{"id":39089,"date":"2022-12-12T21:00:04","date_gmt":"2022-12-12T13:00:04","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/swarma.org\/?p=39089"},"modified":"2022-12-12T21:00:04","modified_gmt":"2022-12-12T13:00:04","slug":"%e5%89%96%e6%9e%90%e9%9b%86%e4%bd%93%e8%a1%8c%e4%b8%ba%e4%b8%ad%e7%9a%84%e9%a2%86%e5%af%bc%e5%8a%9b%ef%bc%9a%e6%95%b0%e5%ad%a6%e6%a1%86%e6%9e%b6%e4%b8%8e%e6%8e%a8%e6%96%ad%e6%a8%a1%e5%9e%8b","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/swarma.org\/?p=39089","title":{"rendered":"\u5256\u6790\u96c6\u4f53\u884c\u4e3a\u4e2d\u7684\u9886\u5bfc\u529b\uff1a\u6570\u5b66\u6846\u67b6\u4e0e\u63a8\u65ad\u6a21\u578b"},"content":{"rendered":"
\n
\n
\n
\n

<\/p>\n<\/section>\n

\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n

<\/section>\n<\/section>\n
\n
\n

\u5bfc\u8bed<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n

\n

<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n
\n
\n
\n

\u52a8\u7269\u96c6\u4f53\u8fd0\u52a8\u4e2d\u6d8c\u73b0\u7684\u96c6\u4f53\u667a\u80fd\u73b0\u8c61\uff0c\u5728\u4e0d\u540c\u7269\u79cd\u4e2d\u666e\u904d\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u662f\u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf\u79d1\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u8bfe\u9898\u3002\u4ece\u96c6\u4f53\u884c\u4e3a\u4e2d\u63a8\u65ad\u533a\u5206\u7fa4\u4f53\u4e2d\u7684\u9886\u5bfc\u8005\u548c\u8ffd\u968f\u8005\uff0c\u8fdb\u800c\u7406\u89e3\u96c6\u4f53\u884c\u4e3a\u4e2d\u9886\u5bfc-\u8ffd\u968f\u6a21\u5f0f\u7684\u5f62\u6210\u548c\u53d1\u5c55\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u7406\u89e3\u4eba\u7c7b\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u590d\u6742\u96c6\u4f53\u884c\u4e3a\u3001\u4f18\u5316\u96c6\u7fa4\u673a\u5668\u4eba\u884c\u4e3a\u903b\u8f91\u3001\u8bbe\u8ba1\u5927\u89c4\u6a21\u5206\u5e03\u5f0f\u4eba\u673a\u4e92\u52a8\u51b3\u7b56\u7684\u7b97\u6cd5\uff0c\u5177\u6709\u542f\u53d1\u610f\u4e49\u3002\u6765\u81ea\u5723\u5854\u83f2\u7814\u7a76\u6240\u3001\u534e\u76db\u987f\u5927\u5b66\u3001\u514b\u62c9\u514b\u68ee\u5927\u5b66\u7684\u5408\u4f5c\u56e2\u961f\uff0c\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u6570\u5b66\u5206\u6790\u6846\u67b6\uff0c\u4ece\u591a\u7ef4\u5ea6\u3001\u591a\u7c7b\u578b\u3001\u5e7f\u8c31\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u5256\u6790\u4e86\u96c6\u4f53\u884c\u4e3a\u4e2d\u7684\u9886\u5bfc\u529b\uff08leadership\uff09\u3002<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n

\n


<\/p>\n<\/section>\n

\n

\u5173\u952e\u8bcd\uff1a\u96c6\u4f53\u8fd0\u52a8\uff0c\u96c6\u4f53\u667a\u80fd\uff0c\u6d8c\u73b0<\/strong><\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n

\n
\n
\n
<\/svg><\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n
\n
<\/strong><\/section>\n<\/section>\n
\n

Joshua Garland, Andrew M. Berdahl, Jie Sun, Erik M. Bollt<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/strong> <\/span>| \u4f5c\u8005<\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u5218\u57f9\u6e90\u3001\u5218\u5fd7\u822a<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/strong> <\/span>| \u8bd1\u8005<\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u9093\u4e00\u96ea<\/span> <\/span>| <\/strong><\/span>\u7f16\u8f91<\/strong><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n<\/section>\n

 <\/span><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\n
\n
\n

\u8bba\u6587\u9898\u76ee\uff1a<\/span><\/p>\n

Anatomy of leadership in collective behaviour<\/span><\/p>\n

\u8bba\u6587\u94fe\u63a5\uff1a<\/span><\/section>\n
https:\/\/aip.scitation.org\/doi\/full\/10.1063\/1.5024395<\/span><\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/blockquote>\n


<\/p>\n

\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\u76ee\u5f55<\/strong><\/section>\n

<\/section>\n
\n

\u6458\u8981<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

1. \u6982\u8ff0<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

2. \u4e00\u822c\u6570\u5b66\u6846\u67b6<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

3. \u9886\u5bfc\u529b\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u7ec4\u6210\u90e8\u5206<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

4. \u9a8c\u8bc1\u9886\u5bfc\u529b\u63a8\u65ad\u65b9\u6cd5\u7684\u6a21\u578b\u6c99\u76d2<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

5. \u540e\u8bb0<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n

<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/span><\/section>\n

\n
\n
\n
\n
\n

<\/section>\n

<\/section>\n
\n
<\/svg><\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n
\n

\u6458\u8981<\/span><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n

\n

<\/section>\n

<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/h3>\n
 <\/span><\/section>\n
\u4e86\u89e3\u52a8\u7269\u7fa4\u4f53\u534f\u8c03\u8fd0\u52a8<\/span>\uff08\u96c6\u4f53\u8fd0\u52a8\uff09<\/span>\u80cc\u540e\u7684\u673a\u5236\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e3a\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u548c\u751f\u6001\u5b66\u63d0\u4f9b\u5173\u952e\u7684\u89c1\u89e3\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e3a\u751f\u7269\u542f\u53d1\u7684\u6280\u672f\u548c\u81ea\u4e3b\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u521b\u65b0\u63d0\u4f9b\u7b97\u6cd5\u3002\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u6e05\u695a\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u8bb8\u591a\u79fb\u52a8\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u7fa4\u4f53\u7531\u5f02\u8d28\u7684\u4e2a\u4f53\u7ec4\u6210\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4e2a\u4f53\u5bf9\u7fa4\u4f53\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u7a0b\u5ea6\u548c\u7c7b\u578b\u5404\u4e0d\u76f8\u540c\u3002\u63a8\u65ad\u8fd9\u79cd\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u6216\u9886\u5bfc\u529b\u7684\u80fd\u529b\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u7406\u89e3\u8fd9\u4e9b\u96c6\u4f53\u52a8\u7269\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u7684\u7fa4\u4f53\u529f\u80fd\u81f3\u5173\u91cd\u8981\u3002\u8bb8\u591a\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u5ea6\u91cf\u548c\u6570\u5b66\u5de5\u5177\u88ab\u7528\u6765\u63cf\u8ff0\u548c\u63a8\u7406\u201c\u9886\u5bfc\u529b\u201d\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u804c\u4f4d\u3001\u56e0\u679c\u5173\u7cfb\u3001\u5f71\u54cd\u529b\u548c\u4fe1\u606f\u6d41\u3002\u4f46\u4e00\u4e2a\u5173\u952e\u95ee\u9898\u4ecd\u7136\u5b58\u5728\uff1a\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6982\u5ff5\u4e2d\uff0c\u54ea\u4e00\u4e2a<\/span>\uff08\u5982\u679c\u6709\u7684\u8bdd\uff09<\/span>\u771f\u6b63\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e86\u9886\u5bfc\u529b\uff1f\u6211\u4eec\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u4e0e\u5176\u65ad\u8a00\u4e00\u4e2a\u5355\u4e00\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\u6216\u9886\u5bfc\u529b\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u56e2\u4f53\u5178\u578b\u7684\u590d\u6742\u4e92\u52a8\u89c4\u5219\u548c\u52a8\u529b\u5b66\u610f\u5473\u7740\u9886\u5bfc\u529b\u672c\u8eab\u4e0d\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e8c\u5143\u5206\u7c7b<\/span>\uff08\u9886\u5bfc\u8005\u6216\u8ffd\u968f\u8005\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u8bb8\u591a\u4e0d\u540c\u6210\u5206\u7684\u590d\u6742\u7ec4\u5408\u3002\u5728\u672c\u6587\u4e2d\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5bf9\u9886\u5bfc\u529b\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u89e3\u5256\uff0c\u786e\u5b9a\u4e86\u51e0\u4e2a\u4e3b\u8981\u7ec4\u6210\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u5e76\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u8ba8\u8bba\u9886\u5bfc\u529b\u7684\u4e00\u822c\u6570\u5b66\u6846\u67b6\u3002\u8003\u8651\u5230\u8fd9\u4e00\u5206\u7c7b\u6cd5\u7684\u590d\u6742\u6027\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u4e00\u5957\u9762\u5411\u9886\u5bfc\u529b\u7684\u73a9\u5177\u6a21\u578b\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6a21\u578b\u5e94\u8be5\u88ab\u7528\u4f5c\u672a\u6765\u9886\u5bfc\u529b\u63a8\u7406\u65b9\u6cd5\u7684\u8bd5\u9a8c\u573a\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u76f8\u4fe1\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u591a\u5c42\u9762\u7684\u9886\u5bfc\u529b\u5206\u6790\u65b9\u6cd5\u5c06\u4f7f\u6211\u4eec\u80fd\u591f\u66f4\u5e7f\u6cdb\u5730\u7406\u89e3\u9886\u5bfc\u529b\uff0c\u5e76\u4ece\u52a8\u7269\u7fa4\u4f53\u53ca\u5176\u4ed6\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u6570\u636e\u4e2d\u63a8\u65ad\u9886\u5bfc\u529b\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/section>\n
\u5f53\u89c2\u5bdf\u52a8\u7269\u7fa4\u4f53\u7684\u96c6\u4f53\u8fd0\u52a8\u65f6<\/span>\uff08\u5982\u9c7c\u7fa4\u3001\u725b\u7fa4\u6216\u7f8a\u7fa4\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u76f4\u63a5\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u662f\uff0c\u9886\u5bfc\u7ed3\u6784\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\uff1f\u8c01<\/span>\uff08\u5982\u679c\u6709\u7684\u8bdd\uff09<\/span>\u5728\u8d1f\u8d23\uff0c\u8c01\u5728\u8ddf\u968f\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u7ed3\u6784\u662f\u4fdd\u6301\u4e0d\u53d8\u8fd8\u662f\u968f\u65f6\u95f4\u53d8\u5316\uff1f\u6700\u8fd1\u5728\u56fe\u50cf\u5904\u7406\u548c\u52a8\u7269\u5b89\u88c5\u7684\u4f20\u611f\u5668\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u6280\u672f\u8fdb\u6b65\uff0c\u4f7f\u5f97\u8bb0\u5f55\u7fa4\u4f53\u4e2d\u5355\u4e2a\u52a8\u7269\u7684\u540c\u65f6\u8fd0\u52a8\u8f68\u8ff9\u6210\u4e3a\u53ef\u80fd\u3002\u5982\u6b64\u4e30\u5bcc\u7684\u6570\u636e\uff0c\u4f7f\u5f97\u76ee\u524d\u662f\u5728\u7406\u89e3\u52a8\u7269\u7fa4\u4f53\u8fd0\u52a8\u7684\u9886\u5bfc\u7ed3\u6784\u65b9\u9762\u53d6\u5f97\u8fdb\u5c55\u7684\u5927\u597d\u65f6\u673a\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u6570\u636e\u7684\u53ef\u7528\u6027\u548c\u7406\u89e3\u96c6\u4f53\u8fd0\u52a8\u4e2d\u7684\u9886\u5bfc\u529b\u81f3\u5173\u91cd\u8981\uff0c\u4f46\u4ee4\u4eba\u60ca\u8bb6\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u5f88\u5c11\u6709\u660e\u786e\u7684\u6570\u5b66\u63cf\u8ff0\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u6ca1\u6709\u4e00\u81f4\u4e14\u660e\u786e\u5b9a\u4e49\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u6765\u89e3\u51b3\u8fd9\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u5728\u6b64\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u89e3\u51b3\u8fd9\u4e00\u7f3a\u9677\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b65\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u6784\u5efa\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u6846\u67b6\uff0c\u7528\u4e8e\u8ba8\u8bba\u548c\u63a8\u7406\u96c6\u4f53\u8fd0\u52a8\u4e2d\u7684\u9886\u5bfc\u529b\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u56de\u987e\u4e86\u9886\u5bfc\u529b\u7684\u5404\u79cd\u6765\u6e90\u548c\u7279\u5f81\uff0c\u4e3a\u63cf\u8ff0\u5404\u79cd\u52a8\u7269\u793e\u4f1a\u4e2d\u9886\u5bfc\u529b\u7684\u591a\u9762\u6027\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u4e00\u79cd\u5256\u6790\u548c\u8bed\u8a00\u3002\u7136\u540e\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u4e00\u5957\u4ee5\u9886\u5bfc\u529b\u4e3a\u91cd\u70b9\u7684\u73a9\u5177\u6a21\u578b\uff0c\u5728\u88ab\u5e94\u7528\u4e8e<\/span>\uff08\u7ecf\u9a8c\uff09<\/span>\u6570\u636e\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6a21\u578b\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4efb\u4f55\u5efa\u8bae\u7684\u9886\u5bfc\u529b\u63a8\u65ad\u65b9\u6cd5\u7684\u8bd5\u9a8c\u573a\u3002\u603b\u4e4b\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e3a\u6709\u539f\u5219\u5730\u63a2\u7d22\u4e00\u4e2a\u957f\u671f\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u5960\u5b9a\u4e86\u57fa\u7840\uff1a\u96c6\u4f53\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u63a7\u5236\u6743\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u5206\u914d\u7684\uff1f\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u4e0d\u4ec5\u6709\u52a9\u4e8e\u7fa4\u5c45\u7269\u79cd\u7684\u751f\u6001\u5b66\u548c\u4fdd\u62a4\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u4e5f\u6709\u52a9\u4e8e\u8bbe\u8ba1\u65b0\u5174\u5206\u5e03\u5f0f\u6280\u672f\u7684\u63a7\u5236\u7b56\u7565\u548c\u7b97\u6cd5\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/section>\n

<\/section>\n

\n
\n
\n
\n
\n

<\/section>\n

<\/section>\n
\n
<\/svg><\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n
\n

1. \u6982\u8ff0<\/span><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n

\n

<\/section>\n

<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/h3>\n
 <\/span><\/section>\n
\u79fb\u52a8\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u7fa4\u4f53<\/span>\uff08\u5982\u7f8a\u7fa4\u3001\u725b\u7fa4\u3001\u9c7c\u7fa4\u3001\u8702\u7fa4\uff09<\/span>\u5728\u81ea\u7136\u754c\u4e2d\u65e0\u5904\u4e0d\u5728\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u96c6\u4f53\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e2a\u4f53\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\u53ef\u80fd\u4e0e\u4e2a\u4f53\u672c\u8eab\u7684\u7279\u5f81\u4e00\u6837\u91cd\u8981[1]\u3002\u6d1e\u5bdf\u8fd9\u4e9b\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\u53ca\u5176\u5bf9\u7fa4\u4f53\u52a8\u529b\u5b66\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u6211\u4eec\u7406\u89e3\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u751f\u6001\u5b66[2]\u4ee5\u53ca\u4e00\u822c\u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u8bbe\u8ba1\u548c\u63a7\u5236\u539f\u5219[3]\u90fd\u5177\u6709\u6839\u672c\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/section>\n
\u7814\u7a76\u52a8\u7269\u96c6\u4f53\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u5173\u952e\u6311\u6218\u662f\u4e86\u89e3\u751f\u7269\u7fa4\u4f53\u5982\u4f55\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u6574\u4f53\u4f5c\u51fa\u51b3\u5b9a[4]\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5173\u4e8e\u53bb\u54ea\u91cc[5]\u6216\u4f55\u65f6[6\u30017]\u3002\u7fa4\u4f53\u51b3\u7b56\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4ece\u4e13\u5236\u5230\u5171\u4eab\u6743\u529b[8]\u4e0d\u7b49\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u5728\u5171\u4eab\u6743\u529b\u6216\u5206\u5e03\u5f0f\u51b3\u7b56\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ef\u80fd\u5b58\u5728\u4e2a\u4f53\u95f4\u7684\u5dee\u5f02<\/span>\uff08\u5982\u6027\u522b\u3001\u7b49\u7ea7\u3001\u4e2a\u6027\u3001\u5927\u5c0f\u3001\u8425\u517b\u72b6\u6001\u3001\u4fe1\u606f\u72b6\u6001\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u4ea7\u751f\u4e0d\u5bf9\u79f0\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u6a21\u578b\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u5f02\u8d28\u6027\u5bf9\u7fa4\u4f53\u5c42\u9762\u7684\u52a8\u529b\u5b66\u6709\u6f5c\u5728\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027[9,10]\uff0c\u867d\u7136\u7814\u7a76\u4eba\u5458\u7ecf\u5e38\u5c1d\u8bd5\u4ece\u7ecf\u9a8c\u6570\u636e\u4e2d\u63a8\u65ad\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u529b\u548c\u9886\u5bfc\u529b\uff0c\u4f46\u8fd9\u4e00\u76f4\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u516c\u5f00\u7684\u6311\u6218\u3002\u6b63\u5982\u6211\u4eec\u5728\u672c\u6587\u4e2d\u8be6\u7ec6\u9610\u8ff0\u7684\u90a3\u6837\uff0c\u5e94\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e00\u6311\u6218\u7684\u5173\u952e\u4e00\u6b65\u5728\u4e8e\u8ba4\u8bc6\u5230\u9886\u5bfc\u529b\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u4e0d\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u3001\u5355\u7ef4\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u3002\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u4e0d\u540c\u7c7b\u578b\u548c\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u9886\u5bfc\u529b\u5e38\u5e38\u5e76\u5b58\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u5728\u540c\u4e00\u4e2a\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u4e5f\u662f\u5982\u6b64\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u5bf9\u9886\u5bfc\u529b\u8fdb\u884c\u201c\u6b63\u786e\u201d\u63a8\u65ad\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u524d\u63d0\u6b65\u9aa4\u662f\u6f84\u6e05\u6240\u5bfb\u6c42\u7684\u9886\u5bfc\u529b\u7684<\/span>\uff08\u7c7b\u578b\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u6ca1\u6709\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\uff0c\u4efb\u4f55\u63a8\u65ad\u7684\u9886\u5bfc\u529b\u90fd\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u4e0d\u5408\u9002\u7684\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/section>\n
\u533a\u5206\u9886\u5bfc\u529b\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\u548c\u63a8\u65ad\u7684\u5fc5\u8981\u6027\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u6838\u5fc3\u7684\u7a81\u51fa\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u90e8\u5206\u539f\u56e0\u662f\u6280\u672f\u8fdb\u6b65\u7684\u52a0\u901f\u4f7f\u5f97\u5927\u6570\u636e\u7684\u6536\u96c6\u6210\u4e3a\u53ef\u80fd\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u6536\u96c6\u4e00\u4e2a\u79fb\u52a8\u52a8\u7269\u7fa4\u4f53\u6240\u6709\u6210\u5458\u7684\u540c\u65f6\u8f68\u8ff9\u7684\u65b0\u6280\u672f[11]\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u8ba1\u7b97\u80fd\u529b\u7684\u63d0\u9ad8\uff0c\u4f7f\u4e0d\u4e45\u7684\u5c06\u6765\u6210\u4e3a\u8fce\u63a5\u8fd9\u4e00\u6311\u6218\u7684\u5bcc\u6709\u6210\u6548\u7684\u65f6\u673a\u3002\u4ec5\u4ec5\u62e5\u6709\u5927\u91cf\u7684\u73b0\u5b9e\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u6570\u636e\u8fd8\u4e0d\u8db3\u4ee5\u89e3\u51b3\u6709\u5173\u9886\u5bfc\u529b\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4ecd\u7136\u9700\u8981\u6982\u5ff5\u4e0a\u7684\u8fdb\u6b65\u3002\u6b63\u5982\u6700\u8fd1Strandburg-Peshkin\u7b49\u4eba\u6240\u56de\u987e\u7684\u90a3\u6837[12]\uff0c\u5927\u591a\u6570\u63a8\u65ad\u9886\u5bfc\u529b\u7684\u52aa\u529b\u90fd\u4f7f\u7528\u4e86\u7fa4\u4f53\u4e2d\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e[13-16]<\/span>\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5047\u8bbe\u9886\u5bfc\u5728\u524d\u9762\uff09<\/span>\u3001\u9886\u5bfc\u8005-\u8ffd\u968f\u8005\u7684\u52a8\u6001\u5173\u7cfb[17,18]\u6216\u65f6\u95f4\u5ef6\u8fdf\u7684\u65b9\u5411\u6027\u5173\u8054[24-26]\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u672c\u6587\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u6838\u5fc3\u89c2\u70b9\u662f\uff0c\u4efb\u4f55\u9886\u5bfc\u529b\u7684\u6d4b\u91cf\u90fd\u9700\u8981\u4ece\u6f84\u6e05\u6211\u4eec\u6240\u8ffd\u6c42\u7684\u7279\u5b9a\u7c7b\u578b\u6216\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u9886\u5bfc\u5f00\u59cb\u3002\u5982\u679c\u6ca1\u6709\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u6f84\u6e05\uff0c\u5e94\u7528\u4efb\u4f55\u63a8\u65ad\u65b9\u6cd5\u5f97\u51fa\u7684\u9886\u5bfc\u529b\u90fd\u53ef\u80fd\u88ab\u8bef\u89e3\uff0c\u4e5f\u8bb8\u66f4\u4e25\u91cd\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u4f1a\u5bfc\u81f4\u5bf9\u52a8\u7269\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u4e92\u52a8\u673a\u5236\u4ea7\u751f\u6839\u672c\u6027\u7684\u9519\u8bef\u7ed3\u8bba\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/section>\n
\u4e3a\u4e86\u8bf4\u660e\u9886\u5bfc\u529b\u7684\u8bb8\u591a\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u533a\u5206\u5176\u5b9a\u4e49\u548c\u6d4b\u91cf\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u8003\u8651\u8fc1\u5f99\u9a6f\u9e7f\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u3002\u5e74\u957f\u7684\u3001\u66f4\u6709\u7ecf\u9a8c\u7684\u4e2a\u4f53\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u8fc1\u79fb\u7684\u8005[27]\uff1b\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u6000\u5b55\u6216\u54fa\u4e73\u671f\u7684\u96cc\u6027\u9a6f\u9e7f\u53ef\u80fd\u6709\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u8425\u517b\u9700\u6c42[28] \uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u5f15\u5bfc\u6cbf\u7740\u8be5\u8def\u5f84\u5411\u6709\u66f4\u597d\u89c5\u98df\u673a\u4f1a\u7684\u6816\u606f\u5730\u8fc1\u79fb[29]\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u8c01\u5728\u5f15\u5bfc\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u6240\u8003\u8651\u7684\u8fd0\u52a8\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u548c\u8ddd\u79bb\u5c3a\u5ea6\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e00\u4e9b\u79cd\u7fa4\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u79cb\u5b63\u8fc1\u5f99\u4e0e\u53d1\u60c5\u671f\u76f8\u543b\u5408\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u4ea4\u914d\u884c\u4e3a\u63a8\u52a8\u4e86\u793e\u4f1a\u4e92\u52a8\uff1a\u4e00\u53ea\u5360\u4f18\u52bf\u7684\u96c4\u6027\u53ef\u80fd\u8bd5\u56fe\u9a71\u8d76\u96cc\u6027\u6216\u8d76\u8d70\u5176\u4ed6\u96c4\u6027\u3002\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u96c4\u6027\u80af\u5b9a\u662f\u6709\u5f71\u54cd\u529b\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u4e5f\u8bb8\u4e0d\u5e94\u8be5\u603b\u662f\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u9886\u5bfc\u8005\uff0c\u81f3\u5c11\u5728\u8fc1\u5f99\u7684\u80cc\u666f\u4e0b\u662f\u8fd9\u6837\u3002\u6700\u540e\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u662f\u5426\u662f\u9886\u5bfc\u8005\u53ef\u80fd\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u8c01<\/span>\uff08\u6216\u54ea\u4e2a\u7fa4\u4f53\uff09<\/span>\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u6f5c\u5728\u7684\u8ffd\u968f\u8005\u3002\u4e00\u4e2a\u6b63\u5728\u54fa\u4e73<\/span>\uff08\u56e0\u6b64\u4e0d\u80fd\u751f\u80b2\uff09<\/span>\u7684\u96cc\u6027\u52a8\u7269\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u88ab\u597d\u8272\u7684\u96c4\u6027\u52a8\u7269\u5ffd\u89c6\uff0c\u4f46\u4f1a\u88ab\u5979\u7684\u5c0f\u9e7f\u7d27\u7d27\u8ddf\u968f[30]\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u5f71\u54cd\/\u9886\u5bfc\u5730\u4f4d\u6709\u8bb8\u591a\u5c3a\u5ea6\u548c\u7c7b\u578b\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5e94\u8be5\u4ee5\u4e00\u4e2a\u660e\u786e\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u5f00\u59cb\u8fd9\u79cd\u63a2\u7d22\uff0c\u5e76\u4ed4\u7ec6\u9009\u62e9\u4e0e\u4e4b\u76f8\u5339\u914d\u7684\u5206\u6790\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/section>\n
\u672c\u6587\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u76ee\u6807\u662f\u5f00\u53d1\u4e00\u79cd\u6b63\u5f0f\u7684\u8bed\u8a00\u548c\u591a\u5c42\u6b21\u7684\u6846\u67b6\uff0c\u7528\u4e8e\u5b9a\u4e49\u548c<\/span>\uff08\u6f5c\u5728\u7684\uff09<\/span>\u63a8\u65ad\u9886\u5bfc\u529b\u7684\u8bb8\u591a\u65b9\u9762\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u65e8\u5728\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e00\u5957\u9762\u5411\u9886\u5bfc\u529b\u7684\u73a9\u5177\u6a21\u578b\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u9886\u5bfc\u529b\u63a8\u65ad\u65b9\u6cd5\u7684\u8bd5\u9a8c\u573a\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u4e3a\u7814\u7a76\u4eba\u5458\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u4e00\u79cd\u5b9e\u7528\u7684\u8bed\u8a00\u548c\u4e00\u5957\u5de5\u5177\uff0c\u5e0c\u671b\u80fd\u591f\u5c06\u6709\u5173\u9886\u5bfc\u529b\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u4e0e\u9002\u5f53\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u76f8\u5339\u914d\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u907f\u514d\u6f5c\u5728\u7684\u9677\u9631\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u5e0c\u671b\u6570\u5b66\u7684\u4e25\u8c28\u6027\u3001\u751f\u7269\u7684\u76f4\u89c9\u4ee5\u53ca\u4e00\u4e9b\u771f\u5b9e\u7684\u548c\u5408\u6210\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\u7684\u7ed3\u5408\u5c06\u4f7f\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u6846\u67b6\u5bf9\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u5bb6\u548c\u5e94\u7528\u6570\u5b66\u5bb6\u6765\u8bf4\u90fd\u662f\u5bb9\u6613\u7406\u89e3\u548c\u611f\u5174\u8da3\u7684\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/section>\n

<\/section>\n

\n
\n
\n
\n
\n

<\/section>\n

<\/section>\n
\n
<\/svg><\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n
\n

2. \u4e00\u822c\u6570\u5b66\u6846\u67b6<\/span><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n

\n

<\/section>\n

<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/h3>\n
 <\/span><\/section>\n
\u4e3a\u4e86\u6355\u6349\u5404\u79cd\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u9886\u5bfc\u529b\uff0c\u8003\u8651\u4e2a\u4f53\u7684\u52a8\u529b\u5b66<\/span>\uff08\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e4b\u95f4\u901a\u8fc7\u7f51\u7edc\u8fdb\u884c\u6f5c\u5728\u7684\u4e92\u52a8\uff09<\/span>\u4ee5\u53ca\u7531\u4e2a\u4f53\u51b3\u5b9a\u7684\u7fa4\u4f53\u7684\u52a8\u529b\u5b66\uff0c\u7531\u666e\u901a\u5fae\u5206\u65b9\u7a0b<\/span>\uff08ODEs\uff09<\/span>\u7684\u4e00\u822c\u5f62\u5f0f\u5efa\u6a21\uff1a<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/section>\n
<\/section>\n

<\/section>\n
\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4e00\u822c\u7684\u6a21\u578b\u7c7b\u522b\u4e2d\uff0c<\/span>\u4ee3\u8868\u7b2c<\/span>i\u4e2a\u4e2a\u4f53\u5728\u65f6\u95f4<\/span>\u7684\u72b6\u6001\u3002<\/span>\u662f\u7f16\u7801\u4ea4\u4e92\u7ed3\u6784\u7684\u7f51\u7edc\u7684<\/span>\uff08\u4e0e\u65f6\u95f4\u76f8\u5173\u7684\uff09<\/span>\u90bb\u63a5\u77e9\u9635<\/span>\uff08\u4e5f\u79f0\u4e3a\u793e\u4f1a\u6027\u77e9\u9635\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u5982\u679c<\/span>j\u6709\u53ef\u80fd<\/span>\uff08\u76f4\u63a5\uff09<\/span>\u5f71\u54cd<\/span>i\u7684\u72b6\u6001\uff0c\u5219<\/span>\u3002\u6b64\u5916, <\/span>\u8868\u793a\u4e0e<\/span>i\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u53c2\u6570<\/span>\uff08\u5411\u91cf\uff09<\/span>\uff0c<\/span>\u662f\u566a\u58f0\u3002\u8fd9\u91cc\u7684\u53c2\u6570\u53ef\u4ee5\u662f\u63cf\u8ff0\u7fa4\u4f53\u4e2d\u4e2a\u4f53\u5f02\u8d28\u6027\u7684\u4efb\u4f55\u4e1c\u897f\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5728Viscek\u6a21\u578b\u4e2d[31]\uff0c\u53c2\u6570<\/span>\u53ef\u4ee5\u8868\u793a\u4e2a\u4f53\u7684\u504f\u597d\u65b9\u5411\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u6765\u8868\u793a\u4e2a\u4f53\u4e4b\u95f4\u53ef\u80fd\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u901f\u5ea6\u5dee\u5f02\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u901a\u8fc7\u7ed9\u6bcf\u4e2a\u4e2a\u4f53\u5173\u8054\u4e00\u4e2a\u53c2\u6570\u5411\u91cf\u6765\u8868\u793a\u4e24\u8005\u3002\u51fd\u6570<\/span>f\u6a21\u62df\u6bcf\u4e2a\u4e2a\u4f53\u7684\u52a8\u529b\u5b66\u5982\u4f55\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u4ed6\u4eec\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u72b6\u6001\u548c\u53c2\u6570\u3001\u7f51\u7edc\u4e2d\u5176\u4ed6\u4e2a\u4f53\u7684\u72b6\u6001\u4ee5\u53ca\u566a\u58f0\u3002\u6700\u540e\uff0c\u7fa4\u4f53\u7684\u72b6\u6001<\/span>\u662f\u7531\u4e2a\u4f53\u7684\u72b6\u6001\u901a\u8fc7\u51fd\u6570<\/span>h\u51b3\u5b9a\u7684\uff1b\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u53d6<\/span>\u5c06\u7fa4\u4f53\u72b6\u6001\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e3a\u4e2a\u4f53\u72b6\u6001\u7684\u5e73\u5747\u503c\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/span><\/section>\n
\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e92\u8865\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u662f\u5c06\u4e2a\u4f53\u548c\u7fa4\u4f53\u7684\u52a8\u529b\u5b66\u5efa\u6a21 \/ \u8868\u793a\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u591a\u53d8\u91cf\u7684\u968f\u673a\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff0c\u91cd\u70b9\u662f\u9759\u6b62\u53d8\u91cf<\/span>\u548c<\/span>\u3002\u4ece\u8fd9\u4e2a\u89d2\u5ea6\u6765\u770b\uff0c\u7fa4\u4f53\u53d8\u91cf\u548c\u53d8\u91cf\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u88ab\u7f16\u7801\u4e3a\u6761\u4ef6\u5206\u5e03\u51fd\u6570 \uff1a<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/section>\n
<\/section>\n

<\/section>\n
\u5176\u4e2d<\/span>\u8868\u793a\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u5386\u53f2\uff0c\u8003\u8651\u5230<\/span>\u7684\u65f6\u6ede\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/section>\n
\u6211\u4eec\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u52a8\u529b\u5b66\u7cfb\u7edf[\u5982\u516c\u5f0f\uff081\uff09\u6240\u5b9a\u4e49\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf]\u548c\u968f\u673a\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e4b\u95f4\u6709\u5bc6\u5207\u7684\u8054\u7cfb\uff0c\u4e00\u822c\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u4e00\u4e2a\u57fa\u672c\u7684<\/span>\uff08\u904d\u5386\u5f0f\uff09<\/span>\u5ea6\u91cf[32]\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u4e0e\u53d8\u91cf\u72b6\u6001\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\u4e00\u822c\u4e0e\u521d\u59cb\u6761\u4ef6\u7684\u5206\u5e03\u548c\u566a\u58f0\u6709\u5173\uff0c\u6b64\u5916\u8fd8\u6709\u8026\u5408\u7684\u52a8\u529b\u5b66\u3002\u5bf9\u4e8e\u4e00\u4e2a\u786e\u5b9a\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u968f\u673a\u6027\u5b8c\u5168\u6765\u81ea\u4e8e\u9009\u62e9\u548c\u786e\u5b9a\u521d\u59cb\u6761\u4ef6\u7684<\/span>\uff08\u5b9e\u9a8c\uff09<\/span>\u4e0d\u5b8c\u5584\uff0c\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\u7684\u6f14\u53d8\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u968f\u673a\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u71b5\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u751a\u81f3\u4e0e\u5176\u4ed6\u786e\u5b9a\u7684\u52a8\u529b\u5b66\u7cfb\u7edf\u81ea\u7136\u5730\u8054\u7cfb\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\uff0c\u516c\u5f0f\uff081\uff09\u662f\u4ee5\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u968f\u673a\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e3a\u57fa\u7840\u7684\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/section>\n
\u4ece\u52a8\u6001\u7684\u968f\u673a\u8868\u793a\uff082\uff09\u4e2d\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u5404\u79cd\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u6761\u4ef6\u4e92\u4fe1\u606f<\/span>\uff08CMI\uff09<\/span>\u6765\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e2a\u4f53<\/span>\uff08\u89c2\u5bdf\u5230\u7684\uff09<\/span>\u5bf9\u7fa4\u4f53\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c<\/span>\uff08\u65e0\u6761\u4ef6\u7684\uff09<\/span>\u4e92\u4fe1\u606f<\/span>\uff08MI\uff09<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/section>\n
<\/section>\n

<\/section>\n
\u8861\u91cf\u76f4\u63a5\u548c\u95f4\u63a5\u56e0\u7d20<\/span>i\u5bf9\u8be5\u7fa4\u4f53\u7684\u660e\u663e\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u5728\u5254\u9664\u95f4\u63a5\u56e0\u7d20\u540e\uff0c<\/span>i\u5bf9\u7fa4\u4f53\u7684\u201c\u51c0\u201d\u5f71\u54cd\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u6761\u4ef6\u4e92\u4fe1\u606f\uff08CMI\uff09\u6765\u8861\u91cf<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/span><\/section>\n
<\/section>\n

<\/section>\n
\u5176\u4e2d<\/span>\u3002\u6b63\u5982James\u7b49\u4eba\u6700\u8fd1\u5efa\u8bae\u7684\u90a3\u6837[33]\uff0c\u516c\u5f0f\uff084\uff09\u53ef\u80fd\u65e0\u6cd5\u5b8c\u5168\u53cd\u6620\u5f71\u54cd\uff1b\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5728\u4ee5\u8fd9\u79cd\u65b9\u5f0f\u91cf\u5316\u51c0\u5f71\u54cd\u65f6\uff0c\u5e94\u8be5\u6ce8\u610f\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/section>\n
\u6ce8\u610f\u516c\u5f0f\uff081\uff09\u672c\u8eab\u5e76\u4e0d\u80fd\u552f\u4e00\u5730\u786e\u5b9a\u516c\u5f0f\uff082\uff09\u4e2d\u7684\u5206\u5e03\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u7cfb\u7edf\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u56e0\u521d\u59cb\u6761\u4ef6\u3001\u53c2\u6570\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u56e0\u7d20\u800c\u51fa\u73b0\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u72b6\u6001 \/ \u8f68\u8ff9\uff1b\u5982\u679c\u6211\u4eec\u60f3\u8ba8\u8bba\u552f\u4e00\u6027\u7684\u8bdd\uff0c\u904d\u5386\u6027\u548c\u56fa\u5b9a\u53c2\u6570\u662f\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u5047\u8bbe\u3002\u65b9\u7a0b\uff081\uff09\u53ef\u4ee5\u89e3\u91ca\u4e3a\u5bf9\u4e2a\u4f53\u4e4b\u95f4\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\u8fdb\u884c\u5efa\u6a21\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u8fd9\u4e9b\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\u5728\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u73af\u5883\u4e2d\u53ef\u80fd\u5b9e\u73b0\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ef\u80fd\u4e0d\u5b9e\u73b0\uff0c\u8fd9\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u7cfb\u7edf\u8fd0\u884c\u7684\u72b6\u6001\uff1b\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u65b9\u7a0b\uff082\uff09\u4e2d\u7684\u504f\u5fae\u5206\u65b9\u7a0b\u7f16\u7801\u4e86\u7fa4\u4f53\u53d8\u91cf\u548c\u4e2a\u4f53\u53d8\u91cf\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684<\/span>\uff08\u5185\u5728\uff09<\/span>\u4f9d\u8d56\u6027\uff0c\u4e0d\u4e00\u5b9a\u4e0e\u65b9\u7a0b\uff081\uff09\u4e2d\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\u4fe1\u606f\u76f8\u5339\u914d\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u8fd9\u79cd\u4f9d\u8d56\u6027\u6765\u81ea\u65b9\u7a0b\uff081\uff09\u7684\u52a8\u529b\u5b66\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/section>\n
\u63a5\u4e0b\u6765\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5bf9\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u5185\u5728\u72b6\u6001\u4e0e\u89c2\u5bdf\u5230\u7684\u72b6\u6001\u8fdb\u884c\u533a\u5206\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5728\u5bf9\u4efb\u4f55\u8fc7\u7a0b\u8fdb\u884c\u6570\u5b66\u89e3\u91ca\u65f6\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u7fa4\u4f53\u7684\u9886\u5bfc\u4f5c\u7528\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u5173\u952e\u7684\u65b9\u9762\u662f\u5bf9\u89c2\u5bdf\u7269\u7684\u6d4b\u91cf\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u4ece\u57fa\u672c\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u6765\u770b\u3002\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u9886\u5bfc\u529b\u548c\u4fe1\u606f\u6d41\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u6781\u5927\u5730\u63a9\u76d6\uff0c\u8fd9\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u76f8\u5bf9\u4e8e\u57fa\u7840\u7cfb\u7edf<\/span>\uff08\u5185\u5728\u53d8\u91cf\uff09<\/span>\u7684\u89c2\u5bdf\u7269<\/span>\uff08\u5916\u5728\u53d8\u91cf\uff09<\/span>\u7684\u7ec6\u8282\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u7528<\/span>\u6765\u8868\u793a\u5173\u4e8e<\/span>\u7684\u89c2\u5bdf\u72b6\u6001\uff0c\u540c\u6837\u5730\uff0c<\/span>\u8868\u793a\u5173\u4e8e<\/span>\u7684\u89c2\u5bdf\u72b6\u6001\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u6709\u9650\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u7a97\u53e3\u4e0a\u8868\u793a\u89c2\u5bdf\u7ed3\u679c\uff0c\u4ea7\u751f\u89c2\u5bdf\u6570\u636e\uff1a<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/section>\n
<\/section>\n

<\/section>\n
\u5bf9\u9886\u5bfc\u529b\u7684\u6b63\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\u548c\u89e3\u91ca\u9700\u8981<\/span>\uff08\u4e3b\u89c2<\/span>\uff09\u786e\u5b9a\u4e00\u4e2a\u53c2\u8003\u6846\u67b6\uff0c\u5373\u9009\u62e9<\/span>\uff08\u53ef\u89c2\u5bdf\u7684\uff09<\/span>\u53d8\u91cf\u3001\u7fa4\u4f53\u4ee5\u53ca\u65f6\u95f4\u548c\u7a7a\u95f4\u5c3a\u5ea6\u3002\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u5b9a\u4e49\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u4e2a\u6846\u67b6\u81f3\u5c11\u9700\u8981\u5305\u62ec\u505a\u51fa\u4ee5\u4e0b\u4e09\u4e2a\u9009\u62e9\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/section>\n
1.  \u53d8\u91cf<\/span>\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u4f4d\u7f6e\u3001\u901f\u5ea6\u3001\u52a0\u901f\u5ea6\u3001\u8fd0\u52a8\u65b9\u5411\uff0c\u6216\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u7ec4\u5408\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u6839\u636e\u5bf9\u53d8\u91cf\u7684\u9009\u62e9\uff0c\u4e0d\u540c\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u9886\u5bfc\u529b\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u5b9a\u4e49\u548c<\/span>\uff08\u6f5c\u5728\u7684\uff09<\/span>\u8bc6\u522b\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/section>\n
2. \u65f6\u95f4\u5206\u8fa8\u7387\u548c\u65f6\u95f4\u6ede\u540e\u3002\u6240\u5173\u6ce8\u7684\u884c\u52a8\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u5206\u8fa8\u7387\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48<\/span>\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u79d2\uff0c\u5929\uff0c\u6216\u5e74\uff09<\/span>\uff1f\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u8fd8\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u65f6\u95f4\u6ede\u540e\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u4e00\u4e2a\u884c\u52a8\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5728\u591a\u8fdc\u7684\u5c06\u6765\u4f1a\u6709\u6f5c\u5728\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\uff1f\u5982\u679c\u65f6\u95f4\u6ede\u540e\u5927\u4e8e\u5bf9\u4e2a\u4eba\u884c\u52a8\u7684\u5178\u578b\u53cd\u5e94\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u5c3a\u5ea6\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u6bcf\u4e2a\u4eba\u770b\u8d77\u6765\u90fd\u4f1a\u5bf9\u5176\u4ed6\u4eba\u4ea7\u751f\u7c7b\u4f3c\u7684\u968f\u673a\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u592a\u5c0f\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u6ede\u540e\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u59a8\u788d\u68c0\u6d4b\u7fa4\u4f53\u5bf9\u4e2a\u4eba\u884c\u52a8\u7684<\/span>\uff08\u5ef6\u65f6\uff09<\/span>\u52a8\u6001\u53cd\u5e94\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/section>\n
3. \u7fa4\u4f53\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\u548c\u5b83\u6240\u4ee3\u8868\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u7fa4\u4f53\u53ef\u4ee5\u5305\u542b\u4e00\u4e2a\u7a7a\u95f4\u9886\u57df\u5185\u7684\u6240\u6709\u4e2a\u4f53\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u662f\u57fa\u4e8e\u5e74\u9f84\u3001\u6027\u522b\u7b49\u7684\u67d0\u4e00\u7c7b\u4e2a\u4f53\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/section>\n

<\/section>\n

\n
\n
\n
\n
\n

<\/section>\n

<\/section>\n
\n
<\/svg><\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n
\n

3. \u9886\u5bfc\u529b\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u7ec4\u6210\u90e8\u5206<\/span><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n

\n

<\/section>\n

<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/h3>\n
 <\/span><\/section>\n
\u4ece\u5e7f\u4e49\u4e0a\u8bb2\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5c06\u9886\u5bfc\u529b\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e3a\u5177\u6709\u4e0d\u5bf9\u79f0\u6f5c\u529b\u7684\u4e2a\u4eba\uff0c\u4ee5\u5f71\u54cd\u7fa4\u4f53\u4e2d\u4e3b\u4f53\u7684\u8f68\u8ff9\u3002\u6b63\u5982\u6211\u4eec\u5728\u4e0b\u6587\u4e2d\u6240\u63a2\u8ba8\u7684\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u4e0d\u5bf9\u79f0\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u7684\u6765\u6e90\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u7531\u4e8e\u7fa4\u4f53\u7ed3\u6784\u3001\u4e2a\u4eba\u4fe1\u606f\u6216\u8005\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u793e\u4f1a\u4e92\u52a8\u89c4\u5219\u6240\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u7531\u6b64\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u9886\u5bfc\u529b\u7684\u5206\u5e03\u548c\u65f6\u95f4\u53ca\u8ddd\u79bb\u5c3a\u5ea6\u53ef\u80fd\u6709\u5f88\u5927\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u3002\u5728\u672c\u8282\u4e2d\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u6784\u5efa\u4e86\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u5206\u7c7b\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5c06\u5176\u79f0\u4e3a\u9886\u5bfc\u529b\u7684\u7ec4\u6210\u90e8\u5206\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u5c06\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7ec4\u6210\u90e8\u5206\u5212\u5206\u4e3a\u9886\u5bfc\u529b\u7684\u6765\u6e90\u548c\u7279\u5f81\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/section>\n
\n
\n
\n

A. \u9886\u5bfc\u529b\u7684\u6765\u6e90<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n


<\/span><\/section>\n
1. \u7ed3\u6784\u6027\u578b\u9886\u5bfc\u529b<\/span><\/strong><\/section>\n

<\/section>\n
\u7ed3\u6784\u6027\u9886\u5bfc\u529b<\/span>\uff08Structural leadership\uff09<\/span>\u5305\u62ec\u5e7f\u6cdb\u7684\u9886\u5bfc\u529b\u7c7b\u578b\uff0c\u5b83\u4ece\u6839\u672c\u4e0a\u4f9d\u8d56\u4e8e\u52a8\u7269\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u7ed3\u6784\u53ef\u4ee5\u662f\u660e\u786e\u7684\u7edf\u6cbb\u7b49\u7ea7\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u662f\u7531\u4e8e\u534a\u6c38\u4e45\u6027\u7279\u5f81<\/span>\uff08\u5982\u5e74\u9f84\u3001\u6027\u522b\u3001\u751f\u6b96\u72b6\u51b5\uff09<\/span>\u9020\u6210\u7684\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u5f71\u54cd\u800c\u66f4\u52a0\u5fae\u5999\u3002\u6839\u636e\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u5206\u7c7b\u7fa4\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u4e0d\u5bf9\u79f0\u7684\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\u7684\u9a71\u52a8\u673a\u5236\u662f\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\uff0c\u63a8\u5bfc\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u673a\u5236\u4e0d\u662f\u672c\u6587\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u3002\u4e3a\u7b80\u5355\u8d77\u89c1\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5047\u8bbe\u6240\u6709\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4e30\u5bcc\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u7ed3\u6784\u90fd\u5df2\u9884\u5148\u7f16\u7801\u5728\u516c\u5f0f\uff081\uff09\u5b9a\u4e49\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u6027\u77e9\u9635\u4e2d\u3002\u5177\u4f53\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u5f53\u4e14\u4ec5\u5f53<\/span>j\u6709\u80fd\u529b\u9886\u5bfc<\/span>i\u65f6<\/span>\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u201c\u9886\u5bfc\u80fd\u529b\u201d\u7531\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u6765\u5b9a\u4e49\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/section>\n
\u4e3a\u4e86\u6b63\u5f0f\u786e\u5b9a\u9886\u5bfc\u529b\u7684\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7ec4\u6210\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u8ba9<\/span>\u662f\u4e0e\u793e\u4f1a\u6027\u77e9\u9635<\/span>S\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u6709\u5411\u56fe\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u5982\u679c<\/span>\uff0c\u5219\u5b58\u5728\u4e00\u6761\u4ece<\/span>j\u5230<\/span>i\u7684\u8fb9\u3002\u5bf9\u4e8e\u6bcf\u4e2a\u8282\u70b9<\/span>\uff0c\u5c06\u8282\u70b9<\/span>\u7684\u53ef\u8fbe\u6027\u96c6\u5408\u8868\u793a\u4e3a<\/span>\u3002\u7279\u522b\u662f\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u5728<\/span>\u4e2d\u5b58\u5728\u4e00\u6761\u4ece<\/span>\u5230<\/span>k\u7684\u6709\u5411\u8def\u5f84\uff0c\u5219\u8282\u70b9<\/span>k\u5c31\u662f<\/span>\u7684\u6210\u5458\u3002\u5982\u679c<\/span>\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48<\/span>\u5c31\u88ab\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e3a\u5177\u6709\u7ed3\u6784\u9886\u5bfc\u80fd\u529b\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u5c06\u5177\u6709\u975e\u96f6\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\u6027\u9886\u5bfc\u80fd\u529b<\/span>\uff08\u5728\u793e\u4f1a\u6027\u77e9\u9635\u4e0a\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u975e\u7a7a\u7684\u53ef\u8fbe\u6027\u96c6\u5408\uff09<\/span>\u7684\u4e2a\u4f53\u96c6\u5408\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e3a<\/span>L\u3002\u5f53\u7136\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e2a\u4f53\u4f5c\u4e3a\u7ed3\u6784\u6027\u9886\u5bfc\u7684\u7a0b\u5ea6\u5b58\u5728\u4e8e\u4e00\u4e2a\u8fde\u7eed\u4f53\u4e0a\u3002\u91cf\u5316\u8fd9\u79cd\u9886\u5bfc\u529b\u7684\u5f3a\u5ea6\u662f\u4e00\u9879\u9ad8\u5ea6\u975e\u7410\u788e\u7684\u3001\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u7279\u5b9a\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u4efb\u52a1<\/span>\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u53c2\u8003\u6587\u732e[34-36]\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u9996\u5148\uff0c\u5728\u793e\u4f1a\u6027\u77e9\u9635\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e0b\u6e38\u4e2a\u4f53\u591a\u800c\u4e0a\u6e38\u4e2a\u4f53\u5c11\u7684\u4e2a\u4f53\u5c06\u503e\u5411\u4e8e\u53d1\u6325\u66f4\u5f3a\u7684\u9886\u5bfc\u4f5c\u7528\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u81f3\u5c11\u6709\u6f5c\u529b\u8fd9\u6837\u505a\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/section>\n
\u5728\u4ecb\u7ecd\u4e2d\u7684\u9a6f\u9e7f\u4f8b\u5b50\u4e2d\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u80fd\u671f\u671b\u5728\u53d1\u60c5\u671f\u53d1\u73b0\u96c4\u6027\u4e4b\u95f4\u5f3a\u70c8\u7684\u7b49\u7ea7\u5173\u7cfb\u3002\u968f\u7740\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7b49\u7ea7\u5173\u7cfb\u5728\u793e\u4f1a\u6027\u77e9\u9635\u4e2d\u7684\u7f16\u7801\uff0c\u5360\u4f18\u52bf\u7684\u96c4\u6027\u5c06\u88ab\u6807\u8bb0\u4e3a\u5f3a\u5927\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\u6027\u9886\u5bfc\uff0c\u800c\u8f83\u5f31\u7684\u96c4\u6027\u5c06\u662f\u5404\u79cd\u53ef\u8fbe\u6027\u96c6\u5408\u7684\u6210\u5458\u3002\u5728\u540c\u6837\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\u4e2d\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u54fa\u4e73\u671f\u7684\u540e\u4ee3\u7d27\u7d27\u8ddf\u968f\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u6bcd\u9e7f\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u6bcd\u9e7f\u5c31\u4f1a\u8868\u73b0\u51fa\u5bf9\u5176\u5c0f\u9e7f\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\u6027\u9886\u5bfc\u3002\u6700\u540e\uff0c\u8bf7\u6ce8\u610f\uff0c\u867d\u7136\u6bcd\u9e7f\u662f\u5c0f\u9e7f\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\u6027\u9886\u5bfc\uff0c\u4f46\u5979\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u53d7\u5230\u4f18\u52bf\u96c4\u6027\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\uff1b\u4f7f\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6bcd\u9e7f\u540c\u65f6\u6210\u4e3a\u7ed3\u6784\u6027\u9886\u5bfc\u548c\u8ffd\u968f\u8005\uff0c\u4f7f\u96c4\u6027\u6210\u4e3a\u5c0f\u9e7f\u7684\u95f4\u63a5\u7ed3\u6784\u6027\u9886\u5bfc\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u201c\u9886\u5bfc\u8005\u4e0e\u8ffd\u968f\u8005\u201d\u7684\u4e8c\u5143\u5206\u7c7b\u4e00\u822c\u662f\u4e0d\u5408\u9002\u7684\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/section>\n
\u4e3a\u4e86\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u8bf4\u660e\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\uff0c\u8bf7\u8003\u8651\u56fe1\u4e2dNagy\u7b49\u4eba[19]\u6240\u63cf\u8ff0\u7684\u9e3d\u7fa4\u4e2d\u7b49\u7ea7\u52a8\u6001\u7684\u5178\u578b\u4f8b\u5b50\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4f8b\u5b50\u4e2d\uff0c\u5047\u8bbe\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7ecf\u9a8c\u6d4b\u91cf\u7684\u7f51\u7edc\u662f\u7ed3\u6784\u6027\u9886\u5bfc\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\uff0c\u8282\u70b9<\/span>C\u548c<\/span>J\u6ca1\u6709\u7ed3\u6784\u9886\u5bfc\u80fd\u529b\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u53ef\u8fbe\u6027\u96c6\u662f\u7a7a\u7684\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u6240\u6709\u5176\u4ed6\u8282\u70b9\u90fd\u6709\u80fd\u529b\u9886\u5bfc\u81f3\u5c11\u4e00\u4e2a\u5176\u4ed6\u4e2a\u4f53\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u90fd\u6709\u4e00\u5b9a\u7a0b\u5ea6\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\u9886\u5bfc\u80fd\u529b\u3002\u8bf7\u6ce8\u610f\uff0c\u9664\u4e86\u8282\u70b9<\/span>A\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u5269\u4e0b\u7684\u6bcf\u4e2a\u4eba\u90fd\u65e2\u9886\u5bfc\u53c8\u8ddf\u968f\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u6709\u975e\u7a7a\u7684\u53ef\u8fbe\u6027\u96c6\u5408\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u5176\u4ed6\u4e2a\u4f53\u7684\u53ef\u8fbe\u6027\u96c6\u5408\u7684\u6210\u5458\u3002\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\u9886\u5bfc\u80fd\u529b\u7684\u5f3a\u5f31\u5c06\u5927\u81f4\u53cd\u6620\u5b83\u4eec\u5728\u56fe1\u4e2d\u7684\u5782\u76f4\u4f4d\u7f6e\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/span><\/section>\n
<\/section>\n

\u56fe1. \u9e3d\u7fa4\u4e2d\u7684\u7b49\u7ea7\u9886\u5bfc\u3002\u6839\u636eNagy\u7b49\u4eba\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\uff0c\u5b9a\u5411\u8fb9\u4ece\u6709\u5f71\u54cd\u529b\u7684\u4e2a\u4f53\u6307\u5411\u4ed6\u4eec\u6240\u5f71\u54cd\u7684\u4e2a\u4f53[19 ]\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u503e\u5411\u4e8e\u9886\u5bfc \uff0c\u800c\u6ca1\u6709\u9886\u5bfc\u4efb\u4f55\u4eba\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/section>\n
\u7ed3\u6784\u6027\u9886\u5bfc\u529b\u53ea\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u52a8\u7269\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u6210\u5458\u6309\u7167\u793e\u4f1a\u89c4\u5219\u7684\u8981\u6c42\u9886\u5bfc\u8be5\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u6210\u5458\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u3002\u4ece\u8fd9\u4e2a\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u8bf4\uff0c\u7ed3\u6784\u6027\u9886\u5bfc\u529b\u5e94\u8be5\u66f4\u591a\u5730\u88ab\u770b\u4f5c\u662f\u6d41\u52a8\u52a8\u7269\u7fa4\u4f53\u5185\u53d1\u751f\u9886\u5bfc\u529b\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u5fc5\u8981\u6761\u4ef6\uff0c\u4f46\u4e0d\u662f\u5145\u5206\u6761\u4ef6\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5728\u73b0\u5b9e\u4e2d\uff0c\u9886\u5bfc\u529b\u7684\u8fd9\u4e00\u7ec4\u6210\u90e8\u5206\u662f\u76f8\u5f53\u91cd\u8981\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u7f16\u7801\u4e86\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u4e00\u5bf9\u4e2a\u4f53\u4e4b\u95f4\u4e92\u52a8\u7684\u6f5c\u5728\u5f02\u8d28\u6027\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u7fa4\u4f53\u4e2d\u66f4\u666e\u904d\u7684\u7b49\u7ea7\u5236\u5ea6\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/section>\n
2. \u77e5\u60c5\u578b\u9886\u5bfc\u529b<\/span><\/strong><\/section>\n

<\/span><\/section>\n
\u5f53\u7fa4\u4f53\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b50\u96c6\u83b7\u5f97\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u5e76\u6709\u52a8\u673a\u6839\u636e\u8be5\u4fe1\u606f\u91c7\u53d6\u884c\u52a8\u65f6\uff0c\u5c31\u4f1a\u4ea7\u751f\u77e5\u60c5\u578b\u9886\u5bfc\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u7fa4\u4f53\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b50\u96c6\u611f\u89c9\u5230\u4e86\u67d0\u79cd\u8d44\u6e90[37,38]\uff0c\u6216\u62e5\u6709\u5173\u4e8e\u8fc1\u79fb\u8def\u7ebf\u7684\u4fe1\u606f[5,39]\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u9886\u5bfc\u529b\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u533f\u540d\u7684[9]\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ef\u80fd\u8868\u660e\u4ed6\u4eec\u62e5\u6709\u4fe1\u606f\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u6539\u53d8\u901f\u5ea6[40]\u6216\u53d1\u51fa\u4fe1\u53f7[41]\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/section>\n
\u5728\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u8fc1\u5f99\u9a6f\u9e7f\u7684\u6848\u4f8b\u4e2d\uff0c\u9886\u5bfc\u5927\u89c4\u6a21\u8fc1\u5f99\u8fd0\u52a8\u7684\u6709\u7ecf\u9a8c\u7684\u4e2a\u4f53\u548c\u5bf9\u5f53\u5730\u98df\u7269\u548c\u6355\u98df\u7ebf\u7d22\u505a\u51fa\u53cd\u5e94\u7684\u4e2a\u4f53\uff0c\u90fd\u662f\u77e5\u60c5\u578b\u9886\u5bfc\u7684\u8865\u5145\u4f8b\u5b50\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/section>\n
\u77e5\u60c5\u578b\u9886\u5bfc\u529b\u901a\u5e38\u4ea7\u751f\u4e8e\u4e00\u4e9b\u6f5c\u5728\u7684\u610f\u56fe\u6216\u52a8\u673a\uff0c\u5982\u9965\u997f\u6216\u6050\u60e7\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u8fd9\u4e2a\u539f\u56e0\uff0c\u867d\u7136\u77e5\u60c5\u9886\u5bfc\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u5728\u76f4\u89c9\u4e0a\u662f\u5408\u7406\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u4ece\u6570\u5b66\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u6765\u770b\uff0c\u5b83\u65e2\u96be\u4ee5\u5b9a\u4e49\uff0c\u4e5f\u8bb8\u4e5f\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u5728\u6ca1\u6709\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u989d\u5916\u77e5\u8bc6\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u51c6\u786e\u63a8\u65ad\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/section>\n
3. \u76ee\u6807\u9a71\u52a8\u578b\u9886\u5bfc\u529b<\/span><\/strong><\/section>\n

<\/span><\/section>\n
\u76ee\u6807\u9a71\u52a8\u578b\u9886\u5bfc\u529b\u662f\u77e5\u60c5\u578b\u9886\u5bfc\u529b\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u7279\u5b9a\u5b50\u96c6\u3002\u76ee\u6807\u9a71\u52a8\u578b\u9886\u5bfc\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u77e5\u60c5\u7684\u9886\u5bfc<\/span>\uff08\u201c\u901a\u8fc7\u76ee\u6807\u77e5\u60c5\u201d\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u5b83\u4f7f\u7528\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u6709\u610f\u7684\u63a7\u5236\u8f93\u5165\uff0c\u5982\u547c\u53eb\u548c\u660e\u786e\u7684\u52a8\u4f5c\uff0c\u6765\u5f15\u5bfc\u7fa4\u4f53\u8d70\u5411\u4e00\u4e2a\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u76ee\u6807\u72b6\u6001\u6216\u4e00\u7ec4\u76ee\u6807\u72b6\u6001\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5e76\u975e\u6240\u6709\u7684\u77e5\u60c5\u9886\u5bfc\u90fd\u662f\u76ee\u6807\u9a71\u52a8\u7684\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5f53\u4e00\u7fa4\u52a8\u7269\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e2a\u4f53\u68c0\u6d4b\u5230\u6355\u98df\u8005\u65f6\uff0c\u8be5\u4e2a\u4f53\u4f1a\u53d8\u5f97\u201c\u77e5\u60c5\u201d\u5e76\u8bd5\u56fe\u79bb\u5f00\uff0c\u800c\u8fd9\u79cd\u7a81\u7136\u7684\u8fd0\u52a8\u53d8\u5316\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u5bfc\u81f4\u7fa4\u4f53\u4e2d\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u6210\u5458\u8ddf\u968f\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u53cd\u5e94\u7684\u4e2a\u4f53\u8868\u73b0\u51fa\u77e5\u60c5\u578b\u9886\u5bfc\u529b\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83\u552f\u4e00\u7684\u201c\u76ee\u6807\u201d<\/span>\uff08\u5982\u679c\u6709\u7684\u8bdd\uff09<\/span>\u662f\u8fdc\u79bb\u6355\u98df\u8005\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u8bd5\u56fe\u5e26\u9886\u6574\u4e2a\u7fa4\u4f53\u8fdc\u79bb\u6355\u98df\u8005\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/section>\n
\u66f4\u51c6\u786e\u5730\u8bf4\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u628a\u76ee\u6807\u9a71\u52a8\u578b\u9886\u5bfc\u8005\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e0d\u4ec5\u5f71\u54cd\u7fa4\u4f53\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u6709\u610f\u63a7\u5236\u7fa4\u4f53\u8d70\u5411\u67d0\u79cd\u76ee\u6807\u72b6\u6001\u7684\u4e2a\u4f53\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u79fb\u9664\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u4e2a\u4f53\u5e94\u8be5\u5bfc\u81f4\u7fa4\u4f53\u4e0d\u671d\u7740\u76ee\u6807\u72b6\u6001\u524d\u8fdb\u3002\u5728\u6570\u5b66\u4e0a\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e2a\u90e8\u5206\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\u5982\u4e0b\u3002\u9274\u4e8e<\/span>\u662f\u4e00\u7ec4\u76ee\u6807\u72b6\u6001\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\uff0c\u5982\u679c<\/span>i\u5bf9\u7fa4\u4f53\u7684\u51c0\u5f71\u54cd[\u89c1\u516c\u5f0f\uff084\uff09]\u975e\u96f6\uff0c\u5219\u4e2a\u4f53<\/span>i\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u76ee\u6807\u9a71\u52a8\u7684\u9886\u5bfc\u8005\uff08\u5c31<\/span>\u800c\u8a00\uff09\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/section>\n
<\/section>\n

<\/section>\n
\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u4e2a\u4eba\u76f4\u63a5\u5f71\u54cd\u6574\u4e2a\u56e2\u4f53\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u5f71\u54cd\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u662f\u56e2\u4f53\u671d\u7740\u76ee\u6807\u72b6\u6001\u524d\u8fdb\u3002\u76ee\u6807\u9a71\u52a8\u578b\u9886\u5bfc\u8005\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u4f8b\u5b50\u662f\u7267\u7f8a\u72ac\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u72d7\u8dd1\u5728\u4e00\u7fa4\u7f8a\u7684\u540e\u9762\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u6709\u610f\u7684\u4fe1\u53f7\uff0c\u5982\u5420\u53eb\u3001\u773c\u795e\u63a5\u89e6\u548c\u8eab\u4f53\u59ff\u52bf\uff0c\u72d7\u6545\u610f\u63a7\u5236\u7f8a\u7fa4\u8d70\u5411\u4e00\u4e2a\u7ed9\u5b9a\u7684\u76ee\u6807\u72b6\u6001\uff0c\u5982\u8c37\u4ed3\u6216\u7530\u91ce\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/section>\n
4. \u6d8c\u73b0\u578b\u9886\u5bfc\u529b<\/span><\/strong><\/section>\n

<\/span><\/section>\n
\u5728\u6ca1\u6709\u793e\u4f1a\u7ed3\u6784\u6216\u5dee\u5f02\u5316\u4fe1\u606f\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u4e0d\u5bf9\u79f0\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u4ee5\u53ca\u9886\u5bfc\u529b\u53ef\u80fd\u4ec5\u4ec5\u6765\u81ea\u4e8e\u793e\u4f1a\u4e92\u52a8\u89c4\u5219\uff1b\u6211\u4eec\u79f0\u4e4b\u4e3a\u6d8c\u73b0\u578b\u9886\u5bfc\u529b\u3002\u5982\u679c\u52a8\u7269\u4f7f\u7528\u5404\u5411\u5f02\u6027\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u4e92\u52a8\u89c4\u5219\uff0c\u5c31\u4f1a\u51fa\u73b0\u8fd9\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5f53\u4e2a\u4f53\u53d7\u5230\u5728\u4ed6\u4eec\u524d\u9762\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u4e2a\u4f53\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u66f4\u5927\u65f6\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u5728\u7fa4\u4f53\u4e2d\u5904\u4e8e\u66f4\u524d\u9762\u4f4d\u7f6e\u7684\u4e2a\u4f53\u5c31\u66f4\u6709\u5f71\u54cd\u529b\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u4ed6\u4eec\u6ca1\u6709\u989d\u5916\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u3001\u52a8\u673a\u6216\u5730\u4f4d\u3002\u6700\u8fd1\u5728\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u8fc1\u5f99\u9a6f\u9e7f\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\u4e2d\uff0c\u5df2\u7ecf\u8bc1\u660e\u4e86\u8fd9\u79cd\u6d8c\u73b0\u578b\u9886\u5bfc\u529b\u7684\u5b58\u5728[30]\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/section>\n
\u53e6\u4e00\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u662f\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u4e2a\u4f53\u53d7\u79fb\u52a8\u901f\u5ea6\u8f83\u5feb\u7684\u7fa4\u4f53\u4f19\u4f34\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u8f83\u5927[42]\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u8fd9\u4e9b\u79fb\u52a8\u901f\u5ea6\u8f83\u5feb\u7684\u4e2a\u4f53\u5c06\u5177\u6709\u66f4\u5927\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u529b\u3002\u5982\u679c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4e2a\u4f53\u79fb\u52a8\u5f97\u66f4\u5feb\u662f\u5bf9\u4fe1\u606f\u7684\u53cd\u5e94\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u53d1\u51fa\u652f\u914d\u5730\u4f4d\u7684\u4fe1\u53f7\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u8fd9\u5c06\u5206\u522b\u662f\u77e5\u60c5\u578b\u7684\u6216\u7ed3\u6784\u6027\u9886\u5bfc\uff0c\u4f46\u5982\u679c\u901f\u5ea6\u7684\u589e\u52a0\u7eaf\u7cb9\u662f\u7fa4\u4f53\u52a8\u529b\u5b66\u7684\u529f\u80fd\uff0c\u8fd9\u5c06\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u6d8c\u73b0\u578b\u9886\u5bfc\u529b\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/section>\n
\n
\n
\n

B. \u9886\u5bfc\u529b\u7684\u7279\u70b9<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n


<\/span><\/section>\n
1. \u9886\u5bfc\u529b\u7684\u5206\u5e03<\/span><\/strong><\/section>\n

<\/section>\n
\u5728\u52a8\u7269\u7fa4\u4f53\u4e2d\uff0c\u51b3\u7b56\u8303\u56f4\u4ece\u5b8c\u5168\u5206\u914d\u7ed9\u6240\u6709\u7fa4\u4f53\u6210\u5458<\/span>\uff08\u201c\u6c11\u4e3b\u201d\uff09<\/span>\u5230\u7531\u4e00\u4e2a\u6216\u51e0\u4e2a\u4eba\u4e3b\u5bfc<\/span>\uff08\u201c\u4e13\u5236\u201d\uff09<\/span>[8,12]\u3002\u91cf\u5316\u5728\u56e2\u961f\u4e2d\u62c5\u4efb\u9886\u5bfc\u89d2\u8272\u7684\u4e2a\u4eba\u6570\u91cf\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u63d0\u4f9b\u4fe1\u606f\u3002\u7c7b\u4f3c\u4e8e\u53c2\u8003\u6587\u732e[12]\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u5c06\u5176\u79f0\u4e3a\u9886\u5bfc\u529b\u7684\u5206\u90e8\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5c06\u5176\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e3a\u4ecb\u4e8e\u96c6\u4e2d\u5f0f\u9886\u5bfc\u548c\u5206\u5e03\u5f0f\u9886\u5bfc\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u8fde\u7eed\u4f53\u3002<\/span>\uff08centralized<\/em> and distributed<\/em> leadership\uff09<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/section>\n
\u5728\u6574\u4e2a\u7267\u7fa4\u7684\u89c4\u6a21\u4e0a\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u80fd\u671f\u671b\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u8fc1\u5f99\u9a6f\u9e7f\u5c5e\u4e8e\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5149\u8c31\u4e0a\u7684\u67d0\u4e2a\u5730\u65b9\uff0c\u4e00\u7aef\u662f\u6709\u9996\u9886\u4e2a\u4f53\u7684\u7075\u957f\u7c7b\u793e\u4f1a\uff0c\u53e6\u4e00\u7aef\u662f\u65e0\u9996\u9886\u7684\u5206\u88c2\u878d\u5408\u7684\u9c7c\u7fa4\u3002\u5982\u679c\u6211\u4eec\u628a\u6bcd\u9e7f\u548c\u5c0f\u9e7f\u5bf9\u770b\u4f5c\u662f\u5b50\u7fa4\u4f53\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4f1a\u671f\u671b\u6bcd\u9e7f\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u96c6\u4e2d\u7684\u9886\u5bfc\u8005\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u5305\u542b\u8bb8\u591a\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u914d\u5bf9\u7684\u5927\u7fa4\u4f53\u4e2d\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4f1a\u671f\u671b\u6bcd\u9e7f\u4e4b\u95f4\u5171\u4eab\u5206\u5e03\u5f0f\u9886\u5bfc\u3002\u56fe1\u4e2d\u7684\u9e3d\u5b50\u7fa4\u4f8b\u5b50\u8bf4\u660e\uff0c\u8bb8\u591a\u7cfb\u7edf\u5904\u4e8e\u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u6781\u7aef\u4e4b\u95f4\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4f8b\u5b50\u4e2d\uff0c\u51e0\u4e4e\u6240\u6709\u7684\u4e2a\u4f53\u90fd\u6709\u4e00\u5b9a\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u529b\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u660e\u786e\u7684\u7b49\u7ea7\u5236\u5ea6\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u5b83\u4e0d\u662f\u5b8c\u5168\u5206\u6563\u7684\uff1b\u56e0\u6b64\u5b83\u4ecb\u4e8e\u96c6\u4e2d\u5f0f\u548c\u5206\u5e03\u5f0f\u4e4b\u95f4\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/section>\n
2. \u9886\u5bfc\u529b\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u5c3a\u5ea6<\/span><\/strong><\/section>\n

<\/span><\/section>\n
\u4e00\u4e2a\u9886\u5bfc\u8005\u53ef\u80fd\u4e0d\u4f1a\u5728\u4efb\u4f55\u65f6\u5019\u90fd\u79ef\u6781\u5730\u5f71\u54cd\u5176\u4ed6\u4e2a\u4f53\u7684\u8fd0\u52a8\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u91cf\u5316\u548c\u7406\u89e3\u9886\u5bfc\u8005\u5728\u4efb\u4f55\u4e00\u4e2a\u60c5\u5883\u4e0b\u90fd\u6709\u8d44\u683c\u6210\u4e3a\u9886\u5bfc\u8005\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u5c3a\u5ea6\u662f\u6709\u7528\u7684\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u8003\u8651\u4e24\u4e2a\u65f6\u95f4\u5c3a\u5ea6\u7684\u6982\u5ff5–\u4e00\u81f4\u6027\u548c\u7c92\u5ea6\u3002\u5728\u4e0b\u9762\u7684\u8ba8\u8bba\u4e2d\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u8003\u8651\u4e2a\u4f53\u7684\u52a8\u529b\u5b66\uff0c\u7528\u79bb\u6563\u65f6\u95f4\u89c2\u6d4b\u503c<\/span>\u8868\u793a\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/section>\n
\u9886\u5bfc\u529b\u7684\u4e00\u81f4\u6027\u88ab\u7b80\u5355\u5730\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e3a\u9886\u5bfc\u8005\u6709\u8d44\u683c\u6210\u4e3a\u9886\u5bfc\u8005\u7684\u89c2\u5bdf\u65f6\u95f4\u7a97\u53e3\u7684\u6bd4\u4f8b\u3002\u66f4\u5177\u4f53\u5730\u8bf4\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u9886\u5bfc\u8005\u5728\u6574\u4e2a\u65f6\u95f4\u7a97\u53e3\u5185\u90fd\u88ab\u8ba4\u5b9a\u4e3a\u9886\u5bfc\u8005\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5c31\u5c06\u5176\u5f52\u7c7b\u4e3a\u5728\u89c2\u5bdf\u7a97\u53e3\u5185\u7684\u6301\u4e45\u6027\/\u4e00\u81f4\u6027\u3002\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u4e00\u4e2a\u9886\u5bfc\u8005\u53ea\u5728\u67d0\u4e2a\u5c0f\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u7a97\u53e3<\/span>\u5185\u88ab\u786e\u5b9a\u4e3a\u9886\u5bfc\u8005\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5c31\u628a\u5b83\u5f52\u4e3a\u77ed\u6682\u7684\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d<\/span>\u3002\u53c2\u8003\u6587\u732e[12]\u4e2d\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u7c7b\u4f3c\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u9886\u5bfc\u529b\u91cf\u8868\uff0c\u5176\u8303\u56f4\u4ece\u53ef\u53d8\u5230\u4e00\u81f4\uff0c\u4f46\u8bd5\u56fe\u6355\u6349\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/section>\n
\u9886\u5bfc\u529b\u7684\u7c92\u5ea6\u6d89\u53ca\u5230\u4e2a\u4f53\u4f5c\u4e3a\u9886\u5bfc\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u6b65\u9aa4\u7684\u5206\u8fa8\u7387\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u8d1f\u8d23\u65e5\u5e38\u6d3b\u52a8\u7684\u9886\u5bfc\u53ef\u80fd\u4e0e\u4e00\u4e2a\u8d1f\u8d23\u5b63\u8282\u6027\u6d3b\u52a8\u7684\u9886\u5bfc\u4e0d\u540c\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u6539\u53d8\u6211\u4eec\u8003\u5bdf\u52a8\u6001\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u6b65\u9aa4\u6765\u68c0\u67e5\u7c92\u5ea6\u3002\u7279\u522b\u662f\uff0c\u53ea\u7528\u89c2\u6d4b\u5927\u7684<\/span>k\u503c\uff0c<\/span> (<\/span>k>1)\u6765\u91cf\u5316\u9886\u5bfc\u529b\u3002\u5982\u679c\u4e00\u4e2a\u9886\u5bfc\u8005\u53ea\u5728\u7c97\u7c92\u5ea6\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u4e0a\u884c\u52a8\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u4ed6\u4eec\u53ef\u80fd\u4e0d\u4f1a\u5728\u5c0f\u7684\ud835\udc58\u65f6\u4f5c\u4e3a\u9886\u5bfc\u8005\uff0c\u4f46\u968f\u540e\u53ef\u80fd\u5728\u4e00\u4e9b\u8f83\u5927\u7684<\/span>k\u65f6\u4f5c\u4e3a\u9886\u5bfc\u8005\u3002\u4e0e\u6b64\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u7ec6\u7c92\u5ea6\u7684\u9886\u5bfc\u8005\u53ef\u80fd\u5728\u5c0f\u7684<\/span>k\u65f6\u4e3a\u9886\u5bfc\u8005\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/section>\n
\u5728\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u8fc1\u5f99\u9a6f\u9e7f\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\u4e2d\uff0c\u6709\u7ecf\u9a8c\u7684\u4e2a\u4f53\u9886\u5bfc\u7740\u5e7f\u6cdb\u7684\u8fc1\u5f99\u8def\u5f84\uff0c\u8868\u73b0\u51fa\u6301\u4e45\u7684\u9886\u5bfc\u529b\uff0c\u4f46\u4e5f\u8bb8\u5177\u6709\u7c97\u7c92\u5ea6\u3002\u76f8\u6bd4\u4e4b\u4e0b\uff0c\u90a3\u4e9b\u5bf9\u6cbf\u9014\u8d44\u6e90\u6216\u6355\u98df\u5a01\u80c1\u505a\u51fa\u53cd\u5e94\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u7684\u9886\u5bfc\u529b\u662f\u77ed\u6682\u7684\uff0c\u5177\u6709\u7ec6\u7c92\u5ea6\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/section>\n
\u5bf9\u4e8e\u90a3\u4e9b\u8bd5\u56fe\u4ece\u65f6\u95f4\u5e8f\u5217\u4e2d\u63a8\u65ad\u9886\u5bfc\u89d2\u8272\u7684\u4eba\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u65f6\u95f4\u5c3a\u5ea6\u5e26\u6765\u4e86\u4e00\u4e9b\u6311\u6218\u3002\u5982\u679c\u9897\u7c92\u5ea6\u6216\u89c2\u5bdf\u7a97\u53e3\u957f\u5ea6\u4e0e\u9886\u5bfc\u529b\u7684\u81ea\u7136\u65f6\u95f4\u5c3a\u5ea6\u4e0d\u4e00\u81f4\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u9886\u5bfc\u529b\u4e8b\u4ef6\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u88ab\u5b8c\u5168\u9057\u6f0f\u6216\u9519\u8bef\u5206\u7c7b\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u8003\u8651\u4e00\u4e2a\u7ed3\u6784\u6027\u9886\u5bfc<\/span>\uff0c\u5176\u5c5e\u6027\u4e3a<\/span>\uff0c\u5373\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e0d\u76f4\u63a5\u5f71\u54cd\u7fa4\u4f53\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\u6027\u9886\u5bfc\u2014\u2014\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5b83\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u3002\u65e0\u8bba\u91c7\u7528\u4f55\u79cd\u63a8\u7406\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u6f5c\u5728\u9886\u5bfc\u8005\u603b\u662f\u4f1a\u88ab\u9519\u8bef\u5730\u5206\u7c7b\u3002\u540c\u6837\u5730\uff0c\u8003\u8651\u4e00\u4e2a\u77e5\u60c5\u578b\u7684\u9886\u5bfc\u8005\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u5f53\u4ed6\u4eec\u5728\u5df2\u77e5\u8d44\u6e90\u7684\u67d0\u4e2a\u534a\u5f84\u8303\u56f4\u5185\u65f6\u624d\u4f1a\u9886\u5bfc\u3002\u5047\u8bbe\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4e8b\u4ef6\u53ea\u53d1\u751f\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u5f88\u77ed\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u7a97\u53e3<\/span>\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d<\/span>\u3002\u5982\u679c\u6211\u4eec\u53ea\u8003\u8651\u5728\u6574\u4e2a\u89c2\u5bdf\u7a97\u53e3\u4e2d\u9886\u5bfc\u7684\u9886\u5bfc\u8005\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u5927\u591a\u6570\u7684\u7efc\u5408\u8861\u91cf\u6807\u51c6\u5c06\u63a9\u76d6\u6389\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u4e2a\u77ed\u6682\u7684\u9886\u5bfc\u4e8b\u4ef6\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u8fd9\u4e9b\u539f\u56e0\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u7814\u7a76\u6570\u636e\u96c6\u7684\u5b50\u6837\u672c\uff0c\u4ed4\u7ec6\u8003\u8651\u4e00\u81f4\u6027\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u901a\u8fc7\u5bf9\u6570\u636e\u8fdb\u884c\u5411\u4e0b\u53d6\u6837\u548c\u91cd\u65b0\u6d4b\u8bd5\u7684\u7c92\u5ea6\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u5f97\u5230\u4e00\u4e2a\u66f4\u6e05\u6670\u7684\u5173\u4e8e\u79fb\u52a8\u7684\u52a8\u52a8\u7269\u7fa4\u4f53\u4e2d\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u9886\u5bfc\u7684\u56fe\u666f\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/section>\n
3. \u9886\u5bfc\u529b\u7684\u8303\u56f4<\/span><\/strong><\/section>\n

<\/span><\/section>\n
\u9886\u5bfc\u8005\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u529b\u91cf\u5316\u4e86\u9886\u5bfc\u8005\u76f4\u63a5\u6216\u95f4\u63a5\u901a\u8fc7\u540e\u7eed\u4e92\u52a8\u5bf9\u7fa4\u4f53\u6210\u5458\u7684\u6f5c\u5728\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u4ece\u5f62\u5f0f\u4e0a\u770b\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5c06\u9886\u5bfc\u8005\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u529b\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e3a\u8be5\u9886\u5bfc\u8005\u5728\u4e0e\u7279\u5b9a\u9886\u5bfc\u529b\u6765\u6e90\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u7f51\u7edc\u4e0a\u7684\u53ef\u8fbe\u6027\u96c6\u5408\u7684\u6210\u5458\u3002\u5177\u4f53\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u8ba9<\/span>\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u7f51\u7edc\uff0c\u5982\u679c<\/span>j\u6709\u80fd\u529b\u9886\u5bfci<\/span>\uff0c\u5219\u5b58\u5728\u4e00\u6761\u4ece\u8282\u70b9<\/span>j\u5230\u8282\u70b9\ud835\udc56\u7684\u6709\u5411\u8fb9\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u9886\u5bfc\u529b\u53ef\u4ee5\u662f\u7ed3\u6784\u6027\u7684\u3001\u6d8c\u73b0\u578b\u6216\u77e5\u60c5\u578b\u7684\u9886\u5bfc\u3002\u90a3\u4e48\uff0c\u4e2a\u4f53\ud835\udc56\u7684\u53ef\u8fbe\u6027\u5c31\u662f<\/span>i\u5728<\/span>\u4e0a\u7684\u53ef\u8fbe\u6027\u96c6\u5408\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/section>\n
\u8003\u8651\u5230\u56fe2\uff0c\u56fe\u4e2d\u8868\u793a\u7ed3\u6784\u6027\u9886\u5bfc\u7684\u6f5c\u529b\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4f8b\u5b50\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e2a\u4f53<\/span>\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a<\/span>\u7684\u53ef\u8fbe\u6027\u96c6\u5408\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u8fd97\u4e2a\u4e2a\u4f53\u90fd\u5728\u7ed3\u6784\u9886\u5bfc\u8005<\/span>\u7684\u8303\u56f4\u4e4b\u5185\u3002\u5f71\u54cd\u529b\u81ea\u7136\u662f\u5728\u5c40\u90e8\u548c\u5168\u5c40\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u8fde\u7eed\u4f53\u3002\u5982\u679c\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e2a\u4f53\u5bf9\u6240\u6709\u7684\u4e2a\u4f53\u90fd\u4f53\u73b0\u4e86\u67d0\u79cd\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u9886\u5bfc\u529b\uff0c\u8fd9\u5c06\u662f\u5168\u5c40\u6027\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\uff1b\u5982\u679c\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u53ea\u9886\u5bfc\u7fa4\u4f53\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u5c0f\u5b50\u96c6\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u8fd9\u4e2a\u9886\u5bfc\u8005\u5c31\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u5c40\u90e8\u7684\u3002\u5728\u56fe2\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e2a\u4f53\ud835\udc34\u5177\u6709\u5168\u5c40\u5f71\u54cd\u529b\uff0c\u4e2a\u4f53<\/span>I\u5177\u6709\u5c40\u90e8\u5f71\u54cd\u529b\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/span><\/section>\n
<\/section>\n

\u56fe2. \u4e2a\u4f53\u9886\u5bfc\u529b\u7684\u8986\u76d6\u8303\u56f4\u3002\u6bcf\u4e2a\u5e26\u7ea2\u5708\u7684\u8282\u70b9\u90fd\u5728\u53ef\u8fbe\u6027\u96c6\u5408\u5185\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u4e5f\u662f\u4e2a\u4f53\u7684\u53ef\u53ca\u8303\u56f4\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/section>\n
\u5c31\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u8fc1\u5f99\u9a6f\u9e7f\u6848\u4f8b\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u6709\u7ecf\u9a8c\u7684\u8fc1\u5f99\u8005\u5e26\u9886\u6574\u4e2a\u9e7f\u7fa4\u8d70\u5728\u5bbd\u5e7f\u7684\u8fc1\u5f99\u9053\u8def\u4e0a\uff0c\u4f1a\u6709\u5168\u5c40\u6027\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u800c\u6bcd\u9e7f\u5e26\u9886\u5979\u7684\u5c0f\u9e7f\u8d70\u5728\u66f4\u7ec6\u7c92\u5ea6\u7684\u8303\u56f4\u5185\uff0c\u4f1a\u6709\u5c40\u90e8\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/section>\n
4. \u9886\u5bfc\u529b\u7684\u53ef\u89c2\u5bdf\u6027<\/span><\/strong><\/section>\n

<\/section>\n
\u5f53\u6211\u4eec\u89c2\u5bdf\u4e00\u4e2a\u52a8\u7269\u793e\u4f1a\u65f6\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u662f\u4e0d\u5b8c\u7f8e\u7684\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u8868\u73b0\u5728\u4e24\u4e2a\u65b9\u9762\u3002\u9996\u5148\uff0c\u4efb\u4f55\u89c2\u5bdf\u5230\u7684\u6570\u91cf\u90fd\u4f1a\u53d7\u5230\u566a\u58f0\u548c\u6d4b\u91cf\u8bef\u5dee\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u5176\u6b21\uff0c\u4e5f\u8bb8\u66f4\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u793e\u4f1a\u4e2d\u53ef\u80fd\u6709\u4e00\u4e9b\u5143\u7d20\u6ca1\u6709\u88ab\u89c2\u5bdf\u5230\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u9690\u85cf\u7684\u53d8\u91cf\u548c\u72b6\u6001\u53ef\u80fd\u53cd\u8fc7\u6765\u5728\u6211\u4eec\u5bf9\u9886\u5bfc\u529b\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\u548c\u63a8\u65ad\u4e2d\u8d77\u4f5c\u7528\u3002\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u6570\u636e\u4e0d\u5408\u9002\uff0c\u6700\u5f3a\u5927\u7684\u9886\u5bfc\u529b\u53ef\u80fd\u65e0\u6cd5\u88ab\u53d1\u73b0\u3002\u5728\u5404\u79cd\u5206\u7c7b\u4e2d\uff0c\u9886\u5bfc\u529b\u53ef\u80fd\u4f7f\u7528\u58f0\u97f3\u63d0\u793a[43,44]\u3001\u624b\u52bf[45]\u3001\u6216\u8fc7\u4e8e\u7cbe\u7ec6\u800c\u65e0\u6cd5\u88abGPS\u53d1\u73b0\u7684\u8fd0\u52a8<\/span>\uff08\u5982\u98de\u884c\u524d\u7684\u62cd\u6253\u7fc5\u8180[46]\uff09<\/span>\u6765\u542f\u52a8\u6216\u63a7\u5236\u7fa4\u4f53\u8fd0\u52a8\u3002\u5982\u679c\u6240\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u8fd0\u52a8\u662f\u540c\u6b65\u7684\uff0c\u57fa\u4e8e\u8f68\u8ff9\u7684\u9886\u5bfc\u529b\u63a8\u65ad\u5f88\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u5931\u8d25\u3002\u66f4\u7cdf\u7cd5\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u5728\u6240\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u8fd0\u52a8\u4e2d\uff0c\u6700\u4e0d\u5360\u4f18\u52bf\u7684\u4e2a\u4f53\u9996\u5148\u5bf9\u63d0\u793a\u4f5c\u51fa\u53cd\u5e94\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u5c31\u4f1a\u663e\u5f97\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4e2a\u4f53\u5728\u9886\u5bfc\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/section>\n
\u5728\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u8fc1\u5f99\u9a6f\u9e7f\u7684\u6848\u4f8b\u4e2d\uff0c\u9886\u5148\u7684\u4e2a\u4f53\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u7ad9\u8d77\u6765\u53d1\u51fa\u79bb\u5f00\u7684\u4fe1\u53f7\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u6fc0\u52b1\u5176\u5b83\u4e2a\u4f53\u5f00\u59cb\u79fb\u52a8\u3002\u8fd9\u4e0d\u4f1a\u88abGPS\u6807\u7b7e\u6355\u6349\u5230\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5bf9\u4e8e\u4ec5\u57fa\u4e8e\u8f68\u8ff9\u7684\u63a8\u7406\u65b9\u6cd5\u6765\u8bf4\u662f\u65e0\u6548\u7684\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/section>\n
\u5728\u5b9e\u8df5\u4e2d\uff0c\u5bf9\u9690\u533f\u7684\u9886\u5bfc\u529b\u8fdb\u884c\u91cf\u5316\uff0c\u4ece\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e0a\u6765\u8bf4\u662f\u76f8\u5f53\u56f0\u96be\u7684\u3002\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u4eba\u4eec\u68c0\u6d4b\u5230\u4e86\u9886\u5bfc\u529b\uff0c\u5b83\u5c31\u88ab\u89c2\u5bdf\u5230\u4e86\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5728\u7406\u8bba\u4e0a\u8fd9\u6837\u505a\u662f\u975e\u5e38\u5fae\u4e0d\u8db3\u9053\u7684\u3002\u6b63\u5982\u7b2c\u4e8c\u8282\u6240\u5b9a\u4e49\u7684\u90a3\u6837\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u901a\u8fc7<\/span>\uff08\u6216\u662f\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u6df7\u5408\uff09<\/span>\u5b9a\u4e49\u6574\u4e2a\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u52a8\u529b\u5b66\u3002\u5f53\u7cfb\u7edf\u88ab\u89c2\u5bdf\u65f6\uff0c\u89c2\u5bdf\u5230\u7684\u53d8\u91cf\uff0c\u5373<\/span>\u548c<\/span>\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u4e0e\u771f\u5b9e\u53d8\u91cf\u4e0d\u540c\u3002\u5982\u679c\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e2a\u4f53\u8868\u73b0\u51fa\u5185\u5728\u53d8\u91cf<\/span>\u6240\u5b9a\u4e49\u7684\u9886\u5bfc\u529b\uff0c\u4f46\u5728\u89c2\u5bdf\u53d8\u91cf<\/span>\u4e0b\u4f3c\u4e4e\u6ca1\u6709\u8fd9\u6837\u505a\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u79f0\u4e4b\u4e3a\u201c\u9690\u85cf\u7684\u201d\u9886\u5bfc\u89d2\u8272\u3002\u4e00\u4e2a\u6ca1\u6709\u88ab\u9690\u85cf\u7684\u9886\u5bfc\u8005\u5c31\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u53ef\u89c2\u5bdf\u7684\u9886\u5bfc\u8005\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/section>\n
\n
\n
\n

C. \u73b0\u5b9e\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u884c\u4e3a\u548c\u9886\u5bfc\u529b\u7684\u5256\u6790<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n


<\/span><\/section>\n
\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u8ba8\u8bba\u73b0\u5b9e\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u4e92\u52a8\uff0c\u5e76\u4ee5\u5f3a\u8c03\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u9886\u5bfc\u529b\u5206\u7c7b\u5256\u6790\u5b66\u672f\u8bed\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u8fdb\u884c\u8ba8\u8bba\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/section>\n
\u6211\u4eec\u5e0c\u671b\u5728\u76f8\u5bf9\u7a33\u5b9a\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u7fa4\u4f53\u4e2d\u627e\u5230\u7ed3\u6784\u6027\u9886\u5bfc\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7fa4\u4f53\u901a\u5e38\u5177\u6709\u590d\u6742\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u7b49\u7ea7\uff0c\u5982\u9cb8\u7c7b\u3001\u72fc\u3001\u91ce\u72d7\u3001\u5927\u8c61\u548c\u7075\u957f\u7c7b\u52a8\u7269[15,47-50]\u3002\u5178\u578b\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\u662f\u7075\u957f\u7c7b\u793e\u4f1a\u4e2d\u6240\u8c13\u7684\u9996\u9886\u4e2a\u4f53\uff0c\u5b83\u5728\u5f88\u957f\u4e00\u6bb5\u65f6\u95f4\u5185\u5bf9\u6574\u4e2a\u7fa4\u4f53\u6709\u4e00\u5b9a\u7a0b\u5ea6\u7684\u63a7\u5236<\/span>\uff08\u5047\u8bbe\u793e\u4f1a\u662f\u7a33\u5b9a\u7684\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u503c\u5f97\u6ce8\u610f\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u793e\u4f1a\u4e2d\uff0c\u7ed3\u6784\u6027\u9886\u5bfc\u5f88\u53ef\u80fd\u4e0e\u77e5\u60c5\u578b\u9886\u5bfc\u76f8\u5173\u8054\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u4e00\u5934\u6bcd\u8c61\u53ef\u80fd\u5bf9\u5f88\u5c11\u6709\u4eba\u5149\u987e\u7684\u6c34\u5751\u6709\u66f4\u597d\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u4e5f\u6709\u66f4\u5927\u7684\u5747\u503c\u5f71\u54cd\u529b\u6765\u5e26\u9886\u5979\u7684\u7fa4\u4f53\u53bb\u90a3\u91cc\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/section>\n
\u6211\u4eec\u9884\u8ba1\uff0c\u5728\u7531\u4e0d\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u4e2a\u4f53\u548c\u4e0d\u7a33\u5b9a\u7684\u6210\u5458\u7ec4\u6210\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u7fa4\u4f53\u4e2d\uff0c\u5982\u9c7c\u7fa4\u548c\u9e1f\u7fa4\uff0c\u77e5\u60c5\u578b\u9886\u5bfc\u4f1a\u5360\u4e3b\u5bfc\u5730\u4f4d\u3002\u4e00\u4e2a\u9c7c\u7fa4\u4e2d\u7684\u5355\u4e2a\u4efb\u610f\u6210\u5458\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u5bdf\u89c9\u5230\u4e00\u4e2a\u5a01\u80c1\uff0c\u4f7f\u5b83\u5468\u56f4\u7684\u4eba\u4e5f\u611f\u5230\u60ca\u6115\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u6574\u4e2a\u7fa4\u4f53\u505a\u51fa\u89c4\u907f\u52a8\u4f5c[52]\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u96c6\u4e2d\u7684\u3001\u77ed\u6682\u7684\u3001\u77e5\u60c5\u9886\u5bfc\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\uff0c\u5176\u5f71\u54cd\u8303\u56f4\u662f\u6709\u9650\u7684\u8fd8\u662f\u5168\u5c40\u6027\u7684\uff0c\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u7fa4\u4f53\u4e2d\u6709\u591a\u5c11\u4e2a\u4f53\u505a\u51fa\u53cd\u5e94\u3002\u540c\u6837\uff0c\u540c\u4e00\u9c7c\u7fa4\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u4eba\u53ef\u80fd\u62e5\u6709\u5173\u4e8e\u98df\u7269\u8d44\u6e90\u53ef\u80fd\u51fa\u73b0\u7684\u5730\u70b9\u6216\u65f6\u95f4\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\uff0c\u5e76\u5e26\u9886\u6574\u4e2a\u9c7c\u7fa4\u53bb\u90a3\u4e2a\u65f6\u7a7a\u4f4d\u7f6e\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/section>\n
\u77e5\u60c5\u578b\u9886\u5bfc\u5728\u957f\u7684\u8ddd\u79bb\u5c3a\u5ea6\u7684\u8fd0\u52a8\u4e2d\u4e5f\u5f88\u5e38\u89c1\u3002\u5728\u9e3d\u7fa4\u4e2d\uff0c\u6d88\u606f\u7075\u901a\u7684\u4e2a\u4f53\u5728\u5f52\u5de2\u98de\u884c\u4e2d\u5145\u5f53\u9886\u5bfc\u8005[54]\u3002<\/span>\uff08\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5e94\u8be5\u6ce8\u610f\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u9e3d\u5b50\u4e5f\u8868\u73b0\u51fa\u4e00\u79cd\u7ed3\u6784\u5c42\u6b21\u3002\uff09<\/span> \u5728\u8fc1\u5f99\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u5e74\u957f\u7684\u3001\u66f4\u6709\u7ecf\u9a8c\u7684\u9e1f\u7c7b\u5f15\u5bfc\u7fa4\u4f53\u8d70\u6709\u6548\u7684\u8fc1\u5f99\u8def\u7ebf[5,39]\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u4f8b\u5b50\u4e2d\uff0c\u77e5\u60c5\u7684\u9e1f\u7c7b\u662f\u96c6\u4e2d\u7684\u3001\u6301\u4e45\u7684\u3001\u76ee\u6807\u9a71\u52a8\u7684\u3001\u5177\u6709\u5168\u5c40\u5f71\u54cd\u529b\u7684\u77e5\u60c5\u578b\u9886\u5bfc\u8005\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/section>\n
\u5728\u8fc1\u5f99\u7684\u767d\u9e73\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e00\u4e9b\u4e2a\u4f53\u79ef\u6781\u5bfb\u627e\u70ed\u529b\u4e0a\u5347\u6c14\u6d41\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u5b83\u4eec\u83b7\u5f97\u6709\u6548\u5347\u529b\u4ee5\u5b8c\u6210\u8fc1\u5f99\u7684\u5fc5\u8981\u6761\u4ef6\uff0c\u800c\u5176\u5b83\u4e2a\u4f53\u5219\u503e\u5411\u4e8e\u6a21\u4eff\uff0c\u5411\u5df2\u7ecf\u5904\u4e8e\u70ed\u529b\u4e2d\u7684\u4e2a\u4f53\u79fb\u52a8\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u201c\u7a81\u53d1\u611f\u5e94\u201d[5]\u7684\u4e00\u822c\u73b0\u8c61\u7684\u5177\u4f53\u4f8b\u5b50\uff0c\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u73b0\u8c61\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u7fa4\u4f53\u8de8\u8d8a\u4e00\u4e2a\u73af\u5883\u68af\u5ea6\uff0c\u68af\u5ea6\u7684\u201c\u9996\u9009\u201d\u4e00\u7aef\u7684\u4e2a\u4f53\u6539\u53d8\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u884c\u4e3a<\/span>\uff08\u6709\u610f\u6216\u65e0\u610f\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u4f7f\u6574\u4e2a\u7fa4\u4f53\u8de8\u8d8a\u68af\u5ea6[41,56]\u3002\u4e00\u822c\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u9886\u5bfc\u529b\u5c06\u662f\u5206\u6563\u7684\u548c\u77ed\u6682\u7684<\/span>\uff08\u5c3d\u7ba1\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u6301\u4e45\u7684\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u50cf\u767d\u9e73\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u540c\u6837\u7684\u4e2a\u4f53\u603b\u662f\u627e\u5230\u70ed\u6e90\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u5177\u6709\u5168\u5c40\u5f71\u54cd\u529b\u7684\u77e5\u60c5\u578b\u9886\u5bfc\u8005\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/section>\n

<\/section>\n

\n
\n
\n
\n
\n

<\/section>\n

<\/section>\n
\n
<\/svg><\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n
\n

4. \u9a8c\u8bc1\u9886\u5bfc\u529b\u63a8\u65ad\u65b9\u6cd5\u7684\u6a21\u578b\u6c99\u76d2<\/span><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n

\n

<\/section>\n

<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/h3>\n
 <\/span><\/section>\n
\u6700\u7ec8\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u5e0c\u671b\u80fd\u591f\u5f00\u53d1\u51fa\u4ece\u7ecf\u9a8c\u6570\u636e\u4e2d\u63a8\u65ad\u548c\u5206\u7c7b\u9886\u5bfc\u529b\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002\u8fd9\u5f53\u7136\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u957f\u671f\u7684\u3001\u975e\u6bd4\u5bfb\u5e38\u7684\u6311\u6218\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u52a1\u5b9e\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u662f\u9996\u5148\u5728\u6a21\u62df\u6570\u636e\u4e0a\u6d4b\u8bd5\u63a8\u65ad\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u5728\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6570\u636e\u4e2d\uff0c\u9886\u5bfc\u529b\u7c7b\u578b\u548c\u5206\u5e03\u662f\u5df2\u77e5\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u662f\u660e\u786e\u7f16\u7a0b\u7684\u3002\u5bf9\u4e8e\u79fb\u52a8\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u7fa4\u4f53\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u660e\u663e\u7684\u51fa\u53d1\u70b9\u662f\u4fee\u6539\u7ecf\u5178\u7684\u7fa4\u4f53\u884c\u4e3a\u6a21\u578b<\/span>\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u53c2\u8003\u6587\u732e[31,57,58]\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u4ee5\u5305\u62ec\u5df2\u77e5\u7684\u9886\u5bfc\u7ed3\u6784\u3002\u5728\u672c\u8282\u4e2d\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u9996\u5148\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e00\u4e2a\u5178\u578b\u7684\u96c6\u4f53\u8fd0\u52a8\u6a21\u578b–\u6240\u8c13\u7684\u5206\u533a\u6a21\u578b<\/span>\uff08zonal model\uff09<\/span>[9,58]\u3002\u968f\u540e\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4fee\u6539\u8be5\u6a21\u578b\u4ee5\u7eb3\u5165\u672c\u6587\u63cf\u8ff0\u7684\u5404\u79cd\u9886\u5bfc\u529b\u6765\u6e90\u548c\u7279\u5f81\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/section>\n
\n
\n
\n

A. \u57fa\u672c\u7684\u96c6\u4f53\u8fd0\u52a8\u6a21\u578b<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n


<\/span><\/section>\n
\u6309\u7167Couzin\u7b49\u4eba\u7684\u8bf4\u6cd5[9,58]\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u6bcf\u4e2a\u4e2a\u4f53\uff0c\u7f16\u53f7\u4e3a<\/span>\u6bcf\u4e2a\u65f6\u95f4<\/span>t\uff0c\u90fd\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u201c\u96c6\u4f53\u8fd0\u52a8\u201d\u6a21\u578b\uff0c\u7531\u5411\u91cf<\/span>\u3001\u65b9\u5411\u5411\u91cf<\/span>\u548c\u901f\u5ea6<\/span>\u88ab\u4fdd\u6301\u3002\u5728\u6bcf\u4e2a\u65f6\u95f4\u6b65\u4e0a\uff0c\u4e2a\u4f53\ud835\udc56\u6839\u636e\u4e09\u4e2a\u4e0d\u540c\u533a\u57df\u7684\u90bb\u5c45\u8ba1\u7b97\u51fa\u4e00\u4e2a\u671f\u671b\u7684\u65b9\u5411<\/span>\uff0c\u5982\u56fe3\u6240\u793a\uff1a<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/section>\n
<\/section>\n

\u56fe3. \u5e26\u72b6\u8702\u7fa4\u6a21\u578b\u793a\u610f\u56fe\u3002\u9ed1\u8272\u7684\u4e09\u89d2\u5f62\u662f\u7126\u70b9\u4e2a\u4f53\u3002\u7ea2\u8272\u7684\u73af\u6807\u5fd7\u7740\u6392\u65a5\u533aR\u3002\u84dd\u8272\u5706\u5708\u662f\u5b9a\u5411\u533aO\uff0c\u7126\u70b9\u4e2a\u4f53\u8bd5\u56fe\u4e0e\u8fd9\u4e2a\u533a\u57df\u7684\u4e2a\u4f53\uff08\u56fe\u4e2d\u7684\u84dd\u8272\u4e09\u89d2\u5f62\uff09\u5bf9\u9f50\u3002\u5916\u5708\u662f\u5438\u5f15\u533aA\uff0c\u7126\u70b9\u4e2a\u4f53\u8bd5\u56fe\u9760\u8fd1\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4e2a\u4f53\uff08\u56fe\u4e2d\u7684\u7eff\u8272\u4e09\u89d2\u5f62\uff09\u3002\u7136\u540e\uff0c\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u671f\u671b\u65b9\u5411\u662f\u7eff\u8272\u548c\u84dd\u8272\u77e2\u91cf\u7684\u603b\u548c\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/section>\n
\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u8981\u8003\u8651\u7684\u533a\u57df\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u6392\u65a5\u533a\uff0c\u7528<\/span>R\u8868\u793a\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u533a\u57df\u786e\u4fdd\u6bcf\u4e2a\u4e2a\u4f53\u7684\u201c\u4e2a\u4f53\u7a7a\u95f4\u201d\u5f97\u5230\u4fdd\u6301\u3002\u5982\u679c\u4efb\u4f55\u5176\u4ed6\u4ee3\u7406\u5904\u4e8e\u6392\u65a5\u533a<\/span>R\uff0c\u5bf9\u7126\u70b9\u4e2a\u4f53\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u5728\u4e0b\u4e00\u4e2a\u65f6\u95f4\u6b65\u9aa4\u4e2d\u7684\u671f\u671b\u65b9\u5411\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e3a\uff1a<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/section>\n
<\/section>\n

<\/section>\n
\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7406\u60f3\u7684\u65b9\u5411\u786e\u4fdd\u4e86\u5728\u65f6\u95f4<\/span>\u65f6\u4e0d\u4f1a\u53d1\u751f\u78b0\u649e\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u5bf9\u7126\u70b9\u4e2a\u4f53\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c<\/span>\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u7126\u70b9\u4e2a\u4f53\u5c31\u4f1a\u8bd5\u56fe\u63a5\u8fd1\u5176\u5438\u5f15\u533a\u7684\u4e2a\u4f53\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0e\u5b83\u4eec\u5b9a\u5411\u533a\u7684\u4e2a\u4f53\u4e00\u8d77\u5b9a\u5411\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u5728\u65f6\u95f4<\/span>\u9009\u62e9\u4e00\u4e2a\u671f\u671b\u7684\u65b9\u5411\u6765\u5b9e\u73b0\u7684\uff0c\u65b9\u6cd5\u5982\u4e0b\uff1a<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/span><\/section>\n
<\/section>\n

<\/section>\n
\u5176\u4e2d<\/span>\u03b1<\/span>\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u53c2\u6570\uff0c\u63a7\u5236\u5438\u5f15\u548c\u6392\u5217\u7684\u76f8\u5bf9\u5f3a\u5ea6\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u4e00\u7fa4\u9e45<\/span>\uff08\u4ee5\u6392\u5217\u4e3a\u4e3b\uff09<\/span>\u4f1a\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u76f8\u5bf9\u8f83\u4f4e\u7684<\/span>\u03b1<\/span>\uff0c\u800c\u4e00\u7fa4\u6606\u866b<\/span>\uff08\u4ee5\u5438\u5f15\u4e3a\u4e3b\uff09<\/span>\u4f1a\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u76f8\u5bf9\u8f83\u9ad8\u7684<\/span>\u03b1<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/section>\n
\u6240\u9700\u7684\u65b9\u5411\u77e2\u91cf<\/span>d\u88ab\u5f52\u4e00\u5316\u4e3a\u5355\u4f4d\u77e2\u91cf\uff1a<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/span><\/section>\n
<\/section>\n

<\/section>\n
\u63a5\u4e0b\u6765\uff0c\u4e3a\u4e86\u8868\u793a\u6e90\u4e8e\u611f\u5b98\u548c\u8ba4\u77e5\u80fd\u529b\u9650\u5236\u7684\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\uff0c\u8be5\u5355\u4f4d\u5411\u91cf\u88ab\u8f6c\u5316\u4e3a<\/span>\uff0c\u5c06\u5176\u65cb\u8f6c\u4e00\u4e2a\u5c0f\u89d2\u5ea6\uff0c\u4ece\u4ee5\u96f6\u4e3a\u4e2d\u5fc3\u7684\u5706\u5f62\u5305\u88f9\u7684\u9ad8\u65af\u5206\u5e03\u4e2d\u62bd\u53d6\u3002\u6700\u540e\uff0c\u5047\u8bbe\u4e2a\u4f53\u5728\u5355\u4f4d\u65f6\u95f4\u5185\u7684\u6700\u5927\u8f6c\u5f2f\u901f\u5ea6<\/span>\u4e3a\u03b8\u5f27<\/span>\u5ea6\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e2a\u4f53\u7684\u5f53\u524d\u65b9\u5411<\/span>\u4e0e\u5b83\u5728\u4e0b\u4e00\u65f6\u95f4\u6b65\u957f\u7684\u671f\u671b\u65b9\u5411\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5dee\u5f02<\/span>\uff0c\u5c0f\u4e8e<\/span>\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u5c31\u8fbe\u5230\u4e86\u671f\u671b\u65b9\u5411\uff0c<\/span>\u3002\u5426\u5219\uff0c\u8be5\u4e2a\u4f53\u7684\u65b9\u5411<\/span>\u662f\u5c06<\/span>\u65cb\u8f6c<\/span>\u5411\u5176\u671f\u671b\u7684\u65b9\u5411<\/span>\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u3002<\/span>
<\/section>\n

<\/section>\n
\u5728\u822a\u5411\u5206\u914d\u5b8c\u6bd5\u540e\uff0c\u5728<\/span>\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u4ee5\u4e0b\u65b9\u5f0f\u8ba1\u7b97\u51fa\u6765\uff1a<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/span><\/section>\n
<\/section>\n

<\/section>\n
\u5176\u4e2d<\/span>\uff0c\u662f\u4e2a\u4f53<\/span>i\u7684\u901f\u5ea6\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/section>\n
\n
\n
\n

B. \u660e\u786e\u589e\u52a0\u9886\u5bfc\u529b\u7684\u6765\u6e90<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n


<\/span><\/section>\n
\u867d\u7136\u8fd9\u4e2a\u57fa\u7840\u6a21\u578b\u6355\u6349\u4e86\u5404\u79cd\u5404\u6837\u7684\u7fa4\u4f53\u884c\u4e3a\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83\u6ca1\u6709\u660e\u786e\u8bf4\u660e\u9886\u5bfc\u529b\u6765\u6e90\u3002\u4e3a\u4e86\u6d4b\u8bd5\u9886\u5bfc\u529b\u63a8\u65ad\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e2a\u57fa\u7840\u6a21\u578b\u505a\u4e00\u4e9b\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u4fee\u6539\u662f\u6709\u5e2e\u52a9\u7684\uff1a\uff081\uff09\u589e\u52a0\u4e00\u4e2a\u793e\u4f1a\u6027\u77e9\u9635[59]<\/span>\uff08\u7ed3\u6784\u6027\u9886\u5bfc\u529b\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\uff082\uff09\u5728\u7fa4\u4f53\u4e2d\u589e\u52a0\u201c\u77e5\u60c5\u201d\u4e2a\u4f53[9]<\/span>\uff08\u77e5\u60c5\u578b\u9886\u5bfc\u529b\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\uff083\uff09\u4f7f\u4e92\u52a8\u89c4\u5219\u5404\u5411\u540c\u6027[58]<\/span>\uff08\u6d8c\u73b0\u578b\u9886\u5bfc\u529b\uff09<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/section>\n
1. \u7ed3\u6784\u6027\u9886\u5bfc\u529b<\/span><\/strong><\/section>\n

<\/span><\/section>\n
\u4e3a\u4e86\u7eb3\u5165\u7ed3\u6784\u6027\u9886\u5bfc\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5f15\u5165\u4e00\u4e2a\u793e\u4f1a\u6027\u77e9\u9635<\/span>\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u4e2a\u4f53<\/span>i\u80fd\u88ab\u4e2a\u4f53<\/span>j\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u66f4\u4e00\u822c\u5730\u8bf4\uff0c<\/span>\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u8fde\u7eed\u503c\uff0c\u7ed9\u51fa\u4e86\u4e2a\u4f53<\/span>j\u5bf9\u4e2a\u4f53<\/span>j\u7684\u76f8\u5bf9\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u4e3a\u4e86\u8003\u8651\u5230\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\uff0c\u7406\u60f3\u65b9\u5411\u7684\u8ba1\u7b97\u88ab\u4fee\u6539\u4e3a\u5bf9\u6bcf\u4e2a\u90bb\u5c45\u76f8\u5bf9\u4e8e<\/span>\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u8fdb\u884c\u52a0\u6743\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u5bf9<\/span>\u548c<\/span>\u4e2d\u7684\u6bcf\u4e2a\u4eba\u8fdb\u884c\u7b49\u989d\u52a0\u6743\uff09\uff0c\u5373\uff1a<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/section>\n
<\/section>\n

<\/section>\n
\u5c06\u8fd9\u4e2a\u793e\u4f1a\u6027\u77e9\u9635\u6dfb\u52a0\u5230\u57fa\u7840\u6a21\u578b\u4e2d\uff0c\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u660e\u786e\u5730\u5c06\u7ed3\u6784\u6027\u9886\u5bfc\u529b\u5305\u542b\u5728\u5185\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u4f18\u52bf\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u4eba\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u4e8b\u540e\u770b\u770b\u653e\u5728\u6a21\u578b\u4e2d\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\u6027\u9886\u5bfc\u529b\u662f\u5426\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u4e00\u4e2a\u5019\u9009\u63a8\u65ad\u65b9\u6cd5\u63d0\u53d6\u51fa\u6765\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/section>\n
2. \u77e5\u60c5\u578b\u9886\u5bfc\u529b<\/span><\/strong><\/section>\n

<\/span><\/section>\n
\u4e3a\u4e86\u6a21\u62df\u77e5\u60c5\u578b\u9886\u5bfc\u529b\uff0c\u4e2a\u4f53\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b50\u96c6\u88ab\u8d4b\u4e88\u9996\u9009\u65b9\u5411\u7684\u201c\u77e5\u8bc6\u201d <\/span>\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u9996\u9009\u65b9\u5411\u53ef\u4ee5\u4ee3\u8868\u4e00\u6761\u8fc1\u5f99\u8def\u7ebf\u6216\u4e00\u4e2a\u730e\u7269\u6216\u5df2\u77e5\u8d44\u6e90\u7684\u65b9\u5411<\/span>\uff09[9]\u3002\u4e0d\u77e5\u60c5\u7684\u7fa4\u4f53\u6210\u5458\u5bf9<\/span>\u6ca1\u6709\u4e86\u89e3\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u77e5\u9053\u4e5f\u53ef\u80fd\u4e0d\u77e5\u9053\u54ea\u4e9b\u4e2a\u4f53\u662f\u77e5\u60c5\u7684\u3002\u6309\u7167Couzin\u7b49\u4eba\u7684\u89c2\u70b9[9]\uff0c\u4e3a\u4e86\u5c06\u5176\u7eb3\u5165\u6a21\u578b\uff0c\u77e5\u60c5\u4e2a\u4f53\u5728\u793e\u4f1a\u4e92\u52a8\u548c\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u9996\u9009\u65b9\u5411\u4e4b\u95f4\u7528\u4e00\u4e2a\u52a0\u6743\u9879\ud835\udf14\u8fdb\u884c\u5e73\u8861\u3002\u7279\u522b\u662f\uff0c\u77e5\u60c5\u7684\u4e2a\u4f53\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u671f\u671b\u7684\u65b9\u5411<\/span>\uff0c\u7531\u4ee5\u4e0b\u516c\u5f0f\u7ed9\u51fa\uff1a<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/span><\/section>\n
<\/section>\n

<\/section>\n
\u5982<\/span>\u679c \u03c9=0<\/span>\uff0c\u5219\u5b8c\u5168\u5ffd\u7565\u4e86\u9996\u9009\u65b9\u5411\uff0c\u53ea\u9075\u5faa\u793e\u4f1a\u4e92\u52a8\u3002\u5f53<\/span><\/span>\u03c9<\/span>\u54111\u589e\u52a0\u65f6\uff0c\u9996\u9009\u65b9\u5411\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u4e0e\u793e\u4f1a\u4e92\u52a8\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u5c31\u4f1a\u5e73\u8861\u3002\u968f\u7740<\/span><\/span>\u03c9<\/span>>1\u65f6\uff0c\u9996\u9009\u65b9\u5411\u6bd4\u793e\u4f1a\u4e92\u52a8\u66f4\u53d7\u9752\u7750\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/section>\n
3. \u6d8c\u73b0\u578b\u9886\u5bfc\u529b<\/span><\/strong><\/section>\n

<\/span><\/section>\n
\u505a\u4e00\u4e2a\u63a8\u65ad\u6d8c\u73b0\u578b\u9886\u5bfc\u529b\u7684\u6d4b\u8bd5\u6848\u4f8b\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b9\u6cd5\u662f\u4f7f\u4e92\u52a8\u5728\u7a7a\u95f4\u4e0a\u4e0d\u5bf9\u79f0\u3002\u7279\u522b\u662f\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u7b80\u5355\u5730\u5728\u516c\u5f0f\uff087\uff09-\uff089\uff09\u4e2d\u63cf\u8ff0\u7684\u6a21\u578b\u4e2d\u52a0\u5165\u201c\u76f2\u533a\u201d[58]\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u533a\u57df<\/span>\u548c<\/span>\u4f1a\u6709\u90e8\u5206\u76f2\u533a\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u76f2\u533a\u4e2d\u7684\u4e2a\u4f53\u88ab\u5ffd\u7565\u4e86\u3002\u5982\u679c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u76f2\u533a\u8db3\u591f\u5927\uff0c\u4e2a\u4f53\u5c31\u4f1a\u66f4\u591a\u5730\u53d7\u5230\u4ed6\u4eec\u524d\u9762\u7684\u4e2a\u4f53\u7684\u5f71\u54cd[30]\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/section>\n
\n
\n
\n

C. \u6d4b\u8bd5\u9886\u5bfc\u529b\u7684\u7279\u5f81<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n


<\/span><\/section>\n
1. \u9886\u5bfc\u529b\u7684\u5206\u5e03<\/span><\/strong><\/section>\n

<\/span><\/section>\n
\u4f7f\u7528\u524d\u51e0\u8282\u4e2d\u4ecb\u7ecd\u7684\u6846\u67b6\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u63a2\u7d22\u4ece\u96c6\u4e2d\u5f0f\u5230\u5206\u5e03\u5f0f\u7684\u5404\u79cd\u9886\u5bfc\u5206\u5e03[12]\u3002\u5bf9\u4e8e\u7ed3\u6784\u6027\u9886\u5bfc\u529b\uff0c\u8303\u56f4\u53ef\u4ee5\u4ece\u5177\u6709\u4e2d\u5fc3\u7ed3\u6784<\/span>\uff08\u96c6\u4e2d\u5f0f\uff09<\/span>\u7684\u793e\u4ea4\u77e9\u9635\u5230\u5177\u6709\u968f\u673a\u8fde\u63a5\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u5b8c\u5168\u8fde\u63a5<\/span>\uff08\u53bb\u4e2d\u5fc3\u5316\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u5bf9\u4e8e\u77e5\u60c5\u578b\u9886\u5bfc\u529b\uff0c\u5177\u6709\u975e\u96f6\u503c\u7684\u7fa4\u4f53\u90e8\u5206\u5c06\u5927\u81f4\u8de8\u8d8a\u9886\u5bfc\u5206\u5e03\u7684\u8303\u56f4\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u6ce8\u610f\u5230\u7ed3\u6784\u6027\u9886\u5bfc\u548c\u77e5\u60c5\u578b\u9886\u5bfc\u7684\u5206\u5e03\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u6b63\u4ea4\u7684\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u56e2\u961f\u53ef\u4ee5\u62e5\u6709\u9ad8\u5ea6\u96c6\u4e2d\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\u9886\u5bfc\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u62e5\u6709\u5b8c\u5168\u5206\u5e03\u5f0f\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u9886\u5bfc\uff0c\u53cd\u4e4b\u4ea6\u7136\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/section>\n
2. \u9886\u5bfc\u529b\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u5c3a\u5ea6<\/span><\/strong><\/section>\n

<\/span><\/section>\n
\u9886\u5bfc\u529b\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u4e00\u81f4\u6027\u548c\u7c92\u5ea6\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u4f7f\u4e0e\u9886\u5bfc\u529b\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u6a21\u578b\u53c2\u6570\u4e0e\u65f6\u95f4\u76f8\u5173\u6765\u5efa\u7acb\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982<\/span>\uff0c<\/span>\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca<\/span>\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u5b9a\u4e49\u65f6\u53d8\u7684<\/span>\uff0c\u5728\u56fa\u5b9a\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u95f4\u9694\u5185\u79fb\u9664\u6216\u6539\u53d8\u9996\u9009\u65b9\u5411\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u518d\u770b\u63a8\u65ad\u7b97\u6cd5\u662f\u5426\u80fd\u68c0\u6d4b\u5230\u8fd9\u79cd\u53d8\u5316\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/section>\n
3. \u9886\u5bfc\u529b\u7684\u8303\u56f4<\/span><\/strong><\/section>\n

<\/span><\/section>\n
\u901a\u8fc7\u8bbe\u7f6e\u793e\u4f1a\u6027\u77e9\u9635\u7684\u5177\u4f53\u4f8b\u5b50\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5404\u79cd\u9886\u5bfc\u529b\u7684\u8fbe\u6210\u60c5\u51b5\uff0c\u5e76\u6d4b\u8bd5\u5404\u79cd\u63a8\u65ad\u63aa\u65bd\u6062\u590d\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/section>\n
4. \u9886\u5bfc\u529b\u7684\u53ef\u89c2\u5bdf\u6027<\/span><\/strong><\/section>\n

<\/span><\/section>\n
\u8fd9\u91cc\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u6846\u67b6\u6709\u5927\u91cf\u7684\u53d8\u5316\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u5bf9\u9886\u5bfc\u529b\u7531\u975e\u8f68\u8ff9\u7684\u7ebf\u7d22\u6216\u4fe1\u53f7\u9a71\u52a8\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u8fdb\u884c\u7f16\u7801[43-46,60]\u3002\u4e00\u4e2a\u660e\u663e\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50<\/span>\uff08\u5728\u81ea\u7136\u754c\u4e5f\u662f\u65e0\u5904\u4e0d\u5728\u7684\uff09<\/span>\u662f\u542c\u89c9\u4fe1\u53f7\uff0c\u5b83\u53ef\u4ee5\u63d0\u4f9b\u8fdc\u8ddd\u79bb\u7684\u4e92\u52a8\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/section>\n
\n
\n
\n

D.\u4e00\u4e2a\u6f5c\u5728\u7684\u9677\u9631\uff1a\u5f71\u54cd\u529bvs.\u9886\u5bfc\u529b<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n


<\/span><\/section>\n
\u8003\u8651\u4e00\u4e2a\u79fb\u52a8\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u7fa4\u4f53\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e2a\u6210\u5458\u90fd\u53d7\u516c\u5f0f\uff089\uff09\u652f\u914d\uff0c\u65b9\u5411\u7531\u516c\u5f0f\uff087\uff09\u548c\uff0810\uff09\u51b3\u5b9a\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u5b9a\u4e49<\/span>\u5426\u5219\u4e3a0\uff0c<\/span>\uff0c\u5e76\u8ba9<\/span>\u3002\u8fd9\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u94fe\u5f0f\u62d3\u6251\u7ed3\u6784\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u6bcf\u4e2a\u4e2a\u4f53\u90fd\u6709\u80fd\u529b\u5bf9\u6700\u591a\u4e00\u4e2a\u5176\u5b83\u4e2a\u4f53\u8fdb\u884c\u7ed3\u6784\u6027\u9886\u5bfc\u3002\u7279\u522b\u662f\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e2a\u4e2a\u4f53\u76f4\u63a5\u5b9a\u5411\u5e76\u5438\u5f15\u5230<\/span>\uff08\u8ddf\u968f\uff09<\/span>\u7fa4\u4f53\u4e2d\u6700\u591a\u4e00\u4e2a\u5176\u5b83\u4e2a\u4f53\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u6ce8\u610f\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e2a\u4e2a\u4f53\u90fd\u8981\u907f\u514d\u4e0e\u6240\u6709\u5176\u4ed6\u4e2a\u4f53\u53d1\u751f\u78b0\u649e<\/span>[\u793e\u4f1a\u6027\u77e9\u9635\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u516c\u5f0f\uff0810\uff09\uff0c\u4f46\u4e0d\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u516c\u5f0f\uff087\uff09]<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/section>\n
\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4f8b\u5b50\u4e2d\uff0c\u5076\u7136\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u4e92\u52a8\uff0c\u5982\u7531\u6392\u65a5\u5f15\u8d77\u7684\u4e92\u52a8\uff0c\u5bf9\u5927\u591a\u6570\u5f71\u54cd \/ \u56e0\u679c\u63a8\u65ad\u7b97\u6cd5\u6784\u6210\u4e86\u4e25\u91cd\u7684\u6311\u6218\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u76f2\u76ee\u5730\u5e94\u7528\u6700\u4f18\u56e0\u679c\u71b5[26]\u6216\u8f6c\u79fb\u71b5[61]\u6765\u63a8\u65ad\u8c01\u9886\u5bfc\u8c01\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7b97\u6cd5\u4f1a\u5f97\u51fa\u4e00\u4e2a\u6240\u6709\u4e2a\u4f53\u5bf9\u6240\u6709\u4e2a\u4f53\u7684\u9886\u5bfc\u7f51\u7edc\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u6839\u636e\u7ed3\u6784\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u77e5\u9053\u8fd9\u662f\u4e0d\u6b63\u786e\u7684\uff0c\u6f5c\u5728\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u7f51\u7edc\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u94fe\u6761\u3002\u8fd9\u91cc\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u662f\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u63aa\u65bd[26,61]\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u4e00\u822c\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u56e0\u679c\u63a8\u65ad\uff0c\u90fd\u4e0d\u662f\u660e\u786e\u5730\u6d4b\u91cf\u9886\u5bfc\u529b\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u51cf\u5c11\u5bf9\u67d0\u4e2a\u7279\u5b9a\u53d8\u91cf\u7684\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4f8b\u5b50\u4e2d\uff0c\u5fae\u5c0f\u7684\u5c40\u90e8\u6392\u65a5\u4f5c\u7528\u968f\u7740\u65f6\u95f4\u7684\u63a8\u79fb\u5f15\u8d77\u4e86\u8db3\u591f\u7684\u201c\u4fe1\u606f\u6d41\u201d\u6765\u89e6\u53d1\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7b97\u6cd5\/\u63aa\u65bd\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u6b63\u5982\u9644\u5f55\u4e2d\u6240\u8ba8\u8bba\u7684\uff0c\u5c06\u5f71\u54cd\u529b\u3001\u4fe1\u606f\u6d41\u3001\u56e0\u679c\u5173\u7cfb\u548c\u9886\u5bfc\u529b\u6df7\u4e3a\u4e00\u8c08\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u975e\u540c\u5bfb\u5e38\u7684\u6311\u6218\uff0c\u672c\u4f8b\u5f88\u597d\u5730\u5f3a\u8c03\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/section>\n

<\/section>\n

\n
\n
\n
\n
\n

<\/section>\n

<\/section>\n
\n
<\/svg><\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n
\n

5. \u540e\u8bb0<\/span><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n

\n

<\/section>\n

<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/h3>\n
 <\/span><\/section>\n
\u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u9886\u5bfc\u529b\u63a8\u65ad\u65b9\u6cd5\u4e3b\u8981\u96c6\u4e2d\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u5355\u4e00\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\u6027\u7279\u5f81\u4e0a\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u56e2\u4f53\u4e2d\u7684\u5730\u4f4d\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u7b49\u7ea7\u3001\u4fe1\u606f\u6d41\u6216\u5f71\u54cd\u529b\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u4e00\u822c\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6982\u5ff5\u4e2d\u6ca1\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u80fd\u5355\u72ec\u5b8c\u5168\u6293\u4f4f\u9886\u5bfc\u529b\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u7bc7\u6587\u7ae0\u4e2d\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u5bf9\u9886\u5bfc\u529b\u7684\u591a\u4e2a\u5c42\u9762\u8fdb\u884c\u5206\u6790\u7684\u591a\u5143\u65b9\u6cd5\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u66f4\u5b8c\u6574\u7684\u9886\u5bfc\u529b\u7ed3\u6784\u5206\u7c7b\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u5f62\u5f0f\u4e3b\u4e49\u5e94\u8be5\u6709\u52a9\u4e8e\u5c06\u6709\u5173\u7ecf\u9a8c\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0e\u89e3\u51b3\u8fd9\u4e9b\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u9002\u5f53\u5206\u6790\u5de5\u5177\u8054\u7cfb\u8d77\u6765\u3002\u867d\u7136\u6211\u4eec\u63d0\u4f9b\u7684\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5206\u7c7b\u6cd5\u80af\u5b9a\u662f\u4e0d\u5b8c\u6574\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u6211\u4eec\u5e0c\u671b\u8fd9\u4e00\u52aa\u529b\u80fd\u591f\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u8d77\u70b9\uff0c\u5c06\u9886\u5bfc\u529b\u5b9a\u4e49\u548c\u63a8\u65ad\u7684\u591a\u9762\u6027\u65b9\u6cd5\u6b63\u89c4\u5316\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/section>\n
\u4f20\u611f\u5668\u3001\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u89c6\u89c9\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u591a\u79cd\u6280\u672f\u8fdb\u6b65\u5bfc\u81f4\u4e86\u6bd4\u4ee5\u5f80\u4efb\u4f55\u65f6\u5019\u90fd\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u9ad8\u5206\u8fa8\u7387\u96c6\u4f53\u8fd0\u52a8\u6570\u636e\u7684\u51fa\u73b0[11]\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u4e0d\u4e45\u7684\u5c06\u6765\u662f\u5728\u9886\u5bfc\u529b\u63a8\u65ad\u65b9\u9762\u53d6\u5f97\u6709\u610f\u4e49\u7684\u8fdb\u5c55\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u597d\u65f6\u673a\u3002\u56e0\u679c\u63a8\u65ad\u548c\u4fe1\u606f\u8bba\u5728\u8fd9\u4e00\u9886\u57df\u5f88\u6709\u524d\u9014\uff0c\u4f46\u6b63\u5982\u6211\u4eec\u5728\u672c\u6587\u4e2d\u6240\u5c55\u793a\u7684\uff0c\u9886\u5bfc\u529b\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u9ad8\u5ea6\u590d\u6742\u548c\u591a\u9762\u7684\u4e3b\u9898\uff0c\u65e0\u8bba\u662f\u56e0\u679c\u63a8\u65ad\u8fd8\u662f\u4fe1\u606f\u8bba\u90fd\u65e0\u6cd5\u5355\u72ec\u5b8c\u6210\u8fd9\u4e00\u4efb\u52a1\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u5e0c\u671b\uff0c\u968f\u7740\u65b0\u7684\u63a8\u7406\u7b97\u6cd5\u7684\u51fa\u73b0\uff0c\u8fd9\u91cc\u5f00\u53d1\u7684\u6b63\u5f0f\u8bed\u8a00\u548c\u73a9\u5177\u6a21\u578b\u5c06\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u8bd5\u9a8c\u573a\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u76f8\u4fe1\uff0c\u5f53\u5b9e\u8df5\u8005\u548c\u7406\u8bba\u5bb6\u5f00\u59cb\u5904\u7406\u6240\u6709\u53ef\u7528\u7684\u9ad8\u5206\u8fa8\u7387\u6570\u636e\u65f6\uff0c\u80fd\u591f\u4ed4\u7ec6\u5730\u5bf9\u88ab\u63a8\u65ad\u7684\u9886\u5bfc\u529b\u6210\u5206\u8fdb\u884c\u5206\u7c7b\u5c06\u662f\u975e\u5e38\u5b9d\u8d35\u7684\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/section>\n
\u9644\u5f55\uff1a\u4fe1\u606f\u6d41\u3001\u56e0\u679c\u5173\u7cfb\u3001\u5f71\u54cd\u529b\u548c\u9886\u5bfc\u529b<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/section>\n

<\/span><\/section>\n
\u4fe1\u606f\u8bba\u4e3a\u4e25\u683c\u91cf\u5316\u6982\u5ff5\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u590d\u6742\u7684\u6d4b\u91cf\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u201c\u51cf\u5c11\u7ed9\u5b9a\u8fc7\u53bb\u72b6\u6001Y<\/em>\u7684\u5f53\u524d\u72b6\u6001X<\/em>\u7684\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\u201d\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8861\u91cf\u6807\u51c6\u901a\u5e38\u4e0e\u4fe1\u606f\u6d41\u3001\u56e0\u679c\u5173\u7cfb\u3001\u5f71\u54cd\u529b\u751a\u81f3\u9886\u5bfc\u529b\u7b49\u6982\u5ff5\u76f8\u5173\u8054\u2014\u2014\u800c\u4e14\u6240\u6709\u8fd9\u4e9b\u672f\u8bed\u901a\u5e38\u90fd\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e92\u6362\u4f7f\u7528\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u63aa\u65bd\u901a\u5e38\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u4e0d\u592a\u4e3b\u89c2\u7684\u63a8\u7406\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u51e0\u4e4e\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u5bf9\u6240\u89c2\u5bdf\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\u6216\u52a8\u6001\u505a\u51fa\u5047\u8bbe\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u4fe1\u606f\u8bba\u5df2\u6210\u4e3a\u4ece\u65f6\u95f4\u5e8f\u5217\u63a8\u65ad\u9886\u5bfc\u529b\u7684\u6d41\u884c\u5de5\u5177[19\u201326,62]\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u867d\u7136\u5f71\u54cd\u529b\u3001\u4fe1\u606f\u6d41\u548c\u56e0\u679c\u5173\u7cfb\u90fd\u4e0e\u9886\u5bfc\u529b\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u5bc6\u5207\u76f8\u5173\uff0c\u4f46\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6982\u5ff5\u672c\u8d28\u4e0a\u662f\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u4e0d\u5bb9\u6613\u4e92\u6362\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u6700\u8fd1\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u5df2\u7ecf\u5f00\u59cb\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4fe1\u606f\u63aa\u65bd\u751a\u81f3\u65e0\u6cd5\u6355\u83b7\u4fe1\u606f\u6d41[33]\uff0c\u66f4\u4e0d\u7528\u8bf4\u9886\u5bfc\u529b\u4e86\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/section>\n
\u4e0b\u9762\u7684\u9644\u5f55\u8ba8\u8bba\u4e86\u4fe1\u606f\u6d41\u3001\u56e0\u679c\u5173\u7cfb\u548c\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u5e76\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u76f8\u4fe1\u4ec5\u51ed\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4e2d\u7684\u4efb\u4f55\u4e00\u4e2a\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u5145\u5206\u91cf\u5316\u9886\u5bfc\u529b\u7684\u539f\u56e0\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/section>\n
\u4fe1\u606f\u6d41\u548c\u71b5<\/strong>\uff0c\u6b63\u5982\u6211\u4eec\u5728\u4ee5\u524d\u7684\u6570\u5b66\u4f5c\u54c1\u4e2d\u6240\u8bba\u8bc1\u7684\u90a3\u6837[24,32,63 ]\uff0c\u662f\u8026\u5408<\/span>\uff08\u52a8\u6001\uff09<\/span>\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u57fa\u672c\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u968f\u673a\u8fc7\u7a0b\u3002\u4fe1\u606f\u8bba\uff0c\u6b63\u5982\u5728\u9999\u519c\u71b5\u53ca\u5176\u53d8\u4f53\u4e0a\u5236\u5b9a\u7684\u90a3\u6837\uff0c\u57fa\u672c\u4e0a\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u5728\u89c2\u5bdf\u4e00\u4e2a\u968f\u673a\u53d8\u91cf\u7684\u7279\u5b9a\u503c\u6216\u72b6\u6001\u65f6\u5e94\u8be5\u5f52\u56e0\u4e8e\u7684\u5e73\u5747\u201c\u60ca\u559c\u201d\u3002\u66f4\u6b63\u5f0f\u5730\u8bf4\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u60ca\u559c\u6216<\/span>\uff08\u975e\uff09<\/span>\u53ef\u9884\u6d4b\u6027\u7684\u91cf\u5316\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u201c\u71b5\u201d\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e25\u683c\u5730\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e3a\u57fa\u7840\u6982\u7387\u5206\u5e03\u7684\u51fd\u6570\u3002\u5f53\u8003\u8651\u5230\u591a\u4e2a\u53d8\u91cf\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u6f14\u53d8\u65f6\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u53d8\u91cf\u7684\u72b6\u6001\u5f80\u5f80\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u4e00\u7ec4\u76f8\u5173\u53d8\u91cf\u7684\u5386\u53f2\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u53d8\u91cf\u95f4\u7684\u4f9d\u8d56\u5173\u7cfb\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u770b\u4f5c\u662f\u201d\u4fe1\u606f\u6d41\u201c\u3002\u8026\u5408\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u4fe1\u606f\u6d41\u7684\u660e\u786e\u8868\u5f81\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u91cf\u5316\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u5728\u7ed9\u5b9a\u7684\u5148\u524d\u89c2\u5bdf\u6761\u4ef6\u4e0b\u6d4b\u91cf\u89c2\u5bdf\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u91cf<\/span>\uff08\u540c\u6837\u4f5c\u4e3a\u60ca\u559c\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\uff09<\/span>\u6765\u5b8c\u6210\uff0c\u8fd9\u5c31\u4ea7\u751f\u4e86\u5e38\u7528\u7684\u63aa\u65bd\uff0c\u5982\u8f6c\u79fb\u71b5[61]\u548c\u56e0\u679c\u5173\u7cfb\u71b5[26,64,65]\u3002\u6362\u53e5\u8bdd\u8bf4\uff0c\u4fe1\u606f\u6d41\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e86\u4e0e\u8fc7\u53bb\u5404\u79cd\u7ec4\u5408\u7684\u6761\u4ef6\u6709\u5173\u7684\u9884\u6d4b\u7684\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\u7684\u51cf\u5c11\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u65e0\u8bba\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u683c\u5170\u6770\u56e0\u679c\u5173\u7cfb[66]\u3001\u8f6c\u79fb\u71b5[61]\u3001\u56e0\u679c\u71b5[26,64,65,67]\uff0c\u8fd8\u662f\u5176\u4ed6\u4e00\u4e9b\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u60f3\u6cd5\u662f\u8981\u95ee\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u77e5\u9053\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u8026\u5408\u53d8\u91cf\u7684\u8fc7\u53bb\uff0c\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\u662f\u5426\u4f1a\u51cf\u5c11\u3002\u663e\u7136\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\u4ece\u79d1\u5b66\u6216\u6570\u5b66\u7684\u5e7f\u6cdb\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u9886\u57df\u662f\u666e\u904d\u9002\u7528\u7684\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u672c\u6587\u7684\u90e8\u5206\u4e3b\u9898\u662f\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4fe1\u606f\u6d41\u6982\u5ff5\u672c\u8eab\u5e76\u4e0d\u5145\u5206\u6216\u7b49\u540c\u4e8e\u9886\u5bfc\u529b\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/section>\n
\u56e0\u679c\u5173\u7cfb<\/strong>\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e0e\u4fe1\u606f\u6d41\u76f8\u5173\u4f46\u4e0d\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u3002\u56e0\u679c\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u6709\u5f88\u591a\u89e3\u91ca\uff0c\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u4e0a\u4e0b\u6587\uff0c\u4ece\u54f2\u5b66\u7684[68-70]\uff0c\u5230\u7edf\u8ba1\u5b66\u7684[71-75]\uff0c\u5230\u52a8\u529b\u5b66\u7684[61,64,66,76]\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5c06\u5b8c\u5168\u907f\u514d\u54f2\u5b66\u65b9\u5411\uff0c\u4f46\u8981\u6ce8\u610f\u5176\u4e2d\u4e00\u4e9b\u786e\u5b9e\u4e0e\u5176\u4ed6\u65b9\u5411\u76f8\u543b\u5408\u3002\u7edf\u8ba1\u5b66\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u6709\u65f6\u4e0e\u968f\u673a\u8fc7\u7a0b\u6709\u5173\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u6765\u81eaPearl\u7684\u6709\u5f71\u54cd\u529b\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c[71-73]\uff0c\u4e0e\u7406\u89e3\u5e72\u9884\u7684\u5fae\u79ef\u5206\u6709\u5173\uff0c\u4f46\u4e0d\u4e00\u5b9a\u4e0e\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u80cc\u666f\u6709\u5173\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u5bf9\u7406\u89e3\u56e0\u679c\u5f71\u54cd\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\u66f4\u611f\u5174\u8da3\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u81ea\u7531\u8fd0\u884c\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u88ab\u52a8\u89c2\u5bdf\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u4e3b\u52a8\u63a2\u6d4b\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e0e\u968f\u673a\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u6d41\u6982\u5ff5\u5173\u7cfb\u66f4\u5bc6\u5207\uff0c\u51e0\u4e4e\u662f\u540c\u4e49\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u4e0d\u5b8c\u5168\u76f8\u540c\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u91c7\u53d6\u4e86\u4e0e\u683c\u5170\u6770\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u63a8\u7406\u6700\u7ec8\u5bfc\u81f4\u4e862003\u5e74\u8bfa\u8d1d\u5c14\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u5956\u7684\u9881\u53d1\uff1b\u683c\u5170\u6770\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u539f\u5219\u662f\uff1a\uff081\uff09\u539f\u56e0\u53d1\u751f\u5728\u7ed3\u679c\u4e4b\u524d\uff1b\uff082\uff09\u539f\u56e0\u5fc5\u7136\u5305\u542b\u5173\u4e8e\u5176\u7ed3\u679c\u7684\u672a\u6765\u72b6\u6001\u7684\u72ec\u7279\u4fe1\u606f[66]\u3002\u8be6\u7ec6\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u6240\u8c13\u7684\u683c\u5170\u6770\u56e0\u679c\u5173\u7cfb\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u5047\u8bbe\u4e3a\u7ebf\u6027\u968f\u673a\u8fc7\u7a0b\u7684\u7279\u5b9a\u8ba1\u7b97\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5b83\u88ab\u8bc1\u660e[76]\u5b8c\u5168\u7b49\u540c\u4e8e\u5728\u5177\u6709\u9ad8\u65af\u566a\u58f0\u7684\u7ebf\u6027\u968f\u673a\u8fc7\u7a0b\u7684\u7279\u6b8a\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u5176\u4ed6\u624b\u6bb5<\/span>\uff08\u5728\u4fe1\u606f\u8bba\u4e2d\u901a\u8fc7\u9002\u5f53\u7684\u6761\u4ef6\u7684\u5e93\u5c14\u8d1d\u514b-\u5217\u5e03\u52d2\u5206\u6b67\uff09<\/span>\u8ba1\u7b97\u7684\u8f6c\u79fb\u71b5\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\u8bf4\uff0c\u867d\u7136\u683c\u5170\u6770\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u539f\u5219\u662f\u76f8\u540c\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u8ba1\u7b97\u7684\u7ec6\u8282\u53ef\u80fd\u4e0d\u540c\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/section>\n
\u5f71\u54cd\u529b<\/strong>\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5f62\u5f0f\u5316\u7684\u6846\u67b6\u5185\u88ab\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e3a\u4e0e\u9886\u5bfc\u529b\u6709\u5173\uff0c\u4f46\u53c8\u6709\u4e9b\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u8fd9\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u6211\u4eec\u662f\u5426\u4ece\u4fe1\u606f\u8bba\u3001\u51cf\u5c11\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\u6216\u5176\u4ed6\u4e00\u4e9b\u57fa\u672c\u539f\u5219\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u6765\u8054\u7cfb\u4e2a\u4f53\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u4e92\u52a8\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u63a7\u5236\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u6f5c\u5728\u76ee\u6807\u3002\u8003\u8651\u5230\u4e00\u4e2a\u7fa4\u4f53\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u4e2a\u4f53\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u9886\u5bfc\u8005\uff0c\u5bf9\u8fd9\u53e5\u8bdd\u7684\u5404\u79cd\u89e3\u91ca\u65b9\u5f0f\u5c06\u5728\u968f\u540e\u7684\u4e0b\u6587\u4e2d\u9648\u8ff0\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5bf9\u9886\u5bfc\u529b\u7684\u8861\u91cf\u53ef\u80fd\u4e0e\u4fe1\u606f\u6d41\u6709\u5173\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u4f5c\u4e3a\u56e0\u679c\u5f71\u54cd\u7684\u4ee3\u8868\uff0c\u9886\u5bfc\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u5728\u5176\u4ed6\u4ee3\u7406\u4eba\u4e4b\u524d\u6539\u53d8\u72b6\u6001\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6982\u5ff5\u5c06\u7c7b\u4f3c\u4e8e\u5148\u6709\u56e0\u540e\u6709\u679c\u3002\u4e00\u4e2a\u7fa4\u4f53\u4e2d\u5177\u6709\u5f71\u54cd\u529b\u7684\u6210\u5458\u4e0d\u4e00\u5b9a\u88ab\u89e3\u91ca\u4e3a\u9886\u5bfc\u8005\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5728\u67d0\u79cd\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\uff0c\u5f71\u54cd\u529b\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\u7684\u9886\u5bfc\u529b\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5f71\u54cd\u529b\u76f8\u5f53\u4e8e\u5bfc\u81f4\u4ed6\u4eba\u6539\u53d8\u5176\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027<\/span>\uff08\u52a8\u529b\u5b66\uff09<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/section>\n
\u90a3\u4e48\u8bf4\uff0c\u4ece\u4fe1\u606f\u6d41\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u6765\u770b\uff0c\u5f71\u54cd\u529b\u3001\u56e0\u679c\u5173\u7cfb\u548c\u9886\u5bfc\u529b\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u533a\u522b\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\uff1f\u5728\u4e00\u4e9b\u89e3\u91ca\u4e2d\uff0c\u5bf9\u4ed6\u4eba\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u6216\u56e0\u679c\u5173\u7cfb\u548c\u9886\u5bfc\u529b\u51e0\u4e4e\u662f\u540c\u4e49\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u6709\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u533a\u522b\u3002\u5982\u679c\u4ece\u51cf\u5c11\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u6765\u770b\u5f85\u9886\u5bfc\u529b<\/span>\uff08\u56e0\u6b64\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u56e0\u679c\u63a8\u7406\u548c\u4fe1\u606f\u6d41\u6765\u8861\u91cf\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u56e0\u679c\u5173\u7cfb\u548c\u5f71\u54cd\u5c31\u6210\u4e3a\u9886\u5bfc\u529b\u7684\u540c\u4e49\u8bcd\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u4e00\u4e2a\u9886\u5bfc\u884c\u4e3a\u662f\u79ef\u6781\u7684\u3001\u53ef\u89c2\u5bdf\u7684\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u56e0\u679c\u5173\u7cfb\u548c\u4fe1\u606f\u6d41\u5c31\u662f\u6838\u5fc3\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u4f7f\u4eba\u4eec\u80fd\u591f\u5bf9\u9886\u5bfc\u529b\u8fdb\u884c\u5b9a\u4e49\u548c\u7ecf\u9a8c\u4e0a\u7684\u8bc4\u5206\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u8fd8\u6709\u4e00\u4e9b\u9886\u5bfc\u529b\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u663e\u7136\u8d85\u51fa\u4e86\u4fe1\u606f\u6d41\u7684\u8303\u56f4\u3002\u5728\u6b63\u6587\u4e2d\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u4f7f\u7528\u9886\u5bfc\u529b\u7684\u5206\u7c7b\u6cd5\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u8d85\u8d8a\u4e86\u5178\u578b\u7684\u56e0\u679c\u5173\u7cfb\u548c\u4fe1\u606f\u6d41\u6982\u5ff5[24,25,37]\uff0c\u4ee5\u5141\u8bb8\u90a3\u4e9b\u901a\u8fc7\u72ed\u4e49\u7684\u71b5\u89e3\u91ca\u53ef\u80fd\u88ab\u5ffd\u7565\u7684\u7279\u5f81\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u7ed3\u6784\u3001\u4e2a\u4f53\u7684\u77e5\u60c5\u7a0b\u5ea6\u3001\u5206\u5e03\u3001\u65f6\u95f4\u548c\u7a7a\u95f4\u5c3a\u5ea6\u4ee5\u53ca\u76ee\u6807\u9a71\u52a8\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u5c06\u5728\u6b64\u8ba8\u8bba\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u5176\u4ed6\u65b9\u9762\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/section>\n
\n
\n
\n

\u53c2\u8003\u6587\u732e<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n

\n
\n
\n
\n

1. T. Vicsek and A. Zafeiris, \u201cCollective motion,\u201d Phys. Rep. 517, 71\u2013140 (2012).  https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.physrep.2012.03.004,<\/span><\/p>\n

2. P. A. Westley, A. M. Berdahl, C. J. Torney, and D. Biro, Collective movement in ecology: From emerging technologies to conservation and management,\u201d Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B 373, 20170004 (2018).  https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rstb.2017.0004,<\/span><\/p>\n

3. P. W. Anderson, \u201cMore is different,\u201d Science 177, 393\u2013396 (1972).  https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.177.4047.393,<\/span><\/p>\n

4. L. Conradt and T. J. Roper, \u201cConsensus decision making in animals,\u201d Trends. Ecol. Evol. (Amst.) 20, 449\u2013456 (2005).  https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tree.2005.05.008,<\/span><\/p>\n

5. A. M. Berdahl, A. B. Kao, A. Flack, P. A. Westley, E. A. Codling, I. D. Couzin, A. I. Dell, and D. Biro, \u201cCollective animal navigation and migratory culture: From theoretical models to empirical evidence,\u201d Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B 373, 20170009 (2018).  https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rstb.2017.0009,<\/span><\/p>\n

6. B. Helm, T. Piersma, and H. Van der Jeugd, \u201cSociable schedules: Interplay between avian seasonal and social behaviour,\u201d Anim. Behav. 72, 245\u2013262 (2006).  https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.anbehav.2005.12.007,<\/span><\/p>\n

7. A. Berdahl, P. A. Westley, and T. P. Quinn, \u201cSocial interactions shape the timing of spawning migrations in an anadromous fish,\u201d Anim. Behav. 126, 221\u2013229 (2017).  https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.anbehav.2017.01.020,<\/span><\/p>\n

8. L. Conradt and T. J. Roper, \u201cGroup decision-making in animals,\u201d Nature 421, 155 (2003).  https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nature01294,<\/span><\/p>\n

9. I. D. Couzin, J. Krause, N. R. Franks, and S. A. Levin, \u201cEffective leadership and decision-making in animal groups on the move,\u201d Nature 433, 513\u2013516 (2005).  https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nature03236,<\/span><\/p>\n

10. M. d. M. Delgado, M. Miranda, S. J. Alvarez, E. Gurarie, W. F. Fagan, V. Penteriani, A. di Virgilio, and J. M. Morales, \u201cThe importance of individual variation in the dynamics of animal collective movements,\u201d Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B 373, 20170008 (2018).  https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rstb.2017.0008,<\/span><\/p>\n

11. L. F. Hughey, A. M. Hein, A. Strandburg-Peshkin, and F. H. Jensen, \u201cChallenges and solutions for studying collective animal behaviour in the wild,\u201d Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B 373, 20170005 (2018).  https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rstb.2017.0005,<\/span><\/p>\n

12. A. Strandburg-Peshkin, D. Papageorgiou, M. C. Crofoot, and D. R. Farine, \u201cInferring influence and leadership in moving animal groups,\u201d Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B 373, 20170006 (2018).  https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rstb.2017.0006,<\/span><\/p>\n

13.  J. E. Smith, S. Gavrilets, M. B. Mulder, P. L. Hooper, C. El Mouden, D.  Nettle, C. Hauert, K. Hill, S. Perry, A. E. Pusey, M. van Vugt, and E.  A. Smith, \u201cLeadership in mammalian societies: Emergence, distribution, power, and payoff,\u201d Trends Ecol. Evol. (Amst.) 31, 54\u201366 (2016).  https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tree.2015.09.013,<\/span><\/p>\n

14. J. S. Lewis, D. Wartzok, and M. R. Heithaus, \u201cHighly dynamic fission\u2013fusion species can exhibit leadership when traveling,\u201d Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 65, 1061\u20131069 (2011). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00265-010-1113-y,<\/span><\/p>\n

15. L. J. Brent, D. W. Franks, E. A. Foster, K. C. Balcomb, M. A. Cant, and D. P. Croft, \u201cEcological knowledge, leadership, and the evolution of menopause in killer whales,\u201d Curr. Biol. 25, 746\u2013750 (2015).  https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cub.2015.01.037,<\/span><\/p>\n

16. D. M. Jacoby, Y. P. Papastamatiou, and R. Freeman, \u201cInferring animal social networks and leadership: Applications for passive monitoring arrays,\u201d J. R. Soc. Interface 13, 20160676 (2016).  https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rsif.2016.0676,<\/span><\/p>\n

17. A. Strandburg-Peshkin, D. R. Farine, I. D. Couzin, and M. C. Crofoot, \u201cShared decision-making drives collective movement in wild baboons,\u201d Science 348, 1358\u20131361 (2015).  https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.aaa5099,<\/span><\/p>\n

18. J.-B. Leca, N. Gunst, B. Thierry, and O. Petit, \u201cDistributed leadership in semifree-ranging white-faced capuchin monkeys,\u201d Anim. Behav. 66, 1045\u20131052 (2003).  https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1006\/anbe.2003.2276,<\/span><\/p>\n

19. M. Nagy, Z. Akos, D. Biro, and T. Vicsek, \u201cHierarchical group dynamics in pigeon flocks,\u201d Nature 464, 890\u2013893 (2010).  https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nature08891,<\/span><\/p>\n

20. Z. \u00c1kos, R. Beck, M. Nagy, T. Vicsek, and E. Kubinyi, \u201cLeadership and path characteristics during walks are linked to dominance order and individual traits in dogs,\u201d PLoS Comput. Biol. 10, e1003446 (2014).  https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1003446,<\/span><\/p>\n

21. L. Jiang, L. Giuggioli, A. Perna, R. Escobedo, V. Lecheval, C. Sire, Z. Han, and G. Theraulaz, \u201cIdentifying influential neighbors in animal flocking,\u201d PLoS Comput. Biol. 13, e1005902 (2017).  https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1005822,<\/span><\/p>\n

22. I. Watts, M. Nagy, R. I. Holbrook, D. Biro, and T. B. de Perera, \u201cValidating two-dimensional leadership models on three-dimensionally structured fish schools,\u201d R. Soc. Open. Sci. 4, 160804 (2017).  https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rsos.160804,<\/span><\/p>\n

23. H. Ye, E. R. Deyle, L. J. Gilarranz, and G. Sugihara, \u201cDistinguishing time-delayed causal interactions using convergent cross mapping,\u201d Sci. Rep. 5 (2015). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/srep14750,<\/span><\/p>\n

24. W. M. Lord, J. Sun, N. T. Ouellette, and E. M. Bollt, \u201cInference of causal information flow in collective animal behavior,\u201d IEEE Trans. Mol. Biol. Multi-Scale Commun. 2, 107\u2013116 (2016).  https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TMBMC.2016.2632099,<\/span><\/p>\n

25. S. Butail, V. Mwaffo, and M. Porfiri, \u201cModel-free information-theoretic approach to infer leadership in pairs of zebrafish,\u201d Phys. Rev. E 93, 042411 (2016).  https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1103\/PhysRevE.93.042411,<\/span><\/p>\n

26. J. Sun, D. Taylor, and E. M. Bollt, \u201cCausal network inference by optimal causation entropy,\u201d SIAM. J. Appl. Dyn. Syst. 14, 73\u2013106 (2015).  https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1137\/140956166,<\/span><\/p>\n

27. N. Thorpe, N. Hakongak, S. Eyegetok, and the Kitikmeot Elders, Thunder on the Tundra: Inuit Qaujimajatuqangit of the Bathurst Caribou (Generation Printing, Vancouver, 2001).<\/span><\/p>\n

28. P. S. Barboza and K. L. Parker, \u201cAllocating protein to reproduction in arctic reindeer and caribou,\u201d Physiol. Biochem. Zool. 81, 835\u2013855 (2008).  https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1086\/590414,<\/span><\/p>\n

29. L. Conradt, J. Krause, I. D. Couzin, and T. J. Roper, \u201cLeading according to need in self-organizing groups,\u201d Am. Nat. 173, 304\u2013312 (2009).  https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1086\/596532,<\/span><\/p>\n

30. C. J. Torney, M. Lamont, L. Debell, R. J. Angohiatok, L.-M. Leclerc, and A. M. Berdahl, \u201cInferring the rules of social interaction in migrating caribou,\u201d Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B 373, 20170385 (2018).  https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rstb.2017.0385,<\/span><\/p>\n

31. T. Vicsek, A. Czir\u00f3k, E. Ben-Jacob, I. Cohen, and O. Shochet, \u201cNovel type of phase transition in a system of self-driven particles,\u201d Phys. Rev. Lett. 75, 1226 (1995).  https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1103\/PhysRevLett.75.1226,<\/span><\/p>\n

32. E. M. Bollt and N. Santitissadeekorn, Applied and Computational Measurable Dynamics (SIAM, 2013).<\/span><\/p>\n

33. R. G. James, N. Barnett, and J. P. Crutchfield, \u201cInformation flows? A critique of transfer entropies,\u201d Phys. Rev. Lett. 116, 238701 (2016).  https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1103\/PhysRevLett.116.238701,<\/span><\/p>\n

34. J. C. Flack and D. C. Krakauer, \u201cEncoding power in communication networks,\u201d Am. Nat. 168, E87\u2013E102 (2006).  https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1086\/506526,<\/span><\/p>\n

35. E. R. Brush, D. C. Krakauer, and J. C. Flack, \u201cA family of algorithms for computing consensus about node state from network data,\u201d PLoS Comput. Biol. 9, e1003109 (2013).  https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1003109,<\/span><\/p>\n

36. C. De Bacco, D. B. Larremore, and C. Moore, \u201cA physical model for efficient ranking in networks,\u201d arXiv preprint arXiv:1709.09002 (2017).<\/span><\/p>\n

37.  A. Strandburg-Peshkin, C. R. Twomey, N. W. Bode, A. B. Kao, Y. Katz, C.  C. Ioannou, S. B. Rosenthal, C. J. Torney, H. S. Wu, S. A. Levin, and  I. Couzin, \u201cVisual sensory networks and effective information transfer in animal groups,\u201d Curr. Biol. 23, R709\u2013R711 (2013).  https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cub.2013.07.059,<\/span><\/p>\n

38. S. G. Reebs, \u201cCan a minority of informed leaders determine the foraging movements of a fish shoal?\u201d Anim. Behav. 59, 403\u2013409 (2000).  https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1006\/anbe.1999.1314,<\/span><\/p>\n

39. T. Mueller, R. B. O\u2019Hara, S. J. Converse, R. P. Urbanek, and W. F. Fagan, \u201cSocial learning of migratory performance,\u201d Science 341, 999\u20131002 (2013).  https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.1237139,<\/span><\/p>\n

40. K. M. Schultz, K. M. Passino, and T. D. Seeley, \u201cThe mechanism of flight guidance in honeybee swarms: Subtle guides or streaker bees?\u201d J. Exp. Biol. 211, 3287\u20133295 (2008).  https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1242\/jeb.018994,<\/span><\/p>\n

41. C. J. Torney, A. Berdahl, and I. D. Couzin, \u201cSignalling and the evolution of cooperative foraging in dynamic environments,\u201d PLoS Comput. Biol. 7, e1002194 (2011).  https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1002194,<\/span><\/p>\n

42. B. Pettit, Z. \u00c1kos, T. Vicsek, and D. Biro, \u201cSpeed determines leadership and leadership determines learning during pigeon flocking,\u201d Curr. Biol. 25, 3132\u20133137 (2015).  https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cub.2015.10.044,<\/span><\/p>\n

43. K. J. Stewart and A. H. Harcourt, \u201cGorillas\u2019 vocalizations during rest periods: Signals of impending departure? \u201dBehaviour 130, 29\u201340 (1994).  https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1163\/156853994X00127,<\/span><\/p>\n

44. D. Fossey, \u201cVocalizations of the mountain gorilla (Gorilla gorilla beringei),\u201d Anim. Behav. 20, 36\u201353 (1972).  https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0003-3472(72)80171-4,<\/span><\/p>\n

45. J. M. Smith and D. Harper, Animal Signals (Oxford University Press, 2003).<\/span><\/p>\n

46. J. M. Black, \u201cPreflight signalling in swans: A mechanism for group cohesion and flock formation,\u201d Ethology 79, 143\u2013157 (1988).  https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1439-0310.1988.tb00707.x,<\/span><\/p>\n

47. A. J. King, C. M. Douglas, E. Huchard, N. J. Isaac, and G. Cowlishaw, \u201cDominance and affiliation mediate despotism in a social primate,\u201d Curr. Biol. 18, 1833\u20131838 (2008).  https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cub.2008.10.048,<\/span><\/p>\n

48. K. Payne, Sources of Social Complexity in the Three Elephant Species (Harvard University Press, 2003).<\/span><\/p>\n

49. R. O. Peterson, A. K. Jacobs, T. D. Drummer, L. D. Mech, and D. W. Smith, \u201cLeadership behavior in relation to dominance and reproductive status in gray wolves, canis lupus,\u201d Can. J. Zool. 80, 1405\u20131412 (2002).  https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1139\/z02-124,<\/span><\/p>\n

50. D. Lusseau and L. Conradt, \u201cThe emergence of unshared consensus decisions in bottlenose dolphins,\u201d Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 63, 1067\u20131077 (2009). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00265-009-0740-7,<\/span><\/p>\n

51. J. C. Flack, M. Girvan, F. B. De Waal, and D. C. Krakauer, \u201cPolicing stabilizes construction of social niches in primates,\u201d Nature 439, 426 (2006).  https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nature04326,<\/span><\/p>\n

52. S. B. Rosenthal, C. R. Twomey, A. T. Hartnett, H. S. Wu, and I. D. Couzin, \u201cRevealing the hidden networks of interaction in mobile animal groups allows prediction of complex behavioral contagion,\u201d Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 112, 4690\u20134695 (2015).  https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.1420068112,<\/span><\/p>\n

53. K. N. Laland and K. Williams, \u201cShoaling generates social learning of foraging information in guppies,\u201d Anim. Behav. 53, 1161\u20131169 (1997).  https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1006\/anbe.1996.0318,<\/span><\/p>\n

54. A. Flack, B. Pettit, R. Freeman, T. Guilford, and D. Biro, \u201cWhat are leaders made of? The role of individual experience in determining leader\u2013follower relations in homing pigeons,\u201d Anim. Behav. 83, 703\u2013709 (2012).  https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.anbehav.2011.12.018,<\/span><\/p>\n

55. M. Nagy, I. D. Couzin, W. Fiedler, M. Wikelski, and A. Flack, \u201cSynchronization, coordination and collective sensing during thermalling flight of freely migrating white storks,\u201d Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B 373, 20170011 (2018).  https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rstb.2017.0011,<\/span><\/p>\n

56. A. Berdahl, C. J. Torney, C. C. Ioannou, J. J. Faria, and I. D. Couzin, \u201cEmergent sensing of complex environments by mobile animal groups,\u201d Science 339, 574\u2013576 (2013).  https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.1225883,<\/span><\/p>\n

57. C. W. Reynolds, \u201cFlocks, herds and schools: A distributed behavioral model,\u201d in ACM SIGGRAPH Computer Graphics (ACM, 1987), 21, pp. 25\u201334.<\/span><\/p>\n

58. I. D. Couzin, J. Krause, R. James, G. D. Ruxton, and N. R. Franks, \u201cCollective memory and spatial sorting in animal groups,\u201d J. Theor. Biol. 218, 1\u201311 (2002).  https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1006\/jtbi.2002.3065,<\/span><\/p>\n

59. N. W. Bode, A. J. Wood, and D. W. Franks, \u201cThe impact of social networks on animal collective motion,\u201d Anim. Behav. 82, 29\u201338 (2011).  https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.anbehav.2011.04.011,<\/span><\/p>\n

60. C. R. Brown, M. B. Brown, and M. L. Shaffer, \u201cFood-sharing signals among socially foraging cliff swallows,\u201d Anim. Behav. 42, 551\u2013564 (1991).  https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0003-3472(05)80239-8,<\/span><\/p>\n

61. T. Schreiber, \u201cMeasuring information transfer,\u201d Phys. Rev. Lett. 85, 461\u20134 (2000).  https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1103\/PhysRevLett.85.461,<\/span><\/p>\n

62. D. Darmon, E. Omodei, and J. Garland, \u201cFollowers are not enough: A multifaceted approach to community detection in online social networks,\u201d PLoS ONE 10, e0134860 (2015).  https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0134860,<\/span><\/p>\n

63. E. M. Bollt, \u201cSynchronization as a process of sharing and transferring information,\u201d Int. J. Bifurcat. Chaos 22, 1250261 (2012).  https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1142\/S0218127412502616,<\/span><\/p>\n

64. J. Sun and E. M. Bollt, \u201cCausation entropy identifies indirect influences, dominance of neighbors and anticipatory couplings,\u201d Phys. D: Nonlin. Phenom. 267, 49\u201357 (2014).  https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.physd.2013.07.001,<\/span><\/p>\n

65. C. Cafaro, W. M. Lord, J. Sun, and E. M. Bollt, \u201cCausation entropy from symbolic representations of dynamical systems,\u201d Chaos: Interdiscip. J. Nonlin. Sci. 25, 043106 (2015).  https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1063\/1.4916902, Scitation, ISI<\/span><\/p>\n

66. C. W. Granger, \u201cTesting for causality: A personal viewpoint,\u201d J. Econ. Dyn. Control 2, 329\u2013352 (1980).  https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0165-1889(80)90069-X,<\/span><\/p>\n

67. J. Sun, C. Cafaro, and E. M. Bollt, \u201cIdentifying the coupling structure in complex systems through the optimal causation entropy principle,\u201d Entropy 16, 3416\u20133433 (2014).  https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/e16063416,<\/span><\/p>\n

68. B. Russell, Mysticism and Logic (New Statesman, 1913).<\/span><\/p>\n

69. B. Russell, Human Knowledge: Its Scope and Its Limits (Simon & Schuster, New York, 1948).<\/span><\/p>\n

70. J. Bigelow and R. Pargetter, \u201cMetaphysics of causation,\u201d Erkenntnis 33, 89\u2013119 (1990).  https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF00634553,<\/span><\/p>\n

71. J. Pearl and T. S. Verma, \u201cA theory of inferred causation,\u201d in Studies in Logic and the Foundations of Mathematics (Elsevier, 1995), Vol. 134, pp. 789\u2013811.<\/span><\/p>\n

72. J. Pearl, \u201cBayesian networks\u201d (2011), available at https:\/\/escholarship.org\/uc\/item\/53n4f34m.<\/span><\/p>\n

73. J. Pearl, \u201cThe structural theory of causation,\u201d in Causality in the Sciences (Clarendon Press, Oxford, 2011), pp. 697\u2013727.<\/span><\/p>\n

74. B. Skyrms and W. L. Harper, Causation, Chance and Credence: Proceedings of the Irvine Conference on Probability and Causation (Springer Science & Business Media, 2012), Vol. 1.<\/span><\/p>\n

75. D. A. Freedman, \u201cLinear statistical models for causation: A critical review,\u201d Encyclopedia Stat. Behav. Sci. (2005).  https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/0470013192.bsa598,<\/span><\/p>\n

76. L. Barnett, A. B. Barrett, and A. K. Seth, \u201cGranger causality and transfer entropy are equivalent for gaussian variables,\u201d Phys. Rev. Lett. 103, 238701 (2009).  https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1103\/PhysRevLett.103.238701,<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/span><\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n

\n
\n

\uff08\u53c2\u8003\u6587\u732e\u53ef\u4e0a\u4e0b\u6ed1\u52a8<\/strong>\u67e5\u770b\uff09<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n


<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/span><\/section>\n
\n
\n
\n
\n

\u590d\u6742\u79d1\u5b66\u6700\u65b0\u8bba\u6587<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n

\n


<\/p>\n<\/section>\n

\u96c6\u667a\u6591\u56fe\u9876\u520a\u8bba\u6587\u901f\u9012\u680f\u76ee\u4e0a\u7ebf\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u6301\u7eed\u6536\u5f55\u6765\u81eaNature\u3001Science<\/span>\u7b49\u9876\u520a\u7684\u6700\u65b0\u8bba\u6587\uff0c\u8ffd\u8e2a\u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf\u3001\u7f51\u7edc\u79d1\u5b66\u3001\u8ba1\u7b97\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u7b49\u9886\u57df\u7684\u524d\u6cbf\u8fdb\u5c55\u3002\u73b0\u5728\u6b63\u5f0f\u63a8\u51fa\u8ba2\u9605\u529f\u80fd\uff0c\u6bcf\u5468\u901a\u8fc7\u5fae\u4fe1\u670d\u52a1\u53f7\u300c\u6211\u7684\u96c6\u667a\u300d\u63a8\u9001\u8bba\u6587\u4fe1\u606f\u3002\u626b\u63cf\u4e0b\u65b9\u4e8c\u7ef4\u7801\u5373\u53ef\u4e00\u952e\u8ba2\u9605\uff1a<\/span>
<\/section>\n


<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n


<\/section>\n
\n


<\/p>\n<\/section>\n

\n

\u63a8\u8350\u9605\u8bfb<\/span><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n