{"id":38927,"date":"2022-12-06T22:14:49","date_gmt":"2022-12-06T14:14:49","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/swarma.org\/?p=38927"},"modified":"2022-12-06T22:14:49","modified_gmt":"2022-12-06T14:14:49","slug":"%e4%bb%8e%e5%9f%8e%e5%b8%82%e5%88%b0%e5%9b%bd%e5%ae%b6%ef%bc%9a%e5%a4%9a%e5%ad%a6%e7%a7%91%e8%a7%86%e8%a7%92%e7%9a%84%e5%9f%8e%e5%b8%82%e5%a4%8d%e6%9d%82%e7%b3%bb%e7%bb%9f","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/swarma.org\/?p=38927","title":{"rendered":"\u4ece\u57ce\u5e02\u5230\u56fd\u5bb6\uff1a\u591a\u5b66\u79d1\u89c6\u89d2\u7684\u57ce\u5e02\u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf"},"content":{"rendered":"
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Hans Kuijper<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/strong> <\/span>| \u4f5c\u8005<\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u5218\u5fd7\u822a<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/strong> <\/span>| \u8bd1\u8005<\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u5218\u57f9\u6e90<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/strong> <\/span>| \u5ba1\u6821<\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/strong><\/span><\/strong>
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\u9093\u4e00\u96ea<\/span> <\/span>| <\/strong><\/span>\u7f16\u8f91<\/strong><\/p>\n

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\u8bba\u6587\u9898\u76ee\uff1aCities and Countries<\/span><\/p>\n

\u8bba\u6587\u94fe\u63a5\uff1a<\/span>https:\/\/link.springer.com\/chapter\/10.1007\/978-981-16-4709-3_4<\/span><\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/blockquote>\n


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\u56fe1. \u4eba\u7c7b\u4e16 | \u56fe\u7247\u6765\u6e90\uff1ahttp:\/\/mp.ofweek.com\/park\/a645673026676<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u6709\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u57ce\u5e02\u548c\u56fd\u5bb6\u662f\u91cd\u5408\u7684\uff0c\u5373\u6240\u8c13\u7684\u57ce\u90a6\u3002\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\uff0c\u57ce\u90a6\u5305\u62ec\u82cf\u7f8e\u5c14\u4eba\u7684\u57ce\u5e02\uff0c\u5982\u4e4c\u9c81\u514b\u548c\u4e4c\u5c14\uff0c\u57c3\u53ca\u4eba\u7684\u57ce\u5e02\uff0c\u5982\u5e95\u6bd4\u65af\u548c\u5b5f\u83f2\u65af\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u8153\u5c3c\u57fa\u4eba\u7684\u57ce\u5e02\uff0c\u5982\u63d0\u5c14\u548c\u897f\u987f\u3002\u5728\u53e4\u4ee3\u548c\u53e4\u5178\u65f6\u671f<\/span>\uff08\u7ea6\u516c\u5143\u524d 800-325 \u5e74\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u5e0c\u814a\u4e16\u754c\u5728\u653f\u6cbb\u4e0a\u5206\u4e3a\u7ea6 1500 \u4e2a\u57ce\u90a6<\/span>\uff08\u96c5\u5178\u3001\u65af\u5df4\u8fbe\u3001\u5e95\u6bd4\u65af\u548c\u79d1\u6797\u65af\u662f\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u57ce\u90a6\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e2a\u57ce\u90a6\u90fd\u7531\u4e00\u4e2a\u57ce\u5e02\u4e2d\u5fc3\u53ca\u5176\u519c\u6751\u8179\u5730\u7ec4\u6210\u3002\u7f57\u9a6c\u5171\u548c\u56fd<\/span>\uff08\u968f\u540e\u662f\u7f57\u9a6c\u5e1d\u56fd\uff09<\/span>\u662f\u4ece\u4e00\u4e2a\u57ce\u90a6\u53d1\u5c55\u8d77\u6765 \u4ece\u4e5d\u4e16\u7eaa\u5230\u5341\u4e94\u4e16\u7eaa\uff0c\u5a01\u5c3c\u65af\u3001\u7c73\u5170\u3001\u4f5b\u7f57\u4f26\u8428\u3001\u70ed\u90a3\u4e9a\u3001\u76ae\u4e9a\u7434\u5bdf\u3001\u6bd4\u8428\u3001\u5362\u5361\u3001\u514b\u96f7\u83ab\u7eb3\u3001\u66fc\u56fe\u4e9a\u3001\u5e03\u96f7\u897f\u4e9a\u3001\u8d1d\u52a0\u83ab\u3001\u535a\u6d1b\u5c3c\u4e9a\u3001\u9521\u8036\u7eb3\u3001\u4f69\u9c81\u8d3e\u3001\u5e15\u591a\u74e6\u3001\u5e15\u5c14\u9a6c\u3001\u5b89\u79d1\u7eb3\u3001\u7ef4\u7f57\u7eb3\u3001\u96f7\u7126\u827e\u7c73\u5229\u4e9a\u548c\u5361\u65af\u6cf0\u6d1b\u57ce\u7b49\u57ce\u5e02\u662f\u72ec\u7acb\u7684\u5c0f\u56fd\u5bb6\u3002\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u76f4\u5230 1860 \u5e74\u610f\u5927\u5229\u7edf\u4e00\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u610f\u5927\u5229\u4e00\u76f4\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u677e\u6563\u7684\u57ce\u90a6\u3001\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u72ec\u7acb\u5b9e\u4f53\u7684\u96c6\u5408\u4f53\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u9c9c\u4e3a\u4eba\u77e5\u7684\u4e8b\u5b9e\uff0c\u90a3\u4e9b\u5632\u7b11\u6216\u62b1\u6028\u610f\u5927\u5229\u8bae\u4f1a\u6df7\u4e71\u573a\u9762\u7684\u4eba\u5e94\u8be5\u8ba4\u8bc6\u5230\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u3002\u6700\u540e\uff0c\u6469\u7eb3\u54e5\u3001\u68b5\u8482\u5188\u57ce\u548c\u65b0\u52a0\u5761\u662f\u73b0\u4ee3\u57ce\u90a6\uff0c\u81ea\u6211\u8d1f\u8d23\uff0c\u4e0d\u53d7\u4efb\u4f55\u66f4\u9ad8\u6743\u529b\u7684\u7edf\u6cbb\uff1b\u5b83\u4eec\u503c\u5f97\u88ab\u7cfb\u7edf\u5730\u6bd4\u8f83\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u57ce\u5e02\u548c\u56fd\u5bb6\u6709\u5f88\u591a\u5171\u540c\u70b9\uff0c\u4f46\u8fd9\u5e76\u4e0d\u610f\u5473\u7740\u57ce\u5e02\u4e4b\u95f4\u3001\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e4b\u95f4\u6216\u57ce\u5e02\u4e0e\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e4b\u95f4\u6ca1\u6709\u5dee\u5f02\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u4e3a\u4e86\u63a2\u7d22\u57ce\u5e02\u548c\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u8ba9\u6211\u4eec\u9996\u5148\u770b\u770b\u57ce\u5e02\u672c\u8eab\u3002\u57ce\u5e02\u5df2\u7ecf\u6210\u4e3a\u4f17\u591a\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u4e3b\u9898\uff0c\u4e0d\u4ec5\u91c7\u53d6\u4e86\u4e00\u822c\u7684\u7acb\u573a<\/span>\uff08\u4ee5\u57ce\u5e02\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u901a\u5e38\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u8fd8\u4e13\u6ce8\u4e8e\u67d0\u4e2a\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u57ce\u5e02<\/span>\uff08\u8fd9\u79cd\u64cd\u4f5c\u65b9\u5f0f\u6211\u5728\u672c\u4e66\u4e2d\u4e0d\u4f1a\u5173\u6ce8\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u5df4\u683c\u8fbe\u3001\u96c5\u5178\u3001\u8036\u8def\u6492\u51b7\u3001\u7f57\u9a6c\u3001\u91cc\u65af\u672c\u3001\u5df4\u9ece\u3001\u4f26\u6566\u3001\u66fc\u5f7b\u65af\u7279\u3001\u7231\u4e01\u5821\u3001\u90fd\u67cf\u6797\u3001\u7ef4\u4e5f\u7eb3\u3001\u6d1b\u6851\u3001\u963f\u59c6\u65af\u7279\u4e39\u3001\u5e03\u9c81\u65e5\u3001\u8428\u62c9\u66fc\u5361\u3001\u6258\u83b1\u591a\u3001\u683c\u62c9\u7eb3\u8fbe\u3001\u57fa\u8f85\u3001\u83ab\u65af\u79d1\u3001\u5723\u5f7c\u5f97\u5821\u3001\u5317\u4eac\u3001\u897f\u5b89\u3001\u5357\u4eac\u3001\u9999\u6e2f\u3001\u65b0\u52a0\u5761\u3001\u534e\u6c99\u3001\u5f17\u7f57\u8328\u74e6\u592b\u3001\u5e03\u62c9\u683c\u3001\u5e03\u8fbe\u4f69\u65af\u3001\u8428\u62c9\u70ed\u7a9d\u3001\u90a3\u4e0d\u52d2\u65af\u3001\u8d6b\u5c14\u8f9b\u57fa\u3001\u65af\u5fb7\u54e5\u5c14\u6469\u3001\u5965\u65af\u9646\u3001\u683c\u52d2\u8bfa\u5e03\u5c14\u3001\u9996\u5c14\u3001\u4eac\u90fd\u3001\u4e1c\u4eac\u3001\u591a\u4f26\u591a\u3001\u6e29\u54e5\u534e\u3001\u7ebd\u7ea6\u3001\u829d\u52a0\u54e5\u3001\u65b0\u5965\u5c14\u826f\u3001\u8d39\u57ce\u3001\u51e4\u51f0\u57ce\u3001\u6d1b\u6749\u77f6\u3001\u582a\u8428\u65af\u57ce\u3001\u4f0a\u65af\u5766\u5e03\u5c14\u3001\u5927\u9a6c\u58eb\u9769\u3001\u5f00\u7f57\u3001\u4e9a\u7684\u65af\u4e9a\u8d1d\u5df4\u3001\u5229\u96c5\u5f97\u3001\u5fb7\u9ed1\u5170\u3001\u963f\u5c14\u53ca\u5c14\u3001\u7a81\u5c3c\u65af\u3001\u6ce2\u54e5\u5927\u3001\u91cc\u7ea6\u70ed\u5185\u5362\u3001\u5e03\u5b9c\u8bfa\u65af\u827e\u5229\u65af\u3001\u4e4c\u9c81\u6728\u9f50\u3001\u5854\u4ec0\u5e72\u3001\u4e4c\u5170\u5df4\u6258\u3001\u54c8\u74e6\u90a3\u3001\u58a8\u897f\u54e5\u57ce\u3001\u7ea6\u7ff0\u5185\u65af\u5821\u3001\u62c9\u5404\u65af\u3001\u6089\u5c3c\u3001\u65e5\u60f9\u3001\u74e6\u62c9\u7eb3\u897f\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u51e0\u5341\u4e2a\u57ce\u5e02\u90fd\u6709\u8bb8\u591a\u63cf\u8ff0\u6216\u63cf\u5199\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002\u8bbf\u95ee\u548c\u63a2\u7d22\u6240\u6709\u88ab\u63cf\u8ff0\u6216\u63cf\u7ed8\u7684\u57ce\u5e02\uff0c\u4ee5\u4fbf\u80fd\u591f\u5f97\u51fa\u4e0e\u4e4b\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u6709\u6548\u7684\u4e00\u822c\u6027\u7ed3\u8bba\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u4f17\u6240\u5468\u77e5\uff0c\u57ce\u5e02\u5f88\u96be\u5b9a\u4e49\u3002\u533a\u5206\u57ce\u5e02\u548c\u57ce\u9547\u7684\u6807\u51c6\u56e0\u56fd\u5bb6\u800c\u5f02\u3002\u4eba\u53e3\u7edf\u8ba1\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\u63a5\u8fd1\u4e8e\u8bb8\u591a\u4eba\u76f4\u89c9\u4e0a\u5bf9\u57ce\u5e02\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u3002\u8457\u540d\u7684\u57ce\u5e02\u5b66\u8005\u8def\u6613\u65af\u00b7\u6c83\u601d\u5728\u300a\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u751f\u6d3b\u65b9\u5f0f\u7684\u57ce\u5e02\u4e3b\u4e49\u300b\u4e00\u6587\u4e2d\u5199\u9053:\u201c\u57ce\u5e02\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u76f8\u5bf9\u8f83\u5927\u7684\u3001\u4eba\u53e3\u5bc6\u96c6\u7684\u3001\u7531\u4e0d\u540c\u793e\u4f1a\u80cc\u666f\u7684\u4eba\u7ec4\u6210\u7684\u6c38\u4e45\u5c45\u4f4f\u533a\u3002\u201d\u4f46\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\u662f\u201c\u76f8\u5bf9\u8f83\u5927\u201d\uff1f\u4e00\u4e2a\u57ce\u9547\u548c\u4e00\u4e2a\u8d85\u7ea7\u57ce\u5e02\u4e4b\u95f4\u6709\u8bb8\u591a\u7b49\u7ea7\u3002\u901a\u5e38\u7684\u6392\u540d\u5982\u4e0b:<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u7b2c\u4e00\u7b49\u7ea7\uff1a\u62e5\u6709 1000-20000 \u4eba\u53e3\u7684\u57ce\u9547<\/span>\uff08\u5982\u5e93\u592b\u65bd\u6cf0\u56e0\u3001\u8428\u683c\u96f7\u65af\u3001\u9f50\u745e\u514b\u5179\u3001\u8fea\u5357\u548c\u67ab\u4e39\u767d\u9732\uff09<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u7b2c\u4e8c\u7b49\u7ea7\uff1a\u62e5\u6709 20,000-100,000 \u4eba\u53e3\u7684\u5927\u57ce\u9547<\/span>\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u6885\u8d6b\u4f26\u3001\u4ee3\u5c14\u592b\u7279\u3001\u963f\u7ef4\u5c3c\u7fc1\u3001\u666e\u74e6\u63d0\u57c3\u548c\u5e03\u6797\u8fea\u897f\uff09<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u7b2c\u4e09\u7b49\u7ea7\uff1a\u62e5\u6709 10 \u4e07-30 \u4e07\u4eba\u53e3\u7684\u57ce\u5e02<\/span>\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u83b1\u987f\u3001\u90fd\u67cf\u6797\u3001\u6839\u7279\u3001\u535a\u5c14\u5fb7\u548c\u9e7f\u7279\u4e39\uff09<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u7b2c\u56db\u7b49\u7ea7\uff1a\u62e5\u6709 30 \u4e07-100 \u4e07\u4eba\u53e3\u7684\u5927\u57ce\u5e02<\/span>\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u514b\u62c9\u79d1\u592b\u3001\u66fc\u5f7b\u65af\u7279\u3001\u5965\u65af\u9646\u3001\u8fc8\u963f\u5bc6\u548c\u535a\u6d1b\u5c3c\u4e9a\uff09<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u7b2c\u4e94\u7b49\u7ea7\uff1a\u62e5\u6709 1-300 \u4e07\u4eba\u53e3\u7684\u5927\u90fd\u5e02<\/span>\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5df4\u585e\u7f57\u90a3\u3001\u7f57\u9a6c\u3001\u5df4\u9ece\u3001\u963f\u683c\u62c9\u548c\u8fbe\u62c9\u65af\uff09<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u7b2c\u516d\u7b49\u7ea7\uff1a\u62e5\u6709 300-1000 \u4e07\u4eba\u53e3\u7684\u57ce\u5e02\u7fa4<\/span>\uff08\u5982\u5b89\u5361\u62c9\u3001\u9a6c\u5fb7\u91cc\u3001\u4f26\u6566\u3001\u67cf\u6797\u548c\u9999\u6e2f\uff09<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u7b2c\u4e03\u7b49\u7ea7\uff1a\u4eba\u53e3\u8d85\u8fc7 1000 \u4e07\u7684\u8d85\u7ea7\u5927\u90fd\u5e02<\/span>\uff08\u5982\u5f00\u7f57\u3001\u4e0a\u6d77\u3001\u7ebd\u7ea6\u3001\u5317\u4eac\u3001\u6df1\u5733\u3001\u4f0a\u65af\u5766\u5e03\u5c14\u3001\u83ab\u65af\u79d1\u3001\u91cd\u5e86\u3001\u62c9\u5404\u65af\u3001\u65b0\u5fb7\u91cc\u3001\u5b5f\u4e70\u3001\u8fbe\u5361\u3001\u4e1c\u4eac\u3001\u58a8\u897f\u54e5\u57ce\u3001\u5723\u4fdd\u7f57\u548c\u9a6c\u5c3c\u62c9\uff09<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u8fd9\u4e00\u6392\u540d\u5bf9\u4e8e\u89e3\u91ca\u57ce\u5e02\u5316\u8fdb\u7a0b\u4e2d\u76f8\u4e92\u5173\u8054\u7684\u529b\u91cf\u7684\u76f8\u5bf9\u5f3a\u5ea6\u6ca1\u6709\u592a\u5927\u5e2e\u52a9\u3002\u5b83\u6ca1\u6709\u544a\u8bc9\u6211\u4eec\u4e00\u4e2a\u57ce\u5e02\u7684\u590d\u6742\u6027\u548c\u52a8\u6001\u6027\u3002<\/strong>\u4e00\u4e2a\u57ce\u9547\u7a76\u7adf\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u53d1\u5c55\u6210\u4e00\u4e2a\u5927\u7684\u57ce\u5e02\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u53d1\u5c55\u6210\u4e00\u4e2a\u5927\u90fd\u5e02\uff0c\u8fdb\u800c\u6269\u5f20\u6210\u4e00\u4e2a\u57ce\u5e02\u7fa4\uff0c\u6700\u540e\u6f14\u53d8\u6210\u4e00\u4e2a\u5de8\u578b\u57ce\u5e02\uff1f\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u4f4d\u4e8e\u827e\u745f\u5c14\u6e56<\/span>\uff08IJsselmeer\uff09<\/span>\u7684\u6c83\u4f26\u4e39<\/span>\uff08Volendam\uff09<\/span>\u4fdd\u7559\u4e86\u5b83\u7684\u6751\u5e84\u7279\u5f81\uff0c\u800c\u4f4d\u4e8e\u4e2d\u56fd\u5357\u6d77\u8fb9\u7684\u6df1\u5733\u5374\u7206\u53d1\u51fa\u4e00\u4e2a\u62e5\u6709\u8fd1 1300 \u4e07\u4eba\u53e3\u7684\u8d85\u7ea7\u57ce\u5e02\uff0c\u5927\u5927\u8d85\u8fc7\u4e86\u8461\u8404\u7259\u6216\u745e\u5178\u7684\u4eba\u53e3\uff1f\u4e00\u4e2a\u975e\u5e38\u5c0f\u7684\u9547<\/span>\uff08\u6751\uff09<\/span>\u548c\u4e00\u4e2a\u8d85\u7ea7\u5927\u57ce\u5e02\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u8d28\u91cf\u7684\u5dee\u5f02\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\uff1f\u662f\u4ee4\u4eba\u7a92\u606f\u7684\u719f\u6089\u611f<\/span>\uff08\u6bcf\u4e2a\u4eba\u90fd\u8ba4\u8bc6\u6bcf\u4e2a\u4eba\uff09<\/span>\u8fd8\u662f\u4ee4\u4eba\u7a92\u606f\u7684\u964c\u751f\u611f<\/span>\uff08\u6ca1\u6709\u4eba\u8ba4\u8bc6\u4efb\u4f55\u4eba\uff09<\/span>\uff1f\u57ce\u5e02\u5316\u7684\u589e\u957f\u662f\u5426\u4e0e\u4eba\u7c7b\u798f\u7949\u7684\u589e\u52a0\u76f8\u79f0\uff0c\u5b83\u662f\u5426\u4e0e\u4eba\u7c7b\u5173\u5fc3\u4ed6\/\u5979\u7684\u90bb\u5c45\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u4e49\u52a1\u76f8\u4e00\u81f4\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u4e0e\u517b\u80b2\u4eba\u7c7b\u7684\u5927\u81ea\u7136\u6bcd\u4eb2\u76f8\u534f\u8c03\uff1f<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u57ce\u5e02\u662f\u4e0d\u540c\u5e74\u9f84\u3001\u6027\u522b\u6216\u6027\u60c5\u4ee5\u53ca\u4e0d\u540c\u80cc\u666f\u3001\u804c\u4e1a\u6216\u503e\u5411\u7684\u4eba\u5b9a\u5c45\u5e76\u5728\u5f53\u5730\u653f\u5e9c\u89c4\u5b9a\u7684\u8303\u56f4\u5185 (\u8bd5\u56fe) \u5171\u540c\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\u5730\u65b9\u3002\u57ce\u5e02\u7684\u529f\u80fd\u5b9a\u4e49\u56de\u907f\u4e86\u57ce\u5e02\u89c4\u6a21\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u5f3a\u8c03\u57ce\u5e02\u7684\u975e\u7ebf\u6027\u529f\u80fd\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u529f\u80fd\u4f9d\u8d56\u4e8e\u5176\u4ed6\u975e\u7ebf\u6027\u529f\u80fd\uff0c\u4f7f\u57ce\u5e02\u6210\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u6781\u5176\u590d\u6742\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u57ce\u5e02\u53ef\u4ee5\u53d1\u6325\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u529f\u80fd\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u4ece\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u5bf9\u57ce\u5e02\u8fdb\u884c\u7814\u7a76\uff1a\u5730\u7406\u5b66\u3001\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u3001\u4eba\u7c7b\u5b66\u6216\u653f\u6cbb\u5b66\u3002<\/strong><\/span><\/section>\n

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\u56fe. \u4e00\u5899\u4e4b\u9694\u7684\u7f8e\u56fd\u57ce\u5e02 | \u56fe\u7247\u6765\u6e90\uff1a\u65b0\u534e\u793e\u536b\u661f\u8c03\u67e5<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u5730\u65b9\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u4e0d\u4ec5\u5728\u5730\u7406\u5b66\u4e2d\u5f88\u91cd\u8981\u3002\u5b83\u5728\u5386\u53f2\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66<\/span>\uff08\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u548c\u653f\u6cbb\u5b66\uff09<\/span>\u3001\u6570\u5b66\u3001\u54f2\u5b66\u548c\u5b97\u6559\u4e2d\u4e5f\u8d77\u7740\u5173\u952e\u4f5c\u7528\u3002\u5728 <\/em>\u201c\u8bb0\u5fc6\u7684\u5730\u65b9<\/span>\uff08Les Lieux de m\u00e9moire<\/em>\uff09<\/span> \u201d<\/span>\uff08Gallimard, 1984ff\uff09<\/span>\u4e2d\uff0cPierre Nora <\/span>\uff081931\uff09<\/span>\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e86\u8be5\u7fa4\u4f53\u7684\u8eab\u4efd\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u5305\u62ec\u4f53\u73b0\u4e00\u4e2a\uff08\u6cd5\u56fd\uff09\u7fa4\u4f53\u7684\u96c6\u4f53\u8bb0\u5fc6\u6216\u5171\u4eab\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u548c\u4fe1\u606f\u7684\u5730\u65b9\u3001\u7eaa\u5ff5\u7891\u3001\u7b26\u53f7\u3001\u6587\u5b57\u3001\u4f20\u7edf\u548c\u7eaa\u5ff5\u6d3b\u52a8\u7684\u6e05\u5355\u3002\u8fd9\u9879\u4e8b\u4e1a\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bf4\u662f\u201c\u5bfb\u627e\u5931\u53bb\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u201d<\/span>\uff08\u00c0 la recherche du temps perdu<\/em>\uff09<\/span>\u7684\u5ef6\u7eed\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u9a6c\u585e\u5c14\u00b7\u666e\u9c81\u65af\u7279<\/span>\uff08Marcel Proust\uff0c1871-1922\uff09<\/span>\u5199\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u4e03\u5377\u672c\u5c0f\u8bf4\uff0c\u4ee5\u5176\u6666\u6da9\u96be\u61c2\u800c\u95fb\u540d\u3002\u201cLieux\u201d\u8868\u793a\u7a7a\u95f4\uff0c\u201cm\u00e9moire\u201d\u8868\u793a\u65f6\u95f4\u3002\u6ca1\u6709\u65f6\u95f4\uff0c\u5c31\u6ca1\u6709\u8bb0\u5fc6\uff0c\u800c\u6ca1\u6709\u8bb0\u5fc6\uff0c\u5c31\u6ca1\u6709\u5386\u53f2\u3002\u540c\u6b65\u6027\u548c\u975e\u540c\u6b65\u6027\u4ea4\u7ec7\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e86\u4e0d\u8d77\u7684\u4e8b\u5b9e\uff0c\u6211\u5c06\u6709\u673a\u4f1a\u5728\u4e66\u4e2d\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u5199\u5230\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u7a7a\u95f4\u548c\u65f6\u95f4\u5e94\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u4e00\u679a\u786c\u5e01\u7684\u4e24\u9762\uff0c\u5173\u7cfb\u662f\u4e24\u8005\u7684\u672c\u8d28\u3002\u51e0\u4f55\u5b66\u5173\u6ce8\u7684\u662f\u7a7a\u95f4\u4e2d\u7684\u7269\u4f53\u548c\u7a7a\u95f4\u7684\u5c5e\u6027\u3002\u62d3\u6251\u5b66<\/span>\uff08\u6765\u81ea\u5e0c\u814a\u8bed\u7684 \u03c4\u03cc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c2\uff08\u5730\u65b9\uff09\uff0c\u548c \u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03bf\u03c2\uff08\u7814\u7a76\uff09\uff09<\/span>\u5173\u6ce8\u7684\u662f\u5728\u8fde\u7eed\u53d8\u5f62\u4e0b\u4fdd\u6301\u7684\u7a7a\u95f4\u5c5e\u6027\u3002\u62d3\u6251\u5b66\u7684\u8d77\u6e90\u53ef\u4ee5\u8ffd\u6eaf\u5230\u6208\u7279\u5f17\u91cc\u5fb7\u00b7\u83b1\u5e03\u5c3c\u8328<\/span>\uff081646-1716\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u4ed6<\/span>\uff08\u901a\u8fc7\u4e0e\u8036\u7a23\u4f1a\u58eb\u7684\u63a5\u89e6\uff09<\/span>\u88ab\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u601d\u7ef4\u65b9\u5f0f\u6240\u5438\u5f15\uff0c\u5e76\u4e13\u6ce8\u4e8e\u4e00\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u7684\u51e0\u4f55\u5b66<\/span>\uff08\u4ed6\u79f0\u4e4b\u4e3a\u5206\u6790situs\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u62d3\u6251\u5b66\u4ece\u51e0\u4f55\u5b66\u4e2d\u53d1\u5c55\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u7814\u7a76\u9886\u57df\u3002Leonhard Euler<\/span> \uff081707-1783\uff09<\/span>, August M\u00f6bius <\/span>\uff081790-1868\uff09<\/span>, Johann Listing <\/span>\uff081808-1882\uff09<\/span>, Bernhard Riemann <\/span>\uff081826-1866\uff09<\/span>, Henri Poincar\u00e9 <\/span>\uff081854-1912\uff09<\/span> and Alexander Grothendieck <\/span>\uff081928-2014\uff09 <\/span>\u662f\u5176\u4e2d\u4e00\u4e9b\u8981\u63d0\u53ca\u7684\u540d\u5b57\u3002\u62d3\u6251\u5b66\u601d\u60f3\u51e0\u4e4e\u5b58\u5728\u4e8e\u5f53\u4eca\u6570\u5b66\u7684\u6240\u6709\u9886\u57df\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u62d3\u6251\u5b66\u548c\u6298\u7eb8\uff08\u65e5\u672c\u7684\u6298\u7eb8\u827a\u672f\uff0c\u7528\u6765\u8868\u73b0\u73b0\u5b9e\uff09\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u662f\u8010\u4eba\u5bfb\u5473\u7684\u3002\u6298\u7eb8\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8bcd\u662f ori\uff08\u6298\u53e0\uff09\u548c kami\uff08\u7eb8\uff09\u7684\u590d\u5408\u8bcd\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u4e0e\u65e5\u672c\u6587\u5316\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u827a\u672f\u53ef\u4ee5\u5206\u4e3a\u51e0\u79cd\u7c7b\u578b\uff0c\u5e76\u6709\u8bb8\u591a\u5b9e\u9645\u5e94\u7528\u3002\u6298\u7eb8\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u5e76\u4e0d\u6e05\u695a\uff0c\u4f46\u53ef\u4ee5\u8ffd\u6eaf\u5230\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u6298\u7eb8\u6280\u672f\uff0c\u79f0\u4e3a\u647a\u7eb8\uff08zh\u00e9zh\u012b[\u5f2f\u66f2\u6216\u6298\u53e0\u7684\u7eb8]\uff09\u3002\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u4e66\u662f Koryo Miura \u7b49\u4eba\uff08\u7f16\u8f91\uff09\uff0cOrigami6\uff08American Mathematical Society\uff0c2015\uff09\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u672c “\u8bf4\u660e\u6298\u7eb8\u4e0e\u5e7f\u6cdb\u9886\u57df\u4e4b\u95f4\u8054\u7cfb\u7684\u72ec\u7279\u8bba\u6587\u96c6”\u3002\u5173\u4e8e\u7b2c\u4e03\u5c4a\u56fd\u9645\u6298\u7eb8\u79d1\u5b66\u3001\u6570\u5b66\u548c\u6559\u80b2\u4f1a\u8bae\uff0c\u8bf7\u8bbf\u95ee<\/span>http:\/\/osme.info\/7osme\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/blockquote>\n

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\u5206\u4f53\u62d3\u6251\u5b66<\/span>\uff08mereotopology\uff09<\/span>\u7ed3\u5408\u4e86\u5206\u4f53\u5b66\u548c\u62d3\u6251\u5b66\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\uff1b\u5b83\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u5174\u7684\u6709\u524d\u9014\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u9886\u57df\uff0c\u6d89\u53ca\u5230\u7a7a\u95f4\u548c\u65f6\u95f4\u4e2d\u7684\u6574\u4f53\u3001\u6574\u4f53\u7684\u90e8\u5206\u548c\u90e8\u5206\u7684\u90e8\u5206\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u3002\u7eaf\u7cb9\u5b66\u7684\u6839\u6e90\u53ef\u4ee5\u8ffd\u6eaf\u5230\u963f\u5c14\u5f17\u96f7\u5fb7-\u8bfa\u65af-\u6000\u7279\u6d77<\/span>\uff081861-1947\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5<\/span>\uff08\u5728\u300a\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e0e\u73b0\u5b9e\u300b[Macmillan, 1929]\u4e2d\u9610\u8ff0\uff09<\/span>\u5728\u67d0\u79cd\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u4e0e\u6b27\u51e0\u91cc\u5fb7\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u76f8\u53cd\u3002\u70b9\u3001\u7ebf\u548c\u5e73\u9762\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u88ab\u5ffd\u89c6\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u88ab\u91cd\u65b0\u5b9a\u4e49\u5e76\u5f15\u5165\u5230\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u4e2d\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u5728\u5f15\u5165\u56e0\u7d20\u65f6\u95f4\uff0c\u897f\u7530\u7528\u201c A \u6210\u4e3a\u975e A \u201d\u53d6\u4ee3\u4e86\u201c A \u662f A \u201d<\/span>\uff08\u7b2c\u4e00\u5b9a\u5f8b\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u4ed6\u8fd9\u6837\u505a\u662f\u5426\u63a8\u7ffb\u4e86\u7b2c\u4e8c\u548c\u7b2c\u4e09\u5b9a\u5f8b\uff0c\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u6709\u4e89\u8bae\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u4f46\u53ef\u4ee5\u80af\u5b9a\u5730\u8bf4\uff0c\u6210\u4e3a\u4e0e\u5b58\u5728\u662f\u4e0d\u4e00\u6837\u7684\u3002\u4ece A \u5230\u975e A<\/span>\uff08\u6216\u4ece\u975e A \u5230 A \uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u8de8\u8d8a\u4e86\u4e00\u6761\u7ebf\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u897f\u65b9\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u81ea\u963f\u90a3\u514b\u897f\u66fc\u5fb7<\/span>\uff08\u516c\u5143\u524d610-546\u5e74\uff09<\/span>\u4ee5\u6765\u4e00\u76f4\u5b58\u5728\u5206\u6b67\u7684\u8fb9\u754c\uff0c\u4ed6\u62d2\u7edd\u4e86\u6cf0\u52d2\u65af\u5173\u4e8e\u6c34\u662f\u4e07\u7269\u7684 \u1f00\u03c1\u03c7\u03ae<\/span>\uff08\u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u8d77\u6e90\uff09<\/span>\u7684\u5047\u8bbe\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86 \u1f04\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd<\/span>\uff08\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\uff0c\u65e0\u754c\u9650\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u201c\u6a21\u7cca\u96c6\u201d<\/span>\uff08Lotfi Zadeh\u7b49\u4eba\uff09<\/span>\u3001\u201c\u7c97\u7cd9\u96c6\u201d<\/span>\uff08Zdzis\u0142aw Pawlak\u7b49\u4eba\uff09<\/span>\u548c\u201c\u7070\u8272\u7cfb\u7edf\u201d<\/span>\uff08Julong Deng\u7b49\u4eba\uff09<\/span>\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u8ffd\u968f\u8005\u4ecd\u7136\u5728\u4e0e\u6982\u7387\u8bba\u7684\u4e3b\u89d2<\/span>\uff08Andrey Kolmogorov\u7b49\u4eba\uff09<\/span>\u8ba8\u8bba\u8fb9\u754c\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u548c\u5904\u7406\u3002\u6574\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f52\u5165\u5206\u4f53\u62d3\u6251\u5b66\u6807\u9898\u4e0b\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\uff082\uff09\u57ce\u5e02\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/section>\n

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\u5168\u7403\u822a\u7a7a\u7f51\u7edc | \u56fe\u7247\u6765\u6e90\uff1ahttps:\/\/www.visualcapitalist.com\/air-traffic-network-map\/<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u57ce\u5e02\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u690d\u6839\u4e8e\u4f4d\u7f6e\u7406\u8bba\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u65e8\u5728\u89e3\u91ca\u7ecf\u6d4e\u6d3b\u52a8\u533a\u4f4d\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u4f53\u7cfb\u3002\u5fb7\u56fd\u5730\u4e3b\u7ea6\u7ff0\u00b7\u6d77\u56e0\u91cc\u5e0c\u51af\u00b7\u675c\u80fd<\/span>\uff081783-1850\uff09<\/span>\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u8be5\u7406\u8bba\u4e4b\u7236\u3002\u6839\u636e\u8d39\u5c14\u5357\u00b7\u5e03\u52b3\u5fb7\u5c14\u7684\u8bf4\u6cd5\uff0c\u4ed6\u201c\u4e0e\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u5e76\u5217\u6210\u4e3a 19 \u4e16\u7eaa\u6700\u4f1f\u5927\u7684\u5fb7\u56fd\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u5bb6\u3002\u201d\u4e0e\u4ed6\u540c\u65f6\u4ee3\u7684\u5927\u536b\u00b7\u674e\u5609\u56fe\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u4ed6\u8bd5\u56fe\u56de\u7b54\u201c\u5982\u4f55\u4f7f\u4e00\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u8d22\u5bcc\u6700\u5927\u5316\u201d\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u5c06\u7ecf\u6d4e\u601d\u60f3\u5bb6\u7fa4\u4f53<\/span>\uff08\u6ce8\u610f\u5230\u53e4\u5178\u5b66\u6d3e\u8fbe\u6210\u7684\u50f5\u5c40\uff09<\/span>\u5206\u4e3a\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u548c\u65b0\u53e4\u5178\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e24\u4e2a\u5206\u652f\uff0c\u5bf9\u201c\u4e00\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u8d22\u5bcc\u6765\u6e90\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\u201d\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u8fdb\u884c\u4e89\u8bba\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u674e\u5609\u56fe\u5173\u6ce8\u7684\u662f\u571f\u58e4\u80a5\u529b\u7684\u5dee\u5f02\uff0c\u800c\u675c\u80fd\u5173\u6ce8\u7684\u662f\u571f\u5730\u4f4d\u7f6e\u7684\u5dee\u5f02\u3002\u5bf9\u4ed6\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u95ee\u9898\u5728\u4e8e\u8bbe\u8ba1\u51fa\u6700\u4f73<\/span>\uff08\u6700\u6709\u5229\u53ef\u56fe\uff09<\/span>\u7684\u571f\u5730\u5229\u7528\u7cfb\u7edf\u3002\u4ed6\u7684\u89e3\u51b3\u65b9\u6848\u662f\u7cbe\u5fc3\u8bbe\u8ba1\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u7684\u8bba\u70b9\u662f\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u5177\u6709\u76f8\u5f53\u9650\u5236\u6027\u5047\u8bbe\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u4e2d\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5047\u8bbe\u5c06\u5728\u9002\u5f53\u7684\u65f6\u5019\u5f97\u5230\u7f13\u89e3\uff0c\u4f46\u5728\u4ed6\u6b7b\u540e\uff0c\u675c\u80fd\u7684\u9057\u4ea7\u88ab\u9057\u5fd8\u4e86\uff0c\u88ab\u963f\u5c14\u5f17\u96f7\u5fb7\u00b7\u9a6c\u6b47\u5c14<\/span>\uff081842-1924\uff09<\/span>\u548c\u83b1\u6602\u00b7\u74e6\u5c14\u62c9\u65af<\/span>\uff081834-1910\uff09<\/span>\u7684\u4f5c\u54c1\u6240\u63a9\u76d6\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5960\u5b9a\u4e86\u73b0\u4ee3\u4ef7\u503c\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u65b0\u53e4\u5178\u4e3b\u4e49\u57fa\u7840\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u9a6c\u6b47\u5c14\u58f0\u79f0\u201c\u7231\u4ed6<\/span>\uff08\u675c\u80fd\uff09<\/span>\u80dc\u8fc7\u7231\u6211\u6240\u6709\u7684\u5927\u5e08\u201d\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u8ba4\u4e3a\u65f6\u95f4\u6bd4\u7a7a\u95f4\u66f4\u57fa\u672c\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u770b\u5230\u8fd9\u4e24\u8005\u662f\u5bc6\u5207\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u504f\u89c1\u4ece\u90a3\u65f6\u8d77\u5c31\u6108\u6f14\u6108\u70c8\uff0c\u5fb7\u56fd\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\u7406\u8bba\u5b66\u6d3e\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u4f8b\u5916\uff0c\u6b63\u5982\u6c83\u5c14\u7279\u00b7\u4f0a\u8428\u5fb7<\/span>\uff081919-2010\uff09<\/span>\u5728\u300a\u4f4d\u7f6e\u4e0e\u7a7a\u95f4\u7ecf\u6d4e\u300b<\/span>\uff08MIT Press\uff0c1956\uff09<\/span>\u4e2d\u6307\u51fa\u7684\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u672c\u4e66\u4e2d\uff0c\u4f5c\u8005\u62b1\u6028\u8bf4\uff0c\u53e4\u5178\u548c\u65b0\u53e4\u5178\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u5bb6\u628a\u81ea\u5df1\u5c40\u9650\u4e8e\u5206\u6790\u201c\u4e00\u4e2a\u6ca1\u6709\u7a7a\u95f4\u7ef4\u5ea6\u7684\u4ed9\u5883\u201d\uff0c\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4ed9\u5883\u4e2d\uff0c\u4f01\u4e1a\u5728\u9009\u5740\u65f6\u4e0d\u8003\u8651\u8fd0\u8f93\u6210\u672c\uff0c\u5728\u5e02\u573a\u4e0a\u9500\u552e\u4ea7\u54c1\u65f6\u4e0d\u8003\u8651\u9500\u552e\u533a\u57df\u7684\u7279\u70b9\u3002\u8fd9\u4e24\u79cd\u7406\u8bba\u5728 20 \u4e16\u7eaa 30 \u5e74\u4ee3\u5f00\u59cb\u7684\u5784\u65ad\u7ade\u4e89\u9769\u547d\u4e2d\u88ab\u7ed3\u5408\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\uff0c\u5e76\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u7a7a\u95f4\u4ea7\u54c1\u5dee\u5f02\u5316\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4f01\u4e1a\u5b9a\u4ef7\u7684\u5784\u65ad\u529b\u91cf\u7684\u6765\u6e90\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u9a6c\u514b\u00b7\u5e03\u52b3\u683c\u5728\u300a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7406\u8bba\u56de\u987e\u300b<\/span>\uff08CUP, 1985, p. 629\uff09<\/span>\u4e2d\u611f\u53f9\u9053\uff1a\u201c\u9664\u4e86 1930 \u5e74\u4ee3\u7684\u77ed\u6682\u5174\u8da3\u5916\uff0c\u4e3b\u6d41\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u5bb6\u5bf9\u7a7a\u95f4\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u7684\u5ffd\u89c6\u57fa\u672c\u4e0a\u6301\u7eed\u5230\u4eca\u5929\u3002\u201d<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u5fb7\u56fd\u7684\u533a\u4f4d\u7406\u8bba\u5b66\u6d3e\u9884\u793a\u7740\u4e00\u822c\u533a\u4f4d\u7406\u8bba\uff0c\u5373\u7a7a\u95f4\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u7684\u6700\u57fa\u672c\u7406\u8bba\u3002\u6c83\u5c14\u7279\u00b7\u514b\u91cc\u65af\u5854\u52d2<\/span>\uff081893-1969\uff09<\/span>\u662f\u8fd9\u4e00\u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u6770\u51fa\u4eba\u7269\u3002\u4ed6\u5728\u4e66\u4e2d\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u8fd9\u4e00\u7406\u8bba\u5bf9\u4e8e\u7814\u7a76\u4f5c\u4e3a\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u57ce\u5e02\u5177\u6709\u57fa\u7840\u6027\u610f\u4e49\uff1a\u4e00\u7ec4\u5143\u7d20\u7684\u7ec4\u7ec7\u65b9\u5f0f\u662f\u6bcf\u4e2a\u5143\u7d20\u90fd\u5728\u67d0\u79cd\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u76f4\u63a5\u6216\u95f4\u63a5\u5730\u4e0e\u5176\u4ed6\u5143\u7d20\u76f8\u4e92\u4f9d\u8d56\u3002\u57ce\u5e02\u7cfb\u7edf\u8fd9\u4e00\u672f\u8bed\u662f\u7531 Brian Berry \u63d0\u51fa\u7684\uff0c\u4ed6\u5c06\u7cfb\u7edf\u5206\u6790\u5e94\u7528\u4e8e\u57ce\u5e02\u7814\u7a76\u3002\u8fd9\u5c31\u5f15\u53d1\u4e86\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\uff1a\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u4e2a\u5de5\u4f5c\u72c2\u662f\u5426\u6709\u65f6\u95f4\u7761\u89c9\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u4ed6\u662f\u5426\u5728\u548c\u4ed6\u7684\u59bb\u5b50\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u4f34\u4fa3\u4e00\u8d77\u5ea6\u8fc7\u4e00\u4e9b\u65f6\u95f4\u3002Berry \u5728\u5f88\u5927\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u5f52\u529f\u4e8e\u4ed6\u7684\u540c\u4e8b Richard Chorle<\/span>\uff081927-2002\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u4ed6\u5728\u5c06\u7cfb\u7edf\u7406\u8bba\u5f15\u5165\u57ce\u5e02\u7814\u7a76\u65b9\u9762\u8d77\u5230\u4e86\u91cd\u8981\u4f5c\u7528\u3002\u514b\u91cc\u65af\u5854\u52d2\u7684\u4e2d\u5fc3\u5730\u7406\u8bba\u4e5f\u4e3a\u5730\u7406\u5b66\u7684\u5b9a\u91cf\u9769\u547d\u5960\u5b9a\u4e86\u57fa\u7840\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u8303\u5f0f\u7684\u8f6c\u53d8\u8bd5\u56fe\u4e3a\u8be5\u5b66\u79d1\u53d1\u5c55\u51fa\u4e00\u79cd\u66f4\u4e25\u683c\u548c\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u82f1\u7f8e\u5bf9\u5927\u9646\u5730\u7406\u5b66\u5728\u89e3\u91ca\u4e00\u822c\u7a7a\u95f4\u52a8\u6001\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u4e0d\u8db3\u7684\u56de\u5e94\u3002\u8fd9\u573a\u9769\u547d\u53d1\u751f\u5728 20 \u4e16\u7eaa 50 \u5e74\u4ee3\u548c 60 \u5e74\u4ee3\uff0c\u6807\u5fd7\u7740\u4ece\u5177\u4f53\u5730\u7406\u5b66\u5230\u901a\u5219\u5730\u7406\u5b66\u7684\u8f6c\u53d8\uff0c\u4ece\u503e\u5411\u4e8e\u5177\u4f53\u5316\u7684\u5730\u7406\u5b66<\/span>\uff08\u5982\u4eba\u6587\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u5178\u578b\uff09<\/span>\u5230\u503e\u5411\u4e8e\u6982\u62ec\u5316\u7684\u5730\u7406\u5b66<\/span>\uff08\u5982\u81ea\u7136\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u5178\u578b\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u8fd9\u573a\u9769\u547d\u6807\u5fd7\u7740\u4ece\u533a\u57df\u5730\u7406\u5b66<\/span>\uff08\u4fa7\u91cd\u4e8e\u5730\u7406\u533a\u57df\u5185\u4e0d\u540c\u81ea\u7136\u548c\u6587\u5316\u56e0\u7d20\u7684\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\uff0c\u7531 Alfred Hettner\u3001Paul Vidal de La Blache\u3001Richard Hartshorne \u548c Carl Sauer \u5b9e\u8df5\uff09<\/span>\u5230\u533a\u57df\u79d1\u5b66<\/span>\uff08\u5305\u62ec\u533a\u4f4d\u7406\u8bba\u3001\u7a7a\u95f4\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u3001\u533a\u4f4d\u6a21\u578b\u3001\u4ea4\u901a\u3001\u8fc1\u79fb\u5206\u6790\u3001\u571f\u5730\u5229\u7528\u548c\u57ce\u5e02\u53d1\u5c55\u3001\u4ea7\u4e1a\u95f4\u5206\u6790\u3001\u73af\u5883\u6216\u751f\u6001\u5206\u6790\u3001\u8d44\u6e90\u7ba1\u7406\u3001\u57ce\u5e02\u548c\u533a\u57df\u653f\u7b56\u5206\u6790\u3001\u5730\u7406\u4fe1\u606f\u7cfb\u7edf\u548c\u7a7a\u95f4\u6570\u636e\u5206\u6790\uff09<\/span>\u6216\u7a7a\u95f4\u79d1\u5b66<\/span>\uff08\u4fa7\u91cd\u4e8e\u7a7a\u95f4\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\uff0c\u5b83\u662f\u5f71\u54cd\u793e\u4f1a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u53ca\u5176\u6210\u5458\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u53d8\u91cf\uff0c\u5e76\u4ee5\u793e\u4f1a\u4e2d\u7684\u7a7a\u95f4\u6a21\u5f0f\u548c\u8fc7\u7a0b\u7684\u5b9a\u91cf\u5206\u6790\u4e3a\u4e2d\u5fc3\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u4e0b\u4e00\u6b65\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u4e24\u8005\u7684\u7ed3\u5408\uff0c\u5373\u5b9a\u6027\u548c\u5b9a\u91cf\u65b9\u6cd5\u7684\u6574\u5408<\/span>\uff08\u901a\u8fc7\u79d1\u5b66\u5408\u4f5c\uff09<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u57ce\u5e02\u548c\u4e61\u6751\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u662f\u57ce\u5e02\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u5bb6\u7684\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u5173\u6ce8\u70b9\u3002\u201c\u4e61\u6751\u201d\uff0c\u6216\u201c\u519c\u6751\u5730\u533a\u201d\uff0c\u662f\u6307\u57ce\u9547\u6216\u57ce\u5e02\u4e4b\u5916\u6216\u5468\u56f4\u7684\u5730\u7406\u533a\u57df\u3002\u57ce\u5e02\u88ab\u5212\u5206\u4e3a\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u533a\u6216\u8857\u533a\uff0c\u6709<\/span>\uff08\u4e3b\uff09<\/span>\u8857\u9053\u3001\u5c0f\u8857\u548c\u5c0f\u5df7\uff0c\u662f\u4eba\u4eec\u5de5\u4f5c\u548c\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\u96c6\u4e2d\u5730\uff0c\u5f7c\u6b64\u4e4b\u95f4\u662f\u758f\u8fdc\u7684\u3002\u4e00\u4e2a\u57ce\u5e02\u4e0d\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u7531\u77f3\u5934\u3001\u73bb\u7483\u548c\u6df7\u51dd\u571f\u7ec4\u6210\u7684\u5de8\u5927\u4f53\u91cf\u3002\u5b83\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u591a\u529f\u80fd\u7684\u5355\u4f4d\uff0c\u5728\u591c\u95f4\u7167\u660e<\/span>\uff08\u9020\u6210\u6c61\u67d3\uff0c\u800c\u90a3\u4e9b\u51dd\u89c6\u7740\u5982\u6b64\u660e\u4eae\u7684\u661f\u661f\u7684\u53e4\u4eba\u5374\u6ca1\u6709\u53d7\u5230\u6c61\u67d3\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u6709\u8bb8\u591a\u5efa\u7b51\u548c\u8bbe\u65bd\u3002\u529e\u516c\u5ba4\u3001\u5de5\u5382\u3001\u5de5\u4f5c\u573a\u6240\u3001\u4ed3\u5e93\u3001\u4f4f\u5b85\u3001\u793e\u533a\u4e2d\u5fc3\u3001\u5b66\u6821\u3001\u7814\u7a76\u673a\u6784\u3001\u533b\u9662\u3001\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5ba4\u3001\u8bca\u6240\u3001\u9152\u5e97\u3001\u9910\u9986\u3001\u9152\u5427\u3001\u5546\u5e97\u3001\u4ff1\u4e50\u90e8\u3001\u5546\u573a\u3001\u516c\u5171\u573a\u6240\u3001\u8d85\u5e02\u3001\u767e\u8d27\u516c\u53f8\u3001\u5b97\u6559\u573a\u6240\u3001\u5730\u65b9\u653f\u5e9c\u5927\u697c\u3001\u4f53\u80b2\u4e2d\u5fc3\u3001\u6e38\u6cf3\u6c60\u3001\u516c\u5171\u4ea4\u901a\u3001\u8f66\u5e93\u3001\u516c\u5171\u8bbe\u65bd\u3001\u5de5\u4f5c\u5ba4\u3001\u5267\u9662\u3001\u97f3\u4e50\u5385\u3001\u7535\u5f71\u9662\u3001\u6309\u6469\u9662\u3001\u8b66\u5bdf\u5c40\u3001\u5175\u8425\u3001\u94f6\u884c\u3001\u516c\u56ed\u3001\u56fe\u4e66\u9986\u3001\u535a\u7269\u9986\u7b49\u7b49\u3002\u57ce\u5e02\u6709\u90ca\u533a\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u5c45\u4f4f\u5728\u8fdc\u79bb\u5185\u57ce\u4e2d\u5fc3<\/span>\uff08\u5e02\u4e2d\u5fc3\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u4f46\u5728\u901a\u52e4\u8303\u56f4\u5185\u7684\u5730\u533a\u3002\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u4e61\u6751\u7531\u5e7f\u9614\u7684\u7530\u91ce\u6216\u7267\u573a\u7ec4\u6210\uff0c\u88ab\u6811\u6797\u6253\u65ad\uff0c\u6cb3\u6d41\u7eb5\u6a2a\u4ea4\u9519\uff0c\u70b9\u7f00\u7740\u519c\u573a\u3001\u5c0f\u6751\u5e84\u548c\u6751\u5e84\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5730\u65b9\u4e0d\u662f\u7531\u5c94\u9053\u6216\u591a\u8f66\u9053\u9ad8\u901f\u516c\u8def\u8fde\u63a5\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u7531\u5c0f\u8def\u6216\u4e61\u6751\u516c\u8def\u8fde\u63a5\u3002\u4e61\u4e0b\u4eba\u70df\u7a00\u5c11\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec<\/span>\uff08\u77e5\u9053\u5982\u4f55\u8bfb\u61c2\u5929\u7a7a\uff09<\/span>\u5728\u90a3\u91cc\u4e0e\u81ea\u7136\u548c\u8c10\u76f8\u5904\uff0c\u751f\u6d3b\u5728\u53d7\u4f20\u7edf\u7ea6\u675f\u7684\u793e\u533a\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u53e4\u4ee3\uff0c\u201c\u5929\u4e0b\u201d\u662f\u6307\u6574\u4e2a\u5730\u7406\u4e16\u754c\u3002\u53c2\u89c1\u5112\u5b66\u201c\u56db\u4e66\u201d\u4e4b\u4e00\u300a\u5927\u5b66\u300b\uff1bAlfred Forke\uff0cThe World-conception of the Chinese<\/em><\/span>\uff08Probsthain\uff0c1925\uff09<\/span>\uff1bJoseph Levenson\uff0cT’ien-hsia<\/em> and Kuo<\/em> and the Transvaluation of Values \u201d<\/span>\uff08Far Eastern Quarterly<\/em>, 11:4 (1952), pp. 447\u2013451\uff09<\/span>\u7b49\u6587\u732e\u3002\u201cTi\u0101n\u201d<\/span>\uff08\u5929\u7a7a\u6216\u5929\u5802\uff09<\/span>\u662f\u591a\u4e49\u8bcd\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u4f8b\u5b50\uff0c\u5c31\u50cf\u897f\u73ed\u7259\u8bed\u5355\u8bcd pueblo\uff0c\u610f\u601d\u662f\u6751\u5e84\u6216\u4eba\u3002\u4e2d\u56fd\u5173\u4e8e\u201c\u5929\u201d\u7684\u6587\u732e\u5df2\u7ecf\u975e\u5e38\u4e30\u5bcc\u3002\u53c2\u89c1 Shenzhi Li, \u201cReflections on the Concept of the Unity of Heaven and Man\u201d, in Karl-Heinz Pohl (ed.), Chinese Thought in a Global Context<\/em> (Brill, 1999, pp. 115\u2013119). Mongolians still pray to \u201cMunkh Khukh Tengri<\/em>\u201d (the eternal blue sky), and Mongolia, China\u2019s neighboring country, is called \u201cMunkh Khukh Tengriin Oron<\/em>\u201d (land of the eternal blue sky). Jean-Paul Roux, \u201cT\u00e4ngri: essai sur le ciel-dieu des peuples alta\u00efques<\/em>\u201d, Revue de l\u2019histoire des religions<\/em>,  149:1 (1956), pp. 49\u201382; 149:2 (1956), pp. 197\u2013230; 150:1 (1956), pp.  27\u201354; 150:2 (1956), pp. 173\u2013212; and 154:1 (1958), pp. 32\u201366.<\/span><\/section>\n

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 \u519c\u6751\u53ea\u6709\u4e00\u4e9b\u4fbf\u5229\u8bbe\u65bd\uff0c\u653f\u5e9c\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u662f\u5730\u65b9\u653f\u5e9c\uff0c\u90fd\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u9065\u8fdc\u7684\u3002\u57ce\u5e02\u548c\u519c\u6751\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u662f\u76f8\u4e92\u7684\uff1b\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u4e0d\u80fd\u6ca1\u6709\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u3002\u519c\u6751\u76f4\u63a5\u6216\u95f4\u63a5\u5730\u4e3a\u57ce\u5e02\u5c45\u6c11\u63d0\u4f9b\u5404\u79cd\u98df\u7269\uff0c\u800c\u57ce\u5e02\u5219\u63d0\u4f9b\u79cd\u5b50\u3001\u5316\u80a5\u3001\u519c\u836f\u3001\u673a\u68b0\u3001\u8bbe\u5907\u3001\u71c3\u6599\u548c\u9972\u6599\uff0c\u7528\u4e8e\u751f\u4ea7\u519c\u4f5c\u7269\u6216\u517b\u6b96\u548c\u9972\u517b\u52a8\u7269\u3002\u57ce\u5e02\uff0c\u901a\u5e38\u662f\u5de5\u4e1a\u7684\u6240\u5728\u5730<\/span>\uff08\u6216\u9644\u8fd1\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u800c\u519c\u6751\uff0c\u662f\u57ce\u5e02\u7684\u8179\u5730\uff0c\u662f\u76f8\u4e92\u8865\u5145\u7684\u3002\u5b83\u4eec\u76f8\u4e92\u4f9d\u5b58\uff0c\u76f8\u4e92\u4ea4\u7ec7\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u6ca1\u6709\u8179\u5730\u7684\u6539\u5584\uff0c\u57ce\u5e02\u5c31\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u53d1\u5c55\uff0c\u53cd\u4e4b\u4ea6\u7136\u3002\u6bdb\u6cfd\u4e1c\u5f3a\u8c03\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u884c\u4e4b\u6709\u6548\u7684\u519b\u4e8b\u7b56\u7565\u662f\u519c\u6751\u5305\u56f4\u57ce\u5e02\u3002\u5982\u679c\u519c\u4e1a\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u5fc3\u810f\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u5de5\u4e1a\u5fc5\u987b\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u5176\u5927\u8111\u3002\u57ce\u5e02\u50cf\u78c1\u94c1\u4e00\u6837\u5438\u5f15\u7740\u519c\u6751\u52b3\u52a8\u529b\u653e\u5f03\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u519c\u6d3b\uff0c\u79bb\u5f00\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u5bb6<\/span>\uff08\u4e00\u573a\u5fae\u89c2\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u620f\u5267\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u5e76\u5927\u89c4\u6a21\u5730\u8fc1\u79fb\u5230\u57ce\u5e02\u5730\u533a\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8fc7\u7a0b\u66fe\u7ecf\u4e0e\u5de5\u4e1a\u9769\u547d\u6709\u5173\uff0c\u4f46\u4eca\u5929\u5374\u9020\u6210\u4e86\u4e16\u754c\u4e0a\u524d\u6240\u672a\u6709\u7684\u57ce\u5e02\u5316\u3002\u770b\u7740\u5b83\uff0c\u770b\u7740\u4eba\u4eec\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\uff0c\u6211\u4e0d\u7981\u8981\u95ee\uff1a\u8c01\u5728\u4e3b\u6301\u8fd9\u573a\u620f\uff1f\u5982\u679c\u6ca1\u6709\u4eba\u505a\uff1a\u5b83\u5c06\u88ab\u5f15\u5411\u4f55\u5904\uff1f<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u57ce\u5e02\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u5bb6\u5360\u636e\u4e86\u8bb8\u591a\u8bdd\u9898\uff1a\u79fb\u6c11\u3001\u5f02\u5316\u3001\u57ce\u5e02\u7ed3\u6784\u3001\u57ce\u5e02\u53d1\u5c55\u3001\u9636\u7ea7\u5f62\u6210\u3001<\/span>\uff08\u4e00\u7fa4\uff09<\/span>\u57ce\u5e02\u5c45\u6c11\u7684\u65e5\u5e38\u751f\u6d3b\u3001\u8857\u533a\u3001\u8d2b\u6c11\u7a9f\u3001<\/span>\uff08\u79cd\u65cf\uff09<\/span>\u9694\u79bb\u3001\u79cd\u65cf\u66b4\u529b\u3001\u8d2b\u6c11\u7a9f\u5316\u3001\u4f4f\u623f\u6761\u4ef6\u3001\u57ce\u5e02\u5931\u4e1a\u3001\u57ce\u5e02\u4e0e\u90ca\u533a\u3001\u901a\u52e4\u3001\u7ec5\u58eb\u5316\u3001\u793e\u533a\u751f\u6d3b\u3001\u4f11\u95f2\u6d3b\u52a8\uff0c\u7b49\u7b49\u3002\u57ce\u5e02\u5316\uff0c\u5373\u5927\u91cf\u4eba\u53e3\u805a\u96c6\u548c\u5b9a\u5c45\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u5730\u533a\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff0c\u5f97\u5230\u4e86\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u7279\u522b\u5173\u6ce8\u3002\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u57ce\u5e02\u4eba\u53e3\u5df2\u7ecf\u4ece 1950 \u5e74\u7684 7.51 \u4ebf\u589e\u957f\u5230 2018\u5e74\u7684 42 \u4ebf\u3002\u8054\u5408\u56fd\u7ecf\u6d4e\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u4e8b\u52a1\u90e8\u4eba\u53e3\u53f8\u4e8e 2018 \u5e74 5 \u6708\u53d1\u5e03\u7684\u51fa\u7248\u7269\u300a\u4e16\u754c\u57ce\u5e02\u5316\u524d\u666f\u4fee\u8ba2\u300b\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u672a\u6765\u4e16\u754c\u57ce\u5e02\u4eba\u53e3\u89c4\u6a21\u7684\u589e\u957f\u9884\u8ba1\u5c06\u9ad8\u5ea6\u96c6\u4e2d\u5728\u4e09\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\u3002\u5728 2018 \u5e74\u81f3 2050 \u5e74\u671f\u95f4\uff0c\u5370\u5ea6\u3001\u4e2d\u56fd\u548c\u5c3c\u65e5\u5229\u4e9a\u5c06\u5171\u540c\u5360\u4e16\u754c\u57ce\u5e02\u4eba\u53e3\u9884\u8ba1\u589e\u957f\u7684 35%\u3002\u636e\u9884\u6d4b\uff0c\u5230 2050 \u5e74\uff0c\u5370\u5ea6\u5c06\u589e\u52a0 4.16 \u4ebf\u57ce\u5e02\u5c45\u6c11\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd 2.55 \u4ebf\uff0c\u5c3c\u65e5\u5229\u4e9a 1.89 \u4ebf\u3002\u4e1c\u4eac\u662f\u4e16\u754c\u4e0a\u6700\u5927\u7684\u57ce\u5e02\uff0c\u62e5\u6709 3700 \u4e07\u5c45\u6c11\u7684\u805a\u96c6\u5730\uff0c\u5176\u6b21\u662f\u65b0\u5fb7\u91cc<\/span>\uff082900\u4e07\uff09<\/span>\u3001\u4e0a\u6d77<\/span>\uff082600\u4e07\uff09<\/span>\u4ee5\u53ca\u58a8\u897f\u54e5\u57ce\u548c\u5723\u4fdd\u7f57\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e2a\u57ce\u5e02\u90fd\u6709\u5927\u7ea6 2200 \u4e07\u5c45\u6c11\u3002\u4eca\u5929\uff0c\u5f00\u7f57\u3001\u5b5f\u4e70\u3001\u5317\u4eac\u548c\u8fbe\u5361\u90fd\u6709\u63a5\u8fd1 2000 \u4e07\u5c45\u6c11\u3002\u5230 2020 \u5e74\uff0c\u4e1c\u4eac\u7684\u4eba\u53e3\u9884\u8ba1\u5c06\u5f00\u59cb\u4e0b\u964d\uff0c\u800c\u5fb7\u91cc\u5219\u9884\u8ba1\u5c06\u7ee7\u7eed\u589e\u957f\uff0c\u5e76\u5728 2028 \u5e74\u5de6\u53f3\u6210\u4e3a\u4e16\u754c\u4e0a\u4eba\u53e3\u6700\u591a\u7684\u57ce\u5e02\u3002\u5230 2030 \u5e74\uff0c\u4e16\u754c\u4e0a\u9884\u8ba1\u5c06\u6709 43 \u4e2a\u5c45\u6c11\u4eba\u6570\u8d85\u8fc7 1000 \u4e07\u7684\u5927\u57ce\u5e02\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u4f4d\u4e8e\u53d1\u5c55\u4e2d\u5730\u533a\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u4e00\u4e9b\u589e\u957f\u6700\u5feb\u7684\u57ce\u5e02\u7fa4\u662f\u5c45\u6c11\u4eba\u6570\u5c11\u4e8e 100 \u4e07\u7684\u57ce\u5e02\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u8bb8\u591a\u4f4d\u4e8e\u4e9a\u6d32\u548c\u975e\u6d32\u3002\u867d\u7136\u6bcf\u516b\u4e2a\u4eba\u4e2d\u5c31\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u751f\u6d3b\u5728\u5168\u4e16\u754c 33 \u4e2a\u5927\u57ce\u5e02\u4e2d\uff0c\u4f46\u4e16\u754c\u4e0a\u8fd1\u4e00\u534a\u7684\u57ce\u5e02\u5c45\u6c11\u5c45\u4f4f\u5728\u5c11\u4e8e 50 \u4e07\u5c45\u6c11\u7684\u66f4\u5c0f\u7684\u5b9a\u5c45\u70b9\u3002\u4eca\u5929\uff0c55% \u7684\u4e16\u754c\u4eba\u53e3\u751f\u6d3b\u5728\u57ce\u5e02\u5730\u533a\uff0c\u9884\u8ba1\u52302050\u5e74\u8fd9\u4e00\u6bd4\u4f8b\u5c06\u589e\u52a0\u5230 68%\u3002\u5728 1950 \u5e74\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u6bd4\u4f8b\u4e3a 30%\u3002\u9884\u6d4b\u663e\u793a\uff0c\u5230 2050 \u5e74\uff0c\u57ce\u5e02\u5316\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u4f7f\u57ce\u5e02\u5730\u533a\u518d\u589e\u52a0 25 \u4ebf\u4eba\u53e3\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u8fd1 90% \u7684\u589e\u957f\u53d1\u751f\u5728\u4e9a\u6d32\u548c\u975e\u6d32\u3002\u5e03\u9c81\u585e\u5c14\u7684\u51b3\u7b56\u8005\u4eec\u6b63\u4e3a\u5982\u4f55\u5904\u7406\u6765\u81ea\u5176\u4ed6\u5927\u9646\u7684\u79fb\u6c11\u800c\u5fe7\u5fc3\u5fe1\u5fe1\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5f97\u5230\u4e86\u5373\u5c06\u5230\u6765\u7684\u98ce\u66b4\u7684\u8b66\u544a\u3002\u66f4\u5e7f\u6cdb\u5730\u8bf4\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u60f3\u77e5\u9053\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u6c11\u4e3b<\/span>\uff08\u6bcf\u4e2a\u4eba\u90fd\u6709\u540c\u7b49\u5206\u91cf\u7684\u6295\u7968\u6743\uff09<\/span>\u662f\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u666e\u904d\u5f62\u5f0f\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48 2050 \u5e74\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u4f1a\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\u6837\u5b50\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/section>\n
\u57ce\u5e02\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u5bb6\u6709\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u4e0d\u4ec5\u5bf9\u57ce\u5e02\u5316\u7684\u539f\u56e0\u548c\u540e\u679c\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5bf9\u4eba\u7c7b\u884c\u4e3a\u8005\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u591a\u5927\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u5e72\u9884\u8fd9\u4e00\u8fdb\u7a0b\u3002\u50cf\u4e54\u6cbb-\u897f\u6885\u5c14\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u8d39\u8fea\u5357\u5fb7-\u6258\u5c3c\u65af\u8bd5\u56fe\u4ece\u7406\u8bba\u4e0a\u628a\u63e119\u4e16\u7eaa\u6b27\u6d32\u5404\u5730\u6b63\u5728\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u53d8\u9769\u3002\u4ed6\u5728\u7d27\u5bc6\u7ed3\u5408\u7684\u793e\u533a\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u4e4b\u95f4\u5f62\u6210\u4e86\u4e00\u79cd\u4e24\u6781\u6027\uff0c\u5728 Gemeinschaft<\/span>\uff08\u793e\u533a\uff09<\/span> \u548c Gesellschaft<\/span>\uff08\u516c\u53f8\uff09<\/span> \u4e4b\u95f4\u5f62\u6210\u4e86\u4e00\u79cd\u4e24\u6781\u6027\uff0cGemeinschaft \u610f\u5473\u7740\u4eb2\u5bc6\u548c\u6e29\u6696\uff0c\u800cGesellschaft \u5219\u610f\u5473\u7740\u975e\u4e2a\u4eba\u7684\u4ea4\u6d41\uff0c\u5982\u5546\u4e1a\u4ea4\u6613\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4e3b\u9898\u5728\u5f88\u5927\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u5f71\u54cd\u4e86\u7f8e\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u5bb6\uff0c\u5982 Robert Park, Louis Wirth, Ernest Burgess, George Herbert Mead, Howard Becker and Everett Hughes,\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u662f\u8457\u540d\u7684\u829d\u52a0\u54e5\u5b66\u6d3e\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u4ee3\u8868\u3002Claude Fische<\/span>\uff081949\uff09<\/span>\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u57ce\u5e02\u662f\u5404\u79cd\u793e\u4f1a\u5173\u7cfb\u548c\u4e9a\u6587\u5316\u7684\u4ea7\u7269\u3002\u4ed6\u53d1\u73b0\u57ce\u5e02\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\u7279\u5f81\u5f62\u5f0f\u662f\u90bb\u91cc\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u575a\u6301\u8ba4\u4e3a\u57ce\u5e02\u662f\u4fe1\u4efb\u548c\u53cb\u8c0a\u7684\u5730\u65b9\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5bf9\u829d\u52a0\u54e5\u5b66\u6d3e\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u6279\u8bc4\u6765\u81ea\u4e8e\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u4e3b\u4e49\u5b66\u8005\uff0c\u5982 Henri Lefebvre <\/span>(1901\u20131991)<\/span>, David Harvey <\/span>(1935)<\/span>, Harvey Molotch<\/span> (1940)<\/span> and Manuel Castells <\/span>(1942)<\/span> \u3002\u6700\u8fd1\uff0c\u201c\u90ca\u533a\u5316\u201d<\/span>\uff08\u5927\u57ce\u5e02\u90ca\u533a\u7684\u4f4f\u5b85\u533a\uff09<\/span>\u3001\u201c\u8fb9\u7f18\u57ce\u5e02\u201d\u7684\u5f62\u6210<\/span>\uff08\u5546\u4e1a\u3001\u5c45\u4f4f\u3001\u8d2d\u7269\u548c\u5a31\u4e50\u96c6\u4e2d\u5728\u57ce\u5e02\u4e2d\u5fc3\u5546\u4e1a\u533a\u4ee5\u5916\u6216\u4e3b\u8981\u5e72\u9053\u6cbf\u7ebf\uff09<\/span>\u4ee5\u53ca\u201c\u57ce\u5e02\u7fa4\u201d\u548c\u201c\u5168\u7403\u57ce\u5e02\u201d\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u8fc7\u7a0b\u5f15\u8d77\u4e86\u57ce\u5e02\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u5bb6\u7684\u5173\u6ce8\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u56fe. \u5168\u7403\u57ce\u5e02 | \u56fe\u7247\u6765\u6e90\uff1ahttps:\/\/www.vistazo.com\/actualidad\/despues-de-habitat-iii-NBVI41906<\/span><\/p>\n


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\u57ce\u5e02\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u5bb6\u7ecf\u5e38\u88ab\u6279\u8bc4\u4e3a\u5bf9\u6587\u5316\u4e0d\u91cd\u89c6\u6216\u91cd\u89c6\u4e0d\u591f\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u5f88\u91cd\u8981\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u53ea\u6709\u5728\u8003\u8651\u5230\u6587\u5316\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u57ce\u5e02\u7ecf\u6d4e\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u6216\u653f\u6cbb\u5de5\u4f5c\u624d\u6709\u610f\u4e49\u3002\u6362\u53e5\u8bdd\u8bf4\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u4e0d\u628a\u6587\u5316\u8fd9\u4e2a\u56e0\u7d20\u7eb3\u5165\u7b49\u5f0f\uff0c\u57ce\u5e02\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u5bb6\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u5bb6\u548c\u653f\u6cbb\u5b66\u5bb6\u5c31\u4f1a\u88ab\u6307\u8d23\u4e3a\u5e72\u5df4\u5df4\u7684\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u5b9e\u8df5\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u4ed6\u4eec\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u4e00\u5207\u90fd\u5728\u547c\u5438\u6587\u5316\uff1b\u4ed6\u4eec\u8c03\u67e5\u7684\u4e00\u5207\u90fd\u6d78\u900f\u7740\u6587\u5316\uff0c\u6d78\u900f\u7740\u5386\u53f2\u3002\u6587\u5316\u662f\u975e\u5e38\u96be\u4ee5\u5b9a\u4e49\u7684\u3002Jacob Burckhardt<\/span>\uff081818-1897\uff09<\/span>\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u6587\u5316\u53f2\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u521b\u59cb\u4eba\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u4ed6\u79f0\u6587\u5316\u4e3a\u201cDie ganze Summe derjenigen Entwicklungen des Geistes, welche spontan geschehen und keine Zwangsgeltung in Anspruch nehmen<\/span>\uff08\u90a3\u4e9b\u81ea\u53d1\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u3001\u4e0d\u8981\u6c42\u4efb\u4f55\u5f3a\u5236\u6548\u529b\u7684\u7cbe\u795e\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u5168\u90e8\u603b\u548c\u3002\uff09<\/span>\u201d\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u6587\u5316\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8bcd\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u8bf4\u6709\u5b9a\u4e49\u7684\u8bdd\uff0c\u4e5f\u5f88\u5c11\u6307\u7684\u662f\u6587\u5b66\u3001\u7ed8\u753b\u3001\u7d20\u63cf\u3001\u97f3\u4e50\u3001\u821e\u8e48\u3001\u5efa\u7b51\u3001\u96d5\u5851\u3001\u6444\u5f71\u3001\u7248\u753b\u3001\u7535\u5f71\u3001\u57ce\u5e02\u8bbe\u8ba1\u3001\u56ed\u6797\u8bbe\u8ba1\u3001\u666f\u89c2\u8bbe\u8ba1\u3001\u5ba4\u5185\u8bbe\u8ba1\u3001\u620f\u5267<\/span>\uff08Art de la Sc\u00e8ne\uff09<\/span>\u548c\u7f8e\u98df\u7b49\u827a\u672f\u5f62\u5f0f\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e00\u79cd\u90fd\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u3002\u201c\u6587\u5316\u201d\u4e0d\u4ec5\u6307\u4e3b\u8981\u4e3a\u5ba1\u7f8e\u4eab\u53d7\u3001\u7cbe\u795e\u6c89\u601d\u6216\u70f9\u996a\u4e50\u8da3\u800c\u5236\u4f5c\u7684\u4f5c\u54c1\uff1b\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8bcd\u8fd8\u6307\u5b9e\u9645\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\uff0c\u6307\u663e\u793a\u624b\u5de5\u827a\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u3002\u5de5\u5320\u6216\u5973\u5de5\u662f\u6307\u7cbe\u901a\u67d0\u9879\u5de5\u827a\u7684\u4eba\uff1b\u4ed6\/\u5979\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5de5\u5320\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u6587\u5316\u7684\u5b87\u5b99\u4e0e\u6280\u672f\u7684\u5b87\u5b99\u76f8\u90bb\uff0c\u540e\u8005\u6d89\u53ca\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u5e94\u7528\u3002\u5982\u679c\u4e0d\u638c\u63e1\u6280\u672f\uff0c\u827a\u672f\u5bb6\u5c31\u4e0d\u80fd\u4ea7\u751f\u827a\u672f\u4f5c\u54c1\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u6587\u5316\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e3a\u5185\u90e8\u7684\u5916\u5728\uff0c\u662f\u7ecf\u9a8c\u7684\u8868\u73b0\u3002\u7ecf\u9a8c\u662f\u610f\u8bc6\uff1b\u5b83\u662f\u5de5\u4f5c\u4e2d\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u3002\u5bf9\u4e8e\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u53c2\u89c1\uff0cJulie Rivkin and Michael Ryan <\/span>(eds.)<\/span>, Literary Theory: An Anthology<\/em> <\/span>(Blackwell, 2000, pp. 1025\u20131027)<\/span>\u3002\u8bb0\u5fc6\u548c\u60f3\u8c61\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u7ecf\u9a8c\u662f\u65e0\u6cd5\u60f3\u8c61\u7684\uff0c\u662f\u5fc3\u7075\u7684\u4ea7\u7269\u3002\u5f52\u7eb3\u548c\u6982\u62ec<\/span>\uff08\u62bd\u8c61\uff09<\/span>\u3001\u5224\u65ad\u548c\u63a8\u7406\u4e5f\u662f\u5982\u6b64\u3002\u7406\u6027\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005<\/span>\uff08\u6709\u522b\u4e8e\u7ecf\u9a8c\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\uff09<\/span>\u5fc5\u987b\u627f\u8ba4\uff0c\u5148\u5929\u7684\u89c2\u5ff5\u6e90\u4e8e\u4eba\u7684\u5fc3\u7075\uff0c\u5e76\u5236\u7ea6\u7740\u4eba\u7684\u7ecf\u9a8c\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5b83\u5f80\u5f80\u88ab\u9057\u5fd8\uff0c\u4f46\u79d1\u5b66\u548c\u6587\u5316\u90fd\u662f\u4ee5\u7ecf\u9a8c\u4e3a\u524d\u63d0\u7684\u3002\u6ca1\u6709\u601d\u60f3\u5c31\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u6709\u7ecf\u9a8c\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u7ecf\u9a8c\u5c31\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u6709\u79d1\u5b66\u548c\u6587\u5316\u3002\u6ca1\u6709\u7ecf\u9a8c\uff0c\u4eba\u4e0e\u4eba\u6ca1\u6709\u533a\u522b\uff0c\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u6b7b\u7684\u3001\u65e0\u610f\u8bc6\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u3002\u8bed\u8a00\u662f\u7528\u6587\u5b57\u8868\u8fbe\u7684\u7ecf\u9a8c\uff0c\u6587\u5b66\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u7279\u6b8a\u7684\u8bed\u8a00\uff0c\u800c\u97f3\u4e50\u3001\u821e\u8e48\u3001\u7ed8\u753b\u3001\u5efa\u7b51\u548c\u96d5\u5851\u7b49\u827a\u672f\u662f\u7ecf\u9a8c\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\uff0c\u4ee5\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u8868\u8fbe\u3002\u5728\u300a\u4f7f\u7528\u8bed\u8a00\u300b<\/span>\uff08CUP\uff0c1997\uff09<\/span>\u4e2d\uff0c\u8d6b\u4f2f\u7279\u00b7\u514b\u62c9\u514b\u6709\u529b\u5730\u8bba\u8bc1\u4e86\u201c\u8bed\u8a00\u7684\u4f7f\u7528\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u8054\u5408\u884c\u52a8\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u201d\uff0c\u7531\u201c\u76f8\u4e92\u914d\u5408\u884c\u52a8\u7684\u4eba\u201d\u8fdb\u884c\uff0c\u5c31\u50cf\u8df3\u534e\u5c14\u5179\uff0c\u6216\u626b\u8361\u8239\u53ea\u3002\u8bf4\u8bdd<\/span>\uff08\u6216\u5199\u4f5c\uff09<\/span>\u548c\u884c\u52a8\u7684\u524d\u63d0\u662f\u4f30\u4ef7\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5fc3\u7075\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u65e0\u610f\u8bc6\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\uff0c\u5982\u673a\u5668\u4eba\uff0c\u4e0d\u4f1a\u6709\u4ef7\u503c\u3002\u5fc3\u7075\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u6d4b\u91cf\u7684\u3002\u65e0\u8bba\u8c01\u8bd5\u56fe\u628a\u63e1\u5b83\uff0c\u90fd\u662f\u5728\u9ed1\u6697\u4e2d\u6478\u7d22\u3002\u5fc3\u7075\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u9ed1\u6d1e\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u8fde\u56e0\u7814\u7a76\u9ed1\u6d1e\u800c\u83b7\u5f97 2020\u5e74\u8bfa\u8d1d\u5c14\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5956\u7684 Roger Penrose, Reinhard Genzel \u548c Andrea Ghez\u90fd\u6ca1\u6709\u6ce8\u610f<\/span>\uff08\u5fc3\u7075\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u6ca1\u6709\u5fc3\u7075\u5c31\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u6709\u7406\u89e3\uff0c\u4f46\u4ec0\u4e48\u662f\u7406\u89e3\uff1f\u4ef7\u503c\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u88ab\u70ed\u70c8\u8ba8\u8bba\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/section>\n
\u7406\u89e3\u7406\u89e3\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u975e\u5e38\u56f0\u96be\u7684\u8bfe\u9898\u3002Immanuel Kant, Edmund Husserl, Martin Heidegger, Kurt G\u00f6del, Alan  Turing, Heinz von Foerster, John Searle, Lawrence Busch, Paul Ziff,  Vincent Potter, Paul Ric\u0153ur, Renate Bartsch, David Rumelhart, Richard  Mason, David Chalmers, Thomas Schwandt, Wayne Waxman, Roger Penrose,  Jacques Bouveresse, Richard Wurman, Gerhard Schurz, Max Tegmark, \u4ee5\u53ca Philip Tetlow \u662f\u4e00\u4e9b\u6d89\u53ca\u5230\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u6216\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5728\u4ed6\u88ab\u5e7f\u6cdb\u8bc4\u4ef7\u7684\u300a\u901a\u5f80\u73b0\u5b9e\u4e4b\u8def\u300b<\/span>\uff08Alfred Knopf, 2004, pp. 17\u201323 and 1027\u20131029\uff09<\/span>\u4e2d\uff0c\u7f57\u6770\u00b7\u5f6d\u7f57\u65af\u533a\u5206\u4e86\u4e09\u4e2a\u9886\u57df\uff1a\u7269\u7406\u3001\u5fc3\u7406\u548c\u67cf\u62c9\u56fe\u5f0f<\/span>\uff08\u6570\u5b66\uff09<\/span>\u4e16\u754c\u3002\u4ed6\u6307\u51fa\u5e76\u4f18\u7f8e\u5730\u63cf\u7ed8\u4e86\u5b83\u4eec\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u795e\u79d8\u8054\u7cfb\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u6ca1\u6709\u63d0\u5230\u7ef4\u67ef\u3001\u5eb7\u5fb7\u3001\u9ed1\u683c\u5c14\u3001\u80e1\u585e\u5c14\u6216\u6d77\u5fb7\u683c\u5c14\u7684\u4f5c\u54c1<\/span>\uff08\u66f4\u4e0d\u7528\u8bf4\u53e4\u4ee3\u5370\u5ea6\u6216\u4e2d\u56fd\u601d\u60f3\u5bb6\u7684\u4f5c\u54c1\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u7406\u89e3\uff0c\u6216\u6982\u5ff5\u5316\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bf4\u662f\u5fc3\u7075\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u529f\u80fd\u3002\u60f3\u8c61\u4e5f\u662f\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u4f46\u5fc3\u667a\u672c\u8eab\u4e0e\u5927\u8111\u76f8\u5173\u4f46\u4e0d\u76f8\u540c\uff0c\u5c1a\u672a\u88ab\u89e3\u91ca\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5728\u6211\u770b\u6765\uff0c\u6c38\u8fdc\u4e0d\u4f1a\u88ab\u89e3\u91ca\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5fc3\u667a\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u548c\u8ba4\u77e5\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u505a\u51fa\u4e86\u79cd\u79cd\u52aa\u529b\u3002\u53ea\u8981\u7269\u8d28\u548c\u53cd\u7269\u8d28\u6ca1\u6709\u88ab\u5f7b\u5e95\u7406\u89e3\uff0c\u58f0\u79f0\u751f\u547d<\/span>\uff08\u6216\u5fc3\u7075\uff09<\/span>\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u7269\u8d28\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u5b8c\u5168\u5f52\u7ed3\u4e3a\u661f\u5c18\uff0c\u662f\u4e0d\u6210\u719f\u548c\u6709\u504f\u89c1\u7684\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u6587\u5316\u5206\u6790\u662f\u4e00\u95e8\u8303\u56f4\u5e7f\u6cdb\u7684\u201c\u5b66\u79d1\u201d\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u4f7f\u7528\u5b9a\u6027\u7814\u7a76\u65b9\u6cd5\u6536\u96c6\u548c\u8c03\u67e5\u6587\u5316\u73b0\u8c61\u7684\u6570\u636e\u3002\u5b83\u5173\u6ce8\u6587\u5316\u5b9e\u8df5\u3001\u8fc7\u7a0b\u548c\u8868\u5f81\u7684\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u662f\u6587\u5316\u7814\u7a76<\/span>\uff08\u89c1\u7b2c1\u7ae0\uff09<\/span>\u3001\u827a\u672f\u53f2\u3001\u6587\u5b66\u7406\u8bba\u3001\u6bd4\u8f83\u6587\u5b66\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u3001\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u3001\u4eba\u7c7b\u5b66\u3001\u54f2\u5b66\u751a\u81f3\u795e\u5b66\u7684\u4ea4\u53c9\u70b9\uff0c\u5047\u88c5\u662f\u8de8\u5b66\u79d1\u7684\uff0c\u63ed\u793a\u73b0\u5728\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u88ab\u8fc7\u53bb\u5851\u9020\u7684\u30022008\u5e74\uff0cTony Bennett \u548c John Frow \u7f16\u8f91\u4e86\u300a\u6587\u5316\u5206\u6790\u624b\u518c\u300b<\/span>\uff08Sage\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u5341\u5e74\u540e\uff0c\u5362\u514b\u00b7\u9a6c\u4fee\u65af\u548c\u4ed6\u7684\u540c\u4e8b\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4ed6\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u7f16\u8f91\u53ef\u4e0b\u8f7d\u7684\u5c0f\u518c\u5b50\u300a\u6587\u5316\u5206\u6790\u624b\u518c\u300b<\/span>\uff08Rand\uff09<\/span>\u6765\u6539\u8fdb\u8fd9\u672c\u539a\u539a\u7684\u4e66\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u672a\u80fd\u89e3\u91ca\u548c\u63cf\u8ff0\u6587\u5316\u7684\u610f\u4e49\u548c\u786e\u5207\u7684\u754c\u9650\uff0c\u6587\u5316\u5206\u6790\u5bb6\u4eec\u548c\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u6587\u5316\u7814\u7a76\u540c\u4e8b\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u4ecd\u7136\u6709\u8eb2\u5728\u8ff7\u96fe\u4e2d\u7684\u4e60\u60ef\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u201c\u6587\u5316\u533a\u201d<\/span>\uff08aire culturelle\uff09<\/span>\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u7c7b\u5b66\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u6307\u7684\u662f\u4ee5\u76f8\u5bf9\u5355\u4e00\u7684\u4eba\u7c7b\u6d3b\u52a8\u7efc\u5408\u4f53\u4e3a\u7279\u5f81\u7684\u5730\u7406\u533a\u57df\u3002\u5b83\u4e0d\u5e94\u4e0e\u653f\u6cbb\u548c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u533a\u57df\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u76f8\u6df7\u6dc6\u3002\u5927\u4e0d\u5217\u98a0\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u653f\u6cbb\u533a\u57df\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e3b\u8981\u7531\u56db\u4e2a\u90e8\u5206\u7ec4\u6210\u7684\u4e3b\u6743\u56fd\u5bb6\u3002\u82f1\u683c\u5170\u3001\u82cf\u683c\u5170\u3001\u5a01\u5c14\u58eb\u548c\u5317\u7231\u5c14\u5170\u3002\u5176\u7687\u5bb6\u7eb9\u7ae0\u4e0a\u6709\u660e\u663e\u7684 Dieu et mon Droit<\/span>\uff08\u4e0a\u5e1d\u548c\u6211\u7684\u6743\u5229\uff09<\/span> \u5b57\u6837\u3002\u800c\u7231\u5c14\u5170\u3001\u82cf\u683c\u5170\u3001\u5a01\u5c14\u58eb\u3001\u5eb7\u6c83\u5c14\u548c\u5e03\u5217\u5854\u5c3c\u5219\u662f\u6587\u5316\u533a\u3002\u7231\u5c14\u5170\u7684\u5206\u6cbb<\/span>\uff08\u5b83\u5206\u4e3a\u4e24\u4e2a\u72ec\u7acb\u7684\u653f\u4f53\uff0c\u5373\u7231\u5c14\u5170\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u548c\u5317\u5c9b\uff09<\/span>\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u6548\u5fe0\u95ee\u9898\uff1a\u5e94\u8be5\u5fe0\u4e8e\u738b\u5ba4<\/span>\uff08\u8054\u76df\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\uff09<\/span>\u8fd8\u662f\u5fe0\u4e8e\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u6587\u5316<\/span>\uff08\u7231\u5c14\u5170\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\uff09<\/span>\uff1f\u89c1\u7f57\u4f2f\u7279\u00b7\u5965\u5fb7\u91cc\u65af\u79d1\uff0c\u300a\u51ef\u5c14\u7279\u4eba\u7684\u610f\u8bc6\u300b<\/span>\uff08George Braziller\uff0c1985\uff09<\/span>\u548c\u897f\u5965\u591a\u00b7\u7a46\u8fea\u548c\u5f17\u6717\u897f\u65af\u00b7\u9a6c\u4e01<\/span>\uff08\u7f16\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u300a\u7231\u5c14\u5170\u5386\u53f2\u7684\u8fdb\u7a0b\u300b<\/span>\uff08Mercier Press, 2011, pp. 273\u2013299\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u82f1\u56fd\u73b0\u4efb\u9996\u76f8\u3001\u524d\u8bb0\u8005\u9c8d\u91cc\u65af\u00b7\u7ea6\u7ff0\u900a\u201c\u641e\u5b9a\u4e86\u82f1\u56fd\u8131\u6b27\u201d\uff0c\u4f46\u4eba\u4eec\u4e0d\u5e94\u611f\u5230\u60ca\u8bb6\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5728\u672a\u6765\u51e0\u5e74\uff0c\u82cf\u683c\u5170\u5c06\u91cd\u65b0\u83b7\u5f97\u72ec\u7acb\uff0c\u7231\u5c14\u5170\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u4e5f\u5c06\u7d27\u968f\u5176\u540e\uff0c\u5e86\u795d\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u80dc\u5229\u3002\u5c4a\u65f6\uff0c\u6b63\u4e49\u5c06\u5f97\u5230\u4f38\u5f20\uff0c\u201c\u5927\u4e0d\u5217\u98a0\u201d\u5c06\u56de\u5230\u5b83\u6700\u521d\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\u3002\u201c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u533a\u57df\u201d\u6307\u7684\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5bb6\u65cf\u3001\u4f20\u7edf\u6216\u4f53\u7cfb\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u7f57\u9a6c-\u65e5\u8033\u66fc<\/span>\uff08\u6c11\u6cd5\uff09<\/span>\u4f53\u7cfb\u3001\u666e\u901a\u6cd5\u4f20\u7edf\u3001\u4f0a\u65af\u5170<\/span>\uff08\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u6559\u6cd5\uff09<\/span>\u4f53\u7cfb\u3001\u5854\u6728\u5fb7\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4f20\u7edf\u3001\u5370\u5ea6\u6559\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4f20\u7edf\u6216\u5112\u5bb6\u7684\u201c\u6cd5\u5bb6\u201d\u3002\u53c2\u89c1\uff0cPatrick Glenn, Legal Traditions of the World <\/span>\uff08OUP, 2014\uff09<\/span> \u548cMathias Reimann and Reinhard Zimmermann <\/span>\uff08eds.\uff09<\/span>, Handbook of Comparative Law<\/span> \uff08OUP, 2019\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u6587\u5316\u533a\u662f\u6587\u660e<\/span>\uff08aires de civilization \u6216 Hochkulturen\uff09<\/span>\u7684\u5b50\u96c6\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\u6709\u7f8e\u7d22\u4e0d\u8fbe\u7c73\u4e9a\u6587\u660e\u3001\u57c3\u53ca\u6587\u660e\u3001\u7231\u7434\u6d77\u6587\u660e\u3001\u6ce2\u65af\u5e1d\u56fd\u3001\u7f57\u9a6c\u5e1d\u56fd\u3001\u5361\u6d1b\u6797\u5e1d\u56fd\u3001\u62dc\u5360\u5ead\u5e1d\u56fd\u3001\u4e2d\u7f8e\u6d32\u6587\u660e\u3001\u5370\u52a0\u5e1d\u56fd\u3001\u5370\u5ea6\u6587\u660e\u3002\u4e2d\u56fd\u6587\u660e\u3001\u72b9\u592a\u6587\u660e\u3001\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u6587\u660e\u3001\u8499\u53e4\u5e1d\u56fd\u3001\u8461\u8404\u7259\u5e1d\u56fd\u3001\u897f\u73ed\u7259\u5e1d\u56fd\u3001\u8377\u5170\u5e1d\u56fd\u3001\u83ab\u5367\u513f\u5e1d\u56fd\u3001\u5965\u65af\u66fc\u5e1d\u56fd\u3001\u6b27\u6d32\u6587\u660e\u3001\u975e\u6d32\u9ed1\u4eba\u6587\u660e\u3001\u5927\u82f1\u5e1d\u56fd\u3001\u5fb7\u610f\u5fd7\u5e1d\u56fd\u3001\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u5e1d\u56fd\u548c\u7f8e\u56fd\u6587\u660e\u3002\u89c1\u7ea6\u7ff0-\u6d77\u4f0d\u5fb7\uff0c\u300a\u4f01\u9e45\u53e4\u4ee3\u6587\u660e\u5386\u53f2\u5730\u56fe\u96c6\u300b<\/span>\uff082005\uff09<\/span>\u548cChris Scarre <\/span>(ed.)<\/span>, The Human Past<\/em><\/span> (Thames & Hudson, 2018)<\/span>.\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u6211\u7684\u8001\u5e08\uff0c\u5df2\u6545\u6559\u6388\u57c3 Erik Z\u00fcrcher<\/span>\uff081928-2008\uff09<\/span>\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u7814\u7a76\u4e3b\u9898\u662f\u6587\u5316\u4e92\u52a8\uff0c\u5373\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u5728\u516c\u5143 1 \u81f3 5 \u4e16\u7eaa\u63a5\u53d7\u4f5b\u6559\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5728 17 \u4e16\u7eaa\u63a5\u53d7\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u3002\u8fd9\u4e0e\u4ed6 1962 \u5e74 3 \u6708\u5728\u83b1\u987f\u53d1\u8868\u7684\u9898\u4e3a\u201cDialoog der Misverstanden\u201d<\/span>\uff08\u8bef\u89e3\u7684\u5bf9\u8bdd\uff09<\/span>\u7684\u5c31\u804c\u6f14\u8bb2\u7684\u4e3b\u9898\u76f8\u4e00\u81f4\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u5b66\u672f\u5de5\u4f5c\u7684\u5f31\u70b9\u662f\uff1a\uff08a\uff09\u6ca1\u6709\u5c1d\u8bd5\u5206\u6790\u6587\u5316\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u6982\u5ff5\uff1b\uff08b\uff09\u6df7\u6dc6\u4e86\u201c\u5bf9\u8bdd\u201d\u548c\u201c\u8fa9\u8bba\u201d\u3002Nicolas Standaert \u5728\u201cErik Z\u00fcrcher \u5bf9 17 \u4e16\u7eaa\u4e2d\u56fd\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u7684\u7814\u7a76 <\/span>\uff08China Review International, 15:4 [2008], pp. 476-502\uff09<\/span>\u201d, \u4ee5\u53ca Jonathan Silk \u5728\u4ed6\u7684 \u201c\u7eaa\u5ff5 Erik Z\u00fcrcher\u201d<\/span>\uff08Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies, 31:1-2 [2008], pp. 3-22\uff09<\/span>\u4e2d\u90fd\u6ca1\u6709\u6ce8\u610f\u5230\u8fd9\u4e9b\u57fa\u672c\u7f3a\u9677\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u9700\u8981\u5f3a\u8c03\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u5730\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u3001\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u5bb6\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u5bb6\u3001\u4eba\u7c7b\u5b66\u5bb6\u548c\u653f\u6cbb\u5b66\u5bb6\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u4ed6\u4eec\u628a\u6ce8\u610f\u529b\u96c6\u4e2d\u5728\u57ce\u5e02\u4e0a<\/span>\uff08\u5e76\u4e14\u6beb\u65e0\u987e\u5fcc\u5730\u95ef\u5165\u5bf9\u65b9\u7684\u4e13\u4e1a\u9886\u57df\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u5c31\u65e0\u6cd5\u6574\u5408\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u3002\u6362\u53e5\u8bdd\u8bf4\uff0c\u7f3a\u5c11\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u8de8\u5b66\u79d1\u52aa\u529b\uff0c\u8fd9\u5bf9\u4e8e\u7406\u89e3\u6765\u8bf4\u81f3\u5173\u91cd\u8981\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5728 Richard LeGates \u548c Frederic Stout \u7f16\u8f91\u7684\u3001\u7531 Routledge \u57282020\u5e74\u51fa\u7248\u7684\u300a\u57ce\u5e02\u8bfb\u672c\u300b\u4e00\u4e66\u4e2d<\/span>\uff08\u89c1\u6ce84\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u5e7f\u6cdb\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u4f46\u6ca1\u6709\u6574\u5408\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u8fd9\u672c\u4e66\u662f\u5173\u4e8e\u57ce\u5e02\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u7684\u5e76\u5217\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u6784\u6210\uff1b\u5b83\u53ea\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u96c6\u5408\uff0c\u4f46\u4e0d\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u6709\u5438\u5f15\u529b\u7684\u6392\u5217\u7684\u96c6\u5408\uff0c\u4e0d\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u82b1\u675f\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u5145\u5176\u91cf\uff0c\u57ce\u5e02\u5730\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u3001\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u5bb6\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u5bb6\u3001\u4eba\u7c7b\u5b66\u5bb6\u548c\u653f\u6cbb\u5b66\u5bb6\u548c\u5e73\u5171\u5904\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u52a8\u5458\u548c\u62c9\u62e2\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u5f3a\u5927\u8d44\u6e90\u3002\u91cd\u70b9\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u5728\u57ce\u5e02\u7684\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6216\u90a3\u4e2a\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u4f46\u5bf9\u57ce\u5e02\u7684\u6574\u4f53\u628a\u63e1\u4ecd\u7136\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u96be\u4ee5\u6349\u6478\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\u3002\u201c\u57ce\u5e02\u7406\u8bba\u5bb6\u201d\u5982 Christopher Alexander, Donald Appleyard, Kevin Archer, Michael Batty,  Luis Bettencourt, Peter Calthorpe, Manuel Castells, Gordon Cullen,  Andr\u00e9s Duany, Richard Florida, Patrick Geddes, Jan Gehl, Perceval  Goodman, Adam Greenfield, David Harvey, Jane Jacobs, Rob Krier, James  Kunstler, Henri Lefebvre, Kevin Lynch, Donald McNeill, Faranak Miraftab,  Lewis Mumford, Saverio Muratori, Elizabeth Plater-Zyberk, Juval  Portugali, Denise Pumain, C\u00e9line Rozenblat, Witold Rybczynski, Saskia  Sassen, Edward Soja, Elkin Velasquez, Robert Venturi, William Whyte and  Frank Lloyd Wright  \u90fd\u5bf9\u6b64\u505a\u51fa\u4e86\u8bc1\u660e\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u672c\u6587\u4e3a\u4e66\u7c4d\u300a\u7406\u89e3\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u590d\u6742\u6027\u300b\uff08Comprehending the Complexity of Countries\uff09\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u7ae0\uff0c\u94fe\u63a5\uff1ahttps:\/\/link.springer.com\/book\/10.1007\/978-981-16-4709-3<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u590d\u6742\u79d1\u5b66\u6700\u65b0\u8bba\u6587<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n

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