{"id":38641,"date":"2022-11-21T21:27:12","date_gmt":"2022-11-21T13:27:12","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/swarma.org\/?p=38641"},"modified":"2022-11-21T21:27:12","modified_gmt":"2022-11-21T13:27:12","slug":"%e4%b8%b4%e7%95%8c%e7%8e%b0%e8%b1%a1200%e5%91%a8%e5%b9%b4%ef%bc%8c%e6%98%af%e8%b0%81%e6%9c%80%e6%97%a9%e5%8f%91%e7%8e%b0%e4%ba%86%e8%bf%99%e4%b8%aa%e7%89%a9%e7%90%86%e7%8e%b0%e8%b1%a1%ef%bc%9f","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/swarma.org\/?p=38641","title":{"rendered":"\u4e34\u754c\u73b0\u8c61200\u5468\u5e74\uff0c\u662f\u8c01\u6700\u65e9\u53d1\u73b0\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7269\u7406\u73b0\u8c61\uff1f"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class='wxsyncmain'>\n<section powered-by=\"xiumi.us\" style=\"outline: 0px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;white-space: normal;color: rgb(63, 63, 63);font-family: PingFangSC-light;font-size: 15px;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);visibility: visible;margin-bottom: 0px;\" data-mpa-powered-by=\"yiban.io\">\n<section style=\"outline: 0px;display: 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visible;\"><strong style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);text-align: start;visibility: visible;\">\u5173\u952e\u8bcd\uff1a<strong><span style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-size: 13px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;text-decoration: none solid rgb(0, 0, 0);\">\u4e34\u754c\u73b0\u8c61<\/span><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<section powered-by=\"xiumi.us\" style=\"margin-top: 10px;outline: 0px;visibility: visible;\">\n<section style=\"outline: 0px;width: 661px;visibility: visible;\">\n<section style=\"outline: 0px;clear: both;line-height: 0;visibility: visible;\">\n<section style=\"outline: 0px;line-height: 0;width: 0px;visibility: visible;\"><svg viewbox=\"0 0 1 1\" style=\"vertical-align: top;visibility: visible;\"><\/svg><\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<section powered-by=\"xiumi.us\" style=\"margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;outline: 0px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;white-space: normal;color: rgb(63, 63, 63);font-family: PingFangSC-light;font-size: 15px;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);text-align: center;visibility: visible;\">\n<section style=\"outline: 0px;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;visibility: visible;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" data-fileid=\"100098753\" data-ratio=\"0.07314814814814814\"  data-type=\"png\" data-w=\"1080\" style=\"outline: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;vertical-align: middle;visibility: visible !important;width: 677px !important;height: auto !important;\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/wxsync-2022-11-e16cd5b776e38a4f6806c73548bdc7d4.png\"  \/><strong style=\"letter-spacing: 0.544px;text-align: right;font-size: 13px;outline: 0px;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);visibility: visible;\"><\/strong><\/section>\n<\/section>\n<section powered-by=\"xiumi.us\" style=\"margin-top: 0pt;margin-bottom: 0pt;outline: 0px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;white-space: normal;color: rgb(73, 73, 73);line-height: 1.7;font-family: PingFangSC-light;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);text-align: right;visibility: visible;\">\n<p style=\"outline: 0px;visibility: visible;\"><span style=\"font-size: 13px;font-weight: bold;color: rgb(73, 73, 73);font-family: PingFangSC-light;letter-spacing: 0.544px;text-align: right;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);outline: 0px;visibility: visible;\"><strong style=\"outline: 0px;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);visibility: visible;\"><span style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;max-width: 100%;font-family: PingFangSC-light;font-style: normal;font-variant-ligatures: normal;font-variant-caps: normal;letter-spacing: 0.544px;orphans: 2;text-align: right;text-indent: 0px;text-transform: none;widows: 2;word-spacing: 0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;text-decoration-thickness: initial;text-decoration-style: initial;text-decoration-color: initial;font-weight: bold;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);outline: 0px;visibility: visible;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;box-sizing: border-box !important;\"><strong style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;max-width: 100%;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;box-sizing: border-box !important;outline: 0px;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);visibility: visible;\"><span style=\"outline: 0px;visibility: visible;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;max-width: 100%;color: rgb(73, 73, 73);font-family: PingFangSC-light;font-style: normal;font-variant-ligatures: normal;font-variant-caps: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: 0.544px;orphans: 2;text-align: right;text-indent: 0px;text-transform: none;widows: 2;word-spacing: 0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);text-decoration-thickness: initial;text-decoration-style: initial;text-decoration-color: initial;font-size: 13px;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;box-sizing: border-box !important;\">\u5218\u4e00\u6db5\u3001\u5f20\u4e00\u3001\u82cf\u6842\u950b\uff08\u4e0a\u6d77\u5e08\u8303\u5927\u5b66\u6570\u7406\u5b66\u9662\u7269\u7406\u7cfb\uff09<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/strong><strong style=\"outline: 0px;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);visibility: visible;\"><span style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;max-width: 100%;font-family: PingFangSC-light;font-style: normal;font-variant-ligatures: normal;font-variant-caps: normal;letter-spacing: 0.544px;orphans: 2;text-align: right;text-indent: 0px;text-transform: none;widows: 2;word-spacing: 0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;text-decoration-thickness: initial;text-decoration-style: initial;text-decoration-color: initial;font-size: 16px;font-weight: bold;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);outline: 0px;visibility: visible;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;box-sizing: border-box !important;\">&nbsp;<\/span><span style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;max-width: 100%;font-family: PingFangSC-light;font-style: normal;font-variant-ligatures: normal;font-variant-caps: normal;letter-spacing: 0.544px;orphans: 2;text-align: right;text-indent: 0px;text-transform: none;widows: 2;word-spacing: 0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;text-decoration-thickness: initial;text-decoration-style: initial;text-decoration-color: initial;font-weight: bold;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);outline: 0px;visibility: visible;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;box-sizing: border-box !important;\"><strong style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;max-width: 100%;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;box-sizing: border-box !important;outline: 0px;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);visibility: visible;\">| \u4f5c\u8005<\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/span><strong style=\"font-size: 13px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;outline: 0px;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);visibility: visible;\"><\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"outline: 0px;visibility: visible;\"><span style=\"font-size: 13px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;\">\u8fd4\u6734<\/span><strong style=\"font-size: 13px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;outline: 0px;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);visibility: visible;\"><span style=\"color: rgb(73, 73, 73);letter-spacing: 0.544px;outline: 0px;font-size: 16px;visibility: visible;\">&nbsp;<\/span><span style=\"color: rgb(73, 73, 73);letter-spacing: 0.544px;outline: 0px;visibility: visible;\"><strong style=\"outline: 0px;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);visibility: visible;\">| <\/strong><\/span>\u6765\u6e90<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"font-size: 11pt;outline: 0px;visibility: visible;\"><br  \/><\/p>\n<\/section>\n<section style=\"margin: 0px 8px;padding: 0px;max-width: 100%;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;box-sizing: border-box !important;line-height: 1.75em;\"><br  \/><\/section>\n<blockquote class=\"js_blockquote_wrap\" data-type=\"2\" data-url=\"\" data-author-name=\"\" data-content-utf8-length=\"102\" data-source-title=\"\" style=\"white-space: normal;\">\n<section class=\"js_blockquote_digest\">\n<section>\n<section style=\"margin-right: 8px;margin-left: 8px;line-height: 1.75em;\"><span style=\"color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">\u201c\u51e0\u5e74\u524d\uff0c\u5361\u683c\u5c3c\u4e9a\u5fb7\u00b7\u5fb7\u62c9\u56fe\u505a\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b9e\u9a8c\uff0c\u4f7f\u6211\u6709\u673a\u4f1a\u6b32\u8d4b\u65b0\u8bcd\u2026\u2026\u6211\u8be5\u5982\u4f55\u6839\u636e\u8fde\u7eed\u6027\u5b9a\u5f8b\u4e3a\u6db2\u4f53\u548c\u84b8\u6c7d\u5728\u6b64\u5408\u4e8c\u4e3a\u4e00\u7684\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u547d\u540d\u5462\uff1f\u5361\u683c\u5c3c\u4e9a\u5fb7\u00b7\u5fb7\u62c9\u56fe\u6ca1\u6709\u7ed9\u5b83\u8d77\u540d\u5b57\uff1b\u6211\u8be5\u600e\u4e48\u79f0\u547c\u5b83\u5462\uff1f\u201d<\/span><\/section>\n<section style=\"margin-right: 8px;margin-left: 8px;line-height: 1.75em;\"><br  \/><\/section>\n<section style=\"margin-right: 8px;margin-left: 8px;line-height: 1.75em;\"><span style=\"color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">\u2014\u2014\u6cd5\u62c9\u7b2c\u81f4\u80e1\u5a01\u7acb[1]<\/span><\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0px;white-space: normal;vertical-align: inherit;\"><br  \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0px;white-space: normal;vertical-align: inherit;\"><br  \/><\/p>\n<h3 style=\"margin-bottom: 0em;outline: 0px;white-space: normal;font-family: mp-quote, -apple-system-font, system-ui, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei UI&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, Arial, sans-serif;letter-spacing: 0.544px;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);visibility: visible;\">\n<section powered-by=\"xiumi.us\" style=\"outline: 0px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;text-align: right;font-size: 13px;visibility: visible;\">\n<section powered-by=\"xiumi.us\" style=\"margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;outline: 0px;letter-spacing: 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visible;\"><svg viewbox=\"0 0 1 1\" style=\"vertical-align: top;visibility: visible;\"><\/svg><\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<section style=\"padding-right: 10px;padding-left: 10px;outline: 0px;border-left: 3px solid rgb(33, 166, 210);border-right: 3px solid rgb(33, 166, 210);border-top-color: rgb(33, 166, 210);border-bottom-color: rgb(33, 166, 210);font-size: 16px;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);line-height: 1.4;visibility: visible;\">\n<p style=\"outline: 0px;visibility: visible;\"><strong style=\"outline: 0px;visibility: visible;\"><strong style=\"outline: 0px;text-align: left;color: rgb(33, 166, 210);letter-spacing: 0.544px;visibility: visible;\"><span style=\"outline: 0px;font-family: -apple-system-font, system-ui, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei UI&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, Arial, sans-serif;caret-color: rgb(89, 89, 89);visibility: visible;\">1. \u4ec0\u4e48\u662f\u4e34\u754c\u73b0\u8c61\uff1f<\/span><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n<section style=\"margin-top: -2px;outline: 0px;font-family: -apple-system-font, system-ui, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei UI&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, Arial, sans-serif;visibility: visible;\">\n<section style=\"outline: 0px;float: left;width: 8px;height: 3px;background-color: rgb(33, 166, 210);line-height: 0;visibility: visible;\"><br style=\"outline: 0px;visibility: visible;\"  \/><\/section>\n<section style=\"outline: 0px;float: right;width: 8px;height: 3px;background-color: rgb(33, 166, 210);line-height: 0;visibility: visible;\"><br style=\"outline: 0px;visibility: visible;\"  \/><\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/h3>\n<section style=\"margin-right: 8px;margin-bottom: 0px;margin-left: 8px;outline: 0px;white-space: normal;line-height: 1.75em;\"><span style=\"font-family: mp-quote, -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei UI&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, Arial, sans-serif;\">&nbsp;<\/span><\/section>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;margin-bottom: 0px;line-height: 1.75em;\"><span style=\"font-size: 15px;color: rgb(63, 63, 63);\">\u4f55\u8c13\u4e34\u754c\u73b0\u8c61<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 15px;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">\uff08critical phenomena\uff09<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 15px;color: rgb(63, 63, 63);\">\uff1f\u5176\u5b9e\u76f8\u53d8\u4e0e\u4e34\u754c\u73b0\u8c61\u662f\u4e00\u56de\u4e8b\uff0c\u5206\u5f00\u79f0\u8c13\uff0c\u4e0d\u8fc7\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u53f2\u4e0a\u7684\u201c\u8bef\u4f1a\u201d\uff0c\u4ee5\u4e3a\u4e8c\u8005\u662f\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u7269\u7406\u73b0\u8c61\u3002\u4e3a\u4e86\u5177\u8c61\u5730\u8868\u8ff0\u76f8\u53d8\u548c\u4e34\u754c\u73b0\u8c61\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4ee5\u751f\u6d3b\u4e2d\u4e60\u4ee5\u4e3a\u5e38\u7684\u6c34\u4e3a\u4f8b\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e00\u4e2a\u7b80\u8981\u76f4\u89c2\u7684\u8bf4\u660e\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;margin-bottom: 0px;line-height: 1.75em;\"><span style=\"font-size: 15px;color: rgb(63, 63, 63);\"><br  \/><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;margin-bottom: 0px;line-height: 1.75em;\"><span style=\"font-size: 15px;color: rgb(63, 63, 63);\">\u6240\u8c13\u76f8\u53d8\uff0c\u63f4\u5f15\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u6559\u79d1\u4e66\u7684\u8bf4\u6cd5\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u7269\u8d28\u2014\u2014\u4f8b\u5982\u6c34\u2014\u2014\u4ece\u4e00\u79cd<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 15px;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">\uff08\u805a\u96c6\uff09<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 15px;color: rgb(63, 63, 63);\">\u5f62\u5f0f\u5230\u53e6\u4e00\u79cd<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 15px;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">\uff08\u805a\u96c6\uff09<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 15px;color: rgb(63, 63, 63);\">\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u53d8\u5316[\u6ce81]\u3002\u4eba\u7c7b\u77e5\u9053\u6c34\u5b58\u5728\u6c14\u3001\u6db2\u3001\u56fa\u4e09\u76f8\u53ef\u4ee5\u8ffd\u6eaf\u5230\u7ea64000\u5e74\u524d\u4e2d\u56fd\u548c\u53e4\u57c3\u53ca\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u8bb0\u5f55\uff0c\u4f46\u8981\u8bf4\u5bf9\u76f8\u53d8\u771f\u6b63\u6709\u6240\u8ba4\u8bc6\uff0c\u5374\u8fd8\u662f\u6700\u8fd1\u534a\u4e2a\u591a\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u4e8b\u3002\u5df2\u6545\u8457\u540d\u7edf\u8ba1\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u5361\u4e39\u8bfa\u592b[\u6ce82]<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 15px;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">\uff08Leo Kadanoff\uff0c1937-2015\uff09<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 15px;color: rgb(63, 63, 63);\">\u66fe\u4ee5\u6f02\u6d6e\u5728\u5927\u6d77\u4e2d\u7684\u51b0\u5c71\u4e3a\u4f8b\u5f62\u8c61\u5730\u8bf4\u660e\u6c34\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u76f8\u5171\u5b58\uff1a\u201c\u5927\u6d77\u662f\u6db2\u6001\u7684\u6c34\uff0c\u5b83\u5305\u56f4\u7740\u51b0\u2014\u2014\u5373\u56fa\u76f8\u7684\u6c34\u3002\u5fae\u98ce\u5439\u62c2\u7740\u4e91\u5f69\uff0c\u7a7a\u6c14\u4e2d\u7684\u6c34\u6c7d\u540c\u65f6\u4e0e\u56fa\u76f8\u548c\u6db2\u76f8\u7684\u6c34\u63a5\u89e6\u3002\u201d<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 15px;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">\uff08\u5f53\u7136\uff0c\u4e25\u683c\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u6d77\u6c34\u5e76\u975e\u53ea\u6709\u6c34\u8fd9\u4e00\u79cd\u5316\u5b66\u7ec4\u5206\u3002\u8fd9\u6bb5\u8bdd\u7684\u539f\u6587\u53c2\u89c1\u56fe1\u7684\u6587\u5b57\u8bf4\u660e\u3002\uff09<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 15px;color: rgb(63, 63, 63);\">[2]<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;margin-bottom: 0px;line-height: 1.75em;\"><span style=\"font-size: 15px;color: rgb(63, 63, 63);\"><br  \/><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;margin-bottom: 0px;line-height: 1.75em;\"><span style=\"font-size: 15px;color: rgb(63, 63, 63);\">\u8981\u7814\u7a76\u67d0\u79cd\u7269\u8d28\u7684\u76f8\u53d8\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u57fa\u672c\u4efb\u52a1\u662f\u6d4b\u5b9a\u5176\u201c\u76f8\u56fe\u201d\uff0c\u5373\u627e\u51fa\u5728\u7ed9\u5b9a\u7684\u70ed\u529b\u5b66\u53c2\u91cf\u2014\u2014\u5bf9\u4e8e\u201c\u7b80\u5355\u201d\u70ed\u529b\u5b66\u7cfb\u7edf\u901a\u5e38\u662f\u6e29\u5ea6T\u3001\u538b\u5f3aP\u548c\u4f53\u79efV\u4e0b\u2014\u2014\u8be5\u7269\u8d28\u5904\u4e8e\u4ec0\u4e48\u76f8\uff0c\u5e76\u786e\u5b9a\u4e0d\u540c\u76f8\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u8fb9\u754c\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u56fe2\u663e\u793a\u4e86\u538b\u5f3a-\u6e29\u5ea6<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 15px;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">\uff08P-T\uff09<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 15px;color: rgb(63, 63, 63);\">\u5e73\u9762\u5185\u6c34\u7684\u76f8\u56fe\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u660e\u786e\u4e86\u6c34\u5728\u4e0d\u540c\u6e29\u5ea6\u548c\u538b\u5f3a\u6761\u4ef6\u4e0b\u7684\u56fa<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 15px;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">\uff08\u6d45\u84dd\u8272\u533a\u57df\uff09<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 15px;color: rgb(63, 63, 63);\">\u3001\u6db2<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 15px;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">\uff08\u84dd\u8272\u533a\u57df\uff09<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 15px;color: rgb(63, 63, 63);\">\u3001\u4ee5\u53ca\u6c14<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 15px;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">\uff08\u8d6d\u8272\u533a\u57df\uff09<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 15px;color: rgb(63, 63, 63);\">\u4e09\u76f8\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u4efb\u610f\u4e24\u76f8\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u8fb9\u754c\u3002\u63a5\u8fd1\u56fe2\u4e2d\u95f4\u7684\u9ec4\u70b9\u79f0\u4e3a\u4e09\u76f8\u70b9<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 15px;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">\uff08Triple point\uff09<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 15px;color: rgb(63, 63, 63);\">\uff0c\u987e\u540d\u601d\u4e49,\u662f\u4e0a\u8ff0\u4e09\u76f8\u7684\u4ea4\u6c47\u70b9\u3002\u4ece\u4e09\u76f8\u70b9\u51fa\u53d1\uff0c\u6cbf\u7740\u6c14\u6db2\u5206\u754c\u7ebf\u201c\u4e0a\u884c\u201d\uff0c\u5b83\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u65e0\u9650\u5ef6\u4f38\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u505c\u6b62\u5728\u56fe2\u4e2d\u7684\u7ea2\u70b9\u4f4d\u7f6e\uff0c\u6b64\u5373\u4e34\u754c\u70b9<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 15px;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">\uff08Critical point\uff09<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 15px;color: rgb(63, 63, 63);\">\u3002\u5bf9\u4e8e\u6c34\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u4e34\u754c\u70b9\u5904\u5bf9\u5e94\u7684\u70ed\u529b\u5b66\u53c2\u91cf\u7684\u6570\u503c\u662f\uff1a\u4e34\u754c\u538b\u5f3aP<span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><sub>c<\/sub><\/span> = 22.09 MPa\uff1b\u4e34\u754c\u6e29\u5ea6T<span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><sub>c<\/sub><\/span> = 374.14 \u00b0C (647.3 K)\uff1b\u4e34\u754c\uff08\u6bd4\uff09\u4f53\u79efv<span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><sub>c<\/sub><\/span> = 0.003155 m\u00b3\/kg\u3002\u6240\u8c13\u201c\u4e34\u754c\u70b9\u201d\uff0c\u662f\u6307\u8d85\u8fc7\u8be5\u70b9\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u6c34\u7684\u6c14\u6001\u548c\u6db2\u6001\u7684\u5dee\u522b\u4e0d\u590d\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u8be2\u95ee\u6c34\u6b64\u65f6\u662f\u6c14\u6001\u8fd8\u662f\u6db2\u6001\u4e0d\u518d\u6709\u610f\u4e49\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u4ee5\u4e34\u754c\u70b9\u4e3a\u754c\uff0c\u5176\u4e0a\u65b9\u7684\u533a\u57df<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 15px;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">\uff08\u53c2\u89c1\u56fe2\u53f3\u4e0a\u89d2\uff09<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 15px;color: rgb(63, 63, 63);\">\u5185\u4e3a\u8d85\u4e34\u754c\u6d41\u4f53<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 15px;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">\uff08Supercritical fluid\uff09<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 15px;color: rgb(63, 63, 63);\">\uff0c\u5728\u90a3\u4e2a\u533a\u57df\uff0c\u6c34\u8fd8\u4f1a\u8868\u73b0\u51fa\u66f4\u591a\u65b0\u7684\u7279\u70b9\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;margin-bottom: 0px;line-height: 1.75em;\"><span style=\"font-size: 15px;color: rgb(63, 63, 63);\"><br  \/><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;margin-bottom: 0px;line-height: 1.75em;text-align: center;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" data-ratio=\"0.5896328293736501\"  data-type=\"png\" data-w=\"926\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/wxsync-2022-11-9b5579dc774bb59c653ad748abb2b52c.png\"  \/><\/p>\n<section style=\"margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;margin-bottom: 0px;line-height: 1.5em;\"><span style=\"color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-size: 13px;\">\u56fe1 L. Kadanoff:\u201cIceberg floating in the sea. This picture is intended to illustrate different phases of water. The sea is liquid water, which is then in contact with solid water in the form of ice. In the air above, breezes blow clouds through the air, which contains water vapor in contact with both the solid and the liquid forms of water. The change from one form to the next is termed a phase transition.[2]<\/span><\/section>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;margin-bottom: 0px;line-height: 1.75em;\"><span style=\"font-size: 15px;color: rgb(63, 63, 63);\"><br  \/><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;margin-bottom: 0px;line-height: 1.75em;text-align: center;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" data-ratio=\"0.8696581196581197\"  data-type=\"jpeg\" data-w=\"936\" style=\"width: 496px;height: 431px;\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/wxsync-2022-11-23f3ee7905d27fe844f97b0c96b30c93.jpeg\"  \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;margin-bottom: 0px;line-height: 1.75em;text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-size: 13px;\">\u56fe2 \u6c34\u7684\u538b\u5f3a-\u6e29\u5ea6\uff08P-T\uff09\u5e73\u9762\u76f8\u56fe\u793a\u610f [\u56fe\u7247\u6765\u81ea\u7f51\u7edc]<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;margin-bottom: 0px;line-height: 1.75em;\"><br  \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;margin-bottom: 0px;line-height: 1.75em;\"><span style=\"font-size: 15px;color: rgb(63, 63, 63);\">\u867d\u7136\u4e34\u754c\u70b9\u5728\u538b\u5f3a\u2014\u6e29\u5ea6\u76f8\u56fe\u4e0a\u53ea\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u70b9\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u4e34\u754c\u70b9\u9644\u8fd1\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u7269\u7406\u73b0\u8c61\u5374\u5341\u5206\u4e30\u5bcc\u2014\u2014\u7edf\u79f0\u4e3a\u201c\u4e34\u754c\u73b0\u8c61\u201d\u3002\u4e00\u4e2a\u5178\u578b\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\u5c31\u662f\u6240\u8c13\u7684\u201c\u4e34\u754c\u4e73\u5149\u201d<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 15px;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">\uff08critical opalescence\uff09<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 15px;color: rgb(63, 63, 63);\">\uff1a\u539f\u6765\u900f\u660e\u7684\u6c14\u4f53\u6216\u6db2\u4f53\uff0c\u5f53\u5176\u70ed\u529b\u5b66\u53c2\u91cf\u5728\u63a5\u8fd1\u4e34\u754c\u70b9\u65f6\uff0c\u5b83\u5c31\u53d8\u5f97\u6d51\u6d4a\u8d77\u6765\uff0c\u5e76\u9010\u6e10\u5448\u73b0\u4e00\u7247\u4e73\u767d\u8272\u7684\u73b0\u8c61\u3002\u7531\u7edf\u8ba1\u7269\u7406\u77e5\u9053\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u7531\u4e8e\u4e34\u754c\u70b9\u9644\u8fd1\u7684\u6da8\u843d\u5f88\u5927\uff0c\u5bf9\u5149\u7684\u6563\u5c04\u6781\u5176\u5f3a\u70c8\u800c\u5bfc\u81f4\u7684\u3002\u8fd9\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u6fc0\u5149\u7a7f\u8fc7\u5904\u4e8e\u4e34\u754c\u70b9\u7684\u76f8\u5206\u79bb\u6563\u5c04\u800c\u89c2\u5bdf\u5230\uff0c\u5982\u4e0b\u7684\u89c6\u9891\u6f14\u793a\u4e86\u7b49\u91cf\u7684\u82ef\u80fa\u548c\u73af\u5df1\u70f7\u6df7\u5408\u7269\u7684\u4e34\u754c\u4e73\u5149\u73b0\u8c61\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;margin-bottom: 0px;line-height: 1.75em;\"><span style=\"font-size: 15px;color: rgb(63, 63, 63);\"><br  \/><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;margin-bottom: 0px;line-height: 1.75em;\"><span style=\"font-size: 15px;color: rgb(63, 63, 63);\">\u5728\u89c6\u9891\u4e2d\u53ef\u89c1\uff0c\u5f53\u8fbe\u5230\u4e34\u754c\u6e29\u5ea6\uff0c\u6df7\u5408\u7269\u4ece\u5355\u76f8\u53d8\u6210\u4e24\u76f8<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 15px;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">\uff08\u76f8\u5206\u79bb\uff09<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 15px;color: rgb(63, 63, 63);\">\u65f6\uff0c\u5c4f\u5e55\u4e0a\u7684\u5149\u6591\u5c31\u4f1a\u56e0\u6b64\u88ab\u6270\u4e71\u3002\u5149\u6591\u201c\u95ea\u70c1\u201d\u4e0d\u505c\u76f4\u81f3\u5b8c\u5168\u6269\u6563\u3002\u4e00\u65e6\u76f8\u53d8\u5b8c\u6210\uff0c\u4e24\u79cd\u7269\u8d28\u5b8c\u5168\u5206\u79bb\uff0c\u5b83\u6700\u7ec8\u4f1a\u518d\u6b21\u5f62\u6210\u5355\u4e00\u5149\u6591\u3002\u5f53\u6df7\u5408\u7269\u88ab\u52a0\u70ed\u65f6\uff0c\u540c\u6837\u4f46\u53cd\u5411\u7684\u6a21\u5f0f\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u89c2\u5bdf\u5230\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;margin-bottom: 0px;line-height: 1.75em;\"><span style=\"font-size: 15px;color: rgb(63, 63, 63);\"><br  \/><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;margin-bottom: 0px;line-height: 1.75em;text-align: center;\"><iframe class=\"video_iframe rich_pages\" data-vidtype=\"2\" data-mpvid=\"wxv_2663053576868675585\" data-cover=\"http%3A%2F%2Fmmbiz.qpic.cn%2Fmmbiz_jpg%2F0y3PSDNh0J9DFibrT9iaQib2Ys4JxWOBI4ric5aFZX4I88g23ZnTepibsUGo6FiawWmKsyDYjD7JFq5SeykibJ3I7HyAA%2F0%3Fwx_fmt%3Djpeg\" allowfullscreen=\"\" frameborder=\"0\" data-ratio=\"1.3333333333333333\" data-w=\"384\" style=\"border-radius: 4px;\"  src=\"https:\/\/mp.weixin.qq.com\/mp\/readtemplate?t=pages\/video_player_tmpl&amp;action=mpvideo&amp;auto=0&amp;vid=wxv_2663053576868675585\" width=\"100%\" height=\"288\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<section style=\"margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;margin-bottom: 0px;line-height: 1.5em;\"><span style=\"color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-size: 13px;\">\u89c6\u98911 \u968f\u7740\u6df7\u5408\u7269\u5728\u8fc7\u6e21\u6e29\u5ea6\u4e0b\u51b7\u5374\uff0c\u6fc0\u5149(\u5982\u5c4f\u5e55\u4e0a\u6240\u793a)\u95ea\u70c1\u5e76\u6269\u6563\uff0c\u76f4\u5230\u5b8c\u5168\u4e0d\u900f\u660e\uff08\u89c6\u9891\u5df2\u52a0\u901f10\u500d\uff09\u3002[3]<\/span><\/section>\n<section style=\"margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;margin-bottom: 0px;line-height: 1.5em;\"><span style=\"color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-size: 13px;\"><br  \/><\/span><\/section>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;margin-bottom: 0px;line-height: 1.75em;text-align: center;\"><iframe class=\"video_iframe rich_pages\" data-vidtype=\"2\" data-mpvid=\"wxv_2663054167443456004\" data-cover=\"http%3A%2F%2Fmmbiz.qpic.cn%2Fmmbiz_jpg%2F0y3PSDNh0J9DFibrT9iaQib2Ys4JxWOBI4ria6Kdsia5l2BicJZbuG82Nz0mSh5gicErIoibTBxlYg9yIPanibKUIUY2fOg%2F0%3Fwx_fmt%3Djpeg\" allowfullscreen=\"\" frameborder=\"0\" data-ratio=\"1.3333333333333333\" data-w=\"384\" style=\"border-radius: 4px;\"  src=\"https:\/\/mp.weixin.qq.com\/mp\/readtemplate?t=pages\/video_player_tmpl&amp;action=mpvideo&amp;auto=0&amp;vid=wxv_2663054167443456004\" width=\"100%\" height=\"288\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<section style=\"margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;margin-bottom: 0px;line-height: 1.5em;\"><span style=\"color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-size: 13px;\">\u89c6\u98912 \u540c\u89c6\u98911\uff0c\u4fa7\u9762\u89c6\u89d2\uff08\u5782\u76f4\u4e8e\u6fc0\u5149\u7684\u65b9\u5411\uff0c\u4ece\u5de6\u5230\u53f3\uff09\u3002\u6700\u521d\uff0c\u5355\u4e00\u6fc0\u5149\u675f\u901a\u8fc7\u6df7\u5408\u7269\uff0c\u5f53\u5230\u8fbe\u76f8\u53d8\u70b9\u65f6\uff0c\u5149\u675f\u53d1\u751f\u660e\u663e\u7684\u6269\u6563\u3002\uff08\u89c6\u9891\u5df2\u52a0\u901f200\u500d\uff09\u3002[3]<\/span><\/section>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;margin-bottom: 0px;line-height: 1.75em;\"><span style=\"font-size: 15px;color: rgb(63, 63, 63);\"><br  \/><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;margin-bottom: 0px;line-height: 1.75em;\"><span style=\"font-size: 15px;color: rgb(63, 63, 63);\">\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u7cfb\u7edf\u5728\u4e34\u754c\u70b9\u9644\u8fd1\u8fd8\u6709\u5176\u4ed6\u4e00\u4e9b\u7279\u6709\u7684\u7269\u7406\u73b0\u8c61\uff0c\u5982\u4f53\u7cfb\u7684\u6bd4\u70ed\u5728\u8d8b\u8fd1\u4e34\u754c\u70b9\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u4e0d\u65ad\u589e\u52a0\uff0c\u5728\u4e34\u754c\u70b9\u5904\u6bd4\u70ed\u7cfb\u6570\u4e0e\u538b\u7f29\u7387\u8d8b\u4e8e\u201c\u53d1\u6563\u201d<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 15px;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">\uff08\u65e0\u7a77\u5927\uff09<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 15px;color: rgb(63, 63, 63);\">\u7b49\u7b49\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;margin-bottom: 0px;line-height: 1.75em;\"><span style=\"font-size: 15px;color: rgb(63, 63, 63);\"><br  \/><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;margin-bottom: 0px;line-height: 1.75em;\"><span style=\"font-size: 15px;color: rgb(63, 63, 63);\">\u4e5f\u8bb8\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bf4\uff0c\u4e34\u754c\u73b0\u8c61\u7684\u53d1\u73b0\u59cb\u4e8e\u597d\u5947\u5fc3\u3002\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\uff0c\u6cd5\u56fd\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u67e5\u5c14\u65af\u00b7\u5361\u683c\u5c3c\u4e9a\u5fb7\u00b7\u5fb7\u62c9\u56fe<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 15px;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">\uff08Charles Cagniard de la Tour\uff0c1777-1859\uff09<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 15px;color: rgb(63, 63, 63);\">\u4e8e1822\u5e74\u9996\u5148\u5728\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5f53\u4e2d\u53d1\u73b0\u4e86\u4e34\u754c\u73b0\u8c61\u3002\u5f88\u591a\u4eba\u4e5f\u8bb8\u5e76\u672a\u610f\u8bc6\u5230\uff0c\u4eca\u5929\u8ddd\u79bb\u4ed6\u7684\u53d1\u73b0\u5df2\u7ecf\u8fc7\u53bb\u4e86\u6574\u6574\u4e24\u767e\u5e74\uff01\u4e24\u767e\u5e74\u95f4\uff0c\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u53d1\u751f\u4e86\u7ffb\u5929\u8986\u5730\u7684\u53d8\u5316\u3002\u800c\u5bf9\u4e34\u754c\u73b0\u8c61\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u5df2\u7ecf\u53d1\u5c55\u6210\u4e3a\u73b0\u4ee3\u51dd\u805a\u6001\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u548c\u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u6210\u719f\u9886\u57df\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u8fd8\u5728\u4e0d\u65ad\u5e26\u6765\u65b0\u7684\u60ca\u559c\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;margin-bottom: 0px;line-height: 1.75em;\"><span style=\"font-size: 15px;color: rgb(63, 63, 63);\"><br  \/><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;margin-bottom: 0px;line-height: 1.75em;\"><span style=\"font-size: 15px;color: rgb(63, 63, 63);\">\u6211\u4eec\u5728\u672c\u6587\u4e2d\u5c06\u4e34\u754c\u73b0\u8c61\u7684\u53d1\u73b0\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u80cc\u666f\u505a\u4e00\u6d6e\u5149\u63a0\u5f71\u7684\u56de\u987e\u3002\u6309\u7167\u8457\u540d\u7edf\u8ba1\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u675c\u59c6<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 15px;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">\uff08Cyril Domb\uff0c1920-2012\uff09<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 15px;color: rgb(63, 63, 63);\">\u7684\u5212\u5206\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u6bb5\u5386\u53f2\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f52\u5165\u4e34\u754c\u73b0\u8c61\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u201c\u53e4\u5178\u65f6\u671f\u201d[4]\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u4e5f\u5c06\u7b80\u7565\u4ecb\u7ecd\u5fb7\u62c9\u56fe\u53bb\u4e16\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u4e34\u754c\u73b0\u8c61\u7814\u7a76\u5728\u53e4\u5178\u65f6\u671f\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u91cd\u8981\u8fdb\u5c55[\u6ce83]\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;margin-bottom: 0px;line-height: 1.75em;\"><span style=\"background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);color: rgb(63, 63, 63);font-family: mp-quote, -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei UI&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, Arial, sans-serif;font-size: 15px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 15px;color: rgb(63, 63, 63);\"><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0em;outline: 0px;text-align: center;visibility: visible;\"><span style=\"outline: 0px;color: rgb(63, 63, 63);font-family: mp-quote, -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei UI&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, Arial, sans-serif;font-size: 15px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;text-align: justify;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);visibility: visible;\">&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n<h3 style=\"margin-bottom: 0em;outline: 0px;white-space: normal;font-family: mp-quote, -apple-system-font, system-ui, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei UI&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, Arial, sans-serif;letter-spacing: 0.544px;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);visibility: visible;\">\n<section powered-by=\"xiumi.us\" style=\"outline: 0px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;text-align: right;font-size: 13px;visibility: visible;\">\n<section powered-by=\"xiumi.us\" style=\"margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;outline: 0px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;text-align: center;visibility: visible;\">\n<section style=\"outline: 0px;display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;visibility: visible;\">\n<section style=\"margin-bottom: -2px;outline: 0px;font-family: -apple-system-font, system-ui, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei UI&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, Arial, sans-serif;visibility: visible;\">\n<section style=\"outline: 0px;float: left;width: 8px;height: 3px;background-color: rgb(33, 166, 210);line-height: 0;visibility: visible;\"><br style=\"outline: 0px;visibility: visible;\"  \/><\/section>\n<section style=\"outline: 0px;float: right;width: 8px;height: 3px;background-color: rgb(33, 166, 210);line-height: 0;visibility: visible;\"><br style=\"outline: 0px;visibility: visible;\"  \/><\/section>\n<section style=\"outline: 0px;clear: both;line-height: 0;visibility: visible;\">\n<section style=\"outline: 0px;line-height: 0;width: 0px;visibility: visible;\"><svg viewbox=\"0 0 1 1\" style=\"vertical-align: top;visibility: visible;\"><\/svg><\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<section style=\"padding-right: 10px;padding-left: 10px;outline: 0px;border-left: 3px solid rgb(33, 166, 210);border-right: 3px solid rgb(33, 166, 210);border-top-color: rgb(33, 166, 210);border-bottom-color: rgb(33, 166, 210);font-size: 16px;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);line-height: 1.4;visibility: visible;\">\n<p style=\"outline: 0px;visibility: visible;\"><strong style=\"outline: 0px;visibility: visible;\"><strong style=\"outline: 0px;text-align: left;color: rgb(33, 166, 210);letter-spacing: 0.544px;visibility: visible;\"><span style=\"outline: 0px;font-family: -apple-system-font, system-ui, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei UI&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, Arial, sans-serif;caret-color: rgb(89, 89, 89);visibility: visible;\">2. \u5fb7\u62c9\u56fe\u7684\u751f\u5e73\u7b80\u4ecb<\/span><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n<section style=\"margin-top: -2px;outline: 0px;font-family: -apple-system-font, system-ui, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei UI&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, Arial, sans-serif;visibility: visible;\">\n<section style=\"outline: 0px;float: left;width: 8px;height: 3px;background-color: rgb(33, 166, 210);line-height: 0;visibility: visible;\"><br style=\"outline: 0px;visibility: visible;\"  \/><\/section>\n<section style=\"outline: 0px;float: right;width: 8px;height: 3px;background-color: rgb(33, 166, 210);line-height: 0;visibility: visible;\"><br style=\"outline: 0px;visibility: visible;\"  \/><\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/h3>\n<section style=\"margin-right: 8px;margin-bottom: 0px;margin-left: 8px;outline: 0px;white-space: normal;line-height: 1.75em;\"><br style=\"outline: 0px;color: rgb(34, 34, 34);font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, &quot;system-ui&quot;, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei UI&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, Arial, sans-serif;letter-spacing: 0.544px;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\"  \/><\/section>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;margin-bottom: 0px;line-height: 1.75em;\"><span style=\"font-size: 15px;color: rgb(63, 63, 63);\">\u6700\u65e9\u53d1\u73b0\u4e34\u754c\u73b0\u8c61\u7684\u67e5\u5c14\u65af\u00b7\u5361\u683c\u5c3c\u4e9a\u5fb7\u00b7\u5fb7\u62c9\u56fe\uff0c1777\u5e743\u670831\u65e5\u51fa\u751f\u4e8e\u6cd5\u56fd\u5df4\u9ece\uff0c\u5b66\u751f\u65f6\u671f\u5c31\u8bfb\u4e8e\u5df4\u9ece\u7efc\u5408\u7406\u5de5\u5b66\u9662<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 15px;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">\uff08l\u2019Ecole Polytechnique\uff09<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 15px;color: rgb(63, 63, 63);\">\u53ca\u5de5\u7a0b\u5730\u8d28\u5b66\u9662<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 15px;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">\uff08\u00c9coledu G\u00e9nie G\u00e9ographe\uff09<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 15px;color: rgb(63, 63, 63);\">\uff0c\u6b64\u540e\u62c5\u4efb\u56fd\u52a1\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u7684\u5ba1\u8ba1\u5458\uff0c\u5df4\u9ece\u57ce\u5e02\u7279\u522b\u9879\u76ee\u4e3b\u4efb\u7b49\u516c\u804c\u3002\u540c\u65f6\u4ed6\u53c8\u662f\u4e00\u540d\u591a\u4ea7\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u548c\u53d1\u660e\u5bb6\u3002\u9664\u53bb\u53d1\u73b0\u4e34\u754c\u73b0\u8c61\uff0c\u4ece\u529b\u5b66\u5230\u58f0\u5b66\uff0c\u518d\u5230\u5316\u5b66\u751f\u7269\u5b66\uff0c\u4ed6\u5728\u8bb8\u591a\u4e0d\u540c\u9886\u57df\u505a\u51fa\u4e86\u91cd\u8981\u8d21\u732e\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;margin-bottom: 0px;line-height: 1.75em;\"><span style=\"font-size: 15px;color: rgb(63, 63, 63);\"><br  \/><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;margin-bottom: 0px;line-height: 1.75em;\"><span style=\"font-size: 15px;color: rgb(63, 63, 63);\">\u5fb7\u62c9\u56fe\u7684\u5b66\u672f\u7814\u7a76\u59cb\u4e8e\u529b\u5b66\u548c\u70ed\u529b\u5b66\u9886\u57df\u30021809\u5e74\u4ed6\u53d1\u660e\u4e86\u65b0\u5f0f\u70ed\u673a\u3002\u57281809\u5e74\u52301815\u5e74\u95f4\uff0c\u4ed6\u9646\u7eed\u53d1\u660e\u4e86\u65b0\u5f0f\u6db2\u538b\u53d1\u52a8\u673a\u3001\u65b0\u5f0f\u6c14\u6cf5\u3001\u4ee5\u53ca\u70ed\u9a71\u52a8\u7ede\u8f66\u7b49\u8bf8\u591a\u8bbe\u5907\u30021819\u5e74\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u5fb7\u62c9\u56fe\u4e00\u76f4\u5728\u6539\u8fdb\u8fd9\u4e9b\u53d1\u660e\u7684\u8bbe\u8ba1\u3002\u6b64\u540e\u5fb7\u62c9\u56fe\u5bf9\u9e1f\u7c7b\u98de\u884c\u548c\u4eba\u7c7b\u53d1\u58f0\u7684\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u4ea7\u751f\u4e86\u6d53\u539a\u5174\u8da3\uff0c\u5f00\u59cb\u7814\u7a76\u58f0\u5b66\u548c\u58f0\u97f3\u7684\u4ea7\u751f\u673a\u7406\uff0c\u5e76\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u9886\u57df\u6295\u5165\u4e86\u5927\u91cf\u7cbe\u529b\u3002\u503c\u5f97\u6ce8\u610f\uff0c\u6b63\u662f\u8fd9\u4e00\u5076\u7136\u5730\u5174\u8da3\u8f6c\u5411\uff0c\u5bfc\u81f4\u4e86\u65e5\u540e\u4ed6\u53d1\u73b0\u4e86\u4e34\u754c\u73b0\u8c61\u3002\u57281828\u5e74\u52301831\u5e74\u95f4\uff0c\u5fb7\u62c9\u56fe\u5f00\u59cb\u7814\u7a76\u7ed3\u6676\u8fc7\u7a0b\u548c\u9178\u5bf9\u78b3\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u78f7\u3001\u7845\u53ca\u5176\u7ed3\u6676\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u7802\u6d46<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 15px;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">\uff08mortar\uff09<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 15px;color: rgb(63, 63, 63);\">\u7684\u786c\u5316\u3002\u57281832\u5e74\u81f31835\u5e74\u95f4\uff0c\u5fb7\u62c9\u56fe\u53c8\u5bf9\u963f\u57fa\u7c73\u5fb7\u87ba\u6746<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 15px;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">\uff08Archimedean screw\uff09<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 15px;color: rgb(63, 63, 63);\">\u539f\u7406\u5728\u6c14\u6cf5\u4e0a\u7684\u5e94\u7528\u53d1\u751f\u4e86\u5174\u8da3[5]\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;margin-bottom: 0px;line-height: 1.75em;\"><span style=\"font-size: 15px;color: rgb(63, 63, 63);\"><br  \/><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;margin-bottom: 0px;line-height: 1.75em;\"><span style=\"font-size: 15px;color: rgb(63, 63, 63);\">1835\u5e74\u5fb7\u62c9\u56fe\u5f00\u59cb\u8f6c\u5411\u9152\u7cbe\u53d1\u9175\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u5de5\u4f5c\u57281836\u5e74\u52301838\u5e74\u95f4\u8fbe\u5230\u5dc5\u5cf0\u2014\u20141836\u5e74\u5e95\uff0c\u4ed6\u53d1\u73b0\u5564\u9152\u9175\u6bcd\u4e2d\u542b\u6709\u4e00\u79cd\u6d3b\u6027\u7269\u8d28\u3002\u5fb7\u56fd\u751f\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u65bd\u4e07[\u6ce84]<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 15px;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">\uff08Theodor Schwann\uff0c1810-1882\uff09<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 15px;color: rgb(63, 63, 63);\">\u4e5f\u51e0\u4e4e\u540c\u65f6\u72ec\u7acb\u5730\u5f97\u51fa\u4e86\u540c\u6837\u7684\u7ed3\u8bba\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u5316\u5b66\u5bb6\u674e\u6bd4\u5e0c[\u6ce85]<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 15px;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">\uff08Justus von Liebig\uff0c1803-1873\uff09<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 15px;color: rgb(63, 63, 63);\">\u7684\u6279\u8bc4\u4f7f\u5f97\u8fd9\u4e00\u89c2\u70b9\u88ab\u63a8\u8fdf\u4e86\u8db3\u8db320\u5e74\uff0c\u76f4\u52301857\u5e74\uff0c\u6cd5\u56fd\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u5bb6\u5df4\u65af\u5fb7<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 15px;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">\uff08Louis Pasteur\uff0c1822-1895\uff09<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 15px;color: rgb(63, 63, 63);\">\u624d\u518d\u6b21\u5ba3\u5e03\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e00\u53d1\u73b0\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;margin-bottom: 0px;line-height: 1.75em;\"><span style=\"font-size: 15px;color: rgb(63, 63, 63);\"><br  \/><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;margin-bottom: 0px;line-height: 1.75em;\"><span style=\"font-size: 15px;color: rgb(63, 63, 63);\">\u987a\u4fbf\u63d0\u53ca\uff0c\u76ee\u524d\u5173\u4e8e\u5fb7\u62c9\u56fe\u7684\u53ef\u9760\u7167\u7247\u6216\u8096\u50cf\u5c1a\u5b58\u4e89\u8bae\u3002\u5728\u67d0\u4e9b\u6587\u732e\u4ee5\u53ca\u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u6d41\u4f20\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u7167\u7247\u6216\u753b\u50cf\u5f80\u5f80\u76f8\u4e92\u77db\u76fe\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u5e38\u89c1\u7684\u5982\u56fe3\u6240\u793a\uff0c\u636e\u79f0\u662f\u5fb7\u62c9\u56fe\u7684\u8096\u50cf\uff0c\u6709\u6bd4\u8f83\u53ef\u9760\u7684\u8bc1\u636e\u8868\u660e\u5176\u5b9e\u662f\u82f1\u56fd\u738b\u5b50\u67e5\u5c14\u65af\u00b7\u7231\u5fb7\u534e<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 15px;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">\uff08Charles Edward\uff09<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 15px;color: rgb(63, 63, 63);\">[\u6ce86]\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;margin-bottom: 0px;line-height: 1.75em;\"><span style=\"font-size: 15px;color: rgb(63, 63, 63);\"><br  \/><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;margin-bottom: 0px;line-height: 1.75em;text-align: center;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" data-ratio=\"1.2217391304347827\"  data-type=\"png\" data-w=\"230\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/wxsync-2022-11-cc9c22669fd1380e3d2ceec67ee74276.png\"  \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;margin-bottom: 0px;line-height: 1.75em;text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-size: 13px;\">\u56fe3 \u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u4e0a\u6d41\u4f20\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u6240\u8c13\u5fb7\u62c9\u56fe\u7684\u8096\u50cf\u5e76\u4e0d\u53ef\u9760<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;margin-bottom: 0px;line-height: 1.75em;\"><br  \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0em;outline: 0px;text-align: center;visibility: visible;\"><span style=\"outline: 0px;color: rgb(63, 63, 63);font-family: mp-quote, -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, 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style=\"margin-bottom: -2px;outline: 0px;font-family: -apple-system-font, system-ui, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei UI&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, Arial, sans-serif;visibility: visible;\">\n<section style=\"outline: 0px;float: left;width: 8px;height: 3px;background-color: rgb(33, 166, 210);line-height: 0;visibility: visible;\"><br style=\"outline: 0px;visibility: visible;\"  \/><\/section>\n<section style=\"outline: 0px;float: right;width: 8px;height: 3px;background-color: rgb(33, 166, 210);line-height: 0;visibility: visible;\"><br style=\"outline: 0px;visibility: visible;\"  \/><\/section>\n<section style=\"outline: 0px;clear: both;line-height: 0;visibility: visible;\">\n<section style=\"outline: 0px;line-height: 0;width: 0px;visibility: visible;\"><svg viewbox=\"0 0 1 1\" style=\"vertical-align: top;visibility: visible;\"><\/svg><\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<section style=\"padding-right: 10px;padding-left: 10px;outline: 0px;border-left: 3px solid rgb(33, 166, 210);border-right: 3px solid rgb(33, 166, 210);border-top-color: rgb(33, 166, 210);border-bottom-color: rgb(33, 166, 210);font-size: 16px;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);line-height: 1.4;visibility: visible;\">\n<p style=\"outline: 0px;visibility: visible;\"><strong style=\"outline: 0px;visibility: visible;\"><strong style=\"outline: 0px;text-align: left;color: rgb(33, 166, 210);letter-spacing: 0.544px;visibility: visible;\"><span style=\"outline: 0px;font-family: -apple-system-font, system-ui, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei UI&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, Arial, sans-serif;caret-color: rgb(89, 89, 89);visibility: visible;\">3. \u4e34\u754c\u73b0\u8c61\u7684\u53d1\u73b0\u4e0e\u65e9\u671f\u5386\u53f2<\/span><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n<section style=\"margin-top: -2px;outline: 0px;font-family: -apple-system-font, system-ui, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei UI&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, Arial, sans-serif;visibility: visible;\">\n<section style=\"outline: 0px;float: left;width: 8px;height: 3px;background-color: rgb(33, 166, 210);line-height: 0;visibility: visible;\"><br style=\"outline: 0px;visibility: visible;\"  \/><\/section>\n<section style=\"outline: 0px;float: right;width: 8px;height: 3px;background-color: rgb(33, 166, 210);line-height: 0;visibility: visible;\"><br style=\"outline: 0px;visibility: visible;\"  \/><\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/h3>\n<section style=\"margin-right: 8px;margin-bottom: 0px;margin-left: 8px;outline: 0px;white-space: normal;line-height: 1.75em;\"><br  \/><\/section>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;margin-bottom: 0px;line-height: 1.75em;\"><span style=\"font-size: 15px;color: rgb(63, 63, 63);\">17\u4e16\u7eaa\u672b\u548c18\u4e16\u7eaa\u521d\u84b8\u6c7d\u673a\u7684\u53d1\u660e\u6fc0\u53d1\u4e86\u4eba\u4eec\u5bf9\u9ad8\u6e29\u9ad8\u538b\u4e0b\u6d41\u4f53\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u5174\u8da3\u3002\u6cd5\u56fd\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u5e15\u6f58<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 15px;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">\uff08Denis Papin\uff0c1647-1712\uff09<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 15px;color: rgb(63, 63, 63);\">\u5728\u82f1\u56fd\u7687\u5bb6\u5b66\u4f1a\u505a\u73bb\u4e49\u8033<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 15px;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">\uff08Robert Boyle\uff0c1627-1691\uff09<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 15px;color: rgb(63, 63, 63);\">\u52a9\u624b\u671f\u95f4\uff0c\u53d1\u660e\u4e86\u84b8\u6c7d\u673a\u7684\u524d\u8eab\u2014\u2014\u201c\u5e15\u6f58\u84b8\u9505\u201d<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 15px;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">\uff08Papin\u2019s digester\uff0c\u53c2\u89c1\u56fe4\u7684\u793a\u610f\u56fe\u548c\u6a21\u578b\uff09<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 15px;color: rgb(63, 63, 63);\">\u3002\u4ed6\u8fd8\u7279\u522b\u6ce8\u610f\u5230\uff0c\u5f53\u5728\u9ad8\u538b\u4e0b\u52a0\u70ed\uff0c\u6c34\u4fdd\u6301\u5728\u6db2\u76f8\u7684\u6e29\u5ea6\u8fdc\u9ad8\u4e8e\u901a\u5e38\u7684\u6cb8\u70b9\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u6cb8\u70b9\u7684\u6e29\u5ea6\u968f\u7740\u538b\u5f3a\u7684\u589e\u52a0\u800c\u589e\u52a0\u3002\u5230\u4e8618\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e0b\u534a\u53f6\uff0c\u6cd5\u56fd\u5316\u5b66\u5bb6\u62c9\u74e6\u9521<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 15px;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">\uff08Antoine-Laurent de Lavoisier\uff0c1743-1794\uff09<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 15px;color: rgb(63, 63, 63);\">\u8bc1\u660e\u4e86\u6c14\u4f53\u548c\u84b8\u6c7d\u5176\u5b9e\u662f\u4e00\u56de\u4e8b\uff0c\u662f\u56fa\u4f53\u548c\u6db2\u4f53\u4e4b\u5916\u7684\u7269\u8d28\u7684\u7b2c\u4e09\u79cd\u72b6\u6001\u3002\u4ed6\u8fd8\u63d0\u51fa\uff0c\u6c14\u4f53\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u8db3\u591f\u4f4e\u7684\u6e29\u5ea6\u548c\u8db3\u591f\u9ad8\u7684\u538b\u5f3a\u4e0b\u6db2\u5316\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8ba4\u8bc6\u5bfc\u81f41784\u5e74\u514b\u9c81\u57c3<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 15px;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">\uff08Jean-Francois Clouet\uff0c1751\u20141801)&nbsp;<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 15px;color: rgb(63, 63, 63);\">[\u6ce87]\u548c\u8499\u65e5<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 15px;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">\uff08Gaspard Monge\uff0c1746-1818\uff09<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 15px;color: rgb(63, 63, 63);\">[\u6ce88]\u901a\u8fc7\u51b7\u5374\u548c\u538b\u7f29\u5b9e\u73b0\u4e86\u6c14\u6001\u4e8c\u6c27\u5316\u786b\u7684\u6db2\u5316\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u9996\u6b21\u6210\u529f\u7684\u6c14\u4f53\u6db2\u5316\u3002\u968f\u540e\u82f1\u56fd\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u6cd5\u62c9\u7b2c<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 15px;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">\uff08Michael Faraday\uff0c1791-1867\uff09<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 15px;color: rgb(63, 63, 63);\">\u901a\u8fc7\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u6210\u529f\u7684\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5c06\u6c14\u4f53\u6db2\u5316[7, 8]\u3002\u6c22\u3001\u6c27\u3001\u6c2e\u548c\u4e00\u6c27\u5316\u78b3\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4ee5\u524d\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4e0d\u53ef\u51b7\u51dd\u7684\u6c14\u4f53\u2014\u2014\u4e00\u5ea6\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u201c\u6c38\u4e45\u6c14\u4f53\u201d<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 15px;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">\uff08permanent gases\uff09<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 15px;color: rgb(63, 63, 63);\">\u2014\u2014\u6700\u7ec8\u90fd\u57281877\u5e74\u5b9e\u73b0\u4e86\u6db2\u5316\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;margin-bottom: 0px;line-height: 1.75em;\"><span style=\"font-size: 15px;color: rgb(63, 63, 63);\"><br  \/><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;margin-bottom: 0px;line-height: 1.75em;text-align: center;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" data-ratio=\"0.6324786324786325\"  data-type=\"png\" data-w=\"819\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/wxsync-2022-11-1c78a5a71efa31da8a22617fec859256.png\"  \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;margin-bottom: 0px;line-height: 1.75em;text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-size: 13px;\">\u56fe4 \u5e15\u756a\u70ed\u538b\u84b8\u9505\uff08Papin\u2019s digester\uff09\u7684\u793a\u610f\u56fe\u548c\u6a21\u578b \u56fe\u7247\u6765\u6e90\uff1a\u6765\u81ea\u7f51\u7edc<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;margin-bottom: 0px;line-height: 1.75em;\"><br  \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;margin-bottom: 0px;line-height: 1.75em;\"><span style=\"font-size: 15px;color: rgb(63, 63, 63);\">\u5fb7\u62c9\u56fe\u5c31\u662f\u5728\u5e15\u6f58\u70ed\u538b\u84b8\u9505\u7684\u6709\u5173\u5b9e\u9a8c\u4e2d\u53d1\u73b0\u4e34\u754c\u70b9\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u30021822\u5e74\uff0c\u672c\u6765\u51fa\u4e8e\u5bf9\u58f0\u5b66\u7684\u5174\u8da3\uff0c\u5fb7\u62c9\u56fe\u5c06\u71e7\u77f3<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 15px;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">\uff08flint\uff09<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 15px;color: rgb(63, 63, 63);\">\u7403\u653e\u5728\u90e8\u5206\u586b\u5145\u4e86\u6db2\u4f53\u7684\u84b8\u9505\u4e2d\u52a0\u70ed\u3002\u5728\u8f6c\u52a8\u5b9e\u9a8c\u88c5\u7f6e\u65f6\uff0c\u56fa\u4f53\u7684\u71e7\u77f3\u7403\u56e0\u4e3a\u7a7f\u8fc7\u6c14\u6db2\u4e24\u76f8\u7684\u754c\u9762\u800c\u4ea7\u751f\u4e86\u6c34\u7684\u62cd\u6e85\u58f0\u3002\u5fb7\u62c9\u56fe\u6ce8\u610f\u5230\uff0c\u5f53\u5b9e\u9a8c\u4e2d\u6e29\u5ea6\u8fdc\u8fdc\u8d85\u8fc7\u6db2\u4f53\u6cb8\u70b9\u65f6\uff0c\u6c34\u7684\u62cd\u6e85\u58f0\u5728\u8d85\u8fc7\u7279\u5b9a\u6e29\u5ea6\u540e\u5c31\u505c\u6b62\u4e86\u3002\u8fd9\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u610f\u5473\u7740\u524d\u6587\u63d0\u53ca\u7684\u8d85\u4e34\u754c\u6d41\u4f53\u76f8\u7684\u53d1\u73b0<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 15px;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">\uff08\u56fe2\u5f53\u4e2d\u7ea2\u8272\u4e34\u754c\u70b9\u7684\u4e0a\u65b9\u533a\u57df\uff09<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 15px;color: rgb(63, 63, 63);\">\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u76f8\u4e2d\u7531\u4e8e\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u6c14\u6db2\u76f8\u8fb9\u754c\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u4e5f\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u8868\u9762\u5f20\u529b\u3002\u8d85\u4e34\u754c\u6d41\u4f53\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u50cf\u6db2\u4f53\u4e00\u6837\u6eb6\u89e3\u7269\u8d28\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u50cf\u6c14\u4f53\u4e00\u6837\u5728\u56fa\u4f53\u4e2d\u6269\u6563\u3002\u76ee\u524d\u5bf9\u4e8e\u8d85\u4e34\u754c\u6d41\u4f53\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u4ecd\u7136\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u65b9\u5411\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;margin-bottom: 0px;line-height: 1.75em;\"><span style=\"font-size: 15px;color: rgb(63, 63, 63);\"><br  \/><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;margin-bottom: 0px;line-height: 1.75em;\"><span style=\"font-size: 15px;color: rgb(63, 63, 63);\">\u5728\u53d1\u8868\u4e8e\u300a\u5316\u5b66\u548c\u7269\u7406\u5e74\u9274\u300b<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 15px;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">\uff08<em>Annales de Chimie et de Physique<\/em>\uff09[<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 15px;color: rgb(63, 63, 63);\">9]\u7684\u4e24\u7bc7\u8bba\u6587\u4e2d\uff0c\u5fb7\u62c9\u56fe\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e86\u4ed6\u5982\u4f55\u5728\u9ad8\u538b\u4e0b\u52a0\u70ed\u5bc6\u5c01\u7684\u9152\u7cbe\u73bb\u7483\u7ba1<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 15px;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">\uff08\u53c2\u89c1\u56fe5\u5fb7\u62c9\u56fe\u7684\u8bba\u6587\u9996\u9875\uff09<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 15px;color: rgb(63, 63, 63);\">\u3002\u4ed6\u89c2\u5bdf\u5230\u6db2\u4f53\u81a8\u80c0\u5230\u5927\u7ea6\u539f\u6765\u4f53\u79ef\u7684\u4e24\u500d\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u53d8\u6210\u4e86\u900f\u660e\u7684\u84b8\u6c7d\uff0c\u7ba1\u5b50\u770b\u8d77\u6765\u50cf\u662f\u7a7a\u7684\u4e00\u6837\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u5f53\u91cd\u65b0\u51b7\u5374\u65f6\uff0c\u73bb\u7483\u7ba1\u5185\u51fa\u73b0\u4e86\u4e00\u56e2\u201c\u4e91\u201d\u3002\u73b0\u5728\u6211\u4eec\u5df2\u7ecf\u8ba4\u8bc6\u5230\uff0c\u8fd9\u5176\u5b9e\u5c31\u662f\u4e34\u754c\u70b9\u5904\u4e34\u754c\u4e73\u5149\u73b0\u8c61\u7684\u8868\u73b0\u3002\u4e3a\u4e86\u4f7f\u8bfb\u8005\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u76f4\u89c2\u7684\u5370\u8c61\uff0c\u56fe6\u663e\u793a\u4e86\u4e59\u70f7\u7684\u4e34\u754c\u4e73\u5149\u3002\u5fb7\u62c9\u56fe\u8fd8\u6ce8\u610f\u5230\uff0c\u5f53\u8d85\u8fc7\u7279\u5b9a\u6e29\u5ea6\u65f6\uff0c\u589e\u52a0\u538b\u5f3a\u5e76\u4e0d\u80fd\u963b\u6b62\u6db2\u4f53\u7684\u84b8\u53d1\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;margin-bottom: 0px;line-height: 1.75em;\"><span style=\"font-size: 15px;color: rgb(63, 63, 63);\"><br  \/><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;margin-bottom: 0px;line-height: 1.75em;text-align: center;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" data-ratio=\"1.25\"  data-type=\"png\" data-w=\"716\" style=\"height: 491px;width: 393px;\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/wxsync-2022-11-d5051466b2b0de29ea8f3f93a2c9e221.png\"  \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;margin-bottom: 0px;line-height: 1.75em;text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-size: 13px;\">\u56fe5 \u5fb7\u62c9\u56fe\u7684\u8bba\u6587[9]\u7684\u9996\u9875\uff0c\u4ed6\u5728\u8bba\u6587\u4e2d\u62a5\u544a\u4e86\u4e34\u754c\u73b0\u8c61\u7684\u53d1\u73b0<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;margin-bottom: 0px;line-height: 1.75em;\"><span style=\"font-size: 15px;color: rgb(63, 63, 63);\"><br  \/><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;margin-bottom: 0px;line-height: 1.75em;text-align: center;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" data-cropselx1=\"0\" data-cropselx2=\"439\" data-cropsely1=\"0\" data-cropsely2=\"266\" data-ratio=\"0.6112582781456953\"  data-type=\"jpeg\" data-w=\"1510\" style=\"height: 274px;width: 449px;\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/wxsync-2022-11-60e0c3771857d2bb0c8788395ab8e555.png\"  \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;margin-bottom: 0px;line-height: 1.75em;text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-size: 13px;\">\u56fe6 \u4e59\u70f7\u7684\u4e34\u754c\u4e73\u5149\u73b0\u8c61\uff08\u4e2d\u56fe\u9ec4\u5708\u5185\uff09 \u56fe\u7247\u6765\u6e90\uff1ahttps:\/\/handwiki.org &nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;margin-bottom: 0px;line-height: 1.75em;\"><br  \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;margin-bottom: 0px;line-height: 1.75em;\"><span style=\"font-size: 15px;color: rgb(63, 63, 63);\">\u5728\u968f\u540e\u7684\u53e6\u4e00\u7bc7\u8bba\u6587[10]\u4e2d\uff0c\u5fb7\u62c9\u56fe\u60f3\u8981\u8bc1\u660e\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u6781\u9650\u6e29\u5ea6\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u666e\u904d\u73b0\u8c61\u3002\u6240\u8c13\u6781\u9650\u6e29\u5ea6\uff0c\u662f\u6307\u5728\u6b64\u6e29\u5ea6\u4e4b\u4e0a\uff0c\u65e0\u8bba\u538b\u5f3a\u5982\u4f55\uff0c\u6db2\u4f53\u90fd\u4f1a\u84b8\u53d1\u3002\u5fb7\u62c9\u56fe\u5728\u8bba\u6587\u4e2d\u62a5\u544a\u4e86\u51e0\u79cd\u7269\u8d28\u5b9e\u9a8c\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u3002\u4ed6\u901a\u8fc7\u8868\u9762\u5f20\u529b\u4e3a\u96f6\u65f6\u6db2\u4f53\u5f2f\u6708\u6db2\u9762\u6d88\u5931\u4e3a\u6807\u5fd7\uff0c\u6765\u786e\u5b9a\u5bf9\u5e94\u7684\u4e34\u754c\u6e29\u5ea6\u3002\u5fb7\u62c9\u56fe\u6d4b\u91cf\u4e86\u6c34\u3001\u9152\u7cbe\u3001\u4e59\u919a\u548c\u4e8c\u786b\u5316\u78b3\u7684\u4e34\u754c\u6e29\u5ea6T<span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><sub>c<\/sub><\/span>\uff0c\u53d1\u73b0\u5bf9\u5e94\u6bcf\u79cd\u7269\u8d28\u90fd\u786e\u5b9e\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u6e29\u5ea6\uff0c\u5728\u8be5\u5904\u5373\u4f7f\u4e0d\u589e\u52a0\u538b\u5f3a\u6db2\u4f53\u4e5f\u4f1a\u84b8\u53d1\uff0c\u800c\u8d85\u8fc7\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6e29\u5ea6\uff0c\u6db2\u4f53\u5168\u90e8\u84b8\u53d1\u3002\u5fb7\u62c9\u56fe\u6d4b\u5f97\u6c34\u7684\u4e34\u754c\u6e29\u5ea6\u7ea6\u4e3a362\u2103\u3002\u8003\u8651\u5230\u5f53\u65f6\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u6761\u4ef6\uff0c\u8fd9\u5df2\u7ecf\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u9887\u4e3a\u51c6\u786e\u7684\u7ed3\u679c<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 15px;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">\uff08\u73b0\u4ee3\u6d4b\u91cf\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u7ea6\u4e3a374\u2103\uff09<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 15px;color: rgb(63, 63, 63);\">\u3002\u4ed6\u5728\u8bba\u6587\u4e2d\u79f0\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u201c\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u72b6\u6001\u201d<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 15px;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">\uff08\u00e9tat particulier\uff09<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 15px;color: rgb(63, 63, 63);\">\uff1a\u201c\u603b\u662f\u9700\u8981\u975e\u5e38\u9ad8\u7684\u6e29\u5ea6\uff0c\u51e0\u4e4e\u4e0e\u7ba1\u9053\u7684\u5bb9\u91cf\u65e0\u5173\u201d&nbsp;[10]\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u73b0\u5728\u77e5\u9053\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u201c\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u72b6\u6001\u201d\u6807\u5fd7\u7740\u76f8\u5e73\u8861\u66f2\u7ebf\u7684\u7ec8\u70b9\uff0c\u5373\u4e34\u754c\u70b9\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;margin-bottom: 0px;line-height: 1.75em;\"><span style=\"font-size: 15px;color: rgb(63, 63, 63);\"><br  \/><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;margin-bottom: 0px;line-height: 1.75em;\"><span style=\"font-size: 15px;color: rgb(63, 63, 63);\">\u8bb8\u591a\u5fb7\u62c9\u56fe\u7684\u540c\u65f6\u4ee3\u4eba\u5e76\u672a\u610f\u8bc6\u5230\u4ed6\u7684\u53d1\u73b0\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u610f\u4e49\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u8fd9\u4e00\u7ed3\u679c\u4ec5\u5bf9\u5fb7\u62c9\u56fe\u5b9e\u9a8c\u6240\u7528\u7684\u7269\u8d28\u624d\u6210\u7acb\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u666e\u904d\u73b0\u8c61[11]\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u6cd5\u62c9\u7b2c\u663e\u793a\u51fa\u4ed6\u6df1\u523b\u7684\u7269\u7406\u6d1e\u5bdf\uff0c\u4ed6\u8ba4\u8bc6\u5230\u4e86\u5fb7\u62c9\u56fe\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u7684\u4ef7\u503c[12]\u30021844\u5e74\uff0c\u6cd5\u62c9\u7b2c\u5728\u7ed9\u80e1\u5a01\u7acb<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 15px;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">\uff08William Whewell\uff0c1794-1866\uff09<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 15px;color: rgb(63, 63, 63);\">[\u6ce89]\u7684\u4fe1\u4e2d\u5199\u9053\uff1a\u201c\u51e0\u5e74\u524d\uff0c\u5361\u683c\u5c3c\u4e9a\u5fb7\u00b7\u5fb7\u62c9\u56fe\u5b8c\u6210\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b9e\u9a8c\uff0c\u5b83\u7ed9\u4e86\u6211\u4e00\u4e2a\u53d1\u660e\u65b0\u8bcd\u7684\u673a\u4f1a\u3002\u201d\u63a5\u7740\uff0c\u6cd5\u62c9\u7b2c\u8c08\u5230\u73b0\u4ee3\u610f\u4e49\u4e0b\u7684\u4e34\u754c\u70b9\uff0c\u201c\u6839\u636e\u8fde\u7eed\u6027\u5b9a\u5f8b<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 15px;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">\uff08law of continuity\uff09<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 15px;color: rgb(63, 63, 63);\">\uff0c\u6211\u8be5\u5982\u4f55\u7ed9\u6db2\u4f53\u548c\u84b8\u6c7d\u5408\u4e8c\u4e3a\u4e00\u7684\u70b9\u547d\u540d\u5462\uff1f\u5361\u683c\u5c3c\u4e9a\u5fb7\u00b7\u5fb7\u62c9\u56fe\u6ca1\u6709\u547d\u540d\u5b83\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u6211\u8be5\u5982\u4f55\u79f0\u547c\u5b83\u5462\uff1f\u201d<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 15px;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">\uff08\u53c2\u89c1\u524d\u6ce811\uff09<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 15px;color: rgb(63, 63, 63);\">\u80e1\u5a01\u7acb\u5efa\u8bae\u79f0\u5176\u4e3a\u6c7d\u5316\u70b9\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u6db2\u4f53\u7684\u975e\u6db2\u5316\u70b9\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u5fb7\u62c9\u56fe\u6001\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\uff0c\u6cd5\u62c9\u7b2c\u5728\u5176\u540e\u6765\u7684\u8bba\u6587\u4e2d\u7528\u4e86\u201c\u5361\u683c\u5c3c\u4e9a\u5fb7\u00b7\u5fb7\u62c9\u56fe\u6001\u201d<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 15px;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">\uff08Cagniard de la Tour\u2019s state\uff09<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 15px;color: rgb(63, 63, 63);\">\u548c\u201c\u5361\u683c\u5c3c\u4e9a\u5fb7\u00b7\u5fb7\u62c9\u56fe\u70b9\u201d<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 15px;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">\uff08Cagniard de la Tour point\uff09<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 15px;color: rgb(63, 63, 63);\">[13]\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;margin-bottom: 0px;line-height: 1.75em;\"><span style=\"font-size: 15px;color: rgb(63, 63, 63);\"><br  \/><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;margin-bottom: 0px;line-height: 1.75em;\"><span style=\"font-size: 15px;color: rgb(63, 63, 63);\">1859\u5e747\u67085\u65e5\uff0c\u5fb7\u62c9\u56fe\u5728\u5df4\u9ece\u53bb\u4e16\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u5b9e\u9a8c\u53d1\u73b0\u5f00\u542f\u4e86\u4e34\u754c\u73b0\u8c61\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u53e4\u5178\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5176\u540e\u7684\u667a\u529b\u63a2\u9669\u4e4b\u65c5\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;margin-bottom: 0px;line-height: 1.75em;\"><span style=\"font-size: 15px;color: rgb(63, 63, 63);\"><br  \/><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;margin-bottom: 0px;line-height: 1.75em;\"><span style=\"font-size: 15px;color: rgb(63, 63, 63);\">\u6211\u4eec\u4eca\u5929\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u201c\u4e34\u754c\u70b9\u201d<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 15px;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">\uff08critical point\uff09<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 15px;color: rgb(63, 63, 63);\">\u4e00\u8bcd\u662f\u7531\u82f1\u56fd\u7269\u7406\u5316\u5b66\u5bb6\u5b89\u5fb7\u9c81\u65af[\u6ce810]<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 15px;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">\uff08Thomas Andrews\uff0c1813-1885\uff09<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 15px;color: rgb(63, 63, 63);\">\u57281869\u5e74\u2014\u2014\u5fb7\u62c9\u56fe\u53bb\u4e16\u5341\u5e74\u540e\u2014\u2014\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\uff0c\u4ed6\u4e8e\u540c\u5e74\u53d1\u73b0\u4e86\u201c\u8d85\u4e34\u754c\u6d41\u4f53\u201d\uff0c\u5e76\u5c06\u4ed6\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u6210\u679c\u4ee5\u300a\u8bba\u7269\u8d28\u6c14\u6001\u4e0e\u6db2\u6001\u7684\u8fde\u7eed\u6027\u300b<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 15px;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">\uff08<em>on the continuity of the gaseous and liquid states of matter<\/em>\uff09<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 15px;color: rgb(63, 63, 63);\">\u4e3a\u9898\u53d1\u8868\u5728\u5f53\u5e74\u7684\u300a\u54f2\u5b66\u6742\u5fd7\u300b\u4e0a[14]<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 15px;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">\uff08\u53c2\u89c1\u56fe7\uff09<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 15px;color: rgb(63, 63, 63);\">\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u7bc7\u8457\u540d\u8bba\u6587\u4e2d\uff0c\u5b89\u5fb7\u9c81\u65af\u7814\u7a76\u4e86\u4e8c\u6c27\u5316\u78b3\u6db2\u6c14\u4e24\u76f8\u5171\u5b58\u7ebf\u7684\u538b\u5f3a\u2014\u4f53\u79ef\u66f2\u7ebf\uff0c\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u9610\u660e\u4e86\u5fb7\u62c9\u56fe\u6240\u8c13\u7684\u201c\u7279\u5b9a\u72b6\u6001\u201d\u2014\u2014\u5373\u53ea\u6709\u5728\u4e00\u5b9a\u7684\u6e29\u5ea6\u548c\u538b\u5f3a\u4e0b\u2014\u2014\u6c14\u4f53\u624d\u53ef\u80fd\u51dd\u7ed3\u6210\u6db2\u4f53\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u6db2\u4f53\u624d\u53ef\u80fd\u84b8\u53d1\u6210\u6c14\u4f53\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u4e4b\u4e0a\u662f\u8d85\u4e34\u754c\u76f8\uff0c\u5728\u90a3\u91cc\u6db2\u4f53\u548c\u84b8\u6c7d\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u533a\u522b\u6d88\u5931\u4e86<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 15px;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">\uff08\u53c2\u89c1\u56fe8\uff09<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 15px;color: rgb(63, 63, 63);\">\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;margin-bottom: 0px;line-height: 1.75em;\"><span style=\"font-size: 15px;color: rgb(63, 63, 63);\"><br  \/><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;margin-bottom: 0px;line-height: 1.75em;\"><span style=\"font-size: 15px;color: rgb(63, 63, 63);\">1873\u5e74\uff0c\u8377\u5170\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u8303\u5fb7\u74e6\u5c14\u65af<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 15px;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">\uff08J. H. van der Waals\uff0c1837-1923\uff09<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 15px;color: rgb(63, 63, 63);\">\u9996\u6b21\u4ece\u7406\u8bba\u4e0a\u6e05\u6670\u5730\u89e3\u91ca\u4e86\u7269\u8d28\u6c14\u76f8\u548c\u6db2\u76f8\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u8fde\u7eed\u6027\u3002\u8303\u5fb7\u74e6\u5c14\u65af\u5728\u5176\u535a\u58eb\u8bba\u6587\u4e2d\u8868\u660e[15]\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f15\u5165\u5206\u5b50\u95f4\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\u63a8\u5e7f\u7406\u60f3\u6c14\u4f53\u5b9a\u5f8b\uff0c\u5e76\u5f97\u5230\u4e86\u4ee5\u4ed6\u540d\u5b57\u547d\u540d\u7684\u8303\u5fb7\u74e6\u5c14\u65af\u6c14\u7684\u7269\u6001\u65b9\u7a0b\uff0c\u5b9a\u6027\u89e3\u91ca\u4e86\u5b89\u5fb7\u9c81\u65af\u7684\u5b9e\u9a8c\u7ed3\u679c\u3002\u5f53\u65f6\u8457\u540d\u7684\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u9ea6\u514b\u65af\u97e6\u548c\u73bb\u5c14\u5179\u66fc\u90fd\u5bf9\u8303\u5fb7\u74e6\u5c14\u65af\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u7ed9\u4e88\u9ad8\u5ea6\u8bc4\u4ef7[4]\u3002\u8303\u5fb7\u74e6\u5c14\u65af\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u53cd\u8fc7\u6765\u53c8\u542f\u53d1\u4e86\u4ed6\u7684\u540c\u80de\uff0c\u8377\u5170\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u6602\u5185\u65af<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 15px;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">\uff08Heike Kamerlingh Onnes\uff0c1853-1926\uff09<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 15px;color: rgb(63, 63, 63);\">\u3002\u540e\u8005\u53ef\u4ee5\u636e\u6b64\u4f30\u8ba1\u6c38\u4e45\u6c14\u4f53\u7684\u4e34\u754c\u70b9\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e3a\u6c26\u6700\u7ec8\u5728\u4f4e\u6e29\u4e0b\u2014\u2014\u7ea64K\u5de6\u53f3\u2014\u2014\u6db2\u5316\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u7406\u8bba\u57fa\u7840\u3002\u968f\u540e\u4f4e\u6e29\u7684\u83b7\u5f97\u53c8\u5bfc\u81f4\u8d85\u5bfc\u73b0\u8c61\u7684\u53d1\u73b0\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u5173\u4e8e\u4f4e\u6e29\u7684\u63a2\u7d22\u5386\u53f2\uff0c\u5219\u53c8\u662f\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u6545\u4e8b\u4e86[16]\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;margin-bottom: 0px;line-height: 1.75em;\"><span style=\"font-size: 15px;color: rgb(63, 63, 63);\"><br  \/><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;margin-bottom: 0px;line-height: 1.75em;\"><span style=\"font-size: 15px;color: rgb(63, 63, 63);\">\u7269\u8d28\u5728\u4e34\u754c\u70b9\u9644\u8fd1\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u4e34\u754c\u6307\u6570\u6765\u523b\u5212\u3002\u4ece\u8303\u5fb7\u74e6\u5c14\u65af\u7269\u6001\u65b9\u7a0b\u4e2d\u5f97\u5230\u7684\u201c\u4e34\u754c\u6307\u6570\u201d\uff0c\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u662f\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u5e73\u5747\u573a<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 15px;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">\uff08Mean Field\uff09<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 15px;color: rgb(63, 63, 63);\">\u6570\u503c\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u5e76\u4e0d\u7b26\u5408\u5b9e\u9645\u6d4b\u91cf\u51fa\u6765\u7684\u70ed\u529b\u5b66\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u4e34\u754c\u6307\u6570\u503c\u3002\u6bd4\u5229\u65f6\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u6c83\u6c99\u8d39\u5c14\u7279<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 15px;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">\uff08Jules-Emil\u00e9 Verschaffelt\uff0c 1870-1955\uff09<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 15px;color: rgb(63, 63, 63);\">[\u6ce811]\u57281896\u5e74\u9996\u5148\u901a\u8fc7\u5b9e\u9a8c\u53d1\u73b0\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9[17]\u3002\u4ed6\u91cd\u65b0\u6d4b\u91cf\u4e86\u4e8c\u6c27\u5316\u78b3\u5728\u6bdb\u7ec6\u7ba1\u4e2d\u7684\u4e0a\u5347\u91cf\uff0c\u5e76\u7ed3\u5408\u65b0\u7684\u5171\u5b58\u5bc6\u5ea6\u5b9e\u9a8c\u503c\u5bf9\u5171\u5b58\u66f2\u7ebf\u6570\u636e\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u5206\u6790\uff0c\u53d1\u73b0\u540c\u5e73\u5747\u573a\u503c\u5e76\u4e0d\u543b\u5408\u3002\u7136\u800c\u6c83\u6c99\u8d39\u5c14\u7279\u7684\u5b9e\u9a8c\u7ed3\u679c\u5e76\u672a\u5f15\u8d77\u5f53\u65f6\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u7684\u91cd\u89c6\u300220\u4e16\u7eaa30\u5e74\u4ee3\uff0c\u524d\u82cf\u8054\u8457\u540d\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u6717\u9053<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 15px;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">\uff08Lev Davidovich Landau\uff0c1908-1968\uff09<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 15px;color: rgb(63, 63, 63);\">\u7ee7\u7eed\u53d1\u5c55\u4e86\u8fdb\u884c\u7cfb\u7edf\u5316\u5e73\u5747\u573a\u5904\u7406\u76f8\u53d8\u7684\u666e\u904d\u6846\u67b6\uff0c\u5373\u6717\u9053\u8fde\u7eed\u76f8\u53d8\u7406\u8bba\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u76f8\u53d8\u552f\u8c61\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u4e00\u5ea7\u9ad8\u5cf0[18]\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;margin-bottom: 0px;line-height: 1.75em;\"><span style=\"font-size: 15px;color: rgb(63, 63, 63);\"><br  \/><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;margin-bottom: 0px;line-height: 1.75em;text-align: center;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" data-ratio=\"0.7085650723025584\"  data-type=\"png\" data-w=\"899\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/wxsync-2022-11-8a6e182e39def17c31daeb83ecbe232e.png\"  \/><\/p>\n<section style=\"margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;margin-bottom: 0px;line-height: 1.5em;\"><span style=\"color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-size: 13px;\">\u56fe7 1869\u5e74\u5b89\u5fb7\u9c81\u65af\u53d1\u8868\u7684\u300a\u8bba\u7269\u8d28\u6c14\u6001\u4e0e\u6db2\u6001\u7684\u8fde\u7eed\u6027\u300b\u8bba\u6587\u9996\u9875\uff0c\u5f00\u95e8\u89c1\u5c71\u63d0\u53ca\u5fb7\u62c9\u56fe\u5173\u4e8e\u4e34\u754c\u73b0\u8c61\u7684\u5b9e\u9a8c\u53d1\u73b0&nbsp;[14]<\/span><\/section>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;margin-bottom: 0px;line-height: 1.75em;\"><span style=\"font-size: 15px;color: rgb(63, 63, 63);\"><br  \/><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;margin-bottom: 0px;line-height: 1.75em;text-align: center;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" data-ratio=\"0.6366950182260024\"  data-type=\"png\" data-w=\"823\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/wxsync-2022-11-f6c512a9e2ef5d3af902d407e05b0dcc.png\"  \/><\/p>\n<section style=\"margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;margin-bottom: 0px;line-height: 1.5em;\"><span style=\"color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-size: 13px;\">\u56fe8 1869\u5e74\u5b89\u5fb7\u9c81\u65af\u7684\u300a\u8bba\u7269\u8d28\u6c14\u6001\u4e0e\u6db2\u6001\u7684\u8fde\u7eed\u6027\u300b\u8bba\u6587\u5185\u56fe[14]\u3002\u56fe\u4e2d\u5750\u6807\u6a2a\u8f74\u4e3a\u538b\u5f3a\uff0c\u7eb5\u8f74\u4e3a\u4f53\u79ef\u3002\u53ef\u4ee5\u770b\u5230\u968f\u7740\u6e29\u5ea6\u63d0\u9ad8\uff0c\u5171\u5b58\u7684\u6c14\u6db2\u4e24\u76f8\u7684\u5bc6\u5ea6\u5dee\u9010\u6b65\u8d8b\u4e8e\u96f6\u76f4\u81f3\u6d88\u5931\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;margin-bottom: 0px;line-height: 1.75em;\"><span style=\"font-size: 15px;color: rgb(63, 63, 63);\"><br  \/><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;margin-bottom: 0px;line-height: 1.75em;text-align: center;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img\" data-backh=\"220\" data-backw=\"562\" data-ratio=\"0.390625\"  data-type=\"jpeg\" data-w=\"1024\" style=\"width: 562px;\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/wxsync-2022-11-b83c7fc770fe7c694805cff7458933de.jpeg\"  \/><\/p>\n<section style=\"margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;margin-bottom: 0px;line-height: 1.5em;\"><span style=\"color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-size: 13px;\">\u56fe9 \u8bfb\u8005\u670b\u53cb\uff0c\u4f60\u80fd\u4ece\u8fd9\u5f20\u8457\u540d\u7684\u5408\u5f71\u4e2d\u627e\u5230\u6c83\u6c99\u8d39\u5c14\u7279\u5417\uff1f\uff08\u7b54\u6848\u89c1\u6587\u540e\u6ce8\u91ca[12]\uff09\u56fe\u7247\u6765\u6e90\uff1a\u7f51\u7edc<\/span><\/section>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;margin-bottom: 0px;line-height: 1.75em;\"><span style=\"font-size: 15px;color: rgb(63, 63, 63);\"><br  \/><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;margin-bottom: 0px;line-height: 1.75em;\"><span style=\"font-size: 15px;color: rgb(63, 63, 63);\">\u5728\u53e6\u4e00\u5173\u4e8e\u78c1\u6027\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u8def\u7ebf\u4e0a\uff0c\u6cd5\u56fd\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u5c45\u91cc<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 15px;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">\uff08Pierre 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Onsager\uff0c1903-1976\uff09\u57281944\u5e74\u89e3\u6790\u5730\u8ba1\u7b97\u4e86\u5728\u6ca1\u6709\u5916\u78c1\u573a\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u4e8c\u7ef4\u4f0a\u8f9b\u6a21\u578b\u7684\u6bd4\u70ed[24]\u2014\u2014\u6602\u8428\u683c\u7684\u8fd9\u4e00\u5de5\u4f5c\u5982\u6b64\u91cd\u8981\uff0c\u4ee5\u81f3\u4e8e\u675c\u59c6\u79f0\u5176\u4e3a\u201c\u6602\u8428\u683c\u9769\u547d\u201d<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 15px;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">\uff08Onsager Revolution\uff09<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 15px;color: rgb(63, 63, 63);\">[4]\u3002\u6602\u8428\u683c\u8fd8\u57281949\u5e74\u7ed9\u51fa\u4e86\u672a\u4e88\u8bc1\u660e\u7684\u81ea\u53d1\u78c1\u5316\u516c\u5f0f[25, 26][\u6ce814]\uff0c\u8be5\u516c\u5f0f\u662f\u6768\u632f\u5b81<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 15px;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">\uff081922-\uff09<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 15px;color: rgb(63, 63, 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1.75em;text-align: center;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 15px;color: rgb(63, 63, 63);\">\u8868I&nbsp;Ising\u6a21\u578b\u7cbe\u786e\u89e3\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u8fdb\u7a0b<\/span><\/strong><span style=\"font-size: 15px;color: rgb(63, 63, 63);\"><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;margin-bottom: 0px;line-height: 1.75em;\"><img class=\"rich_pages wxw-img js_insertlocalimg\" data-ratio=\"0.9890625\" data-s=\"300,640\"  data-type=\"png\" data-w=\"1280\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/wxsync-2022-11-2e9579dbd8410bd8e6df5b50eaa32b29.png\"  \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;margin-bottom: 0px;line-height: 1.75em;\"><br  \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;margin-bottom: 0px;line-height: 1.75em;\"><span style=\"font-size: 15px;color: rgb(63, 63, 63);\">\u5728\u7f3a\u4e4f\u4e09\u7ef4\u4f0a\u8f9b\u6a21\u578b\u7cbe\u786e\u89e3\u7684\u80cc\u666f\u4e0b\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u4e0d\u5f97\u4e0d\u4f9d\u8d56\u4e8e\u6570\u503c\u6a21\u62df\u3002\u675c\u59c6\u5728\u51761949\u5e74\u7684\u535a\u58eb\u8bba\u6587\u4e2d\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u9ad8\u3001\u4f4e\u6e29\u5c55\u5f00\u65b9\u6cd5<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 15px;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">\uff08\u53c2\u89c1[4]\u4e2d\u5f15\u8ff0\uff09<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 15px;color: rgb(63, 63, 63);\">\u3002\u800c\u4eca\u5929\u88ab\u5e7f\u6cdb\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u5219\u662f\u8fc8\u7ef0\u6ce1\u5229\u65af[\u6ce815]<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 15px;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">\uff08Nicholas Metropolis\uff0c1915-1999\uff09<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 15px;color: rgb(63, 63, 63);\">\u548c\u4e4c\u62c9\u59c6[\u6ce816]<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 15px;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">\uff08Stanislaw Ulam\uff0c1909-1986\uff09<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 15px;color: rgb(63, 63, 63);\">\u57281949\u5e74\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u8499\u7279\u5361\u7f57<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 15px;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">\uff08Monte Carlo\uff09<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 15px;color: rgb(63, 63, 63);\">\u65b9\u6cd5[37]\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;margin-bottom: 0px;line-height: 1.75em;\"><span style=\"font-size: 15px;color: rgb(63, 63, 63);\"><br  \/><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;margin-bottom: 0px;line-height: 1.75em;\"><span style=\"font-size: 15px;color: rgb(63, 63, 63);\">20\u4e16\u7eaa60\u5e74\u4ee3\uff0c\u5361\u4e39\u8bfa\u592b\u548c\u8d39\u820d\u5c14[\u6ce817]<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 15px;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">\uff08Michael Fisher\uff0c1931-2021\uff09<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 15px;color: rgb(63, 63, 63);\">\u610f\u8bc6\u5230\u76f8\u53d8\u7684\u4e00\u822c\u7406\u8bba\u6846\u67b6\u5fc5\u987b\u57fa\u4e8e\u201c\u6807\u5ea6\u5047\u8bbe\u201d<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 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justify;font-size: 13px;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">\n<p style=\"outline: 0px;\"><span style=\"outline: 0px;\"><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-right: 8px;margin-bottom: 8px;margin-left: 8px;white-space: normal;outline: 0px;color: rgb(34, 34, 34);letter-spacing: 0.544px;font-family: -apple-system, system-ui, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei UI&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, Arial, sans-serif;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);text-align: left;line-height: normal;\"><span style=\"font-size: 13px;\"><span style=\"outline: 0px;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">[1]&nbsp;<\/span><span style=\"color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-family: mp-quote, -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei UI&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, Arial, sans-serif;text-align: justify;\">\u9650\u4e8e\u7bc7\u5e45\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5728\u6b64\u4e0d\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u8ba8\u8bba\u76f8\u53d8\u7684\u5206\u7c7b\u3002\u5bf9\uff08\u8fde\u7eed\uff09\u76f8\u53d8\u7684\u73b0\u4ee3\u89e3\u8bfb\u8fd8\u5305\u62ec\u6240\u8c13\u5bf9\u79f0\u6027\u7834\u7f3a\uff08symmetry breaking\uff09\u3002\u5bf9\u76f8\u53d8\u4e0e\u4e34\u754c\u73b0\u8c61\u53d1\u5c55\u5386\u7a0b\u7684\u5168\u8c8c\u611f\u5174\u8da3\u7684\u8bfb\u8005\uff0c\u8bf7\u53c2\u9605\u5f15\u4eba\u5165\u80dc\u7684\u79d1\u666e\u8bfb\u7269\u4f73\u6784\uff0c\u300a\u8fb9\u7f18\u5947\u8ff9: \u76f8\u53d8\u548c\u4e34\u754c\u73b0\u8c61\u300b\uff0c\u4e8e\u6e0c\uff0c\u90dd\u67cf\u6797\uff0c\u9648\u6653\u677e\u8457\uff0c\u79d1\u5b66\u51fa\u7248\u793e\uff082005\uff09\u3002&nbsp;<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-right: 8px;margin-bottom: 8px;margin-left: 8px;white-space: normal;line-height: normal;\"><span style=\"color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-size: 13px;\"><span style=\"font-family: -apple-system, system-ui, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei UI&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, Arial, sans-serif;letter-spacing: 0.544px;text-align: left;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">[2]&nbsp;<\/span>\u5361\u4e39\u8bfa\u592b\uff08Leo Kadanoff\uff09\u7f8e\u56fd\u8457\u540d\u7edf\u8ba1\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\uff0c\u66fe\u4efb\u7f8e\u56fd\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u4f1a\uff08APS\uff09\u4e3b\u5e2d\uff0c\u5728\u7edf\u8ba1\u7269\u7406\u3001\u6df7\u6c8c\u7406\u8bba\u3001\u51dd\u805a\u6001\u7269\u7406\u7b49\u9886\u57df\u8d21\u732e\u5353\u8457\u3002&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-right: 8px;margin-bottom: 8px;margin-left: 8px;white-space: normal;line-height: normal;\"><span style=\"color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-size: 13px;\"><span style=\"font-family: -apple-system, system-ui, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei UI&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, Arial, sans-serif;letter-spacing: 0.544px;text-align: left;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">[3]&nbsp;<\/span>\u7531\u4e8e\u672c\u6587\u7740\u91cd\u4ecb\u7ecd\u5361\u683c\u5c3c\u4e9a\u5fb7\u53d1\u73b0\u4e34\u754c\u73b0\u8c61\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u7b14\u8005\u5bf9\u5176\u540e\u53e4\u5178\u65f6\u671f\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u5e76\u672a\u8be6\u7ec6\u5c55\u5f00\u8ba8\u8bba\uff0c\u96be\u514d\u4f1a\u6709\u9057\u6f0f\uff0c\u671f\u5f85\u4ee5\u540e\u6709\u673a\u4f1a\u53e6\u6587\u64b0\u8ff0\u3002&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-right: 8px;margin-bottom: 8px;margin-left: 8px;white-space: normal;line-height: normal;\"><span style=\"color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-size: 13px;\"><span style=\"font-family: -apple-system, system-ui, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei UI&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, Arial, sans-serif;letter-spacing: 0.544px;text-align: left;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">[4]&nbsp;<\/span>\u65bd\u4e07\uff08Theodor Schwann\uff09\uff0c\u5fb7\u56fd\u751f\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\uff0c\u7ec6\u80de\u5b66\u8bf4\u7684\u521b\u7acb\u8005\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u9175\u6bcd\u83cc\u6709\u673a\u5c5e\u6027\u7684\u53d1\u73b0\u8005\uff0c\u80c3\u86cb\u767d\u9176\u7684\u53d1\u73b0\u548c\u7814\u7a76\u8005\uff0c\u521b\u9020\u4e86\u201c\u65b0\u9648\u4ee3\u8c22\uff08metabolism\uff09\u201d\u4e00\u8bcd\u3002&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-right: 8px;margin-bottom: 8px;margin-left: 8px;white-space: normal;line-height: normal;\"><span style=\"color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-size: 13px;\"><span style=\"font-family: -apple-system, system-ui, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei UI&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, Arial, sans-serif;letter-spacing: 0.544px;text-align: left;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">[5]&nbsp;<\/span>\u674e\u6bd4\u5e0c\uff08Justus von Liebig\uff09\uff0c\u5fb7\u56fd\u5316\u5b66\u5bb6\uff0c\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u6709\u673a\u5316\u5b66\u7684\u5960\u57fa\u4eba\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-right: 8px;margin-bottom: 8px;margin-left: 8px;white-space: normal;line-height: normal;\"><span style=\"color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-size: 13px;\"><span style=\"font-family: -apple-system, system-ui, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei UI&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, Arial, sans-serif;letter-spacing: 0.544px;text-align: left;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">[6]&nbsp;<\/span>\u5b83\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u662f1745\u5e74\u5de6\u53f3\u4e00\u4f4d\u540d\u53ebM. Q. de La Tour\u7684\u753b\u5bb6\u521b\u4f5c\u7684\u6cb9\u753b\uff0c\u5728\u7231\u4e01\u5821\u7684\u82cf\u683c\u5170\u56fd\u5bb6\u8096\u50cf\u753b\u5eca\u5c55\u51fa\uff0c\u53c2\u89c1https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Jacobite-British-history\u3002&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-right: 8px;margin-bottom: 8px;margin-left: 8px;white-space: normal;line-height: normal;\"><span style=\"color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-size: 13px;\"><span style=\"font-family: -apple-system, system-ui, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei UI&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, Arial, sans-serif;letter-spacing: 0.544px;text-align: left;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">[7]&nbsp;<\/span>\u514b\u9c81\u57c3\uff08Jean-Francois Clouet\uff09\uff0c\u6cd5\u56fd\u5316\u5b66\u5bb6\u3001\u51b6\u91d1\u5b66\u5bb6\uff0c\u63a8\u52a8\u4e86\u6cd5\u56fd\u5316\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u5411\u5177\u4f53\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u8f6c\u53d8\uff0c\u4fc3\u8fdb\u4e86\u51b6\u91d1\u5de5\u4e1a\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u3002&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-right: 8px;margin-bottom: 8px;margin-left: 8px;white-space: normal;line-height: normal;\"><span style=\"color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-size: 13px;\"><span style=\"font-family: -apple-system, system-ui, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei UI&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, Arial, sans-serif;letter-spacing: 0.544px;text-align: left;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">[8]&nbsp;<\/span>\u8499\u65e5\uff08Gaspard Monge\uff09\uff0c\u6cd5\u56fd\u6570\u5b66\u5bb6\u3001\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u3002\u521b\u7acb\u4e86\u753b\u6cd5\u51e0\u4f55\u5b66\u3001\u504f\u5fae\u5206\u65b9\u7a0b\u7684\u7279\u5f81\u7406\u8bba\uff0c\u63a8\u52a8\u4e86\u7a7a\u95f4\u89e3\u6790\u51e0\u4f55\u5b66\u3001\u5fae\u5206\u51e0\u4f55\u5b66\u3001\u7eaf\u7cb9\u51e0\u4f55\u5b66\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u3002&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-right: 8px;margin-bottom: 8px;margin-left: 8px;white-space: normal;line-height: normal;\"><span style=\"color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-size: 13px;\"><span style=\"font-family: -apple-system, system-ui, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei UI&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, Arial, sans-serif;letter-spacing: 0.544px;text-align: left;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">[9]&nbsp;<\/span>\u4e00\u822c\u8bd1\u4e3a\u80e1\u5a01\u7acb\uff08William Whewell\uff09\uff0c19\u4e16\u7eaa\u82f1\u56fd\u535a\u5b66\u591a\u624d\u7684\u5b66\u8005\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u5f53\u65f6\u82f1\u56fd\u5b66\u754c\u6700\u6709\u5f71\u54cd\u529b\u7684\u4eba\u7269\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002\u4ed6\u5728\u529b\u5b66\u3001\u77ff\u7269\u5b66\u3001\u5730\u8d28\u5b66\u3001\u5929\u6587\u5b66\u3001\u653f\u6cbb\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u3001\u5efa\u7b51\u5b66\u7b49\u8bf8\u591a\u5b66\u79d1\u4e0a\u8457\u4e66\u7acb\u8bf4\uff0c\u5728\u79d1\u5b66\u54f2\u5b66\u3001\u79d1\u5b66\u53f2\u548c\u9053\u5fb7\u54f2\u5b66\u9886\u57df\u7559\u4e0b\u8bb8\u591a\u8457\u4f5c\uff0c\u5982\u300a\u5f52\u7eb3\u79d1\u5b66\u53f2\u300b\uff083\u5377\u672c\uff0c1837\uff09\u3001\u300a\u5f52\u7eb3\u79d1\u5b66\u539f\u7406\u300b\uff081840\uff09\u3001\u300a\u79d1\u5b66\u601d\u60f3\u53f2\u300b\uff082\u5377\u672c\uff0c1858\uff09\u3001\u300a\u53d1\u73b0\u7684\u539f\u7406\u300b\uff081860\uff09\u7b49\u3002\u4ed6\u662f\u82f1\u56fd\u79d1\u5b66\u4fc3\u8fdb\u4f1a\u7684\u521b\u59cb\u6210\u5458\u4e4b\u4e00\u548c\u4e3b\u5e2d\uff0c\u7687\u5bb6\u5b66\u4f1a\u4f1a\u5458\uff0c\u5730\u8d28\u5b66\u4f1a\u4f1a\u957f\uff0c\u5251\u6865\u5927\u5b66\u4e09\u4e00\u5b66\u9662\u7684\u957f\u671f\u9662\u957f\u3002\u4ed6\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u5f97\u5230\u4e86\u540c\u65f6\u4ee3\u7684\u7ea6\u7ff0\u00b7\u8d6b\u6b47\u5c14\u3001\u67e5\u5c14\u65af\u00b7\u8fbe\u5c14\u6587\u3001\u67e5\u5c14\u65af\u00b7\u83b1\u5c14\u548c\u8fc8\u514b\u5c14\u00b7\u6cd5\u62c9\u7b2c\u7b49\u5f53\u65f6\u4e3b\u8981\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u7684\u8ba4\u53ef\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u7ecf\u5e38\u5411\u80e1\u5a01\u7acb\u5bfb\u6c42\u54f2\u5b66\u548c\u79d1\u5b66\u5efa\u8bae\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u662f\u5bfb\u6c42\u5b66\u672f\u672f\u8bed\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u5e2e\u52a9\u3002\u80e1\u5a01\u7acb\u53d1\u660e\u4e86\u6cd5\u62c9\u7b2c\u7684\u672f\u8bed\u201c\u9633\u6781\u201d\uff08anode\uff09\u3001\u201c\u9634\u6781\u201d\uff08cathode\uff09\u548c\u201c\u79bb\u5b50\u201d\uff08ion\uff09\u3002\u4e00\u6bb5\u6709\u8da3\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u662f\uff0c1833\u5e74\uff0c\u4e3a\u4e86\u56de\u5e94\u8bd7\u4ebaS.T.\u67ef\u52d2\u5f8b\u6cbb\u7684\u6311\u6218\uff0c\u80e1\u5a01\u7acb\u53d1\u660e\u4e86\u5355\u8bcd\u201cscientist\u201d\uff0c\u6b64\u524d\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u672f\u8bed\u53ea\u6709\u201c\u81ea\u7136\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u201d\uff08 natural philosopher\uff09\u548c\u201c\u79d1\u5b66\u4ece\u4e1a\u8005\u201d\uff08man of science\uff09\u3002&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-right: 8px;margin-bottom: 8px;margin-left: 8px;white-space: normal;line-height: normal;\"><span style=\"color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-size: 13px;\"><span style=\"font-family: -apple-system, system-ui, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei UI&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, Arial, sans-serif;letter-spacing: 0.544px;text-align: left;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">[10]&nbsp;<\/span>\u5b89\u5fb7\u9c81\u65af\uff08Thomas Andrews\uff09\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u7269\u7406\u5316\u5b66\u5bb6\uff0c\u4f26\u6566\u7687\u5bb6\u5b66\u4f1a\u4f1a\u5458\u3001\u7231\u4e01\u5821\u7687\u5bb6\u5b66\u4f1a\u4f1a\u5458\uff0c\u66fe\u4efb\u8d1d\u5c14\u6cd5\u65af\u7279\u5973\u738b\u5b66\u9662\u526f\u9662\u957f\u3001\u5316\u5b66\u6559\u6388\u3002\u4e3b\u8981\u4ece\u4e8b\u7269\u8d28\u4e34\u754c\u72b6\u6001\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u3002&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-right: 8px;margin-bottom: 8px;margin-left: 8px;white-space: normal;line-height: normal;\"><span style=\"color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-size: 13px;\"><span style=\"font-family: -apple-system, system-ui, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei UI&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, Arial, sans-serif;letter-spacing: 0.544px;text-align: left;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">[11]&nbsp;<\/span>\u6c83\u6c99\u8d39\u5c14\u7279\uff08Jules-Emil\u00e9 Verschaffelt\uff09\uff0c\u6bd4\u5229\u65f6\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\uff0c\u5e08\u4ece\u8377\u5170\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u3001\u4f4e\u6e29\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5960\u57fa\u4eba\u6602\u5185\u65af\uff08Heike Kamerlingh Onnes\uff09\u3002&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-right: 8px;margin-bottom: 8px;margin-left: 8px;white-space: normal;line-height: normal;\"><span style=\"color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-size: 13px;\"><span style=\"font-family: -apple-system, system-ui, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei UI&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, Arial, sans-serif;letter-spacing: 0.544px;text-align: left;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">[12]&nbsp;<\/span>\u540e\u6392\u5de6\u8d77\u7b2c\u4e03\u4eba\uff08\u859b\u5b9a\u8c14\u548c\u6ce1\u5229\u4e4b\u95f4\uff09\uff1aAuguste Piccard, Emile Henriot, Paul Ehrenfest, Edouard Herzen, Theophile de Donder, Erwin Schrodinger, J.-E. Verschaffelt, Wolfgang Pauli, Werner Heisenberg, Ralph Fowler; Leon Brillouin.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-right: 8px;margin-bottom: 8px;margin-left: 8px;white-space: normal;line-height: normal;\"><span style=\"color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-size: 13px;\"><span style=\"font-family: -apple-system, system-ui, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei UI&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, Arial, sans-serif;letter-spacing: 0.544px;text-align: left;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">[13]&nbsp;<\/span>\u5728\u7b14\u8005(\u5f20\u4e00)\u770b\u6765\uff0c\u5c45\u91cc\u57281894\u5e74\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u5c45\u91cc\u539f\u7406\uff08Curie\u2019s Principle\uff09\u6307\u51fa\u4e86\u5bf9\u79f0\u6027\u5728\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u4e2d\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u5730\u4f4d\u3002\u5173\u4e8e\u8fd9\u4e00\u539f\u7406\u867d\u7136\u5c1a\u5b58\u4e89\u8bae\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u5176\u5386\u53f2\u4f5c\u7528\u957f\u671f\u4ee5\u6765\u4f3c\u4e4e\u88ab\u5ffd\u89c6\u4e86\u3002&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-right: 8px;margin-bottom: 8px;margin-left: 8px;white-space: normal;line-height: normal;\"><span style=\"color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-size: 13px;\"><span style=\"font-family: -apple-system, system-ui, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei UI&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, Arial, sans-serif;letter-spacing: 0.544px;text-align: left;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">[14]&nbsp;<\/span>1948\u5e748\u670823\u65e5\uff0cL. Tisza\u5728\u5eb7\u5948\u5c14\u5927\u5b66\u505a\u5173\u4e8e\u4f0a\u8f9b\u6a21\u578b\u7684\u6f14\u8bb2\u3002\u6f14\u8bb2\u7ed3\u675f\u65f6\uff0cOnsager\u8d70\u5230\u9ed1\u677f\u524d\u5ba3\u5e03\u4ed6\u548cBruria Kaufman\u5df2\u7ecf\u89e3\u51b3\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u5e76\u628a\u516c\u5f0f\u5199\u5728\u4e86\u9ed1\u677f\u4e0a\u30021949\u5e74\uff0cOnsager\u5728\u610f\u5927\u5229\u4f5b\u7f57\u4f26\u8428\u7684\u7edf\u8ba1\u529b\u5b66\u4f1a\u8bae\u4e0a\u91cd\u7533\u4e86\u4ed6\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0cKaufman\u548cOnsager\u4ece\u672a\u6b63\u5f0f\u53d1\u8868\u8fc7\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u8ba1\u7b97\u3002&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-right: 8px;margin-bottom: 8px;margin-left: 8px;white-space: normal;line-height: normal;\"><span style=\"color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-size: 13px;\"><span style=\"font-family: -apple-system, system-ui, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei UI&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, Arial, sans-serif;letter-spacing: 0.544px;text-align: left;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">[15]&nbsp;<\/span>\u8fc8\u7ef0\u6ce1\u5229\u65af\uff08Nicholas Metropolis\uff09\uff0c\u5e0c\u814a\u88d4\u7f8e\u56fd\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u3002\u5728\u8499\u7279\u5361\u6d1b\u65b9\u6cd5\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u65b9\u9762\u5177\u6709\u91cd\u8981\u8d21\u732e\u3002&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-right: 8px;margin-bottom: 8px;margin-left: 8px;white-space: normal;line-height: normal;\"><span style=\"color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-size: 13px;\"><span style=\"font-family: -apple-system, system-ui, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei UI&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, Arial, sans-serif;letter-spacing: 0.544px;text-align: left;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">[16]&nbsp;<\/span>\u4e4c\u62c9\u59c6\uff08Stanislaw Ulam\uff09\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u6570\u5b66\u5bb6\u3001\u6838\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u3002\u53d1\u660e\u4e86\u6c22\u5f39\u8bbe\u8ba1\u7684\u6cf0\u52d2-\u4e4c\u62c9\u59c6\u6784\u578b\uff0c\u5728\u6570\u8bba\u3001\u96c6\u5408\u8bba\u7b49\u65b9\u9762\u4ea6\u6709\u8d21\u732e\u3002&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-right: 8px;margin-bottom: 8px;margin-left: 8px;white-space: normal;line-height: normal;\"><span style=\"color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-size: 13px;\"><span style=\"font-family: -apple-system, system-ui, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei UI&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, Arial, sans-serif;letter-spacing: 0.544px;text-align: left;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">[17]&nbsp;<\/span>\u8d39\u820d\u5c14\uff08Michael Fisher\uff09\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u7edf\u8ba1\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u7687\u5bb6\u5b66\u4f1a\u3001\u7f8e\u56fd\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u4f1a\uff08APS\uff09\u6210\u5458\uff0c\u5728\u76f8\u53d8\u548c\u4e34\u754c\u73b0\u8c61\u65b9\u9762\u505a\u51fa\u91cd\u8981\u8d21\u732e\u3002&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-right: 8px;margin-bottom: 8px;margin-left: 8px;white-space: normal;line-height: normal;\"><span style=\"color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-size: 13px;\"><span style=\"font-family: -apple-system, system-ui, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei UI&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, Arial, sans-serif;letter-spacing: 0.544px;text-align: left;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">[18]&nbsp;<\/span>\u5a01\u5c14\u900a\uff08Kenneth Wilson\uff09\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u7406\u8bba\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\uff0c\u56e0\u5efa\u7acb\u91cd\u6b63\u5316\u7fa4\u53d8\u6362\u7406\u8bba\u8363\u83b71982\u5e74\u5ea6\u8bfa\u8d1d\u5c14\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5956\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"outline: 0px;\"><span style=\"outline: 0px;\"><br  \/><\/span><\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<section powered-by=\"xiumi.us\" style=\"margin-top: 3px;margin-bottom: 0px;outline: 0px;color: rgb(63, 63, 63);font-family: PingFangSC-light;font-size: 15px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;white-space: normal;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">\n<section style=\"outline: 0px;font-size: 14px;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);letter-spacing: 1px;\">\n<p style=\"outline: 0px;text-align: center;\">\uff08\u6ce8\u91ca\u53ef<strong style=\"outline: 0px;\">\u4e0a\u4e0b\u6ed1\u52a8<\/strong>\u67e5\u770b\uff09<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<p style=\"margin-right: 8px;margin-left: 8px;white-space: normal;line-height: normal;margin-bottom: 8px;\"><span style=\"color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-size: 15px;\"><br  \/><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-right: 8px;margin-bottom: 0px;margin-left: 8px;white-space: normal;line-height: 1.75em;\"><br  \/><\/p>\n<section powered-by=\"xiumi.us\" style=\"margin-bottom: 0px;outline: 0px;color: rgb(63, 63, 63);font-family: PingFangSC-light;font-size: 15px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;white-space: normal;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">\n<section style=\"padding-right: 6px;padding-left: 6px;outline: 0px;display: inline-block;width: 661px;vertical-align: top;border-left: 5px solid rgb(33, 166, 210);border-bottom-left-radius: 0px;\">\n<section powered-by=\"xiumi.us\" style=\"outline: 0px;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);line-height: 1.4;\">\n<p style=\"outline: 0px;\"><strong style=\"outline: 0px;\">\u53c2\u8003\u6587\u732e<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<section powered-by=\"xiumi.us\" style=\"margin-bottom: 0px;outline: 0px;color: rgb(63, 63, 63);font-family: PingFangSC-light;font-size: 15px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;white-space: normal;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);text-align: center;width: 661px;\">\n<section style=\"padding-left: 4px;outline: 0px;display: inline-block;width: 661px;height: 360px;vertical-align: top;overflow-y: auto;\">\n<section style=\"outline: 0px;overflow-x: hidden;\">\n<section powered-by=\"xiumi.us\" style=\"outline: 0px;text-align: justify;font-size: 13px;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);\">\n<p style=\"outline: 0px;\"><span style=\"outline: 0px;\"><\/span><\/p>\n<section style=\"margin-right: 8px;margin-bottom: 8px;margin-left: 8px;white-space: normal;text-align: left;line-height: normal;\"><span style=\"color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-size: 13px;\">[1] \u539f\u6587\u5982\u4e0b\uff1aM. Faraday to W. Whewell\uff1a\u201cCagniard de la Tour made an experiment some years ago which gave me occasion to want a new word [\u2026\u2026] how am I to name this point at which the fluid and its vapour become one according to a law of continuity. Cagniard de la Tour has not named it; what shall I call it?\u201d\u3002Letter dated November 12, 1844, published in L. P. Williams, The Selected Correspondence of Michael Faraday (Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press, 1971), Vol. 1, 427-428.<\/span><\/section>\n<section style=\"margin-right: 8px;margin-bottom: 8px;margin-left: 8px;white-space: normal;text-align: left;line-height: normal;\"><span style=\"color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-size: 13px;\">[2] L. P. Kadanoff, arXiv: 0906.0653v2<\/span><\/section>\n<section style=\"margin-right: 8px;margin-bottom: 8px;margin-left: 8px;white-space: normal;text-align: left;line-height: normal;\"><span style=\"color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-size: 13px;\">[3] \u53c2\u89c1\uff1ahttps:\/\/www.doitpoms.ac.uk\/tlplib\/solid-solutions\/demo.php<\/span><\/section>\n<section style=\"margin-right: 8px;margin-bottom: 8px;margin-left: 8px;white-space: normal;text-align: left;line-height: normal;\"><span style=\"color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-size: 13px;\">[4] C. Domb, The critical point: a historical introduction to the modern theory of critical phenomena, Taylor &amp; Francis (London 1996).<\/span><\/section>\n<section style=\"margin-right: 8px;margin-bottom: 8px;margin-left: 8px;white-space: normal;text-align: left;line-height: normal;\"><span style=\"color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-size: 13px;\">[5] B. Berche, M. Henkel, and R. Kenna, J. Phys. Studies 13 (2009) 3201.<\/span><\/section>\n<section style=\"margin-right: 8px;margin-bottom: 8px;margin-left: 8px;white-space: normal;text-align: left;line-height: normal;\"><span style=\"color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-size: 13px;\">[6] A.-L. Lavoisier, Recueil des m\u00e9moires de chemie (1792) 348; republished in \u0152uvres de Lavoisier, publi\u00e9es par les soins de son excellence le ministre de l\u2019instruction publique et des Cultes (Paris: Impr. imp\u00e9riale, 1862), t. II, 783-803.<\/span><\/section>\n<section style=\"margin-right: 8px;margin-bottom: 8px;margin-left: 8px;white-space: normal;text-align: left;line-height: normal;\"><span style=\"color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-size: 13px;\">[7] M. Faraday and H. Davy, Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond.&nbsp;113&nbsp;(1823) 160-165; M. Faraday,&nbsp;<em>ibid<\/em>., 189-198.<\/span><\/section>\n<section style=\"margin-right: 8px;margin-bottom: 8px;margin-left: 8px;white-space: normal;text-align: left;line-height: normal;\"><span style=\"color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-size: 13px;\">[8] M. Faraday, The Quarterly Journal of Science, vol.&nbsp;xvi. (1824), pp. 229-240; reprinted in The Liquefaction of Gases. Papers by Michael Faraday, F.R.S. (1823-1845) with an Appendix consisting of Papers by Thomas Northmore in the Compression of Gases (1805-1806), Alembic Club Reprint No.12, pages 19-33, Pub. by William F. Clay, Edinburgh and Simpkin, Marshall, Hamilton, Kent &amp; Co., London (1896).<\/span><\/section>\n<section style=\"margin-right: 8px;margin-bottom: 8px;margin-left: 8px;white-space: normal;text-align: left;line-height: normal;\"><span style=\"color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-size: 13px;\">[9] C. Cagniard de la Tour, Ann. Chim. 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Rev.&nbsp;60&nbsp;(1941) 252-262; Part II,&nbsp;<em>ibid.<\/em>, 263-276.<\/span><\/section>\n<section style=\"margin-right: 8px;margin-bottom: 8px;margin-left: 8px;white-space: normal;text-align: left;line-height: normal;\"><span style=\"color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-size: 13px;\">[24] L. Onsager, Phys. Rev.&nbsp;65&nbsp;(1944) 117-149.<\/span><\/section>\n<section style=\"margin-right: 8px;margin-bottom: 8px;margin-left: 8px;white-space: normal;text-align: left;line-height: normal;\"><span style=\"color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-size: 13px;\">[25] L. Onsager, Nuovo Cim&nbsp;6&nbsp;(Suppl 2) (1949) 279\u2013287.<\/span><\/section>\n<section style=\"margin-right: 8px;margin-bottom: 8px;margin-left: 8px;white-space: normal;text-align: left;line-height: normal;\"><span style=\"color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-size: 13px;\">[26] B. Kaufman, Phys. Rev.&nbsp;76&nbsp;(1949) 1232-1243; B. Kaufman and L. Onsager,&nbsp;<em>ibid.<\/em>&nbsp;(1949) 1244-1252.<\/span><\/section>\n<section style=\"margin-right: 8px;margin-bottom: 8px;margin-left: 8px;white-space: normal;text-align: left;line-height: normal;\"><span style=\"color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-size: 13px;\">[27] C. N. Yang, Phys. Rev.&nbsp;85&nbsp;(1952) 808-816.<\/span><\/section>\n<section style=\"margin-right: 8px;margin-bottom: 8px;margin-left: 8px;white-space: normal;text-align: left;line-height: normal;\"><span style=\"color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-size: 13px;\">[28] P. W. Kastelyn, J. Math. Phys.&nbsp;4&nbsp;(1963) 287-293.<\/span><\/section>\n<section style=\"margin-right: 8px;margin-bottom: 8px;margin-left: 8px;white-space: normal;text-align: left;line-height: normal;\"><span style=\"color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-size: 13px;\">[29] E. W. Montroll, R. B. Potts, and J. C. Ward, J. Math. Phys.&nbsp;4&nbsp;(1963) 308-322.<\/span><\/section>\n<section style=\"margin-right: 8px;margin-bottom: 8px;margin-left: 8px;white-space: normal;text-align: left;line-height: normal;\"><span style=\"color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-size: 13px;\">[30] T. T. Wu, Phys. Rev.&nbsp;149&nbsp;(1966) 380-401 (Part I); Phys. Rev.&nbsp;155&nbsp;(1967) 438 (Part II); H. Cheng and T. T. Wu, Phys. Rev.&nbsp;164&nbsp;(1967) 719-735 (Part III).<\/span><\/section>\n<section style=\"margin-right: 8px;margin-bottom: 8px;margin-left: 8px;white-space: normal;text-align: left;line-height: normal;\"><span style=\"color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-size: 13px;\">[31] B. M. McCoy and T. T. Wu, , Phys. Rev.&nbsp;162&nbsp;(1967) 436-475 (Part IV).<\/span><\/section>\n<section style=\"margin-right: 8px;margin-bottom: 8px;margin-left: 8px;white-space: normal;text-align: left;line-height: normal;\"><span style=\"color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-size: 13px;\">[32] B. M. McCoy and T. T. Wu, Phys. Rev.&nbsp;176&nbsp;(1968) 631-643; B. M. McCoy, Phys. Rev. Lett.&nbsp;23&nbsp;(1969) 383-386; B. M. McCoy, Phys. Rev.&nbsp;188&nbsp;(1969) 1014-1031.<\/span><\/section>\n<section style=\"margin-right: 8px;margin-bottom: 8px;margin-left: 8px;white-space: normal;text-align: left;line-height: normal;\"><span style=\"color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-size: 13px;\">[33] R. B. Griffiths, Phys. Rev. Lett.&nbsp;23&nbsp;(1969) 17-19.<\/span><\/section>\n<section style=\"margin-right: 8px;margin-bottom: 8px;margin-left: 8px;white-space: normal;text-align: left;line-height: normal;\"><span style=\"color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-size: 13px;\">[34] E. Barouch, B. M. McCoy and T. T. Wu, Phys. Rev. Lett.&nbsp;31&nbsp;(1973) 1409-1411; C. A. Tracy and B. M. McCoy, Phys. Rev. Lett.&nbsp;31&nbsp;(1973) 1500-1504; T. T. Wu, B. M. McCoy, C. A. Tracy and E. Barouch, Phys. Rev. B&nbsp;13&nbsp;(1976) 315-374.<\/span><\/section>\n<section style=\"margin-right: 8px;margin-bottom: 8px;margin-left: 8px;white-space: normal;text-align: left;line-height: normal;\"><span style=\"color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-size: 13px;\">[35] B. M. McCoy, C. A. Tracy and T. T. Wu, Phys. Rev. Lett.&nbsp;38&nbsp;(1977) 793-796; B. M. McCoy and T. T. Wu, Phys. Rev.&nbsp;D 18&nbsp;(1978) 1243-1252; B. M. McCoy and T. T. Wu, Phys. Rev.&nbsp;D 18&nbsp;(1978) 1253-1258.<\/span><\/section>\n<section style=\"margin-right: 8px;margin-bottom: 8px;margin-left: 8px;white-space: normal;text-align: left;line-height: normal;\"><span style=\"color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-size: 13px;\">[36] \u5173\u4e8eIsing\u6a21\u578b\u5386\u53f2\u7684\u7cbe\u5f69\u4ecb\u7ecd\u53ef\u53c2\u89c1\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\uff0cS. G. Brush, Reviews of Modern Physics 39 (1967) 883-893 (\u9898\u4e3aHistory of the Lenz-Ising Model); \u4ee5\u53caM. Niss\u7684\u201c\u4e09\u90e8\u66f2\u201d\uff1aM. Niss, , Arch. Hist. Exact Sci. 59 (2005) 267-318 (History of the Lenz-Ising Model 1920-1950);&nbsp;<em>ibid.<\/em>&nbsp;63&nbsp;(2009) 243 (1950-1965);&nbsp;<em>ibid.<\/em>&nbsp;65&nbsp;(2011) 625 (1965-1971).<\/span><\/section>\n<section style=\"margin-right: 8px;margin-bottom: 8px;margin-left: 8px;white-space: normal;text-align: left;line-height: normal;\"><span style=\"color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-size: 13px;\">[37] \u53c2\u89c1N. Metropolis and S. Ulam, Journal of the American Statistical Association,&nbsp;44&nbsp;(1949) 335-341; \u4ea6\u53ef\u53c2\u89c1\u5386\u53f2\u56de\u987e N. Metropolis, Los Alamos Science&nbsp;15&nbsp;(1987) 125.<\/span><\/section>\n<section style=\"margin-right: 8px;margin-bottom: 8px;margin-left: 8px;white-space: normal;text-align: left;line-height: normal;\"><span style=\"color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-size: 13px;\">[38] \u5982\u4eca\u91cd\u6574\u5316\u7fa4\u6280\u672f\u5df2\u7ecf\u88ab\u5e7f\u6cdb\u7528\u4e8e\u5404\u79cd\u76f8\u53d8\u548c\u4e34\u754c\u73b0\u8c61\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\uff0c\u51e0\u4e4e\u5728\u6bcf\u4e00\u90e8\u4e34\u754c\u73b0\u8c61\u7684\u4e13\u8457\u4e2d\u90fd\u53ef\u4ee5\u627e\u5230\u6709\u5173\u91cd\u6574\u5316\u7fa4\u7684\u7ec6\u81f4\u7684\u8ba8\u8bba\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u5728\u6b64\u63a8\u8350\u5b83\u7684\u63d0\u51fa\u8005K. G. Wilson\u7684\u7efc\u8ff0\uff1aK. G. Wilson, Rev. Mod. Phys. 55 (1983) 583.<\/span><\/section>\n<p style=\"outline: 0px;\"><span style=\"outline: 0px;\"><br  \/><\/span><\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<section powered-by=\"xiumi.us\" style=\"margin-top: 3px;margin-bottom: 0px;outline: 0px;color: rgb(63, 63, 63);font-family: PingFangSC-light;font-size: 15px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;white-space: normal;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">\n<section style=\"outline: 0px;font-size: 14px;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);letter-spacing: 1px;\">\n<p style=\"outline: 0px;text-align: center;\">\uff08\u53c2\u8003\u6587\u732e\u53ef<strong style=\"outline: 0px;\">\u4e0a\u4e0b\u6ed1\u52a8<\/strong>\u67e5\u770b\uff09<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<section style=\"margin-right: 8px;margin-bottom: 0px;margin-left: 8px;line-height: 1.75em;\"><span style=\"font-size: 15px;color: rgb(63, 63, 63);\"><br  \/><\/span><\/section>\n<section style=\"margin: 0px 8px;padding: 0px;max-width: 100%;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;box-sizing: border-box !important;line-height: 1.75em;\"><br  \/><\/section>\n<section powered-by=\"xiumi.us\" style=\"margin: 10px 0px 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;letter-spacing: 0.544px;white-space: normal;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-size: 14px;font-family: -apple-system-font, system-ui, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei UI&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, Arial, sans-serif;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);text-align: center;justify-content: center;\">\n<section style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;display: inline-block;width: auto;vertical-align: top;min-width: 10%;height: auto;box-shadow: rgb(0, 0, 0) 0px 0px 0px;border-bottom: 9px solid rgb(169, 215, 227);border-bottom-right-radius: 0px;\">\n<section powered-by=\"xiumi.us\" style=\"margin: 0px 0px -15px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;\">\n<section style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px 10px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;color: rgb(12, 130, 169);font-size: 16px;line-height: 2;letter-spacing: 3px;\">\n<p style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;clear: both;min-height: 1em;\"><strong style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;\">\u590d\u6742\u79d1\u5b66\u6700\u65b0\u8bba\u6587<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<section powered-by=\"xiumi.us\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word 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rgb(136, 136, 136);font-size: 14px;font-family: -apple-system-font, system-ui, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei UI&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, Arial, sans-serif;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);line-height: 2em;\"><span style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;font-size: 15px;\">\u96c6\u667a\u6591\u56fe\u9876\u520a\u8bba\u6587\u901f\u9012\u680f\u76ee\u4e0a\u7ebf\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u6301\u7eed\u6536\u5f55\u6765\u81ea<span style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;font-style: italic;\">Nature\u3001Science<\/span>\u7b49\u9876\u520a\u7684\u6700\u65b0\u8bba\u6587\uff0c\u8ffd\u8e2a\u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf\u3001\u7f51\u7edc\u79d1\u5b66\u3001\u8ba1\u7b97\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u7b49\u9886\u57df\u7684\u524d\u6cbf\u8fdb\u5c55\u3002\u73b0\u5728\u6b63\u5f0f\u63a8\u51fa\u8ba2\u9605\u529f\u80fd\uff0c\u6bcf\u5468\u901a\u8fc7\u5fae\u4fe1\u670d\u52a1\u53f7\u300c\u6211\u7684\u96c6\u667a\u300d\u63a8\u9001\u8bba\u6587\u4fe1\u606f\u3002\u626b\u63cf\u4e0b\u65b9\u4e8c\u7ef4\u7801\u5373\u53ef\u4e00\u952e\u8ba2\u9605\uff1a<\/span><br style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;\"  \/><\/section>\n<p style=\"margin: 0px 8px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;clear: both;min-height: 1em;letter-spacing: 0.544px;white-space: normal;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-size: 14px;font-family: -apple-system-font, system-ui, 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rgb(87, 107, 149);text-decoration: none;max-width: 100%;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;box-sizing: border-box !important;\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;max-width: 100%;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;box-sizing: border-box !important;outline: 0px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;text-decoration: underline;\">\u6210\u4e3a\u96c6\u667aVIP\uff0c\u89e3\u9501\u5168\u7ad9\u8bfe\u7a0b\uff0f\u8bfb\u4e66\u4f1a<\/span><\/a><\/section>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;clear: both;max-width: 100%;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;box-sizing: border-box !important;outline: 0px;\">\n<section style=\"margin: 0px 8px 10px;padding: 0px;max-width: 100%;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;box-sizing: border-box !important;outline: 0px;\"><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/mp.weixin.qq.com\/s?__biz=MzIzMjQyNzQ5MA==&amp;mid=2247615893&amp;idx=2&amp;sn=96bad22819460c3b17f165fef8817c89&amp;chksm=e8965f18dfe1d60e531b3a749cfdfade06962791e3f1b100872d24e032b6b3130a6ead599060&amp;scene=21#wechat_redirect\" textvalue=\"\u52a0\u5165\u96c6\u667a\uff0c\u200d\u4e00\u8d77\u590d\u6742\uff01\" linktype=\"text\" imgurl=\"\" imgdata=\"null\" data-itemshowtype=\"0\" tab=\"innerlink\" data-linktype=\"2\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;color: rgb(87, 107, 149);text-decoration: underline;max-width: 100%;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;box-sizing: border-box !important;\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;max-width: 100%;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;box-sizing: border-box !important;outline: 0px;\">\u52a0\u5165\u96c6\u667a\uff0c\u4e00\u8d77\u590d\u6742\uff01<\/strong><strong style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;max-width: 100%;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;box-sizing: border-box !important;outline: 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0px;max-width: 100%;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;box-sizing: border-box !important;\"><br  \/><\/section>\n<\/section>\n<section style=\"outline: currentcolor none 0px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;white-space: normal;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-size: 14px;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);font-family: -apple-system-font, system-ui, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei UI&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, Arial, sans-serif;margin-bottom: 0px;\"><strong style=\"outline: 0px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;font-size: 15px;text-align: left;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);font-family: PingFangSC-light;\"><span style=\"outline: 0px;background-color: rgb(12, 130, 169);\">\u70b9\u51fb\u201c\u9605\u8bfb\u539f\u6587\u201d\uff0c<strong style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;font-style: normal;font-variant-ligatures: normal;font-variant-caps: normal;letter-spacing: 0.544px;orphans: 2;text-indent: 0px;text-transform: none;white-space: normal;widows: 2;word-spacing: 0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;text-decoration-thickness: initial;text-decoration-style: initial;text-decoration-color: initial;font-size: 15px;text-align: left;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);font-family: PingFangSC-light;\"><span style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;background-color: rgb(12, 130, 169);\"><strong style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;font-style: normal;font-variant-ligatures: normal;font-variant-caps: normal;letter-spacing: 0.544px;orphans: 2;text-indent: 0px;text-transform: none;white-space: normal;widows: 2;word-spacing: 0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;text-decoration-thickness: initial;text-decoration-style: initial;text-decoration-color: initial;font-size: 15px;text-align: left;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);font-family: PingFangSC-light;\"><span style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;background-color: rgb(12, 130, 169);\">\u8ffd\u8e2a\u590d\u6742\u79d1\u5b66\u9876\u520a\u8bba\u6587<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/strong><strong style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;font-style: normal;font-variant-ligatures: normal;font-variant-caps: normal;letter-spacing: 0.544px;orphans: 2;text-indent: 0px;text-transform: none;white-space: normal;widows: 2;word-spacing: 0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;text-decoration-thickness: initial;text-decoration-style: initial;text-decoration-color: initial;font-size: 15px;text-align: left;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);font-family: PingFangSC-light;\"><\/strong><strong style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;font-style: normal;font-variant-ligatures: normal;font-variant-caps: normal;letter-spacing: 0.544px;orphans: 2;text-indent: 0px;text-transform: none;white-space: normal;widows: 2;word-spacing: 0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;text-decoration-thickness: initial;text-decoration-style: initial;text-decoration-color: initial;font-size: 15px;text-align: left;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);font-family: PingFangSC-light;\"><\/strong><strong style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;font-style: normal;font-variant-ligatures: normal;font-variant-caps: normal;letter-spacing: 0.544px;orphans: 2;text-indent: 0px;text-transform: none;white-space: normal;widows: 2;word-spacing: 0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;text-decoration-thickness: initial;text-decoration-style: 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