{"id":40457,"date":"2023-02-07T23:02:27","date_gmt":"2023-02-07T15:02:27","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/swarma.org\/?p=40457"},"modified":"2023-02-07T23:02:27","modified_gmt":"2023-02-07T15:02:27","slug":"%e8%af%ba%e5%a5%96%e5%be%97%e4%b8%bb-giorgio-parisi-%e8%ae%bf%e8%b0%88%ef%bc%9a%e6%af%8f%e4%b8%aa%e5%a4%8d%e6%9d%82%e7%b3%bb%e7%bb%9f%e9%83%bd%e6%9c%89%e8%87%aa%e5%b7%b1%e7%8b%ac%e7%89%b9%e7%9a%84","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/swarma.org\/?p=40457","title":{"rendered":"\u8bfa\u5956\u5f97\u4e3b Giorgio Parisi \u8bbf\u8c08\uff1a\u6bcf\u4e2a\u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf\u90fd\u6709\u81ea\u5df1\u72ec\u7279\u7684\u590d\u6742\u6027"},"content":{"rendered":"
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2021\u5e74\u8bfa\u8d1d\u5c14\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5956\u6388\u4e88\u4e54\u6cbb\u00b7\u5e15\u91cc\u897f\uff08Giorgio Parisi\uff09\uff0c\u8868\u5f70\u4ed6\u201c\u53d1\u73b0\u4e86\u4ece\u539f\u5b50\u5230\u884c\u661f\u5c3a\u5ea6\u7684\u7269\u7406\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u65e0\u5e8f\u548c\u6da8\u843d\u7684\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\u201d\u3002Parisi\u5728\u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf\u9886\u57df\u505a\u51fa\u4e86\u5173\u952e\u8d21\u732e\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u81ea\u65cb\u73bb\u7483\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u5bf9\u795e\u7ecf\u7f51\u7edc\u3001\u673a\u5668\u5b66\u4e60\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u81f3\u5173\u91cd\u8981\u3002\u4ed6\u5982\u4f55\u770b\u5f85\u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf\u79d1\u5b66\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u7814\u7a76\uff1f\u8fd9\u4e2a\u9886\u57df\u5728\u672a\u6765\u5c06\u5982\u4f55\u53d1\u5c55\uff1f\u8fd1\u671f\uff0cJPhys Complexity \u4e3b\u7f16 Ginestra Bianconi \u91c7\u8bbf\u4e86 Giorgio Parisi\uff0c\u8ba8\u8bba\u4e86\u4ed6\u5728\u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u4ed6\u5bf9\u66f4\u5e7f\u6cdb\u9886\u57df\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5bf9\u6b63\u5728\u52a0\u5165\u8be5\u96c6\u4f53\u7684\u5e74\u8f7b\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u7684\u5efa\u8bae\u3002<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n

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\u5173\u952e\u8bcd\uff1a\u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u975e\u5e73\u8861\u7269\u7406\uff0c\u6da8\u843d\uff0c\u81ea\u65cb\u73bb\u7483\uff0c\u590d\u6742\u7f51\u7edc<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n

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Giorgio Parisi<\/span><\/span> <\/span>| \u53d7\u8bbf\u8005<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Ginestra Bianconi<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/span>| \u91c7\u8bbf\u8005<\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u6c6a\u663e\u610f<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/span>| \u7ffb\u8bd1<\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u6881\u91d1<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/span>| \u5ba1\u6821<\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u9093\u4e00\u96ea<\/span> <\/span>| <\/strong><\/span>\u7f16\u8f91<\/strong><\/p>\n


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\u4e54\u6cbb\u00b7\u5e15\u91cc\u897f\uff08Giorgio Parisi\uff09<\/span><\/strong>\uff0c\u610f\u5927\u5229\u7f57\u9a6c\u5927\u5b66\u7406\u8bba\u7269\u7406\u6559\u6388\uff0c1948\u5e748\u67084\u65e5\u751f\u4e8e\u610f\u5927\u5229\u7f57\u9a6c\u3002\u4e3b\u8981\u4ece\u4e8b\u7edf\u8ba1\u7269\u7406\u3001\u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e0e\u91cf\u5b50\u573a\u8bba\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u4ed6\u6700\u77e5\u540d\u7684\u8d21\u732e\u5305\u62ec\u4e0e Guido Altarelli \u5171\u540c\u63d0\u51fa\u90e8\u5206\u5b50\u5bc6\u5ea6\u7684 QCD \u6f14\u5316\u65b9\u7a0b\uff0cAltarelli\u2013Parisi \u65b9\u7a0b\uff0c\u81ea\u65cb\u73bb\u7483 Sherrington\u2013Kirkpatrick \u6a21\u578b\u7684\u7cbe\u786e\u89e3\u3002\u5e15\u91cc\u897f\u8fd8\u56e0\u4e3a\u5173\u4e8e<\/span><\/span>\u690b\u9e1f\u7fa4\u7b49\u52a8\u7269\u7fa4\u4f53\u884c\u4e3a<\/span><\/a>\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u800c\u5728\u590d\u6742\u6027\u79d1\u5b66\u9886\u57df\u88ab\u719f\u77e5\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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Ginestra Bianconi<\/span><\/strong>\uff0c\u4f26\u6566\u739b\u4e3d\u5973\u738b\u5927\u5b66\u5e94\u7528\u6570\u5b66\u6559\u6388\uff0c\u827e\u4f26\u00b7\u56fe\u7075\u7814\u7a76\u6240\u7684\u827e\u4f26\u00b7\u56fe\u7075\u7814\u7a76\u5458\uff0cJPhys Complex \u671f\u520a\u4e3b\u7f16\uff0cPlosOne \u548c Scientific Reports \u7f16\u8f91\u30022020\u5e74\uff0c\u5979\u88ab NetSci \u5b66\u4f1a\u6388\u4e88 Network Scientific Fellowships\uff0c\u4ee5\u8868\u5f70\u5979\u5bf9\u7f51\u7edc\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u6027\u8d21\u732e\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u5728\u590d\u6742\u7f51\u7edc\u4e2d\u73bb\u8272-\u7231\u56e0\u65af\u5766\u51dd\u805a\u7684\u63d0\u51fa\u4ee5\u53ca\u5728\u591a\u5c42\u7f51\u7edc\u7ed3\u6784\u548c\u52a8\u529b\u5b66\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u8fdb\u5c55\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n


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2021\u5e74\u7684\u8bfa\u8d1d\u5c14\u5956\u6781\u5927\u5730\u632f\u594b\u4e86\u7814\u7a76\u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u7fa4\u4f53\u3002\u60a8\u5df2\u7ecf\u5728\u7406\u8bba\u7269\u7406\u7684\u51e0\u4e2a\u4e0d\u540c\u9886\u57df\u505a\u51fa\u4e86\u5f00\u521b\u6027\u7684\u8d21\u732e\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u5305\u62ec\u9ad8\u80fd\u7269\u7406\u548c\u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf\u3002\u60a8\u80fd\u544a\u8bc9\u6211\u4eec\u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u6709\u4ec0\u4e48\u7279\u522b\u4e4b\u5904\u5417\uff1f<\/strong><\/span><\/section>\n

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\u6211\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5bf9\u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u975e\u5e38\u6709\u8da3\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\uff0c\u9996\u5148\uff0c\u5b83\u6240\u5173\u6ce8\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u5728\u4ee5\u524d\u4e0d\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u3002\u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\u975e\u5e38\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u751f\u6001\u7cfb\u7edf\u3001\u7f51\u7edc\u7684\u52a8\u6001\u884c\u4e3a\u548c\u4f18\u5316\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u4f18\u5316\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\u7279\u522b\u6709\u8da3\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u4eec\u4f20\u7edf\u4e0a\u4e0d\u5c5e\u4e8e\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u53e6\u4e00\u4ef6\u5f88\u6709\u8da3\u7684\u4e8b\u662f\u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u7684\u8bb8\u591a\u57fa\u672c\u95ee\u9898\u90fd\u4e0e\u975e\u5e73\u8861\u7269\u7406\u6709\u5173\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u65b9\u9762\u662f\u5341\u5206\u91cd\u8981\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u66fe\u51e0\u4f55\u65f6\uff0c\u5927\u591a\u6570\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u90fd\u5173\u5fc3\u5e73\u8861\u6001\u7edf\u8ba1\u529b\u5b66\uff0c\u800c\u5bf9\u975e\u5e73\u8861\u7edf\u8ba1\u529b\u5b66\u77e5\u4e4b\u751a\u5c11\u3002\u73b0\u5728\u7814\u7a76\u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u7d27\u8feb\u6027\u4fc3\u4f7f\u6211\u4eec\u53bb\u7814\u7a76\u975e\u5e73\u8861\u7edf\u8ba1\u529b\u5b66\u2014\u2014\u8fdc\u79bb\u5e73\u8861\u6001\uff0c\u63a5\u8fd1\u5e73\u8861\u6001\u7b49\u7b49\u2014\u2014\u6211\u8ba4\u4e3a\u8fd9\u7c7b\u7814\u7a76\u5df2\u7ecf\u4f7f\u6211\u4eec\u5bf9\u7269\u7406\u7cfb\u7edf\u975e\u5e73\u8861\u6001\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u6709\u4e86\u66f4\u597d\u66f4\u5168\u9762\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u60a8\u5728\u81ea\u65cb\u73bb\u7483\u7406\u8bba\u3001\u8868\u9762\u751f\u957f\u3001\u591a\u91cd\u5206\u5f62\uff08multifractality\uff09\u3001\u968f\u673a\u5171\u632f\u548c\u9e1f\u7fa4\u7b49\u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf\u9886\u57df\u505a\u51fa\u4e86\u5173\u952e\u8d21\u732e\u3002\u60a8\u8ba4\u4e3a\u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u4e3a\u60a8\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u7279\u522b\u7684\u7075\u611f\u6765\u6e90\u5417\uff1f\u8fd8\u662f\u8bf4\u5b83\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5ba2\u89c2\u4e0a\u6bd4\u5176\u4ed6\u4f20\u7edf\u79d1\u5b66\u9886\u57df\u66f4\u4e30\u5bcc\u591a\u6837\u7684\u9886\u57df\uff1f<\/strong><\/span><\/section>\n

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\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u521a\u5f00\u59cb\u6211\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u6709\u610f\u8bc6\u8981\u7814\u7a76\u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf\u3002\u6211\u57281972\u5e74\u62161974\u5e74\u505a\u4e86\u4e00\u4e9b\u5173\u4e8e\u4e8c\u9636\u76f8\u53d8\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u4f46\u5728\u90a3\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u6211\u5bf9\u91cf\u5b50\u573a\u8bba\u6700\u611f\u5174\u8da3\u3002\u6709\u4e00\u6b21\u6211\u5076\u7136\u8bfb\u5230\u4e00\u7bc7\u5173\u4e8e\u9ad8\u5206\u5b50\u805a\u5408\u7269<\/span>\uff08polymer\uff09<\/span>\u7684\u8bba\u6587\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u662f D.K.Lubensky \u5199\u7684\u3002\u6211\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u4f1a\u5bf9\u805a\u5408\u7269\u611f\u5174\u8da3\u5462\uff1f\u56e0\u4e3a\u6211\u5bf9\u683c\u70b9\u89c4\u8303\u7406\u8bba<\/span>\uff08lattice gauge theories\uff09<\/span>\u611f\u5174\u8da3\uff0c\u800c\u9ad8\u7ef4\u7684\u683c\u70b9\u89c4\u8303\u7406\u8bba\u6709\u4e00\u79cd\u7c7b\u4f3c\u9ad8\u5206\u5b50\u805a\u5408\u7269\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u6211\u8bd5\u56fe\u53bb\u7406\u89e3\u683c\u70b9\u89c4\u8303\u7406\u8bba\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u901a\u8fc7\u9605\u8bfb\u8fd9\u7bc7\u8bba\u6587\uff0c\u6211\u53d1\u73b0 David Sherrington \u548c Scott Kirkpatrick \u5173\u4e8e\u81ea\u65cb\u73bb\u7483\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u4e00\u7bc7\u8bba\u6587<\/span>\uff08\u663e\u7136\uff09<\/span>\u7ed9\u51fa\u4e86\u9519\u8bef\u7684\u7ed3\u679c<\/span>\uff08\u5f53\u65f6\u6211\u5b8c\u5168\u4e0d\u77e5\u9053\u81ea\u65cb\u73bb\u7483\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\uff09<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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Sherrington \u548c Kirkpatrick \u4f7f\u7528\u4e86\u526f\u672c\u7406\u8bba<\/span>\uff08replica theory\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u4f46\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u7279\u6b8a\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u526f\u672c\u7406\u8bba\u4f1a\u7ed9\u51fa\u9519\u8bef\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u8fd8\u6ca1\u6709\u88ab\u7814\u7a76\u6e05\u695a\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\u6211\u5f88\u60f3\u5f04\u6e05\u695a\u5230\u5e95\u662f\u54ea\u91cc\u51fa\u4e86\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u6211\u7684\u60f3\u6cd5\u662f\uff0c\u8fd9\u5c06\u4f1a\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e2a\u9886\u57df\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u793e\u7fa4\u6709\u597d\u5904\uff1a\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\u5df2\u7ecf\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u7406\u8bba\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u5b83\u884c\u4e0d\u901a\uff0c\u4f60\u8fd8\u4e0d\u77e5\u9053\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\u6211\u8ba4\u4e3a\u89e3\u51b3\u8fd9\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u8d23\u4efb\u3002\u6211\u60f3\uff0c\u4e00\u5f00\u59cb\u6211\u592a\u4e50\u89c2\u4e86\uff0c\u4ee5\u4e3a\u8fd9\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\u5f88\u5bb9\u6613\u89e3\u51b3\u3002<\/span>\uff08\u6700\u540e\uff09<\/span>\u8fd9\u5e76\u4e0d\u5bb9\u6613\uff0c\u4f46\u65e0\u8bba\u5982\u4f55\uff0c\u51e0\u4e2a\u6708\u540e\u6211\u610f\u8bc6\u5230\u5982\u4f55\u89e3\u51b3\u81f3\u5c11\u90e8\u5206\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u6700\u7ec8\u89e3\u51b3\u4e86\u6574\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u5728\u5199\u4e86\u51e0\u7bc7\u5173\u4e8e\u8fd9\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u8bba\u6587\u540e\uff0c\u6211\u7ee7\u7eed\u53bb\u7814\u7a76\u91cf\u5b50\u573a\u8bba\u4e86\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u5173\u952e\u70b9\u662f\uff0c\u5728\u67d0\u4e2a\u65f6\u523b\uff0c\u6211\u8bd5\u56fe\u7406\u89e3\u5bf9 Sherrington-Kirkpatrick \u6a21\u578b\u7ed9\u51fa\u7684\u89e3\uff0c\u4e5f\u5f00\u59cb\u4e0e Marc Mezard\uff0cNicolas Sourlas\uff0cG\u00e9rard Toulouse\u548c Miguel Angel Virasoro \u5408\u4f5c\u3002\u6700\u540e\u6211\u610f\u8bc6\u5230\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6a21\u578b\u4e2d\u6709\u5f88\u591a\u5e73\u8861\u6001\uff0c\u5373\u5e73\u8861\u6001\u7684\u6570\u91cf\u662f\u65e0\u7a77\u5927\u7684\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u6211\u4e00\u5f00\u59cb\u6ca1\u60f3\u5230\u7684\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5e73\u8861\u6001\u53ef\u4ee5\u6309\u7167\u5206\u7c7b\u5b66\u7684\u5212\u5206\u8fdb\u884c\u7ec4\u7ec7\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e5f\u88ab\u4eba\u4eec\u79f0\u4e4b\u4e3a\u201c\u8d85\u5ea6\u91cf\u6027\u201d<\/span>\uff08ultrametricity\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u76f8\u5f53\u4ee4\u4eba\u60ca\u8bb6\u7684\uff1a\u5728\u67d0\u4e9b\u5e73\u8861\u6a21\u578b\u4e2d\uff0c\u5b58\u5728\u5f62\u6001\u5b66\u5206\u7c7b\u4e0a\u5177\u6709\u65e0\u7a77\u591a\u5206\u5c94\u7684\u7684\u72b6\u6001\u662f\u5f88\u4ee4\u4eba\u610f\u60f3\u4e0d\u5230\u7684\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\uff0c\u4ece\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7ed3\u679c\u6765\u770b\uff0c\u5f88\u660e\u663e\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7cfb\u7edf\u662f\u590d\u6742\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u590d\u6742\u6027\u662f\u5728\u6211\u5f00\u59cb\u7814\u7a76\u5b83\u4e09\u5230\u56db\u5e74\u4e4b\u540e\u624d\u88ab\u53d1\u73b0\u7684\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u6211\u53d1\u73b0\u81ea\u5df1\u7f6e\u8eab\u4e8e\u590d\u6742\u6027\u7684\u4e3b\u6d41\u4e4b\u4e2d\uff0c\u867d\u7136\u6211\u6ca1\u6709\u4e3b\u52a8\u8ffd\u6c42\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e5f\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u526f\u672c\u65b9\u6cd5\u5bf9\u4e8e\u7406\u89e3\u5176\u4ed6\u590d\u6742\u7684\u65e0\u5e8f\u7cfb\u7edf\u6765\u8bf4\u975e\u5e38\u5f3a\u5927\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\uff0c\u6211\u5f00\u59cb\u7814\u7a76\u8fd9\u7c7b\u4e1c\u897f\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/section>\n
\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u6211\u7ee7\u7eed\u7814\u7a76\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u60f3\u771f\u6b63\u7406\u89e3 Sherrington\u2013Kirkpatrick \u6a21\u578b\u89e3\u7684\u8bb8\u591a\u7ec6\u8282\u4ee5\u53ca\u6211\u6240\u505a\u7684<\/span>\uff08\u63a8\u5bfc\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u5b83\u4e0d\u662f\u6211\u5076\u7136\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u8fd0\u6c14\u597d\u5c31\u80fd\u505a\u51fa\u6765\u7684\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u6211\u5bf9\u975e\u5e38\u9ad8\u7ef4\u5ea6\u7684\u683c\u70b9\u89c4\u8303\u7406\u8bba\u5f88\u611f\u5174\u8da3\u3002\u6709\u4e00\u7bc7<\/span>\uff08Nicolas\uff09<\/span> Soulas \u548c<\/span>\uff08Jean-Michel\uff09<\/span>Drouffe \u7684\u8bba\u6587\u89e3\u51b3\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u6211\u672c\u53ef\u4ee5<\/span>\uff08\u7ee7\u7eed\uff09<\/span>\u7528\u91cf\u5b50\u8499\u7279\u5361\u7f57\u65b9\u6cd5\u6765\u7814\u7a76\u683c\u70b9\u89c4\u8303\u7406\u8bba\u548c\u7c7b\u4f3c\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u5bf9\u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u822c\u95ee\u9898\u611f\u5174\u8da3\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u5728\u60a8\u7684\u7545\u9500\u4e66\u4e2d\uff0c\u6709\u51e0\u6bb5\u6709\u8da3\u7684\u6bb5\u843d\u8ba8\u8bba\u4e86\u4e00\u9879\u79d1\u5b66\u53d1\u73b0\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u3002<\/strong><\/span><\/section>\n

<\/section>\n
\u662f\u7684\uff0c\u5728 Spin Glass Theory and Beyond<\/em> [1]\u8fd9\u672c\u4e66\u4e2d\uff0c\u6211\u8ba8\u8bba\u4e86\u5982\u4f55\u4ece\u4e00\u4e2a\u4f60\u8bd5\u56fe\u8bc1\u660e\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u4e2d\u5f97\u5230\u542f\u53d1\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u5076\u7136\u5730\u5f00\u59cb\u89e3\u51b3\u4e00\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u60a8\u5bf9\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u7684\u8d21\u732e\u975e\u5e38\u7a81\u51fa;\u7279\u522b\u662f\u5728\u81ea\u65cb\u73bb\u7483\uff08spin glasses\uff09\u548c\u526f\u672c\u5bf9\u79f0\u6027\u7834\u7f3a\uff08replica symmetry breaking\uff09\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u5bf9\u795e\u7ecf\u7f51\u7edc\u3001\u673a\u5668\u5b66\u4e60\u548c\u89e3\u51b3\u56f0\u96be\u7684\u7ec4\u5408\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u81f3\u5173\u91cd\u8981\u3002\u60a8\u80fd\u544a\u8bc9\u6211\u4eec\u66f4\u591a\u5173\u4e8e\u526f\u672c\u5bf9\u79f0\u6027\u7834\u7f3a\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5b83\u5728\u7406\u89e3\u201c\u8d85\u8d8a\u201d\u4f20\u7edf\u7269\u7406\u5e94\u7528\u7684\u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u5417\uff1f<\/strong><\/span><\/section>\n

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\u81ea\u65cb\u73bb\u7483\u7406\u8bba\uff0c\u526f\u672c\u5bf9\u79f0\u6027\u7834\u7f3a\uff0c\u4e0e\u5176\u4ed6\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u5982\u4e0b\uff1a\u672c\u8d28\u4e0a<\/span>\uff08\u5982\u679c\u53bb\u6389\u5728\u8fd9\u7c7b\u95ee\u9898\u4e2d\u663e\u7136\u6781\u5176\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u6280\u672f\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u6280\u672f\u5c06\u5f88\u4e00\u822c\u7684\u8bed\u8a00\u8f6c\u5316\u4e3a\u771f\u5b9e\u7684\u3001\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u3001\u7cbe\u786e\u7684\u548c\u6570\u5b66\u7684\u8bed\u8a00\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u5728\u8fd9\u7c7b\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u6709\u591a\u4e2a\u5e73\u8861\u6001\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/section>\n
\u591a\u5e73\u8861\u6001<\/span>\uff08multiple equilibria\uff09<\/span>\u5728\u4e0d\u540c\u8bed\u5883\u4e2d\u6709\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u542b\u4e49\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5730\u8d28\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u4ece\u5730\u8d28\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u6765\u770b\uff0c\u4f1a\u6709\u4e00\u4e9b\u5f88\u957f\u7684\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u65f6\u671f\u6709\u7c7b\u4f3c\u7684\u72b6\u51b5\uff0c\u4e5f\u4f1a\u6709\uff08\u5176\u4ed6\u7684\uff09\u975e\u5e38\u8fc5\u901f\u7684\u8f6c\u6362\uff0c\u4ece\u4e00\u4e2a\u65f6\u671f\u5230\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u65f6\u671f\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u518d\u8bf4\u8bf4\u795e\u7ecf\u7f51\u7edc\uff0c\u795e\u7ecf\u7f51\u7edc\u662f\u6709\u8bb0\u5fc6\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u8303\u4f8b\uff1a\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u60f3\u5230Hopfield\u6a21\u578b\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u60f3\u5230\u7075\u957f\u7c7b\u52a8\u7269\u3001\u4eba\u7c7b\u3001\u733f\u6216\u7334\u5b50\u7684\u8bb0\u5fc6\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u8bb0\u5fc6\u4e2d\u5b58\u50a8\u5927\u91cf\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u53ef\u4ee5\u68c0\u7d22\u3002\u5f53\u4f60\u8fdb\u884c\u68c0\u7d22\u65f6\uff0c\u7cfb\u7edf\u4f1a\u5728\u4e00\u6bb5\u8f83\u957f\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u91cc\u4fdd\u6301\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u72b6\u6001\uff0c\u8fd9\u6bb5\u65f6\u95f4\u6bd4\u5178\u578b\u7684\u795e\u7ecf\u5143\u6253\u5f00\/\u5173\u95ed\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u8981\u957f\u5f97\u591a\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5e73\u8861\u6001\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u8bb0\u5fc6\u548c\u56de\u5fc6\u7684\u4f17\u591a\u4e8b\u7269\uff0c\u5bf9\u5e94\u7740\u8bb0\u5fc6\u7684\u65e0\u7a77\u591a\u6570\u91cf\u7684\u5e73\u8861\u6001\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u53e6\u5916\uff0c\u5f53\u4f60\u8003\u8651\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u4e00\u4e2a\u4f18\u5316\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u6709\u4e00\u4e9b\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u4f18\u5316\u662f\u76f8\u5f53\u76f4\u63a5\u7684\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u5373\u4f7f\u4e0d\u90a3\u4e48\u76f4\u63a5\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u591a\u9879\u5f0f\u65f6\u95f4\u5185\u5b8c\u6210\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5176\u4ed6\u4e00\u4e9b\u7cfb\u7edf\u8981\u56f0\u96be\u5f97\u591a\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u7b97\u6cd5\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u88ab\u56f0\u5728\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u5c40\u90e8\u6781\u5c0f\u503c\u4e2d\uff1b\u6709\u975e\u5e38\u591a\u7684\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u6307\u6570\u7ea7\u6570\u91cf\u7684\u5c40\u90e8\u6781\u5c0f\u503c\uff0c\u5bf9\u5e94\u7684\u4e8b\u5b9e\u662f\uff0c\u7b97\u6cd5\u9700\u8981\u6307\u6570\u7ea7\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u6765\u627e\u5230\u8fd9\u4e2a\u89e3\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\u4f60\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u5e73\u8861\u6001\u590d\u6742\u6027\u548c\u7edf\u8ba1\u529b\u5b66\u4e4b\u95f4\u5efa\u7acb\u8054\u7cfb\uff0c\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u7edf\u8ba1\u529b\u5b66\u6765\u8ba1\u7b97\u5b83\uff0c\u7528\u4e00\u4e2a\u8bd5\u56fe\u627e\u5230\u6700\u4f18\u914d\u7f6e\u7684\u7b97\u6cd5\uff0c\u6162\u6162\u5730\u89e3\u51b3\u65c5\u884c\u63a8\u9500\u5458\u4e4b\u7c7b\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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2021\u5e74\u8bfa\u8d1d\u5c14\u5956\u6388\u4e88\u60a8\uff0c\u4ee5\u8868\u5f70\u60a8\u201c\u53d1\u73b0\u4e86\u4ece\u539f\u5b50\u5230\u884c\u661f\u5c3a\u5ea6\u7684\u7269\u7406\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u65e0\u5e8f\u548c\u6da8\u843d\u7684\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\u201d\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u201c\u5f7b\u5e95\u6539\u53d8\u4e86\u65e0\u5e8f\u6750\u6599\u548c\u968f\u673a\u8fc7\u7a0b\u7406\u8bba\u201d\u3002\u4ece\u60a8\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u6765\u770b\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5e94\u8be5\u6709\u4ec0\u4e48\u6837\u7684\u6b63\u786e\u56fe\u666f\u6765\u7406\u89e3\u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u6da8\u843d\u7684\u4e00\u822c\u4f5c\u7528\uff1f<\/strong><\/span><\/section>\n

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\u6da8\u843d<\/span>\uff08fluctuations\uff09<\/span>\u5728\u5f88\u591a\u5f88\u591a\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u90fd\u975e\u5e38\u91cd\u8981\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u7814\u7a76\u6da8\u843d\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u53d1\u73b0\u6240\u5173\u6ce8\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u662f\u5177\u6709\u5355\u4e00\u5e73\u8861\u6001\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u8fd8\u662f\u5177\u6709\u591a\u4e2a\u5e73\u8861\u6001\u7684\u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf\u3002\u53e6\u4e00\u4ef6\u975e\u5e38\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\u662f\uff0c\u6da8\u843d\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u975e\u5e73\u8861\u884c\u4e3a\u3002\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u6839\u636e Leticia Cugliandolo \u548c Jose Kurchan \u7684\u60f3\u6cd5\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u5c06\u81ea\u65cb\u73bb\u7483\u5728\u5e73\u8861\u6001\u4e0b\u6d4b\u91cf\u7684\u9759\u6001\u6027\u8d28\u4e0e\u975e\u5e73\u8861\u884c\u4e3a\u8054\u7cfb\u8d77\u6765\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u4ece\u8fd9\u4e9b\u89c2\u70b9\u51fa\u53d1\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u63a8\u5bfc\u51fa\u975e\u5e73\u8861\u52a8\u529b\u5b66\u4e2d\u65b0\u7684\u6da8\u843d-\u8017\u6563\u5173\u7cfb\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u6da8\u843d\u5728\u884c\u661f\u5c3a\u5ea6\u4e0a\u4e5f\u975e\u5e38\u91cd\u8981\u2014\u2014\u6b63\u5982\u968f\u673a\u5171\u632f\u6846\u67b6\u6240\u63ed\u793a\u7684\u90a3\u6837\u3002\u968f\u673a\u5171\u632f\u73b0\u8c61\u53ef\u4ee5\u4ee5\u4e00\u79cd\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u603b\u7ed3\u5982\u4e0b\uff1a\u4ece\u4e00\u5e74\u5230\u53e6\u4e00\u5e74\uff0c\u6e29\u5ea6\u901a\u5e38\u67090.5\u5ea6\u7684\u6da8\u843d\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u5728\u968f\u673a\u5171\u632f\u65b9\u6cd5\u4e2d\uff0c\u8fd90.5\u5ea6\u7684\u6da8\u843d\u53ef\u80fd\u89e6\u53d1\u5bf9\u5e94\u4e8e10\u5ea6\u53d8\u5316\u7684\u51b0\u5ddd\u4f5c\u7528\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\u5f88\u660e\u663e\uff0c\u5728\u8fd9\u7c7b\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\uff0c\u6709\u65f6\u6da8\u843d\u4f1a\u88ab\u653e\u5927\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/section>\n
\u56de\u5230\u591a\u5e73\u8861\u6001\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\uff1a\u8fd9\u79cd\u73b0\u8c61\u5f88\u660e\u663e\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5e73\u8861\u6001\u53ef\u4ee5\u4fdd\u6301\u5f88\u957f\u65f6\u95f4\uff0c\u4f46\u7531\u4e8e\u6da8\u843d\uff0c\u4f1a\u51fa\u73b0\u4ece\u4e00\u4e2a\u5e73\u8861\u6001\u5230\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u5e73\u8861\u6001\u7684\u8f6c\u53d8\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u73b0\u8c61\u5c31\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u6240\u8bf4\u7684\u96a7\u7a7f\u4e8b\u4ef6<\/span>\uff08tunnel event\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u6fc0\u6d3b\u4e8b\u4ef6<\/span>\uff08activated event\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u5b83\u9075\u5faa\u5e73\u8861\u7edf\u8ba1\u529b\u5b66\u4e2d\u7684\u963f\u4f26\u5c3c\u4e4c\u65af\u5b9a\u5f8b<\/span>\uff08Arrhenius’ law\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u6240\u6709\u8fd9\u4e9b\u672f\u8bed\u90fd\u8868\u660e\u4e86\u6da8\u843d\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\uff1a\u6da8\u843d\u5728\u67d0\u4e9b\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u4e0d\u662f\u5f88\u91cd\u8981\uff0c\u800c\u5728\u53e6\u4e00\u4e9b\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u5728\u4ea7\u751f\u4ece\u4e00\u4e2a\u5e73\u8861\u6001\u5230\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u5e73\u8861\u6001\u7684\u96a7\u7a7f\u65b9\u9762\u6781\u5176\u91cd\u8981\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/section>\n
Niles Eldredge \u548c Stephen Jay Gould \u5728\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u95f4\u65ad\u5e73\u8861\u7406\u8bba<\/span>\uff08theory of a punctuated equilibria\uff09<\/span>\u4e2d\u771f\u6b63\u7406\u89e3\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e9b\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u6ca1\u6709\u4f7f\u7528\u201c\u96a7\u7a7f\u201d\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8bcd\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u4eec\u4ece\u8868\u73b0\u578b\u6216\u5f62\u6001\u5b66\u6216\u5730\u8d28\u9057\u8ff9\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u6765\u7814\u7a76\u7269\u79cd\u7684\u8fdb\u5316\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u89c2\u5bdf\u5230\uff0c\u5728\u8fdb\u5316\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u4f1a\u6709\u4e00\u6bb5\u5f88\u957f\u7684\u505c\u6ede\u671f\uff0c\u4f46\u8fd9\u4e9b\u957f\u65f6\u95f4\u7684\u505c\u6ede\u671f\u4f1a\u88ab\u8fdb\u5316\u53d8\u5316\u7684\u5feb\u901f\u533a\u57df\u6240\u6253\u65ad\u3002\u8fdb\u5316\u53d8\u5316\u7684\u5feb\u901f\u65f6\u671f\u5c31\u662f\u4ece\u4e00\u4e2a\u6781\u5c0f\u503c\u5230\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u6781\u5c0f\u503c\u7684\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u5728\u8de8\u8d8a\u9002\u5e94\u6027\u666f\u89c2\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u969c\u788d\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u771f\u6b63\u7406\u89e3\u6da8\u843d\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u8bb8\u591a\u5206\u5b50\u9a6c\u8fbe\u2014\u2014\u8bb8\u591a\u86cb\u767d\u8d28\u7b49\u7b49\u2014\u2014\u90fd\u5177\u6709\u53d7\u963f\u4f26\u5c3c\u4e4c\u65af\u5b9a\u5f8b\u63a7\u5236\u7684\u52a8\u529b\u5b66\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u7531\u96a7\u7a7f\u4e8b\u4ef6\u63a7\u5236\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5728\u6211\u4eec<\/span>\uff08\u4eba\u7c7b\uff09<\/span>\u4f53\u5185\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u5185\u90e8\u6e29\u5ea6\u4ece100\u534e\u6c0f\u5ea6<\/span>\uff0837.8\u2103\uff09<\/span>\u5230106\u534e\u6c0f\u5ea6<\/span>\uff0841.1\u2103\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u8fd9\u53ea\u662f\u7edd\u5bf9\u6e29\u5ea6\u76841%\u7684\u53d8\u5316\uff0c\u4f46\u8db3\u4ee5\u660e\u663e\u5730\u5b8c\u5168\u6270\u4e71\u8eab\u4f53\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u4e0e\u6e29\u5ea6\u6709\u5173\u7684\u80fd\u91cf\u7684\u5fae\u5c0f\u6da8\u843d\u662f\u63a7\u5236\u50cf\u8eab\u4f53\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u4e0d\u53ef\u601d\u8bae\u7684\u6760\u6746\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf\u5df2\u7ecf\u5728\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u4e0b\u5f97\u5230\u4e86\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u73b0\u5728\u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5145\u6ee1\u6d3b\u529b\u7684\u8de8\u5b66\u79d1\u9886\u57df\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u65b9\u6cd5\uff1a\u81ea\u65cb\u73bb\u7483\u3001\u590d\u6742\u7f51\u7edc\u3001\u975e\u7ebf\u6027\u52a8\u529b\u5b66\u3001\u968f\u673a\u6027\u548c\u968f\u673a\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff0c\u5e76\u88ab\u5e94\u7528\u4e8e\u6c14\u5019\u3001\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u3001\u795e\u7ecf\u79d1\u5b66\u3001\u6d41\u884c\u75c5\u5b66\u3001\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u3002\u4ece\u60a8\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u6765\u770b\uff0c\u60a8\u5728\u590d\u6742\u6027\u7684\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4e0d\u540c\u65b9\u9762\u770b\u5230\u4e86\u7edf\u4e00\u6027\u5417?<\/strong><\/span><\/section>\n

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\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5f88\u96be\u8bf4\u7edf\u4e00\u6027\u3002\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf\u6709\u4e00\u4e9b\u5171\u540c\u7279\u5f81\uff1a\u7f13\u6162\u7684\u52a8\u529b\u5b66\u7b49\uff0c\u4f46\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\uff0c\u5f53\u4f60\u4ed4\u7ec6\u89c2\u5bdf\u65f6\uff0c\u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf\u662f\u5f7c\u6b64\u5b8c\u5168\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u53e4\u8001\u7684\u60f3\u6cd5\u53ef\u4ee5\u8ffd\u6eaf\u5230 Karl Popper\u3002Popper \u8bf4\uff0c\u79d1\u5b66\u9769\u547d\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u4e00\u79cd\u8303\u5f0f\u6539\u53d8\uff0c\u662f\u4f60\u7528\u6765\u89c2\u5bdf\u4e16\u754c\u3001\u89e3\u91ca\u6240\u53d1\u751f\u4e8b\u60c5\u7684\u89c6\u89d2\u7684\u6539\u53d8\u3002\u590d\u6742\u6027\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u6240\u6709\u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u5728\u67d0\u79cd\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u662f\u770b\u5f85\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u53e6\u4e00\u79cd\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002\u5b83\u5305\u542b\u4e86\u4e00\u79cd\u4f60\u5bf9\u73b0\u5b9e\u7684<\/span>\uff08\u89c6\u89d2\uff09<\/span>\u7684\u7edf\u4e00\uff0c\u4f46\u5728\u90a3\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u5728\u6280\u672f\u5c42\u9762\u4e0a\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u5f7c\u6b64\u5b8c\u5168\u4e0d\u540c\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u5728\u60a8\u770b\u6765\uff0c\u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u7684\u54ea\u4e9b\u8bfe\u9898\u5728\u672a\u6765\u4e8c\u4e09\u5341\u5e74\u4f1a\u6709\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\uff1f<\/strong><\/span><\/section>\n

<\/section>\n
\u6211\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u975e\u5e38\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u662f\u5173\u4e8e\u771f\u5b9e\u7684\u73bb\u7483\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u8bb8\u591a\u5173\u4e8e\u81ea\u65cb\u73bb\u7483\u7684\u60f3\u6cd5\u5df2\u7ecf\u88ab\u5e94\u7528\u5230\u4e86\u73bb\u7483\u4e0a\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u6211\u5bf9\u6700\u8fd1\u786c\u7403\u963b\u585e<\/span>\uff08jamming\uff09<\/span>\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u611f\u5230\u7279\u522b\u60ca\u559c\uff0c\u8fd9\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u6765\u505a\u5f88\u591a\u4e8b\u60c5\u3002\u73b0\u5728\u6240\u6709\u5173\u4e8e\u73bb\u7483\u7684\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u90fd\u5728\u5feb\u901f\u53d1\u5c55\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u4eba\u4eec\u771f\u6b63\u5730\u5f00\u59cb\u4ee5\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u6765\u7814\u7a76\u975e\u5e73\u8861\u884c\u4e3a\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u788e\u88c2<\/span>\uff08fracturing\uff09<\/span>\u7b49\u7b49\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u67d0\u79cd\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u5df2\u7ecf\u80fd\u591f\u627e\u5230\u4e00\u79cd\u4f7f\u73bb\u7483\u70ed\u5316\u7684\u597d\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u8d85\u7a33\u5b9a\u73bb\u7483\u5728\u5b9e\u9a8c\u4e0a\u751f\u4ea7\u51fa\u6765\uff0c\u73b0\u5728\u5728\u7406\u8bba\u4e0a\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f97\u5230\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u975e\u5e38\u5927\u7684\u65f6\u95f4<\/span>\uff08\u5c3a\u5ea6\uff09<\/span>\u4e0a\u7406\u89e3\u73bb\u7483\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u5f15\u7528\u8d44\u6599<\/strong><\/span><\/section>\n

1. M\u00e9zard M, Parisi G and Virasoro M A 1987 Spin Glass Theory and Beyond (Singapore: World Scientific)<\/span><\/p>\n


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