\u91cf\u662f\u7269\u7406\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u539f\u5219\u4e0a\u662f\u80fd\u591f\u63d0\u4f9b\u6709\u5173\u7269\u7406\u4e16\u754c\u4fe1\u606f\u7684\u90a3\u79cd\u4e1c\u897f\u3002\u6761\u4ef6\uff08b\uff09\u89c4\u5b9a\u6d4b\u91cf\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u662f\u83b7\u53d6\u76f8\u5173\u4fe1\u606f\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u3002\u5f53\u7136\uff0c\u4ec0\u4e48\u662f\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u9ad8\u5ea6\u60c5\u5883\u654f\u611f\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u539f\u5219\u4e0a\uff0c\u8fd9\u5141\u8bb8\u6d4b\u91cf\u5728\u5404\u79cd\u9886\u57df\u4e0a\u8fd0\u884c – \u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u5728\u4efb\u4f55\u53ef\u4ee5\u83b7\u5f97\u7269\u7406\u4fe1\u606f<\/span>\uff08\u5e7f\u6cdb\u7406\u89e3\uff09<\/span>\u7684\u5730\u65b9\u90fd\u53ef\u4ee5\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/section>\n
\u6b63\u5982 Bas van Fraassen \u6240\u5f3a\u8c03\u7684\uff1a<\/span><\/section>\n
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\u6d4b\u91cf\u540c\u65f6\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u7269\u7406\u4ea4\u4e92\u548c\u6709\u610f\u4e49\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u6536\u96c6\u8fc7\u7a0b\u3002\uff08van Fraassen 2008, p. 91\uff09<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/blockquote>\n

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\u6839\u636e\u8fd9\u4e00\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u4ece\u6240\u8ba8\u8bba\u7684\u6d4b\u91cf\u88c5\u7f6e\u6216\u6280\u672f\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u6765\u770b\uff0c\u83b7\u5f97\u6d4b\u91cf\u503c\u662f\u4ee5\u67d0\u79cd\u65b9\u5f0f\u8868\u793a\u76f8\u5173\u73b0\u8c61\u3002van Fraassen \u7ee7\u7eed\u8bf4\u9053\uff1a<\/span><\/section>\n
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\u6d4b\u91cf\u5b8c\u5168\u5c5e\u4e8e\u8868\u793a\u7684\u6807\u9898\uff0c\u800c\u6d4b\u91cf\u8f93\u51fa\u5728\u67d0\u4e2a\u9636\u6bb5\u88ab\u8bbe\u60f3\u4e3a\u4ee5\u89c2\u5bdf\u6027\u63cf\u7ed8\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u5728\u9009\u62e9\u6027\u76f8\u4f3c\u6027\u4e0a\u8fdb\u884c\u4ea4\u6613\u3002\uff08van Fraassen 2008, p. 91\uff09<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/blockquote>\n

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\u900f\u89c6\u7ed8\u56fe\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u4e00\u79cd\u5c06\u4e09\u7ef4\u573a\u666f\u8f6c\u6362\u6216\u8f6c\u79fb\u4e3a\u4e8c\u7ef4\u8868\u9762\u7684\u7279\u5b9a\u6280\u672f\u3002\u8be5\u6280\u672f\u6d89\u53ca\u4e00\u4e2a\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff0c\u5b9e\u73b0\u6b63\u786e\u7ed3\u679c\u6240\u6d89\u53ca\u7684\u6b65\u9aa4\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u4ea7\u54c1\uff0c\u6700\u7ec8\u56fe\u7eb8\uff0c\u5b9e\u73b0\u5230\u900f\u89c6\u3002\u4e24\u8005\u90fd\u4e0e\u6d4b\u91cf\u5bc6\u5207\u76f8\u5173\u3002\u6839\u636e van Fraassen \u7684\u8bf4\u6cd5\uff1a<\/span><\/section>\n
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\u900f\u89c6\u7ed8\u56fe\u4e3a\u6211\u4eec\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u6d4b\u91cf\u7684\u8303\u4f8b\u3002\u7ed8\u5236\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4ea7\u751f\u7ed8\u5236\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u8868\u793a\uff0c\u8be5\u8868\u793a\u6709\u9009\u62e9\u5730\u4eff\u9020\u8be5\u5bf9\u8c61\uff1b\u8fd9\u79cd\u76f8\u4f3c\u6027\u7acb\u5373\u5904\u4e8e\u76f8\u5f53\u9ad8\u7684\u62bd\u8c61\u6c34\u5e73\uff0c\u4f46\u5374\u6d8c\u73b0\u5728\u4eba\u4eec\u7684\u773c\u775b\u91cc\u3002\u867d\u7136\u6709\u5173\u7a7a\u95f4\u914d\u7f6e\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u4ee5\u4e00\u79cd\u56fa\u5b9a\u5173\u7cfb\u6355\u83b7\uff0c\u5f88\u96be\u7528\u5355\u8bcd\u6216\u65b9\u7a0b\u5f0f\u6765\u8868\u793a\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83\u4ee5\u7528\u6237\u53cb\u597d\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u4f20\u8fbe\u7ed9\u6211\u4eec\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4f8b\u5b50\u4e5f\u662f\u5178\u578b\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u663e\u793a\u5f97\u5982\u6b64\u6e05\u6670\uff0c\u4ee5\u81f3\u4e8e\u8868\u793a\uff08\u6d4b\u91cf\u7ed3\u679c\uff09\u663e\u793a\u7684\u4e0d\u662f\u7269\u4f53\u201c\u672c\u8eab\u201d\u7684\u6837\u5b50\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u5b83\u5728\u6d4b\u91cf\u8bbe\u7f6e\u4e2d\u7684\u201c\u6837\u5b50\u201d\u3002\u6240\u7528\u6d4b\u91cf\u4eea\u5668\u7684\u7528\u6237\u5fc5\u987b\u4ee5\u201c\u4ece\u8fd9\u91cc\u5f00\u59cb\u201d\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u5224\u65ad\u7ed3\u679c\u3002\u6700\u540e\uff0c\u786c\u5e01\u8fd8\u6709\u53e6\u4e00\u9762\uff1a\u6b63\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u4e00\u4e2a\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4ea7\u751f\u4e86\u8fd9\u79cd\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u5224\u65ad\u2014\u2014\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u4e00\u79cd\u6d4b\u91cf\uff01\u2014\u2014\u4efb\u4f55\u6a21\u578b\u624d\u53d8\u5f97\u53ef\u7528\u3002\uff08van Fraassen 2008, pp. 91\u201392\uff09<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/blockquote>\n

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\u6709\u8da3\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u900f\u89c6\u56fe\u4e2d\u7684\u89c2\u5bdf\u8005\u9009\u62e9\u63cf\u7ed8\u573a\u666f\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\uff0c\u6d4b\u91cf\u7ed3\u679c\uff0c\u5373\u7ed8\u56fe\u672c\u8eab\uff0c\u5c06\u663e\u793a\u4ece\u8be5\u89d2\u5ea6\u770b\u573a\u666f\u7684\u6837\u5b50\uff1a\u201c\u8fd9\u5c31\u662f\u4ece\u8fd9\u91cc\u5f00\u59cb\u7684\u6837\u5b50\u201d\u3002\u8be5\u89d2\u5ea6\u7684\u9009\u62e9<\/span>\uff08\u573a\u666f\u7684\u53d6\u666f\uff09<\/span>\u5bf9\u5e94\u4e8e\u6d4b\u91cf\u7684\u51c6\u5907\u5f62\u5f0f\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u7531\u6b64\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u9009\u62e9\u6027<\/span>\uff08\u4ec5\u4ece\u89c2\u5bdf\u8005\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u53ef\u4ee5\u770b\u5230\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u663e\u793a\u5728\u7ed8\u56fe\u4e0a\uff09<\/span>\u4e3a\u6d4b\u91cf\u7ed3\u679c\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u60c5\u5883\u3002\u901a\u8fc7\u8fd9\u79cd\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u57c3\u5229\u65af\u5728\u6d4b\u91cf\u4e2d\u786e\u5b9a\u7684\u4e24\u79cd\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u81ea\u4e0a\u800c\u4e0b\u7684\u56e0\u679c\u5173\u7cfb<\/span>\uff082016, pp. 273\u2013274\uff09<\/span>\u4f3c\u4e4e\u90fd\u5b58\u5728\u4e8e\u900f\u89c6\u56fe\u4e2d\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u7ee7\u7eed\u8ba8\u8bba\u91cf\u5b50\u529b\u5b66\u4e2d\u7684\u6d4b\u91cf\uff0c\u57c3\u5229\u65af\u6307\u51fa\uff1a<\/span><\/section>\n
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\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u6240\u8bf4\u7684\u6d4b\u91cf\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u6307\u7684\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff0c\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u91cf\u5b50\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\u88ab\u6539\u53d8\u6210\u4e00\u4e2a\u786e\u5b9a\u7684\u7ecf\u5178\u7ed3\u679c\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f5c\u4e3a\u6240\u53d1\u751f\u4e8b\u60c5\u7684\u8bc1\u636e\u8fdb\u884c\u8bb0\u5f55\u548c\u68c0\u67e5\u3002\uff08Ellis 2016, p. 247\uff09<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/blockquote>\n

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\u663e\u7136\uff0c\u6b63\u5982\u57c3\u5229\u65af\u901a\u8fc7\u5c06\u8ba8\u8bba\u7f6e\u4e8e\u91cf\u5b50\u529b\u5b66\u4e2d\u6240\u6307\u51fa\u7684\u90a3\u6837\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u7528\u8fd9\u4e9b\u672f\u8bed\u6765\u7406\u89e3\u6d4b\u91cf\uff0c\u5b83\u5c31\u6210\u4e3a\u91cf\u5b50\u7406\u8bba\u7279\u6709\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u6d89\u53ca\u4ece\u91cf\u5b50\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\u5230\u7ecf\u5178\u7ed3\u679c\u7684\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\u7684\u8f6c\u53d8\u3002\u4f46\u9274\u4e8e\u4e0a\u8ff0\u8ba8\u8bba\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u6d4b\u91cf\u5728\u91cf\u5b50\u7406\u8bba\u4e2d\u53d1\u6325\u4e86\u5173\u952e\u4f5c\u7528\uff0c\u4f46\u5176\u4ed6\u79d1\u5b66\u9886\u57df\u4ee5\u53ca\u81ea\u7136\u79d1\u5b66\u4ee5\u5916\u7684\u8bb8\u591a\u5176\u4ed6\u9886\u57df\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u900f\u89c6\u7ed8\u56fe\u548c\u77f3\u523b\u63d2\u56fe\uff0c\u4e5f\u63d0\u4f9b\u5e76\u4f9d\u8d56\u4e8e\u6d4b\u91cf\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u5173\u4e8e\u4e16\u754c\u4fe1\u606f\u7684\u5173\u952e\u6765\u6e90\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u8fd8\u9700\u8981\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e0d\u5b8c\u5168\u4e0e\u91cf\u5b50\u529b\u5b66\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u6d4b\u91cf\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u4e0d\u4ee5\u91cf\u5b50\u529b\u5b66\u4e3a\u8303\u4f8b\u7684\u6d4b\u91cf\u6982\u5ff5\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u57c3\u5229\u65af\u786e\u5b9e\u5f3a\u8c03\u4e86\u6d4b\u91cf\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u6d88\u9664\u89c2\u5bdf\u8005\u7684\u9700\u6c42\u6765\u6269\u5927\u6982\u5ff5\uff1a\u4ed6\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u6d4b\u91cf\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u7269\u7406\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff0c\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u53ef\u4ee5\u72ec\u7acb\u4e8e\u89c2\u5bdf\u8005\u8fdb\u884c\u3002\u5728\u4ed6\u770b\u6765\uff1a<\/span><\/section>\n
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\u89c2\u5bdf\u8005\u6ca1\u6709\u5fc5\u8981\u5b9e\u9645\u8fdb\u884c\u4efb\u4f55\u6d4b\u91cf\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5f53\u5149\u5b50\u843d\u5728\u7269\u7406\u7269\u4f53\uff08\u5982\u5c4f\u5e55\uff0c\u7167\u76f8\u677f\u6216\u690d\u7269\u7684\u53f6\u5b50\uff09\u4e0a\uff0c\u5e76\u5728\u7279\u5b9a\u65f6\u95f4\u548c\u5730\u70b9\u5c06\u80fd\u91cf\u6c89\u79ef\u5728\u7269\u4f53\u4e0a\u7684\u7279\u5b9a\u70b9\u4e0a\u65f6\uff0c\u5c31\u4f1a\u53d1\u751f\u8fd9\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u3002\u7528\u66f4\u4e13\u4e1a\u7684\u672f\u8bed\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u5f53\u4e00\u822c\u6ce2\u51fd\u6570\u7684\u67d0\u4e2a\u5206\u91cf\u574d\u7f29\u4e3a\u7b97\u5b50\u7684\u7279\u5f81\u72b6\u6001\u65f6\uff0c\u5b83\u901a\u5e38\u53d1\u751f[ . . . ]\u3002\uff08Ellis 2016, p. 247\uff09<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/blockquote>\n

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\u6beb\u65e0\u7591\u95ee\uff0c\u4e3a\u4e86\u4f7f\u6d4b\u91cf\u4ea7\u751f\u76f8\u5173\u4fe1\u606f\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u5fc5\u987b\u662f\u5408\u9002\u7684\u7269\u7406\u8fc7\u7a0b\u3002\u5982\u679c\u6ca1\u6709\u9002\u5f53\u7684\u7269\u7406\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\uff0c\u5c1a\u4e0d\u6e05\u695a\u662f\u5426\u53ef\u4ee5\u8fdb\u884c\u6d4b\u91cf\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u5728\u89c2\u5bdf\u8005\u89e3\u7801\u76f8\u5173\u4fe1\u606f\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u6d4b\u91cf\u5c06\u65e0\u6cd5\u4ea7\u751f\u4efb\u4f55\u6b64\u7c7b\u7ed3\u679c\u3002\u5982\u679c\u6d4b\u91cf\u6d89\u53ca\u201c\u6709\u610f\u4e49\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u6536\u96c6\u8fc7\u7a0b\u201d<\/span>\uff08van Fraassen 2008, p. 91\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u4f3c\u4e4e\u9700\u8981\u6709\u610f\u7684\u89c2\u5bdf\u8005\u3002\u5426\u5219\uff0c\u53ea\u4f1a\u53d1\u751f\u7269\u7406\u4ea4\u4e92\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u6d4b\u91cf\u3002\u57c3\u5229\u65af\u660e\u786e\u5f3a\u8c03\u4e86\u81ea\u4e0a\u800c\u4e0b\u7684\u56e0\u679c\u5173\u7cfb\u5728\u6d4b\u91cf\u4e2d\u53d1\u6325\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\uff0c\u9274\u4e8e\u4e0a\u6587\u8ba8\u8bba\u7684\u89c2\u5bdf\u8005\u5728\u6d4b\u91cf\u4e2d\u53ef\u4ee5\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u4e24\u79cd\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u4f3c\u4e4e\u8981\u6c42\u89c2\u5bdf\u8005\u5728\u6d4b\u91cf\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u53d1\u6325\u4f5c\u7528\uff1a\u5b83\u4eec\u4f7f\u72b6\u6001\u77e2\u91cf\u51c6\u5907\u6210\u4e3a\u53ef\u80fd\uff0c\u5e76\u4e3a\u6d4b\u91cf\u7ed3\u679c\u63d0\u4f9b\u80cc\u666f<\/span>\uff08Ellis 2016, pp. 273\u2013274\uff09<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u5728\u4e00\u5b9a\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u662f\u57c3\u5229\u65af\u672c\u4eba\u6240\u5f3a\u8c03\u7684\u3002\u6b63\u5982\u4ed6\u6240\u6307\u51fa\u7684\u90a3\u6837\uff1a<\/span><\/section>\n
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\u6211\u4eec\u65e0\u6cd5\u5bf9\u6d4b\u91cf\u8fc7\u7a0b\u672c\u8eab\u53d1\u8868\u610f\u89c1\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u91cf\u5b50\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u4ecd\u7136\u65e0\u6cd5\u89e3\u91ca\u8fd9\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u3002\u8fd9\u4e5f\u53ef\u80fd\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u5177\u4f53\u60c5\u5883\u3002\u663e\u800c\u6613\u89c1\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u5c40\u90e8\u73af\u5883\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\u4f7f\u7528\u54ea\u79cd\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u5b9e\u9a8c\u8bbe\u5907\uff09\u4f1a\u5f71\u54cd\u91cf\u5b50\u6d4b\u91cf\u7ed3\u679c[ . . . ]\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u6211\u4eec\u6d4b\u91cf\u81ea\u65cb\uff0c\u5219\u6700\u7ec8\u72b6\u6001\u4e0e\u6211\u4eec\u6d4b\u91cf\u52a8\u91cf\u65f6\u4e0d\u540c\u3002\u8f83\u4f4e\u7ea7\u522b\u7684\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u4e0d\u80fd\u514d\u53d7\u66f4\u9ad8\u5c42\u6b21\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\uff08Ellis 2016, p. 239\uff09<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/blockquote>\n

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\u5728\u8fd9\u6bb5\u8bdd\u4e2d\uff0c\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u6b63\u786e\u7684\u8ba4\u8bc6\uff0c\u5373\u8981\u6267\u884c\u7684\u6d4b\u91cf\u7c7b\u578b\u901a\u8fc7\u9009\u62e9\u8981\u6d4b\u91cf\u7684\u91cf\u7ea7\u6765\u5f71\u54cd\u6d4b\u91cf\u7ed3\u679c\u3002\u540c\u6837\u7a81\u51fa\u7684\u662f\u5404\u79cd\u6d4b\u91cf\u7684\u5dee\u5f02\uff1a\u81ea\u65cb\u6d4b\u91cf\u4e0e\u52a8\u91cf\u6d4b\u91cf\u660e\u663e\u4e0d\u540c\u3002\u603b\u800c\u8a00\u4e4b\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8003\u8651\u4f3c\u4e4e\u518d\u6b21\u652f\u6301\u4e86\u89c2\u5bdf\u8005\u5728\u6d4b\u91cf\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u3002\u6bd5\u7adf\uff0c\u9009\u62e9\u8fdb\u884c\u4e0d\u540c\u79cd\u7c7b\u7684\u6d4b\u91cf\u662f\u89c2\u5bdf\u8005\u7684\u9009\u62e9\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u503c\u5f97\u6ce8\u610f\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u5728\u91cf\u5b50\u529b\u5b66\u7684\u80cc\u666f\u4e0b\uff0c\u6d4b\u91cf\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u89c2\u5bdf\u8005\uff0c\u90fd\u53c2\u4e0e\u4e86\u91cf\u5b50\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u5173\u952e\u7279\u5f81\uff1a\u6d4b\u91cf\u7ed3\u679c\u7684\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\u3002\u6839\u636e\u57c3\u5229\u65af\uff1a<\/span><\/section>\n
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\u91cf\u5b50\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u57fa\u672c\u65b9\u9762\u662f\u6d4b\u91cf\u7ed3\u679c\u7684\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\u662f\u65e0\u6cd5\u89e3\u51b3\u7684\uff1a\u539f\u5219\u4e0a\u751a\u81f3\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u83b7\u5f97\u8db3\u591f\u7684\u6570\u636e\u6765\u786e\u5b9a\u91cf\u5b50\u4e8b\u4ef6\u7684\u72ec\u7279\u7ed3\u679c[…]\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u4e0d\u53ef\u9884\u6d4b\u6027\u4e0d\u662f\u7f3a\u4e4f\u4fe1\u606f\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\uff1a\u5b83\u662f\u57fa\u7840\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u7684\u672c\u8d28\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\u5728\u6d4b\u91cf\u53d1\u751f\u65f6\u8868\u73b0\u51fa\u6765\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u53ea\u6709\u5230\u90a3\u65f6\u3002\u6ca1\u6709\u6d4b\u91cf\uff0c\u91cf\u5b50\u8fc7\u7a0b\u5c31\u6ca1\u6709\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\u3002\uff08Ellis 2016, p. 247\uff09<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/blockquote>\n

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\u57c3\u5229\u65af\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\u56de\u5e94\u4e86\u5b89\u4e1c\u5c3c\u00b7\u83b1\u683c\u7279\u5f3a\u8c03\u7684\u4e00\u70b9\uff1a<\/span><\/section>\n
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[ . . . ]\u6d4b\u91cf\u884c\u4e3a\u662f\u5fae\u89c2\u4e16\u754c\u4e0e\u5b8f\u89c2\u4e16\u754c\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u6865\u6881\uff0c\u5fae\u89c2\u4e16\u754c\u672c\u8eab\u5e76\u4e0d\u5177\u6709\u786e\u5b9a\u7684\u5c5e\u6027\u3002\uff08Leggett 1991, p. 87\uff1b\u5f15\u81ea Ellis 2016, p. 247\uff09<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/blockquote>\n

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