{"id":40056,"date":"2023-01-27T20:54:22","date_gmt":"2023-01-27T12:54:22","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/swarma.org\/?p=40056"},"modified":"2023-01-27T20:54:22","modified_gmt":"2023-01-27T12:54:22","slug":"%e7%b2%97%e7%9c%8b%e9%95%bf%e5%b0%be%ef%bc%8c%e7%bb%86%e8%be%a8%e5%b9%82%e5%be%8b%ef%bc%9a%e8%b7%a8%e4%b8%96%e7%ba%aa%e7%9a%84%e6%97%a0%e6%a0%87%e5%ba%a6%e7%bd%91%e7%bb%9c%e7%a0%94%e7%a9%b6%e7%ba%b7-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/swarma.org\/?p=40056","title":{"rendered":"\u7c97\u770b\u957f\u5c3e\uff0c\u7ec6\u8fa8\u5e42\u5f8b\uff1a\u8de8\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u65e0\u6807\u5ea6\u7f51\u7edc\u7814\u7a76\u7eb7\u4e89\u53f2\u4e28\u65b0\u6625\u7279\u8f91"},"content":{"rendered":"
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\u7ef4\u5f17\u96f7\u591a\u00b7\u5e15\u7d2f\u6258\uff08Vilfredo Pareto \uff0c1848-1923\uff09\uff0c\u798f\u5229\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u5148\u9a71\uff1b\u4e54\u6cbb\u00b7\u91d1\u65af\u5229\u00b7\u9f50\u666e\u592b\uff08George Kingsley Zipf\uff0c1902-1950\uff09\uff0c\u8ba1\u91cf\u8bed\u8a00\u5b66\u5148\u9a71\uff1b\u5fb7\u91cc\u514b\u00b7\u666e\u83b1\u65af\uff08Derek John de Solla Price\uff0c1922-1983\uff09\uff0c\u79d1\u5b66\u8ba1\u91cf\u5b66\u4e4b\u7236\uff1b\u8d6b\u4f2f\u7279\u00b7\u4e9a\u5386\u5c71\u5927\u00b7\u897f\u8499\uff08Herbert Alexander Simon\uff0c1916-2001\uff09\uff0c\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u5148\u9a71\uff1b\u6ce2\u52aa\u74e6\u00b7\u66fc\u5fb7\u5e03\u7f57\u7279\uff08Benoit B. Mandelbrot\uff0c1924-2010\uff09\uff0c\u5206\u5f62\u4e4b\u7236\uff1b\u827e\u4f2f\u7279-\u62c9\u65af\u6d1b\u00b7\u5df4\u62c9\u5df4\u897f\uff08Albert-L\u00e1szl\u00f3 Barab\u00e1si\uff0c1967-\uff09\uff0c\u5f53\u4eca\u7f51\u7edc\u79d1\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u4ee3\u8868\u4eba\u7269\u3001\u65e0\u6807\u5ea6\u7f51\u7edc\u6982\u5ff5\u63d0\u51fa\u8005\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/section>\n

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\u5f20\u5029<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/span>| \u6574\u7406<\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u5f20\u6c5f\u3001\u9648\u6e05\u534e\u3001\u9ec4\u4fca\u94ed\u3001\u5218\u57f9\u6e90<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/span>| \u5ba1\u6821<\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u5f20\u5e0c\u598d\u3001\u9093\u4e00\u96ea <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>| \u7f16\u8f91<\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/section>\n


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2. \u751f\u6210\u5e42\u5f8b\u5206\u5e03\u7684\u968f\u673a\u6846\u67b6\u4e4b\u8def<\/span><\/strong>
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1999\u5e749\u6708\uff0c\u5f53\u65f6\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\u5723\u6bcd\u5927\u5b66\u4efb\u6559\u7684\u5df4\u62c9\u5df4\u897f\u53ca\u5176\u5b66\u751f\u548c\u535a\u58eb\u540e\u5728\u300aNature\u300b\u4e0a\u53d1\u8868\u4e86\u4e00\u7bc7\u9898\u4e3a\u201c\u4e07\u7ef4\u7f51\u7684\u76f4\u5f84<\/span>\uff08Diameter of the world-wide web\uff09<\/span>\u201d\u7684\u4e00\u9875\u7eb8\u77ed\u6587\uff0c\u6307\u51fa\u4e07\u7ef4\u7f51\u4e2d\u4efb\u610f\u4e24\u4e2a\u7f51\u9875\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5e73\u5747\u8ddd\u79bb\u4e3a19[1]\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u8bfb\u8005\u7a0d\u82b1\u65f6\u95f4\u770b\u4e00\u4e0b\u8fd9\u7bc7\u6587\u7ae0\u5c31\u4f1a\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c\u6587\u7ae0\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u5185\u5bb9\u5176\u5b9e\u662f\u6587\u4e2d\u552f\u4e00\u7684\u4e00\u5e45\u63d2\u56fe\uff0c\u8be5\u56fe\u663e\u793a\u4e86\u4e07\u7ef4\u7f51\u7684\u51fa\u5ea6\u548c\u5165\u5ea6\u5206\u5e03\u90fd\u670d\u4ece\u5e42\u5f8b\u5206\u5e03\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u5177\u6709\u65e0\u6807\u5ea6<\/span>\uff08Scale-Free\uff09<\/span>\u7279\u5f81<\/span>\uff08\u56fe1\uff09<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u6240\u8c13\u7f51\u7edc\u7684\u65e0\u6807\u5ea6\u7279\u5f81\u662f\u6307\u7f51\u7edc\u4e2d\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u8282\u70b9\u7684\u5ea6\u503c\u90fd\u76f8\u5bf9\u8f83\u5c0f\uff0c\u800c\u5c11\u90e8\u5206\u8282\u70b9\u7684\u5ea6\u503c\u76f8\u5bf9\u5f88\u5927\uff0c\u8fd9\u5c31\u5bfc\u81f4\u5e73\u5747\u503c\u4e0d\u518d\u5177\u6709\u5178\u578b\u610f\u4e49\u3002\u8fc7\u53bb20\u5e74\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u53d1\u73b0\u8bb8\u591a\u5b9e\u9645\u7684\u751f\u7269\u7f51\u7edc\u3001\u6280\u672f\u7f51\u7edc\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u7f51\u7edc\u7b49\u90fd\u5177\u6709\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u7279\u5f81\u3002\u5178\u578b\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\u5305\u62ec\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7f51\u7edc\u4e2d\u7684\u5c11\u6570\u5de8\u5934\u4f01\u4e1a\u3001\u822a\u7a7a\u7f51\u7edc\u4e2d\u7684\u5c11\u91cf\u67a2\u7ebd\u8282\u70b9\u3001\u793e\u4ea4\u7f51\u7edc\u4e2d\u7684\u5c11\u91cf\u5927V\u8282\u70b9\u7b49\u7b49\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/section>\n
\u5728\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5e74\u7684\u7f51\u7edc\u79d1\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\uff0c\u5f80\u5f80\u628a\u4e24\u8005\u5408\u4e8c\u4e3a\u4e00\uff0c\u5373\u65e0\u6807\u5ea6\u7f51\u7edc\u5c31\u662f\u5177\u6709\u5e42\u5f8b\u5ea6\u5206\u5e03\u7684\u7f51\u7edc\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e5f\u662f\u5bfc\u81f4\u4e89\u8bae\u6216\u6b67\u4e49\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u56e0\u7d20\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
 <\/span><\/section>\n
\u4e00\u4e2a\u6708\u540e\uff0c\u5df4\u62c9\u5df4\u897f\u548c\u4ed6\u7684\u535a\u58eb\u751f\u963f\u5c14\u4f2f\u7279\u5c31\u5728\u300aScience\u300b\u4e0a\u53d1\u8868\u4e86\u5173\u4e8e\u65e0\u6807\u5ea6\u7f51\u7edc\u6a21\u578b\u7684\u6587\u7ae0[3]\u3002\u8fd9\u7bc7\u6587\u7ae0\u88ab\u516c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u63a8\u52a8\u7f51\u7edc\u79d1\u5b66\u5174\u8d77\u7684\u4e24\u7bc7\u6807\u5fd7\u6027\u6587\u7ae0\u4e4b\u4e00\uff08\u53e6\u4e00\u7bc7\u662f\u74e6\u8328\u548c\u65af\u6258\u52a0\u8328\u4e8e1998\u5e74\u5728\u300aNature\u300b\u4e0a\u53d1\u8868\u7684\u5173\u4e8e\u5c0f\u4e16\u754c\u7f51\u7edc\u6a21\u578b\u7684\u6587\u7ae0[4]\uff09\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/section>\n
\u5df4\u62c9\u5df4\u897f\u548c\u963f\u5c14\u4f2f\u7279\u7684\u8fd9\u7bc7\u6587\u7ae0\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u4e07\u7ef4\u7f51\u548c\u7535\u5f71\u6f14\u5458\u5408\u4f5c\u7f51\u7edc\u5728\u5185\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u5b9e\u9645\u7f51\u7edc\uff0c\u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u90fd\u5177\u6709\u65e0\u6807\u5ea6\u7279\u5f81\uff0c\u662f\u57fa\u4e8e\u4e24\u4e2a\u5f88\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u673a\u5236\uff1ai\uff09\u7f51\u7edc\u662f\u4e0d\u65ad\u589e\u957f\u7684\uff1bii\uff09\u589e\u957f\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u670d\u4ece\u504f\u597d\u94fe\u63a5<\/span>\uff08Preferential Attachment\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u5373\u65b0\u52a0\u5165\u7684\u8282\u70b9\u503e\u5411\u4e8e\u4e0e\u7f51\u7edc\u4e2d\u5ea6\u5927\u7684\u5df2\u6709\u8282\u70b9\u76f8\u8fde\u63a5\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u7b80\u6d01\u7684\u6a21\u578b\u73b0\u5728\u4e00\u822c\u79f0\u4e3aBA\u65e0\u6807\u5ea6\u7f51\u7edc\u6a21\u578b\uff0c\u7b80\u79f0BA\u6a21\u578b\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
 <\/span><\/section>\n
\u73b0\u5728\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u662f\uff1a\u5728\u5df4\u62c9\u5df4\u897f\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u662f\u5426\u6709\u4eba\u53d1\u73b0\u5b9e\u9645\u7f51\u7edc\u7684\u5ea6\u5206\u5e03\u670d\u4ece\u5e42\u5f8b\uff1f\u5982\u679c\u662f\u7684\u8bdd\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u662f\u5426\u6709\u4eba\u5df2\u7ecf\u63d0\u51fa\u8fc7\u4ea7\u751f\u5e42\u5f8b\u5206\u5e03\u7684\u4f18\u5148\u94fe\u63a5\u673a\u5236\uff1f<\/strong> <\/span><\/section>\n

<\/section>\n
\u8fd1\u5e74\u6765\uff0c\u79d1\u5b66\u6587\u732e\u5f15\u7528\u5173\u7cfb\u7f51\u7edc\u5728\u5206\u6790\u79d1\u5b66\u53d1\u5c55\u4e2d\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u53d7\u5230\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u591a\u7684\u5173\u6ce8[5\uff0c6]\u30022019\u5e7411\u6708\uff0c\u300aNature\u300b\u4e3a\u7eaa\u5ff5\u8bde\u751f150\u5468\u5e74\u53d1\u884c\u7684\u7279\u520a\u7684\u5c01\u9762\u5c31\u662f\u4e00\u526f\u5728\u8be5\u6742\u5fd7\u4e0a\u53d1\u8868\u7684\u4f17\u591a\u5386\u53f2\u6587\u7ae0\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u7f51\u7edc\u56fe<\/span>\uff08\u56fe2\uff09<\/span>[7]\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
\n
       <\/span><\/section>\n<\/section>\n
\n
\u56fe2\uff1a\u300aNature\u300b\u51fa\u7248150\u5468\u5e74\u7eaa\u5ff5\u520a\u7684\u5c01\u9762\u663e\u793a\u4e86\u8bba\u6587\u5171\u5f15\u5173\u7cfb\u7f51\u7edc\uff08\u53d6\u81ea[7]\uff09<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/section>\n<\/section>\n

<\/section>\n
\u76f8\u5173\u9605\u8bfb\uff1a<\/span><\/section>\n
\u5b66\u79d1\u4ea4\u53c9\u8d8b\u52bf\uff1a\u8de8\u5b66\u79d1\u8bba\u6587\u88ab\u5f15\u6570\u91cf\u660e\u663e\u9ad8\u4e8e\u4e3b\u6d41\u5b66\u79d1\u8bba\u6587<\/a>
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<\/section>\n
\u770b\u6765\uff0c\u5df4\u62c9\u5df4\u897f\u56e2\u961f\u5f53\u65f6\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u6ce8\u610f\u5230\u524d\u4eba\u7684\u76f8\u5173\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u5728\u5df4\u62c9\u5df4\u897f\u8fd1\u5e74\u51fa\u7248\u7684\u7f51\u7edc\u79d1\u5b66\u8457\u4f5c[2]\u7684\u4e00\u5e45\u56fe\u4e2d\u4f8b\u4e3e\u4e86\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u4ee3\u8868\u6027\u7814\u7a76<\/span>\uff08\u56fe3\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u672c\u6587\u5173\u6ce8\u7684\u662f\u56fe4\u6240\u793a\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u5386\u53f2\u6027\u7814\u7a76\u8282\u70b9\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5f15\u7528\u5173\u7cfb\u7f51\u7edc<\/span>\uff08\u5176\u4e2dA\u2014\u2014>B\u8868\u793aB\u5f15\u7528\u4e86A\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u4ee5\u4fbf\u8bfb\u8005\u66f4\u597d\u7406\u89e3\u5e42\u5f8b\u5206\u5e03\u548c\u65e0\u6807\u5ea6\u7f51\u7edc\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u5386\u7a0b\uff0c\u5e76\u901a\u8fc7\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4f8b\u5b50\u66f4\u597d\u7406\u89e3\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u6f14\u5316\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n<\/section>\n
\n
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\u56fe3\uff1a\u504f\u597d\u94fe\u63a5\u7814\u7a76\u7b80\u53f2\uff08\u53d6\u81ea[2]\uff09<\/span>    <\/span><\/section>\n<\/section>\n
\n
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\u56fe4\uff1a\u5e42\u5f8b\u5206\u5e03\u548c\u65e0\u6807\u5ea6\u7f51\u7edc\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u4e00\u4e9b\u5386\u53f2\u6027\u8282\u70b9\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5f15\u7528\u5173\u7cfb\u7f51\u7edc<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/section>\n<\/section>\n

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<\/svg><\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n
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2. \u751f\u6210\u5e42\u5f8b\u5206\u5e03\u7684\u968f\u673a\u6846\u67b6\u4e4b\u8def<\/span><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n

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<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/h3>\n

<\/section>\n
A. 20\u4e16\u7eaa60\u5e74\u4ee3\uff1a\u79d1\u5b66\u8ba1\u91cf\u5b66\u4e4b\u7236\u666e\u83b1\u65af\u5bf9\u5e42\u5f8b\u7f51\u7edc\u7684\u5960\u57fa\u6027\u8d21\u732e<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/section>\n

<\/section>\n
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<\/section>\n
\u5728\u5e42\u5f8b\u7814\u7a76\u5f81\u7a0b\u4e0a\u4f1a\u9047\u5230\u51e0\u4f4d\u5b66\u672f\u5174\u8da3\u6781\u4e3a\u5e7f\u6cdb\u7684\u2018\u6742\u5bb6\u2019\uff0c\u666e\u83b1\u65af\u5373\u4e3a\u5176\u4e2d\u4e00\u4f4d\u3002\u666e\u83b1\u65af1941\u5e74\u4ece\u4f26\u6566\u5927\u5b66\u6570\u5b66\u7269\u7406\u7cfb\u672c\u79d1\u6bd5\u4e1a\u90a3\u5e74\u5c31\u53d1\u8868\u4e86\u4e00\u7bc7\u5173\u4e8e\u6a2a\u6ce2\u89e3\u91ca\u7684\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u8bba\u6587\uff1b1942\u5e74\u5373\u53d1\u8868\u4e86\u5c5e\u4e8e\u79d1\u5b66\u5b66\u8303\u7574\u7684\u63a2\u8ba8\u79d1\u7814\u672a\u6765\u7684\u6587\u7ae0\u3002\u4ed6\u4e8e1946\u5e74\u83b7\u5f97\u4f26\u6566\u5927\u5b66\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u535a\u58eb\u5b66\u4f4d\uff0c1954\u5e74\u53c8\u83b7\u5f97\u5251\u6865\u5927\u5b66\u79d1\u5b66\u53f2\u535a\u58eb\u5b66\u4f4d\uff0c1962\u5e74\u8d77\u5728\u8036\u9c81\u5927\u5b66\u4efb\u6559\u76f4\u81f3\u53bb\u4e16\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/section>\n
\u666e\u83b1\u65af\u66fe\u4e8e20\u4e16\u7eaa50\u5e74\u4ee3\u4e0e\u82f1\u56fd\u8457\u540d\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u53f2\u5bb6\u674e\u7ea6\u745f\u5408\u4f5c\u7814\u7a76\u8fc7\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u5929\u6587\u949f[8]\u3002\u4ed6\u4e8e20\u4e16\u7eaa60\u5e74\u4ee3\u521d\u51fa\u7248\u7684\u300a\u5df4\u6bd4\u4f26\u4ee5\u6765\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u300b[9]\u548c\u300a\u5c0f\u79d1\u5b66\uff0c\u5927\u79d1\u5b66\u300b[10]\u4e24\u90e8\u8457\u4f5c\u88ab\u516c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u79d1\u5b66\u8ba1\u91cf\u5b66\u7684\u5960\u57fa\u4e4b\u4f5c\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/section>\n
\u666e\u83b1\u65af\u662f1978\u5e74\u521b\u529e\u7684\u300a\u79d1\u5b66\u8ba1\u91cf\u5b66\u300b<\/span>(Scientometrics) <\/span>\u671f\u520a\u7684\u521b\u520a\u4e3b\u7f16\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u4ed6\u5728\u521b\u520a\u8bcd\u4e2d\u611f\u6168\u9053\uff1a\u8fd9\u4e0d\u4ec5\u5bf9\u79d1\u5b66\u8ba1\u91cf\u5b66\u672c\u8eab\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5bf9\u6211\u672c\u4eba\uff0c\u90fd\u5f00\u542f\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u65b0\u9636\u6bb5\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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<\/section>\n
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\u56fe5\uff1a\u666e\u83b1\u65af\u548c\u53e4\u5e0c\u814a\u5929\u6587\u7814\u7a76\u88c5\u7f6e\u6a21\u578b\uff08\u56fe\u7247\u6765\u6e90\u7f51\u7edc\uff09<\/span><\/section>\n<\/section>\n
\u52a0\u83f2\u5c14\u5fb7\u66fe\u5728\u9898\u4e3a\u300a\u732e\u7ed9\u666e\u83b1\u65af\u300b\u7684\u7eaa\u5ff5\u6587\u7ae0\u4e2d\u5199\u9053[11]\uff1a\u201c\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u751f\u547d\u662f\u6709\u9650\u7684\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u5728\u6d3b\u7740\u7684\u65f6\u5019\u7ee7\u7eed\u7814\u7a76\u8fd9\u4e00\u9886\u57df(\u6307\u79d1\u5b66\u8ba1\u91cf\u5b66)\u7684\u8bdd\uff0c\u5c31\u4e0d\u80fd\u4e0d\u6bcf\u5929\u90fd\u8981\u60f3\u8d77\u666e\u83b1\u65af\u7ed9\u4e88\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u5fc5\u60b2\u75db\u4ed6\u7684\u6d88\u901d\u3002\u666e\u83b1\u65af\u662f\u6c38\u751f\u7684\u3002<\/strong>\u201d<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u987a\u4fbf\u5267\u900f\u4e00\u4e0b\uff0c\u5728\u738b\u5927\u987a\u548c\u5df4\u62c9\u5df4\u897f\u5373\u5c06\u51fa\u7248\u7684\u300a\u79d1\u5b66\u5b66\u300b<\/span>\uff08Science of Science\uff09<\/span>\u8457\u4f5c[12]\u4e2d\u4f1a\u4e13\u95e8\u4ecb\u7ecd\u666e\u83b1\u65af\u6a21\u578b\uff0c\u5f70\u663e\u666e\u83b1\u65af\u7684\u6df1\u8fdc\u5f71\u54cd\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u63a5\u4e0b\u6765\u6211\u4eec\u5c31\u4ecb\u7ecd\u4e00\u4e0b\u666e\u83b1\u65af\u6a21\u578b\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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1965\u5e74\uff0c\u666e\u83b1\u65af\u5728\u300aScience\u300b\u4e0a\u53d1\u8868\u4e86\u4e00\u7bc7\u9898\u4e3a\u201c\u79d1\u5b66\u6587\u732e\u7f51\u7edc<\/span>\uff08Networks of Scientific Papers\uff09<\/span>\u201d\u7684\u6587\u7ae0[13]\uff0c\u660e\u786e\u6307\u51fa\u79d1\u5b66\u6587\u732e\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5f15\u7528\u6784\u6210\u4e00\u4e2a\u6709\u5411\u7f51\u7edc\uff0c\u5176\u51fa\u5ea6\u548c\u5165\u5ea6\u5206\u5e03\u5747\u670d\u4ece\u5e42\u5f8b\uff0c\u5e76\u7ed9\u51fa\u4e86\u76f8\u5e94\u7684\u5e42\u6307\u6570<\/span>\uff08\u56fe6\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u8bf7\u6ce8\u610f\uff0c\u5f53\u65f6\u666e\u83b1\u65af\u8fd8\u6ca1\u6709\u4f7f\u7528\u53cc\u5bf9\u6570\u5750\u6807\u7cfb\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u56fe6\uff1a\u79d1\u5b66\u6587\u732e\u5f15\u7528\u7f51\u7edc\u7684\u51fa\u5ea6\u548c\u5165\u5ea6\u5206\u5e03\uff08\u53d6\u81ea[13]\uff09<\/span><\/strong><\/strong>
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\u5728\u6b64\u53d1\u73b0\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u4e0a\uff0c\u666e\u83b1\u65af\u4e8e1976\u5e74\u53d1\u8868\u4e86\u4e00\u7bc7\u9898\u4e3a\u201c\u6587\u732e\u8ba1\u91cf\u548c\u5176\u5b83\u7d2f\u79ef\u4f18\u52bf\u8fc7\u7a0b\u7684\u901a\u6709\u7406\u8bba<\/span>\uff08A General Theory of Bibliometric and Other Cumulative Advantage Processes\uff09<\/span>\u201d\u7684\u957f\u6587[14]\uff0c\u6458\u8981\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u53e5\u8bdd\u5c31\u5f00\u5b97\u660e\u4e49\u7684\u6307\u51fa\uff1a\u672c\u6587\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u7d2f\u79ef\u4f18\u52bf\uff08Cumulative Advantage\uff09\u5206\u5e03\uff0c\u4ee5\u4ece\u7edf\u8ba1\u4e0a\u5efa\u6a21\u6210\u529f\u5b55\u80b2\u6210\u529f\uff08success breeds success\uff09\u7684\u73b0\u8c61\u3002<\/strong><\/span><\/section>\n

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\u5f15\u8a00\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u6bb5\u4e2d\u4e5f\u6307\u51fa\u8fd9\u4e00\u73b0\u8c61\u5728\u6587\u732e\u8ba1\u91cf\u548c\u8bb8\u591a\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u73b0\u8c61\u4e2d\u666e\u904d\u5b58\u5728\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u88ab\u5f15\u7528\u8f83\u591a\u7684\u6587\u7ae0\u76f8\u6bd4\u4e8e\u5f15\u7528\u5c11\u7684\u66f4\u5bb9\u6613\u83b7\u5f97\u65b0\u7684\u5f15\u7528\uff1b\u9ad8\u4ea7\u4f5c\u8005\u76f8\u6bd4\u4e8e\u4f4e\u4ea7\u4f5c\u8005\u66f4\u53ef\u80fd\u53d1\u8868\u65b0\u4f5c\uff1b\u5e38\u7528\u7684\u5355\u8bcd\u4f1a\u66f4\u5e38\u4f7f\u7528\uff0c\u800c\u5c11\u7528\u7684\u5355\u8bcd\u4e00\u76f4\u5c11\u7528\uff1b\u5bcc\u7fc1\u76f8\u6bd4\u4e8e\u4e5e\u4e10\u80fd\u591f\u66f4\u5feb\u66f4\u5bb9\u6613\u5730\u83b7\u5f97\u8d22\u5bcc\u7b49\u7b49\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u4eca\u5929\u770b\u6765\uff0c\u5df4\u62c9\u5df4\u897f\u7684\u504f\u597d\u94fe\u63a5\u673a\u5236\u4e0e\u5f53\u5e74\u666e\u83b1\u65af\u5173\u4e8e\u7d2f\u79ef\u4f18\u52bf\u7684\u8868\u8ff0\u5982\u51fa\u4e00\u8f99\u3002\u9057\u61be\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u666e\u83b1\u65af\u7684\u8fd9\u4e24\u7bc7\u6587\u7ae0\u6210\u4e3a\u4e86\u7761\u7f8e\u4eba\uff0c\u800c\u4e00\u76f4\u6ca1\u6709\u53d7\u5230\u5173\u6ce8\uff0c\u76f4\u52302010\u5e74\uff0c\u7ebd\u66fc<\/span>\uff08Mark Newman\uff09<\/span>\u5728\u300aNetworks: An Introduction\u300b\u8fd9\u672c\u7f51\u7edc\u79d1\u5b66\u6559\u6750\u91cc\u9762\u624d\u5bf9\u666e\u83b1\u65af\u6a21\u578b\u505a\u4e86\u7ec6\u81f4\u4ecb\u7ecd[15]\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u666e\u83b1\u65af\u5bf9\u8bba\u6587\u5f15\u7528\u7f51\u7edc\u7684\u589e\u957f\u548c\u7d2f\u79ef\u4f18\u52bf\u673a\u5236\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u53ef\u53d9\u8ff0\u5982\u4e0b\uff1a<\/span><\/section>\n

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1\uff09\u589e\u957f\u673a\u5236\uff1a<\/span><\/strong>\u6587\u7ae0\u7684\u6570\u91cf\u662f\u4e0d\u65ad\u589e\u957f\u7684\uff1b\u65b0\u53d1\u8868\u7684\u6587\u7ae0\u4f1a\u5f15\u7528\u65e9\u524d\u53d1\u8868\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u6587\u7ae0\u4f5c\u4e3a\u53c2\u8003\u6587\u732e\u3002<\/span>
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2\uff09\u7d2f\u79ef\u4f18\u52bf\u673a\u5236\uff1a<\/span><\/strong>\u65e9\u5148\u53d1\u8868\u7684\u4e00\u7bc7\u6587\u7ae0\u88ab\u4e00\u7bc7\u65b0\u53d1\u8868\u7684\u6587\u7ae0\u5f15\u7528\u7684\u6982\u7387\u4e0e\u5b83\u5df2\u7ecf\u88ab\u5f15\u7528\u7684\u6b21\u6570\u6210\u6b63\u6bd4\u3002\u53ef\u89c1\uff0c\u201c\u7d2f\u79ef\u4f18\u52bf\u201d\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\u5c31\u662f\u201c\u504f\u597d\u94fe\u63a5\u201d\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/section>\n

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\u8981\u5728\u4e0a\u8ff0\u673a\u5236\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u4e0a\u751f\u6210\u7f51\u7edc\u6a21\u578b\u8fd8\u9700\u8981\u89e3\u51b3\u5982\u4e0b\u95ee\u9898\uff1a<\/span><\/section>\n

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1\uff09\u786e\u5b9a\u53c2\u8003\u6587\u732e\u6570\u91cf\u3002<\/span><\/strong>\u5728\u5b9e\u9645\u7684\u5f15\u7528\u7f51\u7edc\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e0d\u540c\u6587\u7ae0\u7684\u53c2\u8003\u6587\u732e\u7684\u6570\u91cf\u4e00\u822c\u662f\u4f1a\u6709\u5dee\u5f02\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u4e0e\u8be5\u6587\u7ae0\u6240\u5c5e\u7684\u9886\u57df\u3001\u53d1\u8868\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u7b49\u56e0\u7d20\u90fd\u662f\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5728\u8fc7\u53bb\u51e0\u5341\u5e74\u95f4\uff0c\u5728\u8bb8\u591a\u9886\u57df\u4e2d\uff0c\u53c2\u8003\u6587\u732e\u7684\u5e73\u5747\u6570\u91cf\u90fd\u6709\u589e\u957f\u8d8b\u52bf\u3002\u4e3a\u7b80\u5316\u8d77\u89c1\uff0c\u5047\u8bbe\u6bcf\u4e00\u7bc7\u6587\u7ae0\u7684\u53c2\u8003\u6587\u732e\u5747\u4e3a\u5e38\u6570m\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/section>\n

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2\uff09\u4fee\u6b63\u7d2f\u79ef\u4f18\u52bf\u673a\u5236\u3002<\/span><\/strong>\u9664\u6781\u5c11\u6570\u7279\u4f8b\u5916\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e00\u7bc7\u6587\u7ae0\u521a\u53d1\u8868\u65f6\u88ab\u5f15\u7528\u6b21\u6570\u90fd\u4e3a\u96f6\u3002\u8fd9\u6837\u6309\u7167\u4e0a\u8ff0\u7d2f\u79ef\u4f18\u52bf\u673a\u5236\u6240\u6709\u6587\u7ae0\u90fd\u6ca1\u6709\u88ab\u5f15\u6b21\u6570\u4e86\u3002\u907f\u514d\u8fd9\u4e00\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u7b80\u5355\u529e\u6cd5\u5c31\u662f\u5047\u8bbe\u4e00\u7bc7\u8001\u6587\u7ae0\u88ab\u4e00\u7bc7\u65b0\u6587\u7ae0\u5f15\u7528\u7684\u6982\u7387\u4e0e\u8be5\u7bc7\u8001\u6587\u7ae0\u5df2\u7ecf\u88ab\u5f15\u7528\u7684\u6b21\u6570\u518d\u52a0\u4e0a\u4e00\u4e2a\u6b63\u5e38\u6570a\u6210\u6b63\u6bd4\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u4efb\u610f\u4e00\u7bc7\u6587\u7ae0\u90fd\u6709\u88ab\u5f15\u7528\u7684\u53ef\u80fd<\/span><\/span>\uff08\u5728\u666e\u83b1\u65af\u7684\u539f\u6587[14]\u4e2d\u5047\u8bbea\u53d6\u4e3a1\uff09<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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3\uff09\u786e\u5b9a\u521d\u59cb\u7f51\u7edc\u72b6\u6001\u3002<\/span><\/strong>\u4e3a\u4e86\u8981\u751f\u6210\u7f51\u7edc\u6a21\u578b\uff0c\u8fd8\u8981\u9996\u5148\u7ed9\u5b9a\u521d\u59cb\u65f6\u523b\u7684\u7f51\u7edc\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u6a21\u578b\u4e00\u5f00\u59cb\u6709\u591a\u5c11\u8282\u70b9\u548c\u8fb9\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u7b80\u5355\u5047\u8bbe\u521d\u59cb\u65f6\u6709m0<\/sub>\u7bc7\u5f15\u7528\u6b21\u6570\u4e3a\u96f6\u7684\u6587\u7ae0\u3002\u5f53\u7f51\u7edc\u89c4\u6a21\u8d8b\u4e8e\u65e0\u7a77\u5927\u65f6\uff0c\u7f51\u7edc\u6027\u8d28\u4e0e\u521d\u59cb\u72b6\u6001\u5047\u8bbe\u65e0\u5173\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/section>\n

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\u4e0a\u8ff0\u666e\u83b1\u65af\u6a21\u578b\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u6709\u5411\u7f51\u7edc\u7684\u5165\u5ea6\u5206\u5e03\u670d\u4ece\u5e42\u6307\u6570\u4e3a2+a\/m\u7684\u5e42\u5f8b\u5206\u5e03\u3002\u5982\u679c\u628a\u7f51\u7edc\u65e0\u5411\u5316\uff0c\u5373\u6bcf\u4e00\u6761\u8fb9\u90fd\u89c6\u4e3a\u65e0\u5411\u8fb9\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u53d6a=m\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u5c31\u5f97\u5230\u4e00\u4e2a\u5ea6\u5206\u5e03\u670d\u4ece\u5e42\u6307\u6570\u4e3a3\u7684\u65e0\u5411\u7f51\u7edc\uff0c\u8fd9\u6070\u662fBA\u65e0\u6807\u5ea6\u7f51\u7edc\uff01<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u666e\u83b1\u65af1965\u5e74\u7684\u6587\u7ae0\u5c3d\u7ba1\u662f\u53d1\u8868\u5728\u9876\u7ea7\u671f\u520a\u300aScience\u300b\u4e0a\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u666e\u83b1\u65af\u672c\u4eba\u53c8\u662f\u516c\u8ba4\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u8ba1\u91cf\u5b66\u7684\u5960\u57fa\u4eba\uff0c\u5df4\u62c9\u5df4\u897f\u56e2\u961f\u57281999\u5e74\u7684\u65f6\u5019\u5e76\u672a\u6ce8\u610f\u5230\u666e\u83b1\u65af\u7684\u76f8\u5173\u5de5\u4f5c\u3002\u800c\u4e14\u74e6\u8328\u548c\u65af\u6258\u52a0\u8328\u4e8e1998\u5e74\u5728\u300aNature\u300b\u4e0a\u53d1\u8868\u5173\u4e8e\u5c0f\u4e16\u754c\u7f51\u7edc\u6a21\u578b\u7684\u6587\u7ae0\u65f6\u4e5f\u540c\u6837\u6ca1\u6709\u6ce8\u610f\u5230\u666e\u83b1\u65af\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u5426\u5219\u4ed6\u4eec\u7a0d\u8bb8\u82b1\u70b9\u65f6\u95f4\u68c0\u9a8c\u4e00\u4e0b\u624b\u4e0a\u51e0\u4e2a\u7f51\u7edc\u6570\u636e\u7684\u5ea6\u5206\u5e03\uff0c\u4e5f\u8bb8\u7f51\u7edc\u79d1\u5b66\u8fc7\u53bb\u4e8c\u5341\u5e74\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u53c8\u662f\u53e6\u5916\u4e00\u90e8\u5386\u53f2\u4e86\uff01<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u74e6\u8328\u5728\u5176\u8457\u4f5c\u300a\u516d\u5ea6\u300b<\/span>\uff08Six Degrees\uff09<\/span>\u4e2d\u6d41\u9732\u4e86\u6df1\u6df1\u7684\u6094\u610f[16]\uff1a\u201c\u2026\u2026\u6211\u4eec\u72af\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u5927\u7684\u9519\u8bef\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u6ca1\u6709\u68c0\u67e5\uff01\u6211\u4eec\u975e\u5e38\u80af\u5b9a\u7684\u8ba4\u4e3a\u975e\u6b63\u6001\u5206\u5e03\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u800c\u4ece\u672a\u60f3\u8fc7\u8981\u68c0\u67e5\u7f51\u7edc\u7684\u5ea6\u5206\u5e03\u662f\u5426\u670d\u4ece\u6b63\u6001\u5206\u5e03\u3002\u6570\u636e\u5728\u6211\u4eec\u624b\u4e0a\u8eba\u4e86\u8fd1\u4e24\u5e74\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53ea\u9700\u82b1\u534a\u4e2a\u5c0f\u65f6\u5c31\u80fd\u68c0\u67e5\u51fa\u7ed3\u679c\uff0c\u4f46\u6211\u4eec\u5c31\u662f\u4e00\u76f4\u6ca1\u6709\u505a\u3002<\/em>\u201d<\/span><\/section>\n

B. 20\u4e16\u7eaa50\u5e74\u4ee3\uff1a\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u5148\u9a71\u897f\u8499\u767b\u573a<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/section>\n

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\u90a3\u4e48\uff0c\u666e\u83b1\u65af\u662f\u4ece\u54ea\u91cc\u5f97\u5230\u7684\u542f\u53d1\u5462\uff1f\u4ece\u666e\u83b1\u65af\u7684\u6587\u7ae0[14]\u4e2d\u5012\u662f\u4e0d\u96be\u53d1\u73b0\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\uff0c\u5728\u5f15\u8a00\u7684\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6bb5\u666e\u83b1\u65af\u5c31\u660e\u786e\u63d0\u51fa\uff0c\u5728\u7edf\u8ba1\u4e2d\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u901a\u5e38\u79f0\u4e3a\u975e\u5bf9\u79f0\u7684\u53cc\u66f2\u51fd\u6570\uff0c\u800c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u51fd\u6570\u7684\u523b\u753b\u8005\u662f\u8d6b\u4f2f\u7279\u00b7\u4e9a\u5386\u5c71\u5927\u00b7\u897f\u8499<\/span>\uff08Herbert Alexander Simon\uff09<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
 <\/span><\/section>\n
\u5982\u679c\u8bf4\u5bf9\u4e8e\u666e\u83b1\u65af\u6709\u4e9b\u8bfb\u8005\u53ef\u80fd\u4e0d\u77e5\u9053\u7684\u8bdd\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u5728\u5982\u4eca\u7684\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u65f6\u4ee3\uff0c\u897f\u8499\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u4f4d\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u5148\u9a71\u8005\u65e0\u7591\u662f\u5927\u5bb6\u90fd\u5e94\u8be5\u77e5\u9053\u3001\u5e76\u4e14\u503c\u5f97\u819c\u62dc\u7684\u201c\u524d\u6d6a\u201d\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/section>\n
\u524d\u9762\u63d0\u5230\u666e\u83b1\u65af\u662f\u4e00\u4f4d\u2018\u6742\u5bb6\u2019\uff0c\u897f\u8499\u5219\u66f4\u662f\u5982\u6b64\u4e86\u3002\u897f\u8499\u5728\u591a\u4e2a\u9886\u57df\u65b9\u9762\u90fd\u53d6\u5f97\u4e86\u4ee4\u7edd\u5927\u591a\u6570\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u671b\u5c18\u83ab\u53ca\u7684\u6210\u5c31\u3002\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u653f\u6cbb\u5b66\u535a\u58eb\u5b66\u4f4d\u7684\u6301\u6709\u8005\uff0c\u897f\u8499\u57281975\u5e74\u83b7\u5f97\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u79d1\u5b66\u9886\u57df\u7684\u6700\u9ad8\u5956\u2014\u2014\u56fe\u7075\u5956\uff0c1978\u5e74\u83b7\u5f97\u8bfa\u8d1d\u5c14\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u5956\uff0c1993\u5e74\u83b7\u7f8e\u56fd\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u4f1a\u7684\u7ec8\u8eab\u6210\u5c31\u5956\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8de8\u754c\u7684\u8363\u8a89\u201c\u524d\u4e0d\u89c1\u53e4\u4eba\uff0c\u540e\u4e0d\u89c1\u6765\u8005\u201d\u3002\u897f\u8499\u8fd8\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e2d\u6587\u540d\u5b57\u53eb\u201c\u53f8\u9a6c\u8d3a\u201d\uff0c\u636e\u8bf4\u662f\u4ed6\u81ea\u5df1\u53d6\u7684\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
 <\/span><\/section>\n
\u666e\u83b1\u65af\u7684\u6587\u7ae0[14]\u5f15\u7528\u7684\u662f\u897f\u8499\u57281955\u5e74\u53d1\u8868\u7684\u4e00\u7bc7\u9898\u4e3a\u201c\u5173\u4e8e\u4e00\u7c7b\u975e\u5bf9\u79f0\u5206\u5e03\u51fd\u6570<\/span>\uff08On a class of skew distribution\uff09<\/span>\u201d\u7684\u6587\u7ae0[17]\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/section>\n
\u897f\u8499\u5728\u6587\u4e2d\u5f00\u95e8\u89c1\u5c71\u7684\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u5176\u76ee\u7684\u5c31\u662f\u8981\u5206\u6790\u4e00\u7c7b\u5728\u793e\u4f1a\u3001\u751f\u7269\u548c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7b49\u9886\u57df\u5e7f\u6cdb\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u5206\u5e03\u51fd\u6570\u3002\u8fd9\u7c7b\u5206\u5e03\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u7279\u5f81\u5c31\u662f\u957f\u5c3e\uff0c\u5373\u5c3e\u90e8\u8fd1\u4f3c\u670d\u4ece\u5e42\u6307\u6570\u5927\u4e8e1\u7684\u5e42\u5f8b\u5206\u5e03\uff0cf(i)~ ip+1<\/sup><\/span>\uff0cp\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u5927\u4e8e\u96f6\u7684\u5e38\u6570\u3002\u8be5\u6587\u4e3e\u8bc1\u4e86\u4e94\u4e2a\u5177\u4f53\u6570\u636e\uff1a\u8bba\u8457\u4e2d\u7684\u5355\u8bcd\u51fa\u73b0\u9891\u6b21\u5206\u5e03\uff1b\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u53d1\u8868\u7684\u6587\u7ae0\u6570\u91cf\u5206\u5e03\uff1b\u57ce\u5e02\u4eba\u53e3\u5206\u5e03\uff1b\u6536\u5165\u591a\u5c11\u5206\u5e03\uff1b\u751f\u7269\u5c5e\u7684\u7269\u79cd\u6570\u91cf\u5206\u5e03\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u897f\u8499\u4ee5\u5199\u4e66\u4e3a\u4f8b\u7ed9\u51fa\u4e86\u4ea7\u751f\u5e42\u5f8b\u5206\u5e03\u7684\u201c\u504f\u597d\u94fe\u63a5\u201d\u5047\u8bbe\u3002\u8bbe\u60f3\u4f60\u6b63\u5728\u5199\u4e00\u672c\u4e66\u5e76\u4e14\u5df2\u7ecf\u5199\u4e86k\u4e2a\u5355\u8bcd\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u7b2ck+1\u4e2a\u5355\u8bcd\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u5355\u8bcd\u7684\u6982\u7387\u4e3aa\uff1b\u7b2ck+1\u4e2a\u5355\u8bcd\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5df2\u6709\u5355\u8bcd\u7684\u6982\u7387\u4e3a1-a\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u4e00\u4e2a\u5df2\u6709\u5355\u8bcd\u88ab\u9009\u4e2d\u7684\u6982\u7387\u4e0e\u8be5\u5355\u8bcd\u5df2\u7ecf\u51fa\u73b0\u7684\u6b21\u6570\u6210\u6b63\u6bd4\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/section>\n
\u57fa\u4e8e\u897f\u8499\u6a21\u578b\uff0c\u4e66\u4e2d\u6070\u597d\u51fa\u73b0i\u6b21\u7684\u5355\u8bcd\u7684\u6570\u91cf\u7684\u5206\u5e03\u5c31\u4f1a\u670d\u4ece\u5e42\u5f8b\u5206\u5e03\u3002\u5f53\u7136\uff0c\u897f\u8499\u6a21\u578b\u4e2d\u5e76\u672a\u51fa\u73b0\u7f51\u7edc\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u666e\u83b1\u65af\u6a21\u578b\u53ef\u4ee5\u770b\u4f5c\u662f\u897f\u8499\u6a21\u578b\u7684\u7f51\u7edc\u5f62\u5f0f\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/span>C. 20\u4e16\u7eaa20\u5e74\u4ee3\uff1a\u7edf\u8ba1\u5b66\u5bb6\u5c24\u5c14\u7684\u65e9\u671f\u8d21\u732e<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/section>\n

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\u800c\u6b63\u5982\u897f\u8499\u5728\u6587\u4e2d\u6240\u6307\u51fa\u7684\uff0c\u897f\u8499\u6a21\u578b\u53ef\u4ee5\u8ffd\u6eaf\u523020\u4e16\u7eaa20\u5e74\u4ee3\u8457\u540d\u7edf\u8ba1\u5b66\u5bb6\u5c24\u5c14<\/span>\uff08George Udny Yule\uff09<\/span>\u7684\u7814\u7a76[18]\u3002\u6cbf\u7528\u4eca\u5929\u7684\u7f51\u7edc\u79d1\u5b66\u672f\u8bed\uff0c\u5c24\u5c14\u8bd5\u56fe\u89e3\u91ca\u8fbe\u5c14\u6587\u7684\u751f\u547d\u4e4b\u6811\u7f51\u7edc\u7684\u65e0\u6807\u5ea6\u7ed3\u6784\uff0c\u5373\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u751f\u547d\u4e4b\u6811\u4e0a\u7684\u67d0\u4e9b\u5206\u652f\u8981\u6bd4\u5176\u5b83\u5206\u652f\u6269\u5f20\u7684\u5feb\u5f97\u591a\uff1a\u5927\u591a\u6570\u5c5e<\/span>\uff08genus\uff09<\/span>\u53ea\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u7269\u79cd\uff0c\u800c\u5927\u591a\u6570\u7269\u79cd\u6765\u81ea\u5355\u4e2a\u5c5e\u3002\u5176\u89e3\u91ca\u5373\u4e3a\u504f\u597d\u94fe\u63a5\u6216\u8005\u5bcc\u8005\u66f4\u5bcc\uff1a\u4e00\u4e2a\u5c5e\u7684\u7269\u79cd\u8d8a\u591a\uff0c\u5b83\u5c31\u4f1a\u4ea7\u751f\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u7269\u79cd\u3002<\/strong><\/span><\/section>\n
 <\/span><\/section>\n
\u7531\u4e8e\u4ee5\u4e0a\u4ecb\u7ecd\u7684\u504f\u597d\u94fe\u63a5\u673a\u5236\u662f\u4f9d\u7167\u67d0\u4e2a\u6982\u7387\u516c\u5f0f\u9009\u53d6\u7684\u673a\u5236\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u589e\u957f\u548c\u504f\u597d\u94fe\u63a5\u673a\u5236\u4e5f\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u4ea7\u751f\u5e42\u5f8b\u5206\u5e03\u7684\u968f\u673a\u6846\u67b6\u3002<\/strong><\/span><\/section>\n

<\/section>\n
\u4e0a\u8ff0\u5bf9\u4e8e\u968f\u673a\u6846\u67b6\u4e2d\u51e0\u4e2a\u5178\u578b\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u6027\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u4ecb\u7ecd\u662f\u4e0d\u5b8c\u6574\u7684\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u51fa\u751f\u4e8e\u5308\u7259\u5229\u7684\u5df4\u62c9\u5df4\u897f\u5c31\u8ba4\u4e3a\u6700\u5148\u63d0\u51fa\u504f\u597d\u94fe\u63a5\u7684\u5e94\u8be5\u662f\u5308\u7259\u5229\u6570\u5b66\u5bb6\u6ce2\u5229\u4e9a<\/span>\uff08Gy\u00f6rgy P\u00f3lya\uff09<\/span>\u4e8e1923\u5e74\u63d0\u51fa\u7684URN\u6a21\u578b[19]\u3002\u76f8\u4fe1\u6709\u66f4\u591a\u5b66\u8005\u7684\u8d21\u732e\u8fd8\u6ca1\u6709\u88ab\u6316\u6398\u51fa\u6765\uff0c\u4e5f\u8bb8\u6709\u4e00\u5929\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u7b97\u6cd5\u80fd\u591f\u5e2e\u52a9\u89e3\u51b3\u79d1\u7814\u5de5\u4f5c\u4e2d\u7684\u7761\u7f8e\u4eba\u73b0\u8c61[12]\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u73b0\u5728\u6211\u4eec\u77e5\u9053\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u5176\u5b9e\u53ef\u4ee5\u6709\u5f88\u591a\u79cd\u4ea7\u751f\u5e42\u5f8b\u5206\u5e03\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5[20]\uff0c\u63a5\u4e0b\u6765\u8981\u4ecb\u7ecd\u7684\u662f\u5176\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u7c7b\u4f18\u5316\u6846\u67b6\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
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3. \u751f\u6210\u5e42\u5f8b\u5206\u5e03\u7684\u4f18\u5316\u6846\u67b6\u4e4b\u8def<\/span><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n

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<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/h3>\n

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A. \u4e16\u7eaa\u4e4b\u4ea4\u7684HOT\u6a21\u578b<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/section>\n

<\/section>\n
\u5728\u79d1\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u8fdb\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u77e5\u8bc6\u7684\u79ef\u7d2f\u548c\u6280\u672f\u7684\u8fdb\u6b65\u7b49\u6f14\u5316\u5230\u4e86\u4e00\u5b9a\u7684\u9636\u6bb5\uff0c\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u5f80\u5f80\u5728\u76f8\u8fd1\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u5f00\u59cb\u7814\u7a76\u76f8\u4f3c\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u30021999\u5e74\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5e42\u5f8b\u5206\u5e03\u53ca\u5176\u4ea7\u751f\u673a\u7406\u800c\u8a00\u5c31\u662f\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u4e2a\u5e74\u4efd\uff0c\u9664\u4e86\u5df4\u62c9\u5df4\u897f\u56e2\u961f\u7684\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u81f3\u5c11\u8fd8\u6709\u5982\u4e0b\u4e24\u4e2a\u503c\u5f97\u4e00\u63d0\u7684\u4ee3\u8868\u6027\u5de5\u4f5c\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/section>\n
\u57281999\u5e74\u7684\u7f51\u7edc\u901a\u4fe1\u9886\u57df\u56fd\u9645\u9876\u7ea7\u4f1a\u8baeACM SIGCOMM\u4e0a\uff0c\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u6cd5\u62c9\u7279\u4e09\u5144\u5f1f<\/span>\uff08Michalis Faloutsos\u3001Petros Faloutsos\u548cChristos Faloutsos\uff09<\/span>\u53d1\u8868\u4e86\u4e00\u7bc7\u9898\u4e3a\u201c\u5173\u4e8e\u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u62d3\u6251\u7684\u5e42\u5f8b\u5173\u7cfb<\/span>\uff08On Power-Law Relationships of the Internet Topology\uff09<\/span>\u201d\u7684\u6587\u7ae0[21]\uff0c\u63a8\u52a8\u4e86\u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u62d3\u6251\u53d1\u751f\u5668\u4ece1.0\u8fdb\u51652.0\u65f6\u4ee3\u3002\u8be5\u6587\u4e5f\u83b7\u5f97\u4e862010\u5e74ACM SIGCOMM\u7684\u201c\u7ecf\u53d7\u65f6\u95f4\u68c0\u9a8c\u5956<\/span>\uff08test of time award\uff09<\/span>\u201d\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/section>\n
\u540c\u6837\u662f\u57281999\u5e74\uff0c\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u5361\u5c14\u68ee<\/span>\uff08J. M. Carlson\uff09<\/span>\u548c\u63a7\u5236\u5b66\u8005\u9053\u5c14<\/span>\uff08John Doyle\uff09<\/span>\u5728\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u671f\u520a\u4e0a\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u8bbe\u8ba1\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u7684\u5e42\u5f8b\u4ea7\u751f\u673a\u5236\u2014\u2014\u9ad8\u5ea6\u4f18\u5316\u5bb9\u5fcd<\/span>\uff08Highly Optimized Tolerance\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u7528\u4ee5\u8868\u5f81\u4e00\u4e9b\u590d\u6742\u4e92\u8fde\u7cfb\u7edf\u53ef\u4ee5\u6709\u6548\u5730\u5bb9\u5fcd\u67d0\u4e9b\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u56e0\u7d20<\/span>\uff08\u5373\u9c81\u68d2\u6027\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u4e5f\u4f1a\u5bf9\u5176\u5b83\u672a\u88ab\u8003\u8651\u5230\u7684\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u56e0\u7d20\u53d8\u5f97\u66f4\u654f\u611f<\/span>\uff08\u5373\u8106\u5f31\u6027\uff09<\/span>[22]\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/section>\n
2002\u5e74\uff0c\u7406\u8bba\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u514b\u91cc\u65af\u7279\u65af\u00b7 \u5e15\u5e15\u5b63\u7c73\u7279\u91cc\u4e4c<\/span>\uff08Christos Papadimitriou\uff09<\/span>\u56e2\u961f\u5728\u4e0a\u8ff0\u4e24\u9879\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u4e0a\uff0c\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u4e2d\u5e42\u5f8b\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u4f18\u5316\u6846\u67b6\uff1a\u542f\u53d1\u5f0f\u4f18\u5316\u6298\u8877<\/span>\uff08Heuristically Optimized Trade-Offs\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u53d1\u8868\u5728International Colloquium on Automata, Languages and Programming\u4e0a[23]\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u4ee5\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u7f51\u7edc\u4e3a\u4f8b\uff0c\u5047\u5982\u8981\u628a\u67d0\u5730\u7684\u4e00\u53f0\u8def\u7531\u5668\u52a0\u5165\u7f51\u7edc\u4e2d\uff0c\u65e2\u5e0c\u671b\u79bb\u4e2d\u5fc3\u8282\u70b9\u5c3d\u53ef\u80fd\u8fd1\uff0c\u53c8\u5e0c\u671b\u94fa\u8bbe\u7684\u7ebf\u8def\u6210\u672c\u5c3d\u53ef\u80fd\u4f4e\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u6211\u4eec\u540c\u65f6\u8003\u8651\u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u56e0\u7d20\u7684\u67d0\u79cd\u6298\u8877\uff0c\u5c31\u4f1a\u751f\u6210\u65e0\u6807\u5ea6\u7279\u5f81\u7684\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u7f51\u7edc\u3002\u5e42\u5f8b\u5206\u5e03\u6b63\u662f\u6765\u6e90\u4e8e\u590d\u6742\u7684\u591a\u76ee\u6807\u4f18\u5316\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/span>B. 20\u4e16\u7eaa50\u5e74\u4ee3\uff1a\u5206\u5f62\u4e4b\u7236\u66fc\u5fb7\u5e03\u7f57\u7279\u767b\u573a<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/section>\n

<\/section>\n
\u5e42\u5f8b\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u4f18\u5316\u6846\u67b6\u53ef\u4ee5\u8ffd\u6eaf\u5230\u4ec0\u4e48\u65f6\u5019\uff1f\u6587\u732e[23]\u4e2d\u6307\u51fa\u201c\u6211\u4eec\u6240\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u6846\u67b6\u4e5f\u5305\u542b\u4e86\u66fc\u5fb7\u5e03\u7f57\u7279<\/span>\uff08<\/span>Mandlebrot\uff09<\/span>\u7684\u7ecf\u5178\u800c\u6f02\u4eae\u7684\u6a21\u578b\u3002\u201d<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/section>\n
\u8fd9\u91cc\u6240\u6307\u7684\u662f\u66fc\u5fb7\u5e03\u7f57\u7279\u4e8e1953\u5e74\u53d1\u8868\u7684\u4e00\u7bc7\u9898\u4e3a\u201c\u8bed\u8a00\u7edf\u8ba1\u7ed3\u6784\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u8bba<\/span>\uff08An informational theory of the statistical structure of language\uff09<\/span>\u201d\u7684\u6587\u7ae0[24]\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/section>\n
\u7ecf\u5178\u7684\u9999\u519c\u4fe1\u606f\u8bba\u95ee\u9898\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u662f\u5bf9\u6d88\u606f\u6784\u9020\u6700\u5c0f\u4ee3\u4ef7\u7f16\u7801\uff0c\u800c\u66fc\u5fb7\u5e03\u7f57\u7279\u6307\u51fa\u8bed\u8a00\u7684\u7edf\u8ba1\u7ed3\u6784\u95ee\u9898\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\u662f\u8fd9\u4e00\u7ecf\u5178\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u9006\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u5373\u7528\u5c3d\u53ef\u80fd\u5c11\u7684\u6210\u672c\u4f20\u9012\u5c3d\u53ef\u80fd\u591a\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u76ee\u6807\u4f18\u5316\u4f1a\u5bfc\u81f4\u7b2cj\u4e2a\u4f7f\u7528\u6700\u591a\u7684\u5355\u8bcd\u51fa\u73b0\u7684\u9891\u7387\u670d\u4ece\u5e42\u5f8b\u5206\u5e03\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/section>\n
\u5206\u5f62\u4e4b\u7236\u66fc\u5fb7\u5e03\u7f57\u7279\u4e0e\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u5148\u9a71\u897f\u8499\u4e00\u6837\u4e5f\u662f\u4e00\u4f4d\u6742\u5bb6\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u8303\u56f4\u6781\u5176\u5e7f\u6cdb\uff0c\u4ece\u7269\u7406\u3001\u5929\u6587\u3001\u5730\u7406\u5230\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u3001\u751f\u7406\u5b66\u7b49\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u524d\u534a\u751f\u7684\u5b66\u672f\u751f\u6daf\u5374\u8f83\u4e3a\u574e\u5777\uff0c\u5f97\u4e0d\u5230\u5b66\u754c\u7684\u8ba4\u53ef\uff0c\u76f4\u52301975\u5e74\u521b\u5efa\u4ee4\u4eba\u53f9\u4e3a\u89c2\u6b62\u7684\u5206\u5f62\u51e0\u4f55\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/section>\n
\u7545\u9500\u4e66\u300a\u9ed1\u5929\u9e45\u300b\u7684\u4f5c\u8005\u7eb3\u897f\u59c6\u00b7\u5c3c\u53e4\u62c9\u65af\u00b7\u5854\u52d2\u5e03<\/span>\uff08Nassim Nicholas Taleb\uff09<\/span>\u66fe\u4e0e\u66fc\u5fb7\u5e03\u7f57\u7279\u6709\u8fc7\u5408\u4f5c\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u4ed6\u4e8e\u66fc\u5fb7\u5e03\u7f57\u7279\u53bb\u4e16\u540e\u5728\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u4e2a\u4eba\u7f51\u7ad9\u79f0\u5176\u4e3a\u201c\u7f57\u9a6c\u4eba\u4e2d\u7684\u5e0c\u814a\u4eba<\/span>\uff08A Greek among Romans\uff09<\/span>\u201d\u3002\u4e86\u89e3\u53e4\u5e0c\u814a\u79d1\u5b66\u8f89\u714c\u7684\u8bfb\u8005\u5e94\u8be5\u77e5\u9053\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u81f3\u9ad8\u8bc4\u4ef7\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/span><\/section>\n
C. 20\u4e16\u7eaa30-40\u5e74\u4ee3\uff1a\u8bed\u8a00\u5b66\u5bb6\u9f50\u666e\u592b\u7684\u6700\u5c0f\u52aa\u529b\u539f\u5219<\/span><\/strong>
<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/section>\n
\u90a3\u4e48\u66fc\u5fb7\u5e03\u7f57\u7279\u53c8\u662f\u7ee7\u627f\u4e86\u8c01\u7684\u60f3\u6cd5\u5462\uff1f\u66fc\u5fb7\u5e03\u7f57\u7279\u5728\u6587[24]\u4e2d\u63d0\u5230\u4e86\u8bed\u8a00\u5b66\u5bb6\u9f50\u666e\u592b<\/span>\uff08George Kingsley Zipf\uff09<\/span>20\u4e16\u7eaa30\u5e74\u4ee3\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u3002\u9f50\u666e\u592b\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u628a\u82f1\u8bed\u5355\u8bcd\u7684\u51fa\u73b0\u9891\u7387\u7531\u5927\u5230\u5c0f\u6392\u5e8f\u6392\u5217\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u6bcf\u4e2a\u5355\u8bcd\u51fa\u73b0\u7684\u9891\u7387\u4e0e\u5b83\u7684\u6392\u5e8f\u4f4d\u7f6e\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u5c31\u670d\u4ece\u5e42\u6307\u6570\u4e3a1\u7684\u5e42\u5f8b\u5206\u5e03\uff0c\u540e\u4eba\u79f0\u4e4b\u4e3a\u9f50\u666e\u592b\u5206\u5e03\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/section>\n
\u8fd9\u4e00\u53d1\u73b0\u8868\u660e\u53ea\u6709\u6781\u5c11\u6570\u7684\u8bcd\u88ab\u7ecf\u5e38\u4f7f\u7528\uff0c\u800c\u7edd\u5927\u591a\u6570\u7684\u8bcd\u5f88\u5c11\u88ab\u4f7f\u7528\u3002\u800c\u4e14\u591a\u79cd\u8bed\u8a00\u90fd\u5177\u6709\u8fd9\u4e00\u7279\u5f81\uff0c\u5b83\u4f7f\u5f97\u4eba\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u5c3d\u53ef\u80fd\u5c11\u7684\u5355\u8bcd\u8868\u8fbe\u5c3d\u53ef\u80fd\u591a\u7684\u8bed\u4e49\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/section>\n
\u9f50\u666e\u592b\u79f0\u4e4b\u4e3a\u201c\u6700\u5c0f\u52aa\u529b\u539f\u5219\u201d\uff0c\u5e76\u4e8e1949\u5e74\u51fa\u7248\u4e13\u8457\u300a\u4eba\u7c7b\u884c\u4e3a\u4e0e\u6700\u5c0f\u52aa\u529b\u539f\u5219\uff1a\u4eba\u7c7b\u751f\u6001\u5b66\u5f15\u8bba\u300b<\/span>\uff08Human Behavior and the Principle of Least Effort: An Introduction to Human Ecology\uff09<\/span>\u5bf9\u9f50\u666e\u592b\u5206\u5e03\u505a\u4e86\u66f4\u4e3a\u5e7f\u6cdb\u7684\u4ecb\u7ecd[25]\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u6b64\u540e\uff0c\u9f50\u666e\u592b\u5206\u5e03\u88ab\u7528\u4e8e\u4ece\u793e\u4f1a\u5230\u81ea\u7136\u548c\u7269\u7406\u7b49\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u57ce\u5e02\u4eba\u53e3\u6309\u89c4\u6a21\u7684\u5206\u5e03\u670d\u4ece\u9f50\u666e\u592b\u5206\u5e03\uff1a\u5927\u591a\u6570\u57ce\u5e02\u7684\u89c4\u6a21\u76f8\u5bf9\u8f83\u5c0f\uff0c\u800c\u5c11\u91cf\u57ce\u5e02\u7684\u89c4\u6a21\u76f8\u5bf9\u5f88\u5927\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u89c4\u5f8b\u751a\u81f3\u88ab\u8fc8\u514b\u5c14\u00b7\u5df4\u8482\u5728\u300a\u521b\u9020\u672a\u6765\u57ce\u5e02\u300b\u4e00\u4e66\u4e2d\u79f0\u4e3a\u662f\u57ce\u5e02\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u539f\u5219[26]\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/section>\n
\u8bfa\u8d1d\u5c14\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u5956\u5f97\u4e3b\u4fdd\u7f57\u00b7\u514b\u9c81\u683c\u66fc<\/span>\uff08Paul R. Krugman\uff09<\/span>\u4e8e1996\u5e74\u53d1\u8868\u4e86\u4e00\u7bc7\u9898\u4e3a\u201c\u76f4\u9762\u57ce\u533a\u5c42\u7ea7\u5316\u7684\u5965\u79d8<\/span>\uff08Confronting the Mystery of Urban Hierarchy\uff09<\/span>\u201d\u6587\u7ae0[27]\uff0c\u6587\u4e2d\u5373\u4ee5\u57ce\u5e02\u89c4\u6a21\u5206\u5e03\u8fd9\u4e00\u60ca\u4eba\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u7ecf\u9a8c\u89c4\u5219\u4e3a\u4f8b\u8bf4\u660e: \u201c\u4eba\u4eec\u5bf9\u4e8e\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u5e38\u89c1\u62b1\u6028\u5c31\u662f\u89c9\u5f97\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u6a21\u578b\u8fc7\u4e8e\u7b80\u5355\u3001\u8fc7\u4efd\u7b80\u6d01\u7684\u770b\u5f85\u6742\u4e71\u7684\u73b0\u5b9e\u2026\u2026\u5728\u53e6\u4e00\u7c7b\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u60c5\u5f62\u4e0b\uff0c\u4e8b\u5b9e\u53ef\u80fd\u6070\u6070\u76f8\u53cd\uff1a\u6211\u4eec\u62e5\u6709\u6742\u4e71\u7684\u6a21\u578b\uff0c\u800c\u73b0\u5b9e\u5374\u662f\u60ca\u4eba\u7684\u7b80\u6d01\u3002\u201d<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/section>\n
\u4ece\u9f50\u666e\u592b\u518d\u5f80\u524d\u8ffd\u6eaf\uff0c\u5c31\u4f1a\u9047\u523019\u4e16\u7eaa\u672b\u610f\u5927\u5229\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u5bb6\u5e15\u7d2f\u6258<\/span>\uff08Pareto\uff09<\/span>\u5173\u4e8e\u4e2a\u4eba\u8d22\u5bcc\u7684\u7ecf\u5178\u7814\u7a76[28]\u3002\u5e15\u7d2f\u6258\u53d1\u73b0\u4e2a\u4eba\u6536\u5165X\u4e0d\u5c0f\u4e8e\u67d0\u4e2a\u7279\u5b9a\u503cx\u7684\u6982\u7387\u662fx\u7684\u5e42\u51fd\u6570\uff0c20%\u7684\u4eba\u53e3\u5360\u636e\u4e8680%\u7684\u8d22\u5bcc\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u53d1\u73b0\u88ab\u540e\u4eba\u79f0\u4e3a\u5e15\u7d2f\u6258\u6cd5\u5219<\/span>\uff08\u4e5f\u79f0\u4e8c\u516b\u6cd5\u5219\uff0c80\/20\u6cd5\u5219\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u800c\u5173\u4e8e\u8fd9\u4e00\u6cd5\u5219\u8fd1\u5e74\u6765\u6709\u5f88\u591a\u7684\u4ecb\u7ecd\uff0c\u8fd9\u91cc\u5c31\u4e0d\u518d\u5c55\u5f00\u4e86\u3002 <\/span><\/section>\n

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4. \u897f\u8499\u4e0e\u66fc\u5fb7\u5e03\u7f57\u7279\u7684\u4e03\u8f6e\u5927\u6218<\/span><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n

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<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/h3>\n

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\u4e0a\u9762\u7684\u4ecb\u7ecd\u4e2d\u5df2\u7ecf\u63d0\u5230\uff0c20\u4e16\u7eaa50\u5e74\u4ee3\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u5148\u9a71\u897f\u8499\u548c\u5206\u5f62\u4e4b\u7236\u66fc\u5fb7\u5e03\u7f57\u7279\u5206\u522b\u7814\u7a76\u4e86\u5e42\u5f8b\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u968f\u673a\u6846\u67b6\u548c\u4f18\u5316\u6846\u67b6\u3002\u8fd9\u91cc\u6211\u4eec\u8981\u4ecb\u7ecd\u7684\u662f\u4e24\u4eba\u5728\u5f53\u65f6\u56f4\u7ed5\u5e42\u5f8b\u4ea7\u751f\u673a\u7406\u7684\u4e00\u756a\u8bba\u6218\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/section>\n
1955\u5e74\uff0c\u897f\u849939\u5c81\u3001\u66fc\u5fb7\u5e03\u7f57\u727931\u5c81\uff0c\u4e24\u4eba\u90fd\u662f\u8840\u6c14\u65b9\u521a\u4e4b\u5e74\uff0c\u897f\u8499\u5df2\u5728\u5b66\u754c\u9887\u5177\u540d\u6c14\u800c\u66fc\u5fb7\u5e03\u7f57\u7279\u5219\u521d\u51fa\u8305\u5e90\u3001\u5c1a\u672a\u5f97\u5230\u5b66\u754c\u8ba4\u53ef\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u89c2\u5bdf\u89d2\u5ea6\u3001\u601d\u7ef4\u65b9\u5f0f\u548c\u5904\u7406\u65b9\u6cd5\u7b49\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u79d1\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u4e0a\u7684\u4e89\u8bba\u4e5f\u662f\u5e38\u89c1\u7684\u3002\u4e0d\u8fc7\u8fd9\u4e24\u4f4d\u6781\u5bcc\u4e2a\u6027\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u56f4\u7ed5\u5e42\u5f8b\u7684\u4e03\u8f6e\u5927\u6218\u5374\u662f\u582a\u79f0\u4e00\u7edd\u3002 <\/span><\/section>\n

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\u897f\u8499\u4e8e1955\u5e74\u53d1\u8868\u7684\u5173\u4e8e\u5e42\u5f8b\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u968f\u673a\u6846\u67b6\u6587\u7ae0[17]\u5f15\u7528\u4e86\u66fc\u5fb7\u5e03\u7f57\u72791953\u5e74\u53d1\u8868\u7684\u4f18\u5316\u6846\u67b6\u6587\u7ae0[24]\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u6307\u51fa\uff1a\u201c\u6211\u503e\u5411\u4e8e\u7ed9\u51fa\u4e00\u4e2a\u5229\u7528\u5e73\u5747\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u6781\u5927\u5316\u5047\u8bbe\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\u3002\u201d<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u5c3d\u7ba1\u897f\u8499\u5728\u6587\u4e2d\u7684\u81f4\u8c22\u90e8\u5206\u5bf9\u66fc\u5fb7\u5e03\u7f57\u7279\u8868\u793a\u4e86\u8c22\u610f\uff0c\u7136\u800c\u66fc\u5fb7\u5e03\u7f57\u7279\u5e76\u4e0d\u9886\u60c5\uff0c\u5199\u4e86\u4e00\u7bc7\u6279\u8bc4\u897f\u8499\u7684\u8bc4\u8bba\u6587\u7ae0\u4e8e1959\u5e744\u6708\u53d1\u8868\u5728\u300aInformation and Control\u300b\u4e0a\uff0c\u7b80\u79f0”A Note”[29]\u3002\u6587\u4e2d\u6307\u51fa\uff1a\u201c\u897f\u8499\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u53cd\u9a73\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u8bed\u8a00\u5b66\u6cd5\u5219\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u4e24\u4e2a\u8bba\u70b9\u90fd\u7ad9\u4e0d\u4f4f\u811a\u3002<\/em>\u201d\u7531\u6b64\u5f00\u542f\u4e89\u5435\u4e4b\u65c5\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u897f\u8499\u5728\u5176\u81ea\u4f20\u4e2d\u4e13\u95e8\u6709\u4e00\u7ae0\u7684\u6807\u9898\u5373\u4e3a\u201c\u8bba\u6218\u201d\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u56de\u5fc6\u4e86\u4ed6\u548c\u66fc\u5fb7\u5e03\u7f57\u7279\u7684\u4e89\u8bba[30]\uff0c\u800c\u66fc\u5fb7\u5e03\u7f57\u7279\u7684\u81ea\u4f20\u5374\u5bf9\u6b64\u4e89\u8bae\u53ea\u5b57\u672a\u63d0[31]\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/section>\n
1960\u5e74\uff0c\u897f\u8499\u53d1\u73b0\u4e86\u66fc\u5fb7\u5e03\u7f57\u7279\u90a3\u7bc7\u6279\u8bc4\u4ed6\u7684\u6ce8\u8bb0\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u4ed6\u8bf4\u65e0\u8bba\u662f\u4f5c\u8005\u8fd8\u662f\u671f\u520a\u7f16\u8f91\u90e8\u90fd\u6ca1\u6709\u544a\u77e5\u4ed6\u3002\u4e8e\u662f\u897f\u8499\u5199\u4fe1\u7ed9\u66fc\u5fb7\u5e03\u7f57\u7279\uff0c\u63d0\u8bae\u8054\u5408\u5199\u7bc7\u6587\u7ae0\u9610\u660e\u53cc\u65b9\u7684\u5f02\u540c\u70b9\u3002\u4e24\u4eba\u8d77\u521d\u90fd\u540c\u610f\u5e76\u4ea4\u6362\u4e86\u4e00\u4e9b\u8349\u7a3f\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u4e24\u4eba\u5f88\u5feb\u53d1\u73b0\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u4e89\u8bba\u5728\u9010\u6b65\u5347\u7ea7\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u4e92\u76f8\u62c9\u9ed1\u653e\u5f03\u4e86\u5408\u5199\u6587\u7ae0\u7684\u6253\u7b97\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/section>\n
\u897f\u8499\u5355\u72ec\u5199\u4e86\u4e00\u7bc7\u9488\u5bf9\u66fc\u5fb7\u5e03\u7f57\u7279\u7684\u8bc4\u8bba\u7684\u56de\u590d\u6587\u7ae0\uff0c\u7b80\u79f0”Some Further Notes”[32]\u3002\u8be5\u6587\u4e8e1959\u5e747\u6708\u5373\u6295\u7a3f\u5230\u300aInformation and Control\u300b\uff0c\u5e76\u4e8e1960\u5e743\u6708\u6b63\u5f0f\u53d1\u8868\u3002\u6587\u4e2d\u5f00\u5b97\u660e\u4e49\u6307\u51fa\u66fc\u5fb7\u5e03\u7f57\u7279\u5bf9\u4ed6\u7684\u6a21\u578b\u7684\u6279\u8bc4\u662f\u4e0d\u6210\u7acb\u7684\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/section>\n
\u9488\u5bf9\u897f\u8499\u7684\u7b54\u590d\u66fc\u5fb7\u5e03\u7f57\u7279\u53c8\u53e6\u5199\u4e86\u4e00\u7bc7\u7b54\u590d\u6587\u7ae0\uff0c\u7b80\u79f0\u201cFinal Note\u201d[33]\u3002\u65e2\u7136\u662f\u6700\u540e\u7684\u6ce8\u8bb0\uff0c\u4e89\u8bba\u4f3c\u4e4e\u5230\u6b64\u5c31\u7ed3\u675f\u4e86\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u7f16\u8f91\u628a\u8fd9\u7bc7\u56de\u590d\u6587\u7ae0\u5728\u53d1\u8868\u524d\u5bc4\u7ed9\u4e86\u897f\u8499\uff0c\u897f\u8499\u663e\u7136\u4e5f\u4e0d\u613f\u610f\u5c31\u6b64\u6253\u4f4f\uff0c\u4e8e\u662f\u9488\u5bf9\u6027\u7684\u53c8\u5199\u4e86\u4e00\u7bc7\u201cReply to ‘Final Note’\u201d[34]\u3002\u8fd9\u4e24\u7bc7\u6587\u7ae0\u4e8e\u662f\u5c31\u5728\u300aInformation and Control\u300b\u7684\u540c\u4e00\u671f\u4e0a\u540c\u65f6\u53d1\u8868\u51fa\u6765\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/section>\n
\u66fc\u5fb7\u5e03\u7f57\u7279\u5fc3\u60f3\uff0c\u6211\u5df2\u7ecf\u8bf4\u662f\u6700\u540e\u7684\u6ce8\u8bb0\u4e86\uff0c\u4f60\u8fd8\u4e0d\u4f9d\u4e0d\u6320\uff0c\u96be\u9053\u6015\u4e86\u4f60\u4e0d\u6210\uff0c\u4ed6\u5c31\u53c8\u5199\u4e86\u4e00\u7bc7\u8bc4\u8bba”Post Scriptum to ‘Final Note'”[35]\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\uff0c\u6458\u8981\u53ea\u662f\u4e00\u53e5\u8bdd\uff1a\u201c\u6211\u7684\u6279\u8bc4\u4ece1955\u5e74\u770b\u5230\u897f\u8499\u6587\u7ae0\u7684\u521d\u7a3f\u4ee5\u6765\u4e00\u76f4\u6ca1\u53d8\u3002\u201d<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u5bf9\u66fc\u5fb7\u5e03\u7f57\u7279\u7684\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7b54\u590d\uff0c\u897f\u8499\u4e5f\u6ca1\u5fcd\u4f4f\uff0c\u53c8\u5199\u4e86\u4e00\u7bc7\u7b54\u590d”Reply to Post Scriptum”[36]\uff0c\u6458\u8981\u4e5f\u5f88\u7b80\u5355\uff1a\u201c\u66fc\u5fb7\u5e03\u7f57\u7279\u5bf9\u62111955\u5e74\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u6a21\u578b\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u4e00\u7ec4\u65b0\u7684\u53cd\u9a73\u7406\u7531\uff0c\u7136\u800c\u5982\u540c\u4ed6\u5148\u524d\u7684\u53cd\u9a73\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u53cd\u9a73\u540c\u6837\u662f\u65e0\u6548\u7684\u3002\u201d<\/span><\/span><\/section>\n

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\u81f3\u6b64\uff0c\u4e24\u4eba\u7684\u4e89\u8bba\u53c8\u91cd\u65b0\u56de\u5230\u539f\u70b9\uff0c\u5939\u7f1d\u4e2d\u7684\u7f16\u8f91\u4e2d\u6b62\u4e86\u8fd9\u573a\u4e89\u8bba\uff0c\u800c\u8fd9\u573a\u6301\u7eed\u6570\u5e74\u7684\u8bba\u6218\u4e5f\u603b\u7b97\u8c22\u5e55\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
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\u56fe7\uff1a\u897f\u8499\u4e0e\u66fc\u5fb7\u5e03\u7f57\u7279\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u4e03\u8f6e\u5927\u6218<\/span><\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n
\u6b63\u5982\u897f\u8499\u5728\u81ea\u4f20\u4e2d\u6240\u8bf4\uff1a\u201c\u5728\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u4ea4\u6218\u4e2d\uff0c\u6211\u80fd\u83b7\u5f97\u7684\u6700\u4f73\u6210\u679c\u662f\uff1a\u8ba9\u8bfb\u8005\u76f8\u4fe1\u53cc\u65b9\u90fd\u6709\u4e9b\u9053\u7406\u3002\u201d \u66fc\u5fb7\u5e03\u7f57\u7279\u6a21\u578b\u548c\u897f\u8499\u6a21\u578b\u786e\u5b9e\u5404\u6709\u7279\u70b9\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u79d1\u5c14\u5185<\/span>\uff08Kornai\uff09<\/span>\u8ba4\u4e3a\u66fc\u5fb7\u5e03\u7f57\u7279\u6a21\u578b\u6bd4\u8f83\u9002\u5408\u4e8e\u8bed\u8a00\u5b66[37]\uff0c\u800c\u514b\u9c81\u683c\u66fc\u5219\u8ba4\u4e3a\u897f\u8499\u6a21\u578b\u662f\u63cf\u7ed8\u7ecf\u6d4e\u589e\u957f\u7684\u6700\u4f18\u96c5\u6a21\u578b[38]\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u6709\u610f\u601d\u7684\u662f \uff0c\u8fd9\u573a\u5927\u6218\u65e2\u6709\u6b66\u6797\u9ad8\u624b\u5bf9\u51b3\u7684\u6062\u5f18\u6c14\u52bf\uff0c\u53c8\u6709\u5e7c\u513f\u56ed\u5c0f\u670b\u53cb\u5435\u67b6\u7684\u5373\u89c6\u611f\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u201c\u6211\u7684\u68a8\u6bd4\u4f60\u7684\u82f9\u679c\u751c\u201d<\/span><\/section>\n
\u201c\u4e8b\u5b9e\u8bc1\u660e\u6211\u7684\u82f9\u679c\u6bd4\u4f60\u7684\u68a8\u751c\u201d<\/span><\/section>\n
\u201c\u660e\u660e\u6211\u7684\u68a8\u66f4\u751c\u201d<\/span><\/section>\n
\u201c\u660e\u660e\u6211\u7684\u82f9\u679c\u66f4\u751c\u201d<\/span><\/section>\n
\u201c\u6211\u575a\u6301\u6211\u7684\u68a8\u66f4\u751c\u201d<\/span><\/section>\n
\u201c\u6211\u575a\u6301\u6211\u7684\u82f9\u679c\u66f4\u751c\u201d<\/span><\/section>\n
\u7f16\u8f91\uff1a\u597d\u4e86\u597d\u4e86\uff0c\u4f60\u4eec\u7684\u68a8\u548c\u82f9\u679c\u4e0d\u8981\u5728\u6211\u8fd9\u91cc\u6446\u644a\u4e86\uff0c\u5927\u5bb6\u90fd\u6563\u4e86\u5427\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
\u56f4\u89c2\u7fa4\u4f17\uff1a\u6709\u4ec0\u4e48\u597d\u5435\u7684\u5462\uff0c\u68a8\u6709\u68a8\u7684\u597d\u5904\uff0c\u89e3\u6e34\u751f\u6d25\uff0c\u82f9\u679c\u6709\u82f9\u679c\u7684\u597d\u5904\uff0c\u7ef4\u751f\u7d20\u542b\u91cf\u9ad8\uff0c\u5404\u6765\u4e00\u65a4\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

\u5982\u4eca\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u77e5\u9053\u590d\u6742\u7f51\u7edc\u79cd\u4e5f\u5b58\u5728\u5206\u5f62\u548c\u81ea\u76f8\u4f3c\u7279\u5f81\uff0c\u800c\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u7b97\u6cd5\u4e5f\u5728\u590d\u6742\u7f51\u7edc\u5206\u6790\u4e2d\u65e5\u76ca\u91cd\u8981\uff0c\u4e0d\u77e5\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u5148\u9a71\u897f\u8499\u548c\u5206\u5f62\u4e4b\u7236\u66fc\u5fb7\u5e03\u7f57\u7279\u5f97\u77e5\u7684\u8bdd\u4f1a\u6709\u4f55\u611f\u60f3\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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5. \u504f\u597d\u94fe\u63a5\uff1a\u968f\u673a\u8fd8\u662f\u4f18\u5316\uff1f<\/span><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n

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<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/h3>\n

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\u76ee\u524d\u4e3a\u6b62\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u662f\u628a\u5e42\u5f8b\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u968f\u673a\u6846\u67b6\u4e0e\u504f\u597d\u94fe\u63a5\u673a\u5236\u76f8\u5bf9\u5e94\u7684\uff0c\u5373\u5ea6\u5927<\/span>\uff08\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u79f0\u4e3a\u540d\u6c14\u5927\uff09<\/span>\u7684\u8282\u70b9\u83b7\u5f97\u65b0\u94fe\u63a5\u7684\u6982\u7387\u4e5f\u5927\u30022012\u5e74\uff0c\u5e15\u5e15\u591a\u666e\u6d1b\u65af<\/span>\uff08Papadopoulos\uff09<\/span>\u7b49\u4eba\u7684\u4e00\u7bc7\u300aNature\u300b\u6587\u7ae0\u5219\u7ed9\u51fa\u4e86\u504f\u597d\u94fe\u63a5\u673a\u5236\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u4f18\u5316\u6846\u67b6[39]\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u5728\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u4e2d\u6709\u4e00\u6761\u57fa\u672c\u7684\u540c\u8d28\u6027\u539f\u7406\uff1a\u8d8a\u662f\u76f8\u4f3c\u7684\u4eba\u8d8a\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\u3002\u5e15\u5e15\u591a\u666e\u6d1b\u65af\u7b49\u4eba\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u65b0\u8282\u70b9\u901a\u8fc7\u4f18\u5316\u540d\u6c14\u548c\u76f8\u4f3c\u6027\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u67d0\u4e2a\u6298\u8877\u51fd\u6570\u800c\u9009\u62e9\u6dfb\u52a0\u94fe\u63a5\u7684\u8bdd\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u540c\u6837\u53ef\u4ee5\u4ea7\u751f\u504f\u597d\u94fe\u63a5\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u5df4\u62c9\u5df4\u897f\u5728\u540c\u671f\u300aNature\u300b\u4e0a\u53d1\u4e86\u4e00\u7bc7\u9898\u4e3a\u201c\u8fd0\u6c14\u8fd8\u662f\u63a8\u7406<\/span>\uff08Luck or reason\uff09<\/span>\u201d\u7684\u8bc4\u8bba\u6307\u51fa[40]\uff0c\u5f53\u5e74\u897f\u8499\u548c\u66fc\u5fb7\u5e03\u7f57\u7279\u4e8b\u56f4\u7ed5\u5e42\u5f8b\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u968f\u673a\u548c\u4f18\u5316\u6846\u67b6\u800c\u4e89\u8bba\uff0c\u5982\u4eca\u5219\u5347\u534e\u4e3a\u504f\u597d\u94fe\u63a5\u673a\u5236\u5f62\u6210\u7684\u968f\u673a\u548c\u4f18\u5316\u6846\u67b6\u4e4b\u4e89\u3002\u5df4\u62c9\u5df4\u897f\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u5927\u591a\u6570\u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u5e94\u8be5\u4e8c\u8005\u517c\u800c\u6709\u4e4b\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u6211\u4eec\u6ca1\u6709\u5fc5\u8981\u53ea\u80fd\u4e8c\u9009\u4e00\u3002\u4e0d\u7ba1\u600e\u6837\uff0c\u8d77\u4f5c\u7528\u7684\u662f\u504f\u597d\u94fe\u63a5\u673a\u5236\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
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\u56fe 8\uff1a\u504f\u597d\u94fe\u63a5\u673a\u5236\u7684\u968f\u673a\u548c\u4f18\u5316\u6a21\u578b\uff08\u53d6\u81ea[40]\uff09<\/span><\/section>\n<\/section>\n
\u95ee\u9898\u662f\uff1a\u5e42\u5f8b\u548c\u504f\u597d\u94fe\u63a5\u673a\u5236\u771f\u7684\u5982\u6b64\u666e\u9002\u5417\uff1f<\/span><\/section>\n

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6. \u65e0\u6807\u5ea6\u7f51\u7edc\u201c\u5371\u673a\u201d<\/span><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n

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\u81ea\u4ece\u5df4\u62c9\u5df4\u897f\u5c0f\u7ec41999\u5e74\u5173\u4e8e\u65e0\u6807\u5ea6\u7f51\u7edc\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u8fc7\u53bb\u4e8c\u5341\u5e74\u7684\u590d\u6742\u7f51\u7edc\u7814\u7a76\u5728\u67d0\u79cd\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u60a3\u4e0a\u4e86\u201c\u5e42\u5f8b\u5d07\u62dc\u75c7\u201d\uff1a\u4eba\u4eec\u62ff\u5230\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b9e\u9645\u7f51\u7edc\uff0c\u5f80\u5f80\u90fd\u4f1a\u9996\u5148\u60f3\u5230\u8981\u68c0\u9a8c\u4e00\u4e0b\u7f51\u7edc\u7684\u5ea6\u5206\u5e03\u662f\u5426\u670d\u4ece\u5e42\u5f8b\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u4eca\u5929\u56de\u8fc7\u5934\u53bb\u770b\uff0c\u786e\u5b9e\u5b58\u5728\u4e0d\u5c11\u4e0d\u4e25\u8c28\u7684\u5730\u65b9\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u4e0d\u5c11\u6587\u732e\u4e2d\u90fd\u662f\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u5728\u53cc\u5bf9\u6570\u5750\u6807\u56fe\u4e2d\u76f4\u63a5\u8fdb\u884c\u6700\u5c0f\u4e8c\u4e58\u76f4\u7ebf\u62df\u5408\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u7ba1\u624b\u4e2d\u7684\u6570\u636e\u662f\u5426\u786e\u5b9e\u76f8\u5bf9\u5176\u5b83\u5206\u5e03\u800c\u8a00\u66f4\u4e3a\u7b26\u5408\u5e42\u5f8b\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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A. \u514b\u6d1b\u8d5b\u7684\u201c\u9b54\u6212\u201d\u5f15\u53d1\u7684\u5371\u673a<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/section>\n

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2009\u5e74\uff0c\u5f53\u65f6\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\u5723\u5854\u83f2\u7814\u7a76\u6240\u4ece\u4e8b\u535a\u58eb\u540e\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u5b89\u7136\u00b7\u514b\u6d1b\u8d5b<\/span>\uff08Aaron Clauset\uff09<\/span>\u7b49\u4eba\u82b1\u4e864\u5e74\u65f6\u95f4\u5199\u4f5c\u7684\u957f\u7bc7\u8bba\u6587\u201c\u7ecf\u9a8c\u6570\u636e\u4e2d\u7684\u5e42\u5f8b\u5206\u5e03<\/span>\uff08Power-law distributions in empirical data\uff09<\/span>\u201d\u7ec8\u4e8e\u5728\u56fd\u9645\u5e94\u7528\u6570\u5b66\u9876\u7ea7\u671f\u520a\u300aSIAM Review\u300b\u4e0a\u53d1\u8868[41]\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u514b\u6d1b\u8d5b\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u8fd9\u7bc7\u6587\u7ae0\u5b8c\u6574\u89e3\u51b3\u4e86\u5e42\u5f8b\u5206\u5e03\u7684\u68c0\u9a8c\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u5e76\u5728\u535a\u5ba2\u6587\u7ae0\u4e2d\u628a\u5b83\u7c7b\u6bd4\u4e8e\u4e07\u80fd\u7684\u201c\u9b54\u6212\u201d\u3002\u6587\u4e2d\u7ed9\u51fa\u7684\u68c0\u9a8c\u6570\u636e\u662f\u5426\u7b26\u5408\u5e42\u5f8b\u5206\u5e03\u7684\u6d41\u7a0b\u5982\u4e0b\uff1a<\/span><\/p>\n

1\uff09\u4f7f\u7528\u6781\u5927\u4f3c\u7136\u65b9\u6cd5\u4f30\u8ba1\u5e42\u5f8b\u6a21\u578b\u53c2\u6570\uff1b<\/span><\/p>\n

2\uff09\u8ba1\u7b97\u6570\u636e\u548c\u5e42\u5f8b\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u62df\u5408\u4f18\u5ea6\uff0c\u4ee5\u5224\u5b9a\u5e42\u5f8b\u662f\u5426\u4e3a\u5408\u7406\u5047\u8bbe\uff1b<\/span><\/p>\n

3\uff09\u901a\u8fc7\u4f3c\u7136\u6bd4\u68c0\u9a8c\u6bd4\u8f83\u5e42\u5f8b\u5047\u8bbe\u548c\u5176\u5b83\u5206\u5e03\u5047\u8bbe \uff0c\u4ee5\u5224\u65ad\u66f4\u503e\u5411\u4e8e\u54ea\u4e2a\u5047\u8bbe\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/section>\n
2018\u5e741\u6708\uff0c\u5df2\u7ecf\u5230\u7f8e\u56fd\u79d1\u7f57\u62c9\u591a\u5927\u5b66\u4efb\u6559\u7684\u514b\u6d1b\u8d5b\u548c\u4ed6\u7684\u535a\u58eb\u751f\u5b89\u5a1c \u00b7\u5e03\u7f57\u8fea<\/span>\uff08Anna Brodio \uff09<\/span>\u5728arXiv\u4e0a\u8d34\u51fa\u4e86\u4e00\u7bc7\u6807\u9898\u4e3a\u201c\u65e0\u6807\u5ea6\u7f51\u7edc\u5f88\u5c11\u89c1<\/span>\uff08Scale-free networks are rare\uff09<\/span>\u201d\u7684\u6587\u7ae0[42]\uff0c\u6587\u4e2d\u4f7f\u7528\u4e0a\u8ff0\u5e42\u5f8b\u68c0\u9a8c\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u5bf9\u4e0a\u5343\u4e2a\u5b9e\u9645\u7f51\u7edc\u6570\u636e\u96c6\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u53ea\u670915%\u7684\u7f51\u7edc\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u4e86\u65e0\u6807\u5ea6\u7f51\u7edc\u7684\u5f3a\u68c0\u9a8c\uff0c\u800c43%\u7684\u7f51\u7edc\u6839\u672c\u5c31\u4e0d\u80fd\u7b97\u4f5c\u65e0\u6807\u5ea6\u7f51\u7edc\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/section>\n
\u65e0\u6807\u5ea6\u7f51\u7edc\u6bd5\u7adf\u662f\u7f51\u7edc\u79d1\u5b66\u4e2d\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u7814\u7a76\u7acb\u5373\u5f15\u53d1\u5708\u5185\u5b66\u8005\u7684\u5173\u6ce8\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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2018\u5e742\u6708\uff0c\u8457\u540d\u79d1\u666e\u7f51\u7ad9\u300aQuanta Magazine\u300b\u4e0a\u53d1\u8868\u4e86\u4e00\u7bc7\u9898\u4e3a\u201c\u5b9e\u9645\u7f51\u7edc\u4e2d\u7f3a\u4e4f\u5e42\u5f8b\u8bc1\u636e<\/span>\uff08Scant Evidence of Power Laws Found in Real-World Networks\uff09<\/span>\u201d\u7684\u8bc4\u8bba\u6587\u7ae0[43]\uff0c\u4ecb\u7ecd\u4e86\u4e00\u4e9b\u5708\u5185\u5b66\u8005\u7684\u770b\u6cd5\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u7406\u8bba\u5371\u673a | \u65e0\u6807\u5ea6\u7f51\u7edc\u906d\u5230\u53f2\u4e0a\u6700\u4e25\u91cd\u8d28\u7591<\/a>
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\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u5b66\u8005\u89c9\u5f97\u8fd9\u4e00\u7814\u7a76\u8fd8\u662f\u6709\u610f\u4e49\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u5df4\u62c9\u5df4\u897f\u7528\u4e00\u4e2a\u6bd4\u55bb\u6765\u53cd\u9a73\u514b\u6d1b\u8d5b\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u201c\u4f60\u4e0d\u80fd\u56e0\u4e3a\u73b0\u5b9e\u4e2d\u4e00\u7247\u7fbd\u6bdb\u548c\u4e00\u5757\u77f3\u5934\u843d\u4e0b\u7684\u901f\u5ea6\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u5c31\u5426\u5b9a\u4e07\u6709\u5f15\u529b\u5b9a\u5f8b<\/span>\uff08\u4e07\u6709\u5f15\u529b\u5b9a\u5f8b\u544a\u8bc9\u4f60\u81ea\u7531\u843d\u4f53\u7684\u901f\u5ea6\u5c31\u5e94\u8be5\u4e00\u6837\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u5728\u73b0\u5b9e\u4e2d\u603b\u662f\u4f1a\u53d7\u5230\u5176\u4ed6\u56e0\u7d20\u7684\u5e72\u6270\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u7a7a\u6c14\u963b\u529b\u3002\u201d<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/section>\n
\u514b\u6d1b\u8d5b\u663e\u7136\u4e0d\u540c\u610f\u8fd9\u79cd\u8bf4\u6cd5\uff0c\u4ed6\u8bf4\uff0c\u201c\u5982\u679c\u67091000\u79cd\u7269\u4f53\u81ea\u7531\u843d\u4f53\uff0c\u4f60\u603b\u80fd\u5728\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u7269\u4f53\u4e2d\u89c2\u5bdf\u5230\u91cd\u529b\u548c\u7a7a\u6c14\u963b\u529b\u5982\u4f55\u5171\u540c\u4f5c\u7528\u4e8e\u7269\u4f53\u7684\u666e\u904d\u89c4\u5f8b\uff0c\u6240\u8c13\u7684\u5e72\u6270\u56e0\u7d20\u95ee\u9898\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u8fce\u5203\u800c\u89e3\u3002\u201d<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/section>\n
2018\u5e743\u6708\uff0c\u5df4\u62c9\u5df4\u897f\u5728\u5176\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5ba4\u4e3b\u9875\u4e0a\u8d34\u51fa\u4e86\u4e00\u7bc7\u53cd\u9a73\u6587\u7ae0\uff0c\u9898\u4e3a\u201c\u4f60\u6240\u9700\u8981\u7684\u53ea\u662f\u7231\u2014\u2014\u514b\u6d1b\u8d5b\u5bf9\u65e0\u6807\u5ea6\u7f51\u7edc\u7684\u65e0\u6548\u641c\u7d22<\/span>\uff08Love is All You Need\u2014\u2014Clauset’s fruitless search for scale-free networks\uff09<\/span>\u201d[44]\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/span><\/section>\n
Love is All You Need | \u65e0\u6807\u5ea6\u7f51\u7edc\u7406\u8bba\u4e4b\u7236Barab\u00e1si\u56de\u5e94\u53f2\u4e0a\u6700\u4e25\u91cd\u8d28\u7591<\/a>
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\u5728\u514b\u6d1b\u8d5b\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e24\u5c42\u7684\u6709\u5411\u7f51\u7edc\uff0c\u662f\u8981\u628a\u5b83\u5206\u6210\u4e24\u4e2a\u5355\u72ec\u7684\u6709\u5411\u7f51\u7edc\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u5bf9\u6bcf\u4e2a\u6709\u5411\u7f51\u7edc\u5206\u522b\u8ba1\u7b97\u51fa\u5ea6\u5206\u5e03\u3001\u5165\u5ea6\u5206\u5e03\u548c\u89c6\u4e3a\u65e0\u5411\u7f51\u7edc\u7684\u5ea6\u5206\u5e03\u3002\u53ea\u67096\u4e2a\u5ea6\u5206\u5e03\u4e2d\u76845\u4e2a\u90fd\u670d\u4ece\u5e42\u5f8b\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u624d\u8ba4\u4e3a\u539f\u59cb\u7684\u4e24\u5c42\u6709\u5411\u7f51\u7edc\u662f\u65e0\u6807\u5ea6\u7f51\u7edc\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u5df4\u62c9\u5df4\u897f\u4e3e\u4f8b\u8bf4\uff0c\u8fd9\u76f8\u5f53\u4e8e\u628a\u5355\u8bcd Love \u62c6\u5206\u4e3a\u5982\u4e0b\u5143\u7d20\uff1a<\/span><\/section>\n
{L,  o,  v,  e,  Lo,  Lv,  Le,  ov,  oe,  ve,  Lov,  Loe,  ove,  Love}<\/span><\/section>\n
\u514b\u6d1b\u8d5b\u8981\u6c42\u5176\u4e2d\u6bcf\u4e2a\u5143\u7d20\u90fd\u8981\u5305\u542bLove\uff0cLove\u624d\u662fLove\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/section>\n
\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5df4\u62c9\u5df4\u897f\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u5728\u514b\u6d1b\u8d5b\u7684\u773c\u4e2d\uff0cThere is no Love in Love\uff0c\u800c\u5728\u6211\u4eec\u5176\u4ed6\u4eba\u773c\u4e2d\uff0cLove is all you need\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u5df4\u62c9\u5df4\u897f\u7684\u8fd9\u4e00\u6307\u8d23\u672c\u8eab\u4e5f\u662f\u503c\u5f97\u5546\u69b7\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5728\u514b\u6d1b\u8d5b\u7684\u6587\u7ae0\u4e2d\u4e5f\u5df2\u7ecf\u6307\u51fa\u4e86\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u5bf9\u4e8e187\u4e2a\u7b80\u5355\u7f51\u7edc\u6570\u636e\u96c6<\/span>\uff08\u6bcf\u4e2a\u7f51\u7edc\u4e0d\u518d\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u62c6\u5206\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ea\u670920%\u7684\u7f51\u7edc\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u65e0\u6807\u5ea6\u7f51\u7edc\u7684\u5f3a\u68c0\u9a8c\uff0c44%\u7684\u7f51\u7edc\u6839\u672c\u4e0d\u80fd\u7b97\u4f5c\u65e0\u6807\u5ea6\u7f51\u7edc\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/section>\n
\u503c\u5f97\u4e00\u63d0\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u514b\u6d1b\u8d5b\u56e2\u961f\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86\u81f3\u4eca\u4e3a\u6b62\u590d\u6742\u7f51\u7edc\u9886\u57df\u7684\u6700\u5b8c\u6574\u7684\u6570\u636e\u96c6\uff0c\u5305\u542b\u4e86\u597d\u51e0\u5343\u4e2a\u5b9e\u9645\u7f51\u7edc\u7684\u6570\u636e\u4fe1\u606f\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e5f\u662f\u5bf9\u7f51\u7edc\u79d1\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u8d21\u732e\u3002\u5f53\u7136\u8fd9\u4e00\u6570\u636e\u96c6\u8fd8\u9700\u8981\u6539\u8fdb\u3002\u6570\u636e\u548c\u7b97\u6cd5\u4e00\u6837\u91cd\u8981\uff0c\u6b63\u5982imagenet\u6539\u53d8\u4e86\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u9886\u57df\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u5927\u89c4\u6a21\u3001\u9ad8\u8d28\u91cf\u7684\u590d\u6742\u7f51\u7edc\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u6709\u52a9\u4e8e\u63a8\u52a8\u7f51\u7edc\u79d1\u5b66\u66f4\u4e0a\u5c42\u697c\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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B. \u201c\u795e\u4eba\u201d\u514b\u91cc\u79d1\u592b\u7684\u8fa9\u62a4<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/section>\n

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2018\u5e747\u6708\uff0c\u514b\u6d1b\u8d5b\u5728\u7b2c4\u5c4a\u56fd\u9645\u8ba1\u7b97\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u5e74\u5ea6\u4f1a\u8bae\u62a5\u544a\u4e86\u4ed6\u4eec\u5173\u4e8e\u65e0\u6807\u5ea6\u7f51\u7edc\u5f88\u5c11\u89c1\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/section>\n
2018\u5e7411\u6708\uff0c\u5df4\u62c9\u5df4\u897f\u9886\u8854\u7684\u7f8e\u56fd\u4e1c\u5317\u5927\u5b66\u7f51\u7edc\u79d1\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u6240\u7684DK-Lab\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5ba4\u4e3b\u4efb\u8fea\u7c73\u7279\u91cc\u00b7\u514b\u91cc\u79d1\u592b<\/span>\uff08Dmitri Krioukov\uff09<\/span>\u56e2\u961f\u5728arXiv\u4e0a\u8d34\u51fa\u4e86\u4e00\u7bc7\u9898\u4e3a\u201c\u65e0\u6807\u5ea6\u7f51\u7edc\u6ca1\u95ee\u9898<\/span>\uff08Scale-free Networks Well Done\uff09<\/span>\u201d\u7684\u6587\u7ae0\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u65e0\u6807\u5ea6\u7f51\u7edc\u663e\u7136\u7edd\u975e\u514b\u6d1b\u8d5b\u4ed6\u4eec\u6240\u6307\u51fa\u7684\u90a3\u4e48\u5c11[45]\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u514b\u91cc\u79d1\u592b\u4e5f\u7b97\u5f97\u4e0a\u662f\u4e00\u4f4d\u79d1\u5b66\u754c\u7684\u201c\u795e\u4eba\u201d\u30022012\u5e74\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u514b\u91cc\u79d1\u592b\u8fd8\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\u52a0\u5dde\u5927\u5b66\u5723\u8fed\u6208\u5206\u6821<\/span>\uff08University of California, San Diego\uff09<\/span>\u4ece\u4e8b\u7814\u7a76\u5de5\u4f5c\u3002\u4e00\u4e2a\u6625\u65e5\uff0c\u4ed6\u9a7e\u9a76\u7740\u4e00\u8f86\u4e30\u7530\u96c5\u529b\u58eb\u5728\u4e0a\u73ed\u9014\u4e2d\u88ab\u8b66\u5bdf\u53d1\u73b0\u6ca1\u6709\u5728\u505c\u8f66\u6807\u8bb0Stop sign\u524d\u505c\u8f66\uff0c\u56e0\u800c\u6536\u5230400\u7f8e\u5143\u7684\u7f5a\u5355\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u514b\u91cc\u79d1\u592b\u6ca1\u6709\u81ea\u8ba4\u5012\u9709\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u9009\u62e9\u4e86\u4e0a\u6cd5\u5ead\u7533\u8bc9\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u514b\u91cc\u79d1\u592b\u7684\u8fa9\u62a4\u7406\u7531\u662f\uff0c\u5f53\u65f6\u4ed6\u7ecf\u8fc7\u7684\u9053\u8def\u6709\u4e24\u6761\u8f66\u9053\uff0c\u5728\u4ed6\u7684\u8f66\u8eab\u8f83\u77ed\u7684\u4e30\u7530\u96c5\u529b\u58eb\u548c\u8b66\u5bdf\u4e2d\u95f4\u8fd8\u6709\u53e6\u5916\u4e00\u8f86\u8f66\u8eab\u8f83\u957f\u7684\u8f66\u5728\u901a\u884c\uff0c\u4e24\u8f86\u8f66\u51e0\u4e4e\u540c\u65f6\u4ece\u505c\u8f66\u6807\u8bb0S\u7684\u5730\u65b9\u901a\u8fc7\u3002\u4ed6\u4ee5\u4e00\u7bc74\u9875\u7eb8\u7684\u7269\u7406\u8bba\u6587\u4ece\u7406\u8bba\u4e0a\u5411\u6cd5\u5ead\u8bc1\u660e\uff0c\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u73af\u5883\u4e0b\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u53e6\u4e00\u8f86\u8f66\u7684\u906e\u6321\uff0c\u5b8c\u5168\u5b58\u5728\u81ea\u5df1\u505c\u4e86\u4f46\u8b66\u5bdf\u6ca1\u770b\u5230\uff0c\u800c\u88ab\u8bef\u8ba4\u4e3a\u6ca1\u6709\u505c\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/section>\n
\u514b\u91cc\u79d1\u592b\u5c45\u7136\u6210\u529f\u80dc\u8bc9\u4e86\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u4ed6\u7684\u8fd9\u7bc7\u9898\u4e3a\u201c\u65e0\u8f9c\u7684\u8bc1\u660e<\/span>\uff08The Proof of Innocence\uff09<\/span>\u201d\u7684\u8bba\u6587\u81f3\u4eca\u8fd8\u653e\u5728arXiv\u7f51\u7ad9\u4e0a[46]\u3002\u5f53\u7136\uff0c\u540e\u6765\u4e5f\u6709\u4eba\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u514b\u91cc\u79d1\u592b\u7684\u8bba\u8bc1\u4e2d\u8fd8\u662f\u5b58\u5728\u7455\u75b5\u7684\uff0c\u611f\u5174\u8da3\u7684\u8bfb\u8005\u53ef\u4ee5\u81ea\u884c\u9a8c\u8bc1\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/section>\n
\u63a5\u4e0b\u6765\u6211\u4eec\u5c31\u770b\u770b\u514b\u91cc\u79d1\u592b\u56e2\u961f\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u4e3a\u65e0\u6807\u5ea6\u7f51\u7edc\u8fa9\u62a4\u7684\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u505a\u4e86\u4e09\u4ef6\u4e8b\uff1a<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/section>\n
\u9996\u5148\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u6700\u6838\u5fc3\u7684\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u8ba4\u4e3a\u8981\u91cd\u65b0\u7ed9\u51fa\u5e42\u5f8b\u5206\u5e03\u7684\u4e25\u683c\u5b9a\u4e49\u3002\u514b\u6d1b\u8d5b\u56e2\u961f\u57fa\u4e8e\u7684\u662f\u5e42\u5f8b\u5206\u5e03\u7684\u7406\u60f3\u5316\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\uff0c\u5373\u5f53k>=kmin\u65f6\uff0c\u7f51\u7edc\u4e2d\u4e00\u4e2a\u968f\u673a\u9009\u53d6\u7684\u8282\u70b9\u7684\u5ea6\u4e3ak\u7684\u6982\u7387\u670d\u4ece\uff1a<\/span><\/section>\n
P(k)=c k-r<\/sup><\/span><\/span><\/section>\n

<\/section>\n
\u5176\u4e2dc\u4e3a\u5f52\u4e00\u5316\u5e38\u6570\uff0cr\u4e3a\u5e42\u6307\u6570\u3002\u514b\u91cc\u79d1\u592b\u56e2\u961f\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u5b9e\u9645\u7f51\u7edc\u7684\u6f14\u5316\u8fc7\u7a0b\u591a\u6837\u4e14\u5b58\u5728\u5404\u79cd\u566a\u58f0\u548c\u6270\u52a8\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u8981\u6c42\u5b9e\u9645\u7f51\u7edc\u7684\u5ea6\u5206\u5e03\u670d\u4ece\u8fd9\u4e00\u7406\u60f3\u5316\u7684\u5e42\u5f8b\uff0c\u5c31\u76f8\u5f53\u4e8e\u8981\u6c42\u5728\u6709\u6469\u64e6\u529b\u7684\u5730\u9762\u4e0a\u7684\u8fd0\u52a8\u8981\u5b8c\u5168\u7b26\u5408\u65e0\u6469\u64e6\u529b\u60c5\u5f62\u7684\u7406\u60f3\u5316\u7684\u725b\u987f\u8fd0\u52a8\u5b9a\u5f8b\u4e00\u6837\u3002\u4e3a\u6b64\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u63d0\u51fa\u5e42\u5f8b\u5206\u5e03\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u66f4\u4e3a\u5b9e\u9645\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\u5e94\u8be5\u662f\u6b63\u89c4\u53d8\u5316\u5206\u5e03<\/span>\uff08Regularly Varying Distribution\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u5176\u5bf9\u5e94\u7684\u6982\u7387\u5bc6\u5ea6\u51fd\u6570\u4e3a\uff1a<\/span><\/section>\n
P(k)=l(k) k-r<\/sup><\/span><\/span><\/section>\n

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\u5176\u4e2dI(k)\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5f53k\u8d8b\u4e8e\u65e0\u7a77\u5927\u65f6\u7f13\u6162\u53d8\u5316\u7684\u51fd\u6570<\/span>\uff08\u6570\u5b66\u4e0a\uff0c\u6b63\u89c4\u53d8\u5316\u5206\u5e03\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u4e0e\u4e0a\u5f0f\u5bf9\u5e94\u7684\u4e92\u8865\u7d2f\u79ef\u5206\u5e03\u5b9a\u4e49\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u6b63\u89c4\u53d8\u5316\u5206\u5e03\u5305\u542b\u4e86\u7406\u60f3\u5316\u7684\u5e42\u5f8b\u5206\u5e03\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u5f53k\u8d8b\u4e8e\u65e0\u7a77\u5927\u65f6\u4e24\u8005\u662f\u4e00\u81f4\u7684\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u5728\u6709\u9650k\u503c\u7684\u60c5\u5f62\u4e24\u8005\u53ef\u4ee5\u6709\u5f88\u5927\u5dee\u5f02\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u5176\u6b21\uff0c\u514b\u91cc\u79d1\u592b\u56e2\u961f\u7ed9\u51fa\u4e86\u4f30\u8ba1\u6b63\u89c4\u53d8\u5316\u5206\u5e03\u7684\u6307\u6570\u7684\u4e09\u79cd\u5177\u6709\u76f8\u5bb9\u6027\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u8fd8\u5f3a\u8c03\u4e86\u91c7\u7528\u591a\u79cd\u76f8\u5bb9\u6027\u4f30\u8ba1\u65b9\u6cd5\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u4f30\u8ba1\u65b9\u6cd5\u53ef\u80fd\u53ea\u662f\u63ed\u793a\u5206\u5e03\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u90e8\u5206\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u6700\u540e\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5bf9115\u4e2a\u5b9e\u9645\u7f51\u7edc\u6570\u636e\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u9a8c\u8bc1\u3002\u53d1\u73b0\u65e0\u6807\u5ea6\u7f51\u7edc\u7684\u6bd4\u4f8b\u8981\u663e\u8457\u9ad8\u4e8e\u514b\u6d1b\u8d5b\u56e2\u961f\u7684\u5224\u65ad\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u7ed3\u8bba\u5176\u5b9e\u4e5f\u662f\u81ea\u7136\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u514b\u91cc\u79d1\u592b\u56e2\u961f\u6bd5\u7adf\u660e\u663e\u653e\u677e\u4e86\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5e42\u5f8b\u5206\u5e03\u7684\u8981\u6c42\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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2019\u5e743\u6708\uff0c\u201c\u65e0\u6807\u5ea6\u7f51\u7edc\u5f88\u5c11\u89c1\u201d\u8fd9\u7bc7\u6587\u7ae0\u6b63\u5f0f\u5728\u300a\u81ea\u7136\u901a\u8baf\u300b<\/span>\uff08Nature Communications<\/em>\uff09<\/span>\u4e0a\u53d1\u8868[42]\u3002\u8be5\u520a\u540c\u65f6\u914d\u53d1\u4e86\u4e00\u7bc7\u7531\u7f51\u7edc\u79d1\u5b66\u5b66\u8005\u90dd\u57f9\u5fb7<\/span>\uff08Petter Holme\uff09<\/span> \u64b0\u5199\u7684\u8bc4\u8bba\u201c\u65e2\u5c11\u89c1\u53c8\u5904\u5904\u53ef\u89c1\uff1a\u5173\u4e8e\u65e0\u6807\u5ea6\u7f51\u7edc\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u201d<\/span>\uff08Rare and everywhere: Perspectives on scale-free networks\uff09<\/span>[47]\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u540c\u6837\u662f\u57282019\u5e743\u6708\uff0c\u514b\u91cc\u79d1\u592b\u56e2\u961f\u6210\u5458\u5728\u56fd\u9645\u7f51\u7edc\u79d1\u5b66\u4f1a\u8bae COMPLENET \u4e0a\u4ecb\u7ecd\u4e86\u4ed6\u4eec\u5173\u4e8e\u201c\u65e0\u6807\u5ea6\u7f51\u7edc\u6ca1\u95ee\u9898\u201d\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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2019\u5e744\u6708\uff0c\u514b\u52b3\u8d5b\u7684\u535a\u58eb\u751f\u5e03\u7f57\u8fea\u4ee5\u201c\u65e0\u6807\u5ea6\u7f51\u7edc\u5f88\u5c11\u89c1\u201d\u4f5c\u4e3a\u8bba\u6587\u6838\u5fc3\u5185\u5bb9\u901a\u8fc7\u4e86\u535a\u58eb\u5b66\u4f4d\u8bba\u6587\u7b54\u8fa9\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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2019\u5e7410\u6708\uff0c\u201c\u65e0\u6807\u5ea6\u7f51\u7edc\u6ca1\u95ee\u9898\u201d\u8fd9\u7bc7\u6587\u7ae0\u5728\u65b0\u521b\u529e\u7684\u5f00\u6e90\u671f\u520a\u300aPhys. Rev. Research\u300b\u4e0a\u53d1\u8868[45]\u3002\u81f3\u6b64\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u4e89\u8bae\u4ee5\u53cc\u65b9\u6210\u679c\u90fd\u6b63\u5f0f\u53d1\u8868\u800c\u6682\u65f6\u544a\u4e00\u6bb5\u843d\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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7. \u7ed3\u675f\u8bed<\/span><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n

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1\uff09\u5373\u7136\u56f4\u7ed5\u5e42\u5f8b\u5ea6\u5206\u5e03\u662f\u5426\u5e38\u89c1\u53ca\u5176\u4ea7\u751f\u673a\u7406\u5b58\u5728\u8fd9\u4e48\u591a\u7684\u4e89\u8bae\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u5982\u4f55\u770b\u5f85\u65e0\u6807\u5ea6\u7f51\u7edc\u7684\u7814\u7a76\uff1f<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/section>\n

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2\uff09\u65e2\u7136\u5e42\u5f8b\u5ea6\u5206\u5e03\u548c\u504f\u597d\u94fe\u63a5\u673a\u5236\u90fd\u5e76\u975e\u5df4\u62c9\u5df4\u897f\u6700\u5148\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u5982\u4f55\u770b\u5f85\u5df4\u62c9\u5df4\u897f\u7684\u8d21\u732e\uff1f<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/section>\n

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\u9644\u8bb0\uff1a\u521a\u521a\u5f97\u77e5\u674e\u5929\u5ca9\u6559\u6388\u8f9e\u4e16\u7684\u6d88\u606f\u3002\u6211\u81f3\u4eca\u4f9d\u7136\u8bb0\u5f9720\u4e16\u7eaa80\u5e74\u4ee3\u672b\u8bfb\u5230\u674e\u5929\u5ca9\u6559\u6388\u5173\u4e8e\u674e-\u7ea6\u514b\u6df7\u6c8c\u7684\u6545\u4e8b\u65f6\u7684\u9707\u64bc\u3002\u5f53\u65f6\u6211\u8fd8\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5bf9\u4e8e\u6df7\u6c8c\u4e00\u65e0\u6240\u77e5\u7684\u7855\u58eb\u7814\u7a76\u751f\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u770b\u5230\u5bfc\u5e08\u7ea6\u514b\u548c\u535a\u58eb\u751f\u674e\u5929\u5ca9\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5bf9\u8bdd\u65f6\u5374\u6709\u79cd\u77ac\u95f4\u88ab\u70b9\u4eae\u7684\u611f\u89c9\uff1a\u201cI have a good idea for you!\u201d \u201cIs your idea good enough for the Monthly?\u201d1994\u5e74\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u6625\u65e5\uff0c\u5f53\u6211\u5728\u4e1c\u5357\u5927\u5b66\u56fe\u4e66\u9986\u91cc\u9762\u5076\u7136\u7ffb\u9605\u5230\u300aNature\u300b\u4e0a\u7684\u4e00\u7bc7\u5173\u4e8e\u6df7\u6c8c\u63a7\u5236\u7684\u7efc\u8ff0\u6587\u7ae0\u65f6\uff0c\u5934\u8111\u4e2d\u7acb\u523b\u6d6e\u73b0\u51fa\u674e-\u7ea6\u514b\u6df7\u6c8c\u7684\u6545\u4e8b\uff0c\u4e8e\u662f\u6539\u53d8\u4e86\u6211\u7684\u535a\u58eb\u8bba\u6587\u9009\u9898\uff0c\u5f00\u542f\u4e86\u4ece\u6df7\u6c8c\u63a7\u5236\u3001\u5230\u6df7\u6c8c\u540c\u6b65\u548c\u6df7\u6c8c\u53cd\u63a7\u5236\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u674e\u5929\u5ca9\u8001\u5e08\u7684\u6df7\u6c8c\u6545\u4e8b\u662f\u6211\u5b66\u672f\u9053\u8def\u4e0a\u7684\u4e00\u76cf\u706f\uff0c\u671f\u671b\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6545\u4e8b\u4e5f\u80fd\u591f\u70b9\u4eae\u66f4\u591a\u6709\u5fd7\u4e8e\u79d1\u7814\u7684\u5e74\u8f7b\u4eba\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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[2][\u7f8e]\u827e\u4f2f\u7279-\u62c9\u65af\u6d1b\u00b7\u5df4\u62c9\u5df4\u897f\uff0c\u5df4\u62c9\u5df4\u897f\u7f51\u7edc\u79d1\u5b66\uff0c\u6cb3\u5357\u79d1\u5b66\u6280\u672f\u51fa\u7248\u793e\uff0c2020<\/span><\/section>\n
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[8]\u674e\u7ea6\u745f, \u738b\u94c3, D.J.\u666e\u62c9\u65af,\u7b49. \u79d1\u5b66\u53f2\u4e0e\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u4ecb\u7ecd\u2014\u2014\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u5929\u6587\u949f[J]. \u79d1\u5b66\u901a\u62a5, 1956(06): 103-104.<\/span><\/section>\n
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[10]Price D, J de S. Little Science, Big Science[M]. Columbia University Press, 1963.<\/span><\/section>\n
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[12]Dashun Wang, A-L Barab\u00e1si. Science of Science[M]. Cambridge University Press, 2020, forthcoming.<\/span><\/section>\n
[13]Price D J D S. Networks of scientific papers[J]. Science, 1965, 149: 510-515.<\/span><\/section>\n
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