{"id":38979,"date":"2022-12-11T22:53:59","date_gmt":"2022-12-11T14:53:59","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/swarma.org\/?p=38979"},"modified":"2022-12-11T22:53:59","modified_gmt":"2022-12-11T14:53:59","slug":"nature-reviews-physics%ef%bc%9a%e4%ba%ba%e5%b7%a5%e6%99%ba%e8%83%bd%e6%80%8e%e6%a0%b7%e4%bf%83%e8%bf%9b%e7%a7%91%e5%ad%a6%e7%90%86%e8%a7%a3","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/swarma.org\/?p=38979","title":{"rendered":"Nature Reviews Physics\uff1a\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u600e\u6837\u4fc3\u8fdb\u79d1\u5b66\u7406\u89e3"},"content":{"rendered":"
\n
\n
\n
\n

<\/p>\n<\/section>\n

\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n

<\/section>\n<\/section>\n
\n
\n

\u5bfc\u8bed<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n

\n

<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n
\n
\n
\n

\u4e00\u4e2a\u80fd\u6b63\u786e\u9884\u6d4b\u6bcf\u4e2a\u7c92\u5b50\u7269\u7406\u5b9e\u9a8c\u7ed3\u679c\u3001\u6bcf\u4e2a\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u5316\u5b66\u53cd\u5e94\u4ea7\u7269\u6216\u6bcf\u4e2a\u86cb\u767d\u8d28\u7684\u529f\u80fd\u7684\u5148\u77e5\u5c06\u5f7b\u5e95\u6539\u53d8\u79d1\u5b66\u548c\u6280\u672f\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u4eec\u4e0d\u4f1a\u5b8c\u5168\u6ee1\u610f\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u4ed6\u4eec\u60f3\u4e86\u89e3\u5148\u77e5\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u505a\u51fa\u8fd9\u4e9b\u9884\u6d4b\u7684\u3002\u8fd9\u5c31\u662f\u79d1\u5b66\u7406\u89e3\uff08scientific understanding\uff09\uff0c\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u76ee\u6807\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002\u968f\u7740\u53ef\u7528\u8ba1\u7b97\u80fd\u529b\u7684\u589e\u52a0\u548c\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u7684\u8fdb\u6b65\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u81ea\u7136\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u51fa\u73b0\u4e86\uff1a\u5148\u8fdb\u7684\u8ba1\u7b97\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\uff0c\u5982\u4f55\u80fd\u591f\u4fc3\u8fdb\u65b0\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u7406\u89e3\u6216\u81ea\u4e3b\u5730\u83b7\u5f97\u79d1\u5b66\u7406\u89e3\uff1f\u4e3a\u4e86\u56de\u7b54\u8fd9\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u91c7\u7528\u4e86\u79d1\u5b66\u54f2\u5b66\u4e2d\u5bf9\u201c\u79d1\u5b66\u7406\u89e3\u201d\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\uff0c\u8fd9\u4f7f\u6211\u4eec\u80fd\u591f\u6982\u8ff0\u5173\u4e8e\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4e3b\u9898\u7684\u96f6\u6563\u6587\u732e\uff0c\u5e76\u7ed3\u5408\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u7684\u51e0\u5341\u4e2a\u8f76\u4e8b\uff0c\u7ed8\u5236\u51fa\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u8f85\u52a9\u79d1\u5b66\u7406\u89e3\u7684\u4e09\u4e2a\u7ef4\u5ea6\u3002\u5bf9\u4e8e\u6bcf\u4e00\u4e2a\u7ef4\u5ea6\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u90fd\u56de\u987e\u4e86\u73b0\u6709\u7684\u6280\u672f\u72b6\u51b5\u5e76\u8ba8\u8bba\u4e86\u672a\u6765\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u5e0c\u671b\u8fd9\u4e2a\u89c2\u70b9\u80fd\u591f\u542f\u53d1\u548c\u5173\u6ce8\u8fd9\u4e2a\u591a\u5b66\u79d1\u7684\u65b0\u5174\u9886\u57df\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u65b9\u5411\u3002<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n

\n


<\/p>\n<\/section>\n

\n

\u5173\u952e\u8bcd\uff1aAI for Science\uff0c\u91cf\u5b50\u7269\u7406\u5b66\uff0c\u7269\u7406\u5316\u5b66\uff0c\u79d1\u5b66\u54f2\u5b66\uff0c\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd<\/span><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n

\n
\n
\n
<\/svg><\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n
\n
<\/strong><\/section>\n<\/section>\n
\n

Mario Krenn, Robert Pollice, Si Yue Guo, Matteo Aldeghi\u7b49<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/strong> <\/span>| \u4f5c\u8005<\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u5218\u5fd7\u822a<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/strong> <\/span>| \u8bd1\u8005<\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u6881\u91d1<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/strong> <\/span>| <\/strong><\/span>\u5ba1\u6821<\/strong><\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u9093\u4e00\u96ea<\/span> <\/span>| <\/strong><\/span>\u7f16\u8f91<\/strong><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n<\/section>\n

 <\/span><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\n
\n
\n

\u8bba\u6587\u9898\u76ee\uff1a<\/span><\/p>\n

On scientific understanding with artificial intelligence<\/span><\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n

\u8bba\u6587\u94fe\u63a5\uff1a<\/span><\/section>\n
https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s42254-022-00518-3<\/span><\/section>\n<\/blockquote>\n

<\/section>\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\u76ee\u5f55<\/strong><\/section>\n

<\/section>\n
\n

1. \u5f15\u8a00<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

2. \u79d1\u5b66\u7406\u89e3
<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

3. \u79d1\u5b66\u53d1\u73b0\u4e0e\u79d1\u5b66\u7406\u89e3<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

4. \u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u8f85\u52a9\u7406\u89e3\u7684\u4e09\u4e2a\u7ef4\u5ea6<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

5. \u7ed3\u8bed<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n


<\/section>\n

\n
\n
\n
\n
\n

<\/section>\n

<\/section>\n
\n
<\/svg><\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n
\n

1. \u5f15\u8a00<\/span><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n

\n

<\/section>\n

<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/h3>\n
 <\/span><\/section>\n

<\/section>\n
\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd<\/span>\uff08AI\uff09<\/span>\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u9769\u547d\u6027\u5de5\u5177[1,2]\uff0c\u5e76\u88ab\u9884\u6d4b\u5c06\u5728\u672a\u6765\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u53d1\u6325\u521b\u9020\u6027\u4f5c\u7528[3]\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5728\u7406\u8bba\u5316\u5b66\u7684\u80cc\u666f\u4e0b\uff0c\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u53ef\u4ee5\u4ee5\u4e00\u79cd\u65b9\u5f0f\u5e2e\u52a9\u89e3\u51b3\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u4f7f\u5f97\u4eba\u7c7b\u65e0\u6cd5\u533a\u5206\u662f\u8fd9\u79cd [AI] \u8fd8\u662f\u4e0e\u4eba\u7c7b\u4e13\u5bb6\u4ea4\u6d41[4]\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5e76\u975e\u6240\u6709\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u90fd\u8ba4\u540c\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u5e26\u6765\u7684\u6539\u53d8\u3002\u6709\u4e9b\u4eba\u8d28\u7591\u5148\u8fdb\u7684\u8ba1\u7b97\u65b9\u6cd5\u662f\u5426\u53ef\u4ee5\u8d85\u8d8a\u201c\u6570\u5b57\u201d[5-9]\uff0c\u5e76\u5728\u6839\u672c\u5c42\u9762\u4e0a\u4e3a\u83b7\u5f97\u65b0\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u7406\u89e3<\/span>\uff08scientific understanding\uff09<\/span>\u505a\u51fa\u8d21\u732e[10-12]\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
 <\/span><\/section>\n
\u5728\u672c\u6587\u4e2d\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5c06\u8ba8\u8bba\u5148\u8fdb\u7684\u8ba1\u7b97\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\uff0c\u5982\u4f55\u4e3a\u79d1\u5b66\u7406\u89e3\u505a\u51fa\u8d21\u732e\uff1a\u6211\u4eec\u6982\u8ff0\u4e86\u76ee\u524d\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u4ee5\u53ca\u672a\u6765\u53ef\u80fd\u51fa\u73b0\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u3002\u9664\u4e86\u5bf9\u6587\u732e\u7684\u56de\u987e\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u8fd8\u8c03\u67e5\u4e86\u6570\u5341\u540d\u5728\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u3001\u5316\u5b66\u6216\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u4ea4\u53c9\u9886\u57df\u5de5\u4f5c\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4e2a\u4eba\u53d9\u8ff0<\/span>\uff08\u89c1\u8865\u5145\u8d44\u6599\uff09<\/span>\u96c6\u4e2d\u4e8e\u601d\u60f3\u7684\u5177\u4f53\u53d1\u73b0\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff0c\u662f\u5bf9\u79d1\u5b66\u6587\u732e\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u8865\u5145\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u5728 Dennis Dieks \u548c Henk de Regt \u6700\u8fd1\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u7406\u89e3\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\u7406\u8bba\u80cc\u666f\u4e0b\u8ba8\u8bba\u4e86\u6587\u732e\u6982\u89c8\u548c\u4e2a\u4eba\u53d9\u8ff0[12,13]\u3002\u7136\u540e\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u786e\u5b9a\u4e86\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u6709\u52a9\u4e8e\u65b0\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u7406\u89e3\u7684\u4e09\u4e2a\u57fa\u672c\u5c42\u9762<\/span>\uff08\u56fe1\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u5c06\u6240\u6709\u5148\u8fdb\u7684\u4eba\u5de5\u8ba1\u7b97\u7cfb\u7edf\u90fd\u56ca\u62ec\u5728\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u8fd9\u4e2a\u672f\u8bed\u4e4b\u4e0b\uff0c\u4e0e\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u539f\u7406\u65e0\u5173\u3002\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u6765\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5173\u6ce8\u7684\u662f\u65b9\u6cd5\u7684\u76ee\u6807\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u65b9\u6cd5\u8bba\u672c\u8eab\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/span><\/section>\n
\u9996\u5148\uff0c\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5de5\u5177\u63ed\u793a\u7269\u7406\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u5c5e\u6027\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u4eba\u7c7b\u5c06\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6d1e\u5bdf\u529b\u63d0\u5347\u5230\u79d1\u5b66\u7406\u89e3\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/span><\/section>\n
\u7b2c\u4e8c\uff0c\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f5c\u4e3a\u65b0\u6982\u5ff5\u548c\u60f3\u6cd5\u7684\u7075\u611f\u6765\u6e90\uff0c\u968f\u540e\u88ab\u4eba\u7c7b\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u7406\u89e3\u548c\u6982\u62ec\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/span><\/section>\n
\u7b2c\u4e09\uff0c\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u53ef\u4ee5\u5145\u5f53\u7406\u89e3\u7684\u5a92\u4ecb\u3002\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u8fbe\u5230\u4e86\u65b0\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u89c1\u89e3\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u5c06\u5176\u7406\u89e3\u4f20\u9012\u7ed9\u4eba\u7c7b\u7814\u7a76\u4eba\u5458\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u8fd8\u6ca1\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u4f8b\u5b50\u8868\u660e\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u5728\u79d1\u5b66\u4e2d\u5145\u5f53\u4e86\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u201c\u7406\u89e3\u4e3b\u4f53\u201d<\/span>\uff08agent of understanding\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u4f46\u6211\u4eec\u6982\u8ff0\u4e86\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u4e2a\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u7279\u5f81\uff0c\u5e76\u8ba8\u8bba\u4e86\u5b9e\u73b0\u5b83\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u9014\u5f84\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
 <\/span><\/section>\n
\u5728\u524d\u4e24\u4e2a\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u4f7f\u4eba\u7c7b\u83b7\u5f97\u65b0\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u7406\u89e3\uff0c\u800c\u5728\u6700\u540e\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u673a\u5668\u81ea\u5df1\u83b7\u5f97\u7406\u89e3\u3002\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7c7b\u522b\u7684\u533a\u5206\u4f7f\u6211\u4eec\u80fd\u591f\u63cf\u7ed8\u51fa\u4e00\u4e2a\u5145\u6ee1\u6d3b\u529b\u4e14\u5927\u591a\u672a\u88ab\u63a2\u7d22\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u9886\u57df\uff0c\u5e76\u5e0c\u671b\u80fd\u591f\u4e3a\u81ea\u7136\u79d1\u5b66\u4e2d\u672a\u6765\u7684\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u53d1\u5c55\u6307\u5f15\u65b9\u5411\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
 <\/span><\/section>\n
<\/section>\n

\u56fe1. \u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u8f85\u52a9\u79d1\u5b66\u7406\u89e3\u7684\u4e09\u4e2a\u7ef4\u5ea6\u3002\u76ee\u524d\u6700\u5148\u8fdb\u7684\u8ba1\u7b97\u663e\u5fae\u955c\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u66f4\u590d\u6742\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u53d1\u5c55\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u7b97\u6cd5\u548c\u786c\u4ef6\u7684\u8fdb\u6b65\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7cfb\u7edf\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u6a21\u62df\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u6709\u66f4\u5148\u8fdb\u7684\u6570\u636e\u8868\u793a\uff08\u5de6\u4fa7\u9762\u677f\uff09\u3002\u4f5c\u4e3a\u7075\u611f\u7684\u6765\u6e90\uff0c\u8ba1\u7b97\u7cfb\u7edf\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u8bc6\u522b\u6570\u636e\u4e2d\u7684\u5f02\u5e38\uff08a\uff09\uff0c\u8bc6\u522b\u79d1\u5b66\u6587\u732e\u4e2d\u7684\u51fa\u4e4e\u610f\u6599\u7684\u53d1\u73b0\uff08b\uff09\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u68c0\u67e5\u6a21\u578b\u627e\u5230\u610f\u5916\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\uff08c\uff09\uff0c\u63a2\u7d22\u4eba\u5de5\u4e3b\u4f53\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\uff08d\uff09\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u4ece\u53ef\u89e3\u91ca\u7684\u89e3\u51b3\u65b9\u6848\u4e2d\u63d0\u53d6\u65b0\u6982\u5ff5\uff08e\uff09\u6765\u5e2e\u52a9\u4eba\u7c7b\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u3002\u6b63\u6587\u4e2d\u8ba8\u8bba\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u7406\u89e3\u6d4b\u8bd5\u5728\u53f3\u8fb9\u7684\u9762\u677f\u4e0a\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u8bf4\u660e\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/section>\n
\u672c\u6587\u7684\u91cd\u70b9\u662f\u5148\u8fdb\u7684\u8ba1\u7b97\u7cfb\u7edf\u548c\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u5982\u4f55\u5177\u4f53\u4fc3\u8fdb\u65b0\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u7406\u89e3\u3002\u6709\u8bb8\u591a\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u3001\u6709\u8da3\u7684\u8bdd\u9898\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\u65e0\u6cd5\u6d89\u53ca\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5c06\u4e0d\u8ba8\u8bba\u79d1\u5b66\u7406\u89e3\u4e0e\u8ba4\u77e5\u79d1\u5b66\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u5411\u8bfb\u8005\u63a8\u8350\u4e00\u4e2a\u5f88\u597d\u7684\u6982\u8ff0[14]\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5c06\u53ea\u8ba8\u8bba\u81ea\u7136\u79d1\u5b66\u80cc\u666f\u4e0b\u7684\u201c\u7406\u89e3\u201d\uff0c\u5728\u81ea\u7136\u79d1\u5b66\u4e2d\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u79d1\u5b66\u54f2\u5b66\u4e2d\u7684\u5177\u4f53\u6807\u51c6\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u4f1a\u89e6\u53ca\u66f4\u5e7f\u6cdb\u80cc\u666f\u4e0b\u7684\u201c\u7406\u89e3\u201d<\/span>\uff08\u6bd4\u5982\u5a74\u513f\u548c\u52a8\u7269\u7684\u7406\u89e3\uff0c\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u4e2d\u7684\u8bed\u4e49\u7406\u89e3\u4ee5\u53ca\u76f8\u5173\u8bdd\u9898\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u8bb8\u591a\u5176\u4ed6\u4f5c\u54c1\u5bf9\u76f8\u5173\u95ee\u9898\u6709\u6240\u8d21\u732e\uff0c\u5728\u6b64\u5e94\u8be5\u63d0\u53ca\u3002\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u91cd\u8981\u7814\u7a76\u9886\u57df\u662f\u53ef\u89e3\u91ca\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\uff0c\u5176\u76ee\u7684\u662f\u89e3\u91ca\u548c\u8bf4\u660e\u5148\u8fdb\u7684\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u7b97\u6cd5\u5982\u4f55\u5f97\u51fa\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u89e3\u51b3\u65b9\u6848\uff1b\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u89c1\u53c2\u8003\u6587\u732e[15-18]\u3002\u867d\u7136\u6ca1\u6709\u5fc5\u8981\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u6211\u4eec\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4e5f\u4e0d\u8db3\u4ee5\u89e3\u91ca\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u7684\u5185\u90e8\u8fd0\u4f5c\u6765\u83b7\u5f97\u65b0\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u7406\u89e3\uff0c\u4f46\u8bb8\u591a\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5de5\u5177\u548c\u6280\u672f\u53ef\u80fd\u975e\u5e38\u6709\u7528\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u5c06\u5728\u4e0b\u9762\u7528\u81ea\u7136\u79d1\u5b66\u4e2d\u7684\u5177\u4f53\u4f8b\u5b50\u6765\u7b80\u8981\u89e3\u91ca\u5b83\u4eec\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/span><\/section>\n
\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u5148\u9a71 Donald Michie \u5c06\u673a\u5668\u5b66\u4e60<\/span>\uff08ML\uff09<\/span>\u5206\u4e3a\u4e09\u7c7b\uff1a\u5f31\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u3001\u5f3a\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u548c\u8d85\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u8d85\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u9700\u8981\u673a\u5668\u6765\u6559\u4eba[19]\u3002\u8d85\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u7684\u673a\u5668\u5b66\u4e60\u4e0e\u7406\u89e3\u4e3b\u4f53\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u6709\u5173\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5c06\u5728\u4e0b\u6587\u4e2d\u8fdb\u884c\u5b9a\u4e49\u548c\u8be6\u7ec6\u4ecb\u7ecd\u3002\u4e00\u4e2a\u975e\u5e38\u6709\u7528\u7684\u3001\u53ef\u7406\u89e3\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u8ba1\u7b97\u548c\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u65b9\u6cd5\u7684\u96c6\u5408\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u53c2\u8003\u6587\u732e[20]\u4e2d\u627e\u5230\u3002\u53c2\u8003\u6587\u732e[21]\u4e2d\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e86\u5206\u5b50\u8bbe\u8ba1\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u81ea\u52a8\u5316\u6c34\u5e73\uff0c\u6700\u540e\u4e00\u6b65\u662f\u7531\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u6765\u9009\u62e9\u6700\u521d\u7684\u60f3\u6cd5\u3002\u5176\u4ed6\u4f5c\u54c1\u7814\u7a76\u4e86\u57fa\u4e8e\u7279\u5b9a\u79d1\u5b66\u65b9\u6cd5\u7684\u5b8c\u5168\u81ea\u52a8\u5316\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\u6837\u5b50\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u4ea7\u751f\u4e86\u201c\u8bfa\u8d1d\u5c14\u56fe\u7075\u6311\u6218\u201d[22]\u7684\u60f3\u6cd5\uff0c\u5373\u5f00\u53d1\u4e00\u4e2a\u80fd\u591f\u505a\u51fa\u8bfa\u8d1d\u5c14\u5956\u7ea7\u522b\u79d1\u5b66\u53d1\u73b0\u7684\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u7cfb\u7edf\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u6ce8\u610f\u5230\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u6709\u76ee\u7684\u5730\u4e0d\u4f9d\u8d56\u4e8e\u4efb\u4f55\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u65b9\u6cd5<\/span>\uff08\u4ee5\u907f\u514d\u57fa\u7840\u5c42\u9762\u7684\u95ee\u9898[23]\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4e13\u6ce8\u4e8e\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u5982\u4f55\u83b7\u5f97\u201c\u79d1\u5b66\u7406\u89e3\u201d\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5148\u8fdb\u7684\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u5982\u4f55\u5e2e\u52a9\u4eba\u7c7b\u83b7\u5f97\u65b0\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u7406\u89e3\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/section>\n
 <\/span><\/section>\n

\n
\n
\n
\n
\n

<\/section>\n

<\/section>\n
\n
<\/svg><\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n
\n

2. \u79d1\u5b66\u7406\u89e3<\/span><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n

\n

<\/section>\n

<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/h3>\n
 <\/span><\/section>\n
\u60f3\u8c61\u4e00\u4e2a\u5148\u77e5\u53ef\u4ee5\u63d0\u4f9b\u6c38\u8fdc\u6b63\u786e\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u9884\u6d4b\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u4e2a\u5047\u8bbe\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u4f1a\u4ea7\u751f\u91cd\u5927\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u4f46\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u4eec\u5e76\u4e0d\u6ee1\u8db3\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u5e0c\u671b\u201c\u80fd\u591f\u638c\u63e1\u9884\u6d4b\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\uff0c\u5e76\u5bf9\u5177\u4f53\u60c5\u5f62\u4e0b\u7684\u540e\u679c\u4ea7\u751f\u611f\u89c9\u201d[13]\u3002\u901a\u4fd7\u5730\u8bf4\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u628a\u8fd9\u4e2a\u76ee\u6807\u79f0\u4e3a\u201c\u7406\u89e3\u201d\uff0c\u4f46\u8fd9\u5230\u5e95\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\u610f\u601d\u5462\uff1f\u4e3a\u4e86\u627e\u5230\u79d1\u5b66\u7406\u89e3\u7684\u6807\u51c6\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4ece\u79d1\u5b66\u54f2\u5b66\u4e2d\u5bfb\u6c42\u6307\u5bfc\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u51e0\u4e4e\u6ca1\u6709\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u4f1a\u53cd\u5bf9\u5c06\u201c\u7406\u89e3\u201d\u4f5c\u4e3a\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u76ee\u6807<\/span>\uff08\u4e0e\u89e3\u91ca\u3001\u63cf\u8ff0\u548c\u9884\u6d4b\u5e76\u5217[24]\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u4f46\u8fd9\u79cd\u89c2\u70b9\u5e76\u4e0d\u603b\u662f\u88ab\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u6240\u63a5\u53d7\u3002\u5361\u5c14\u00b7\u4ea8\u666e\u5c14<\/span>\uff08Carl Hempel\uff09<\/span>\u5bf9\u6f84\u6e05\u201c\u79d1\u5b66\u89e3\u91ca\u201d\u7684\u542b\u4e49\u505a\u51fa\u4e86\u57fa\u7840\u6027\u7684\u8d21\u732e\uff0c\u4ed6\u8ba4\u4e3a\u201c\u7406\u89e3\u201d\u662f\u4e3b\u89c2\u7684\uff0c\u53ea\u662f\u79d1\u5b66\u6d3b\u52a8\u7684\u5fc3\u7406\u526f\u4ea7\u54c1\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u4e0e\u79d1\u5b66\u54f2\u5b66\u65e0\u5173[25]\u3002\u4f17\u591a\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u6279\u8bc4\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e00\u7ed3\u8bba\uff0c\u8bd5\u56fe\u6b63\u5f0f\u786e\u5b9a\u201c\u79d1\u5b66\u7406\u89e3\u201d\u7684\u5b9e\u9645\u542b\u4e49\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u63d0\u8bae\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u201c\u7406\u89e3\u201c\u4e0e\u5efa\u7acb\u56e0\u679c\u6a21\u578b\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u6709\u5173<\/strong><\/span>\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5f00\u5c14\u6587\u52cb\u7235\u8bf4\uff1a\u201c\u5728\u6211\u770b\u6765\uff0c\u2018\u6211\u4eec\u662f\u5426\u7406\u89e3\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u4e2d\u7684\u67d0\u4e00\u4e3b\u9898\u2019\u7684\u68c0\u9a8c\u6807\u51c6\u662f\uff0c\u2018\u6211\u4eec\u80fd\u5426\u4e3a\u5b83\u5efa\u7acb\u4e00\u4e2a\u673a\u68b0\u6a21\u578b\uff1f\u2019\u201d[13]\uff09<\/span>\uff0c<\/span><\/strong>\u4e0e\u63d0\u4f9b\u53ef\u89c6\u5316<\/strong><\/span>\uff08\u6216\u660e\u786e\u8868\u8fbe\uff0c\u6b63\u5982\u5176\u575a\u5b9a\u7684\u652f\u6301\u8005\u57c3\u5c14\u6e29\u00b7\u859b\u5b9a\u8c14\u6240\u79f0[26,27]\uff09<\/span>\u6709\u5173\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u7406\u89e3\u5bf9\u5e94\u4e8e\u63d0\u4f9b\u601d\u60f3\u7684\u7edf\u4e00\u6027<\/span><\/strong>[28,29]\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
 <\/span><\/section>\n
\u6700\u8fd1\uff0cHenk de Regt \u548c Dennis Dieks \u53d1\u5c55\u4e86\u4e00\u79cd\u65b0\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u7406\u89e3\u7406\u8bba\uff0c\u5b83\u65e2\u662f\u80cc\u666f\u6027\u7684\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u5b9e\u7528\u6027\u7684[12,13,24]\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c\u8bf8\u5982\u53ef\u89c6\u5316\u6216\u7edf\u4e00\u5316\u7684\u6280\u672f\u662f\u201c\u7406\u89e3\u7684\u5de5\u5177\u201d\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u5c06\u4ee5\u524d\u7684\u60f3\u6cd5\u8fde\u63a5\u5230\u4e00\u4e2a\u603b\u4f53\u6846\u67b6\u4e2d\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u5bf9\u6b63\u5728\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u5177\u4f53\u201c\u5de5\u5177\u201d\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u77e5\u7684\uff0c\u8fd9\u4f7f\u5f97\u5b83\u5728\u5404\u79cd\u79d1\u5b66\u5b66\u79d1\u4e2d\u7684\u5e94\u7528\u7279\u522b\u6709\u7528\u3002de Regt \u548c Dieks \u6269\u5c55\u4e86\u6d77\u68ee\u5821<\/span>\uff08Werner Heisenberg\uff09<\/span>\u7684\u89c1\u89e3[30]\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u80cc\u540e\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u52a8\u673a\u662f\u201c\u4ee4\u4eba\u6ee1\u610f\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u7406\u89e3\u6982\u5ff5\u5e94\u8be5\u53cd\u6620\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u5b9e\u9645<\/span>\uff08\u5f53\u4ee3\u548c\u5386\u53f2\uff09<\/span>\u5b9e\u8df5\u201d\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u4ec5\u4ec5\u5f15\u5165\u7406\u8bba\u6216\u5047\u8bbe\u7684\u60f3\u6cd5\u3002\u7b80\u5355\u5730\u8bf4\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u8ba4\u4e3a\u201c\u5982\u679c\u5b58\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u5173\u4e8e P \u7684\u53ef\u7406\u89e3\u7684\u7406\u8bba T\uff0c\u4f7f\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u80fd\u591f\u5728\u4e0d\u8fdb\u884c\u7cbe\u786e\u8ba1\u7b97\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u8ba4\u8bc6\u5230T\u7684\u5b9a\u6027\u7279\u5f81\u540e\u679c\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u4e00\u4e2a\u73b0\u8c61 P \u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u7406\u89e3\u201d[12,13]\u3002de Regt \u548c Dieks \u5b9a\u4e49\u4e86\u4e24\u4e2a\u76f8\u4e92\u5173\u8054\u7684\u6807\u51c6\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
 <\/span><\/section>\n
    \n
  • \n

    \u7406\u89e3\u73b0\u8c61\u7684\u6807\u51c6\uff1a\u5982\u679c\u5b58\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u5173\u4e8e P \u7684\u53ef\u7406\u89e3\u7684\u7406\u8bba T\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u73b0\u8c61 P \u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u7406\u89e3\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n
    \u7406\u8bba\u7684\u53ef\u7406\u89e3\u6027\u6807\u51c6\uff1a\u4e00\u4e2a\u79d1\u5b66\u7406\u8bba T \u5bf9\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u6765\u8bf4\u662f\u53ef\u7406\u89e3\u7684<\/span>\uff08\u5728\u80cc\u666f C \u4e2d\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u4ed6\u4eec\u80fd\u591f\u8ba4\u8bc6\u5230T\u7684\u5b9a\u6027\u7279\u5f81\u540e\u679c\u800c\u4e0d\u8fdb\u884c\u7cbe\u786e\u8ba1\u7b97\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
     <\/span><\/section>\n
    \u6211\u4eec\u51b3\u5b9a\u4f7f\u7528\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u7406\u8bba\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u6765\u201c\u5b9e\u9a8c\u201d\u8bc4\u4f30\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u662f\u5426\u201c\u7406\u89e3\u201d\u4e86\u65b0\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u6216\u60f3\u6cd5\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u68c0\u67e5\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u8bba\uff0c\u53ea\u770b\u79d1\u5b66\u7ed3\u679c\u548c\u540e\u679c\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u65b9\u6cd5\u4e5f\u4e0e Angelika Potochnik \u7684\u8bba\u70b9\u76f8\u543b\u5408\uff0c\u5373\u201c\u7406\u89e3\u9700\u8981\u5728\u67d0\u79cd\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u6210\u529f\u638c\u63e1\u7406\u89e3\u7684\u76ee\u6807\u201d[11]\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
     <\/span><\/section>\n

    <\/section>\n

    \n
    \n
    \n
    \n
    \n

    <\/section>\n

    <\/section>\n
    \n
    <\/svg><\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n
    \n

    3. \u79d1\u5b66\u53d1\u73b0\u4e0e\u79d1\u5b66\u7406\u89e3<\/span><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n

    \n

    <\/section>\n

    <\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/h3>\n
     <\/span><\/section>\n
    \u79d1\u5b66\u7406\u89e3\u548c\u79d1\u5b66\u53d1\u73b0\u90fd\u662f\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u76ee\u6807\u3002\u4e24\u8005\u7684\u533a\u522b\u5728\u4e8e\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u65b0\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u7406\u89e3\uff0c\u79d1\u5b66\u53d1\u73b0\u662f\u53ef\u80fd\u7684<\/strong><\/span>\uff08\u6211\u4eec\u5728\u53c2\u8003\u6587\u732e[12,13]\u4e2d\u4f7f\u7528\u4e86\u7cbe\u786e\u7684\u672f\u8bed\uff09<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
     <\/span><\/section>\n
    \u8ba9\u6211\u4eec\u6765\u7814\u7a76\u4e09\u4e2a\u4f8b\u5b50\u3002\u9996\u5148\uff0c\u4e3a\u4e86\u8bbe\u8ba1\u65b0\u7684\u6709\u673a\u6fc0\u5149\u4e8c\u6781\u7ba1\u7684\u9ad8\u6548\u5206\u5b50\uff0c\u5229\u7528\u673a\u5668\u5b66\u4e60\u548c\u91cf\u5b50\u5316\u5b66\u7684\u89c1\u89e3[31]\u63a2\u7d22\u4e86160\u4e07\u7684\u641c\u7d22\u7a7a\u95f4\u3002\u6392\u540d\u7b2c\u4e00\u7684\u5019\u9009\u5206\u5b50\u88ab\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5408\u6210\u5e76\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u7814\u7a76\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u672c\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u4f5c\u8005\u53d1\u73b0\u4e86\u5177\u6709\u975e\u5e38\u9ad8\u91cf\u5b50\u6548\u7387\u7684\u65b0\u5206\u5b50\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u8fd9\u4e9b\u53d1\u73b0\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u4ea7\u751f\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u6280\u672f\u540e\u679c\uff0c\u4f46\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7ed3\u679c\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u63d0\u4f9b\u65b0\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u8ba4\u8bc6\u3002\u4ece\u7ed3\u679c\u672c\u8eab\u6765\u770b\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u4e0d\u8fdb\u884c\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u7684\u8be6\u7ec6\u8ba1\u7b97\uff0c\u5c31\u4e0d\u80fd\u5f97\u51fa\u5b9a\u6027\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u3002\u7b2c\u4e8c\uff0c\u6700\u8fd1\u5728\u86cb\u767d\u8d28\u6298\u53e0\u65b9\u9762\u7531\u673a\u5668\u5b66\u4e60\u4fc3\u6210\u7684\u7a81\u7834[32,33]\u65e0\u7591\u5c06\u6539\u53d8\u751f\u7269\u5316\u5b66\u7684\u9762\u8c8c\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5230\u76ee\u524d\u4e3a\u6b62\uff0cAlphaFold \u4e00\u76f4\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u9ed1\u76d2\u5b50\uff1a\u4e00\u4e2a\u795e\u8c15\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5b83\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u76f4\u63a5\u63d0\u4f9b de Regt \u548c Dieks \u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u7684\u65b0\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u7406\u89e3\u3002\u7b2c\u4e09\uff0c\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u4e2d\u7684\u8bb8\u591a\u53d1\u73b0\u662f\u5728\u63d0\u4f9b\u79d1\u5b66\u7406\u89e3\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u6216\u89e3\u91ca\u88ab\u53d1\u73b0\u4e4b\u524d<\/span>\uff08\u6709\u65f6\u662f\u5f88\u4e45\u4e4b\u524d\uff09<\/span>\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u3002\u4f8b\u5b50\u5305\u62ec\u8d85\u5bfc\u7684\u53d1\u73b0<\/span>\uff08\u53ca\u5176\u9ad8\u6e29\u7248\u672c\uff09<\/span>\u3001\u5b87\u5b99\u5fae\u6ce2\u80cc\u666f\u7684\u53d1\u73b0\u3001\u4e2d\u5fae\u5b50\u632f\u8361\u4ee5\u53ca\u5728\u5938\u514b\u6a21\u578b\u53d1\u660e\u4e4b\u524d\u53d1\u73b0\u7684\u7c92\u5b50\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
     <\/span><\/section>\n
    \u8fd9\u4e9b\u4f8b\u5b50\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u79d1\u5b66\u53d1\u73b0\u53ef\u4ee5\u5bfc\u81f4\u79d1\u5b66\u548c\u6280\u672f\u7684\u7834\u574f\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u76f4\u63a5\u4fc3\u8fdb\u79d1\u5b66\u7406\u89e3[11,24]\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
     <\/span><\/section>\n
    \u5728\u8fc7\u53bb\u7684\u51e0\u5e74\u91cc\uff0c\u5728\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u548c\u81ea\u7136\u79d1\u5b66\u4e4b\u95f4\u5de5\u4f5c\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u4eec\u4e00\u76f4\u8bd5\u56fe\u7528\u673a\u5668\u6765\u91cd\u65b0\u53d1\u73b0\u7269\u7406\u89c4\u5f8b\u6216\u6982\u5ff5\u3002\u4f8b\u5b50\u5305\u62ec\u65e5\u5fc3\u4e16\u754c\u89c2[34]\u3001\u65f6\u95f4\u4e4b\u7bad[35]\u6216\u8fd0\u52a8\u7684\u673a\u68b0\u65b9\u7a0b[36,37]\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5e94\u7528\u662f\u5f88\u597d\u7684\u57fa\u51c6\uff0c\u8868\u660e\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7b97\u6cd5\u5728\u539f\u5219\u4e0a\u662f\u53ef\u884c\u7684\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u95ee\u9898\u662f\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u80fd\u591f\u91cd\u65b0\u53d1\u73b0\u7269\u7406\u89c4\u5f8b\u548c\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u662f\u5426\u4e5f\u80fd\u591f\u4e3a\u65b0\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u7406\u89e3\u505a\u51fa\u8d21\u732e\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u8fd9\u5e76\u4e0d\u80fd\u4fdd\u8bc1\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u4eba\u7c7b\u521b\u9020\u8005\u77e5\u9053\u4ed6\u4eec\u5728\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6848\u4f8b\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u5bfb\u627e\u7684\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u76ee\u524d\u8fd8\u4e0d\u6e05\u695a\u5982\u4f55\u9632\u6b62\u4ee3\u7801\u6216\u6570\u636e\u4e2d\u7684\u6709\u610f\u8bc6\u548c\u65e0\u610f\u8bc6\u7684\u504f\u89c1<\/span>\uff08\u5728\u6700\u5e7f\u6cdb\u7684\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u9009\u62e9\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u4ee3\u8868\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u7b97\u6cd5\u80fd\u591f\u91cd\u65b0\u53d1\u73b0\u6709\u8da3\u7684\u7269\u7406\u73b0\u8c61\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u6e05\u695a\u662f\u5426\u4ee5\u53ca\u5982\u4f55\u901a\u8fc7\u53d1\u73b0\u65b0\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u601d\u60f3\u6765\u63a8\u52a8\u79d1\u5b66\u53d1\u5c55\u3002<\/strong>\u4e3a\u4e86\u8d85\u8d8a\u91cd\u65b0\u53d1\u73b0\u7684\u4efb\u52a1\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u9700\u8981\u660e\u786e\u5730\u5173\u6ce8\u5982\u4f55\u83b7\u5f97\u201c\u65b0\u7684\u201d\u79d1\u5b66\u7406\u89e3\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
     <\/span><\/section>\n
    \u5bbd\u6cdb\u5730\u8bf4\uff0c\u4ece\u5148\u8fdb\u7684\u8ba1\u7b97\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u83b7\u5f97\u65b0\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u610f\u5473\u7740\u53d1\u73b0\u65b0\u7684\u60f3\u6cd5\u3001\u539f\u5219\u3001\u6982\u5ff5\u751a\u81f3\u7406\u8bba\uff0c\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u5e94\u7528\u548c\u4f7f\u7528\u8fd9\u4e9b\u60f3\u6cd5\u3001\u539f\u5219\u3001\u6982\u5ff5\u6216\u7406\u8bba\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u9700\u8981<\/span>\uff08\u5b8c\u6574\u7684\uff09<\/span>\u8ba1\u7b97\u3002\u5728\u63a5\u4e0b\u6765\u7684\u7ae0\u8282\u4e2d\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5c06\u6982\u8ff0\u5982\u4f55\u505a\u5230\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\uff0c\u4ee5\u524d\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u5df2\u7ecf\u53d6\u5f97\u4e86\u54ea\u4e9b\u6210\u679c\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u6211\u4eec\u5982\u4f55\u80fd\u8d70\u5f97\u66f4\u8fdc\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
     <\/span><\/section>\n
     <\/span><\/section>\n

    \n
    \n
    \n
    \n
    \n

    <\/section>\n

    <\/section>\n
    \n
    <\/svg><\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n
    \n

    4. \u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u8f85\u52a9\u7406\u89e3\u7684\u4e09\u4e2a\u7ef4\u5ea6<\/span><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n

    \n

    <\/section>\n

    <\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/h3>\n
     <\/span><\/section>\n
    \u6b63\u5982\u5728\u5f15\u8a00\u4e2d\u5df2\u7ecf\u63d0\u5230\u7684\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u8c03\u67e5\u4e86\u79d1\u5b66\u6587\u732e\u5e76\u4f7f\u7528\u4e86\u51e0\u5341\u4f4d\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u7684\u4e2a\u4eba\u8f76\u4e8b\u3002\u7136\u540e\uff0c\u5728\u79d1\u5b66\u54f2\u5b66\u63d0\u4f9b\u7684\u6846\u67b6\u5185\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5bf9\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u5bf9\u79d1\u5b66\u7406\u89e3\u7684\u8d21\u732e\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u65b0\u7684\u5206\u7c7b\uff0c\u8fd9\u6709\u52a9\u4e8e\u63cf\u7ed8\u51fa\u672a\u6765\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u65b9\u5411\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u79f0\u8fd9\u79cd\u5206\u7c7b\u4e3a\u201c\u7ef4\u5ea6\u201d\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u4eec\u662f\u72ec\u7acb\u7684\u3001\u975e\u6392\u4ed6\u7684\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
     <\/span><\/section>\n
    \u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u7cfb\u7edf\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u4e09\u79cd\u65b9\u5f0f\u5bf9\u65b0\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u7406\u89e3\u505a\u51fa\u8d21\u732e\u3002\u9996\u5148\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u201c\u8ba1\u7b97\u663e\u5fae\u955c\u201d\uff0c\u5b83\u53ef\u4ee5\u63d0\u4f9b<\/span>\uff08\u5c1a\uff09<\/span>\u65e0\u6cd5\u901a\u8fc7\u5b9e\u9a8c\u624b\u6bb5\u83b7\u5f97\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u3002\u7b2c\u4e8c\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u201c\u7075\u611f\u6765\u6e90\u201d\u6216\u4eba\u5de5\u7f2a\u65af\uff0c\u6269\u5927\u4eba\u7c7b\u60f3\u8c61\u529b\u548c\u521b\u9020\u529b\u7684\u8303\u56f4\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u4eba\u7c7b\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u5bf9\u4e8e\u8bc6\u522b\u548c\u5b8c\u5584\u65b0\u7684\u6d1e\u5bdf\u529b\u548c\u7075\u611f\uff0c\u5e76\u5c06\u5176\u53d1\u5c55\u5230\u5145\u5206\u7406\u89e3\u662f\u5fc5\u4e0d\u53ef\u5c11\u7684\u3002\u5bf9\u4e8e\u524d\u8005\uff0c\u673a\u5668\u521b\u9020\u4e86\u65b0\u7684\u6570\u636e<\/span>\uff08\u5e76\u53ef\u80fd\u4ee5\u5148\u8fdb\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u8868\u793a\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\uff0c\u4eba\u7c7b\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u4ece\u5176\u4e2d\u63d0\u53d6\u5979\u7684\u65b0\u7406\u89e3\u3002\u5bf9\u4e8e\u540e\u8005\uff0c\u673a\u5668\u660e\u786e\u5730\u5bfb\u627e\u4ee4\u4eba\u60ca\u8bb6\u6216\u6709\u8da3\u7684\u65b0\u60f3\u6cd5\u6216\u610f\u60f3\u4e0d\u5230\u7684\u8054\u7cfb\uff0c\u5e76\u5c06\u5176\u5448\u73b0\u7ed9\u4eba\u7c7b\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\uff0c\u540e\u8005\u5229\u7528\u5b83\u4eec\u6765\u8fbe\u5230\u65b0\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u7406\u89e3\u3002\u5373\u4f7f\u6ca1\u6709\u5148\u8fdb\u7684\u8ba1\u7b97\u7cfb\u7edf\u6216\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u5c42\u9762\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u5b58\u5728\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u53ef\u4ee5\u5927\u5927\u4fc3\u8fdb\u548c\u6269\u5c55\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u673a\u4f1a\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
     <\/span><\/section>\n
    \u7b2c\u4e09\u4e2a\u7ef4\u5ea6\u662f\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u4f5c\u4e3a\u201c\u7406\u89e3\u4e3b\u4f53\u201d\uff0c\u4ee3\u66ff\u4eba\u7c7b\u5bf9\u89c2\u5bdf\u7ed3\u679c\u8fdb\u884c\u5f52\u7eb3\uff0c\u5e76\u5c06\u8fd9\u4e9b\u65b0\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u6982\u5ff5\u8f6c\u79fb\u5230\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u73b0\u8c61\u4e2d\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u2014\u2014\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u662f\u2014\u2014\u5c06\u8fd9\u4e9b\u89c1\u89e3\u4f20\u8fbe\u7ed9\u4eba\u7c7b\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
     <\/span><\/section>\n
    \u7531\u4e8e\u672c\u89c6\u89d2\u7684\u91cd\u70b9\u662f\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u8f85\u52a9\u7684\u65b0\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u7406\u89e3\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5f3a\u8c03\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u4e2a\u7406\u89e3\u4e3b\u4f53\u5fc5\u987b\u80fd\u591f\u5c06\u5176\u89c1\u89e3\u4f20\u9012\u7ed9\u4eba\u7c7b\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u5c06\u7b80\u8981\u8ba8\u8bba\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e0d\u80fd\u4f20\u8fbe\u5176\u89c1\u89e3\u7684\u4e3b\u4f53\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
     <\/span><\/section>\n
    \u4e0a\u8ff0\u7684\u4e09\u4e2a\u7ef4\u5ea6\u4e0d\u5e94\u8be5\u88ab\u6559\u6761\u5f0f\u5730\u7406\u89e3\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e00\u4e2a\u6846\u67b6\u6765\u6307\u5bfc\u672a\u6765\u7684\u65b9\u5411\u3002\u5728\u4e0b\u9762\u7684\u7ae0\u8282\u4e2d\uff0c\u57fa\u4e8e\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u66f4\u8be6\u7ec6\u5730\u8ba8\u8bba\u6bcf\u4e2a\u7ef4\u5ea6\uff0c\u5e76\u63d0\u51fa\u63a8\u52a8\u76ee\u524d\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u8fb9\u754c\u7684\u9014\u5f84\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
     <\/span><\/section>\n

    \n
    3.1 \u8ba1\u7b97\u663e\u5fae\u955c<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/section>\n<\/h2>\n

    <\/section>\n
    \u663e\u5fae\u955c\u4e5f\u8bb8\u662f\u6700\u8457\u540d\u7684\u4eea\u5668\u7c7b\u578b\uff0c\u5b83\u53ef\u4ee5\u8003\u67e5\u8089\u773c\u770b\u4e0d\u89c1\u7684\u7269\u4f53\u548c\u73b0\u8c61\u3002\u540c\u6837\u5730\uff0c\u8ba1\u7b97\u663e\u5fae\u955c\u80fd\u591f\u8003\u67e5\u65e0\u6cd5\u4ee5\u4efb\u4f55\u5176\u4ed6\u65b9\u5f0f\u53ef\u89c6\u5316\u6216\u63a2\u6d4b\u7684\u7269\u4f53\u6216\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5728\u5b9e\u9a8c\u4e2d\u65e0\u6cd5\u83b7\u5f97\u7684\u957f\u5ea6\u548c\u65f6\u95f4\u5c3a\u5ea6\u4e0a\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u751f\u7269\u3001\u5316\u5b66\u6216\u7269\u7406\u8fc7\u7a0b\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
     <\/span><\/section>\n
    \u5728\u201c\u7406\u89e3\u201d\u7684\u80cc\u666f\u4e0b\uff0c\u7531\u8ba1\u7b97\u663e\u5fae\u955c\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u65b0\u7684\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u6570\u636e\u9700\u8981\u5728\u4e0d\u5b8c\u5168\u8ba1\u7b97\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u88ab\u63a8\u5e7f\u5230\u5176\u4ed6\u73af\u5883\u4e2d[13]\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u7528\u4e24\u4e2a\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\u6765\u8bf4\u660e\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
     <\/span><\/section>\n
    \u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u4f8b\u5b50\u662f SARS-CoV-2 \u7684\u5206\u5b50\u52a8\u529b\u5b66\u6a21\u62df\u3002\u53c2\u8003\u6587\u732e[38]\u7684\u4f5c\u8005\u53d1\u73b0\u4e86\u65b0\u7684\u751f\u7269\u529f\u80fd\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u529f\u80fd\u5728\u7a57\u72b6\u86cb\u767d\u7684\u5f00\u653e\u548c\u5c01\u95ed\u6784\u8c61\u4e2d\u8868\u73b0\u51fa\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u89e3\u91ca\u6539\u53d8\u4e86\u4eba\u4eec\u5bf9\u751f\u7269\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u7cd6\u7c7b\u7684\u770b\u6cd5\uff0c\u5e76\u542f\u53d1\u4e86\u5206\u6790\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u65b0\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u8fdb\u884c\u5168\u9762\u8ba1\u7b97\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
     <\/span><\/section>\n
    \u5728\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4e2a\u4f8b\u5b50\u4e2d\uff0c\u53c2\u8003\u6587\u732e[39]\u7684\u4f5c\u8005\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e86\u5206\u5b50\u52a8\u529b\u5b66\u6a21\u62df\u5982\u4f55\u5e2e\u52a9\u4ed6\u4eec\u53d1\u73b0\u79f0\u4e3a\u7cd6\u5757\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u6a21\u5f0f\u3002\u7cfb\u7edf\u5730\u4f7f\u7528\u7cd6\u5757\u65e2\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u6765\u7406\u89e3\u751f\u7269\u5927\u5206\u5b50\u7684\u5e8f\u5217-\u7ed3\u6784-\u5c5e\u6027\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u53c8\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e3a\u8bbe\u8ba1\u5177\u6709\u6240\u9700\u529f\u80fd\u7684\u5408\u6210\u7ed3\u6784\u63d0\u4f9b\u4fe1\u606f\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u6a21\u62df\u6574\u4e2a\u7cfb\u7edf\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
     <\/span><\/section>\n
    \u8ba1\u7b97\u663e\u5fae\u955c\u53ef\u4ee5\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u6539\u8fdb\u5417\uff1f\u6211\u4eec\u8ba8\u8bba\u4e86\u4e24\u4e2a\u5145\u6ee1\u6d3b\u529b\u7684\u65b9\u5411\u3002\u9996\u5148\uff0c\u66f4\u5148\u8fdb\u7684\u8ba1\u7b97\u7cfb\u7edf\u5c06\u5141\u8bb8\u5bf9\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u590d\u6742\u7684\u7269\u7406\u7cfb\u7edf\u8fdb\u884c\u5206\u6790\u3002\u7b2c\u4e8c\uff0c\u4ee5\u66f4\u53ef\u89e3\u91ca\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u8868\u793a\u4fe1\u606f\u5c06\u4fc3\u8fdb\u79d1\u5b66\u6d1e\u5bdf\u529b\u7684\u63d0\u53d6\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
     <\/span><\/section>\n

    \n
    \u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u590d\u6742\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf<\/span><\/strong><\/section>\n

    <\/span><\/section>\n<\/h3>\n
    \u4e00\u4e2a\u660e\u663e\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u4e5f\u662f\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u65b9\u5411\u662f\u63d0\u9ad8\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u6a21\u62df\u7684\u590d\u6742\u6027\u548c\u51c6\u786e\u6027[40]\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u589e\u52a0\u6a21\u62df\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u89c4\u6a21\u3001\u6a21\u62df\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u5c3a\u5ea6\u548c\u53ef\u6a21\u62df\u7684\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\u7684\u6570\u91cf\u5c06\u5927\u5927\u589e\u5f3a\u7814\u7a76\u590d\u6742\u52a8\u6001\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u3002\u4e00\u822c\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u8fdb\u6b65\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u7b97\u6cd5\u6216\u786c\u4ef6\u7684\u6539\u8fdb\u6765\u5b9e\u73b0\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u4e24\u8005\u90fd\u6709\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u9884\u8ba1\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u6280\u672f\u4e0e\u5148\u8fdb\u7684\u786c\u4ef6\uff0c\u5982 GPU\u3001TPU \u751a\u81f3 OPU [41,42]\u5c06\u4ea7\u751f\u5de8\u5927\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u7528\u4e8e\u91cf\u5b50\u5316\u5b66[43]\u548c\u7269\u7406\u5b66[44-46]\u7684\u5b9e\u9a8c\u6027\u91cf\u5b50\u8ba1\u7b97\u7684\u8fdb\u5c55\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u57fa\u4e8e\u91cf\u5b50\u529b\u5b66\u7684\u5168\u65b0\u7b97\u6cd5\u5c06\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u9886\u57df\u53d1\u6325\u91cd\u8981\u4f5c\u7528[47,48]\u3002\u7b97\u6cd5\u7684\u6539\u8fdb\u53ef\u80fd\u6d89\u53ca\u5230\u6a21\u62df\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u7684\u81ea\u9002\u5e94\u548c\u667a\u80fd\u89e3\u6790\u4ee5\u53ca\u5148\u8fdb\u7684\u53ef\u89c6\u5316\u65b9\u6cd5[13]\uff0c\u8fd9\u76f4\u63a5\u5bfc\u81f4\u4e86\u672a\u6765\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4e2a\u65b9\u5411\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
     <\/span><\/section>\n

    \n
    \u5148\u8fdb\u7684\u6570\u636e\u8868\u793a<\/span><\/strong><\/section>\n

    <\/span><\/strong><\/section>\n<\/h3>\n
    \u5728\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u8f85\u52a9\u7406\u89e3\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u7ef4\u5ea6\u4e2d\uff0c\u4eba\u7c7b\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u5e94\u8be5\u5bf9\u6765\u81ea\u8ba1\u7b97\u663e\u5fae\u955c\u7684\u65b0\u6570\u636e\u8fdb\u884c\u6982\u62ec\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u8ba4\u4e3a\u6570\u636e\u8868\u793a\u7684\u8fdb\u6b65\u53ef\u4ee5\u6781\u5927\u5730\u5e2e\u52a9\u4eba\u7c7b\u638c\u63e1\u57fa\u7840\u7ed3\u6784\uff0c\u4fc3\u8fdb\u65b0\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u7406\u89e3\u3002\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u4eec\u76ee\u524d\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u5728<\/span>\uff08\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u52a8\u753b\u7684\uff09<\/span>\u4e8c\u7ef4\u56fe\u5f62\u8868\u793a\u4e2d\u5206\u6790\u6570\u636e\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u76f8\u4fe1\uff0c\u771f\u6b63\u7684 3D \u73af\u5883<\/span>\uff08\u901a\u8fc7\u865a\u62df\u6216\u589e\u5f3a\u73b0\u5b9e\u773c\u955c\u6216\u5168\u606f\u6280\u672f\u5b9e\u73b0\uff09<\/span>\u5c06\u5927\u5927\u6709\u52a9\u4e8e\u5bf9\u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf\u6216\u590d\u6742\u6570\u636e\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u3002\u8fd9\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u521d\u6b65\u8fdb\u5c55\u5df2\u7ecf\u5728\u5316\u5b66[49-51]\u548c\u5929\u4f53\u7269\u7406\u5b66[52]\u4e2d\u5f97\u5230\u8bc1\u660e\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u671f\u671b\u8fd9\u5c06\u6210\u4e3a\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u7684\u6807\u51c6\u5de5\u5177\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u65f6\u95f4\u7ef4\u5ea6\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u6765\u8868\u793a\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\u5316\u6570\u636e\uff1b\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u89c6\u9891<\/span>\uff08 3D \u89c6\u9891\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u53e6\u5916\uff0c\u58f0\u97f3\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u989d\u5916\u7684\u6570\u636e\u7ef4\u5ea6\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u4eba\u7c7b\u7684\u542c\u89c9\u5728\u68c0\u6d4b<\/span>\uff08\u5468\u671f\u6027\uff09<\/span>\u65f6\u95f4\u76f8\u5173\u6570\u636e\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\u6216\u5bf9\u79f0\u6027\u65b9\u9762\u975e\u5e38\u51fa\u8272\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u673a\u4f1a\u5df2\u7ecf\u5728\u9ad8\u80fd\u7269\u7406\u5b66[53]\u548c\u5929\u6587\u5b66[54]\u7684\u51e0\u5341\u4e2a\u9879\u76ee\u4e2d\u5f97\u5230\u4e86\u63a2\u7d22\u3002\u4e00\u4e2a\u5f3a\u5927\u7684\u7b97\u6cd5\u4e5f\u8bb8\u80fd\u591f\u8bc6\u522b\u57fa\u7840\u6570\u636e\u4e2d\u7684\u5bf9\u79f0\u6027\uff0c\u5e76\u5c06\u5176\u6295\u5c04\u5230\u5e26\u6709\u58f0\u97f3\u7684\u4e09\u7ef4\u89c6\u9891\u4e2d\uff0c\u8fd9\u53ef\u80fd\u6709\u52a9\u4e8e\u4eba\u7c7b\u8bc6\u522b\u5e76\u968f\u540e\u7406\u89e3\u8ba1\u7b97\u663e\u5fae\u955c\u6240\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u6570\u636e\u4e2d\u7684\u65b0\u5c5e\u6027\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
     <\/span><\/section>\n

    \n
    3.2 \u7075\u611f\u7684\u6765\u6e90<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/section>\n

    <\/span><\/section>\n<\/h2>\n
    \u4ee4\u4eba\u60ca\u8bb6\u548c\u6709\u521b\u610f\u7684\u60f3\u6cd5\u662f\u79d1\u5b66\u8fdb\u6b65\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u3002\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u7b97\u6cd5\u53ef\u4ee5\u7cfb\u7edf\u5730\u6fc0\u53d1\u8fd9\u79cd\u60f3\u6cd5\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u5927\u5927\u52a0\u5feb\u79d1\u6280\u8fdb\u6b65\u3002\u65e9\u5728 70 \u5e74\u524d\uff0c\u963f\u5170\u00b7\u56fe\u7075\u5c31\u6307\u51fa\uff1a\u201c\u673a\u5668\u8ba9\u6211\u5403\u60ca\u7684\u9891\u7387\u5f88\u9ad8\u201d[55]\u3002\u6700\u8fd1\u7684\u4e00\u9879\u7814\u7a76[56]\u6536\u96c6\u4e86\u51e0\u5341\u4f4d\u4eba\u5de5\u751f\u547d\u548c\u8fdb\u5316\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u7684\u6545\u4e8b\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8f76\u4e8b\u5c55\u793a\u4e86\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u7b97\u6cd5\u5982\u4f55\u201c\u4ea7\u751f\u4ee4\u4eba\u60ca\u8bb6\u548c\u521b\u9020\u6027\u7684\u89e3\u51b3\u65b9\u6848\u201d\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u5728\u9690\u55bb\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u53ef\u4ee5\u6210\u4e3a\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u4eba\u5de5\u7f2a\u65af\u3002\u63a5\u4e0b\u6765\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5c06\u6982\u8ff0\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u7b97\u6cd5\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e3a\u65b0\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u601d\u60f3\u63d0\u4f9b\u7075\u611f\u6765\u6e90\u7684\u82e5\u5e72\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
     <\/span><\/section>\n

    \n
    \u8bc6\u522b\u6570\u636e\u4e2d\u7684\u5f02\u5e38<\/span><\/strong><\/section>\n<\/h3>\n

    <\/section>\n
    \u4ece\u5b9e\u9a8c\u6216\u6a21\u62df\u4e2d\u83b7\u5f97\u7684\u7279\u6b8a\u6570\u636e\u70b9\u6216\u610f\u5916\u7684\u89c4\u5f8b\u6027\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f15\u53d1\u65b0\u7684\u60f3\u6cd5\u548c\u6982\u5ff5\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u8c03\u67e5\u663e\u793a\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4f8b\u5916\u70b9\u901a\u5e38\u662f\u7531\u4eba\u7c7b\u6765\u8bc6\u522b\u7684\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u4ee5\u4e0b\u4e24\u4e2a\u4f8b\u5b50\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u662f\u5316\u5b66[57]\u548c\u91cf\u5b50\u5149\u5b66[58,59]\u4e2d\u7684\u9ad8\u901a\u91cf\u8ba1\u7b97\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
     <\/span><\/section>\n
    \u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u4f8b\u5b50\u6d89\u53ca\u5230\u9ad8\u538b\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u4e2d\u6676\u4f53\u7ed3\u6784\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u610f\u5916\u76f8\u3002\u5728\u53c2\u8003\u6587\u732e[60]\u4e2d\uff0c\u4f5c\u8005\u53d1\u73b0\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u610f\u5916\u7684 NH2<\/sub> \u548c NH4<\/sub> \u5c42\u4ea4\u66ff\u7684\u7a33\u5b9a\u6784\u578b\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u5bc6\u96c6\u7684 NH3<\/sub> \u76f8\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u5c06\u8fd9\u4e00\u73b0\u8c61\u6982\u5ff5\u5316\u4e3a\u81ea\u53d1\u7535\u79bb\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u9178\u78b1\u5316\u5b66\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u5e38\u89c1\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff0c\u73b0\u5728\u5728 NH3<\/sub> \u7684\u9ad8\u538b\u76f8\u56fe\u4e2d\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u88ab\u5e7f\u6cdb\u63a5\u53d7\u7684\u73b0\u8c61\u3002\u7269\u8d28\u9ad8\u538b\u884c\u4e3a\u4e2d\u7684\u81ea\u53d1\u7535\u79bb\u5df2\u7ecf\u6210\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u6bd4\u8f83\u666e\u904d\u7684\u539f\u5219\uff0c\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u8fdb\u884c\u4efb\u4f55\u6a21\u62df\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
     <\/span><\/section>\n
    \u5728\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4e2a\u4f8b\u5b50\u4e2d\uff0c\u5bfb\u627e\u65b0\u7684\u91cf\u5b50\u5b9e\u9a8c\u53d1\u73b0\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u5177\u6709\u6bd4\u9884\u671f\u5927\u5f97\u591a\u7684\u91cf\u5b50\u7ea0\u7f20\u7684\u89e3\u51b3\u65b9\u6848[58]\u3002\u8be5\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u4f5c\u8005\u7406\u89e3\u4e86\u57fa\u672c\u539f\u7406\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u53d1\u73b0\u4e86\u7ea0\u7f20\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u65b0\u6982\u5ff5[61,62]\u3002\u8be5\u539f\u7406\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u6ca1\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u8ba1\u7b97\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u4f7f\u7528\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u73b0\u5728\u4f5c\u4e3a\u66f4\u5148\u8fdb\u7684\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u7684\u91cf\u5b50\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u7684\u65b0\u4ee3\u8868[63]\uff0c\u8bc1\u660e\u4e86\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u542f\u53d1\u7684\u60f3\u6cd5\u5728\u66f4\u666e\u904d\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u80cc\u666f\u4e0b\u7684\u5e94\u7528\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
     <\/span><\/section>\n
    \u4e0e\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4f8b\u5b50\u76f8\u6bd4\uff0c\u6570\u636e\u5f02\u5e38\u53ef\u80fd\u8868\u73b0\u4e3a\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u53d8\u91cf\u7ec4\u5408\uff0c\u8fd9\u5bf9\u4eba\u7c7b\u6765\u8bf4\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u975e\u5e38\u96be\u4ee5\u628a\u63e1\u7684\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5c06\u5148\u8fdb\u7684\u7edf\u8ba1\u65b9\u6cd5\u548c\u673a\u5668\u5b66\u4e60\u7b97\u6cd5<\/span>\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u53c2\u8003\u6587\u732e[64]\uff09<\/span>\u5e94\u7528\u4e8e\u8fd9\u79cd\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u5c06\u662f\u672a\u6765\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u91cd\u8981\u7814\u7a76\u65b9\u5411\u3002\u5728\u81ea\u4e3b\u5f02\u5e38\u68c0\u6d4b\u65b9\u5411\u4e0a\u4ee4\u4eba\u632f\u594b\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u5df2\u7ecf\u88ab\u5e94\u7528\u4e8e\u6b27\u6d32\u6838\u5b50\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u5fc3\u7684\u5927\u578b\u5f3a\u5b50\u5bf9\u649e\u673a<\/span>\uff08LHC\uff09<\/span>\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u6570\u636e[65-67]<\/span>\uff08\u89c1\u6700\u8fd1\u5173\u4e8e\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4e3b\u9898\u7684\u8bc4\u8bba[68]\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u6280\u672f\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u8bc6\u522b\u65b0\u7684\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u7279\u5f81\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u7531\u4eba\u7c7b\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u8fdb\u884c\u6982\u5ff5\u5316\u548c\u7406\u89e3[69,70]\u3002\u4e00\u79cd\u6709\u8da3\u7684\u68c0\u6d4b\u5f02\u5e38\u503c\u7684\u6280\u672f\uff0c\u4ee5\u524d\u66fe\u7528\u4e8e\u53d1\u73b0\u91cf\u5b50\u76f8\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u6487\u5f00\u4e00\u4e2a<\/span>\uff08\u6216\u4e00\u4e9b\uff09<\/span>\u8bad\u7ec3\u5b9e\u4f8b\uff0c\u89c2\u5bdf\u795e\u7ecf\u7f51\u7edc\u7684\u540e\u679c[71]\u3002\u901a\u8fc7 Hessians \u7684\u8ba1\u7b97\uff0c\u5f15\u5165\u5f71\u54cd\u51fd\u6570\uff0c\u662f\u8bc6\u522b\u5355\u4e2a\u8bad\u7ec3\u5b9e\u4f8b\u5f71\u54cd\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u8ba1\u7b97\u6548\u7387\u9ad8\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5[72]\u3002\u81ea\u4e3b\u53d1\u73b0\u5bf9\u79f0\u6027\u7684\u795e\u7ecf\u7f51\u7edc\u53ef\u4ee5\u6210\u4e3a\u79d1\u5b66\u6570\u636e\u4e2d\u5f02\u5e38\u503c\u7684\u6709\u6548\u53d1\u73b0\u5de5\u5177\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5176\u4e2d\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u89c4\u5219\u53ef\u80fd\u4e8b\u5148\u5e76\u4e0d\u77e5\u9053[73,74]\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
     <\/span><\/section>\n
    \u4f30\u8ba1\u9884\u6d4b\u7684\u7f6e\u4fe1\u5ea6\u5c06\u662f\u53e6\u4e00\u79cd\u76f4\u63a5\u641c\u7d22\u6570\u636e\u4e2d\u5f02\u5e38\u70b9\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5[75]\u3002\u63ed\u5f00\u9690\u85cf\u7684\u89c4\u5f8b\u6027\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u5728\u6570\u5b66\u4e2d\u5f97\u5230\u4e86\u8bc1\u660e\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u6697\u793a\u4e86\u7ebd\u7ed3\u7406\u8bba\u4e2d\u4ee5\u524d\u6ca1\u6709\u8054\u7cfb\u7684\u4e0d\u53d8\u91cf\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u8fd9\u4f7f\u5f97\u6570\u5b66\u5bb6\u80fd\u591f\u731c\u60f3\u5e76\u8bc1\u660e\u65b0\u7684\u5b9a\u7406[76]\u3002\u53e6\u5916\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u80fd\u591f\u6784\u5efa\u65b0\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u5047\u8bbe\u7684\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u53ef\u4ee5\u53d1\u73b0\u6807\u51c6\u7edf\u8ba1\u65b9\u6cd5\u65e0\u6cd5\u8fa8\u522b\u7684\u5f02\u5e38\u503c\u6216\u610f\u5916\u6a21\u5f0f\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
     <\/span><\/section>\n
    \u770b\u5230\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u53d1\u73b0\u4ee5\u524d\u88ab\u4eba\u7c7b\u5ffd\u89c6\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u6570\u636e\u4e2d\u9690\u85cf\u7684\u6a21\u5f0f\u6216\u4e0d\u89c4\u5219\u73b0\u8c61\uff0c\u8fd9\u5c06\u662f\u771f\u6b63\u4ee4\u4eba\u5174\u594b\u7684\uff0c\u8fd9\u53ef\u80fd\u5bfc\u81f4\u65b0\u7684\u60f3\u6cd5\uff0c\u5e76\u6700\u7ec8\u5bfc\u81f4\u65b0\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u7406\u89e3\u3002\u622a\u81f3\u76ee\u524d\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u8fd8\u6ca1\u6709\u610f\u8bc6\u5230\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u6848\u4f8b\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
     <\/span><\/section>\n
    \u6700\u540e\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u6ce8\u610f\u5230\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5206\u6790\u7684\u6570\u636e\u70b9\u53ef\u4ee5\u4ece\u8ba1\u7b97\u65b9\u6cd5<\/span>\uff08\u6d89\u53ca\u4e0a\u4e00\u8282\u6240\u8ff0\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\uff09<\/span>\u4e2d\u83b7\u5f97\uff0c\u8fd9\u5bf9\u6570\u5b66\u6216\u7406\u8bba\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u6765\u8bf4\u662f\u4ee4\u4eba\u5174\u594b\u7684\u673a\u4f1a[77]\u3002\u6216\u8005\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6570\u636e\u53ef\u4ee5\u76f4\u63a5\u4ece\u5b9e\u9a8c\u4e2d\u83b7\u5f97\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u60f3\u8c61\u4e00\u4e2a\u95ed\u73af\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u4e00\u4e2a\u7b97\u6cd5\u8bd5\u56fe\u63a2\u7d22\u73af\u5883\uff0c\u5e76\u5f15\u5bfc\u63a2\u7d22\u8fdb\u5165\u610f\u5916\u7684\u533a\u57df\u3002\u5982\u679c\u6570\u636e\u6e90\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b9e\u9a8c\uff0c\u672a\u6765\u7684\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u7cfb\u7edf\u5c06\u9700\u8981\u8fdb\u5165\u590d\u6742\u7684\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5ba4\u81ea\u52a8\u5316\uff0c\u6709\u5927\u7684\u53c2\u6570\u7a7a\u95f4\u53ef\u4ee5\u63a2\u7d22\uff0c\u8fd9\u5728\u751f\u7269\u5b66[78]\u3001\u5316\u5b66[79-84]\u6216\u7269\u7406\u5b66[85,86]\u4e2d\u5f97\u5230\u4e86\u8bc1\u660e\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
     <\/span><\/section>\n

    \n
    \u8bc6\u522b\u79d1\u5b66\u6587\u732e\u4e2d\u7684\u60ca\u559c<\/span><\/strong><\/section>\n

    <\/span><\/section>\n<\/h3>\n
    \u57fa\u672c\u4e0a\u6bcf\u4e2a\u79d1\u5b66\u9886\u57df\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u8bba\u6587\u6570\u91cf\u90fd\u5728\u5927\u91cf\u589e\u957f[87,88]\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u7814\u7a76\u4eba\u5458\u4e0d\u5f97\u4e0d\u4e13\u6ce8\u4e8e\u72ed\u7a84\u7684\u5b50\u5b66\u79d1\uff0c\u8fd9\u4f7f\u5f97\u5bfb\u627e\u65b0\u7684\u8de8\u5b66\u79d1\u601d\u60f3\u53d8\u5f97\u56f0\u96be\u3002\u5728\u672a\u6765\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u76f8\u4fe1\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u5c06\u80fd\u591f\u4ee5\u81ea\u52a8\u5316\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u4f7f\u7528\u79d1\u5b66\u6587\u732e[89-92]\uff0c\u5e76\u8bc6\u522b\u51fa\u7279\u6b8a\u548c\u4ee4\u4eba\u60ca\u8bb6\u7684\u73b0\u8c61\uff0c\u4ee5\u4fbf\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u8c03\u67e5\u3002\u867d\u7136\u636e\u6211\u4eec\u6240\u77e5\uff0c\u5bf9\u79d1\u5b66\u6587\u732e\u7684\u5927\u89c4\u6a21\u81ea\u52a8\u5206\u6790\u8fd8\u4e0d\u80fd\u8bf1\u53d1\u65b0\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u7406\u89e3\uff0c\u4f46\u8be5\u9886\u57df\u6709\u91cd\u5927\u8fdb\u5c55\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

    <\/span><\/section>\n
    \u5b9e\u73b0\u8fd9\u4e00\u76ee\u6807\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u6709\u5e0c\u671b\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u662f\u5bf9\u5927\u578b\u79d1\u5b66\u8bba\u6587\u8bed\u6599\u5e93\u8fdb\u884c\u65e0\u76d1\u7763\u7684\u8bcd\u5d4c\u5165<\/strong>\u3002\u5728\u8be5\u6280\u672f\u4e2d\uff0c\u79d1\u5b66\u6587\u732e\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u88ab\u8f6c\u5316\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u9ad8\u7ef4\u77e2\u91cf\u7a7a\u95f4\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u65b9\u6cd5\u5df2\u88ab\u7528\u4e8e\u6750\u6599\u79d1\u5b66\u9886\u57df[93]\uff0c\u5e76\u91cd\u65b0\u53d1\u73b0\u4e86\u6838\u5fc3\u79d1\u5b66\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u5982\u5143\u7d20\u5468\u671f\u8868\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7ed3\u679c\u8fd8\u8868\u660e\u5b58\u5728\u4ee5\u524d\u672a\u53d1\u73b0\u7684\u7ed3\u6784-\u6027\u80fd\u5173\u7cfb\u3002\u8fd9\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\u5305\u62ec\u70ed\u7535\u6750\u6599\u7684\u65b0\u5019\u9009\u6750\u6599\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u6750\u6599\u79d1\u5b66\u9886\u57df\u6b63\u5728\u5f00\u53d1\u5176\u4ed6\u4e00\u4e9b\u5148\u8fdb\u7684\u8ba1\u7b97\u6280\u672f\uff0c\u4ee5\u4ece\u79d1\u5b66\u6587\u732e\u4e2d\u63d0\u53d6\u77e5\u8bc6\uff0c\u5e76\u901a\u8fc7\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u6280\u672f\u5bf9\u5176\u8fdb\u884c\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u7814\u7a76[94]\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f97\u51fa\u590d\u6742\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u7ed3\u8bba\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5173\u4e8e\u4e0d\u540c\u6676\u4f53\u7ed3\u6784\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5173\u7cfb[95]\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
     <\/span><\/section>\n
    \u53e6\u4e00\u79cd\u65b9\u6cd5\u65e8\u5728\u4ece\u5927\u91cf\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u6587\u732e\u4e2d\u5efa\u7acb\u8bed\u4e49\u77e5\u8bc6\u7f51\u7edc<\/strong>\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7f51\u7edc\u4e2d\uff0c\u79d1\u5b66\u6982\u5ff5\u662f\u8282\u70b9\uff0c\u800c\u8fb9\u5219\u627f\u8f7d\u7740\u5173\u7cfb\u4fe1\u606f\u3002\u5728\u6700\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u8fd9\u610f\u5473\u7740\u4e24\u4e2a\u79d1\u5b66\u6982\u5ff5\u5728\u540c\u4e00\u7bc7\u79d1\u5b66\u8bba\u6587\u4e2d\u88ab\u63d0\u53ca[96,97]\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u79d1\u5b66\u77e5\u8bc6\u88ab\u8868\u793a\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e0d\u65ad\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u7f51\u7edc\uff0c\u5b83\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u7528\u6765\u8bc6\u522b\u79d1\u5b66\u6587\u732e\u4e2d\u7684\u5c9b\u5c7f\u548c\u672a\u5f00\u53d1\u7684\u533a\u57df\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u7f51\u7edc\u88ab\u7528\u4e8e\u751f\u7269\u5316\u5b66\uff0c\u4ee5\u786e\u5b9a\u6709\u6548\u7684\u5168\u7403\u7814\u7a76\u7b56\u7565[96]\uff0c\u5e76\u7528\u4e8e\u91cf\u5b50\u7269\u7406\u5b66\uff0c\u4ee5\u9884\u6d4b\u548c\u5efa\u8bae\u672a\u6765\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u65b9\u5411[97]\u3002\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u6280\u672f\u7684\u8fdb\u6b65\u53ef\u4ee5\u5927\u5927\u6539\u5584\u8fd9\u79cd\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u81ea\u7136\u8bed\u8a00\u5904\u7406\u67b6\u6784\uff0c\u5982 BERT[98]\uff0c\u6216 GPT-3<\/span>\uff08\u53c2\u8003\u6587\u732e[99]\uff09<\/span>\u53ef\u4ee5\u5e2e\u52a9\u4ece\u7814\u7a76\u8bba\u6587\u4e2d\u63d0\u53d6\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u77e5\u8bc6\uff0c\u800c\u5927\u578b\u57fa\u4e8e\u56fe\u7684\u795e\u7ecf\u7f51\u7edc\u53ef\u4ee5\u6539\u5584\u4ece\u8bed\u4e49\u7f51\u7edc\u4e2d\u9884\u6d4b\u65b0\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u4e3b\u9898[100]\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
     <\/span><\/section>\n

    \n
    \u901a\u8fc7\u68c0\u67e5\u6a21\u578b\u83b7\u5f97\u610f\u5916\u7684\u6982\u5ff5<\/span><\/strong><\/section>\n

    <\/span><\/section>\n<\/h3>\n
    \u6211\u4eec\u8fd8\u671f\u671b\u901a\u8fc7\u5408\u7406\u5316\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u7b97\u6cd5\u4e3a\u89e3\u51b3\u7279\u5b9a\u95ee\u9898\u800c\u5b66\u5230\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u4ee5\u53d6\u5f97\u76f8\u5f53\u5927\u7684\u8fdb\u5c55\uff0c\u6362\u53e5\u8bdd\u8bf4\uff0c\u53ef\u89e3\u91ca\u7684\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd[101-103]\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

    <\/span><\/section>\n
    \u5b9e\u73b0\u8fd9\u4e00\u76ee\u6807\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u60f3\u6cd5\u662f\u53d7\u5230 DeepDreaming \u7684\u542f\u53d1\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u9996\u6b21\u7528\u4e8e\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u89c6\u89c9\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5[104,105]\u3002\u7b80\u5355\u5730\u8bf4\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u60f3\u6cd5\u662f\u53cd\u8f6c\u4e00\u4e2a\u795e\u7ecf\u7f51\u7edc\u5e76\u63a2\u6d4b\u5176\u884c\u4e3a\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u65b9\u6cd5\u5df2\u88ab\u5e94\u7528\u4e8e\u91cd\u65b0\u53d1\u73b0\u70ed\u529b\u5b66\u7279\u6027[35]\u548c\u529f\u80fd\u5206\u5b50\u7684\u8bbe\u8ba1\u539f\u5219[106]\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

    <\/span><\/section>\n
    \u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u663e\u8457\u7684\u5e94\u7528\u662f\u795e\u7ecf\u7f51\u7edc\u4e2d\u7684\u201c\u53d8\u91cf\u5206\u89e3\u201d[107]\u3002\u5176\u76ee\u7684\u662f\u4e86\u89e3\u795e\u7ecf\u7f51\u7edc\u5df2\u7ecf\u5b66\u4f1a\u7684\u5185\u90e8\u8868\u5f81\u3002\u4ee5\u5730\u5fc3\u5750\u6807\u8868\u793a\u7684\u5929\u6587\u6570\u636e\u88ab\u7528\u6765\u8bad\u7ec3\u4e00\u4e2a\u795e\u7ecf\u7f51\u7edc\uff0c\u800c\u53d8\u91cf\u7684\u5206\u79bb\u4f7f\u5f97\u901a\u8fc7\u6a21\u578b\u7684\u5185\u90e8\u8868\u793a\u91cd\u65b0\u53d1\u73b0\u4e86\u65e5\u5fc3\u5750\u6807[34]\u3002\u5bf9\u79f0\u6027\uff0c\u6216\u5176\u5b88\u6052\u91cf\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u4f7f\u7528\u4e00\u5bf9\u795e\u7ecf\u7f51\u7edc[108,109]\u6765\u81ea\u4e3b\u63d0\u53d6\u3002\u7136\u540e\uff0c\u8fd9\u5bf9\u795e\u7ecf\u7f51\u7edc\u88ab\u8bad\u7ec3\u6765\u8bc6\u522b\u4e24\u79cd\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u7269\u7406\u60c5\u51b5\u5728\u67d0\u79cd\u672a\u77e5\u7684\u5bf9\u79f0\u6027\u4e0b\u662f\u5426\u76f8\u7b49\u3002\u6700\u540e\u4e00\u5c42\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u4fe1\u606f\u74f6\u9888\uff0c\u53ea\u7531\u4e00\u4e2a\u795e\u7ecf\u5143\u7ec4\u6210\u3002\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u6765\uff0c\u795e\u7ecf\u7f51\u7edc\u5c31\u5b66\u4f1a\u4e86\u8bc6\u522b\u4fdd\u62a4\u5c5e\u6027\uff0c\u5e76\u5c06\u6574\u4e2a\u4fe1\u606f\u538b\u7f29\u5230\u4e00\u4e2a\u795e\u7ecf\u5143\u7684\u8f93\u51fa\u4e2d\u3002\u7136\u540e\uff0c\u8f93\u51fa\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f88\u5bb9\u6613\u5730\u88ab\u6bd4\u8f83\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\uff0c\u5f88\u5bb9\u6613\u88ab\u4eba\u7c7b\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u89e3\u91ca\u3002\u53c2\u8003\u6587\u732e[109]\u7684\u4f5c\u8005\u5c55\u793a\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e00\u60f3\u6cd5\u5982\u4f55\u88ab\u7528\u6765\u91cd\u65b0\u53d1\u73b0\u7ecf\u5178\u529b\u5b66<\/span>\uff08\u80fd\u91cf\u548c\u89d2\u52a8\u91cf\uff09<\/span>\u6216\u7535\u78c1\u5b66<\/span>\uff08\u5982\u6d1b\u4f26\u5179\u4e0d\u53d8\u91cf\uff09<\/span>\u4e2d\u7684\u5b88\u6052\u5c5e\u6027\u3002\u5728\u4e00\u9879\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\uff0c\u5229\u7528\u51b3\u7b56\u6811\u7684\u68af\u5ea6\u63d0\u5347\uff0c\u7279\u5f81\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u88ab\u7528\u6765\u89e3\u91ca\u5206\u5b50\u548c\u91cf\u5b50\u5149\u5b66\u7535\u8def\u7684\u7279\u6027[110]\u3002\u4e0e\u6b64\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u4e00\u9879\u7814\u7a76\u68c0\u67e5\u4e86\u91cf\u5b50\u5b9e\u9a8c\u7684\u65e0\u76d1\u7763\u6df1\u5ea6\u751f\u6210\u6a21\u578b\u7684\u5185\u90e8\u8868\u793a\uff0c\u4ee5\u4e86\u89e3\u8be5\u6a21\u578b\u7684\u5185\u90e8\u4e16\u754c\u89c2[111]\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

    <\/span><\/section>\n
    \u5728\u5316\u5b66\u4e2d\uff0c\u673a\u5668\u5b66\u4e60\u6a21\u578b\u7684\u53cd\u4e8b\u5b9e\u89e3\u91ca\u5df2\u7ecf\u88ab\u8bc1\u660e\u53ef\u4ee5\u4ea7\u751f\u6a21\u578b\u9884\u6d4b\u80cc\u540e\u7684\u539f\u7406\u3002\u53cd\u4e8b\u5b9e\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\u8bf4\u660e\u4e86\u4e8b\u4ef6\u6216\u5b9e\u4f8b\u4e2d\u7684\u54ea\u4e9b\u5dee\u5f02\u4f1a\u4ea7\u751f\u7ed3\u679c\u7684\u53d8\u5316\u3002\u53c2\u8003\u6587\u732e[112]\u5c55\u793a\u4e86\u5982\u4f55\u4ee5\u72ec\u7acb\u4e8e\u6a21\u578b\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u5b9e\u73b0\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9<\/span>\uff08\u5b83\u5df2\u88ab\u8bc1\u660e\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u968f\u673a\u68ee\u6797\u3001\u5e8f\u5217\u6a21\u578b\u548c\u56fe\u795e\u7ecf\u7f51\u7edc\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u8868\u660e\u672a\u6765\u5728\u79d1\u5b66\u4e2d\u6253\u5f00\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u9ed1\u7bb1\u7684\u5de8\u5927\u6f5c\u529b\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u4e0d\u662f\u5728\u79d1\u5b66\u9886\u57df\uff0c\u4e00\u9879\u7814\u7a76\u8c03\u67e5\u4e86\u4e0b\u68cb\u7684\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd AlphaZero \u5bf9\u56fd\u9645\u8c61\u68cb\u7684\u4e86\u89e3\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u7c7b\u4f3c\u4eba\u7c7b\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u5728\u5185\u90e8\u8868\u793a\u4e2d\u7f16\u7801\u7684[113]\u3002\u6240\u6709\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4f5c\u54c1\u4e2d\u91cd\u65b0\u53d1\u73b0\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u90fd\u4e0d\u662f\u65b0\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u672a\u6765\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u6311\u6218\u662f\u5b66\u4e60\u5982\u4f55\u63d0\u53d6\u4ee5\u524d\u672a\u77e5\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
     <\/span><\/section>\n

    \n
    \u4ece\u53ef\u89e3\u91ca\u7684\u89e3\u51b3\u65b9\u6848\u4e2d\u83b7\u5f97\u65b0\u6982\u5ff5<\/span><\/strong><\/section>\n

    <\/span><\/section>\n<\/h3>\n
    \u4e0e\u5176\u8bf4\u4ece\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u7b97\u6cd5\u4e2d\u83b7\u5f97\u7075\u611f\uff0c\u4e0d\u5982\u8bf4\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u4eec\u4e5f\u80fd\u4ece\u4ed6\u4eec\u63d0\u4f9b\u7684\u89e3\u51b3\u65b9\u6848\u4e2d\u83b7\u5f97\u60ca\u559c\u3002\u5f53\u89e3\u51b3\u65b9\u6848\u4ee5\u53ef\u89e3\u91ca\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u8868\u793a\u65f6\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u5e26\u6765\u65b0\u7684\u60f3\u6cd5\u548c\u6982\u5ff5\u3002\u53ef\u89e3\u91ca\u6027\u8868\u793a\u6cd5\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u4f8b\u5b50\u662f\u6570\u5b66\u516c\u5f0f\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u53ef\u4ee5\u68c0\u67e5\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u7b97\u6cd5\u5f97\u51fa\u7684\u516c\u5f0f\uff0c\u76f4\u63a5\u89e3\u51b3\u6570\u5b66\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u5e76\u5f97\u51fa\u66f4\u666e\u904d\u7684\u89e3\u51b3\u7b56\u7565\u3002\u4e00\u4e9b\u7814\u7a76\u8bc1\u660e\u4e86\u4ece\u673a\u68b0\u7cfb\u7edf[36,114]\u3001\u91cf\u5b50\u7cfb\u7edf[115]\u548c\u5929\u6587\u5b66[116]\u7684\u5b9e\u9a8c\u6570\u636e\u4e2d\u63d0\u53d6\u7b26\u53f7\u6a21\u578b\uff1b\u4e5f\u89c1\u6587\u732e[117]\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u4e0e\u56e0\u679c\u63a8\u7406[118]\u7b49\u65b9\u6cd5\u76f8\u7ed3\u5408\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u6539\u8fdb\u4e3a\u672a\u77e5\u7cfb\u7edf\u63d0\u51fa\u5408\u7406\u7684\u7269\u7406\u6a21\u578b\uff0c\u4fc3\u8fdb\u79d1\u5b66\u7406\u89e3\uff0c\u8fd9\u5c06\u662f\u4ee4\u4eba\u6fc0\u52a8\u7684\u3002\u603b\u7684\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u6570\u5b66\u9886\u57df\u5df2\u7ecf\u53d6\u5f97\u4e86\u4ee4\u4eba\u632f\u594b\u7684\u8fdb\u5c55[119\u3001120]\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u9884\u89c1\u7c7b\u4f3c\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u5c06\u5bf9\u7269\u7406\u79d1\u5b66\u4ea7\u751f\u91cd\u5927\u5f71\u54cd\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
     <\/span><\/section>\n
    \u5929\u6587\u5b66\u4e2d\u6700\u8fd1\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u5177\u4f53\u4f8b\u5b50\u662f\uff0c\u4ece\u8fc7\u53bb30\u5e74\u5bf9\u592a\u9633\u7cfb\u884c\u661f\u548c\u536b\u661f\u7684\u5b9e\u9645\u89c2\u6d4b\u6570\u636e\u4e2d\u91cd\u65b0\u53d1\u73b0\u4e86\u725b\u987f\u7684\u5f15\u529b\u5b9a\u5f8b<\/span>\uff08\u53c2\u8003\u6587\u732e[37]\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u56fe\u795e\u7ecf\u7f51\u7edc\u7684\u5e94\u7528\u5141\u8bb8\u5bf9\u7269\u4f53\u7684\u8fd0\u52a8\u8fdb\u884c\u9ad8\u8d28\u91cf\u7684\u9884\u6d4b\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u4e00\u79cd\u79f0\u4e3a PySR \u7684\u7b26\u53f7\u56de\u5f52\u6280\u672f<\/span>\uff08\u5728\u53c2\u8003\u6587\u732e[116]\u4e2d\u4ecb\u7ecd\uff09<\/span>\u80fd\u591f\u4e3a\u5b66\u4e60\u5230\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u63d0\u53d6\u5408\u7406\u7684\u6570\u5b66\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f\u3002\u6709\u8da3\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u9664\u4e86\u8fd0\u52a8\u65b9\u7a0b\uff0c\u8be5\u65b9\u6cd5\u8fd8\u540c\u65f6\u6b63\u786e\u9884\u6d4b\u4e86\u884c\u661f\u7269\u4f53\u7684\u8d28\u91cf\u3002\u8be5\u6280\u672f\u9700\u8981\u5047\u8bbe\u51e0\u4e2a\u5bf9\u79f0\u6027\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u7269\u7406\u89c4\u5f8b\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5148\u51b3\u6761\u4ef6\u662f\u5426\u53ef\u4ee5\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u51cf\u5c11\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u76f8\u5173\u65b9\u6cd5\u5982\u4f55\u5e94\u7528\u4e8e\u73b0\u4ee3\u7269\u7406\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u8fd8\u6709\u5f85\u89c2\u5bdf\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
     <\/span><\/section>\n
    \u8fd9\u79cd\u65b9\u6cd5\u7684\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u4f8b\u5b50\u5df2\u7ecf\u5728\u91cf\u5b50\u5149\u5b66\u9886\u57df\u5c55\u793a\u51fa\u6765\u4e86[63]\u3002\u5728\u90a3\u91cc\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u7b97\u6cd5\u7528\u56fe\u8bba\u8868\u793a\u91cf\u5b50\u5149\u5b66\u8bbe\u7f6e\uff0c\u4e3a\u4ee5\u524d\u672a\u77e5\u7684\u91cf\u5b50\u7cfb\u7edf\u8bbe\u8ba1\u914d\u7f6e\u3002\u6700\u7ec8\u7684\u89e3\u51b3\u65b9\u6848\u88ab\u8868\u793a\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u7269\u7406\u4e0a\u53ef\u89e3\u91ca\u7684\u56fe\u8bba\u8868\u793a\u4e2d\u3002\u4ece\u90a3\u91cc\uff0c\u4eba\u7c7b\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u53ef\u4ee5\u5feb\u901f\u89e3\u91ca\u89e3\u51b3\u65b9\u6848\u5de5\u4f5c\u7684\u6839\u672c\u539f\u56e0\uff0c\u5e76\u5c06\u5176\u5e94\u7528\u4e8e\u5176\u4ed6\u73af\u5883\uff0c\u800c\u65e0\u9700\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u8ba1\u7b97\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5f00\u53d1\u53ef\u89e3\u91ca\u7684\u8868\u793a\u548c\u65b9\u6cd5\u6765\u63d0\u53d6\u5176\u4ed6\u9886\u57df\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u6982\u5ff5\u5c06\u662f\u672a\u6765\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u91cd\u8981\u7814\u7a76\u65b9\u5411\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
     <\/span><\/section>\n

    \n
    \u63a2\u6d4b\u4eba\u5de5\u4e3b\u4f53\u7684\u884c\u4e3a<\/span><\/strong><\/section>\n

    <\/span><\/section>\n<\/h3>\n
    \u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u5f88\u5c11\u88ab\u63a2\u7d22\u7684\u673a\u4f1a\u662f\u89e3\u91ca\u673a\u5668\u5728\u88ab\u8d4b\u4e88\u89e3\u51b3\u79d1\u5b66\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u4efb\u52a1\u65f6\u7684\u884c\u4e3a[121]\u3002\u91c7\u53d6\u884c\u52a8\u7684\u7b97\u6cd5\uff0c\u5982\u9057\u4f20\u7b97\u6cd5\u6216\u5f3a\u5316\u5b66\u4e60\u4e3b\u4f53\u91c7\u53d6\u653f\u7b56\u6765\u5bfc\u822a\u95ee\u9898\u7a7a\u95f4\u3002\u4eba\u7c7b\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u53ef\u4ee5\u89c2\u5bdf\u5b83\u4eec\u5982\u4f55\u5bfc\u822a\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7a7a\u95f4\u3002\u4e0e\u5176\u9075\u5faa\u4e25\u683c\u7684\u5916\u90e8\u5956\u52b1\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u6700\u5927\u5316\u4e00\u4e2a\u7269\u7406\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u7279\u5b9a\u5c5e\u6027\uff0c\u4e0d\u5982\u5b9e\u65bd\u5185\u5728\u7684\u5956\u52b1\uff0c\u5982\u4eba\u5de5\u597d\u5947\u5fc3[122,123]\u3002\u4e0e\u5176\u76f4\u63a5\u6700\u5927\u5316\u67d0\u4e9b\u529f\u80fd\uff0c\u4eba\u5de5\u4e3b\u4f53<\/span>\uff08artificial agent\uff09<\/span>\u8bd5\u56fe\u5b66\u4e60\u548c\u9884\u6d4b\u73af\u5883\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u3002\u7136\u540e\uff0c\u5b83\u9009\u62e9\u5bfc\u81f4\u5b83\u4e0d\u80fd\u5f88\u597d\u9884\u6d4b\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u7684\u884c\u52a8\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u4f7f\u5b83\u81ea\u5df1\u5bf9\u73af\u5883\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u6700\u5927\u5316\u3002\u5728\u6a21\u62df\u7684\u865a\u62df\u5b87\u5b99[124]\u4e2d\u4f7f\u7528\u597d\u5947\u5fc3\u5f3a\u7684\u4e3b\u4f53\u548c\u5728\u771f\u5b9e\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5ba4[84]\u4e2d\u4f7f\u7528\u673a\u5668\u4eba\u4e3b\u4f53\u5df2\u7ecf\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u597d\u5947\u5fc3\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u6709\u6548\u7684\u63a2\u7d22\u7b56\u7565\u3002\u4eba\u5de5\u4e3b\u4f53\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u5185\u5728\u5956\u52b1\u662f\u201c\u8ba1\u7b97\u521b\u9020\u529b\u201d[125\u3001126]\u548c\u201c\u60ca\u559c\u201d[127]\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5185\u5728\u5956\u52b1\u53ef\u4ee5\u4ea7\u751f\u7279\u6b8a\u7684\u548c\u610f\u60f3\u4e0d\u5230\u7684\u89e3\u51b3\u65b9\u6848\u548c\u4e3b\u4f53\u884c\u4e3a\uff0c\u6700\u7ec8\u6fc0\u53d1\u4eba\u7c7b\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
     <\/span><\/section>\n

    \n
    3.3 \u7406\u89e3\u4e3b\u4f53<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/section>\n

    <\/span><\/section>\n<\/h2>\n
    \u6211\u4eec\u8003\u8651\u7684\u7b2c\u4e09\u4e2a\u4e5f\u662f\u6700\u540e\u4e00\u4e2a\u7ef4\u5ea6\uff0c\u662f\u80fd\u591f\u81ea\u4e3b\u5730\u83b7\u5f97\u65b0\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u7406\u89e3\uff0c\u5e76\u6700\u7ec8\u5411\u4eba\u7c7b\u89e3\u91ca\u8fd9\u4e9b\u89c1\u89e3\u7684\u7b97\u6cd5\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u8c03\u67e5\u7684\u53d7\u8bbf\u8005\u548c\u79d1\u5b66\u6587\u732e\u4e2d\u90fd\u6ca1\u6709\u63cf\u8ff0\u8fc7\u8fd9\u79cd\u58ee\u4e3e\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5c06\u901a\u8fc7\u5217\u51fa\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4e3b\u4f53\u7684\u8981\u6c42\uff0c\u63d0\u51fa\u68c0\u6d4b\u5176\u6210\u529f\u5b9e\u73b0\u7684\u6d4b\u8bd5\uff0c\u5e76\u63a8\u6d4b\u8fd9\u79cd\u7cfb\u7edf\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\u6837\u5b50\u7684\u6765\u63a5\u8fd1\u8fd9\u4e00\u7c7b\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
     <\/span><\/section>\n
    \u5510\u7eb3\u5fb7\u00b7\u7c73\u5947<\/span>\uff08Donald Michie\uff09<\/span>\u5728 1988 \u5e74\u7684\u5f00\u521b\u6027\u5de5\u4f5c\u201c\u672a\u6765\u4e94\u5e74\u7684\u673a\u5668\u5b66\u4e60\u201d[19,128,129]\u4e2d\u5df2\u7ecf\u8ba8\u8bba\u4e86\u673a\u5668\u5411\u4eba\u7c7b\u7ffb\u8bd1\u89c1\u89e3\u7684\u60f3\u6cd5\u3002Michie \u5c06\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u7b97\u6cd5\u5206\u4e3a\u4e09\u7c7b\uff1a\u5f31\u673a\u5668\u5b66\u4e60\u3001\u5f3a\u673a\u5668\u5b66\u4e60\u548c\u8d85\u5f3a\u673a\u5668\u5b66\u4e60\u3002\u5f31\u673a\u5668\u5b66\u4e60<\/strong>\u901a\u8fc7\u5927\u91cf\u7684\u8bad\u7ec3\u6570\u636e\u5b9e\u73b0\u4e86\u9884\u6d4b\u8d28\u91cf\u7684\u63d0\u9ad8\u3002\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bf4\uff0c\u4eca\u5929\u7684\u5927\u591a\u6570\u673a\u5668\u5b66\u4e60\u65b9\u6cd5\u90fd\u5c5e\u4e8e\u8fd9\u4e00\u7c7b\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u7684\u7b97\u6cd5\u88ab\u5f53\u4f5c\u4e00\u4e2a\u9ed1\u76d2\u5b50\u3002\u5f3a\u673a\u5668\u5b66\u4e60<\/strong>\u65b9\u6cd5\u7c7b\u9700\u8981\u63d0\u4f9b\u5176\u5047\u8bbe\u7684\u7b26\u53f7\u8868\u793a\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u5e03\u5c14<\/span>\uff08\u903b\u8f91\uff09<\/span>\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f\u6216\u6570\u5b66\u65b9\u7a0b\u3002\u6700\u540e\uff0c\u8d85\u5f3a\u673a\u5668\u5b66\u4e60<\/strong>\u65b9\u6cd5\u8981\u6c42\u7b97\u6cd5\u6559\u7ed9\u4eba\u7c7b\u64cd\u4f5c\u8005\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u4f7f\u4eba\u7c7b\u7684\u8868\u73b0\u4e0e\u4eba\u7c7b\u5355\u72ec\u4ece\u6570\u636e\u4e2d\u5b66\u4e60\u76f8\u6bd4\u5f97\u5230\u6539\u5584\u3002\u6709\u8da3\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u5173\u4e8e\u67d0\u4e9b\u903b\u8f91\u4efb\u52a1\u7684\u5b9e\u9a8c\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u8d85\u5f3a\u673a\u5668\u5b66\u4e60\u7b97\u6cd5\u53ef\u80fd\u5df2\u7ecf\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u8bc1\u660e\u4e86\u201c\u5b58\u5728\u4e00\u7c7b\u5173\u7cfb\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6982\u5ff5\u5bf9\u4eba\u7c7b\u6765\u8bf4\u5f88\u96be\u638c\u63e1\uff0c\u4f46\u5728\u62bd\u8c61\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\u4e0b\u5f88\u5bb9\u6613\u7406\u89e3\u201d[129]\u3002\u8d85\u5f3a\u673a\u5668\u5b66\u4e60\u7684\u60f3\u6cd5\u4e0e\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u7b2c\u4e09\u4e2a\u7ef4\u5ea6\uff0c\u5373\u7406\u89e3\u4e3b\u4f53\u6709\u5173\u3002\u4e24\u8005\u90fd\u8981\u6c42\u673a\u5668\u83b7\u5f97\u65b0\u7684\u6d1e\u5bdf\u529b\uff0c\u5e76\u5c06\u5176\u4f20\u6388\u7ed9\u4eba\u7c7b\u3002\u9664\u4e86\u6211\u4eec\u5bf9\u81ea\u7136\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u9650\u5236\u5916\uff0c\u8fd8\u6709\u5176\u4ed6\u4e0d\u540c\u4e4b\u5904\uff1aMichie \u8981\u6c42\u4ee5\u7b26\u53f7\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u4f20\u9012\u89c1\u89e3\uff0c\u800c\u7406\u89e3\u4e3b\u4f53\u5219\u66f4\u52a0\u7075\u6d3b\uff0c\u5141\u8bb8\u4efb\u4f55\u6559\u5b66\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u81ea\u7136\u8bed\u8a00\u7684\u8ba8\u8bba\uff0c\u5982 GPT-3\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u8be5\u4e3b\u4f53\u9700\u8981\u63d0\u4f9b\u65b0\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u7406\u89e3<\/span>\uff08\u5728 de Regt \u7684\u4e25\u683c\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u89e3\u91ca\u6216\u8be0\u91ca\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u7406\u89e3\u4e3b\u4f53\u5728\u6280\u672f\u5b9e\u73b0\u65b9\u9762\u66f4\u52a0\u7075\u6d3b\uff0c\u4f46\u5728\u6559\u7ed9\u4eba\u7c7b\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u65b9\u9762\u66f4\u52a0\u4e25\u683c\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u5c06\u5728\u4e0b\u6587\u4e2d\u66f4\u8be6\u7ec6\u5730\u8ba8\u8bba\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
     <\/span><\/section>\n
    \u9996\u5148\uff0c\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u662f\u8981\u8ba4\u8bc6\u5230\uff0c\u627e\u5230\u65b0\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u7406\u89e3\u662f\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u80cc\u666f\u7684\u3002\u4ec0\u4e48\u662f\u65b0\u7684\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u6211\u4eec\u662f\u5426\u8003\u8651\u4e00\u4e2a\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u4e2a\u4eba\u548c\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u4e13\u4e1a\u9886\u57df\u3001\u4e00\u4e2a\u79d1\u5b66\u9886\u57df\u3001\u6574\u4e2a\u79d1\u5b66\u754c\u751a\u81f3\u6574\u4e2a\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u52aa\u529b\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u8005\u5fc5\u987b\u80fd\u591f\u8bc4\u4f30\u6d1e\u5bdf\u529b\u662f\u5426\u662f\u65b0\u7684\uff0c\u81f3\u5c11\u5728\u9700\u8981\u83b7\u5f97\u8be5\u79d1\u5b66\u9886\u57df\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u7684\u7279\u5b9a\u79d1\u5b66\u9886\u57df\u7684\u80cc\u666f\u4e0b\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
     <\/span><\/section>\n
    \u5176\u6b21\uff0cde Regt \u5f3a\u8c03\u4e86\u57fa\u7840\u79d1\u5b66\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7406\u8bba\u4f7f\u6211\u4eec\u80fd\u591f\u8ba4\u8bc6\u5230\u6709\u8d28\u91cf\u7279\u5f81\u7684\u540e\u679c[12]\u3002\u4ec5\u4ec5\u4f7f\u7528\u673a\u5668\u5b66\u4e60\u7b49\u9ad8\u7ea7\u7edf\u8ba1\u65b9\u6cd5\u5bf9\u6570\u636e\u70b9\u8fdb\u884c\u63d2\u503c\u6216\u9884\u6d4b\u65b0\u7684\u6570\u636e\u70b9\u662f\u4e0d\u591f\u7684\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u8fd9\u79cd\u65b9\u6cd5\u53ef\u4ee5\u8fd1\u4f3c\u4e8e\u590d\u6742\u800c\u6602\u8d35\u7684\u8ba1\u7b97\uff0c\u795e\u7ecf\u7f51\u7edc\u7684\u5929\u771f\u5e94\u7528\u4e5f\u4e0d\u80fd\u6210\u4e3a\u7406\u89e3\u7684\u5a92\u4ecb\u3002\u79d1\u5b66\u7406\u89e3\u9700\u8981\u7684\u4e0d\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u8ba1\u7b97\u3002\u4e3a\u4e86\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u8bf4\u660e\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\uff0c\u8ba9\u6211\u4eec\u8003\u8651\u6587\u732e\u4e2d\u91cf\u5b50\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u5177\u4f53\u4f8b\u5b50\uff1a\u4e00\u79cd\u8ba1\u7b97\u65b9\u6cd5\u89e3\u51b3\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u5173\u4e8e\u91cf\u5b50\u8ba1\u7b97\u91cd\u8981\u8d44\u6e90\u72b6\u6001\u7684\u751f\u6210\u7684\u516c\u5f00\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u7136\u540e\uff0c\u5b83\u4ee5\u65b0\u7684\u91cf\u5b50\u5e72\u6d89\u6548\u5e94\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u63d0\u53d6\u4e86\u89e3\u51b3\u65b9\u6848\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u6838\u5fc3\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u65b9\u5f0f\u4f7f\u4eba\u7c7b\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u65e2\u80fd\u7406\u89e3\u7ed3\u679c\uff0c\u53c8\u80fd\u5728\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u80cc\u666f\u4e0b\u5e94\u7528\u83b7\u5f97\u7684\u7406\u89e3[63]\u3002\u5373\u4f7f\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u672c\u8eab\u80fd\u591f\u5c06\u6982\u5ff5\u6838\u5fc3\u5e94\u7528\u4e8e\u5176\u4ed6\u60c5\u51b5\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u80fd\u5148\u9a8c\u5730\u8bf4\u660e\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u662f\u5426\u771f\u6b63\u83b7\u5f97\u4e86\u79d1\u5b66\u7406\u89e3\u3002\u73b0\u5728\u8fd8\u7f3a\u5c11\u7684\u662f\u5728\u79d1\u5b66\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u80cc\u666f\u4e0b\u5bf9\u6240\u53d1\u73b0\u7684\u6280\u672f\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\u4e2d\uff0c\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u548c\u4eba\u7c7b\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u5c06\u9700\u8981\u5728\u91cf\u5b50\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u80cc\u666f\u4e0b\u8ba4\u8bc6\u5230\u6f5c\u5728\u7684\u91cf\u5b50\u5e72\u6270\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u63d0\u51fa\u7406\u89e3\u4e3b\u4f53\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u5145\u5206\u6761\u4ef6\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

    \n
     <\/span><\/section>\n<\/h3>\n

    \n
    \u79d1\u5b66\u7406\u89e3\u7684\u6761\u4ef6\u4e00<\/span><\/strong><\/section>\n

    <\/span><\/section>\n<\/h3>\n
    \u5982\u679c\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u80fd\u591f\u5728\u4e0d\u8fdb\u884c\u7cbe\u786e\u8ba1\u7b97\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u8ba4\u8bc6\u5230\u4e00\u4e2a\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u5b9a\u6027\u7279\u5f81\u540e\u679c\uff0c\u5e76\u5728\u65b0\u7684\u80cc\u666f\u4e0b\u4f7f\u7528\u5b83\u4eec\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u5b83\u5c31\u83b7\u5f97\u4e86\u79d1\u5b66\u7406\u89e3\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
     <\/span><\/section>\n
    \u8fd9\u4e2a\u6761\u4ef6\u7d27\u8ddf de Regt \u548c Dieks \u7684\u60f3\u6cd5[13]\u3002\u8ba9\u6211\u4eec\u518d\u5f80\u524d\u8d70\u4e00\u6b65\uff0c\u60f3\u8c61\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u80fd\u591f\u5728\u79d1\u5b66\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u80cc\u666f\u4e0b\u89e3\u91ca\u5404\u79cd\u53d1\u73b0\u3002\u4eba\u7c7b\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u5982\u4f55\u80fd\u8ba4\u8bc6\u5230\u673a\u5668\u83b7\u5f97\u4e86\u65b0\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u7406\u89e3\uff1f\u6211\u4eec\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u4eba\u7c7b\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u4f1a\u4ee5\u4e0e\u8ba4\u8bc6\u5176\u4ed6\u4eba\u7c7b\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u83b7\u5f97\u65b0\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u7406\u89e3\u5b8c\u5168\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u6765\u505a\u8fd9\u4ef6\u4e8b\u3002\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u8ba9\u5176\u4ed6\u4eba\u7c7b\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u628a\u65b0\u83b7\u5f97\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u4f20\u8fbe\u7ed9\u5176\u4ed6\u4eba\u3002\u8fd9\u5c31\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u7406\u89e3\u4e3b\u4f53\u7684\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4e2a\u5145\u5206\u6761\u4ef6\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
     <\/span><\/section>\n

    \n
    \u79d1\u5b66\u7406\u89e3\u7684\u6761\u4ef6\u4e8c<\/span><\/strong><\/section>\n

    <\/span><\/strong><\/section>\n<\/h3>\n
    \u5982\u679c\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u83b7\u5f97\u4e86\u79d1\u5b66\u7406\u89e3\uff0c\u5b83\u53ef\u4ee5\u628a\u5b83\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u4f20\u9012\u7ed9\u4eba\u7c7b\u4e13\u5bb6\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
     <\/span><\/section>\n
    \u6211\u4eec\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u53ea\u80fd\u95f4\u63a5\u5730\u8bc6\u522b\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a<\/span>\uff08\u6216\u4eba\u7c7b\uff09<\/span>\u662f\u5426\u83b7\u5f97\u4e86\u79d1\u5b66\u7406\u89e3\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u6700\u540e\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u7b26\u5408\u56fe\u7075\u6d4b\u8bd5[55]\u6216\u8d39\u6839\u9c8d\u59c6\u6d4b\u8bd5[130]<\/span>\uff08\u6216\u5176\u5728\u81ea\u7136\u79d1\u5b66\u4e2d\u7684\u6539\u7f16\uff0c\u5982\u5316\u5b66\u56fe\u7075\u6d4b\u8bd5\u6216\u8d39\u66fc\u6d4b\u8bd5[4]\uff09<\/span>\u7cbe\u795e\u7684\u6d4b\u8bd5\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
     <\/span><\/section>\n

    \n
    \u79d1\u5b66\u7406\u89e3\u6d4b\u8bd5<\/span><\/strong><\/section>\n

    <\/span><\/section>\n<\/h3>\n
    \u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba<\/span>\uff08\u5b66\u751f\uff09<\/span>\u4e0e\u4e00\u4e2a\u8001\u5e08\u4e92\u52a8\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8001\u5e08\u53ef\u4ee5\u662f\u4eba\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u662f\u4eba\u5de5\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u3002\u8001\u5e08\u7684\u76ee\u6807\u662f\u5411\u5b66\u751f\u89e3\u91ca\u4e00\u4e2a\u79d1\u5b66\u7406\u8bba\u53ca\u5176\u5b9a\u6027\u7684\u3001\u7279\u5f81\u6027\u7684\u540e\u679c\u3002\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba<\/span>\uff08\u88c1\u5224\u5458\uff09<\/span>\u72ec\u7acb\u5730\u6d4b\u8bd5\u5b66\u751f\u548c\u8001\u5e08\u3002\u5982\u679c\u88c1\u5224\u5458\u4e0d\u80fd\u533a\u5206\u4ed6\u4eec\u5728\u5404\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u7684\u975e\u7410\u788e\u89e3\u91ca\u7684\u8d28\u91cf\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5c31\u8ba4\u4e3a\u8001\u5e08\u6709\u79d1\u5b66\u7406\u89e3\u529b\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
     <\/span><\/section>\n
    \u539f\u5219\u4e0a\uff0c\u5b66\u751f\u6216\u88c1\u5224\u5458\u6ca1\u6709\u7406\u7531\u4e0d\u6210\u4e3a\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u4e3a\u4e86\u4f7f\u6d4b\u8bd5\u5c3d\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u7b80\u5355\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u9650\u5236\u4e86\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u53d8\u5316\u6570\u91cf\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
     <\/span><\/section>\n
    \u8be5\u6d4b\u8bd5\u7684\u8868\u8ff0\u610f\u5473\u7740\u4eba\u7c7b\u9700\u8981\u7406\u89e3\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u8bbe\u8ba1\u7684\u65b0\u6982\u5ff5\u3002\u5982\u679c\u4e00\u53f0\u673a\u5668\u771f\u6b63\u7406\u89e3\u4e86\u4ec0\u4e48\uff0c\u5b83\u5e94\u8be5\u80fd\u591f\u89e3\u91ca\u5b83\u5e76\u5c06\u7406\u89e3\u8f6c\u79fb\u7ed9\u5176\u4ed6\u4eba\u3002<\/span>(\u6211\u4eec\u6487\u5f00\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\u662f\u771f\u7684\u8fd8\u662f\u5047\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u6709\u4eba\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u9519\u8bef\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u5bfc\u81f4\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u7406\u89e3[131]\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u8fd9\u5e94\u8be5\u603b\u662f\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u7406\u89e3\u8fdc\u8fdc\u8d85\u51fa\u4e86\u4eba\u7c7b\u4e13\u5bb6\u6b64\u65f6\u7684\u8ba4\u8bc6\u3002\u8bf7\u6ce8\u610f\uff0c\u968f\u7740\u4eba\u7c7b\u548c\u4eba\u5de5\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5dee\u8ddd\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u5927\uff0c\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u5c06\u5176\u7406\u89e3\u8f6c\u79fb\u7ed9\u4eba\u7c7b\u5c06\u53d8\u5f97\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u6709\u6311\u6218\u6027\u548c\u8017\u65f6<\/strong>\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u8bbe\u60f3\uff0c\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u5c06\u4f7f\u7528\u5148\u8fdb\u7684\u4eba\u673a\u4ea4\u4e92\u6280\u672f\u4e0e\u6211\u4eec\u63cf\u8ff0\u7684\u4e0b\u4e00\u7ea7\u8ba1\u7b97\u663e\u5fae\u955c\u7684\u5de5\u5177\u4e00\u8d77\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
     <\/span><\/section>\n
    \u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u4eba\u548c\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u8ba8\u8bba\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u81ea\u7136\u8bed\u8a00\u5904\u7406\u5de5\u5177\u4e2d\u7684\u9ad8\u7ea7\u67e5\u8be2\u6765\u5b9e\u73b0\uff0c\u5982  BERT[98]\u6216 GPT-3<\/span>\uff08\u53c2\u8003\u6587\u732e[99]\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u6765\uff0c\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u79d1\u5b66\u95ee\u9898\u6765\u63a2\u6d4b\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u3002\u5047\u8bbe\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u901a\u8fc7\u4e0e\u7b97\u6cd5\u7684\u4ea4\u6d41\u83b7\u5f97\u4e86\u65b0\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u7406\u89e3\uff0c\u6b63\u5982\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u7406\u89e3\u6d4b\u8bd5\u6240\u5224\u65ad\u7684\u90a3\u6837\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u786e\u8ba4\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u771f\u6b63\u83b7\u5f97\u4e86\u7406\u89e3\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u60f3\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u6d4b\u8bd5\uff0c\u5c31\u50cf\u56fe\u7075\u548c\u8d39\u6839\u9c8d\u59c6\u53d1\u8d77\u7684\u6d4b\u8bd5\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u4e00\u76ee\u4e86\u7136\u7684\uff0c\u4e3a\u4e0d\u5141\u8bb8\u4f5c\u51fa\u660e\u786e\u5224\u65ad\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u7559\u4e0b\u4e86\u7a7a\u95f4\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u4e50\u89c2\u5730\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u52aa\u529b\u5c06\u88ab\u7528\u4e8e\u5f00\u53d1\u5fc5\u8981\u7684\u6280\u672f\uff0c\u8fd9\u5c06\u5bfc\u81f4\u672a\u6765\u4eba\u5de5\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u4f5c\u4e3a\u7406\u89e3\u7684\u771f\u6b63\u4e3b\u4f53\u7684\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u6709\u8bf4\u670d\u529b\u7684\u6f14\u793a\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n


    <\/p>\n

     <\/span><\/p>\n

    \n
    \n
    \n
    \n
    \n

    <\/section>\n

    <\/section>\n
    \n
    <\/svg><\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n
    \n

    4. \u7ed3\u8bed<\/span><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n

    \n

    <\/section>\n

    <\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/h3>\n
     <\/span><\/section>\n
    \u6beb\u65e0\u7591\u95ee\uff0c\u4e00\u822c\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u5148\u8fdb\u7684\u8ba1\u7b97\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u7684\u8ba1\u7b97\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u5c06\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u9769\u65b0\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u7814\u7a76\u6211\u4eec\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u79d8\u5bc6\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u6982\u8ff0\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e9b\u65b0\u65b9\u6cd5\u5982\u4f55\u80fd\u591f\u76f4\u63a5\u6709\u52a9\u4e8e\u83b7\u5f97\u65b0\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u7406\u89e3\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u731c\u60f3\uff0c\u672a\u6765\u5728\u4f7f\u7528\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u83b7\u5f97\u79d1\u5b66\u7406\u89e3\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u91cd\u5927\u8fdb\u5c55\u5c06\u9700\u8981\u81ea\u7136\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u3001\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u548c\u79d1\u5b66\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u591a\u5b66\u79d1\u5408\u4f5c\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u575a\u4fe1\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7814\u7a76\u5de5\u4f5c\u53ef\u4ee5\u2014\u2014\u5728\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u6709\u751f\u4e4b\u5e74\u2014\u2014\u5c06\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u8f6c\u53d8\u4e3a\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u5a92\u4ecb\uff0c\u76f4\u63a5\u4fc3\u8fdb\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u76ee\u6807\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u5373\u79d1\u5b66\u7406\u89e3\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

    <\/section>\n

    <\/span><\/section>\n
    \n
    \n
    \n

    \u53c2\u8003\u6587\u732e<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n

    \n
    \n
    \n
    \n
    1. Zdeborov\u00e1, L. New tool in the box. Nat. Phys.13, 420\u2013421 (2017).<\/span><\/section>\n
     <\/span><\/section>\n
    2. F\u00f6sel, T., Tighineanu, P., Weiss, T. & Marquardt, F. Reinforcement learning with neural networks for quantum feedback. Phys. Rev. X8, 031084 (2018).<\/span><\/section>\n
     <\/span><\/section>\n
    3. Melnikov, A. A. et al. Active learning machine learns to create new quantum experiments. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA115, 1221\u20131226 (2018).<\/span><\/section>\n
     <\/span><\/section>\n
    4. Aspuru-Guzik, A., Lindh, R. & Reiher, M. The matter simulation (r)evolution. ACS Cent. Sci.4, 144\u2013152 (2018).<\/span><\/section>\n
     <\/span><\/section>\n
    5. Hoffmann,  R. & Malrieu, J.-P. Simulation vs. understanding: a tension, in  quantum chemistry and beyond. Part A. Stage setting. Angew. Chem.132, 12690\u201312710 (2020).<\/span><\/section>\n
     <\/span><\/section>\n
    6. Hoffmann,  R. & Malrieu, J.-P. Simulation vs. understanding: a tension, in  quantum chemistry and beyond. Part B. The march of simulation, for  better or worse. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed.59, 13156\u201313178 (2020).<\/span><\/section>\n
     <\/span><\/section>\n
    7. Hoffmann,  R. & Malrieu, J.-P. Simulation vs. understanding: a tension, in  quantum chemistry and beyond. Part C. Toward consilience. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed.59, 13694\u201313710 (2020).<\/span><\/section>\n
     <\/span><\/section>\n
    8. Marcus, G. The next decade in AI: four steps towards robust artificial intelligence. Preprint at arXiv 2002.06177 (2020).<\/span><\/section>\n
     <\/span><\/section>\n
    9. Thaler, J. Designing an AI physicist. CERN Courier, https:\/\/cerncourier.com\/a\/designing-an-ai-physicist\/ (2021).<\/span><\/section>\n
     <\/span><\/section>\n
    10. Potochnik, A. The diverse aims of science. Stud. Hist. Philos. Sci. A53, 71\u201380 (2015).<\/span><\/section>\n
     <\/span><\/section>\n
    11. Potochnik, A. Idealization and the Aims of Science (Univ. Chicago Press, 2017).<\/span><\/section>\n
     <\/span><\/section>\n
    12. de Regt, H. W. Understanding Scientific Understanding (Oxford Univ. Press, 2017).<\/span><\/section>\n
     <\/span><\/section>\n
    13. De Regt, H. W. & Dieks, D. A contextual approach to scientific understanding. Synthese144, 137\u2013170 (2005).<\/span><\/section>\n
     <\/span><\/section>\n
    14. Boden, M. A. Mind as Machine: A History of Cognitive Science (Oxford Univ. Press, 2008).<\/span><\/section>\n
     <\/span><\/section>\n
    15. Doran,  D., Schulz, S. & Besold, T. R. What does explainable AI really  mean? A new conceptualization of perspectives. Preprint at arXiv 1710.00794 (2017).<\/span><\/section>\n
     <\/span><\/section>\n
    16. Tjoa, E. & Guan, C. A survey on explainable artificial intelligence (XAI): toward medical XAI. IEEE Trans. Neural Netw. Learn. Syst.32, 4793\u20134813 (2020).<\/span><\/section>\n
     <\/span><\/section>\n
    17. Burkart, N. & Huber, M. F. A survey on the explainability of supervised machine learning. J. Artif. Intell. Res.70, 245\u2013317 (2021).<\/span><\/section>\n
     <\/span><\/section>\n
    18. Samek, W., Montavon, G., Vedaldi, A., Hansen, L. K. & M\u00fcller, K.-R. Explainable AI: Interpreting, Explaining and Visualizing Deep Learning (Springer, 2019).<\/span><\/section>\n
     <\/span><\/section>\n
    19. Michie, D. in Proc. 3rd European Conference on European Working Session on Learning, 107\u2013122 (ACM, 1988).<\/span><\/section>\n
     <\/span><\/section>\n
    20. Lavin, A. et al. Simulation intelligence: Towards a new generation of scientific methods. Preprint at arXiv 2112.03235 (2021).<\/span><\/section>\n
     <\/span><\/section>\n
    21. Goldman, B., Kearnes, S., Kramer, T., Riley, P. & Walters, W. P. Defining levels of automated chemical design. J. Med. Chem.65, 7073\u20137087 (2022).<\/span><\/section>\n
     <\/span><\/section>\n
    22. Kitano, H. Nobel Turing Challenge: creating the engine for scientific discovery. NPJ Syst. Biol. Appl.7, 29 (2021).<\/span><\/section>\n
     <\/span><\/section>\n
    23. Feyerabend, P. Against Method (Verso, 1993).<\/span><\/section>\n
     <\/span><\/section>\n
    24. De Regt, H. W. Understanding, values, and the aims of science. Philos. Sci.87, 921\u2013932 (2020).<\/span><\/section>\n
     <\/span><\/section>\n
    25. Hempel, C. G. Aspects of Scientific Explanation (Free Press, 1965).<\/span><\/section>\n
     <\/span><\/section>\n
    26. Schr\u00f6dinger, E. \u2018Nature and the Greeks\u2019 and \u2018Science and Humanism\u2019 (Cambridge Univ. Press, 1996).<\/span><\/section>\n
     <\/span><\/section>\n
    27. De Regt, H. W. Visualization as a tool for understanding. Perspect. Sci.22, 377\u2013396 (2014).<\/span><\/section>\n
     <\/span><\/section>\n
    28. Friedman, M. Explanation and scientific understanding. J. Philos.71, 5\u201319 (1974).<\/span><\/section>\n
     <\/span><\/section>\n
    29. Kitcher, P. Explanatory unification. Philos. Sci.48, 507\u2013531 (1981).<\/span><\/section>\n
     <\/span><\/section>\n
    30. Heisenberg, W. \u00dcber den anschaulichen Inhalt der quantentheoretischen Kinematik und Mechanik. Z. Phys.43, 172\u2013198 (1927).<\/span><\/section>\n
     <\/span><\/section>\n
    31. G\u00f3mez-Bombarelli,  R. et al. Design of efficient molecular organic light-emitting diodes  by a high-throughput virtual screening and experimental approach. Nat. Mater.15, 1120\u20131127 (2016).<\/span><\/section>\n
     <\/span><\/section>\n
    32. Jumper, J. et al. Highly accurate protein structure prediction with AlphaFold. Nature596, 583\u2013589 (2021).<\/span><\/section>\n
     <\/span><\/section>\n
    33. Tunyasuvunakool, K. et al. Highly accurate protein structure prediction for the human proteome. Nature596, 590\u2013596 (2021).<\/span><\/section>\n
     <\/span><\/section>\n
    34. Iten, R., Metger, T., Wilming, H., Del Rio, L. & Renner, R. Discovering physical concepts with neural networks. Phys. Rev. Lett.124, 010508 (2020).<\/span><\/section>\n
     <\/span><\/section>\n
    35. Seif, A., Hafezi, M. & Jarzynski, C. Machine learning the thermodynamic arrow of time. Nat. Phys.17, 105\u2013113 (2021).<\/span><\/section>\n
     <\/span><\/section>\n
    36. Udrescu, S.-M. & Tegmark, M. AI Feynman: A physics-inspired method for symbolic regression. Sci. Adv.6, eaay2631 (2020).<\/span><\/section>\n
     <\/span><\/section>\n
    37. Lemos,  P., Jeffrey, N., Cranmer, M., Ho, S. & Battaglia, P. Rediscovering  orbital mechanics with machine learning. Preprint at arXiv 2202.02306 (2022).<\/span><\/section>\n
     <\/span><\/section>\n
    38. Casalino, L. et al. Beyond shielding: the roles of glycans in the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. ACS Cent. Sci.6, 1722\u20131734 (2020).<\/span><\/section>\n
     <\/span><\/section>\n
    39. Fogarty,  C. A., Harbison, A. M., Dugdale, A. R. & Fadda, E. How and why  plants and human n-glycans are different: Insight from molecular  dynamics into the \u201cglycoblocks\u201d architecture of complex carbohydrates. Beilstein J. Org. Chem.16, 2046\u20132056 (2020).<\/span><\/section>\n
     <\/span><\/section>\n
    40. Friederich, P., H\u00e4se, F., Proppe, J. & Aspuru-Guzik, A. Machine-learned potentials for next-generation matter simulations. Nat. Mater.20, 750\u2013761 (2021).<\/span><\/section>\n
     <\/span><\/section>\n
    41. Gigan, S., Krzakala, F., Daudet, L. & Carron, I. Artificial intelligence: from electronics to optics. Photoniques104, 49\u201352 (2020).<\/span><\/section>\n
     <\/span><\/section>\n
    42. Xu, X. et al. 11 TOPS photonic convolutional accelerator for optical neural networks. Nature589, 44\u201351 (2021).<\/span><\/section>\n
     <\/span><\/section>\n
    43. Quantum, G. A. et al. Hartree-Fock on a superconducting qubit quantum computer. Science369, 1084\u20131089 (2020).<\/span><\/section>\n
     <\/span><\/section>\n
    44. Zhang, J. et al. Observation of a discrete time crystal. Nature543, 217\u2013220 (2017).<\/span><\/section>\n
     <\/span><\/section>\n
    45. Schweizer, C. et al. Floquet approach to Z2 lattice gauge theories with ultracold atoms in optical lattices. Nat. Phys.15, 1168\u20131173 (2019).<\/span><\/section>\n
     <\/span><\/section>\n
    46. Martinez, E. A. et al. Real-time dynamics of lattice gauge theories with a few-qubit quantum computer. Nature534, 516\u2013519 (2016).<\/span><\/section>\n
     <\/span><\/section>\n
    47. Cao, Y. et al. Quantum chemistry in the age of quantum computing. Chem. Rev.119, 10856\u201310915 (2019).<\/span><\/section>\n
     <\/span><\/section>\n
    48. Gross, C. & Bloch, I. Quantum simulations with ultracold atoms in optical lattices. Science357, 995\u20131001 (2017).<\/span><\/section>\n
     <\/span><\/section>\n
    49. O\u2019Connor, M. et al. Sampling molecular conformations and dynamics in a multiuser virtual reality framework. Sci. Adv.4, eaat2731 (2018).<\/span><\/section>\n
     <\/span><\/section>\n
    50. Probst, D. & Reymond, J.-L. Exploring DrugBank in virtual reality chemical space. J. Chem. Inf. Model.58, 1731\u20131735 (2018).<\/span><\/section>\n
     <\/span><\/section>\n
    51. Schmid, J. R., Ernst, M. J. & Thiele, G. Structural chemistry 2.0: combining augmented reality and 3D online models. J. Chem. Educ.97, 4515\u20134519 (2020).<\/span><\/section>\n
     <\/span><\/section>\n
    52. Foley, M. et al. A 3D view of Orion: I. Barnard\u2019s Loop. Authorea. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.22541\/au.165540488.82174026\/v1 (2022).<\/span><\/section>\n
     <\/span><\/section>\n
    53. Hill, E., Cherston, J., Goldfarb, S. & Paradiso, J. A. in Proc. 38th International Conference on High Energy Physics, 1042 (2016).<\/span><\/section>\n
     <\/span><\/section>\n
    54. Zanella, A. et al. Sonification and sound design for astronomy research, education and public engagement. Nat. Astron.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41550-022-01721-z (2022).<\/span><\/section>\n
     <\/span><\/section>\n
    55. Turing, A. M. Computing machinery and intelligence. Mind50, 433\u2013460 (1950).<\/span><\/section>\n
     <\/span><\/section>\n
    56. Lehman,  J. et al. The surprising creativity of digital evolution: a collection  of anecdotes from the evolutionary computation and artificial life  research communities. Artif. Life26, 274\u2013306 (2020).<\/span><\/section>\n
     <\/span><\/section>\n
    57. Pickard, C. J. & Needs, R. Ab initio random structure searching. J. Phys. Condens. Matter23, 053201 (2011).<\/span><\/section>\n
     <\/span><\/section>\n
    58. Krenn, M., Malik, M., Fickler, R., Lapkiewicz, R. & Zeilinger, A. Automated search for new quantum experiments. Phys. Rev. Lett.116, 090405 (2016).<\/span><\/section>\n
     <\/span><\/section>\n
    59. Krenn, M., Erhard, M. & Zeilinger, A. Computer-inspired quantum experiments. Nat. Rev. Phys.2, 649\u2013661 (2020).<\/span><\/section>\n
     <\/span><\/section>\n
    60. Pickard, C. J. & Needs, R. Highly compressed ammonia forms an ionic crystal. Nat. Mater.7, 775\u2013779 (2008).<\/span><\/section>\n
     <\/span><\/section>\n
    61. Krenn, M., Hochrainer, A., Lahiri, M. & Zeilinger, A. Entanglement by path identity. Phys. Rev. Lett.118, 080401 (2017).<\/span><\/section>\n
     <\/span><\/section>\n
    62. Krenn,  M., Gu, X. & Zeilinger, A. Quantum experiments and graphs:  multiparty states as coherent superpositions of perfect matchings. Phys. Rev. Lett.119, 240403 (2017).<\/span><\/section>\n
     <\/span><\/section>\n
    63. Krenn,  M., Kottmann, J., Tischler, N. & Aspuru-Guzik, A. Conceptual  understanding through efficient automated design of quantum optical  experiments. Phys. Rev. X11, 031044 (2021).<\/span><\/section>\n
     <\/span><\/section>\n
    64. Malhotra, P., Vig, L., Shroff, G. & Agarwal, P. in Proc. European Symposium on Artificial Neural Networks (ESANN), 89\u201394 (2015).<\/span><\/section>\n
     <\/span><\/section>\n
    65. Collaboration, A. Dijet resonance search with weak supervision using s\u221a=13TeV pp collisions in the ATLAS detector. Phys. Rev. Lett.125, 131801 (2020).<\/span><\/section>\n
     <\/span><\/section>\n
    66. Collaboration,  C. Probing effective field theory operators in the associated  production of top quarks with a Z boson in multilepton final states at s\u221a=13TeV. J. High Energy Phys.2021, 83 (2021).<\/span><\/section>\n
     <\/span><\/section>\n
    67. Park,  S. E., Rankin, D., Udrescu, S.-M., Yunus, M. & Harris, P. Quasi  anomalous knowledge: searching for new physics with embedded knowledge. J. High Energy Phys.2021, 30 (2021).<\/span><\/section>\n
     <\/span><\/section>\n
    68. Karagiorgi,  G., Kasieczka, G., Kravitz, S., Nachman, B. & Shih, D. Machine  learning in the search for new fundamental physics. Nat. Rev. Phys.4, 399\u2013412 (2022).<\/span><\/section>\n
     <\/span><\/section>\n
    69. Schwartz, M. D. Modern machine learning and particle physics. Preprint at arXiv 2103.12226 (2021).<\/span><\/section>\n
     <\/span><\/section>\n
    70. Kasieczka, G. et al. The LHC Olympics 2020: a community challenge for anomaly detection in high energy physics. Rep. Prog. Phys.84, 124201 (2021).<\/span><\/section>\n
     <\/span><\/section>\n
    71. Dawid,  A., Huembeli, P., Tomza, M., Lewenstein, M. & Dauphin, A.  Hessian-based toolbox for reliable and interpretable machine learning in  physics. Mach. Learn. Sci. Technol.3, 015002 (2021).<\/span><\/section>\n
     <\/span><\/section>\n
    72. Koh, P. W. & Liang, P. in Proc. 34th International Conference on Machine Learning, 1885\u20131894 (PMLR, 2017).<\/span><\/section>\n
     <\/span><\/section>\n
    73. Yu,  H., Mineyev, I. & Varshney, L. R. A group-theoretic approach to  computational abstraction: Symmetry-driven hierarchical clustering.  Preprint at arXiv 1807.11167 (2018).<\/span><\/section>\n
     <\/span><\/section>\n
    74. Dehmamy, N., Walters, R., Liu, Y., Wang, D. & Yu, R. Automatic symmetry discovery with lie algebra convolutional network. Adv. Neural Inf. Process. Syst.34, 2503\u20132515 (2021).<\/span><\/section>\n
     <\/span><\/section>\n
    75. Nigam, A. et al. Assigning confidence to molecular property prediction. Expert Opin. Drug Discov.16, 1009\u20131023 (2021).<\/span><\/section>\n
     <\/span><\/section>\n
    76. Davies, A. et al. Advancing mathematics by guiding human intuition with AI. Nature 600, 70\u201374 (2021).<\/span><\/section>\n
     <\/span><\/section>\n
    77. Douglas, M. R. Machine learning as a tool in theoretical science. Nat. Rev. Phys.4, 145\u2013146 (2022).<\/span><\/section>\n
     <\/span><\/section>\n
    78. King, R. D. et al. The automation of science. Science324, 85\u201389 (2009).<\/span><\/section>\n
     <\/span><\/section>\n
    79. B\u00e9dard, A.-C. et al. Reconfigurable system for automated optimization of diverse chemical reactions. Science361, 1220\u20131225 (2018).<\/span><\/section>\n
     <\/span><\/section>\n
    80. Steiner, S. et al. Organic synthesis in a modular robotic system driven by a chemical programming language. Science363, eaav2211 (2019).<\/span><\/section>\n
     <\/span><\/section>\n
    81. Coley, C. W. A robotic platform for flow synthesis of organic compounds informed by AI planning. Science365, eaax1566 (2019).<\/span><\/section>\n
     <\/span><\/section>\n
    82. Burger, B. et al. A mobile robotic chemist. Nature583, 237\u2013241 (2020).<\/span><\/section>\n
     <\/span><\/section>\n
    83. Chatterjee, S., Guidi, M., Seeberger, P. H. & Gilmore, K. Automated radial synthesis of organic molecules. Nature579, 379\u2013384 (2020).<\/span><\/section>\n
     <\/span><\/section>\n
    84. Grizou,  J., Points, L. J., Sharma, A. & Cronin, L. A curious formulation  robot enables the discovery of a novel protocell behavior. Sci. Adv.6, eaay4237 (2020).<\/span><\/section>\n
     <\/span><\/section>\n
    85. Moon, H. et al. Machine learning enables completely automatic tuning of a quantum device faster than human experts. Nat. Commun.11, 4161 (2020).<\/span><\/section>\n
     <\/span><\/section>\n
    86. Dalgaard,  M., Motzoi, F., S\u00f8rensen, J. J. & Sherson, J. Global optimization  of quantum dynamics with AlphaZero deep exploration. NPJ Quantum Inf.6, 6 (2020).<\/span><\/section>\n
     <\/span><\/section>\n
    87. Larsen,  P. & Von Ins, M. The rate of growth in scientific publication and  the decline in coverage provided by Science Citation Index. Scientometrics84, 575\u2013603 (2010).<\/span><\/section>\n
     <\/span><\/section>\n
    88. Reisz, N. et al. Loss of sustainability in scientific work. New J. Phys.24, 053041 (2022).<\/span><\/section>\n
     <\/span><\/section>\n
    89. Evans, J. A. & Foster, J. G. Metaknowledge. Science331, 721\u2013725 (2011).<\/span><\/section>\n
     <\/span><\/section>\n
    90. Clauset, A., Larremore, D. B. & Sinatra, R. Data-driven predictions in the science of science. Science355, 477\u2013480 (2017).<\/span><\/section>\n
     <\/span><\/section>\n
    91. Fortunato, S. et al. Science of science. Science359, eaao0185 (2018).<\/span><\/section>\n
     <\/span><\/section>\n
    92. Wang, D. & Barab\u00e1si, A.-L. The Science of Science (Cambridge Univ. Press, 2021).<\/span><\/section>\n
     <\/span><\/section>\n
    93. Tshitoyan, V. et al. Unsupervised word embeddings capture latent knowledge from materials science literature. Nature571, 95\u201398 (2019).<\/span><\/section>\n
     <\/span><\/section>\n
    94. Olivetti, E. A. et al. Data-driven materials research enabled by natural language processing and information extraction. Appl. Phys. Rev.7, 041317 (2020).<\/span><\/section>\n
     <\/span><\/section>\n
    95. Schwalbe-Koda,  D., Jensen, Z., Olivetti, E. & G\u00f3mez-Bombarelli, R. Graph  similarity drives zeolite diffusionless transformations and intergrowth.  Nat. Mater.18, 1177\u20131181 (2019).<\/span><\/section>\n
     <\/span><\/section>\n
    96. Rzhetsky, A., Foster, J. G., Foster, I. T. & Evans, J. A. Choosing experiments to accelerate collective discovery. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA112, 14569\u201314574 (2015).<\/span><\/section>\n
     <\/span><\/section>\n
    97. Krenn,  M. & Zeilinger, A. Predicting research trends with semantic and  neural networks with an application in quantum physics. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA117, 1910\u20131916 (2020).<\/span><\/section>\n
     <\/span><\/section>\n
    98. Devlin,  J., Chang, M.-W., Lee, K. & Toutanova, K. Bert: Pre-training of  deep bidirectional transformers for language understanding. Preprint at arXiv 1810.04805 (2018).<\/span><\/section>\n
     <\/span><\/section>\n
    99. Brown, T. B. et al. Language models are few-shot learners. Preprint at arXiv 2005.14165 (2020).<\/span><\/section>\n
     <\/span><\/section>\n
    100. Hamilton, W. L., Ying, R. & Leskovec, J. in Proc. 31st International Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems (NIPS 2017), 1025\u20131035 (2017).<\/span><\/section>\n
     <\/span><\/section>\n
    101. Montavon, G., Samek, W. & M\u00fcller, K.-R. Methods for interpreting and understanding deep neural networks. Digit. Signal Process.73, 1\u201315 (2018).<\/span><\/section>\n
     <\/span><\/section>\n
    102. Roscher, R., Bohn, B., Duarte, M. F. & Garcke, J. Explainable machine learning for scientific insights and discoveries. IEEE Access8, 42200\u201342216 (2020).<\/span><\/section>\n
     <\/span><\/section>\n
    103. Lundberg, S. M. et al. From local explanations to global understanding with explainable AI for trees. Nat. Mach. Intell.2, 56\u201367 (2020).<\/span><\/section>\n
     <\/span><\/section>\n
    104. Mahendran, A. & Vedaldi, A. in Proc. IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, 5188\u20135196 (2015).<\/span><\/section>\n
     <\/span><\/section>\n
    105. Mordvintsev, A., Olah, C. & Tyka, M. Inceptionism: going deeper into neural networks. https:\/\/ai.googleblog.com\/2015\/06\/inceptionism-going-deeper-into-neural.html (2015).<\/span><\/section>\n
     <\/span><\/section>\n
    106. Shen,  C., Krenn, M., Eppel, S. & Aspuru-Guzik, A. Deep molecular  dreaming: Inverse machine learning for de-novo molecular design and  interpretability with surjective representations. Mach. Learn. Sci. Technol.2, 03LT02 (2021).<\/span><\/section>\n
     <\/span><\/section>\n
    107. Burgess, C. P. et al. Understanding disentangling in \u03b2-VAE. Preprint at arXiv 1804.03599 (2018).<\/span><\/section>\n
     <\/span><\/section>\n
    108. Wetzel,  S. J. & Scherzer, M. Machine learning of explicit order parameters:  From the Ising model to SU (2) lattice gauge theory. Phys. Rev. B96, 184410 (2017).<\/span><\/section>\n
     <\/span><\/section>\n
    109. Wetzel,  S. J., Melko, R. G., Scott, J., Panju, M. & Ganesh, V. Discovering  symmetry invariants and conserved quantities by interpreting siamese  neural networks. Phys. Rev. Res.2, 033499 (2020).<\/span><\/section>\n
     <\/span><\/section>\n
    110. Friederich,  P., Krenn, M., Tamblyn, I. & Aspuru-Guzik, A. Scientific intuition  inspired by machine learning-generated hypotheses. Mach. Learn. Sci. Technol.2, 025027 (2021).<\/span><\/section>\n
     <\/span><\/section>\n
    111. Flam-Shepherd,  D. et al. Learning interpretable representations of entanglement in  quantum optics experiments using deep generative models. Nat. Mach. Intell.4, 544\u2013554 (2022).<\/span><\/section>\n
     <\/span><\/section>\n
    112. Wellawatte, G. P., Seshadri, A. & White, A. D. Model agnostic generation of counterfactual explanations for molecules. Chem. Sci.13, 3697\u20133705 (2022).<\/span><\/section>\n
     <\/span><\/section>\n
    113. McGrath, T. et al. Acquisition of chess knowledge in AlphaZero. Preprint at arXiv 2111.09259 (2021).<\/span><\/section>\n
     <\/span><\/section>\n
    114. Schmidt, M. & Lipson, H. Distilling free-form natural laws from experimental data. Science324, 81\u201385 (2009).<\/span><\/section>\n
     <\/span><\/section>\n
    115. Gentile, A. A. et al. Learning models of quantum systems from experiments. Nat. Phys.17, 837\u2013843 (2021).<\/span><\/section>\n
     <\/span><\/section>\n
    116. Cranmer, M. et al. Discovering symbolic models from deep learning with inductive biases. In 34th Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems (NeurIPS 2020) (NeurIPS, 2020).<\/span><\/section>\n
     <\/span><\/section>\n
    117. Georgescu, I. How machines could teach physicists new scientific concepts. Nat. Rev. Phys.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s42254-022-00497-5 (2022).<\/span><\/section>\n
     <\/span><\/section>\n
    118. Cranmer, K., Brehmer, J. & Louppe, G. The frontier of simulation-based inference. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA117, 30055\u201330062 (2020).<\/span><\/section>\n
     <\/span><\/section>\n
    119. Raayoni, G. et al. Generating conjectures on fundamental constants with the Ramanujan Machine. Nature590, 67\u201373 (2021).<\/span><\/section>\n
     <\/span><\/section>\n
    120. Wagner, A. Z. Constructions in combinatorics via neural networks. Preprint at arXiv 2104.14516 (2021).<\/span><\/section>\n
     <\/span><\/section>\n
    121. Rahwan, I. et al. Machine behaviour. Nature568, 477\u2013486 (2019).<\/span><\/section>\n
     <\/span><\/section>\n
    122. Schmidhuber, J. in Workshop on Anticipatory Behavior in Adaptive Learning Systems, 48\u201376 (Springer, 2008).<\/span><\/section>\n
     <\/span><\/section>\n
    123. Pathak, D., Agrawal, P., Efros, A. A. & Darrell, T. in Proc. 34th International Conference on Machine Learning, 2778\u20132787 (PMLR, 2017).<\/span><\/section>\n
     <\/span><\/section>\n
    124. Thiede,  L. A., Krenn, M., Nigam, A. & Aspuru-Guzik, A. Curiosity in  exploring chemical spaces: intrinsic rewards for molecular reinforcement  learning. Mach. Learn. Sci. Technol.3, 035008 (2022).<\/span><\/section>\n
     <\/span><\/section>\n
    125. Varshney, L. R., Rajani, N. F. & Socher, R. Explaining creative artifacts. Preprint at arXiv 2010.07126 (2020).<\/span><\/section>\n
     <\/span><\/section>\n
    126. Varshney, L. R. et al. A big data approach to computational creativity: The curious case of Chef Watson. IBM J. Res. Dev.63, 7:1\u20137:18 (2019).<\/span><\/section>\n
     <\/span><\/section>\n
    127. Itti, L. & Baldi, P. Bayesian surprise attracts human attention. Vision Res.49, 1295\u20131306 (2009).<\/span><\/section>\n
     <\/span><\/section>\n
    128. Schmid, U., Zeller, C., Besold, T., Tamaddoni-Nezhad, A. & Muggleton, S. in Proc. International Conference on Inductive Logic Programming, 52\u201367 (Springer, 2016).<\/span><\/section>\n
     <\/span><\/section>\n
    129. Muggleton,  S. H., Schmid, U., Zeller, C., Tamaddoni-Nezhad, A. & Besold, T.  Ultra-strong machine learning: comprehensibility of programs learned  with ILP. Mach. Learn.107, 1119\u20131140 (2018).<\/span><\/section>\n
     <\/span><\/section>\n
    130. Feigenbaum, E. A. Some challenges and grand challenges for computational intelligence. J. ACM50, 32\u201340 (2003).<\/span><\/section>\n
     <\/span><\/section>\n
    131. de Regt, H. W. & Gijsbers, V. in Explaining Understanding: New Perspectives from Epistemology and Philosophy of Science (eds Grimm, S. R., Baumberger, C. & Ammon, S.) 50\u201375 (2017).<\/span><\/section>\n


    <\/span><\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n

    \n
    \n

    \uff08\u53c2\u8003\u6587\u732e\u53ef\u4e0a\u4e0b\u6ed1\u52a8<\/strong>\u67e5\u770b\uff09<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n


    <\/span><\/section>\n

    <\/section>\n
    \n
    \n
    \n
    \n

    \u590d\u6742\u79d1\u5b66\u6700\u65b0\u8bba\u6587<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n

    \n


    <\/p>\n<\/section>\n

    \u96c6\u667a\u6591\u56fe\u9876\u520a\u8bba\u6587\u901f\u9012\u680f\u76ee\u4e0a\u7ebf\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u6301\u7eed\u6536\u5f55\u6765\u81eaNature\u3001Science<\/span>\u7b49\u9876\u520a\u7684\u6700\u65b0\u8bba\u6587\uff0c\u8ffd\u8e2a\u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf\u3001\u7f51\u7edc\u79d1\u5b66\u3001\u8ba1\u7b97\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u7b49\u9886\u57df\u7684\u524d\u6cbf\u8fdb\u5c55\u3002\u73b0\u5728\u6b63\u5f0f\u63a8\u51fa\u8ba2\u9605\u529f\u80fd\uff0c\u6bcf\u5468\u901a\u8fc7\u5fae\u4fe1\u670d\u52a1\u53f7\u300c\u6211\u7684\u96c6\u667a\u300d\u63a8\u9001\u8bba\u6587\u4fe1\u606f\u3002\u626b\u63cf\u4e0b\u65b9\u4e8c\u7ef4\u7801\u5373\u53ef\u4e00\u952e\u8ba2\u9605\uff1a<\/span>
    <\/section>\n


    <\/p>\n

    <\/p>\n


    <\/section>\n
    \n


    <\/p>\n<\/section>\n

    \n

    \u63a8\u8350\u9605\u8bfb<\/span><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n