{"id":41274,"date":"2023-03-15T18:57:11","date_gmt":"2023-03-15T10:57:11","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/swarma.org\/?p=41274"},"modified":"2023-03-15T18:57:11","modified_gmt":"2023-03-15T10:57:11","slug":"george-ellis-%e7%bb%8f%e5%85%b8%e8%ae%ba%e6%96%87%ef%bc%9a%e8%87%aa%e4%b8%8a%e8%80%8c%e4%b8%8b%e7%9a%84%e5%9b%a0%e6%9e%9c%e4%b8%8e%e6%b6%8c%e7%8e%b0","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/swarma.org\/?p=41274","title":{"rendered":"George Ellis \u7ecf\u5178\u8bba\u6587\uff1a\u81ea\u4e0a\u800c\u4e0b\u7684\u56e0\u679c\u4e0e\u6d8c\u73b0"},"content":{"rendered":"
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\u672c\u6587\u4f5c\u8005 George F. R. Ellis\uff081939.8-\uff09\u662f\u5b87\u5b99\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\uff0c\u5357\u975e\u5f00\u666e\u6566\u5927\u5b66\u6570\u5b66\u548c\u5e94\u7528\u6570\u5b66\u7cfb\u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf\u8363\u8a89\u6559\u6388\uff0c\u66fe\u4e0e\u5251\u6865\u5927\u5b66\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u53f2\u8482\u82ac\u00b7\u970d\u91d1\u5408\u4f5c\u64b0\u5199\u4e86\u300a\u65f6\u7a7a\u7684\u5927\u5c3a\u5ea6\u7ed3\u6784\u300b\u4e00\u4e66\uff081973\u5e74\uff09\uff0c\u4ed6\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u8be5\u9886\u57df\u7684\u9876\u5c16\u7406\u8bba\u5b66\u8005\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002\u4ece1989\u5e74\u52301992\u5e74\uff0c\u62c5\u4efb\u56fd\u9645\u5e7f\u4e49\u76f8\u5bf9\u8bba\u548c\u5f15\u529b\u5b66\u4f1a\u4e3b\u5e2d\u3002\u4ece80\u5e74\u4ee3\u8d77\uff0c\u7814\u7a76\u91cd\u70b9\u8f6c\u5411\u5b87\u5b99\u5b66\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u66fe\u62c5\u4efb\u56fd\u9645\u79d1\u5b66\u4e0e\u5b97\u6559\u534f\u4f1a\u4e3b\u5e2d\uff0c2004\u5e74\u83b7\u5766\u666e\u5c14\u987f\u5956\uff08Templeton Prize\uff09\u30022007\u5e745\u670818\u65e5\uff0c\u5f53\u9009\u4e3a\u82f1\u56fd\u7687\u5bb6\u5b66\u4f1a\u9662\u58eb\u3002<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n

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George F. R. Ellis<\/span> <\/span>| \u4f5c\u8005<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u4faf\u715c\u6b23<\/span> <\/span>| \u8bd1\u8005<\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

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\u9093\u4e00\u96ea<\/span> <\/span>| <\/strong><\/span>\u7f16\u8f91<\/strong><\/p>\n


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Top-down causation and emergence: some comments on mechanisms<\/span><\/section>\n
\u8bba\u6587\u94fe\u63a5\uff1a<\/span><\/section>\n
https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/doi\/10.1098\/rsfs.2011.0062#d1e828<\/span>
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\u5728\u7ed3\u6784\u548c\u56e0\u679c\u7684\u5c42\u6b21\u7ed3\u6784\u4e2d\uff0c\u81ea\u4e0b\u800c\u4e0a<\/span>\uff08bottom-up\uff09<\/span>\u548c\u81ea\u4e0a\u800c\u4e0b<\/span>\uff08top-down\uff09<\/span>\u7684\u56e0\u679c\u90fd\u4f1a\u53d1\u751f\u3002\u5176\u5173\u952e\u7279\u5f81\u4e4b\u4e00\u4fbf\u662f\u9ad8\u5c42\u7ea7\u529f\u80fd\u7684\u591a\u91cd\u5b9e\u73b0\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u7531\u6b64\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u5bf9\u5e94\u4e8e\u8f83\u9ad8\u5c42\u7ea7\u72b6\u6001\u7684\u8bf8\u591a\u8f83\u4f4e\u5c42\u7ea7\u53d8\u91cf\u7684\u7b49\u4ef7\u7c7b\u3002\u5171\u5b58\u5728\u7740\u4e94\u79cd\u4e3b\u8981\u7684\u81ea\u4e0a\u800c\u4e0b\u7684\u56e0\u679c\u673a\u5236\uff1a\u57fa\u4e8e\u7b97\u6cd5\u7684\uff0c\u57fa\u4e8e\u975e\u81ea\u9002\u5e94\u4fe1\u606f\u63a7\u5236\u7684\uff0c\u57fa\u4e8e\u81ea\u9002\u5e94\u9009\u62e9\u7684\uff0c\u57fa\u4e8e\u81ea\u9002\u5e94\u4fe1\u606f\u63a7\u5236\u7684\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u57fa\u4e8e\u667a\u80fd\u7684\u81ea\u4e0a\u800c\u4e0b\u7684\u56e0\u679c\u673a\u5236<\/span>\uff08\u5373\u4eba\u7c7b\u601d\u7ef4\u5bf9\u73b0\u5b9e\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u901a\u8fc7\u601d\u7ef4\uff0c\u50cf\u6570\u5b66\u7ed3\u6784\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u62bd\u8c61\u5b9e\u4f53\u4e5f\u80fd\u5177\u6709\u56e0\u679c\u529b<\/span>\uff08causal power\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u81ea\u4e0a\u800c\u4e0b\u7684\u56e0\u679c\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u56e0\u679c\u677e\u5f1b<\/span>\uff08causal slack\uff09<\/span>\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u3002\u56e0\u679c\u677e\u5f1b\u4ea7\u751f\u81ea\u4e0a\u800c\u4e0b\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\uff0c\u5b9e\u73b0\u5bf9\u9ad8\u5c42\u7ea7\u529f\u80fd\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u5efa\u6784\uff0c\u6539\u53d8\u4f4e\u5c42\u7ea7\u5143\u7d20\u7684\u6027\u8d28\uff0c\u5e76\u5728\u5fae\u89c2\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u5c42\u9762\u4e0e\u81ea\u9002\u5e94\u9009\u62e9<\/span>\uff08adaptive selection\uff09<\/span>\u76f8\u7ed3\u5408\u3002\u7406\u89e3\u81ea\u4e0a\u800c\u4e0b\u7684\u56e0\u679c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5f53\u4eca\u793e\u4f1a\u6709\u91cd\u8981\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u672c\u6587\u5c06\u7ed9\u51fa\u4e24\u4e2a\u573a\u666f\uff1a\u533b\u7597\u4fdd\u5065\u53ca\u6559\u80b2\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u5173\u4e8e\u9605\u8bfb\u4e0e\u5199\u4f5c\u7684\u6559\u5b66\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u573a\u666f\u4e2d\uff0c\u7a76\u7adf\u662f\u81ea\u4e0a\u800c\u4e0b\u8fd8\u662f\u81ea\u4e0b\u800c\u4e0a\u7684\u6301\u7eed\u4e89\u8bba\u5bf9\u793e\u4f1a\u6709\u7740\u91cd\u8981\u5f71\u54cd\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

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\u7269\u7406\u73b0\u8c61\u662f\u4e00\u5207\u590d\u6742\u6027\u7684\u57fa\u7840\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u6211\u4eec\u81ea\u8eab\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u5b9e\u73b0\u7684\uff1f\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u751f\u547d\uff0c\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u4ece\u4e00\u5806\u7535\u5b50\u3001\u8d28\u5b50\u548c\u4e2d\u5b50\u7684\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\u4e2d\u6d8c\u73b0\u51fa\u6765\u7684\uff1f<\/span><\/p>\n

\u590d\u6742\u6027\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u662f\u201c\u6a21\u5757\u5316\u5206\u5c42\u7ed3\u6784\u201d<\/span>\uff08modular hierarchical structures\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u7ed3\u6784\u4f7f\u8f83\u4f4e\u5c42\u7ea7\u7f51\u7edc\u6d8c\u73b0\u51fa\u7ed3\u6784\u548c\u529f\u80fd\u3002\u5bf9\u4ece\u7b80\u5355\u5355\u5143\u7684\u4ea4\u4e92\u4e2d\u6d8c\u73b0\u51fa\u6765\u7684\u590d\u6742\u6027\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u201c\u6a21\u5757\u5316\u5206\u5c42\u7ed3\u6784\u201d\u7684\u6bcf\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b9\u9762<\/span>\uff08\u6a21\u5757 modular\u3001\u5206\u5c42hierarchical\u3001\u7ed3\u6784 structure\uff09<\/span>\u90fd\u81f3\u5173\u91cd\u8981[1, 2]\u3002\u5176\u57fa\u672c\u539f\u5219\u662f\uff0c\u5f53\u9700\u8981\u6267\u884c\u4e00\u4e2a\u590d\u6742\u7684\u4efb\u52a1\u65f6\uff0c\u4f60\u4f1a\u5c06\u5b83\u5206\u89e3\u6210\u6bd4\u6574\u4e2a\u9879\u76ee\u66f4\u7b80\u5355\u3001\u9700\u8981\u66f4\u5c11\u6570\u636e\u53ca\u7b97\u529b\u7684\u591a\u4e2a\u5b50\u4efb\u52a1\uff0c\u5e76\u5c06\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5b50\u4efb\u52a1\u5206\u914d\u7ed9\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u6a21\u5757\u3002\u6bcf\u4e2a\u6a21\u5757\u53c8\u5c06\u88ab\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u5206\u4e3a\u5b50\u6a21\u5757\uff0c\u5982\u6b64\u5f80\u590d\uff0c\u76f4\u5230\u57fa\u7840\u5c42\u7ea7\u3002\u8fd9\u65f6\uff0c\u6240\u6709\u4efb\u52a1\u90fd\u662f\u57fa\u4e8e\u7b80\u5355\u673a\u5236\u7684\u7b80\u5355\u64cd\u4f5c\uff0c\u6240\u6709\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u90fd\u5728\u57fa\u7840\u5c42\u7ea7\u5b8c\u6210\u3002\u800c\u540e\u5404\u4e2a\u7ec4\u6210\u90e8\u5206\u5c06\u4efb\u52a1\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u8f93\u51fa\u5230\u4e0a\u4e00\u5c42\uff0c\u76f4\u5230\u9002\u5f53\u7684\u8f83\u9ad8\u5c42\u7ea7\u62ff\u5230\u5176\u6240\u9700\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u3002\u6bcf\u4e2a\u7ea7\u522b\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u6a21\u5757\u4f1a\u4ee5\u67d0\u79cd\u65b9\u5f0f\u4ea4\u4e92\uff1a\u53ef\u80fd\u53ea\u662f\u7edf\u8ba1\u4e0a\u7684\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u5404\u6a21\u5757\u90fd\u5728\u6267\u884c\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u4efb\u52a1\u65f6\uff1b\u6216\u8005\u901a\u5e38\u6267\u884c\u4e0d\u540c\u4efb\u52a1\u65f6\uff0c\u90a3\u5b83\u4eec\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u5f62\u6210\u4e00\u4e2a\u590d\u6742\u7684\u4ea4\u4e92\u7f51\u7edc\u3002\u603b\u7684\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u9ad8\u5ea6\u7ed3\u6784\u5316\u7684\u4ea4\u4e92\u5b9e\u4f53\u7684\u5c42\u7ea7\u7ed3\u6784<\/span>\uff08highly structured hierarchy of interacting entities\uff09<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\u88681\u7ed9\u51fa\u4e86\u81ea\u7136<\/span>\uff08\u5de6\uff09<\/span>\u53ca\u4eba\u6587<\/span>\uff08\u53f3\uff09<\/span>\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u590d\u6742\u6027\u53ca\u56e0\u679c\u5c42\u7ea7\u7684\u7b80\u5316\u7248\u672c\u3002\u4eba\u9020\u7cfb\u7edf<\/span>\uff08\u5982\u8bed\u8a00\u3001\u6570\u5b66\u3001\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u3001\u98de\u673a\u3001\u57ce\u5e02\u3001\u7ec4\u7ec7\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u89d2\u8272\uff09<\/span>\u4e5f\u5177\u6709\u7c7b\u4f3c\u7684\u5c42\u7ea7\u6027[3]\uff0c\u5728\u6b64\u6bcb\u9700\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u4e3e\u4f8b\u3002\u5c42\u7ea7\u7ed3\u6784\u7684\u6bcf\u4e00\u4e2a\u5c42\u7ea7\u90fd\u7531\u4ea4\u4e92\u7684\u6a21\u5757\u7ec4\u6210\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6a21\u5757\u5728\u5404\u81ea\u5185\u90e8\u5448\u73b0\u76f8\u5bf9\u5f3a\u529b\u7684\u805a\u5408\uff0c\u5177\u6709\u8f83\u9ad8\u9891\u7387\u548c\u8f83\u9ad8\u80fd\u91cf\u7684\u5185\u90e8\u52a8\u529b\u5b66\u3002\u800c\u6a21\u5757\u95f4\u7684\u805a\u5408\u529b\u5219\u8f83\u5f31\uff0c\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\u7684\u52a8\u529b\u5b66\u4e5f\u66f4\u4e3a\u4f4e\u9891\u3002\u8be5\u6a21\u5757\u4ee5\u5916\u7684\u5b9e\u4f53\u65e0\u6cd5\u76f4\u63a5\u83b7\u53d6\u8be5\u6a21\u5757\u5185\u90e8\u52a8\u6001\u53d8\u91cf\uff0c\u53ea\u80fd\u901a\u8fc7\u63a5\u53e3\u53d8\u91cf\u6765\u5173\u8054\u8be5\u6a21\u5757\u7684\u5185\u90e8\u53d8\u91cf\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\u88681<\/span><\/p>\n

\u7ed3\u6784\u4e0e\u56e0\u679c\u7684\u5c42\u7ea7\u3002\u8868\u4e2d\u7ed9\u51fa\u4e86\u81ea\u7136<\/span>\uff08\u5de6\uff09<\/span>\u53ca\u4eba\u6587<\/span>\uff08\u53f3\uff09<\/span>\u5728\u73b0\u5b9e\u4e2d\u7684\u5c42\u7ea7\u7b80\u5316\u7248\u672c<\/span>\uff08\u6839\u636e\u76f8\u5e94\u7684\u5b66\u79d1\u7279\u5f81\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u4ece\u56e0\u679c\u89d2\u5ea6\uff0c\u8f83\u4f4e\u5c42\u7ea7\u662f\u8f83\u9ad8\u5c42\u7ea7\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u3002\u5728\u5316\u5b66\u5c42\u7ea7\u4e4b\u4e0a\u7684\u5c42\u7ea7\u4e2d\uff0c\u5de6\u5217\u53ca\u53f3\u5217\u6ca1\u6709\u76f8\u5173\u6027\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u81ea\u7136\u4e0e\u4eba\u6587\u7684\u6d8c\u73b0\u548c\u56e0\u679c\u662f\u622a\u7136\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\uff1b\u4f46\u662f\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u524d\u56db\u4e2a\u5c42\u7ea7\u662f\u76f8\u540c\u7684<\/span>\uff08\u751f\u547d\u662f\u7269\u7406\u73b0\u8c61\u7684\u6d8c\u73b0\uff01\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bbf\u95eehttp:\/\/www.mth.uct.ac.za\/\u223cellis\/cos0.html\u4e86\u89e3\u66f4\u591a\u7ec6\u8282\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n<\/colgroup>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
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\u7b2c8\u7ea7\uff08\u9ad8\u5c42\u7ea7\uff09<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

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\u5b87\u5b99\u5b66<\/span><\/section>\n<\/td>\n
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\u7c92\u5b50\u7269\u7406\u5b66<\/span><\/section>\n<\/td>\n
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\u7c92\u5b50\u7269\u7406\u5b66<\/span><\/section>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

<\/section>\n

\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u539f\u5b50\u4e2d\u7684\u6838\u5b50\u3001\u4eba\u4f53\u4e2d\u7684\u7ec6\u80de\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u4e2d\u7684\u4e2a\u4f53\u548c\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u4ee3\u7801\u4e2d\u7684\u5b50\u7a0b\u5e8f\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u5728\u67d0\u4e2a\u7279\u5b9a\u7ea7\u522b\u4e0a\u4ea4\u4e92\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u90fd\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u4e00\u4e2a\u4ea4\u4e92\u7f51\u7edc\u8fdb\u884c\u8868\u5f81\uff0c\u8868\u793a\u662f\u54ea\u4e9b\u6a21\u5757\u901a\u8fc7\u5404\u79cd\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u4ea4\u4e92\u6a21\u5f0f<\/span>\uff08\u6a21\u5757\u95f4\u7684\u529b\uff0c\u6216\u7269\u8d28\u3001\u80fd\u91cf\u548c\u4fe1\u606f\u7684\u4ea4\u6362\uff09<\/span>\u4e0e\u5176\u4ed6\u6a21\u5757\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\uff0c\u8fd9\u6b63\u662f\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\u3002\u6b64\u7ed3\u6784\u4e2d\uff0c\u8f83\u4f4e\u5c42\u7ea7\u7684\u5355\u5143\u805a\u5408\u6210\u8f83\u9ad8\u5c42\u7ea7\u7684\u6a21\u5757\uff0c\u53ef\u88ab\u8bc6\u522b\u4e3a\u5177\u6709\u610f\u4e49\u7684\u5b9e\u4f53\uff0c\u4e14\u5176\u884c\u4e3a\u89c4\u5219\u53ef\u4ee5\u786e\u5b9a\u5e76\u4fdd\u6301\u4e00\u5b9a\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u60ef\u6027\uff0c\u4e8e\u662f\u53ef\u4ee5\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u53ef\u9760\u7684\u8f83\u9ad8\u5c42\u7ea7\u884c\u4e3a\u4ece\u8f83\u4f4e\u5c42\u7ea7\u7684\u4ea4\u4e92\u4e2d\u4ea7\u751f\u4e86\u2014\u2014\u5373\u4ece\u8f83\u4f4e\u5c42\u7ea7\u7684\u6a21\u5757\u4e2d\u6d8c\u73b0\u51fa\u4e86\u8f83\u9ad8\u5c42\u7ea7\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u3002\u60f3\u8981\u4ece\u771f\u5b9e\u7684\u4ea4\u4e92\u7f51\u7edc\u4e2d\u8bc6\u522b\u51fa\u5404\u4e2a\u6a21\u5757\u5e76\u4e0d\u5bb9\u6613\uff0c\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u4e3a\u6b64\u8bbe\u8ba1\u4e86\u5404\u79cd\u5404\u6837\u7684\u7b97\u6cd5\u3002\u6b63\u5982\u524d\u6587\u63d0\u5230\u7684\uff0c\u5173\u952e\u7279\u5f81\u4e4b\u4e00\u662f\u9012\u5f52\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027<\/span>\uff08possibility of recursion\uff09<\/span>\uff1a\u6bcf\u4e2a\u6a21\u5757\u90fd\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u7531\u8f83\u4f4e\u5c42\u7ea7\u6a21\u5757\u7684\u4ea4\u4e92\u7f51\u7edc\u7ec4\u6210\u3002<\/span>\uff08\u5982 Campell \u548c Reece \u7684\u8457\u4f5c\u4e2d\u5bf9\u4e8e\u751f\u547d\u5c42\u7ea7\u7ed3\u6784\u7684\u63cf\u8ff0[4]\uff09<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\u5c42\u7ea7\u7ed3\u6784\u4e2d\u7684\u6bcf\u5c42\u90fd\u4f9d\u7167\u7740\u8be5\u5c42\u7ea7\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u51c6\u5219\u800c\u8fd0\u4f5c\uff0c\u4e14\u53ea\u80fd\u7528\u9002\u5408\u8be5\u5c42\u7ea7\u7684\u8bed\u8a00\u6765\u63cf\u8ff0<\/span>\uff08\u5206\u5b50\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u5982\u57fa\u56e0\u3001\u86cb\u767d\u8d28\u7b49\uff0c\u4e0d\u80fd\u4f7f\u7528\u7c92\u5b50\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u7684\u8bed\u8a00\uff0c\u5982\u5938\u514b\u3001\u80f6\u5b50\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u7c7b\u4f3c\u5730\uff0c\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u8f83\u4f4e\u5c42\u7ea7\u7684\u56e0\u679c\u65e0\u6cd5\u89e3\u91ca\u8f83\u9ad8\u5c42\u7ea7\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u8fd9\u4e9b\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e2d\u6d89\u53ca\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u5bf9\u8f83\u9ad8\u5c42\u7ea7\u4e0d\u9002\u7528\u3002\u8f83\u9ad8\u5c42\u7ea7\u7684\u5b9e\u4f53\uff0c\u5982\u8ba1\u5212\u3001\u610f\u56fe\u7b49\u5177\u6709\u81ea\u8eab\u7684\u56e0\u679c\u529b\uff0c\u800c\u8fd9\u4e5f\u80fd\u90e8\u5206\u51b3\u5b9a\u8f83\u4f4e\u5c42\u7ea7\u4f1a\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5<\/span>\uff08\u5f53\u6211\u4eec\u62ac\u624b\u65f6\uff0c\u6570\u5341\u4ebf\u4e2a\u539f\u5b50\u548c\u5206\u5b50\u4f1a\u6839\u636e\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u610f\u56fe\u800c\u52a8\u4f5c\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u4e0e\u6b64\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5c06\u67d0\u5c42\u7ea7\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e3a\u201c\u8f83\u9ad8\u201d\u5c42\u7ea7\uff0c\u662f\u6307\u8be5\u5c42\u7ea7\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f71\u54cd\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u5c42\u7ea7<\/span>\uff08\u8f83\u4f4e\u5c42\u7ea7\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u5373\u901a\u8fc7\u5c42\u7ea7\u5f71\u54cd\u5bfc\u81f4\u8be5\u8f83\u4f4e\u5c42\u7ea7\u7684\u52a8\u4f5c\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\u591a\u91cd\u56e0\u679c\u4ea7\u751f\u4e8e\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u3002\u67d0\u4e2a\u7ed3\u679c\u7684\u4ea7\u751f\uff0c\u80cc\u540e\u9700\u8981\u4e00\u4e2a\u56e0\u679c\u7f51\u7edc\uff0c\u5176\u7ec4\u6210\u90e8\u5206\u4e92\u76f8\u5f71\u54cd\u3001\u76f8\u4e92\u9650\u5236\uff0c\u4e0d\u65ad\u4ea4\u4e92\u3002\u4e3a\u7406\u89e3\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u901a\u5e38\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4ec5\u5173\u6ce8\u4f17\u591a\u5f71\u54cd\u4e2d\u88ab\u6211\u4eec\u79f0\u4e3a\u201c\u539f\u56e0\u201d\uff0c\u4ea6\u5373\u4e3b\u8981\u539f\u56e0\u7684\u90a3\u4e00\u4e2a\uff0c\u800c\u5c06\u5176\u4ed6\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u56e0\u7d20\u90fd\u89c6\u4f5c\u7406\u6240\u5f53\u7136\u5e76\u5ffd\u7565\u5b83\u4eec\u3002\u4f46\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\uff0c\u90a3\u4e2a\u6709\u7740\u76f8\u4e92\u5f71\u54cd\u3001\u591a\u91cd\u56e0\u679c\u7684\u7f51\u7edc\u4e00\u76f4\u90fd\u5728\u53d1\u6325\u4f5c\u7528\u3002\u53ef\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u7406\u89e3\u6b63\u5728\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u6709\u5fc5\u8981\u53ea\u5173\u6ce8\u590d\u6742\u56e0\u679c\u4e2d\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u8054\u7cfb\uff0c\u800c\u5ffd\u7565\u5176\u4ed6\u7684\u3002\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u5f97\u4e0d\u8fd9\u4e48\u505a\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u7a77\u5c3d\u6240\u6709\u5c42\u7ea7\u4e0a\u7684\u5168\u90e8\u56e0\u679c\u8981\u7d20\u3002\u8bf7\u6ce8\u610f\uff0c\u5982\u540e\u8ff0\uff0c\u56e0\u679c\u529b\u5e76\u4e0d\u4ec5\u9650\u4e8e\u6709\u6548\u56e0\u679c<\/span>\uff08efficient causality\uff09<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\u4ec5\u51ed\u81ea\u4e0b\u800c\u4e0a\u7684\u6d8c\u73b0\u800c\u5e26\u6765\u7684\u6548\u5e94\u662f\u6709\u9650\u7684\u3002\u4ec5\u57fa\u4e8e\u81ea\u4e0b\u800c\u4e0a\u7684\u81ea\u7ec4\u88c5<\/span>\uff08self-assembly\uff09<\/span>\u548c\u81ea\u7ec4\u7ec7<\/span>\uff08self-structuring\uff09<\/span>\u53ef\u4ee5\u5e26\u6765\u5982\u6676\u4f53\u3001\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u751f\u7269\u5206\u5b50\u7b49\u7ed3\u6784\u7684\u6d8c\u73b0\uff0c\u5177\u6709\u5438\u5f15\u5b50\u7684\u52a8\u529b\u5b66\u7cfb\u7edf\u53ef\u4ee5\u5e26\u6765\u5b9e\u4f53\uff0c\u8bf8\u5982\u6052\u661f\u548c\u661f\u7cfb\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u66f4\u590d\u6742\u7684\u73b0\u8c61\uff0c\u5982\u8d1d\u7eb3\u5c14\u7ec6\u80de<\/span>\uff08B\u00e9nard cells\uff09<\/span>\u3001\u4e0e\u53cd\u5e94\u6269\u6563\u65b9\u7a0b<\/span>\uff08reaction\u2013diffusion equation\uff09<\/span>\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u6a21\u5f0f\u3001\u8bf8\u5982\u6c99\u4e18\u3001\u751f\u547d\u6e38\u620f\u7684\u52a8\u529b\u5b66<\/span>\uff08the Game of Life\uff0c\u8bd1\u6ce8\uff1aConway\u57281970\u5e74\u8bbe\u8ba1\u7684\u5143\u80de\u81ea\u52a8\u673a\uff09<\/span>\u3001\u9ecf\u83cc<\/span>\uff08slime mould\uff09<\/span>\u7684\u7279\u6027\u3001\u8682\u8681\u7fa4\u4f53\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u548c\u9e1f\u7fa4\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u3002\u4f46\u8fd9\u4f9d\u7136\u65e0\u6cd5\u89e3\u91ca\u5982\u5355\u4e2a\u6d3b\u7ec6\u80de\u8fd9\u7c7b\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf\u3002\u4f3c\u4e4e\u8fdb\u5316\u51fa\u5982\u6b64\u590d\u6742\u7684\u751f\u7269\u7cfb\u7edf\u9700\u8981\u81ea\u4e0a\u800c\u4e0b\u7684\u56e0\u679c\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u4ee5\u6784\u5efa\u5fc5\u9700\u7684\u751f\u7269\u4fe1\u606f[5, 6]\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u4fe1\u606f\u65e0\u6cd5\u901a\u8fc7\u81ea\u4e0b\u800c\u4e0a\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u6d3e\u751f\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u9690\u542b\u7740\u5173\u4e8e\u73af\u5883\u751f\u6001\u4f4d<\/span>\uff08environmental niches\uff09<\/span>\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\uff0c\u5728\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u73af\u5883\u4e2d\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u4fe1\u606f\u4f1a\u6709\u6240\u4e0d\u540c\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u662f\u8f83\u4f4e\u5c42\u7ea7\u7684\u5355\u5143\u5728\u52a8\u4f5c\uff0c\u8f83\u9ad8\u5c42\u7ea7\u7684\u6761\u4ef6\u4e5f\u4f1a\u5f71\u54cd\u5176\u7ed3\u679c\uff0c\u800c\u8fd9\u6b63\u662f\u6b64\u6587\u7279\u6307\u7684\u81ea\u4e0a\u800c\u4e0b\u7684\u56e0\u679c\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

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\u8bd1\u6ce8\uff1a\u8d1d\u7eb3\u5c14\u7ec6\u80de \u201cB\u00e9nard cells\u201d\u662f\u6307\u5f53\u4ece\u5e95\u90e8\u5747\u5300\u52a0\u70ed\u8584\u5c42\u72b6\u6d41\u4f53\u65f6\uff0c\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u89c4\u5219\u7684\u3001\u5206\u9694\u6210\u7ec6\u80de\uff08cell\uff09\u72b6\u7684\u6da1\u65cb\u5bf9\u6d41\u7ed3\u6784\uff0c\u7531\u6cd5\u56fd\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u4ea8\u5229\u00b7\u8d1d\u7eb3\u5c14\uff08Henri B\u00e9nard\uff091900\u5e74\u5728\u5b9e\u9a8c\u4e2d\u53d1\u73b0\u7684\uff0c\u4e5f\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u201c\u8d1d\u7eb3\u5c14\u6da1\u65cb\u201d\uff0c\u73b0\u5728\u662f\u516c\u8ba4\u7684\u201c\u8017\u6563\u7ed3\u6784\u201d\u7684\u5178\u578b\u4f8b\u5b50\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002\u8be5\u539f\u7406\u7684\u7c7b\u4f3c\u73b0\u8c61\uff0c\u8fd8\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u70ed\u6d53\u6c64\u6216\u5b63\u98ce\u53ea\u5439\u5411\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b9\u5411\u65f6\u7684\u6c14\u8c61\u536b\u661f\u4e91\u56fe\u4e2d\u770b\u5230\u3002<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/blockquote>\n


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\u81ea\u4e0b\u800c\u4e0a\u548c\u81ea\u4e0a\u800c\u4e0b\u4e24\u79cd\u673a\u5236\u7684\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\u548c\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u5bf9\u6211\u4eec\u7406\u89e3\u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf\u975e\u5e38\u6709\u5e2e\u52a9\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u4e5f\u5bf9\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u6a21\u578b\u53ca\u76f8\u5e94\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u653f\u7b56\u6709\u91cd\u8981\u610f\u4e49\u3002\u672c\u6587\u65e8\u5728\u6982\u8ff0\u81ea\u4e0a\u800c\u4e0b\u7684\u56e0\u679c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u5728\u4eba\u6587\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u5728\u672c\u7279\u520a\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u8bba\u6587\u4e2d\u4ea6\u6709\u63d0\u53ca\u3002\u8981\u7279\u522b\u6307\u51fa\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u5f53\u5c42\u7ea7\u7ed3\u6784\u88ab\u9002\u5f53\u6269\u5c55\u5230\u7b26\u53f7\u7cfb\u7edf\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u62bd\u8c61\u5b9e\u4f53\u65f6<\/span>\uff08\u4e3a\u4e86\u66f4\u597d\u5730\u8868\u793a\u6765\u81ea\u793e\u4f1a\u5c42\u9762\u7684\u56e0\u679c\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u5fc5\u8981\u7684\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u7b26\u53f7\u7cfb\u7edf\u5c06\u6210\u4e3a\u9ad8\u5c42\u7ea7\u56e0\u679c\u4e2d\u7684\u6709\u6548\u53d8\u91cf\u3002\u672c\u6587\u4e2d\u5c06\u7ed9\u51fa\u4e24\u4e2a\u573a\u666f\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\uff0c\u6765\u8bf4\u660e\u672c\u6587\u6240\u63d0\u51fa\u89c2\u70b9\u53ef\u80fd\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u5f71\u54cd\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

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2. \u81ea\u4e0b\u800c\u4e0a\u53ca\u81ea\u4e0a\u800c\u4e0b\u7684\u5f71\u54cd<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n

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<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/h3>\n
 <\/span><\/section>\n

\u5728\u7ed3\u6784\u548c\u56e0\u679c\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u5c42\u7ea7\u7ed3\u6784\u4e2d\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u5b58\u5728\u81ea\u4e0b\u800c\u4e0a\u548c\u81ea\u4e0a\u800c\u4e0b\u7684\u56e0\u679c\u3002\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u601d\u8003\u65b9\u5f0f\u662f\u81ea\u4e0b\u800c\u4e0a\u7684\uff1a\u4ed6\u4eec\u8ba4\u4e3a\u8f83\u4f4e\u5c42\u7ea7\u884c\u4e3a\u662f\u8f83\u9ad8\u5c42\u7ea7\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u57fa\u7840\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u7269\u7406\u662f\u5316\u5b66\u7684\u57fa\u7840\uff0c\u751f\u7269\u5316\u5b66\u662f\u7ec6\u80de\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u7b49\u3002\u968f\u7740\u8f83\u4f4e\u5c42\u7ea7\u52a8\u6001\u8fc7\u7a0b\u7684\u8fdb\u884c\uff0c\u4e0e\u4e4b\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u7c97\u7c92\u5316<\/span>\uff08coarse-grained\uff09<\/span>\u8f83\u9ad8\u5c42\u7ea7\u53d8\u91cf\u5c06\u968f\u4e4b\u6539\u53d8\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u5206\u5b50\u5728\u6c14\u4f53\u4e2d\u7684\u6269\u6563<\/span>\uff08\u8f83\u4f4e\u5c42\u7ea7\u52a8\u6001\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u6c14\u4f53\u5c06\u4ece\u975e\u5747\u5300<\/span>\uff08non-uniform\uff09<\/span>\u6e29\u5ea6\u53d8\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u5747\u5300\u6e29\u5ea6<\/span>\uff08\u8f83\u9ad8\u5c42\u7ea7\u7684\u53d8\u5316\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u8f83\u4f4e\u5c42\u7ea7\u901a\u5e38\u53ef\u4ee5\u6ee1\u8db3\u8f83\u9ad8\u5c42\u7ea7\u53d1\u751f\u53d8\u5316\u7684\u5fc5\u8981\u6761\u4ef6\uff0c\u5374\u53ea\u5728\u6709\u4e9b\u65f6\u5019<\/span>\uff08\u5728\u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u5f88\u5c11\uff09<\/span>\u53ef\u4ee5\u6ee1\u8db3\u5176\u5145\u5206\u6761\u4ef6\u3002\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\uff0c\u662f\u81ea\u4e0b\u800c\u4e0a\u53ca\u81ea\u4e0a\u800c\u4e0b\u7684\u56e0\u679c\u7684\u7ed3\u5408\uff0c\u4f7f\u5f97\u540c\u5c42\u7ea7\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u5728\u8f83\u9ad8\u5c42\u7ea7\u4e0a\u6d8c\u73b0\u2014\u2014\u8f83\u9ad8\u5c42\u7ea7\u7684\u5b9e\u4f53\u53ef\u4ee5\u6539\u53d8\u8f83\u4f4e\u5c42\u7ea7\u7684\u52a8\u4f5c\u73af\u5883\uff0c\u4ea7\u751f\u8fd9\u79cd\u6d8c\u73b0\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\u8fd9\u91cc\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u5173\u952e\u6982\u5ff5\u2014\u2014\u7c97\u7c92\u5316<\/span>\uff08coarse-graining\uff09<\/span>\u2014\u2014\u5bf9\u8f83\u4f4e\u5c42\u7ea7\u7684\u53d8\u91cf\u8fdb\u884c\u7c97\u7c92\u5316\u5904\u7406\u4ee5\u5f97\u5230\u8f83\u9ad8\u5c42\u7ea7\u53d8\u91cf[7, 8]\uff0c\u4f34\u968f\u90e8\u5206\u5177\u4f53\u4fe1\u606f\u7684\u4e22\u5931\uff0c\u4f7f\u5f97\u8f83\u9ad8\u5c42\u7ea7\u884c\u4e3a\u4ece\u8f83\u4f4e\u5c42\u7ea7\u5c5e\u6027\u4e2d\u6d8c\u73b0\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u8f83\u9ad8\u5c42\u7ea7\u7684\u67d0\u4e9b\u5c5e\u6027\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u5bf9\u5e94\u8f83\u4f4e\u5c42\u7ea7\u5c5e\u6027\u7684\u5e73\u5747\u5316\u786e\u5b9a\uff0c\u5982\u6c14\u4f53\u7684\u538b\u529b\u548c\u5bc6\u5ea6\u7531\u6c14\u4f53\u5206\u5b50\u7684\u7a7a\u95f4\u53ca\u901f\u5ea6\u5206\u5e03\u786e\u5b9a\u3002\u4e0e\u7c97\u7c92\u5316\u76f8\u5bf9\u7684\u662f\u7ec6\u7c92\u5316<\/span>\uff08fine-graining\uff09<\/span>\u2014\u2014\u5728\u66f4\u7cbe\u7ec6\u5c3a\u5ea6\u4e0a\u7684\u89c2\u6d4b\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u65e0\u6cd5\u5728\u7c97\u7c92\u5316\u5c42\u7ea7\u83b7\u77e5\u5176\u80cc\u540e\u7ec6\u7c92\u5316\u72b6\u6001\u7684\u5177\u4f53\u4fe1\u606f\u2014\u2014\u8fd9\u662f\u7c97\u7c92\u5316\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u7ed3\u679c\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u5373\u4fe1\u606f\u9690\u85cf<\/span>\uff08information hiding\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u5b58\u5728\u591a\u79cd\u7ec6\u7c92\u5316\u72b6\u6001\u53ef\u4ee5\u5b9e\u73b0\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u7c97\u7c92\u5316\u72b6\u6001<\/span>\uff08\u5373\u8f83\u9ad8\u5c42\u72b6\u6001\u7684\u201c\u591a\u91cd\u5b9e\u73b0\u201d\uff08multiple realizability\uff09\uff0c\u89c1\u4e0b\u4e00\u6bb5\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u4e00\u4e9b\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u548c\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u58f0\u79f0\uff0c\u8f83\u9ad8\u5c42\u7ea7\u201c\u4e0d\u8fc7\u662f\u201d\u8f83\u4f4e\u5c42\u73b0\u8c61\u7684\u805a\u5408\uff0c\u5373\u8f83\u9ad8\u5c42\u7ea7\u7684\u6d8c\u73b0\u90fd\u6765\u81ea\u8f83\u4f4e\u5c42\u7ea7\u7684\u7c97\u7c92\u5316\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u4e00\u4e9b\u8f83\u9ad8\u5c42\u7ea7\u7684\u56e0\u679c\u6709\u6548\u53d8\u91cf\u5e76\u4e0d\u6ee1\u8db3\u8fd9\u4e00\u8bf4\u6cd5\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u663e\u7136\u4e0d\u662f\u8f83\u4f4e\u5c42\u7ea7\u53d8\u91cf\u7684\u7c97\u7c92\u5316\u7ed3\u679c\u3002\u8981\u60f3\u89e3\u91ca\u8fd9\u7c7b\u6574\u4f53\u6027\u7684\u8f83\u9ad8\u5c42\u7ea7\u53d8\u91cf\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5fc5\u987b\u5c06\u5c42\u7ea7\u7ed3\u6784\u89c6\u4f5c\u4e00\u4e2a\u5c42\u7ea7\u6027\u56e0\u679c\u7ed3\u6784\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u4e00\u4e2a\u89c4\u6a21\u53ca\u590d\u6742\u6027\u7b80\u5355\u53e0\u52a0\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\u2014\u2014\u4e0d\u7ba1\u8fd9\u4e00\u7ed3\u6784\u662f\u5426\u4e0e\u7269\u7406\u5b9e\u4f53\u6709\u5173\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\u81ea\u4e0a\u800c\u4e0b\u7684\u56e0\u679c\u5bf9\u5c42\u7ea7\u73af\u5883\u4e2d\u7684\u8f83\u4f4e\u5c42\u7ea7\u56e0\u679c\u6709\u5173\u952e\u4f5c\u7528\u2014\u2014\u5c42\u7ea7\u7ed3\u6784\u4e2d\u7684\u8f83\u9ad8\u5c42\u7ea7\u901a\u8fc7\u9650\u5236\u5e76\u8c03\u8282\u8f83\u4f4e\u5c42\u7ea7\u7684\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u589e\u52a0\u8f83\u9ad8\u5c42\u7ea7\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u3002\u6b64\u5904\u6709\u4e24\u4e2a\u5173\u952e\u6982\u5ff5\u2014\u2014\u8f83\u9ad8\u5c42\u7ea7\u7684\u201c\u591a\u91cd\u5b9e\u73b0\u201d\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u7531\u6b64\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u5bf9\u5e94\u8f83\u4f4e\u5c42\u7ea7\u53d8\u91cf\u7684\u7b49\u4ef7\u7c7b<\/span>\uff08equivalence classes\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u7b49\u4ef7\u7c7b\u5373\u540c\u4e00\u8f83\u9ad8\u5c42\u7ea7\u72b6\u6001\u5bf9\u5e94\u7684\u6240\u6709\u8f83\u4f4e\u5c42\u7ea7\u72b6\u6001\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u6c14\u4f53\u7531\u6e29\u5ea6\u3001\u538b\u529b\u3001\u5bc6\u5ea6\u7b49\u8868\u5f81\u7684\u7684\u540c\u4e00\u72b6\u6001<\/span>\uff08\u8f83\u9ad8\u5c42\u7ea7\uff09<\/span>\u53ef\u4ee5\u5bf9\u5e94\u6570\u5341\u4ebf\u4e2a\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u5fae\u89c2\u72b6\u6001<\/span>\uff08\u8f83\u4f4e\u5c42\u7ea7\uff09<\/span>\uff1b\u4e00\u53f0\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u7531\u903b\u8f91\u95e8\u53ca\u7535\u5b50\u5143\u5668\u4ef6\u4e2d\u7684\u7535\u6d41\u6240\u8868\u5f81\u7684\u540c\u4e00\u72b6\u6001<\/span>\uff08\u8f83\u9ad8\u5c42\u7ea7\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u5bf9\u5e94\u8bb8\u591a\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u7535\u5b50\u72b6\u6001<\/span>\uff08\u8f83\u4f4e\u5c42\u7ea7\uff09<\/span>\uff1b\u4eba\u8111\u4e2d\u67d0\u4e2a\u795e\u7ecf\u5143\u7684\u540c\u4e00\u529f\u80fd\u72b6\u6001<\/span>\uff08\u8f83\u9ad8\u5c42\u7ea7\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u5bf9\u5e94\u8bb8\u591a\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u5206\u5b50\u6784\u578b<\/span>\uff08\u8f83\u4f4e\u5c42\u7ea7\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u4ece\u8f83\u4f4e\u5c42\u7ea7\u52a8\u6001\u4e2d\u6d8c\u73b0\u8f83\u9ad8\u5c42\u7ea7\u884c\u4e3a\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u9075\u5faa\u201c\u7b49\u4ef7\u7c7b\u539f\u5219\u201d<\/span>\uff08principle of equivalence classes\uff09<\/span>\uff1a\u540c\u4e00\u8f83\u9ad8\u5c42\u7ea7\u72b6\u6001\u4f1a\u5e26\u6765\u540c\u5c42\u7ea7\u7ed3\u679c\uff0c\u4e0e\u5177\u4f53\u7531\u4ec0\u4e48\u8f83\u4f4e\u5c42\u7ea7\u72b6\u6001\u5b9e\u73b0\u65e0\u5173\u3002\u8fd9\u4e5f\u662f\u81ea\u4e0a\u800c\u4e0b\u56e0\u679c\u7684\u5173\u952e\u4e4b\u4e00[9]\u3002\u82e5\u4e0d\u540c\u8f83\u4f4e\u5c42\u7ea7\u72b6\u6001\u5bfc\u81f4\u540c\u4e00\u8f83\u9ad8\u5c42\u7ea7\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u7ed3\u679c\uff0c\u8f83\u9ad8\u5c42\u7ea7\u7684\u81ea\u4e0a\u800c\u4e0b\u56e0\u679c\u5c31\u65e0\u6cd5\u5e26\u6765\u7a33\u5b9a\u7684\u540c\u5c42\u7ea7\u884c\u4e3a<\/span>\uff08\u5982\u5728\u6df7\u6c8c\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\uff0c\u8f83\u4f4e\u5c42\u7ea7\u52a8\u6001\u65e0\u6cd5\u4ea7\u751f\u7a33\u5b9a\u7684\u8f83\u9ad8\u5c42\u7ea7\u884c\u4e3a\uff08\u6ce8\u91ca1\uff09\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u4eba\u4eec\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u8003\u8651\u901a\u8fc7\u5bf9\u4e0d\u80fd\u591a\u91cd\u5b9e\u73b0\u7684\u8f83\u4f4e\u5c42\u7ea7\u73b0\u8c61\u7ed3\u679c\u8fdb\u884c\u9009\u62e9\u6216\u6301\u7eed\u7ea6\u675f\uff0c\u6765\u8c03\u8282\u8f83\u9ad8\u5c42\u7ea7\u56e0\u679c\u3002\u4f46\u5728\u5b9e\u8df5\u4e2d\uff0c\u8f83\u9ad8\u5c42\u7ea7\u72b6\u6001\u4e0d\u80fd\u591a\u91cd\u5b9e\u73b0\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u5e76\u4e0d\u5e38\u89c1\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u7ec4\u6210\u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u8f83\u4f4e\u5c42\u7ea7\u6a21\u5757\u7684\u5de8\u5927\u89c4\u6a21\u6240\u81f4\uff0c\u662f\u7269\u8d28\u7684\u539f\u5b50\u6027\u8d28\u548c\u751f\u7269\u7684\u7ec6\u80de\u6027\u8d28\u6240\u81f4\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\u8bf7\u6ce8\u610f\uff0c\u201c\u81ea\u4e0a\u800c\u4e0b\u201d\u7684\u56e0\u679c\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5c42\u7ea7\u6982\u5ff5\uff1a\u5b83\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u4efb\u4f55\u4e24\u4e2a\u76f8\u90bb\u5c42\u7ea7\u4e4b\u95f4\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u56e0\u679c\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u4e0e\u662f\u5426\u662f\u6700\u4f4e\u5c42\u7ea7\u6216\u6700\u9ad8\u5c42\u7ea7\u65e0\u5173\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

2.1. \u81ea\u4e0a\u800c\u4e0b\u56e0\u679c\u7684\u7279\u70b9<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n

\u8981\u60f3\u5c06\u67d0\u4e9b\u56e0\u679c\u6548\u5e94\u5f52\u56e0\u4e8e\u81ea\u4e0a\u800c\u4e0b\u7684\u6548\u5e94\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5fc5\u987b\u9996\u5148\u8bc1\u660e\u8f83\u9ad8\u5c42\u7ea7\u6761\u4ef6\u7684\u6539\u53d8\u5c06\u5f71\u54cd\u8f83\u4f4e\u5c42\u7ea7\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u5e8f\u5217\u3002\u8fd9\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u6539\u53d8\u8f83\u9ad8\u5c42\u7ea7\u7684\u6761\u4ef6\u5e76\u89c2\u5bdf\u8f83\u4f4e\u5c42\u7ea7\u7684\u53d8\u5316\u6765\u5b8c\u6210<\/span>\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u538b\u7f29\u6c14\u4f53\u5e76\u89c2\u5bdf\u5230\u5206\u5b50\u8fd0\u52a8\u52a0\u5feb\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u82e5\u6761\u4ef6\u5141\u8bb8\uff0c\u8fd8\u5e94\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u8bc1\u660e\u5b58\u5728\u8f83\u4f4e\u5c42\u7ea7\u7684\u7b49\u4ef7\u7c7b\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u5f97\u8f83\u9ad8\u5c42\u7ea7\u4ea7\u751f\u540c\u6837\u7ed3\u679c<\/span>\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4ece\u5206\u5b50\u5c42\u7ea7\u5404\u4e2a\u53d8\u91cf\u7684\u79ef\u5206\u4e2d\u786e\u5b9a\u6c14\u4f53\u7684\u5bc6\u5ea6\u3001\u538b\u529b\u548c\u6e29\u5ea6\uff09<\/span>\u2014\u2014\u8fd9\u662f\u81ea\u4e0a\u800c\u4e0b\u56e0\u679c\u5173\u7cfb\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u6709\u529b\u8bc1\u636e\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u4e5f\u8bf4\u660e\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u8f83\u4f4e\u5c42\u7ea7\u53d8\u91cf\u7684\u7c97\u7c92\u5316\u83b7\u5f97\u8f83\u9ad8\u5c42\u7ea7\u7684\u6709\u6548\u53d8\u91cf\u3002\u8f83\u9ad8\u5c42\u7ea7\u7684\u6709\u6548\u53d8\u91cf\u76f4\u63a5\u51b3\u5b9a\u7ed3\u679c\uff0c\u800c\u65e0\u9700\u8f83\u4f4e\u5c42\u7ea7\u53d8\u91cf\u7684\u53c2\u4e0e\u2014\u2014\u6b64\u7c7b\u60c5\u51b5\u53d1\u751f\u65f6\uff0c\u5c31\u4ea7\u751f\u4e86\u8f83\u9ad8\u5c42\u7ea7\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u6d8c\u73b0<\/span>\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u6c14\u4f53\u5b9a\u5f8b\u53ea\u4e0e\u8f83\u9ad8\u5c42\u7ea7\u7684\u53d8\u91cf\u76f8\u5173\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u538b\u5f3a\u3001\u5bc6\u5ea6\u548c\u6e29\u5ea6\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u5355\u4e2a\u8f83\u9ad8\u5c42\u7ea7\u72b6\u6001\u6240\u5bf9\u5e94\u7684\u8f83\u4f4e\u5c42\u7ea7\u72b6\u6001\u6570\u76ee\u51b3\u5b9a\u4e86\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u71b5<\/span>\uff08entropy\uff09<\/span>[7, 8]\u3002\u4f46\u5728\u67d0\u4e9b\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u8f83\u9ad8\u5c42\u7ea7\u7684\u6709\u6548\u53d8\u91cf\u65e0\u6cd5\u901a\u8fc7\u8f83\u4f4e\u5c42\u7ea7\u53d8\u91cf\u7684\u7c97\u7c92\u5316\u83b7\u5f97<\/span> (\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u8c61\u68cb\u89c4\u5219\u51b3\u5b9a\u4e86\u68cb\u5b50\u5728\u68cb\u76d8\u4e0a\u79fb\u52a8\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u8fd9\u4e9b\u89c4\u5219\u5177\u6709\u56e0\u679c\u6548\u5e94\uff1b\u4f46\u8fd9\u4e9b\u89c4\u5219\u4e0d\u80fd\u7531\u4efb\u4f55\u8f83\u4f4e\u5c42\u7ea7\u53d8\u91cf\u786e\u5b9a\uff09<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

2.1.1. 5\u79cd\u81ea\u4e0a\u800c\u4e0b\u7684\u56e0\u679c<\/span><\/strong><\/h4>\n

\u53ef\u8bc6\u522b\u51fa\u4e94\u79cd\u4e3b\u8981\u7684\u81ea\u4e0a\u800c\u4e0b\u7684\u56e0\u679c\u673a\u5236\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u8bb8\u591a\u771f\u5b9e\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\u6765\u8bc1\u660e\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u5b58\u5728[2]\u3002\u4e0b\u9762\u5c06\u4f9d\u6b21\u8ba8\u8bba\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

2.2. \u81ea\u4e0a\u800c\u4e0b\u7684\u56e0\u679c\u673a\u52361\uff1a\u57fa\u4e8e\u7b97\u6cd5\u7684\u81ea\u4e0a\u800c\u4e0b\u7684\u56e0\u679c<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n

\u57fa\u4e8e\u7b97\u6cd5\u7684\u81ea\u4e0a\u800c\u4e0b\u7684\u56e0\u679c\uff0c\u5373\u8f83\u9ad8\u5c42\u7ea7\u53d8\u91cf\u7528\u56e0\u679c\u7cfb\u7edf\u6784\u5efa\u8f83\u4f4e\u5c42\u7ea7\u7684\u52a8\u6001\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff0c\u5176\u7ed3\u679c\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u8f83\u9ad8\u5c42\u7ea7\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\u3001\u8fb9\u754c\u6761\u4ef6\u53ca\u521d\u59cb\u6761\u4ef6\u3002\u8f83\u4f4e\u5c42\u6b21\u53d8\u91cf\u6839\u636e\u521d\u59cb\u6761\u4ef6\u548c\u8fb9\u754c\u6761\u4ef6\u4ee5\u4e00\u79cd\u7b97\u6cd5\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u786e\u5b9a\u7ed3\u679c<\/span>\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u4e2d\u52a0\u8f7d\u7684\u8f6f\u4ef6\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u7531\u7ed3\u6784\u5173\u7cfb<\/span>\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u7684\u5e03\u7ebf\u6216\u795e\u7ecf\u5143\u7684\u8fde\u63a5\uff09<\/span>\u6240\u51b3\u5b9a\u7684\uff1b\u6539\u53d8\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6761\u4ef6\u5c06\u4f1a\u5f71\u54cd\u8f83\u4f4e\u5c42\u7ea7\u7684\u4e8b\u4ef6\u53ca\u52a8\u6001\u7ed3\u679c\u3002\u53ea\u8981\u8f83\u4f4e\u5c42\u7ea7\u7684\u4ea4\u4e92\u662f\u534f\u8c03\u805a\u5408\u7684\uff0c\u53d7\u5230\u8f83\u9ad8\u5c42\u7ea7\u5f71\u54cd\u800c\u88ab\u7ea6\u675f\u7684\u8f83\u4f4e\u5c42\u7ea7\u884c\u4e3a\u5c06\u4f1a\u901a\u8fc7\u4e00\u79cd\u89c4\u5f8b\u6027\/\u7b97\u6cd5\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u5e26\u6765\u7a33\u5b9a\u7684\u8f83\u9ad8\u5c42\u7ea7\u7ed3\u679c\uff0c\u800c\u8fd9\u4e00\u7ed3\u679c\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u7ea6\u675f\u6761\u4ef6\u548c\u521d\u59cb\u6761\u4ef6\u7684\u6027\u8d28\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5e38\u4ee5\u4ea4\u4e92\u7f51\u7edc\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u51fa\u73b0[11]\uff0c\u901a\u5e38\u5305\u62ec\u5faa\u73af\u7f51\u7edc\u6a21\u5f0f[12]\u3002\u800c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6761\u4ef6\u90fd\u662f\u8f83\u9ad8\u5c42\u7ea7\u7684\u7279\u5f81\uff0c\u65e0\u6cd5\u7528\u8f83\u4f4e\u5c42\u7ea7\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u8fdb\u884c\u63cf\u8ff0<\/span>\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u4e2d\u6676\u4f53\u7ba1\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u7279\u5b9a\u8fde\u63a5\u65e0\u6cd5\u7528\u7535\u5b50\u5c5e\u6027\u6765\u63cf\u8ff0\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u5982\u679c\u8f83\u9ad8\u5c42\u7ea7\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u88ab\u7834\u574f\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u8f83\u4f4e\u5c42\u7ea7\u7684\u5143\u7d20\u672a\u53d1\u751f\u6539\u53d8\uff0c\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e5f\u4f1a\u505c\u6b62\u8fd0\u884c\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

2.2.1. \u4f8b\u5b50<\/span><\/strong><\/h4>\n

\u6570\u5b57\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u975e\u5e38\u597d\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\uff1a\u8f83\u4f4e\u5c42\u7ea7\u7684\u95e8\u7535\u8def\u548c\u6676\u4f53\u7ba1\u6309\u7167\u8f83\u9ad8\u5c42\u7ea7\u52a0\u8f7d\u7684\u6570\u636e\u548c\u7a0b\u5e8f<\/span>\uff08\u5982\u6587\u5b57\u5904\u7406\u5668\u3001\u97f3\u4e50\u7a0b\u5e8f\u3001\u56fe\u50cf\u5904\u7406\u7a0b\u5e8f\u7b49\uff09<\/span>\u8fd0\u4f5c\uff0c\u800c\u7a0b\u5e8f\u53ca\u6570\u636e\u5219\u662f\u8f83\u9ad8\u5c42\u7ea7\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u5176\u7ed3\u6784\u548c\u529f\u80fd\u65e0\u6cd5\u7528\u8f83\u4f4e\u5c42\u7ea7\u7684\u672f\u8bed\u6765\u89e3\u91ca\u3002\u786c\u4ef6\u548c\u8f6f\u4ef6\u4ee5\u5171\u751f\u65b9\u5f0f\u5c42\u7ea7\u7ed3\u6784\u5316\uff0c\u5b9e\u73b0\u8fd9\u79cd\u8f83\u9ad8\u5c42\u7ea7\u529f\u80fd[13]\u3002\u518d\u4e00\u4e2a\u4f8b\u5b50\uff0c\u8bb8\u591a\u7269\u7406\u7cfb\u7edf\u7531\u504f\u5fae\u5206\u65b9\u7a0b\u51b3\u5b9a\u5176\u7ed3\u679c\uff0c\u800c\u5176\u7ed3\u679c\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u5176\u8fb9\u754c\u6761\u4ef6\u548c\u521d\u59cb\u6761\u4ef6<\/span>\uff08\u53c2\u9605Denis Noble[14]\u548cRobert Bishop\u7684\u6587\u7ae0[15]\uff09<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\u8fd9\u4e9b\u57fa\u4e8e\u7b97\u6cd5\u6548\u5e94\u80cc\u540e\u7684\u6570\u5b66\u548c\u7406\u8bba\u5404\u4e0d\u76f8\u540c\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u52a8\u529b\u7cfb\u7edf\u7406\u8bba[16]\u3001\u504f\u5fae\u5206\u65b9\u7a0b\u7406\u8bba[17]\u3001\u6709\u9650\u5143\u6570\u503c\u65b9\u6cd5[18]\u3001\u7edf\u8ba1\u7269\u7406\u5b66[19]\u3001\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u7b97\u6cd5\u5206\u6790[20]\u3001\u7535\u5b50\u7535\u8def\u8bbe\u8ba1[21]\u548c\u7f51\u7edc\u6a21\u5f0f\u5206\u6790[12]\u7b49\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

2.3. \u81ea\u4e0a\u800c\u4e0b\u7684\u56e0\u679c\u673a\u52362\uff1a\u57fa\u4e8e\u975e\u81ea\u9002\u5e94\u4fe1\u606f\u63a7\u5236\u7684\u81ea\u4e0a\u800c\u4e0b\u7684\u56e0\u679c<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n

\u5728\u975e\u81ea\u9002\u5e94\u4fe1\u606f\u63a7\u5236\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\uff0c\u8f83\u9ad8\u5c42\u7ea7\u5b9e\u4f53\u901a\u8fc7\u53cd\u9988\u63a7\u5236\u56de\u8def\u5f71\u54cd\u8f83\u4f4e\u5c42\u7ea7\u5b9e\u4f53\uff0c\u53d6\u5f97\u7cfb\u7edf\u5b9e\u9645\u72b6\u6001\u548c\u671f\u671b\u72b6\u6001\u4e4b\u95f4\u5dee\u5f02\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\uff0c\u6839\u636e\u8be5\u4fe1\u606f\u8fed\u4ee3\u51cf\u5c0f\u5dee\u5f02\uff0c\u4ee5\u8fbe\u5230\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\uff0c\u56fa\u5b9a\u7684\u76ee\u6807\u3002\u4e0e\u524d\u6587\u6240\u8ff0\u7684\u57fa\u4e8e\u7b97\u6cd5\u7684\u56e0\u679c\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u6b64\u7c7b\u60c5\u51b5\u4e2d\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u5e76\u975e\u7531\u8fb9\u754c\u6761\u4ef6\u548c\u521d\u59cb\u6761\u4ef6\u51b3\u5b9a\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u7531\u76ee\u6807\u51b3\u5b9a\u3002\u6b64\u7c7b\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u6574\u4f53\u76ee\u6807\u4fbf\u662f\u8ba9\u521d\u59cb\u6761\u4ef6\u4e0e\u6700\u7ec8\u7ed3\u679c\u65e0\u5173\u3002\u5f53\u76ee\u6807\u6539\u53d8\u65f6\uff0c\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u4e5f\u4f1a\u6539\u53d8\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5176\u56e0\u679c\u7684\u6027\u8d28\u4e0e\u4e0a\u4e00\u4e2a\u4f8b\u5b50\u5927\u4e0d\u76f8\u540c\u2014\u2014\u6b64\u5904\u7684\u53cd\u9988\u63a7\u5236\u7cfb\u7edf\u7531\u8f83\u9ad8\u5c42\u7ea7\u76ee\u6807\u5f15\u5bfc\u3002\u8fd9\u4e0e\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u7684\u901a\u5e38\u539f\u5219\u5f62\u6210\u4e86\u9c9c\u660e\u5bf9\u6bd4\uff0c\u4f46\u5b8c\u5168\u7b26\u5408\u5de5\u7a0b\u548c\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u539f\u5219\u3002\u5728\u751f\u7269\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\uff0c\u8f83\u9ad8\u5c42\u7ea7\u76ee\u6807\u5728\u81ea\u7136\u9009\u62e9\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u5efa\u7acb\u5e76\u4f53\u73b0\u5728\u57fa\u56e0\u4e2d\uff1b\u5bf9\u5236\u9020\u7cfb\u7edf\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u8f83\u9ad8\u5c42\u7ea7\u76ee\u6807\u5219\u4f53\u73b0\u5728\u5de5\u7a0b\u8bbe\u8ba1\u53ca\u540e\u7eed\u7684\u7528\u6237\u9009\u62e9\u4e2d\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

2.3.1. \u4f8b\u5b50<\/span><\/strong><\/h4>\n

\u8c03\u8282\u623f\u95f4\u6e29\u5ea6\u7684\u6052\u6e29\u5668\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u6781\u4f73\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\uff0c\u5176\u76ee\u6807\u4fbf\u662f\u4f7f\u7528\u8005\u6240\u8bbe\u5b9a\u7684\u671f\u671b\u6e29\u5ea6\u3002\u6240\u6709\u751f\u7269\u90fd\u5305\u542b\u8bb8\u591a\u57fa\u4e8e\u53cd\u9988\u63a7\u5236\u539f\u7406\u7684\u9057\u4f20\u51b3\u5b9a\u7684\u7a33\u6001\u8c03\u8282\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u5bf9\u4eba\u7c7b\u800c\u8a00\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u5c24\u4e3a\u660e\u663e\uff1a\u4f53\u5185\u7684\u7a33\u6001\u662f\u751f\u7406\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u5173\u952e[22]\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u8eab\u4f53\u5185\u90e8\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\uff0c\u7cbe\u786e\u5730\u5c06\u4f53\u6e29\u63a7\u5236\u572898.4\u534e\u6c0f\u5ea6<\/span>\uff08\u8bd1\u6ce8\uff1a\u6362\u7b97\u7b49\u4e8e36.9\u6444\u6c0f\u5ea6\uff09<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\u8fd9\u91cc\u6240\u6d89\u53ca\u7684\u6570\u5b66\u6d89\u53ca\u7ebf\u6027\u548c\u975e\u7ebf\u6027\u63a7\u5236\u7cfb\u7edf\u7406\u8bba[23]\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u5176\u5728\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u80cc\u666f\u4e0b\u7684\u5e94\u7528[24]\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

2.4. \u81ea\u4e0a\u800c\u4e0b\u7684\u56e0\u679c\u673a\u52363\uff1a\u57fa\u4e8e\u81ea\u9002\u5e94\u9009\u62e9\u7684\u81ea\u4e0a\u800c\u4e0b\u7684\u56e0\u679c<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n

\u81ea\u9002\u5e94\u8fc7\u7a0b<\/span>\uff08Adaptive processes\uff09<\/span>[25]\u6307\u5728\u8bb8\u591a\u5b9e\u4f53<\/span>\uff08\u5982\u8eab\u4f53\u4e2d\u7684\u7ec6\u80de\uff0c\u4eba\u7fa4\u4e2d\u7684\u4e2a\u4f53\uff09<\/span>\u8fdb\u884c\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\u65f6\uff0c\u5b9e\u4f53\u7684\u5c5e\u6027\u4e0d\u65ad\u53d8\u5f02\uff0c\u800c\u6700\u7ec8\u66f4\u9002\u5b9c\u73af\u5883\u7684\u5b9e\u4f53\u5c06\u88ab\u9009\u62e9\u3002\u66f4\u9ad8\u5c42\u7ea7\u7684\u73af\u5883\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u751f\u6001\u4f4d<\/span>\uff08niches\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u751f\u6001\u4f4d\u5bf9\u4e8e\u4e0d\u540c\u53d8\u5f02\u7684\u8f83\u4f4e\u5c42\u7ea7\u5b9e\u4f53\u800c\u8a00\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u9002\u5b9c\u7684<\/span>\uff08favorable\uff09<\/span>\u6216\u4e0d\u9002\u5b9c\u7684<\/span>\uff08unfavorable\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u9002\u5b9c\u4e8e\u751f\u6001\u4f4d\u7684\u8f83\u4f4e\u5c42\u7ea7\u5b9e\u4f53\u7684\u53d8\u5f02\u5c06\u88ab\u4fdd\u7559\uff0c\u800c\u5176\u4ed6\u7684\u5219\u5c06\u9010\u6e10\u6d88\u5931\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u5bf9\u4e8e\u751f\u6001\u4f4d\u7684\u9002\u5e94\u6027<\/span>\uff08suitability\uff09<\/span>\u7684\u6807\u51c6\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u89c6\u4f5c\u662f\u5f15\u5bfc\u81ea\u9002\u5e94\u9009\u62e9\u7684\u201c\u9002\u5e94\u6027\u6807\u51c6\u201d<\/span>\uff08fitness criteria\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u57fa\u7840\u4e0a\uff0c\u201c\u9009\u62e9\u4ee3\u7406\u201d\u6216\u201c\u9009\u62e9\u5668\u201d<\/span>\uff08a selection agent or selector\uff0c\u5373\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u7684\u6d3b\u8dc3\u5143\u7d20\uff09<\/span>\u63a5\u53d7\u5176\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u53d8\u5f02\u5e76\u62d2\u7edd\u5176\u4ed6\u53d8\u5f02\uff1b\u800c\u88ab\u63a5\u53d7\u5e76\u7ec4\u6210\u4e86\u5f53\u524d\u7cfb\u7edf\u72b6\u6001\u7684\u5b9e\u4f53\u5c31\u6210\u4e3a\u4e86\u4e0b\u4e00\u8f6e\u81ea\u9002\u5e94\u9009\u62e9\u7684\u8d77\u70b9\uff0c\u8fd9\u6700\u7ec8\u5bfc\u81f4\u4e86\u751f\u7269\u5f62\u6001\u7684\u6d8c\u73b0\u548c\u7279\u5f81\u3002\u82e5\u8f83\u9ad8\u5c42\u7ea7\u7684\u73af\u5883\u6709\u6240\u53d8\u5316\uff0c\u8f83\u4f4e\u5c42\u7ea7\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\u4e5f\u5c06\u88ab\u6539\u53d8\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e5f\u662f\u4ece\u73af\u5883\u5230\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u81ea\u4e0a\u800c\u4e0b\u7684\u56e0\u679c\u3002\u5728\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u9002\u5e94\u6027\u6807\u51c6\u4e0b\uff0c\u4e00\u7ec4\u8f83\u4f4e\u5c42\u7ea7\u53d8\u91cf\u7684\u7b49\u4ef7\u7c7b\u5c06\u53d7\u5230\u67d0\u4e2a\u7279\u5b9a\u751f\u6001\u4f4d\u7ed3\u6784\u7684\u9752\u7750\uff1b\u5982\u679c\u9876\u5c42\u6761\u4ef6\u53d1\u751f\u53d8\u5316\uff0c\u7ed3\u679c\u4e5f\u4f1a\u53d1\u751f\u53d8\u5316\u3002\u4e0e\u53cd\u9988\u63a7\u5236\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u5e76\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u57fa\u4e8e\u67d0\u4e9b\u673a\u5236\u6216\u7cfb\u7edf\u800c\u9884\u5148\u8bbe\u5b9a\u7684\u5185\u5728\u76ee\u6807\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u4f1a\u521b\u9020\u51fa\u7b26\u5408\u9002\u5e94\u6027\u6807\u51c6\u8fd9\u4e00\u76ee\u6807\u672c\u8eab\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u81ea\u9002\u5e94\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u63a7\u5236\u8fc7\u7a0b\u3002\u8fd9\u4e5f\u662f\u4ea7\u751f\u5148\u524d\u4ece\u672a\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u65b0\u4fe1\u606f\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f[5]\uff0c\u968f\u7740\u5185\u5728\u4fe1\u606f\u91cf\u7684\u4e0d\u65ad\u79ef\u7d2f\uff0c\u590d\u6742\u6027\u4e5f\u5f97\u4ee5\u6d8c\u73b0\u3002\u8be5\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4ee5\u4e00\u79cd\u975e\u9884\u5b9a\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u4e0d\u65ad\u641c\u7d22\u89e3\u51b3\u65b9\u6848\uff0c\u5e76\u9002\u5e94\u73af\u5883\u3002\u7ed3\u679c\u901a\u5e38\u65e2\u4e0d\u80fd\u4ece\u521d\u59cb\u6761\u4ef6\u9884\u6d4b\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u80fd\u4ece\u5143\u76ee\u6807<\/span>\uff08meta-goals\uff09<\/span>\u9884\u6d4b\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5176\u4e2d\u6d89\u53ca\u5230\u968f\u673a\u56e0\u7d20\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u4e24\u8005\u90fd\u663e\u7136\u5f71\u54cd\u7ed3\u679c\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e5f\u662f\u751f\u547d\u7684\u57fa\u7840\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u7ec6\u80de\u3001\u690d\u7269\u548c\u52a8\u7269\uff0c\u662f\u79ef\u7d2f\u751f\u7269\u4fe1\u606f\u7684\u57fa\u7840\uff0c\u662f\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u548c\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u5dee\u5f02[6]\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\n
\n

\u8bd1\u6ce8\uff1aMeta-goals \u5143\u76ee\u6807\uff0c\u662f\u76ee\u6807\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u5c5e\u6027\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u5b83\u4e0e\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u76ee\u6807\u5185\u5bb9\u65e0\u5173\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u4e0e\u76ee\u6807\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u4e00\u822c\u6027\u8d28\u76f8\u5173\u3002\u201c\u5143\u76ee\u6807\u201d\u6ca1\u6709\u4e25\u683c\u7684\u5b66\u672f\u5b9a\u4e49\uff0c\u4e00\u822c\u88ab\u770b\u6210\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u9896\u4f46\u4e0d\u5e38\u7528\u7684\u6d3e\u751f\u6982\u5ff5\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/blockquote>\n


<\/section>\n

2.4.1. \u4f8b\u5b50\uff1a\u8fbe\u5c14\u6587\u8fdb\u5316\u8bba<\/span><\/strong><\/h4>\n

\u8fbe\u5c14\u6587\u8fdb\u5316\u8bba\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\uff1a\u751f\u547d\u8fdb\u5316\u7684\u6807\u51c6\u89e3\u91ca\u662f\uff0c\u968f\u7740\u8fdb\u5316\u9010\u6e10\u590d\u6742\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\u662f\u5177\u6709\u8fdb\u5316\u4f18\u52bf\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u4eec\u5236\u7ea6\u7740\u4f1a\u5bf9\u5176\u81ea\u8eab\u9020\u6210\u5f71\u54cd\u7684\u8f83\u4f4e\u5c42\u7ea7\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528[4]\u3002\u7ec6\u80de\u58c1\u5c31\u662f\u6700\u7ecf\u5178\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\uff0c\u4e0d\u8fc7\u8fd9\u4e2a\u539f\u7406\u4e0d\u8bba\u662f\u5bf9\u751f\u7269\u9ad8\u5206\u5b50\u8fd8\u662f\u5bf9\u793e\u4f1a\u90fd\u9002\u7528\u3002\u901a\u8fc7\u5728\u6f2b\u957f\u7684\u5730\u8d28\u65f6\u95f4\u5c3a\u5ea6<\/span>\uff08geological timescales\uff09<\/span>\u4e2d\u6301\u7eed\u7684\u81ea\u9002\u5e94\u9009\u62e9\uff0c\u5143\u76ee\u6807\u2014\u2014\u8f83\u9ad8\u5c42\u7ea7\u7684\u201c\u76ee\u7684\u201d\u5f15\u5bfc\u52a8\u6001\u8fc7\u7a0b\u2014\u2014\u751f\u7269\u79cd\u7fa4\u7684\u751f\u5b58<\/span>\uff08\u4e24\u4e2a\u8f83\u9ad8\u5c42\u7ea7\u6982\u5ff5\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u6700\u7ec8\u5f62\u6210\u4e86DNA\u7ed3\u6784\u3002DNA\u7f16\u7801<\/span>\uff08DNA\u4e2d\u78b1\u57fa\u5bf9\u7684\u7279\u5b9a\u987a\u5e8f\uff09<\/span>\u901a\u8fc7\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8fdb\u5316\u8fc7\u7a0b\u53d1\u5c55\uff0c\u4f7f\u751f\u7269\u4f53\u4e0d\u65ad\u9002\u5e94\u5176\u6240\u5904\u7684\u751f\u6001\u4f4d\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\uff0c\u9009\u62e9\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u6b7b\u4ea1\u6765\u5b8c\u6210\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u9690\u542b\u7684\u9002\u5e94\u6027\u6807\u51c6\u4fbf\u662f\u751f\u5b58\u3002\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u751f\u6001\u4f4d\u7ed3\u6784\u6700\u7ec8\u4f1a\u5bfc\u81f4\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u57fa\u56e0\u7ec4\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\u5317\u6781\u718a\u62e5\u6709\u767d\u8272\u6bdb\u76ae\u7684\u57fa\u56e0\uff0c\u4ee5\u9002\u5e94\u6781\u5730\u73af\u5883\uff0c\u800c\u7f8e\u6d32\u9ed1\u718a\u62e5\u6709\u9ed1\u8272\u6bdb\u76ae\u7684\u57fa\u56e0\uff0c\u4ee5\u9002\u5e94\u5317\u7f8e\u68ee\u6797\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u5404\u81ea\u751f\u5b58\u73af\u5883\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e24\u79cd\u718a\u7684DNA\u7f16\u7801\u4e5f\u4e0d\u540c\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5178\u578b\u6848\u4f8b\uff0c\u5b83\u8986\u76d6\u4e86\u4ece\u5927\u89c4\u6a21\u73af\u5883\u5230\u7cbe\u7ec6\u751f\u7269\u5fae\u7ed3\u6784\u7684\u81ea\u4e0a\u800c\u4e0b\u7684\u56e0\u679c\u2014\u2014\u5728\u8fdb\u5316\u7684\u81ea\u9002\u5e94\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u73af\u5883<\/span>\uff08\u4ee5\u53ca\u5176\u4ed6\u56e0\u7d20\uff09<\/span>\u51b3\u5b9a\u4e86\u5177\u4f53\u7684DNA\u7f16\u7801\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002\u4efb\u4f55\u4eba\u90fd\u65e0\u6cd5\u4ec5\u6839\u636e\u751f\u7269\u5316\u5b66\u6216\u5fae\u7269\u7406\u77e5\u8bc6\u9884\u6d4b\u6216\u89e3\u91ca\u8fd9\u4e9bDNA\u7f16\u7801\u3002\u5728\u751f\u7269\u4f53\u7684\u751f\u5b58\u8fd9\u4e00\u9002\u5e94\u6027\u6807\u51c6\u4e0b\uff0c\u751f\u7269\u5fc5\u987b\u53bb\u6ee1\u8db3\u5404\u7c7b\u7ec6\u8282\u6761\u4ef6\uff0c\u4ee5\u786e\u4fdd\u81ea\u8eab\u7684\u751f\u5b58\u3002\u5bf9\u4e8e\u6bcf\u4e2a\u751f\u7269\u4f53\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u751f\u5b58\u8fd9\u4e00\u5143\u76ee\u6807\u90fd\u662f\u76f8\u540c\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u662f\u6bd4\u7ade\u4e89\u5bf9\u624b\u66f4\u9002\u5e94\u73af\u5883\u7684\u79cd\u7fa4\u751f\u5b58\u4e0b\u53bb\u7684\u539f\u56e0\u3002\u8bf7\u6ce8\u610f\uff0c\u8fd9\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u8bf4\u73af\u5883\u662f\u552f\u4e00\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u56e0\u7d20\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u8bf4\u73af\u5883\u662f\u5177\u6709\u56e0\u679c\u6548\u5e94\u7684\u56e0\u7d20\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u3002\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u6709\u8bb8\u591a\u5177\u6709\u56e0\u679c\u6548\u5e94\u7684\u56e0\u7d20\uff0c\u4e00\u4e9b\u662f\u81ea\u4e0b\u800c\u4e0a\u7684\uff0c\u4e00\u4e9b\u662f\u81ea\u4e0a\u800c\u4e0b\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u6700\u7ec8\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u6765\u81ea\u4e8e\u6240\u6709\u56e0\u7d20\u7684\u5171\u540c\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u90a3\u6211\u4eec\u53c8\u5982\u4f55\u8bc1\u660e\u8fd9\u662f\u81ea\u4e0a\u800c\u4e0b\u7684\u56e0\u679c\u5462\uff1f\u56e0\u4e3a\u5982\u679c\u6539\u53d8\u751f\u6001\u4f4d\u7684\u7ed3\u6784<\/span>\uff08\u6bd4\u5982\u5168\u7403\u6c14\u5019\u7684\u53d8\u5316\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u5c31\u5c06\u6709\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u79cd\u7fa4\u9002\u5e94\u8fd9\u4e00\u751f\u6001\u73af\u5883\u3002\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u9488\u5bf9\u540c\u4e00\u4e2a\u8f83\u9ad8\u5c42\u7ea7\u76ee\u7684\u7684\u8bf8\u591a\u8f83\u4f4e\u5c42\u7ea7\u7684\u7b49\u4ef7\u7c7b\uff0c\u662f\u7531\u8f83\u9ad8\u5c42\u7ea7\u7684\u6761\u4ef6\u4e0e\u751f\u6001\u4f4d\u9009\u62e9\u7684\uff0c\u8d8b\u540c\u8fdb\u5316[26]\u548c\u5fae\u751f\u7269\u5b66[27]\u7684\u8bb8\u591a\u4f8b\u5b50\u90fd\u8db3\u4ee5\u8bc1\u660e\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\u751f\u7269\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u5173\u952e\u7279\u5f81\u662f\uff0c\u7c7b\u4f3c\u7684\u81ea\u9002\u5e94\u9009\u62e9\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff0c\u4e0d\u4ec5\u53d1\u751f\u5728\u8fdb\u5316\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u5c3a\u5ea6\u4e0a\uff0c\u4e5f\u53d1\u751f\u5728\u53d1\u80b2\u4e0e\u529f\u80fd\u53d8\u5316\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u5c3a\u5ea6\u4e0a[28]\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5927\u8111\u53ef\u5851\u6027<\/span>\uff08brain plasticity\uff09<\/span>\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u662f\u795e\u7ecf\u5143\u7fa4\u7684\u9009\u62e9\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff0c\u800c\u8fd9\u4e5f\u662f\u5206\u949f\u7ea7\u522b\u5b66\u4e60\u7684\u57fa\u7840[29, 30]\u3002\u9700\u8981\u6ce8\u610f\uff0c\u81ea\u9002\u5e94\u9009\u62e9\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6982\u5ff5\u5177\u6709\u66f4\u5e7f\u6cdb\u7684\u9002\u7528\u6027\uff1b\u5728\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u4e2d\uff0c\u5b83\u53ef\u4ee5\u53d1\u751f\u5728\u67d0\u4e2a\u4e00\u6b21\u6027\u7684\u9009\u62e9\u4e8b\u4ef6\u4e2d\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u72b6\u6001\u5411\u91cf\u7684\u5236\u5907<\/span>\uff08state-vector preparation\uff09<\/span>[31]\u3002\u91cd\u590d\u53ef\u4ee5\u589e\u52a0\u81ea\u9002\u5e94\u9009\u62e9\u7684\u6548\u7528\uff0c\u4f46\u5e76\u975e\u5fc5\u8981\u6761\u4ef6\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\u5927\u591a\u6570\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u7684\u6570\u5b66\u662f\u81ea\u9002\u5e94\u9009\u62e9\u7684\u6570\u5b66\u8fc7\u7a0b[25]\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u5728\u67d0\u4e9b\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\u4e2d\uff0c\u6570\u5b66\u53ef\u4ee5\u5e26\u6765\u4eba\u53e3\u9057\u4f20\u5b66[32]\u548c\u5206\u5b50\u8fdb\u5316[33]\u7684\u6807\u51c6\u65b9\u7a0b\u5f0f\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\u8ba1\u7b97\u6a21\u578b\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u4eba\u5de5\u795e\u7ecf\u7f51\u7edc[34]\u548c\u9057\u4f20\u7b97\u6cd5[35]\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u6765\u63cf\u8ff0\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

2.5. \u81ea\u4e0a\u800c\u4e0b\u7684\u56e0\u679c\u673a\u52364\uff1a\u57fa\u4e8e\u81ea\u9002\u5e94\u4fe1\u606f\u63a7\u5236\u7684\u81ea\u4e0a\u800c\u4e0b\u7684\u56e0\u679c<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n

\u81ea\u9002\u5e94\u4fe1\u606f\u9009\u62e9<\/span>\uff08adaptive information control\uff09<\/span>\u53d1\u751f\u5728\u5f53\u53cd\u9988\u63a7\u5236\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u5b58\u5728\u81ea\u9002\u5e94\u6027\u76ee\u6807\uff0c\u53cd\u9988\u63a7\u5236\u548c\u81ea\u9002\u5e94\u9009\u62e9\u4e24\u8005\u76f8\u7ed3\u5408\u65f6\u3002\u53cd\u9988\u63a7\u5236\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u76ee\u6807\u662f\u80fd\u51b3\u5b9a\u7ed3\u679c\u4e14\u4e0d\u53ef\u5f52\u7ea6<\/span>\uff08irreducible\uff09<\/span>\u7684\u8f83\u9ad8\u5c42\u7ea7\u53d8\u91cf\uff0c\u4f46\u5e76\u975e\u50cf\u81ea\u9002\u5e94\u53cd\u9988\u63a7\u5236\u7cfb\u7edf\u90a3\u6837\u56fa\u5b9a\u4e0d\u53d8\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u53ef\u4ee5\u6839\u636e\u7ecf\u9a8c\u53ca\u6240\u83b7\u5f97\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u800c\u9002\u5e94\u6027\u5730\u8c03\u6574\u3002\u6574\u4e2a\u8fc7\u7a0b\u7531\u9009\u62e9\u76ee\u6807\u65f6\u7684\u9002\u5e94\u6027\u6807\u51c6\u6240\u5bfc\u5411\u3002\u8fd9\u4f7f\u5f97\u7cfb\u7edf\u5728\u9762\u5bf9\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u73af\u5883\u65f6\u62e5\u6709\u4e86\u6781\u4f73\u7684\u7075\u6d3b\u6027\u3002\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u7075\u6d3b\u6027\u4e0e\u8bb0\u5fc6\u4e00\u8d77\u5b9e\u73b0\u4e86\u5b66\u4e60\u4e0e\u9884\u6d4b\uff0c\u6784\u6210\u4e86\u6709\u6548\u7684\u6709\u76ee\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u57fa\u7840[36]\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u7075\u6d3b\u6027\u4f7f\u5f97\u6709\u673a\u4f53\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f9d\u7167\u81ea\u8eab\u8fc7\u53bb\u7684\u7ecf\u5386\uff0c\u4f9d\u636e\u73af\u5883\u8c03\u8282\u81ea\u8eab\u884c\u4e3a\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u6784\u5efa\u4e86\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u590d\u6742\u6027\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

2.5.1. \u4f8b\u5b50<\/span><\/strong><\/h4>\n

\u7ecf\u5178\u4f8b\u5b50\u662f\u52a8\u7269\u7684\u8054\u60f3\u5b66\u4e60<\/span>\uff08associative learning\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u5df4\u752b\u6d1b\u592b\u7684\u6761\u4ef6\u53cd\u5c04<\/span>\uff08Pavlovian conditioning\uff09<\/span>\uff1a\u52a8\u7269\u5bf9\u67d0\u79cd\u523a\u6fc0\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u58f0\u97f3\uff0c\u505a\u51fa\u53cd\u5e94\uff0c\u5c06\u5176\u89c6\u4e3a\u67d0\u79cd\u4fe1\u53f7\u5e76\u5f15\u8d77\u7531\u8fd0\u52a8\u795e\u7ecf\u5143<\/span>\uff08motor neurons\uff09<\/span>\u7684\u751f\u7406\u53cd\u5e94[36]\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8bad\u7ec3\u8fc7\u7a0b\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u4ece\u5927\u8111\u5230\u808c\u8089\u7ec6\u80de\u7684\u81ea\u4e0a\u800c\u4e0b\u7684\u56e0\u679c\u8fc7\u7a0b\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\uff0c\u9002\u5e94\u6027\u6807\u51c6\u662f\u56de\u907f\u8d1f\u523a\u6fc0\uff1b\u76f8\u5173\u76ee\u6807\u7684\u53d8\u5316<\/span>\uff08\u901a\u8fc7\u73af\u5883\u6539\u53d8\uff09<\/span>\u4f1a\u5bfc\u81f4\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u6539\u53d8\u3002\u66f4\u4e00\u822c\u5730\uff0c\u601d\u7ef4\u4f9d\u6258\u4e8e\u4e0d\u65ad\u66f4\u65b0\u7684\u7ecf\u5386\u53ca\u53ef\u9009\u62e9\u76ee\u6807\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u9884\u6d4b\u63a5\u4e0b\u6765\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u53d1\u751f\u4ec0\u4e48\u4e8b\u60c5\u800c\u8fd0\u4f5c[37]\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u601d\u7ef4\u80fd\u529b\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u611f\u77e5\u8fc7\u7a0b\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u57fa\u4e8e\u5f53\u524d\u5bf9\u4e8e\u9884\u6d4b\u8bef\u5dee\u7684\u8ba4\u8bc6\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u8d1d\u53f6\u65af\u7edf\u8ba1<\/span>\uff08Bayesian statistics\uff09<\/span>\u66f4\u65b0\u5f53\u524d\u611f\u77e5\u7684\u81ea\u9002\u5e94\u8fc7\u7a0b[38]\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u5305\u62ec\u5bf9\u4ed6\u4eba\u610f\u56fe\u7684\u9884\u6d4b\u2014\u2014\u8fd9\u662f\u4ed6\u4eba\u5fc3\u667a\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u57fa\u7840[36]\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\n
\n

\u8bd1\u6ce8\uff1a\u4ed6\u4eba\u5fc3\u667a\u7406\u8bba theories of other minds\uff0c\u662f\u6307\u4eba\u4eec\u7528\u6765\u7406\u89e3\u548c\u63a8\u65ad\u4ed6\u4eba\u5fc3\u7406\u72b6\u6001\u548c\u601d\u7eea\u7684\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u5fc3\u7406\u7406\u8bba\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7406\u8bba\u8bd5\u56fe\u56de\u7b54\u4e00\u4e2a\u57fa\u672c\u95ee\u9898\uff1a\u6211\u4eec\u5982\u4f55\u77e5\u9053\u4ed6\u4eba\u4e5f\u6709\u50cf\u6211\u4eec\u4e00\u6837\u7684\u5fc3\u667a\u548c\u610f\u8bc6\u4f53\u9a8c\uff1f\u8be5\u4e9b\u7406\u8bba\u662f\u54f2\u5b66\u3001\u8ba4\u77e5\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u3001\u795e\u7ecf\u79d1\u5b66\u7b49\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u7814\u7a76\u9886\u57df\uff0c\u5173\u6ce8\u4eba\u7c7b\u7684\u793e\u4ea4\u548c\u4ea4\u6d41\u80fd\u529b\uff0c\u53ca\u5176\u8bf8\u79cd\u5f71\u54cd\u3002<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/blockquote>\n


<\/section>\n

\u4e00\u4e9b\u4eba\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u8fdb\u5316\u535a\u5f08\u8bba\u7684\u6570\u5b66\u539f\u7406[39]\u5c06\u6210\u4e3a\u6211\u4eec\u5145\u5206\u7406\u89e3\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8fc7\u7a0b\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u3002\u7b14\u8005\u5bf9\u6b64\u5b58\u7591\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u8fd9\u7c7b\u6a21\u578b\u6240\u5f97\u51fa\u7684\u4eba\u7c7b\u884c\u4e3a\u8fc7\u4e8e\u7b80\u5355\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

2.6. \u81ea\u4e0a\u800c\u4e0b\u7684\u56e0\u679c\u673a\u52365\uff1a\u57fa\u4e8e\u667a\u80fd\u7684\u81ea\u4e0a\u800c\u4e0b\u56e0\u679c\uff08\u5373\u4eba\u7c7b\u601d\u7ef4\u5bf9\u73b0\u5b9e\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\uff09<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n

\u57fa\u4e8e\u667a\u80fd\u7684\u81ea\u4e0a\u800c\u4e0b\u56e0\u679c\u662f\u53cd\u9988\u63a7\u5236\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u7279\u4f8b\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u76ee\u6807\u7684\u9009\u62e9\u6d89\u53ca\u7b26\u53f7\u8868\u5f81<\/span>\uff08symbolic representation\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u6b64\u5904\u6240\u8bf4\u7684\u7b26\u53f7\u7cfb\u7edf<\/span>\uff08symbolic system\uff09<\/span>\u662f\u4e00\u7ec4\u7ed3\u6784\u5316\u7684\u6a21\u5f0f\uff0c\u6309\u65f6\u95f4\u548c\u7a7a\u95f4\u5b9e\u73b0\uff0c\u88ab\u4e2a\u4eba\u6216\u56e2\u4f53\u4efb\u610f\u9009\u62e9\u6765\u8868\u5f81\u5bf9\u8c61\u3001\u72b6\u6001\u548c\u5173\u7cfb[40]\u3002\u7b26\u53f7\u7cfb\u7edf\u901a\u5e38\u6d89\u53ca\u5206\u5c42\u7ed3\u6784\u548c\u9012\u5f52\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u8fd9\u4e9b\u662f\u5728\u89e3\u6790\u590d\u6742\u60c5\u51b5\u65f6\u6240\u5fc5\u9700\u7684\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e5f\u4f7f\u5f97\u7b26\u53f7\u7cfb\u7edf\u5177\u6709\u5bf9\u4e8e\u7ed3\u679c\u8fdb\u884c\u5b9a\u91cf\u6216\u5b9a\u6027\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u6f5c\u529b\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

2.6.1. \u4f8b\u5b50\uff1a\u98de\u673a\u8bbe\u8ba1<\/span><\/strong><\/h4>\n

\u5927\u578b\u55b7\u6c14\u5f0f\u98de\u673a\u5236\u9020\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u6570\u5341\u4ebf\u4e2a\u539f\u5b50\u6309\u7167\u98de\u673a\u7684\u5236\u9020\u8ba1\u5212\u88ab\u90e8\u7f72\u5230\u5404\u5904\u3002\u8fd9\u7edd\u975e\u6613\u4e8b\uff1a\u5728\u98de\u673a\u5236\u9020\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u9700\u8981\u82b1\u8d39\u5927\u91cf\u8d44\u91d1\uff0c\u96c7\u7528\u822a\u7a7a\u52a8\u529b\u5b66\u3001\u7ed3\u6784\u3001\u6750\u6599\u3001\u71c3\u6599\u3001\u6da6\u6ed1\u3001\u63a7\u5236\u7b49\u5404\u65b9\u9762\u4e13\u5bb6\u6765\u8fdb\u884c\u98de\u673a\u8bbe\u8ba1\uff0c\u800c\u540e\u518d\u6839\u636e\u8bbe\u8ba1\u548c\u8ba1\u5212\u5236\u9020\u98de\u673a\u3002\u98de\u673a\u8bbe\u8ba1\u4e0e\u4eba\u4f53\u5927\u8111\u72b6\u6001\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u5b83\u662f\u4e00\u7ec4\u62bd\u8c61\u4e14\u5177\u6709\u5206\u5c42\u7ed3\u6784\u7684\u7b49\u4ef7\u7c7b\u8868\u5f81<\/span>\uff08\u5982\u53e3\u5934\u63cf\u8ff0\uff0c\u7ed8\u5236\uff0c\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\uff0c\u5927\u8111\u7b49\u7b49\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8868\u5f81\u5171\u540c\u7ec4\u6210\u4e86\u98de\u673a\u8bbe\u8ba1\u3002\u5f88\u663e\u7136\uff0c\u5b83\u662f\u5177\u6709\u56e0\u679c\u6548\u5e94\u7684<\/span>\uff08\u6ca1\u6709\u98de\u673a\u8bbe\u8ba1\uff0c\u5c31\u4e0d\u4f1a\u6709\u98de\u673a\uff09<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\u7b26\u53f7\u8868\u5f81\u4e0e\u76ee\u6807\u9009\u62e9\u662f\u62bd\u8c61\u5b9e\u4f53\u7684\u56e0\u679c\u6548\u5e94\u7684\u57fa\u7840\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u4ee5\u7b26\u53f7\u5f62\u5f0f\u8868\u793a\u7684\u884c\u52a8\u8ba1\u5212\u3001\u8d27\u5e01\u4ef7\u503c\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u6b64\u7c7b\u8f83\u9ad8\u5c42\u7ea7\u56e0\u679c\u7684\u5173\u952e\u7279\u5f81\uff0c\u6709\u522b\u4e8e\u81ea\u9002\u5e94\u63a7\u5236\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u4e00\u822c\u60c5\u51b5\uff0c\u662f\u5176\u4f7f\u7528\u8bed\u8a00<\/span>\uff08\u53e3\u5934\u6216\u4e66\u9762\uff09<\/span>\u53ca\u62bd\u8c61\u7b26\u53f7\uff0c\u5ef6\u4f38\u5230\u6570\u5b66\u6a21\u578b\u7684\u5b9a\u91cf\u6216\u51e0\u4f55\u8868\u8ff0\u3002\u5b83\u4eec\u90fd\u662f\u62bd\u8c61\u6027\u8d28\u7684\u4e0d\u53ef\u5f52\u7ea6\u7684\u8f83\u9ad8\u5c42\u7ea7\u53d8\u91cf\uff1a\u5f62\u6210\u4e86\u5404\u7c7b\u8868\u5f81\u7684\u7b49\u4ef7\u7c7b\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u4e0d\u540c\u8bed\u8a00\u3001\u53e3\u5934\u3001\u4e66\u9762\u5f62\u5f0f\u6216\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u8868\u793a\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u8868\u5f81\u7cfb\u7edf\u4f7f\u5f97\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u5bf9\u4fe1\u606f\u8fdb\u884c\u5b58\u50a8\u3001\u68c0\u7d22\u3001\u5206\u7c7b\u3001\u9009\u62e9\u3001\u820d\u5f03\u7b49\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u64cd\u4f5c\uff0c\u4f7f\u5f97\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u7406\u6027\u5730\u4ece\u5b9a\u91cf\u3001\u5b9a\u6027\u4e24\u4e2a\u89d2\u5ea6\u5206\u6790\u4e8b\u4ef6\u7ed3\u679c\u5e76\u89c4\u5212\u672a\u6765\u884c\u52a8\uff0c\u4f7f\u5f97\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u57fa\u4e8e\u8fc7\u5f80\u7ecf\u9a8c\u53ca\u672a\u6765\u9884\u671f\u8c03\u6574\u76ee\u6807\u3002\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4fbf\u53ef\u4ee5\u6839\u636e\u76ee\u6807\u5236\u5b9a\u5e76\u5b9e\u65bd\u8ba1\u5212\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u6539\u53d8\u73b0\u5b9e\u4e16\u754c\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u6b64\u7c7b\u62bd\u8c61\u5b9e\u4f53\u5e26\u6765\u7684\u6700\u7ec8\u7ed3\u679c\u5b9e\u4e3a\u4eba\u7c7b\u7684\u4ee3\u7406\u64cd\u4f5c\u6240\u81f4\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\u6b64\u5904\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u5173\u952e\u7279\u5f81\uff0c\u5373\u5728\u81ea\u7136\u6216\u793e\u4f1a\u4e2d\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u60f3\u8c61\u53ca\u6b63\u5f0f\u6216\u975e\u6b63\u5f0f\u56e0\u679c\u6a21\u578b\u7684\u56e0\u679c\u529b\u2014\u2014\u6216\u8bb8\u662f\u4e2a\u4f53\u5bf9\u4e8e\u63a5\u4e0b\u6765\u4f1a\u53d1\u751f\u4ec0\u4e48\u7684\u5fc3\u7406\u9884\u671f\uff0c\u6216\u8bb8\u662f\u5173\u4e8e\u7269\u7406\u5b9e\u4f53\u6216\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u590d\u6742\u91cf\u5316\u6a21\u578b[41]\u2014\u2014\u8fd9\u7c7b\u5728\u4eba\u7c7b\u601d\u7ef4\u4e2d\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u62bd\u8c61\u5b9e\u4f53\u5e2e\u52a9\u6211\u4eec\u5efa\u7acb\u5bf9\u4e8e\u81ea\u7136\u6216\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u5e76\u91c7\u53d6\u76f8\u5e94\u884c\u52a8\uff0c\u6700\u7ec8\u8fbe\u5230\u76ee\u6807\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5b83\u4eec\u5728\u73b0\u5b9e\u4e16\u754c\u4e2d\u5177\u6709\u56e0\u679c\u6548\u5e94\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u62bd\u8c61\u5b9e\u4f53\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u662f\u57fa\u4e8e\u4e3b\u89c2\u4e2a\u4eba\u7ecf\u9a8c\u7684\u3002\u8bed\u8a00\u3001\u79d1\u5b66\u3001\u6570\u5b66\u3001\u65e0\u6570\u5176\u4ed6\u5de5\u5177\u548c\u4e60\u60ef\u662f\u793e\u4f1a\u5efa\u6784\uff0c\u5f3a\u70c8\u5f71\u54cd\u7740\u4e2a\u4f53\u884c\u4e3a\u53ca\u793e\u4f1a\u6587\u5316\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8f83\u9ad8\u5c42\u7ea7\u7684\u53d8\u91cf\u5e76\u975e\u7531\u8f83\u4f4e\u5c42\u7ea7\u53d8\u91cf\u7c97\u7c92\u5316\u800c\u5f97\u3002\u5f53\u7136\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u5b8c\u5168\u7406\u89e3\u5934\u8111\u5982\u4f55\u8ba1\u5212\u548c\u505a\u51fa\u9009\u62e9\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u5bfc\u81f4\u81ea\u4e0a\u800c\u4e0b\u7684\u884c\u52a8\uff0c\u5c31\u50cf\u672c\u6587\u4e2d\u8ba8\u8bba\u7684\u90a3\u6837\uff1b\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u77e5\u9053\u5b83\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u8fd0\u4f5c\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u8fd9\u5e76\u4e0d\u59a8\u788d\u6211\u4eec\u786e\u5b9a\u5b83\u786e\u5b9e\u53d1\u751f\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

2.6.2.\u4f8b\u5b50\uff1a\u8d27\u5e01\u7684\u4ef7\u503c<\/span><\/strong><\/h4>\n

\u73b0\u5b9e\u5730\u770b\uff0c\u6cd5\u5b9a\u8d27\u5e01\u53ea\u662f\u5e26\u6709\u56fe\u6848\u7684\u786c\u5e01\u6216\u7eb8\u7247\uff0c\u7269\u7406\u7ec4\u6210\u65e0\u6cd5\u89e3\u91ca\u8d27\u5e01\u7684\u56e0\u679c\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u3002\u8d27\u5e01\u7684\u6709\u6548\u6027\uff0c\u5373\u901a\u8fc7\u81ea\u4e0a\u800c\u4e0b\u7684\u601d\u7ef4\u6539\u53d8\u4e16\u754c\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u5efa\u9020\u697c\u623f\u3001\u9053\u8def\u3001\u6865\u6881\uff0c\u57fa\u4e8e\u8d27\u5e01\u4ef7\u503c\u53ca\u6c47\u7387\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u5171\u8bc6<\/span>\uff08social agreements\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u62bd\u8c61\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u5171\u8bc6\u6e90\u4e8e\u957f\u65f6\u95f4\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u4e92\u52a8\uff0c\u65e2\u4e0d\u540c\u4e8e\u4e2a\u4f53\u7684\u8111\u72b6\u6001\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u7b49\u540c\u4e8e\u4efb\u4f55\u8f83\u4f4e\u5c42\u7ea7\u53d8\u91cf\u7684\u5f53\u524d\u503c\u7684\u603b\u548c<\/span>\uff08\u5c3d\u7ba1\u8fd9\u4e9b\u793e\u4f1a\u5171\u8bc6\u901a\u8fc7\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u72b6\u6001\u548c\u53d8\u91cf\u5177\u6709\u56e0\u679c\u6548\u5e94\uff09<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

2.6.3. \u4f8b\u5b50\uff1a\u89d2\u8272\u3001\u671f\u671b\u4e0e\u4ef7\u503c<\/span><\/strong><\/h4>\n

\u89d2\u8272\u662f\u7531\u5728\u793e\u4f1a\u5efa\u6784\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u5177\u6709\u56e0\u679c\u6548\u5e94\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u6027\u51b3\u5b9a\u7684\u62bd\u8c61\u5b9e\u4f53\uff0c\u5404\u7c7b\u89d2\u8272\u662f\u793e\u4f1a\u7ed3\u6784\u56e0\u679c\u529b\u7684\u5173\u952e\u8981\u7d20[42]\u3002\u89d2\u8272\u662f\u5728\u793e\u4f1a\u548c\u7ec4\u6210\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u4e2a\u4f53\u7684\u6301\u7eed\u4e92\u52a8\u4e2d\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u81ea\u9002\u5e94\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff0c\u65e2\u5305\u62ec\u81ea\u4e0a\u800c\u4e0b\uff0c\u4e5f\u5305\u62ec\u81ea\u4e0b\u800c\u4e0a\u3002\u89d2\u8272\u901a\u8fc7\u81ea\u4e0a\u800c\u4e0b\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u8fc7\u7a0b\u88ab\u704c\u8f93\u5230\u4e2a\u4f53\uff0c\u800c\u540e\u6210\u4e3a\u4e86\u4e0e\u793e\u4f1a\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u4e2a\u4f53\u5fc3\u7406\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u7279\u5f81\uff0c\u4e5f\u6210\u4e3a\u4e86\u6307\u5bfc\u4e2a\u4f53\u76ee\u6807\u9009\u62e9\u53ca\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u67d0\u79cd\u793e\u4f1a\u9884\u671f\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u793e\u4f1a\u89d2\u8272\u5177\u6709\u4e00\u79cd\u4ece\u601d\u7ef4\u5230\u8eab\u4f53\u7684\u81ea\u4e0a\u800c\u4e0b\u7684\u56e0\u679c\u529b[36]\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u5bf9\u76ee\u7684\u53ca\u610f\u4e49\u7684\u7406\u89e3\uff0c\u662f\u601d\u7ef4\u4e2d\u56e0\u679c\u5c42\u7ea7\u7ed3\u6784\u4e2d\u7684\u9ad8\u5c42\u7ea7\u62bd\u8c61\u5b9e\u4f53\u3002\u5b5c\u5b5c\u63a2\u6c42\u610f\u4e49\u662f\u4eba\u7c7b\u7684\u5173\u952e\u5929\u6027\u4e4b\u4e00[43]\uff0c\u5931\u53bb\u4e86\u5b83\uff0c\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u5927\u53a6\u4e5f\u5c06\u503e\u8986\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\u89d2\u8272\u5c06\u793e\u4f1a\u4ef7\u503c\u8d4b\u4e88\u4e86\u4e2a\u4f53\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u793e\u4f1a\u4ef7\u503c\u4e0e\u4e2a\u4f53\u4ef7\u503c\u76f8\u5173\uff0c\u5171\u540c\u5f15\u5bfc\u4e2a\u4eba\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u76ee\u6807\u9009\u62e9\u53ca\u5b9e\u73b0\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bf4\u6700\u9ad8\u5c42\u7ea7\u7684\u81ea\u9002\u5e94\u76ee\u6807\u662f\u4e0e\u4f26\u7406\u5b66\u3001\u7f8e\u5b66\u3001\u610f\u4e49\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\u89c2\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u81ea\u4e0a\u800c\u4e0b\u5730\u51b3\u5b9a\u4e86\u53ef\u53d6\u7684\/\u53ef\u63a5\u53d7\u7684\u8f83\u4f4e\u5c42\u7ea7\u76ee\u6807\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u4e5f\u5177\u6709\u81ea\u4e0a\u800c\u4e0b\u7684\u56e0\u679c\u529b\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u662f\u5bf9\u4e8e\u73b0\u5b9e\u4e16\u754c\u5177\u6709\u56e0\u679c\u6548\u5e94\u7684\u4e00\u7ec4\u62bd\u8c61\u539f\u5219\uff0c\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u5173\u952e\u6027\u5730\u51b3\u5b9a\u4e86\u4e8b\u4ef6\u7684\u53d1\u751f\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u6218\u4e89\u7684\u7206\u53d1\u4e0e\u5426\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u9053\u5fb7\u7acb\u573a\uff1b\u5982\u679c\u6838\u6218\u4e89\u7206\u53d1\uff0c\u5730\u7403\u5c06\u906d\u53d7\u5927\u89c4\u6a21\u7684\u7834\u574f\u3002\u53ef\u89c1\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\u89c2\u5ff5\u5bf9\u4eba\u7c7b\u6d3b\u52a8\u5982\u4f55\u5f71\u54cd\u793e\u4f1a\u548c\u4e16\u754c\u5177\u6709\u81f3\u5173\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u3002\u4ef7\u503c\u89c2\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u5f52\u7ea6\u7684\u8f83\u9ad8\u5c42\u7ea7\u5b9e\u4f53\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u8f83\u4f4e\u5c42\u7ea7\u53d8\u91cf\u7684\u7c97\u7c92\u5316\u7ed3\u679c\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\u90a3\u4e48\uff0c\u5230\u5e95\u6709\u6ca1\u6709\u5408\u9002\u7684\u6570\u5b66\u6a21\u578b\u53ef\u4ee5\u63cf\u8ff0\u4eba\u7c7b\u884c\u4e3a\u5462\uff1f\u8bb8\u591a\u5b66\u8005\u90fd\u505a\u8fc7\u7c7b\u4f3c\u5c1d\u8bd5\uff0c\u9664\u4e86\u535a\u5f08\u8bba\u3001\u8fdb\u5316\u8fc7\u7a0b\u7684\u6570\u5b66\u6a21\u578b[44]\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u7684\u8fd8\u6709\u6570\u5b57\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u548c\u91d1\u878d\u6570\u5b66\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u91d1\u878d\u5e02\u573a\u7684\u5e03\u6717\u8fd0\u52a8\u6a21\u578b<\/span>\uff08Brownian motion model\uff09<\/span>\u3001\u7406\u6027\u5b9a\u4ef7\u5047\u8bbe<\/span>\uff08rational pricing assumptions\uff09<\/span>\u548c\u5e03\u83b1\u514b-\u8212\u5c14\u65af\u6a21\u578b<\/span>\uff08Black\u2013Scholes model\uff09<\/span>[45, 46]\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6a21\u578b\u90fd\u53ea\u80fd\u90e8\u5206\u89e3\u91ca\u4eba\u7c7b\u884c\u4e3a\uff0c\u5728\u67d0\u4e9b\u65f6\u5019\u7ed9\u51fa\u6b63\u786e\u7684\u9884\u6d4b\uff1b\u5982\u679c\u4e0d\u52a0\u601d\u8003\u5730\u4f7f\u7528\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6a21\u578b\u53ef\u80fd\u62db\u81f4\u707e\u96be\uff0c\u4f8b\u59822008-2009\u5e74\u7684\u5168\u7403\u91d1\u878d\u5371\u673a[47]\u3002\u6240\u6709\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6a21\u578b\uff0c\u90fd\u5e94\u8c28\u614e\u4f7f\u7528\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

2.7. \u590d\u6742\u81ea\u9002\u5e94\u7cfb\u7edf<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n

\u6700\u540e\u4e09\u7c7b\u81ea\u4e0a\u800c\u4e0b\u7684\u56e0\u679c\u90fd\u662f\u590d\u6742\u81ea\u9002\u5e94\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50[25, 48]\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7cfb\u7edf\u662f\u751f\u7269\u4fe1\u606f\u4ea7\u751f\u5e76\u878d\u5165\u751f\u547d\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u552f\u4e00\u9014\u5f84\u3002\u81ea\u9002\u5e94\u9009\u62e9\u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u91cd\u8981\uff0c\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u5f97\u7cfb\u7edf\u53bb\u9002\u5e94\u73af\u5883\u6301\u7eed\u4e0d\u65ad\u7684\u53d8\u5316\uff0c\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\u8fd9\u4e5f\u662f\u552f\u4e00\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5[49]\u3002\u8fd9\u4e5f\u662f\u751f\u547d\u4f3c\u4e4e\u8fdd\u53cd\u70ed\u529b\u5b66\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5b9a\u5f8b\u7684\u5173\u952e\u6240\u5728\u3002\u81ea\u9002\u5e94\u9009\u62e9\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u4ece\u8bb8\u591a\u53d8\u4f53\u4e2d\u9009\u62e9\u4e00\u7ec4\u5b9e\u4f53\uff0c\u4ec5\u9009\u62e9\u4e0e\u66f4\u9ad8\u7ea7\u522b\u9009\u62e9\u539f\u5219\u76f8\u5bf9\u5e94\u7684\u90a3\u4e9b\u8f83\u4f4e\u7ea7\u522b\u72b6\u6001\uff0c\u79ef\u7d2f\u7ed3\u6784\u548c\u4fe1\u606f\uff0c\u6700\u7ec8\u5f62\u6210\u4e00\u79cd\u81ea\u4e0a\u800c\u4e0b\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\u7c7b\u4f3c\u4e8e\u9ea6\u514b\u65af\u97e6\u5996<\/span>\uff08Maxwell’s demon\uff09<\/span>\uff1a\u4e00\u4e2a\u5fae\u5c0f\u5b9e\u4f53<\/span>\uff08\u5047\u60f3\u7684\u201c\u5996\u201d\uff09<\/span>\u63a7\u5236\u7740\u5bb9\u5668\u4e2d\u95f4\u7684\u95e8\uff0c\u4ece\u5bb9\u5668\u4e2d\u7684\u5206\u5b50\u4e2d\u9009\u62e9\u9ad8\u80fd\u91cf\u7684\u5206\u5b50\u5e76\u53ea\u8ba9\u5b83\u4eec\u901a\u8fc7\u95e8\u8fdb\u5165\u5bf9\u9762\u7684\u9694\u95f4\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u52a0\u70ed\u4e86\u5bf9\u9762\u9694\u95f4\u4e2d\u7684\u6c14\u4f53\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u5fae\u5c0f\u5b9e\u4f53\u9009\u62e9\u5206\u5b50\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u6240\u6d88\u8017\u7684\u80fd\u91cf\u53ef\u4ee5\u5ffd\u7565\u4e0d\u8ba1\uff0c\u8fd9\u4fbf\u5728\u5c40\u90e8\u4e0a\u8fdd\u53cd\u4e86\u70ed\u529b\u5b66\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5b9a\u5f8b[50]\u3002\u4f46\u7531\u4e8e\u73af\u5883\u4e2d\u7684\u71b5\u6709\u6240\u589e\u52a0\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5b9a\u5f8b\u4ecd\u5728\u5168\u5c40\u4e0a\u6709\u6548\u3002\u800c\u8fbe\u5c14\u6587\u5f0f\u9009\u62e9\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u662f\u5047\u60f3\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u5de8\u5927\u7684\u201c\u5996\u201d\uff0c\u5b83\u80fd\u591f\u4f5c\u7528\u5230\u5206\u5b50\u7ea7\u522b\uff0c\u4ece\u6838\u9178\u7ec4\u5408\u4e2d\u9009\u62e9\u67d0\u4e2a\u5e8f\u5217\u4ee5\u7f16\u7801\u60f3\u8981\u7684\u57fa\u56e0\u4fe1\u606f\u3002\u8fd9\u518d\u6b21\u5c40\u90e8\u8fdd\u53cd\u4e86\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5b9a\u5f8b\u3002\u8bf7\u6ce8\u610f\uff0c\u5728\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u4e2d\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4f1a\u91cd\u590d\u8bb8\u591a\u6b21\uff0c\u4f46\u5728\u7269\u7406\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u91cf\u5b50\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u7684\u72b6\u6001\u5411\u91cf\u5236\u5907\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u5b83\u53ef\u80fd\u53ea\u4f1a\u53d1\u751f\u4e00\u6b21[31]\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

2.8. \u81ea\u4e0b\u800c\u4e0a\u548c\u81ea\u4e0a\u800c\u4e0b\u7684\u56e0\u679c<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n

\u6b63\u662f\u5404\u7c7b\u81ea\u4e0a\u800c\u4e0b\u4e0e\u81ea\u4e0b\u800c\u4e0a\u56e0\u679c\u7684\u7ed3\u5408\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u8f83\u4f4e\u5c42\u7ea7\u548c\u8f83\u9ad8\u5c42\u7ea7\u53d8\u91cf\u4e4b\u95f4\u53cd\u9988\u73af\u8def\u7684\u5efa\u7acb\uff0c\u4f7f\u5f97\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u590d\u6742\u6027\u5f97\u4ee5\u6d8c\u73b0\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f71\u54cd\u4e2a\u4f53\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u89d2\u8272[51]\u4e4b\u7c7b\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u5efa\u6784\u2014\u2014\u4f46\u5b83\u4eec\u5e76\u975e\u4e00\u6210\u4e0d\u53d8\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u4e5f\u5728\u4e0d\u65ad\u8fdb\u5316\uff0c\u5728\u8f83\u957f\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u5c3a\u5ea6\u4e0a\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u4e2a\u4f53\u81ea\u4e0b\u800c\u4e0a\u5730\u957f\u671f\u5f71\u54cd\u793e\u4f1a\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

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3. \u4e9a\u91cc\u58eb\u591a\u5fb7\u5f0f\u7684\u56e0\u679c<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n

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<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/h3>\n
 <\/span><\/section>\n

\u8fd8\u539f\u8bba\u8005\u7684\u5206\u6790<\/span>\uff08Reductionist analysis\uff09<\/span>\u5c06\u673a\u5668\u884c\u4e3a\u62c6\u89e3\u4e3a\u5176\u5404\u90e8\u5206\u529f\u80fd<\/span>\uff08\u8f83\u4f4e\u5c42\u7ea7\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u4ee5\u6b64\u201c\u89e3\u91ca\u201d\u673a\u5668\u7684\u7279\u6027\u3002\u800c\u7cfb\u7edf\u601d\u7ef4<\/span>\uff08system thinking\uff09<\/span>\u5219\u4ece\u6574\u4f53\u89d2\u5ea6\u7406\u89e3\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e92\u76f8\u8fde\u63a5\u7684\u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u5c5e\u6027[52, 53]\uff0c\u5e76\u4ece\u7ed3\u6784\u4e2d\u8f83\u9ad8\u5c42\u7ea7\u7684\u89d2\u8272\u6216\u529f\u80fd\u6765\u201c\u89e3\u91ca\u201d\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b9e\u4f53\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u6216\u5c5e\u6027\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u201c\u98de\u673a\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u80fd\u98de\u201d\u8fd9\u4e00\u95ee\u9898\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u6709\u4ee5\u4e0b\u51e0\u79cd\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u56de\u7b54\uff1a<\/span><\/p>\n

\u2022 \u81ea<\/span>\u4e0b\u800c\u4e0a\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\uff1a\u98de\u673a\u80fd\u98de\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u7a7a\u6c14\u5206\u5b50\u649e\u51fb\u98de\u673a\u7fc5\u8180\u65f6\uff0c\u4e0b\u65b9\u901f\u5ea6\u8f83\u6162\u7684\u5206\u5b50\u4f1a\u4ea7\u751f\u6bd4\u4e0a\u65b9\u901f\u5ea6\u8f83\u5feb\u7684\u5206\u5b50\u66f4\u9ad8\u7684\u538b\u529b\uff0c\u6839\u636e\u4f2f\u52aa\u5229\u5b9a\u7406<\/span>\uff08Bernoulli’s Law\uff09<\/span>\u8fd9\u5c06\u4f1a\u4ea7\u751f\u538b\u529b\u5dee\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u62b5\u6d88\u4e86\u91cd\u529b\uff1b<\/span><\/p>\n

\u2022 \u540c\u5c42\u7ea7\u89e3\u91ca\uff1a\u98de\u673a\u80fd\u98de\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u98de\u884c\u5458\u5728\u9a7e\u9a76\u7740\u5b83\uff0c\u98de\u884c\u5458\u7ecf\u8fc7\u5927\u91cf\u57f9\u8bad\u548c\u6d4b\u8bd5\uff0c\u638c\u63e1\u4e86\u9a7e\u9a76\u98de\u673a\u5fc5\u9700\u7684\u6280\u80fd\u3002\u540c\u65f6\u98de\u884c\u5458\u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u8981\u6b64\u65f6\u9a7e\u9a76\u98de\u673a\uff0c\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u822a\u7a7a\u516c\u53f8\u89c4\u5b9a\u4e86\u4eca\u5929\u4e0b\u534816:35\u4ece\u4f26\u6566\u5230\u67cf\u6797\u6709\u4e00\u6b21\u822a\u73ed\uff0c\u800c\u8fd9\u4e00\u98de\u884c\u8ba1\u5212\u662f\u822a\u7a7a\u516c\u53f8\u9ad8\u7ba1\u6839\u636e\u5b63\u8282\u9700\u6c42\u548c\u8fd0\u8f7d\u80fd\u529b\u5236\u5b9a\u7684\uff1b<\/span><\/p>\n

\u2022 <\/span>\u81ea\u4e0a\u800c\u4e0b<\/span>\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\uff1a\u98de\u673a\u80fd\u98de\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u5176\u8bbe\u8ba1\u4fbf\u662f\u5982\u6b64\uff01\u8fd9\u4e00\u8bbe\u8ba1\u662f\u7531\u4e00\u652f\u5de5\u7a0b\u5e08\u56e2\u961f\u5b8c\u6210\u7684\uff0c\u91d1\u5c5e\u5b66\u3001\u71c3\u70e7\u3001\u6da6\u6ed1\u3001\u822a\u7a7a\u5b66\u3001\u673a\u5e8a\u3001\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u8f85\u52a9\u8bbe\u8ba1\u7b49\u5b66\u79d1\u4e0d\u65ad\u53d1\u5c55\uff0c\u6ee1\u8db3\u4e86\u98de\u673a\u8bbe\u8ba1\u6240\u9700\u7684\u6280\u672f\u6761\u4ef6\uff1b\u540c\u65f6\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u6709\u7740\u8fd0\u8f93\u9700\u6c42\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u73af\u5883\u4e0b\uff0c\u80fd\u8c03\u52a8\u9020\u98de\u673a\u6240\u5fc5\u9700\u7684\u8d44\u6e90\uff0c\u5e76\u5b8c\u6210\u98de\u673a\u8bbe\u8ba1\u548c\u5236\u9020\u7684\u590d\u6742\u5de5\u4e1a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u8bde\u751f\u4e86\u2014\u2014\u8fd9\u4e00\u5207\u4f7f\u5f97\u8fd9\u652f\u5de5\u7a0b\u5e08\u56e2\u961f\u6700\u7ec8\u5b8c\u6210\u4e86\u98de\u673a\u7684\u8bbe\u8ba1\u548c\u5236\u9020\u3002\u800c\u4e00\u5757\u7816\u4e0d\u80fd\u98de\uff0c\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u6ca1\u6709\u88ab\u8bbe\u8ba1\u6210\u80fd\u98de\uff1b<\/span><\/p>\n

\u2022 \u90a3\u4e48\uff0c\u98de\u673a\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u4f1a\u88ab\u8bbe\u8ba1\u6210\u53ef\u4ee5\u98de\u884c\u7684\u5462\uff1f\u56e0\u4e3a\u8fd9\u4e00\u8bbe\u8ba1\u5c06\u6f5c\u5728\u5730\u4e3a\u5236\u9020\u5546\u548c\u822a\u7a7a\u516c\u53f8\u5e26\u6765\u5229\u6da6\uff01\u5982\u679c\u6ca1\u6709\u76c8\u5229\u9884\u671f\uff0c\u98de\u673a\u4e5f\u5c31\u4e0d\u4f1a\u5b58\u5728\u2014\u2014\u8fd9\u662f\u5b83\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u6700\u6839\u672c\u539f\u56e0\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\u4e0a\u8ff0\u89e3\u91ca\u90fd\u5f88\u91cd\u8981\u4e14\u540c\u65f6\u6210\u7acb\uff1b\u5982\u679c\u5b83\u4eec\u4e0d\u540c\u65f6\u6210\u7acb\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u98de\u673a\u4e5f\u5c31\u4e0d\u4f1a\u98de\u4e86\u3002\u8f83\u9ad8\u5c42\u7ea7\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\u5173\u6ce8\u76ee\u6807\u9009\u62e9\uff0c\u800c\u8fd9\u53c8\u4ee5\u8f83\u4f4e\u5c42\u7ea7\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\u4e3a\u524d\u63d0\u2014\u2014\u98de\u673a\u7684\u7269\u7406\u673a\u5236\u4f7f\u5f97\u8f83\u9ad8\u5c42\u7ea7\u7684\u76ee\u6807\u9009\u62e9\u53ef\u4ee5\u6210\u529f\u3002\u4f46\u663e\u7136\uff0c\u8f83\u9ad8\u5c42\u7ea7\u4e0e\u8f83\u4f4e\u5c42\u7ea7\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\u5b8c\u5168\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u4e14\u8f83\u9ad8\u5c42\u7ea7\u89e3\u91ca\u65e0\u6cd5\u5f52\u7ea6\u4e3a\u8f83\u4f4e\u5c42\u7ea7\u89e3\u91ca\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u4f9d\u8d56\u8f83\u4f4e\u5c42\u7ea7\u5143\u7d20\u7684\u6027\u8d28\u3002\u8f83\u9ad8\u5c42\u7ea7\u7684\u76ee\u6807\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u591a\u79cd\u65b9\u5f0f\u5b9e\u73b0\u3002\u800c\u5982\u679c\u8f83\u9ad8\u5c42\u7ea7\u89e3\u91ca<\/span>\uff08\u4eba\u7c7b\u610f\u56fe\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\uff09<\/span>\u4e0e\u4e0a\u8ff0\u8f83\u4f4e\u5c42\u7ea7\u7684\u7269\u7406\u673a\u5236\u4e0d\u76f8\u5173\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u81ea\u4e0b\u800c\u4e0a\u7684\u8f83\u4f4e\u5c42\u7ea7\u89e3\u91ca\u4e5f\u5c31\u4e0d\u9002\u7528\u4e86\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
\u4e9a\u91cc\u58eb\u591a\u5fb7\u5728\u300a\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b66\u300b<\/span>\uff08Metaphysics<\/em>\uff09<\/span>[54]\u4e2d\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u56db\u79cd\u4e0d\u540c\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u56e0\u679c\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u4ee5\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e0a\u8ff0\u60c5\u51b5\u3002\u6839\u636eFalcon\u7684\u8bf4\u6cd5[55]\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u662f\uff1a<\/span><\/section>\n

\u2022 \u8d28\u6599\u56e0<\/span>\uff08the material cause\uff09<\/span>\uff1a\u201c\u7269\u4f53\u7531\u4f55\u6784\u6210\u201d\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u9752\u94dc\u4fbf\u662f\u96d5\u50cf\u7684\u8d28\u6599\u56e0\uff1b<\/span><\/p>\n

\u2022 \u5f62\u5f0f\u56e0<\/span>\uff08the formal cause\uff09<\/span>\uff1a\u201c\u5f62\u5f0f\u201d\uff0c\u201c\u5176\u672c\u8d28\u63cf\u8ff0\u201d\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u5f62\u72b6\u662f\u96d5\u50cf\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u56e0\uff1b<\/span><\/p>\n

\u2022 \u6548\u529b\u56e0<\/span>\uff08the efficient cause\uff09<\/span>\uff1a\u4f7f\u5f97\u4e8b\u7269\u201c\u53d8\u5316\u6216\u9759\u6b62\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u6765\u6e90\u201d\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u5de5\u5320\u3001\u94f8\u9020\u96d5\u50cf\u7684\u827a\u672f\u3001\u7ed9\u4e88\u96d5\u5851\u5851\u9020\u5efa\u8bae\u7684\u4eba\uff1b<\/span><\/p>\n

\u2022 \u76ee\u7684\u56e0<\/span>\uff08the final cause\uff09<\/span>\uff1a\u201c\u672b\u56e0\uff0c\u4e3a\u4f55\u800c\u4e3a\u201d\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u5065\u5eb7\u662f\u6563\u6b65\u3001\u51cf\u80a5\u3001\u6392\u6bd2\u3001\u670d\u836f\u548c\u624b\u672f\u7b49\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u56e0\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\u4e0a\u9762\u6700\u540e\u63d0\u53ca\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u56e0\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u76ee\u7684\u8bba\u89e3\u91ca<\/span>\uff08teleological explanation\uff09<\/span>\u2014\u2014\u4e00\u79cd\u5173\u4e8e\u76ee\u7684<\/span>\uff08telos or purpose\uff09<\/span>\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u8fd9\u91cc\u4e5f\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u53d1\u751f\u5faa\u73af\u56e0\u679c<\/span>\uff08circular causation\uff09<\/span>\u2014\u2014\u4e8b\u7269\u4e4b\u95f4\u76f8\u4e92\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u4e92\u4e3a\u56e0\u679c\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
\u7b14\u8005\u5efa\u8bae\u7ed9\u51fa\u4e0a\u8ff0\u56db\u79cd\u56e0\u679c\u7684\u73b0\u4ee3\u7248\u672c\uff0c\u5728\u5c42\u7ea7\u7ed3\u6784\u4e2d\u8ba8\u8bba\u56e0\u679c\u2014\u2014\u8f83\u4f4e\u5c42\u7ea7<\/span>\uff08\u7269\u7406\u7684\uff0cphysical\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u540c\u5c42\u7ea7<\/span>\uff08\u76f4\u63a5\u7684\uff0cimmediate\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u8f83\u9ad8\u5c42\u7ea7<\/span>\uff08\u73af\u5883\u7684\uff0ccontextual\uff09<\/span>\u4ee5\u53ca\u6700\u9ad8\u5c42\u7ea7<\/span>\uff08\u76ee\u6807\u5bfc\u5411\u7684\uff0cpurpose or Telos\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u65e0\u6cd5\u8bc6\u522b\u51fa\u6700\u4f4e\u5c42\u7ea7\u7684\u539f\u56e0\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u8fc4\u4eca\u4e3a\u6b62\u65e0\u4eba\u77e5\u9053\u6700\u4f4e\u5c42\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48<\/span>\uff08\u7c92\u5b50\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u7684\u7ec8\u6781\u7406\u8bba\u5c1a\u672a\u88ab\u53d1\u73b0\uff09<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
\n
\n
\u8bd1\u6ce8\uff1aTelos \u76ee\u7684\uff0c\u662f\u6307\u4e00\u79cd\u76ee\u6807\u5bfc\u5411\u7684\u7406\u8bba\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4e8b\u7269\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u610f\u4e49\u5728\u4e8e\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u6216\u7ed3\u5c40\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u7406\u8bba\u5f3a\u8c03\u4e86\u4e8b\u7269\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u65b9\u5411\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5b9e\u73b0\u67d0\u79cd\u7279\u5b9a\u76ee\u6807\u7684\u884c\u52a8\u548c\u9009\u62e9\u7684\u5fc5\u8981\u6027\u3002\u5728\u79d1\u5b66\u548c\u54f2\u5b66\u4e2d\uff0cTelos\u88ab\u5e7f\u6cdb\u5e94\u7528\u4e8e\u7406\u89e3\u81ea\u7136\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u73b0\u8c61\u3002\u5728\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u4e2d\uff0c\u751f\u7269\u4f53\u7684\u751f\u5b58\u548c\u7e41\u884d\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u5176\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u3002\u5728\u4f26\u7406\u5b66\u4e2d\uff0c\u9053\u5fb7\u89c4\u8303\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u5b9e\u73b0\u6700\u9ad8\u76ee\u7684\u7684\u624b\u6bb5\u3002<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/blockquote>\n

<\/section>\n

3.1. \u4f8b\u5b50\uff1a\u7269\u7406\u5b9e\u9a8c<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n
\u8981\u60f3\u6210\u529f\u5b8c\u6210\u4e00\u9879\u7269\u7406\u5b9e\u9a8c<\/span>\uff08\u5982\u5728\u5927\u578b\u7c92\u5b50\u5bf9\u649e\u673a\u4e2d\u89c2\u5bdf\u5230\u7c92\u5b50\u7684\u4ea7\u751f\uff09<\/span>\u9700\u8981\u4e0a\u8ff0\u6240\u6709\u4e0d\u540c\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u56e0\u679c\u53c2\u4e0e\u5176\u4e2d\u3002\u7c92\u5b50\u95f4\u7684\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\u4ea7\u751f\u4e86\u65b0\u7684\u7c92\u5b50\uff0c\u8fd9\u5373\u662f\u7269\u7406\u539f\u56e0\u3002\u800c\u76f4\u63a5\u539f\u56e0\u5219\u662f\u5728\u7279\u5b9a\u65f6\u95f4\uff0c\u5b9e\u9a8c\u8005\u6253\u5f00\u4e86\u52a0\u901f\u5668\u548c\u6d4b\u91cf\u8bbe\u5907\u3002\u7c92\u5b50\u5bf9\u649e\u673a\u7684\u8bbe\u8ba1\u548c\u5236\u9020\u4f7f\u5f97\u7c92\u5b50\u78b0\u649e\u5f97\u4ee5\u53d1\u751f\uff0c\u5b9e\u9a8c\u8005\u53ef\u4ee5\u89c2\u5bdf\u5230\u7ed3\u679c\uff0c\u8fd9\u6784\u6210\u4e86\u73af\u5883\u539f\u56e0\u3002\u800c\u76ee\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u5b9e\u9a8c\u8005\u60f3\u5728\u53cd\u5fb7\u897f\u7279\u7a7a\u95f4\/\u5171\u5f62\u573a\u8bba\u5bf9\u5076\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u80cc\u666f\u4e0b\u7406\u89e3\u7c92\u5b50\u78b0\u649e\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u4ed6\u4eec\u6e34\u671b\u83b7\u5f97\u8bfa\u8d1d\u5c14\u5956\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
\n
\n

\u8bd1\u6ce8\uff1a\u53cd\u5fb7\u897f\u7279\u7a7a\u95f4\/\u5171\u5f62\u573a\u8bba\u5bf9\u5076\u7406\u8bba\uff08AdS\/CFT\u5bf9\u5076\u7406\u8bba\uff09\uff1a\u5f26\u7406\u8bba\u3001\u9ed1\u6d1e\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u3001\u91cf\u5b50\u573a\u8bba\u7b49\u591a\u4e2a\u9886\u57df\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u7406\u8bba\u6846\u67b6\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u7406\u89e3\u5f26\u7406\u8bba\u548c\u91cf\u5b50\u91cd\u529b\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u9014\u5f84\u3002\u8be5\u7406\u8bba\u662f\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e24\u79cd\u7269\u7406\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u5173\u8054\u3002\u5bf9\u5076\u7684\u4e00\u8fb9\u662f\u53cd\u5fb7\u897f\u7279\u7a7a\u95f4\uff08AdS\uff09\uff0c\u8be5\u7a7a\u95f4\u4e3a\u7231\u56e0\u65af\u5766\u573a\u65b9\u7a0b\u7684\u6700\u5927\u5bf9\u79f0\u771f\u7a7a\u89e3\uff0c\u7528\u4e8e\u91cf\u5b50\u91cd\u529b\u7406\u8bba\uff0c\u7531\u5f26\u8bba\u548cM\u7406\u8bba\u8868\u793a\u3002\u5bf9\u5076\u7684\u53e6\u4e00\u8fb9\u662f\u5171\u5f62\u573a\u8bba\uff08CFT\uff09\uff0c\u91cf\u5b50\u573a\u8bba\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u4e0e\u63cf\u8ff0\u57fa\u672c\u7c92\u5b50\u7684\u6768-\u7c73\u5c14\u65af\u573a\u8bba\u76f8\u8fd1\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u7406\u8bba\u3002\u200d<\/span>\u200d<\/span><\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/blockquote>\n


<\/section>\n
\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u65e2\u53ef\u4ee5\u91c7\u7528\u81ea\u4e0a\u800c\u4e0b\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u89e3\u91ca\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u91c7\u7528\u81ea\u4e0b\u800c\u4e0a\u6216\u540c\u5c42\u89e3\u91ca\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u89e3\u91ca\u90fd\u540c\u65f6\u9002\u7528\u3002\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u4efb\u4f55\u4e00\u4e2a\u5177\u4f53\u60c5\u51b5 \uff0c\u90fd\u5b58\u5728\u4f17\u591a\u56e0\u679c\u56e0\u7d20\u5e76\u6784\u6210\u56e0\u679c\u7f51\u7edc\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u5728\u5177\u4f53\u60c5\u51b5\u4e2d\u53ef\u4ee5\u53d1\u73b0\u7684\u56e0\u7d20\uff0c\u4e5f\u5305\u62ec\u6574\u4e2a\u5386\u53f2\u3001\u7269\u7406\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u80cc\u666f\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u6ca1\u6709\u8fd9\u4e9b\u80cc\u666f\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4e8b\u4ef6\u5c31\u4e0d\u4f1a\u53d1\u751f<\/span>\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u7269\u7406\u5b9a\u5f8b\u4f9d\u7136\u4f5c\u7528\uff0c\u5730\u7403\u4f9d\u7136\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u4eec\u5f97\u4ee5\u7ee7\u7eed\u5b9e\u9a8c\uff0c\u8bbe\u8ba1\u53ef\u9760\u7684\u6d4b\u91cf\u4eea\u5668\u7b49\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u5728\u4eba\u4eec\u8fdb\u884c\u89e3\u91ca\u65f6\uff0c\u901a\u5e38\u5c06\u8fd9\u4e9b\u80cc\u666f\u89c6\u4f5c\u7406\u6240\u5f53\u7136\uff0c\u53ea\u5173\u6ce8\u5176\u4e2d\u4e00\u4e24\u4e2a\u5177\u4f53\u56e0\u7d20\uff0c\u4e5f\u8bb8\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u64cd\u7eb5\u8fd9\u4e00\u4e24\u4e2a\u56e0\u7d20\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u6539\u53d8\u7ed3\u679c\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u771f\u5b9e\u4e16\u754c\u4e2d\u56e0\u679c\u7684\u5173\u952e\u70b9\uff0c\u5728\u4e8e\u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u4efb\u4f55\u65f6\u5019\u90fd\u6709\u7740\u540c\u65f6\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u591a\u91cd\u56e0\u679c<\/span>\uff08multiple causality\uff09\uff08\u8de8\u5c42\u7ea7\u7684\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5728\u6bcf\u4e2a\u5c42\u7ea7\u5185\u7684\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u5982\u679c\u58f0\u79f0\u67d0\u4e2a\u5355\u4e00\u539f\u56e0\u5bf9\u5e94\u4e86\u552f\u4e00\u7684\u56e0\u679c\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u5b8c\u5168\u7684\u8bef\u5bfc\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u8fd9\u5ffd\u7565\u4e86\u771f\u5b9e\u56e0\u679c\u7f51\u7edc\u7684\u590d\u6742\u6027[56]\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
 <\/span><\/section>\n

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4. \u4eba\u7c7b\u7b26\u53f7\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u56e0\u679c\u6548\u5e94<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n

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<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/h3>\n
 <\/span><\/section>\n
\u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf\u67d0\u4e9b\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u6d8c\u73b0\u662f\u57fa\u4e8e\u5176\u5185\u5728\u7684\u6027\u8d28\u548c\u903b\u8f91\uff0c\u800c\u5176\u4ed6\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u6d8c\u73b0\u5219\u6e90\u81ea\u5916\u90e8\u73af\u5883\u5bf9\u4e8e\u4eba\u7c7b\u7b26\u53f7\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u5851\u9020\u3002\u6b64\u5904\u5173\u952e\u5728\u4e8e\uff0c\u7531\u6b64\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u8f83\u9ad8\u5c42\u7ea7\u56e0\u679c\u5b9e\u4f53\u5e76\u4e0d\u5177\u6709\u7269\u7406\u6027\u8d28\uff0c\u4e0d\u53ef\u5f52\u7ea6\u4e3a\u7269\u7406\u5b9e\u4f53\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u4ece\u7269\u7406\u5b9e\u4f53\u4e2d\u6d8c\u73b0\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83\u4eec\u5374\u6709\u56e0\u679c\u529b\u3002\u5b83\u4eec\u4ea7\u751f\u4e8e\u6211\u4eec\u5468\u56f4\u7684\u4e16\u754c\uff0c\u53cd\u6620\u4e86\u73b0\u5b9e\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u65b9\u5f0f\uff1b\u56e0\u6b64\u5b83\u4eec\u8d77\u6e90\u4e8e\u5916\u90e8\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u771f\u5b9e\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u8be5\u5b58\u5728\u72ec\u7acb\u4e8e\u4e2a\u4f53\u601d\u7ef4\u3002\u5b83\u4eec\u4e0d\u7531\u8f83\u4f4e\u5c42\u7ea7\u7684\u53d8\u91cf\u7c97\u7c92\u5316\u800c\u6765\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u7531\u4eba\u7c7b\u601d\u7ef4\u53d1\u73b0\u5e76\u7406\u89e3\u7684\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u7b26\u53f7\u7cfb\u7edf\u5c42\u9762\u7684\u81ea\u4e0a\u800c\u4e0b\u56e0\u679c\uff0c\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u57fa\u4e8e\u667a\u80fd\u7684\u81ea\u4e0a\u800c\u4e0b\u56e0\u679c<\/span>\uff08\u540e\u7b80\u79f0TDC5\uff09<\/span>\u5b9e\u73b0\u7684\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n


<\/h3>\n

4.1. \u4f8b\u5b50\uff1a\u6570\u5b66\u7406\u89e3\u4e0e\u8fd0\u7528<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n
\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4f8b\u5b50\u5c06\u4e3a\u6211\u4eec\u5448\u73b0\u4e00\u4e2a\u81ea\u4e0a\u800c\u4e0b\u7684\u56e0\u679c\uff0c\u5b83\u4ece\u6570\u5b66\u62bd\u8c61\u4e16\u754c\u5230\u57fa\u4e8e\u795e\u7ecf\u5143\u8fde\u63a5\u7684\u4eba\u7c7b\u601d\u7ef4\uff0c\u518d\u5230\u73b0\u5b9e\u4e16\u754c\u3002\u5728\u73b0\u5b9e\u4e16\u754c\u4e2d\uff0c\u6570\u5b66\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u7eb8\u4e0a\u4ee5\u67d0\u79cd\u6a21\u5f0f\u5448\u73b0\u51fa\u6765\uff0c\u662f\u5de5\u7a0b\u4e0e\u8ba1\u5212\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u3002\u6570\u5b66\u7684\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u5185\u5bb9\u90fd\u662f\u88ab\u53d1\u73b0\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u88ab\u53d1\u660e\u7684\u2014\u2014\u6709\u7406\u6570\u3001\u96f6\u3001\u65e0\u7406\u6570\u3001\u66fc\u5fb7\u535a\u96c6\u5408<\/span>\uff08Mandelbrot set\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u90fd\u662f\u7ecf\u5178\u4f8b\u5b50\u3002\u4f46\u5b83\u4eec\u5e76\u975e\u901a\u8fc7\u7269\u7406\u5b9e\u9a8c\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u6570\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u5f97\u51fa\u3002\u5b83\u4eec\u5177\u6709\u62bd\u8c61\u800c\u975e\u5177\u4f53\u5316\u7684\u7279\u5f81\uff0c\u540c\u4e00\u4e2a\u62bd\u8c61\u7684\u6570\u91cf\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u8bb8\u591a\u7b26\u53f7\u548c\u7269\u7406\u65b9\u5f0f\u8868\u793a\u548c\u5177\u8c61\u5316\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8868\u793a\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f62\u6210\u4e00\u4e2a\u7b49\u4ef7\u7c7b\u3002\u57fa\u672c\u7684\u6570\u5b66\u771f\u7406\u72ec\u7acb\u4e8e\u4eba\u7c7b\u548c\u6587\u5316\u800c\u5b58\u5728[57, 58]<\/span>\uff08\u6ce8\u91ca2\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u4e0d\u96be\u60f3\u8c61\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u4ed9\u5973\u5ea7\u661f\u7cfb\u7684\u667a\u80fd\u751f\u547d\u4f53\u4e5f\u62e5\u6709\u8db3\u591f\u5148\u8fdb\u7684\u6570\u5b66\u7406\u89e3\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u4fbf\u4f1a\u50cf\u6211\u4eec\u4e00\u6837\u53d1\u73b0\u8fd9\u4e9b\u540c\u6837\u7684\u6570\u5b66\u7279\u5f81<\/span>\uff08\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6570\u5b66\u7279\u5f81\u6709\u671b\u6210\u4e3a\u661f\u9645\u901a\u4fe1\u7684\u57fa\u7840\uff09<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7279\u5f81\u7531\u4eba\u7c7b\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c\u5e76\u901a\u8fc7\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u6570\u5b66\u7406\u8bba\u8fdb\u884c\u8868\u5f81\uff1b\u8fd9\u79cd\u8868\u5f81\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u6587\u5316\u5efa\u6784\uff0c\u4f46\u5176\u6240\u8868\u5f81\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u6570\u5b66\u7279\u5f81\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u2014\u2014\u4e0e\u7269\u7406\u5b9a\u5f8b\u7c7b\u4f3c\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u4e5f\u5e38\u5728\u65e0\u610f\u4e2d\u88ab\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c\u5982\u65e0\u7406\u6570\u221a2\u548c\u03c0\u7684\u53d1\u73b0\u3002\u6570\u5b66\u771f\u7406\u901a\u8fc7\u4eba\u7c7b\u601d\u7ef4\u800c\u5177\u6709\u4e86\u56e0\u679c\u6548\u5e94\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u5c06\u66fc\u5fb7\u535a\u96c6\u5408\u7684\u56fe\u50cf\u5370\u5237\u5728\u4e66\u4e2d\u2014\u2014\u6570\u5b66\u771f\u7406\u5bfc\u81f4\u4e86\u58a8\u6c34\u5728\u9875\u9762\u4e0a\u7684\u7269\u7406\u5177\u8c61\u5316\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

4.2. \u4f8b\u5b50\uff1a\u7269\u7406\u5b9a\u5f8b<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n
\u9ea6\u514b\u65af\u97e6\u7535\u78c1\u7406\u8bba<\/span>\uff08Maxwell’s theory of electromagnetism\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u62bd\u8c61\u5b9e\u4f53\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u9ea6\u514b\u65af\u97e6\u65b9\u7a0b\u63cf\u8ff0\uff0c\u8be6\u89c1[60]\uff09<\/span>\u5e26\u6765\u4e86\u65e0\u7ebf\u7535\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u624d\u6709\u4e86\u624b\u673a\u3001\u7535\u89c6\u7b49\u4f7f\u7528\u7531\u539f\u5b50\u548c\u7535\u5b50\u7ec4\u6210\u7684\u7269\u7406\u6750\u6599\u5236\u6210\u7684\u8bbe\u5907\u3002\u9ea6\u514b\u65af\u97e6\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u4e0d\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u7269\u7406\u5b9e\u4f53\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u662f\u4eba\u7c7b\u5927\u8111\u72b6\u6001\u3002\u5b83\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u8bb8\u591a\u65b9\u5f0f\u8fdb\u884c\u8868\u5f81\uff0c\u5982\u5728\u9ed1\u677f\u4e0a\u3001\u5370\u5237\u54c1\u4e0a\u3001\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u5c4f\u5e55\u4e0a\uff0c\u6216\u53e3\u5934\u8868\u8ff0\uff0c\u5b83\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u5f88\u591a\u5f62\u5f0f\u8fdb\u884c\u8868\u5f81\uff0c\u5982\u7528\u4e09\u7ef4\u5411\u91cf\u6216\u56db\u7ef4\u5f20\u91cf\u8fdb\u884c\u8868\u793a\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u8868\u5f81\u5f62\u5f0f\u5f62\u6210\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u7b49\u4ef7\u7c7b\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u4eec\u90fd\u8868\u793a\u7740\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\uff0c\u4e5f\u4f1a\u5e26\u6765\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u3002\u5982\u4f55\u901a\u8fc7\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7406\u8bba\u8bf4\u660e\u81ea\u4e0a\u800c\u4e0b\u7684\u56e0\u679c\u5462\uff1f\u57fa\u4e8e\u9ea6\u514b\u65af\u97e6\u7406\u8bba\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u8bbe\u8ba1\u4e86\u624b\u673a\uff0c\u5236\u9020\u5e76\u4f7f\u7528\u5b83\u3002\u53ef\u4ee5\u770b\u5230\uff0c\u62bd\u8c61\u7684\u7269\u7406\u7406\u8bba\u6539\u53d8\u4e86\u73b0\u5b9e\u4e16\u754c\u4e2d\u7684\u7269\u7406\u914d\u7f6e\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5177\u6709\u56e0\u679c\u6548\u5e94\u3002\u8be5\u7406\u8bba\u4e5f\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e0d\u53ef\u5f52\u7ea6\u7684\u8f83\u9ad8\u5c42\u7ea7\u5b9e\u4f53<\/span>\uff08\u5b83\u4e0d\u80fd\u901a\u8fc7\u4efb\u4f55\u8f83\u4f4e\u5c42\u7ea7\u53d8\u91cf\u7684\u7c97\u7c92\u5316\u5f97\u51fa\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u5b83\u4ee3\u8868\u4e86\u7269\u7406\u73b0\u5b9e\u7684\u672c\u8d28\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u662f\u73b0\u5b9e\u4e16\u754c\u4e2d\u7269\u8d28\u884c\u4e3a\u65b9\u5f0f\u7684\u7269\u7406\u5b9a\u5f8b\u8868\u8fbe\uff0c\u800c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5b9a\u5f8b\u662f\u6c38\u6052\u548c\u666e\u904d\u5b58\u5728\u7684<\/span>\uff08\u7269\u7406\u5728\u5b87\u5b99\u4e2d\u7684\u4efb\u4f55\u5730\u65b9\u90fd\u662f\u76f8\u540c\u7684\uff09<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
\u7269\u7406\u5b9a\u5f8b\u7684\u56e0\u679c\u529b\u6765\u81ea\u4e8e\u5b83\u5bf9\u771f\u5b9e\u4e16\u754c\u8fd0\u4f5c\u673a\u7406\u7684\u7cbe\u786e\u63cf\u8ff0\u80fd\u529b\uff1a\u5b83\u88ab\u8bc1\u660e\u662f\u5bf9\u7269\u7406\u73b0\u5b9e\u7684\u826f\u597d\u8868\u5f81<\/span>\uff08\u5373\u7269\u8d28\u884c\u4e3a\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u81f4\u6027\u89c4\u5f8b\uff0c\u6784\u6210\u4e86\u7269\u7406\u5b87\u5b99\u4e2d\u6240\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u73b0\u8c61\u7684\u57fa\u7840\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u7269\u7406\u4e16\u754c\u4e2d\u7684\u56e0\u679c\u89c4\u5f8b\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u8fd9\u79cd\u65b9\u5f0f\u8868\u5f81\u4e3a\u4e00\u7ec4\u62bd\u8c61\u6a21\u5f0f\uff0c\u5e26\u6765\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u5177\u6709\u56e0\u679c\u6548\u5e94\u7684\u601d\u7ef4\u5c42\u7ea7\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u3002\u7269\u8d28\u884c\u4e3a\u4e2d\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u89c4\u5f8b\u662f\u8fd9\u79cd\u56e0\u679c\u6548\u529b\u7684\u6839\u6e90\uff0c\u72ec\u7acb\u4e8e\u4efb\u4f55\u4eba\u7c7b\u7406\u89e3\u6216\u610f\u8bc6\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7TDC5\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u5176\u62e5\u6709\u4e86\u5bf9\u4e8e\u7269\u7406\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u56e0\u679c\u529b\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u901a\u8fc7\u652f\u6301\u5de5\u7a0b\u5b9e\u8df5<\/span>\uff08\u4ee5\u53ca\u652f\u914d\u7269\u8d28\u884c\u4e3a\uff09<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
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\u8bd1\u6ce8\uff1a\u7269\u8d28\u884c\u4e3a behaviour of matter\uff0c\u6307\u7684\u662f\u53d7\u7269\u7406\u5b9a\u5f8b\u89c4\u5f8b\u652f\u914d\u7684\u7269\u8d28\u8fd0\u52a8\u3001\u80fd\u91cf\u548c\u7ed3\u6784\u7b49\u53ef\u89c2\u6d4b\u7279\u6027\u548c\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\u3002\u8fd9\u5305\u62ec\u4e2a\u4f53\u7c92\u5b50\u548c\u66f4\u5927\u7684\u7269\u8d28\u7cfb\u7edf\uff08\u5982\u5206\u5b50\u3001\u6d41\u4f53\u548c\u56fa\u4f53\uff09\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u3002<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/blockquote>\n

 <\/span><\/p>\n

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<\/svg><\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n
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5. \u5e95\u5c42\u7684\u7a7a\u95f4<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n

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<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/h3>\n
 <\/span><\/section>\n

\u81ea\u4e0a\u800c\u4e0b\u7684\u56e0\u679c\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u56e0\u679c\u677e\u5f1b\u800c\u5f97\u4ee5\u81ea\u7531\u53d1\u751f\u7684\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u56e0\u679c\u677e\u5f1b\u662f\u5728\u54ea\u91cc\u53d1\u751f\u7684\uff1f\u5982\u679c\u5e95\u5c42\u7684\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u662f\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\u7684\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u786e\u5b9a\u8f83\u4f4e\u5c42\u7ea7\u7684\u4e00\u5207\u7269\u7406\u7ed3\u679c\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u8f83\u9ad8\u5c42\u7ea7\u56e0\u679c\u6548\u5e94\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u53d1\u751f\u7684\uff1f\u8fd9\u91cc\u6709\u4e09\u4e2a\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u5173\u952e\u70b9\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\u9996\u5148\uff0c\u5f53\u5177\u4f53\u8003\u8651\u67d0\u4e2a\u7269\u7406\u6216\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u7cfb\u7edf\u65f6\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u8981\u77e5\u9053\u5176\u8f83\u9ad8\u5c42\u7ea7\u529f\u80fd\u6709\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u4f9d\u8d56\u4e8e\u7cfb\u7edf\u7ed3\u6784\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u4e2d\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u8fde\u63a5\u7ec4\u5408<\/span>\uff08\u672c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e0d\u540c\uff09<\/span>\u7ea6\u675f\u4e86\u8f83\u4f4e\u5c42\u7ea7\u7684\u52a8\u4f5c\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u5f15\u5bfc\u4e86\u5176\u529f\u80fd\u3002\u4f46\u6211\u4eec\u4e5f\u9700\u6ce8\u610f\uff0c\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u8fb9\u754c\u6761\u4ef6\u53ca\u5f00\u653e\u6027\u4e5f\u5728\u5f71\u54cd\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u7684\u529f\u80fd\u2014\u2014\u65b0\u4fe1\u606f\u53ef\u4ee5\u8de8\u8d8a\u8fb9\u754c\u8fdb\u5165\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u5e76\u5bf9\u7cfb\u7edf\u5c40\u90e8\u9020\u6210\u5f71\u54cd\u2014\u2014\u5b83\u4eec\u5f71\u54cd\u4e86\u8f83\u4f4e\u5c42\u7ea7\u7684\u5404\u7ec4\u6210\u90e8\u5206\u6240\u5904\u7684\u73af\u5883\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u5f71\u54cd\u4e86\u8f83\u4f4e\u5c42\u7ea7\u52a8\u4f5c\u7684\u7ed3\u679c<\/span>\uff08\u53ef\u4ee5\u53c2\u8003Denis Noble\u7684\u6587\u7ae0\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4f8b\u5b50[14]\uff09<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
\u5176\u6b21\uff0c\u81ea\u4e0a\u800c\u4e0b\u7684\u56e0\u679c\u5173\u7cfb\u53ef\u4ee5\u6539\u53d8\u8f83\u4f4e\u5c42\u7ea7\u5143\u7d20\u7684\u7279\u6027\u3002\u8f83\u4f4e\u5c42\u7ea7\u5143\u7d20\u5e76\u975e\u59cb\u7ec8\u9075\u5faa\u56fa\u5b9a\u7684\u7269\u7406\u5b9a\u5f8b\u5e76\u4e00\u6210\u4e0d\u53d8\uff0c\u5176\u7279\u6027\u662f\u4f1a\u88ab\u5176\u6240\u5904\u7684\u73af\u5883\u6240\u6539\u53d8\u7684\u3002\u901a\u5e38\uff0c\u8fd9\u7c7b\u6539\u53d8\u4f7f\u5f97\u8f83\u4f4e\u5c42\u7ea7\u5143\u7d20\u4ee5\u7279\u5b9a\u65b9\u5f0f\u8fd0\u4f5c\uff0c\u5e76\u5b9e\u73b0\u8f83\u9ad8\u5c42\u7ea7\u7684\u610f\u56fe\uff1a\u8fd9\u4e5f\u662f\u81ea\u9002\u5e94\u9009\u62e9\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5fae\u89c2\u56e0\u679c\u7684\u7279\u6027\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u81ea\u4e0a\u800c\u4e0b\u7684\u56e0\u679c\u6240\u6539\u53d8\uff0c\u8fd9\u6df1\u523b\u5730\u6539\u53d8\u4e86\u5bf9\u4e8b\u7269\u5982\u4f55\u8fd0\u4f5c\u7684\u673a\u68b0\u4e3b\u4e49\u89c2\u70b9\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

5.1. \u4f8b\u5b50\uff1a\u7ec6\u80de\u5206\u5316<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n
\u5728\u751f\u7269\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u7ec6\u80de\u4e0d\u65ad\u5206\u5316\u4ee5\u5b9e\u73b0\u5404\u5f0f\u5404\u6837\u7684\u5177\u4f53\u529f\u80fd\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8fc7\u7a0b\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u662f\u7ec6\u80de\u81ea\u9002\u5e94\u5730\u6539\u53d8\u4e86\u5b83\u4eec\u76f8\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5176\u4ed6\u7ec6\u80de\u800c\u8a00\u7684\u6027\u8d28[28]\u3002\u7ec6\u80de\u5206\u5316\u6210\u4e3a\u795e\u7ecf\u5143\uff0c\u4ee5\u9002\u5e94\u5176\u5728\u5927\u8111\u4e2d\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\uff0c\u5206\u5316\u4e3a\u808c\u8089\u7ec6\u80de\uff0c\u4ee5\u9002\u5e94\u5176\u5728\u5fc3\u810f\u4e2d\u7684\u89d2\u8272\u3002\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u7ec6\u80de\u5404\u81ea\u53d1\u5c55\u3001\u5206\u5316\uff0c\u4ee5\u9002\u5e94\u5b83\u4eec\u5728\u8eab\u4f53\u4e2d\u88ab\u5206\u914d\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u89d2\u8272\uff0c\u5e76\u4e3a\u4e86\u5b8c\u6210\u5fc5\u8981\u7684\u529f\u80fd\u8fdb\u884c\u5fae\u8c03<\/span>\uff08fine-tuned\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u521b\u9020\u51fa\u8eab\u4f53\u548c\u5176\u751f\u7269\u5f62\u6001\u3002\u5176\u4e2d\u4e00\u79cd\u7279\u6b8a\u60c5\u51b5\uff0c\u662f\u611f\u89c9\u795e\u7ecf\u5143<\/span>\uff08sensory neurons\uff09<\/span>[36]\u53ef\u4ee5\u4ece\u591a\u80fd\u5e72\u7ec6\u80de<\/span>\uff08pluripotent cells\uff09<\/span>\u5206\u5316\u800c\u6765\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
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\u8bd1\u6ce8\uff1a\u591a\u80fd\u5e72\u7ec6\u80de Pluripotent cells\uff0c\u662f\u6307\u4e00\u79cd\u80fd\u591f\u5206\u5316\u4e3a\u8eab\u4f53\u4e2d\u4efb\u4f55\u7c7b\u578b\u7ec6\u80de\u7684\u7ec6\u80de\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u80da\u80ce\u5e72\u7ec6\u80de\u548c\u8bf1\u5bfc\u591a\u80fd\u5e72\u7ec6\u80de\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7ec6\u80de\u80fd\u5206\u5316\u4e3a\u591a\u79cd\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u7ec6\u80de\u7c7b\u578b\uff0c\u5982\u795e\u7ecf\u7ec6\u80de\u3001\u808c\u8089\u7ec6\u80de\u3001\u5fc3\u810f\u7ec6\u80de\u7b49\u3002<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/blockquote>\n


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5.2. \u4f8b\u5b50\uff1a\u793e\u4f1a\u4e2d\u7684\u4e2a\u4f53<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n
\u5728\u4e2a\u4f53\u4e0e\u5176\u4ed6\u4eba\u4e0d\u65ad\u4e92\u52a8\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e2a\u4f53\u7684\u601d\u7ef4\u4e0e\u5927\u8111\u90fd\u5728\u4e0d\u65ad\u53d1\u5c55[61]\u3002\u4e2a\u4f53\u88ab\u793e\u4f1a\u6240\u5851\u9020\uff0c\u4ee5\u4fbf\u9002\u5e94\u793e\u4f1a\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5b66\u4e60\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u7684\u8bed\u8a00\uff0c\u7406\u89e3\u793e\u4f1a\u4e2d\u5404\u5f0f\u5404\u6837\u7684\u89d2\u8272\u4ee5\u53ca\u793e\u4f1a\u671f\u671b[51]\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u4ece\u793e\u4f1a\u5230\u4e2a\u4f53\u7684\u81ea\u4e0a\u800c\u4e0b\u56e0\u679c\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bf4\u662f\u4ece\u793e\u4f1a\u5230\u4e2a\u4f53\u5927\u8111\u4e2d\u7684\u7a81\u89e6\u8fde\u63a5\u7684\u56e0\u679c\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5728\u4e2a\u4f53\u878d\u5165\u5176\u6240\u5904\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u5927\u8111\u4e5f\u88ab\u8c03\u6574\u4ece\u800c\u80fd\u591f\u9002\u5e94\u793e\u4f1a[62]\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
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\u8bd1\u6ce8\uff1a\u7a81\u89e6\u8fde\u63a5 synaptic connections\uff0c\u7a81\u89e6\uff08synapse\uff09\u662f\u795e\u7ecf\u5143\u4e4b\u95f4\u4f20\u9012\u4fe1\u606f\u7684\u8fde\u63a5\u70b9\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u5316\u5b66\u548c\u7535\u4fe1\u53f7\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u5c06\u4fe1\u606f\u4ece\u4e00\u4e2a\u795e\u7ecf\u5143\u4f20\u9012\u5230\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u795e\u7ecf\u5143\u3002\u7a81\u89e6\u7684\u8fde\u63a5\u548c\u5f3a\u5ea6\u53ef\u4ee5\u6839\u636e\u5b66\u4e60\u548c\u8bb0\u5fc6\u7b49\u7ecf\u9a8c\u56e0\u7d20\u800c\u53d1\u751f\u53d8\u5316\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u7a81\u89e6\u8fde\u63a5\u7684\u6539\u53d8\u4e5f\u662f\u795e\u7ecf\u7cfb\u7edf\u9002\u5e94\u5916\u90e8\u73af\u5883\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u673a\u5236\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/blockquote>\n


<\/section>\n
\u7b2c\u4e09\uff0c\u81ea\u4e0a\u800c\u4e0b\u7684\u56e0\u679c\u6240\u9700\u8981\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u5ea6\uff0c\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u4e5f\u6765\u81ea\u4e8e\u5fae\u89c2\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u6027<\/span>\uff08micro-indeterminism\uff0c\u5fae\u89c2\u7269\u7406\u6548\u5e94\u7684\u968f\u673a\u7ed3\u679c\uff09<\/span>\u53ca\u81ea\u9002\u5e94\u9009\u62e9\u2014\u2014\u5fae\u89c2\u5c42\u9762\u7684\u968f\u673a\u7ed3\u679c\u8ba9\u5b8f\u89c2\u5c42\u9762\u7684\u53d8\u5f02\u6210\u4e3a\u53ef\u80fd\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u5bfc\u81f4\u4e86\u57fa\u4e8e\u5b8f\u89c2\u5c42\u9762\u7684\u5c5e\u6027\u548c\u610f\u4e49\u5bf9\u5fae\u89c2\u5c42\u9762\u7684\u9009\u62e9\u3002\u7edf\u8ba1\u4e0a\u7684\u53d8\u5f02\u548c\u91cf\u5b50\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\u5e26\u6765\u4e86\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u53ef\u4f9b\u81ea\u9002\u5e94\u9009\u62e9\u7684\u53d8\u5f02\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7cfb\u7edf\u4f1a\u6839\u636e\u5728\u6574\u4e2a\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u8f83\u9ad8\u5c42\u7ea7\u7279\u6027\uff0c\u800c\u53d1\u751f\u81ea\u9002\u5e94\u9009\u62e9\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
\u8981\u60f3\u4ece\u5fae\u89c2\u6ce2\u52a8\u4e2d\u83b7\u5f97\u5b8f\u89c2\u53d8\u5316\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u4e00\u4e2a\u653e\u5927\u673a\u5236<\/span>\uff08amplifying mechanisms\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u4e00\u4e9b\u7269\u7406\u7cfb\u7edf\u53ef\u4ee5\u5c06\u91cf\u5b50\u6548\u5e94\u653e\u5927\u5230\u5b8f\u89c2\u5c3a\u5ea6\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u5149\u7535\u500d\u589e\u7ba1<\/span>\uff08photomultipliers\uff09<\/span>\u548c\u4eba\u773c\uff1b\u5728\u7ecf\u5178\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u6df7\u6c8c\u7cfb\u7edf<\/span>\uff08chaotic systems\uff09<\/span>\u53ef\u4ee5\u5c06\u521d\u59cb\u6570\u636e\u4e2d\u7684\u5fae\u5c0f\u6ce2\u52a8\u653e\u5927\uff1bThom\u7a81\u53d8\u7406\u8bba<\/span>\uff08Thom’s catastrophe theory\uff09<\/span>\u4e5f\u4f1a\u5927\u5e45\u653e\u5927\u67d0\u4e9b\u6355\u6349\u5230\u7684\u5fae\u5c0f\u53d8\u5316\u3002\u8fd9\u5176\u4e2d\u4e00\u4e9b\u5206\u5b50\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u7a81\u53d8\u5206\u5b50\u7684\u590d\u5236\uff0c\u4f1a\u5145\u5f53\u653e\u5927\u5668\uff0c\u4e8e\u662f\u751a\u81f3\u91cf\u5b50\u6548\u5e94\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u6539\u53d8\u8fdb\u5316\u7ed3\u679c[63]\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u91cf\u5b50\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\uff0c\u5728\u6df1\u5c42\u6b21\u4e0a\uff0c\u5b87\u5b99\u662f\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u8f83\u9ad8\u5c42\u7ea7\u4ee5\u56e0\u679c\u677e\u5f1b\u83b7\u5f97\u81ea\u7531\uff0c\u6323\u8131\u8f83\u4f4e\u5c42\u7ea7\u7684\u7edd\u5bf9\u7edf\u6cbb\uff0c\u800c\u8fd9\u6700\u7ec8\u5f71\u54cd\u4e86\u751f\u7269\u8fc7\u7a0b[64, 65]\u3002\u4f46\u8be5\u8fc7\u7a0b\u672c\u8eab\u4e0d\u4f1a\u5e26\u6765\u8f83\u9ad8\u5c42\u7ea7\u79e9\u5e8f\uff0c\u8f83\u9ad8\u5c42\u7ea7\u79e9\u5e8f\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u81ea\u9002\u5e94\u9009\u62e9\u5b9e\u73b0\u7684\u3002\u81ea\u9002\u5e94\u9009\u62e9\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4f5c\u7528\u4e8e\u8f83\u4f4e\u5c42\u7ea7\u53d8\u91cf\u7684\u7b49\u4ef7\u7c7b\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u8f83\u9ad8\u5c42\u7ea7\u7684\u9009\u62e9\u539f\u5219\uff0c\u4ea7\u751f\u76f8\u5e94\u7684\u7ed3\u679c<\/span>\uff08\u53c2\u7167Jaeger\u7684\u6587\u7ae0[27]\uff09<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
\u800c\u6b63\u56e0\u4e3a\u5e95\u5c42\u968f\u673a\u6027\u7684\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u8fd9\u7c7b\u81ea\u4e0a\u800c\u4e0b\u7684\u56e0\u679c\u62e5\u6709\u4e86\u5145\u8db3\u7684\u56e0\u679c\u677e\u5f1b\uff0c\u4f7f\u5f97\u5176\u80fd\u591f\u5728\u4e0d\u8fdd\u80cc\u7269\u7406\u56e0\u679c\u7684\u524d\u63d0\u4e0b\u53d1\u751f\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u751f\u7269\u53d1\u80b2\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4f7f\u5f97\u5206\u5b50\u6c34\u5e73\u7684\u53d8\u5f02\u88ab\u653e\u5927\u5230\u7cfb\u7edf\u7ea7\u522b\u7684\u53d8\u5316\u3002\u800c\u6709\u8bf8\u591a\u8bc1\u636e\u8868\u660e\u6b64\u7c7b\u968f\u673a\u8fc7\u7a0b\u771f\u5b9e\u5730\u53d1\u751f\u5728\u8f83\u4f4e\u5c42\u7ea7[66-68]\u3002\u6b63\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b8f\u89c2\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u548c\u5fae\u89c2\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u5de8\u5927\u5dee\u5f02\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5fae\u89c2\u5c42\u7ea7\u7ec4\u6210\u5143\u7d20\u7684\u5de8\u5927\u89c4\u6a21<\/span>\uff08\u7ec6\u80de\u4e2d\u7684\u539f\u5b50\u3001\u4eba\u4f53\u4e2d\u7684\u7ec6\u80de\u7b49\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u673a\u5236\u624d\u5f97\u4ee5\u53d1\u751f\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u771f\u6b63\u590d\u6742\u6027\u7684\u6d8c\u73b0\u79bb\u4e0d\u5f00\u7269\u7406\u73b0\u5b9e\u4e2d\u5b9e\u4f53\u7684\u5e9e\u5927\u6570\u91cf\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

5.3. \u6279\u5224\u548c\u56de\u5e94<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n
\u9488\u5bf9\u524d\u6587\u63d0\u5230\u7684\u98de\u673a\u98de\u884c\u7684\u539f\u56e0\uff0cTim O’Connor<\/span>\uff082011\u5e74\uff0c\u4e2a\u4eba\u901a\u4fe1\uff09<\/span>\u53d1\u8868\u4e86\u4ee5\u4e0b\u8bc4\u8bba\uff1a\u8bf7\u6ce8\u610f\uff0c\u8f83\u9ad8\u5c42\u7ea7\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\u6d89\u53ca\u5230<\/span>\uff08\u6709\u610f\u56fe\u7684\uff09<\/span>\u72b6\u6001\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u72b6\u6001\u5728\u98de\u673a\u8d77\u98de\u4e4b\u524d\u5f88\u4e45\u5c31\u5b58\u5728\u4e86\u3002\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u89e3\u91ca\u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u6210\u7acb\uff0c\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u5c06\u8981\u89e3\u91ca\u7684\u4e8b\u4ef6\uff0c\u7f6e\u4e8e\u4e00\u4e2a\u66f4\u5927\u7684\u65f6\u7a7a\u80cc\u666f\u4e4b\u4e2d\u3002\u4e8e\u662f\u8fd8\u539f\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u53cd\u9a73\u8fd9\u4e00\u89e3\u91ca\uff1a\u5982\u679c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u610f\u56fe\u72b6\u6001\u672c\u8eab\uff0c\u5b8c\u5168\u7531\u66f4\u57fa\u7840\u7684\u7269\u7406\u4e8b\u5b9e\u51b3\u5b9a\uff0c\u90a3\u7406\u8bba\u4e0a\u6211\u4eec\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u83b7\u5f97\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b8c\u5168\u7684\u7269\u7406<\/span>\uff08\u81ea\u4e0b\u800c\u4e0a\u7684\uff09<\/span>\u89e3\u91ca\uff0c\u6db5\u76d6\u4f60\u6307\u51fa\u7684\u66f4\u5927\u80cc\u666f\u4e2d\u6240\u6709\u7684\u5177\u4f53\u8fc7\u7a0b\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u89e3\u91ca\u5c06\u4f1a\u4e0e\u8f83\u9ad8\u5c42\u7ea7\u7684\u610f\u56fe\u5b8c\u5168\u65e0\u5173\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u4f1a\u627e\u5230\u4e00\u4e9b\u57fa\u7840\u4e8b\u5b9e\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4e8b\u5b9e\u8db3\u4ee5\u89e3\u91ca\u4e3a\u4f55\u4f1a\u6709\u4e00\u79cd\u8f83\u9ad8\u5c42\u7ea7\u610f\u56fe\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\u4e0e\u4e4b\u5e76\u5b58\u3002\u5728\u6700\u5e7f\u7684\u8303\u56f4\u5185<\/span>\uff08\u6574\u4e2a\u5b87\u5b99\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u57fa\u672c\u7269\u7406\u4e8b\u5b9e\u548c\u76f4\u63a5\u7edf\u6cbb\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u89c4\u5f8b\uff0c\u4e0d\u5bf9\u79f0\u5730\u51b3\u5b9a\u4e86\u8f83\u9ad8\u5c42\u7ea7\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u548c\u5b83\u4eec\u6240\u80fd\u63d0\u4f9b\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\u5f62\u5f0f\u3002\u4e0d\u8fc7\uff0c\u81f3\u5c11\u76ee\u524d\u4e3a\u6b62\uff0c\u672c\u6587\u9648\u8ff0\u7684\u4efb\u4f55\u89c2\u70b9\u90fd\u4e0d\u4e0e\u8fd9\u4e00\u4e3b\u5f20\u76f8\u51b2\u7a81\u3002\u5982\u679c\u8fd9\u662f\u6b63\u786e\u7684\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u4e8b\u7269\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u5b8c\u5168\u53d7\u8fd9\u4e00\u89c4\u5f8b\u652f\u914d\u5462\uff1f<\/span><\/section>\n
\u7b14\u8005\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u662f\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4e3b\u5f20\u80cc\u540e\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u5047\u8bbe\u2014\u2014\u5b87\u5b99\u80cc\u540e\u4e00\u4e2a\u66f4\u5927\u7684\u65f6\u7a7a\u80cc\u666f\u8bbe\u7f6e\u4e86\u4e00\u7ec4\u521d\u59cb\u6570\u636e\uff0c\u8fd9\u7ec4\u521d\u59cb\u6570\u636e\u53ef\u4ee5\u5b8c\u5168\u51b3\u5b9a\u5f53\u524d\u7684\u72b6\u6001\uff0c\u5e76\u89e3\u91ca\u4e86\u5f53\u524d\u7684\u6240\u6709\u8f83\u4f4e\u5c42\u7ea7\u548c\u8f83\u9ad8\u5c42\u7ea7\u3002\u6211\u7684\u56de\u7b54\u5305\u62ec\u4e86\u4e24\u4e2a\u65b9\u9762\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
\u9996\u5148\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u91cf\u5b50\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\u7684\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u662f\u5728\u539f\u5219\u4e0a\uff0c\u4e5f\u65e0\u6cd5\u7528\u5b87\u5b99\u5b66\u521d\u671f\u6570\u636e\u6765\u89e3\u91ca\u5f53\u524d\u7684\u7ec6\u8282\u60c5\u51b5\uff1a\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u91cf\u5b50\u6da8\u843d\u53ef\u4ee5\u6539\u53d8\u52a8\u7269\u7684\u9057\u4f20\u57fa\u56e0[63]\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u5f71\u54cd\u5730\u7403\u4e0a\u7684\u8fdb\u5316\u53f2\u3002\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\uff0c\u65e9\u5728\u8fdc\u53e4\u65f6\u671f\u5c31\u53d1\u751f\u8fc7\u8fd9\u7c7b\u4e8b\u60c5\uff0c\u5b87\u5b99\u5c04\u7ebf<\/span>\uff08\u5176\u53d1\u5c04\u8fc7\u7a0b\u53d7\u91cf\u5b50\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\u5f71\u54cd\uff09<\/span>\u5f15\u8d77\u4e86\u57fa\u56e0\u635f\u4f24[69]\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u751f\u547d\u5728\u5730\u7403\u4e0a\u7684\u5177\u4f53\u8fdb\u5316\u7ed3\u679c<\/span>\uff08\u6050\u9f99\u3001\u957f\u9888\u9e7f\u548c\u4eba\u7c7b\u7b49\uff09<\/span>\u5c31\u7b97\u662f\u4ece\u539f\u7406\u4e0a\u4e5f\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u88ab\u5b87\u5b99\u65e9\u671f\u7684\u521d\u59cb\u6761\u4ef6\uff0c\u6216\u5730\u7403\u751f\u547d\u8d77\u59cb\u671f\u95f4\u7684\u5177\u4f53\u6570\u636e\u6240\u5b8c\u5168\u786e\u5b9a\u3002\u91cf\u5b50\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\u5bfc\u81f4\u4e86\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\u7684\u53d1\u751f\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5728\u8fdb\u5316\u53f2\u4e2d\u5b83\u5e26\u6765\u7684\u8f90\u5c04\u8bf1\u5bfc\u7a81\u53d8\u4ea7\u751f\u4e86\u91cd\u8981\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u8fd9\u4f1a\u5e26\u6765\u4ec0\u4e48\u7ed3\u679c\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u5728\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u5149\u91cf\u5b50\u53d1\u5c04\u51fa\u6765\u7684\u90a3\u4e00\u523b\u624d\u4f1a\u63ed\u6653\u2014\u2014\u5b83\u4eec\u539f\u672c\u9887\u5177\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\u7684\u8def\u5f84\u88ab\u4e00\u4e2a\u6210\u4e3a\u4e86\u5386\u53f2\u7684\u8f90\u5c04\u4e8b\u4ef6\u6240\u66ff\u4ee3\uff0c\u539f\u5148\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u7684\u4e00\u5207\u6210\u4e3a\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u5149\u5b50\u7684\u53d1\u5c04\u65f6\u95f4\u548c\u8f68\u8ff9\uff0c\u539f\u5148\u57fa\u4e8e\u4efb\u4f55\u539f\u7406\u90fd\u65e0\u6cd5\u88ab\u9884\u6d4b\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u5f97\u4ee5\u786e\u5b9a\u2014\u2014\u5728\u67d0\u4e2a\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u548c\u5730\u70b9\uff0c\u67d0\u4e2a\u7ec6\u80de\u4e2d\u7684\u67d0\u4e2a\u57fa\u56e0\u906d\u5230\u4e86\u7834\u574f\u3002\u82e5\u6211\u4eec\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u90fd\u65e0\u6cd5\u4ece\u90a3\u4e9b\u6240\u8c13\u7684\u521d\u59cb\u6570\u636e\u552f\u4e00\u5730\u51b3\u5b9a\uff0c\u90a3\u4efb\u4f55\u601d\u7ef4\u548c\u610f\u56fe\u4e5f\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u5982\u6b64\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
\u7b2c\u4e8c\u70b9\u662f\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u6211\u4eec\u5ffd\u89c6\u4e0a\u8ff0<\/span>\uff08\u7b2c\u4e00\u70b9\uff09<\/span>\u8c08\u53ca\u7684\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\uff0c\u90a3\u6211\u4eec\u9762\u5bf9\u7684\u5c31\u662f\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u79cd\u89c2\u70b9\u2014\u2014\u7279\u62c9\u6cd5\u52a0\u6d77\u6218<\/span>\uff08the battle of Trafalgar\uff09<\/span>\u3001\u8fbe\u82ac\u5947\u7684\u300a\u8499\u5a1c\u4e3d\u838e\u300b\u3001\u7231\u56e0\u65af\u5766\u53d1\u73b0\u5e7f\u4e49\u76f8\u5bf9\u8bba\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5c06\u6765\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\u65e9\u5c31\u88ab\u5199\u5165\u4e86\u65e9\u671f\u7684\u5b87\u5b99\u80cc\u666f\u8f90\u5c04\u7684\u6da8\u843d\u4e2d\uff0c\u800c\u6211\u4eec\u73b0\u5728\u6b63\u5728\u901a\u8fc7\u5a01\u5c14\u91d1\u68ee\u5fae\u6ce2\u5404\u5411\u5f02\u6027\u63a2\u6d4b\u5668<\/span>\uff08the Wilkinson microwave anisotropy probe satellite\uff09<\/span>\u89c2\u6d4b\u8fd9\u4e00\u6ce2\u52a8\u3002\u8fd9\u663e\u7136\u8352\u8c2c\u3002\u4e0a\u8ff0\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4e8b\u4ef6\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u552f\u4e00\u89e3\u91ca\uff0c\u662f\u5177\u6709\u5176\u5185\u5728\u903b\u8f91\u7684\u771f\u6b63\u8f83\u9ad8\u5c42\u7ea7\u56e0\u679c\u529b\u7684\u4f53\u73b0\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u56e0\u679c\u529b\u6700\u7ec8\u5e26\u6765\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e00\u5207\u975e\u51e1\u7684\u7ed3\u679c<\/span>\uff08\u8fd8\u5305\u62ec\u7535\u5b50\u548c\u8d28\u5b50\u53d7\u8f83\u9ad8\u5c42\u7ea7\u7684\u56e0\u679c\u6548\u5e94\u5f71\u54cd\u800c\u5728\u5927\u8111\u4e2d\u79fb\u52a8\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u4ec5\u7531\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u6240\u51b3\u5b9a\u7684\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
\u6700\u540e\uff0cO’Connor<\/span>\uff082011\uff0c\u4e2a\u4eba\u901a\u4fe1\uff09<\/span>\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u867d\u7136\u6211\u4eec\u5fc5\u987b\u627f\u8ba4\uff0c\u7ec6\u80de\u5206\u5316\u4e2d\u7684\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u81ea\u4e0a\u800c\u4e0b\u7684\u56e0\u679c\u5df2\u7ecf\u8868\u660e\u4e86\u5b58\u5728\u4e00\u4e9b\u975e\u57fa\u672c\u5c42\u7ea7\u7684\u56e0\u679c\uff0c\u4e14\u5176\u89e3\u91ca\u5e76\u975e\u4e0e\u4e0a\u8ff0\u7684\u5c42\u7ea7\u65e0\u5173\uff0c\u8fd8\u539f\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u8fd8\u662f\u4f1a\u8bf4\uff0c\u4e0d\u7ba1\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\u7269\u7406\u4e8b\u5b9e\u548c\u7269\u7406\u5b9a\u5f8b\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u6700\u7ec8\u90fd\u4e0e\u5b9e\u73b0\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u9ad8\u5c42\u7ea7\u5b9e\u4f53\u65e0\u5173\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u6839\u636e\u76ee\u524d\u6700\u597d\u7684\u201c\u4e07\u7269\u7406\u8bba\u201d<\/span>\uff08theory of everything\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u5373M\u7406\u8bba\uff0c\u73b0\u6709\u7684\u4e00\u5207\u7c92\u5b50\u548c\u529b\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u7531\u57fa\u672c\u5b9a\u5f8b\u552f\u4e00\u786e\u5b9a\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u6765\u81ea\u4e8e\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u5f26\u771f\u7a7a\u6001<\/span>\uff08string vacuum state\uff09<\/span>[70]\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u4e00\u80cc\u666f\u4e0b\uff0c\u7eaf\u7cb9\u7684\u81ea\u4e0b\u800c\u4e0a\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\u5c31\u4e0d\u8d77\u4f5c\u7528\u4e86\u2014\u2014\u7269\u7406\u6709\u6548\u5b9a\u5f8b\u7684\u672c\u8d28\u53d7\u73af\u5883\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u6839\u636eSusskind\u7684\u8bf4\u6cd5[71]\uff0c\u591a\u5143\u5b87\u5b99\u4e2d\u5b58\u5728\u667a\u80fd\u751f\u547d\u4f53\uff0c\u8fd9\u89e3\u91ca\u4e86\u4e3a\u4f55\u6211\u4eec\u89c2\u6d4b\u5230\u4e86\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u7269\u7406\u7406\u8bba\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u522b\u7684\u2014\u2014\u8fd9\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u5728\u591a\u5143\u5b87\u5b99\u4e2d\u4f5c\u4e3a\u89c2\u5bdf\u8005\u800c\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u9009\u62e9\u6548\u5e94\u3002\u8fd9\u786e\u5b9e\u662f\u5bf9\u6240\u6709\u7269\u7406\u56e0\u679c\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u4e0d\u53ef\u53d8\u7269\u7406\u5b9a\u5f8b\u8fd9\u4e00\u65e7\u60f3\u6cd5\u7684\u6fc0\u8fdb\u4fee\u8ba2\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
Purves\u7b49\u4eba\u7684\u8bba\u6587[72]\u4ee5\u53caSimon Saunders\u7684\u8bc4\u8bba<\/span>\uff08S. Saunders 2011\uff0c\u4e2a\u4eba\u901a\u4fe1\uff09<\/span>\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u6700\u7ec8\u8fd8\u662f\u5f97\u627f\u8ba4\uff0c\u65e0\u8bba\u53d1\u751f\u4ec0\u4e48\u73af\u5883\u6548\u5e94\uff0c\u5b9e\u8d28\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u4ecd\u7136\u662f\u5728\u5fae\u89c2\u5c42\u9762\u53d1\u751f\u3002\u7684\u786e\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u6b63\u5982\u6211\u4eec\u521a\u624d\u6240\u89e3\u91ca\u7684\uff0c\u5c31\u7b97\u662f\u5c06\u8fd9\u4e9b\u884c\u52a8\u7f6e\u4e8e\u5b8c\u6574\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u80cc\u666f\u4e4b\u4e0b\uff0c\u884c\u52a8\u672c\u8eab\u4f9d\u7136\u65e0\u6cd5\u51b3\u5b9a\u7ed3\u679c\u3002\u6211\u76f8\u4fe1\u4e0a\u8ff0\u5bf9O’Connor\u7684\u56de\u5e94\u4ee5\u53ca\u672c\u6587\u4e2d\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u89c2\u70b9\u8db3\u4ee5\u56de\u5e94\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8bc4\u8bba\u2014\u2014\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5b9e\u8d28\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u662f\u5728\u8f83\u4f4e\u5c42\u7ea7\u8fdb\u884c\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u8f83\u9ad8\u5c42\u7ea7\u51b3\u5b9a\u4e86\u8981\u505a\u4ec0\u4e48\u3002\u540c\u65f6\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u7406\u89e3\u6700\u4f4e\u5c42\u7ea7\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u8f83\u9ad8\u5c42\u7ea7\u505a\u51fa\u9884\u6d4b\u2014\u2014\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u751a\u81f3\u4e0d\u77e5\u9053\u6700\u4f4e\u5c42\u7ea7\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
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6. \u5f71\u54cd<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n

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 <\/span><\/section>\n
\u7406\u89e3\u81ea\u4e0a\u800c\u4e0b\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u5bf9\u793e\u4f1a\u6709\u91cd\u8981\u610f\u4e49\u3002\u4e0b\u9762\u5c06\u4ecb\u7ecd\u4e24\u4e2a\u573a\u666f\uff1a\u533b\u7597\u4fdd\u5065\u53ca\u6559\u80b2\u2014\u2014\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u8bed\u8a00\u6559\u5b66\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u573a\u666f\u4e2d\u90fd\u6709\u7740\u5173\u4e8e\u662f\u81ea\u4e0a\u800c\u4e0b\u8fd8\u662f\u81ea\u4e0b\u800c\u4e0a\u7684\u6301\u7eed\u4e89\u8bba\uff0c\u800c\u8fd9\u4e00\u4e89\u8bba\u5bf9\u4e8e\u793e\u4f1a\u798f\u5229\u6709\u7740\u91cd\u8981\u5f71\u54cd\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

6.1. \u5065\u5eb7\uff1a\u8eab\u4f53\u7684\u798f\u7949<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n
\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\uff0c\u5173\u4e8e\u75be\u75c5\u4ee5\u53ca\u5982\u4f55\u6cbb\u7597\u75be\u75c5\uff0c\u81ea\u4e0b\u800c\u4e0a\u89c2\u70b9<\/span>\uff08\u8fd8\u539f\u4e3b\u4e49 reductionist\uff09<\/span>\u548c\u81ea\u4e0a\u800c\u4e0b\u89c2\u70b9<\/span>\uff08\u6574\u4f53\u4e3b\u4e49 holistic\uff09<\/span>\u5b58\u5728\u7740\u6839\u672c\u7ade\u4e89\uff0c\u89c2\u70b9\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u4f1a\u5e26\u6765\u6cbb\u7597\u6a21\u5f0f\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u3002\u81ea\u4e0b\u800c\u4e0a\u89c2\u70b9\u5f3a\u8c03\u4e86\u5fae\u89c2\u7cfb\u7edf\u5bf9\u5065\u5eb7\u7684\u51b3\u5b9a\u6027\u4f5c\u7528\uff0c\u800c\u81ea\u4e0a\u800c\u4e0b\u89c2\u70b9\u5219\u5f3a\u8c03\u5fc3\u7406\u8c03\u8282\u53ef\u4ee5\u5982\u4f55\u5f71\u54cd\u8eab\u4f53\u5065\u5eb7\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
\u81ea\u4e0b\u800c\u4e0a\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u91cd\u70b9\u5173\u6ce8\u5fae\u89c2\u7cfb\u7edf\u5bf9\u5065\u5eb7\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e5f\u5bfc\u81f4\u5bf9\u836f\u7269\u548c\u624b\u672f\u7684\u4fe1\u4efb\uff1b\u5f3a\u8c03\u6cbb\u7597\u6574\u4f53\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u662f\u6cbb\u597d\u5404\u4e2a\u90e8\u5206\u3002\u800c\u81ea\u4e0a\u800c\u4e0b\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u5219\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5fc3\u6001\u5bf9\u8eab\u4f53\u5065\u5eb7\u8d77\u7740\u91cd\u8981\u4f5c\u7528\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5c06\u5fc3\u7406\u8c03\u8282\u8003\u8651\u8fdb\u6765\u3002\u8fd9\u7c7b\u81ea\u4e0a\u800c\u4e0b\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u6709\u8bb8\u591a\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u4e00\u4e2a\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\uff1a\u8bb8\u591a\u514d\u75ab\u5206\u5b50\u4e5f\u5177\u6709\u8c03\u8282\u795e\u7ecf\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u5927\u8111\u4e0e\u514d\u75ab\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u5fc3\u7406\u72b6\u6001\u5f71\u54cd\u5065\u5eb7[73]\uff0c\u800c\u8fd9\u6b63\u662f\u5fc3\u7406\u5f71\u54cd\u5065\u5eb7\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u65b9\u5f0f[74]\u3002\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u6574\u4f53\u5fc3\u6001\u5bf9\u8eab\u4f53\u5065\u5eb7\u81f3\u5173\u91cd\u8981\u3002\u518d\u6bd4\u5982\u5a74\u513f\u7684\u751f\u5b58\u4f9d\u8d56\u4e8e\u8eab\u8fb9\u5173\u7231\u5a74\u513f\u7684\u5927\u4eba\u7684\u5b58\u5728\uff1b\u5982\u679c\u6b64\u7c7b\u5173\u7231\u88ab\u5265\u593a\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5c06\u4f1a\u9047\u5230\u4e2a\u4f53\u53d1\u80b2\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u7684\u60c5\u7eea\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u8425\u517b\u4e0d\u826f[75]\u3002\u5728\u6781\u7aef\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u6240\u6709\u8eab\u4f53\u9700\u6c42\u90fd\u5f97\u5230\u4e86\u6ee1\u8db3\uff0c\u4f46\u5982\u679c\u6ca1\u6709\u5f97\u5230\u4e2a\u4f53\u5173\u6ce8\u548c\u5173\u7231\uff0c\u5a74\u513f\u4e5f\u53ef\u80fd\u9010\u6e10\u6d88\u7626\u751a\u81f3\u6700\u7ec8\u6b7b\u4ea1\u3002\u5f53\u4eca\u7684\u6cbb\u7597\u8303\u5f0f\u5e94\u5f53\u5c06\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4e5f\u7eb3\u5165\u8003\u8651<\/span>\uff08\u6ce8\u91ca3\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u53e6\u5916\uff0c\u4e5f\u6709\u7814\u7a76\u8868\u660e\u513f\u7ae5\u5728\u5fc3\u810f\u624b\u672f\u540e\u7684\u751f\u5b58\u7387\uff0c\u53d7\u5230\u4ed6\u4eec\u662f\u5426\u6709\u52a8\u7269\u4f34\u4fa3\u7684\u5f71\u54cd[76]\u3002\u5728\u5bb6\u5ead\u73af\u5883\u4e2d\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u751f\u5b58\u7387\u5219\u4e0e\u5bb6\u5ead\u6c9f\u901a\u6a21\u5f0f\u6709\u5173[77]\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
\u81f3\u4e8e\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u5fc3\u7406\u5065\u5eb7\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u5173\u4e8e\u5982\u4f55\u6cbb\u7597\u5fc3\u7406\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u8303\u5f0f\u5b58\u5728\u7ade\u4e89\uff0c\u4ee3\u8868\u8303\u5f0f\u5305\u62ec\u795e\u7ecf\u5b66\u3001\u7cbe\u795e\u75c5\u5b66\u3001\u4e34\u5e8a\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u3001\u5fc3\u7406\u7597\u6cd5\u548c\u8ba4\u77e5\u884c\u4e3a\u7597\u6cd5\u3002\u795e\u7ecf\u5b66\u7597\u6cd5\u57fa\u672c\u662f\u81ea\u4e0b\u800c\u4e0a\u7684\uff0c\u6700\u540e\u4e09\u8005\u662f\u81ea\u4e0a\u800c\u4e0b\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u7cbe\u795e\u75c5\u5b66\u7597\u6cd5\u5219\u4ecb\u4e8e\u4e2d\u95f4\u3002\u4e5f\u8bb8\u5728\u4e0d\u540c\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u67d0\u79cd\u7597\u6cd5\u4f1a\u66f4\u52a0\u5408\u9002\u3002\u800c\u5173\u952e\u6311\u6218\u6b63\u662f\u53bb\u627e\u5230\u7279\u5b9a\u60c5\u51b5\u4e2d\uff0c\u4f55\u79cd\u81ea\u4e0b\u800c\u4e0a\u4e0e\u81ea\u4e0a\u800c\u4e0b\u7684\u7ec4\u5408\u53ef\u4ee5\u5e26\u6765\u6700\u597d\u7684\u7ed3\u679c[78]\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

6.2. \u6559\u80b2\uff1a\u9605\u8bfb\u4e0e\u5199\u4f5c\u7684\u4e60\u5f97<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n
\u6559\u80b2\u4e2d\u4e5f\u6709\u5bc6\u5207\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u5173\u4e8e\u9605\u8bfb\u4e0e\u5199\u4f5c\u7684\u6559\u4e0e\u5b66\u4fbf\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u6781\u597d\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\u3002\u5728\u81ea\u4e0b\u800c\u4e0a\u7684\u6559\u5b66\u65b9\u6cd5<\/span>\uff08\u4ece\u90e8\u5206\u5230\u6574\u4f53\uff09<\/span>\u4e2d\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u5148\u5173\u6ce8\u8bed\u8a00\u7684\u8be6\u7ec6\u6280\u672f\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u8bed\u97f3\u548c\u4e66\u5199\uff0c\u800c\u540e\u518d\u8003\u8651\u8bed\u8a00\u7684\u529f\u80fd\u4ee5\u53ca\u5176\u4ea4\u6d41\u4f5c\u7528\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u65b9\u6cd5\u5047\u8bbe\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u90e8\u5206\u5c31\u50cf\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u201c\u79ef\u6728\u201d<\/span>\uff08building block\uff09<\/span>\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u6700\u540e\u4f1a\u7ec4\u6210\u4e00\u4e2a\u6709\u610f\u4e49\u7684\u6574\u4f53\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u65b9\u6cd5\u4e2d\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u6211\u4eec\u4e3e\u4e00\u4e2a\u6781\u7aef\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\uff0c\u5b69\u5b50\u4eec\u9996\u5148\u8131\u79bb\u60c5\u5883\u5730\u7ec3\u4e60\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u8bc6\u522b\u548c\u53d1\u97f3\u8bb8\u591a\u5b57\u6bcd-\u97f3\u7d20\u7ec4\u5408\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982ma\u3001me\u3001mi\u3001ma\u3001mu\uff0c\u800c\u540e\u662f\u5b66\u4e60\u89c4\u5219\u5355\u8bcd\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u662f\u4e00\u4e9b\u65e0\u610f\u4e49\u5355\u8bcd\uff0c\u5982tok\uff0czat\uff0cfot\u3002\u5b69\u5b50\u4eec\u53ea\u6709\u5b8c\u6210\u4e86\u8fd9\u7c7b\u4f3c\u7684\u53d7\u9650\u5236\u7684\u6587\u672c\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u624d\u6709\u673a\u4f1a\u63a5\u89e6\u6709\u610f\u4e49\u7684\u6587\u672c\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u8bed\u8a00\u7684\u673a\u5236\u5148\u72ec\u7acb\u4e8e\u8bed\u8a00\u7684\u672c\u8d28\u76ee\u7684\u6765\u8fdb\u884c\u6559\u5b66\uff0c\u800c\u8bed\u8a00\u7684\u672c\u8d28\u76ee\u7684\uff0c\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u521b\u9020\u548c\u4f20\u8fbe\u610f\u4e49\u3002\u81f3\u5173\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u65b9\u6cd5\u4e2d\uff0c\u5bf9\u513f\u7ae5\u8fdb\u884c\u7684\u6d4b\u8bd5\u8981\u6c42\u8bc6\u522b\u65e0\u610f\u4e49\u7684\u5355\u8bcd\uff0c\u800c\u5ffd\u7565\u4e86\u8bed\u8a00\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u529f\u80fd\u3002Dehaene\u5728\u4ed6\u7684\u4e66\u4e2d\u660e\u786e\u6307\u51fa\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9<\/span>\uff08[79]\uff0c\u7b2c200\u9875\uff09<\/span>\uff1a<\/span><\/section>\n
\n
\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u9636\u6bb5\uff0c\u513f\u7ae5\u7684\u5927\u8111\u8bd5\u56fe\u5c06\u5355\u8bcd\u7684\u5927\u81f4\u5f62\u72b6\u76f4\u63a5\u4e0e\u5176\u610f\u4e49\u8fdb\u884c\u5339\u914d\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u5173\u6ce8\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u5b57\u6bcd\u53ca\u53d1\u97f3\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u865a\u5047\u7684\u9605\u8bfb\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n<\/blockquote>\n
\u4f46\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\uff0c\u4ed6\u9519\u8bef\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e86\u9605\u8bfb\uff0c\u4e5f\u56e0\u6b64\u8bef\u89e3\u4e86\u6574\u4e2a\u5b66\u4e60\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff01\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\u4ed6\u5e0c\u671b\u90e8\u5206\u8d77\u4f5c\u7528\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u6574\u4f53\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u5c06\u6d41\u5229\u9605\u8bfb\u8005\u7684\u7ec8\u6781\u76ee\u6807\u3001\u5e74\u5e7c\u5b66\u4e60\u8005\u7684\u5b66\u4e60\u65b9\u5f0f\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e3a\u865a\u5047\u7684\u9605\u8bfb\u3002\u4ed6\u6240\u53cd\u5bf9\u7684\uff0c\u5374\u6070\u6070\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u6240\u5e0c\u671b\u5b69\u5b50\u4eec\u5b66\u4e60\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\uff1a\u4ece\u6574\u4f53\u8fdb\u884c\u9605\u8bfb\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u4ece\u90e8\u5206\u3002\u800c\u5728\u5404\u7c7b\u9605\u8bfb\u9879\u76ee\u4e2d\u7684\u6d4b\u8bd5\u4e0e\u8fd9\u6bb5\u5f15\u6587\u6240\u63cf\u8ff0\u7684\u4e00\u6837\u2014\u2014\u5f53\u4eba\u4eec\u4f9d\u7167\u60ef\u5e38\u65b9\u5f0f\u8fdb\u884c\u9605\u8bfb\u65f6\uff0c\u53cd\u800c\u4f1a\u53d7\u5230\u60e9\u7f5a\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
\u53cd\u8fc7\u6765\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u91c7\u7528\u81ea\u4e0a\u800c\u4e0b\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u5148\u5411\u5b69\u5b50\u4eec\u4ecb\u7ecd\u7b26\u53f7\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f20\u9012\u610f\u4e49\uff0c\u5e76\u5411\u4ed6\u4eec\u5c55\u793a\u8fd9\u5728\u751f\u6d3b\u4e2d\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u5b9e\u73b0\u7684\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u8ba9\u4ed6\u4eec\u6c89\u6d78\u5728\u9605\u8bfb\u6587\u5316\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e0e\u6b64\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u9f13\u52b1\u4ed6\u4eec\u901a\u8fc7\u8bd5\u9a8c\u548c\u9010\u6b65\u903c\u8fd1<\/span>\uff08successive approximation\uff09<\/span>\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u6765\u5b66\u4e60\u521d\u7ea7\u7b26\u53f7\u7684\u6b63\u5f0f\u7ea6\u5b9a\u7528\u6cd5\uff0c\u968f\u7740\u65f6\u95f4\u7684\u63a8\u79fb\u9010\u6e10\u8f6c\u5411\u66f4\u52a0\u60ef\u5e38\u7684\u7b26\u53f7\u7528\u6cd5\u3002\u5982\u6b64\u4e00\u6765\uff0c\u9605\u8bfb\u548c\u5199\u4f5c\u80fd\u529b\u4f1a\u50cf\u5a74\u513f\u5b66\u4e60\u53e3\u8bed\u90a3\u6837\uff0c\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u6709\u53cd\u9988\u7684\u8bd5\u9519\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u4e0d\u65ad\u63d0\u5347\uff0c\u800c\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u6211\u4eec\u4f1a\u59cb\u7ec8\u5173\u6ce8\u8bed\u8a00\u7684\u672c\u8d28\u2014\u2014\u8bed\u8a00\u662f\u4f20\u8fbe\u610f\u4e49\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f[80-82]\u3002Bloch[83]\u4ee5\u513f\u7ae5\u5199\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4f8b\u5b8c\u7f8e\u8bf4\u660e\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8fc7\u7a0b\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u6574\u4f53\u6027\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u4e0e\u610f\u4e49\u662f\u6559\u5b66\u8fc7\u7a0b\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u4e3b\u9898\uff0c\u800c\u8bed\u6cd5\u3001\u53e5\u6cd5\u7b49\u5404\u79cd\u7ec4\u6210\u90e8\u5206\u4e4b\u7c7b\u7684\u7ec6\u8282\u662f\u5728\u6574\u4f53\u7684\u80cc\u666f\u4e0b\u53bb\u89e3\u51b3\u7684\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u5c06\u9605\u8bfb\u89c6\u4f5c\u4e00\u4e2a\u5fc3\u7406\u8bed\u8a00\u5b66<\/span>\uff08psycholinguistic\uff09<\/span>\u8fc7\u7a0b\u7684\u7406\u89e3\uff0c\u5e26\u6765\u4e86\u4e00\u79cd\u9605\u8bfb\u548c\u5199\u4f5c\u6559\u5b66\u4e2d\u7684\u6574\u4f53\u8bed\u8a00\u65b9\u6cd5<\/span>\uff08whole language approach\uff09<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u573a\u5728\u6559\u80b2\u9886\u57df\u5177\u6709\u91cd\u5927\u5b9e\u8df5\u610f\u4e49\u7684\u6301\u7eed\u7684\u5173\u952e\u4e89\u8bba\u3002\u4ee5\u638c\u63e1\u97f3\u7d20\u4f5c\u4e3a\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b65\u7684\u81ea\u4e0b\u800c\u4e0a\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u88abAdams [84]\u548cDehaene [79]\u7b49\u4eba\u5927\u529b\u652f\u6301\u3002\u800c\u6301\u6709\u6574\u4f53\u89c2\u70b9\u8005[85]\u5219\u5f3a\u70c8\u652f\u6301\u81ea\u4e0a\u800c\u4e0b\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u8ba4\u4e3a\u513f\u7ae5\u672c\u80fd\u5730\u8981\u7406\u89e3\u590d\u6742\u7684\u4e16\u754c\uff0c\u4ee5\u770b\u4f3c\u6742\u4e71\u65e0\u7ae0\u7684\u5b66\u4e60\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff0c\u5229\u7528\u4ed6\u4eec\u6240\u6709\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u548c\u4f18\u52bf\uff0c\u6574\u5408\u4ed6\u4eec\u81ea\u4e0b\u800c\u4e0a\u548c\u81ea\u4e0a\u800c\u4e0b\u7684\u7406\u89e3\uff0c\u4ee5\u4fbf\u5145\u5206\u7406\u89e3\u8fd9\u79cd\u590d\u6742\u6027\u3002\u5176\u5b9e\u8fd9\u4e5f\u662f\u5b66\u5f92\u5236<\/span>\uff08apprenticeships\uff09<\/span>\u7684\u672c\u8d28\uff0c\u662f\u5728\u8d44\u6e90\u5145\u8db3\u3001\u6709\u8bfb\u5199\u6587\u5316\u7684\u5bb6\u5ead\u4e2d\u6210\u957f\u7684\u5b69\u5b50\u6240\u7ecf\u5386\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u2014\u2014\u6839\u636eCambourne\u7684\u63cf\u8ff0[86]\uff0c\u5728\u5bb6\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u81ea\u7136\u5b66\u4e60<\/span>\uff08natural learning\uff09<\/span>\u5176\u6761\u4ef6\u662f\u5408\u9002\u7684\uff0c\u5b69\u5b50\u4eec\u6bcf\u5929\u6c89\u6d78\u5728\u6545\u4e8b\u9605\u8bfb\u3001\u4f7f\u7528\u5199\u4f5c\u8bed\u8a00\u73a9\u800d\u7684\u73af\u5883\u4e2d\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u5b66\u4e60\u8fc7\u7a0b\u5c31\u50cf\u662f\u6e17\u900f\u4f5c\u7528\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u4f1a\u5b66\u5230\u8bb8\u591a\u5728\u5c0f\u5b66\u521d\u5e74\u7ea7\u88ab\u5ffd\u7565\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u201c\u5370\u5237\u6982\u5ff5<\/span>\uff08concepts of print\uff09<\/span>\u201d\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u4e00\u4e9b\u5bb6\u5ead\u65e0\u6cd5\u7ed9\u5b69\u5b50\u63d0\u4f9b\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u5b66\u4e60\u7ecf\u5386\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u8bb8\u591a\u975e\u6d32\u5730\u533a\u7684\u5bb6\u5ead[87]\uff0c\u4e8e\u662f\u5f53\u6700\u521d\u63a5\u89e6\u5230\u5173\u6ce8\u6280\u672f\u7ec6\u8282\u7684\u9605\u8bfb\u65f6\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5f80\u5f80\u4f1a\u624b\u8db3\u65e0\u63aa\u3002\u8bb8\u591a\u4eba\u5f80\u5f80\u5bf9\u4ed6\u4eec\u770b\u4f5c\u6beb\u65e0\u610f\u4e49\u7684\u6d3b\u52a8\u5931\u53bb\u5174\u8da3\uff0c\u8fd9\u5bfc\u81f4\u4ed6\u4eec\u9605\u8bfb\u80fd\u529b\u8f83\u5dee\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
\u8fd9\u4e0e\u4e00\u4e2a\u66f4\u5927\u7684\u8bdd\u9898\u5bc6\u5207\u5173\u8054\uff1a\u5927\u8111\u5982\u4f55\u81ea\u4e0a\u800c\u4e0b\u5730\u8fd0\u4f5c\u3002\u5927\u8111\u7684\u7cbe\u5999\u6784\u9020\u6b63\u662f\u7528\u4e8e\u641c\u7d22\u542b\u4e49[61]\u548c\u9884\u6d4b\u53ef\u80fd\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5[37]\u7684\u3002\u8fd9\u5728\u89c6\u89c9\u4e0a\u5c24\u4e3a\u660e\u663e\u2014\u2014\u89c6\u89c9\u4e0d\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u6307\u4ece\u773c\u775b\u4f20\u5165\u6570\u636e\uff0c\u7531\u5927\u8111\u89e3\u91ca\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6570\u636e\u3002\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u5927\u8111\u5728\u4e0d\u65ad\u5730\u9884\u6d4b\u4ec0\u4e48\u662f\u5e94\u8be5\u51fa\u73b0\u7684\uff0c\u5e76\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5b83\u6bcf\u6b21\u53ef\u4ee5\u83b7\u5f97\u5e76\u5206\u6790\u7684\u6709\u9650\u7684\u6570\u636e\u8fdb\u884c\u586b\u8865\uff0c\u5b9e\u73b0\u5b83\u6240\u671f\u671b\u770b\u5230\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u3002\u8fd9\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u5173\u4e8e\u89c6\u89c9\u9519\u89c9\u7684\u5206\u6790[38, 88]\u6765\u8bc1\u660e\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u8fd9\u91cc\u4e5f\u53d1\u751f\u4e86\u81ea\u4e0a\u800c\u4e0b\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\u8fc7\u7a0b\u2014\u2014\u57fa\u4e8e\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u9884\u671f\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u795e\u7ecf\u5143\u8fde\u63a5\u52a0\u4ee5\u4fc3\u8fdb\uff0c\u6700\u7ec8\u8c03\u8282\u548c\u5851\u9020\u4e86\u6211\u4eec\u5b9e\u9645\u770b\u5230\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u3002\u7c7b\u4f3c\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e5f\u53d1\u751f\u5728\u542c\u97f3\u4e50\u65f6\u2014\u2014\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u671f\u671b\u662f\u97f3\u4e50\u4f53\u9a8c\u7684\u5173\u952e\u7279\u5f81[89, 90]\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
\u8fd9\u4e5f\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u9605\u8bfb\u6587\u672c\u7684\u5173\u952e\u2014\u2014\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u9605\u8bfb\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e2a\u97f3\u7d20\uff0c\u5c06\u5b83\u4eec\u7ec4\u88c5\u6210\u5355\u8bcd\uff0c\u518d\u5c06\u5b83\u4eec\u7ec4\u88c5\u6210\u77ed\u8bed\u7b49\u6765\u9605\u8bfb\u3002\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u773c\u775b\u4f1a\u7565\u8fc7\u5355\u8bcd\uff0c\u4e00\u6b21\u8bfb\u53d6\u6574\u4e2a\u77ed\u8bed\u5e76\u586b\u8865\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u672a\u5b9e\u9645\u9605\u8bfb\u7684\u90e8\u5206\u3002\u8fd9\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u9519\u8bfb\u5206\u6790\u548c\u773c\u52a8\u7814\u7a76[91-93]\u6765\u8bc1\u660e\u3002\u6bd4\u5982\uff0c\u60a8\u53ef\u4ee5\u505a\u4e00\u4e2a\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u7ec3\u4e60\uff0c\u4eb2\u8eab\u4f53\u9a8c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8fc7\u7a0b\u3002\u8bf7\u9605\u8bfb\u4e00\u4e24\u6b21\u4e0b\u9762\u7684\u53e5\u5b50\uff0c\u5e76\u5728\u9605\u8bfb\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u8ba1\u7b97\u201cF\u201d\u51fa\u73b0\u7684\u6b21\u6570\uff1a<\/span><\/section>\n
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FINAL FOLIOS SEEM TO RESULT FROM YEARS OF DUTIFUL STUDY OF TEXTS ALONG WITH YEARS OF SCIENTIFIC EXPERIENCE<\/span><\/section>\n<\/blockquote>\n
\u8fd9\u4e2a\u53e5\u5b50\u4e2d\u5b57\u6bcdF\u51fa\u73b0\u4e86\u51e0\u6b21\uff1f5\u6b21\uff1f6\u6b21\uff1f7\u6b21\uff1f\u7b54\u6848\u5c06\u5728\u7b2c7\u7ae0\u7ed3\u8bba\u90e8\u5206\u7684\u6700\u540e\u63ed\u6653\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
\u6211\u4eec\u9605\u8bfb\u6a21\u7cca\u6587\u672c\u7684\u80fd\u529b\uff0c\u6e90\u4e8e\u4ece\u8bed\u5883\u6211\u4eec\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u63a8\u65ad\u5355\u8bcd\u7684\u542b\u4e49\u751a\u81f3\u662f\u53d1\u97f3\u2014\u2014\u8bed\u8a00\u662f\u7531\u5355\u8bcd\u5173\u8054\u9a71\u52a8\u7684\u800c\u975e\u4e2a\u522b\u5355\u8bcd\u9a71\u52a8\u7684[94]\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u8bed\u5883\u9a71\u52a8\u7740\u6574\u4e2a\u9605\u8bfb\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff0c\u4e0d\u662f\u81ea\u4e0b\u800c\u4e0a\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5fc3\u7406\u8bed\u8a00\u5b66\u7684\u731c\u8c1c\u6e38\u620f[95]\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u81ea\u4e0a\u800c\u4e0b\u9a71\u52a8\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u662f\u5927\u8111\u8fd0\u4f5c\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u7279\u5f81\uff0c\u662f\u9605\u8bfb\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u5927\u8111\u6210\u50cf\u7814\u7a76\u5c1a\u672a\u5bf9\u8fd9\u79cd\u6574\u4f53\u9605\u8bfb\u8fc7\u7a0b\u8fdb\u884c\u5145\u5206\u63a2\u7a76\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u8fd8\u65e0\u6cd5\u65ad\u8a00\u62fc\u8bfb\u6559\u5b66\u6cd5\u662f\u5426\u66f4\u597d<\/span>\uff08\u6ce8\u91ca4\uff09<\/span>[93]\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
\n
\n

\u8bd1\u6ce8\uff1a\u62fc\u8bfb\u6559\u5b66\u6cd5 phonics approach\uff0c\u4e00\u79cd\u9605\u8bfb\u6559\u5b66\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u901a\u5e38\u5f3a\u8c03\u5355\u8bcd\u7684\u6784\u6210\u548c\u62fc\u5199\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u6559\u5b57\u6bcd\u7684\u540d\u79f0\u3001\u97f3\u7d20\u548c\u5982\u4f55\u7ec4\u5408\u6210\u5355\u8bcd\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u89c4\u5219\uff0c\u6765\u5e2e\u52a9\u5b66\u751f\u7406\u89e3\u5b57\u6bcd\u548c\u5355\u8bcd\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u4e00\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u5b66\u751f\u9996\u5148\u5b66\u4e60\u8bed\u97f3\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u9010\u6e10\u5b66\u4e60\u5982\u4f55\u5c06\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8bed\u97f3\u7ec4\u5408\u6210\u5355\u8bcd\uff0c\u6700\u7ec8\u8fbe\u5230\u9605\u8bfb\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/blockquote>\n


<\/section>\n

6.3. \u5176\u4ed6\u5e94\u7528<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n
\u663e\u7136\uff0c\u8fd9\u91cc\u6211\u4eec\u8fd8\u6ca1\u6709\u5bf9\u4e8e\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6709\u4e89\u8bae\u7684\u4e3b\u9898\u8fdb\u884c\u5145\u5206\u6df1\u5165\u7684\u63a2\u8ba8\u3002\u6b64\u5904\u63d0\u53ca\u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u4f8b\u5b50\uff0c\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u8bc1\u660e\u672c\u6587\u7684\u4e3b\u9898\u5177\u6709\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u73b0\u5b9e\u610f\u4e49\u3002\u8fd9\u8868\u660e\u5728\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u4e5f\u5e94\u5f53\u4e25\u8083\u8003\u8651\u8fd9\u79cd\u81ea\u4e0a\u800c\u4e0b\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\uff0c\u4e5f\u8bb8\u8fd9\u5c31\u4f1a\u5e26\u6765\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u6210\u529f\u6216\u8005\u5176\u4ed6\u798f\u5229\u2014\u2014\u5b83\u4eec\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u7b80\u5355\u5730\u88ab\u81ea\u4e0b\u800c\u4e0a\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u51b3\u5b9a\u7684\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

 <\/h2>\n

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7. \u7ed3\u8bba<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n

\n

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<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/h3>\n
 <\/span><\/section>\n
7.1. \u81ea\u4e0a\u800c\u4e0b\u4e0e\u81ea\u4e0b\u800c\u4e0a\u7684\u56e0\u679c\u5173\u7cfb\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u4ea4\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u6574\u4f53\u4e3b\u9898<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/section>\n
\u672c\u6587\u7684\u4e3b\u9898\u662f\uff0c\u4f7f\u5f97\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u590d\u6742\u6027\u5f97\u4ee5\u6d8c\u73b0\u7684\uff0c\u662f\u81ea\u4e0b\u800c\u4e0a\u548c\u81ea\u4e0a\u800c\u4e0b\u6548\u5e94\u7684\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u89c2\u70b9\u4e3a\u6211\u4eec\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u7efc\u5408\u7684\u89c6\u89d2\uff0c\u6d89\u53ca\u5230\u590d\u6742\u6027\u7684\u5c42\u7ea7\u7ed3\u6784\u4e2d\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u5c42\u7ea7\uff0c\u65e2\u5305\u62ec\u5404\u4e2a\u5b66\u79d1\u5185\u90e8\u7684\u5173\u7cfb<\/span>\uff08\u4ece\u7c92\u5b50\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5230\u6838\u7269\u7406\u5b66\uff0c\u4ece\u6838\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5230\u539f\u5b50\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u7b49\u7b49\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u4e2d\u5404\u4e2a\u5c42\u7ea7\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u4e5f\u5305\u62ec\u4e0d\u540c\u5b66\u79d1\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5173\u7cfb<\/span>\uff08\u4ece\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5230\u5316\u5b66\uff0c\u4ece\u5316\u5b66\u5230\u751f\u7269\u5b66\uff0c\u4ece\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u5230\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u7b49\u7b49\uff09<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
\u663e\u7136\uff0c\u5982\u672c\u6587\u6240\u8bbe\u60f3\u7684\u90a3\u6837\uff0c\u81ea\u4e0a\u800c\u4e0b\u7684\u56e0\u679c\u4f5c\u7528\u5728\u751f\u7406\u5b66\u5c42\u9762[96]\u548c\u89c6\u89c9\u5c42\u9762[38, 97]\u90fd\u771f\u5b9e\u5b58\u5728\u3002\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u6709\u5927\u91cf\u6570\u636e\u652f\u6301\u8fd9\u79cd\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u6587\u5316\u795e\u7ecf\u79d1\u5b66\u9886\u57df\u7684\u5927\u91cf\u7814\u7a76[62, 98, 99, 100]\u3002\u8fd9\u4e5f\u652f\u6301\u4e86Elder-Vass\u6240\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u81ea\u4e0a\u800c\u4e0b\u7684\u56e0\u679c\u5728\u793e\u4f1a\u4e2d\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u6848\u4f8b[42]\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u8fd8\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bc1\u660e\uff0c\u8fd9\u7c7b\u56e0\u679c\u8fd8\u5728\u5176\u4ed6\u8bb8\u591a\u573a\u666f\u4e2d\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u5982\u5fae\u751f\u7269\u5b66[27]\u3001\u6d41\u4f53\u6d41\u52a8[15]\u7b49\uff0c\u5b83\u5728\u91cf\u5b50\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u4e2d\u4e5f\u53d1\u6325\u4e86\u91cd\u8981\u4f5c\u7528\uff0c\u5177\u4f53\u8bf7\u53c2\u9605[31]\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
\u7b80\u800c\u8a00\u4e4b\uff0c\u5728\u7269\u7406\u548c\u7269\u7406\u5316\u5b66\u8fc7\u7a0b\u6240\u6db5\u76d6\u7684\u81ea\u4e0b\u800c\u4e0a\u7684\u56e0\u679c\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u8fd8\u5b58\u5728\u7740\u5176\u4ed6\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u56e0\u679c\u3002\u968f\u7740\u590d\u6742\u6027\u5c42\u7ea7\u7684\u53d8\u9ad8\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u53d8\u5f97\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u6e05\u6670\u3002\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u5f53\u6211\u4eec\u8003\u8651\u4eba\u7c7b\u601d\u7ef4\u548c\u751f\u7406\u5b66\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u5b8c\u5168\u65e0\u6cd5\u5426\u8ba4\u3002\u8d27\u5e01\u7684\u56e0\u679c\u529b\u3001\u9ea6\u514b\u65af\u97e6\u7535\u78c1\u7406\u8bba\u5728\u5de5\u7a0b\u9886\u57df\u2014\u2014\u8fd9\u4e9b\u65e0\u6cd5\u901a\u8fc7\u4efb\u4f55\u8f83\u4f4e\u5c42\u7ea7\u53d8\u91cf\u7684\u7c97\u7c92\u5316\u83b7\u5f97\u7684\u8f83\u9ad8\u5c42\u7ea7\u53d8\u91cf\uff0c\u5728\u67d0\u4e9b\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u5176\u56e0\u679c\u6548\u5e94\u5c24\u4e3a\u660e\u663e\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
\u8981\u60f3\u5bf9\u4e8e\u6211\u4eec\u6240\u5904\u7684\u8fd9\u4e00\u4e16\u754c\u5177\u6709\u5b8c\u6574\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u8ba4\u8bc6\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5fc5\u987b\u9996\u5148\u8ba4\u8bc6\u5230\u8fd9\u4e00\u4e8b\u5b9e\uff0c\u5426\u5219\u6211\u4eec\u5c31\u4f1a\u5ffd\u7565\u771f\u5b9e\u4e16\u754c\u4e2d\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u56e0\u679c\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u4e8b\u7269\u7684\u770b\u6cd5\u5728\u56e0\u679c\u65b9\u9762\u4e5f\u5c31\u4e0d\u4f1a\u5b8c\u6574\u3002\u5404\u79cd\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u56e0\u679c\uff0c\u90fd\u4f9d\u8d56\u4e8e\u81ea\u4e0b\u800c\u4e0a\u548c\u81ea\u4e0a\u800c\u4e0b\u4e24\u79cd\u6548\u5e94\u7684\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\uff0c\u5ffd\u7565\u4e86\u5176\u4e2d\u7684\u4efb\u4f55\u4e00\u79cd\uff0c\u90fd\u65e0\u6cd5\u7406\u89e3\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

7.2. \u7b54\u6848<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n

\u4e0a\u4e00\u8282\u7684\u95ee\u9898<\/span>\uff08\u5728\u8be5\u53e5\u5b50\u4e2d\u5b57\u6bcdF\u51fa\u73b0\u4e86\u591a\u5c11\u6b21\uff1f\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u6b63\u786e\u7b54\u6848\u662f8\u3002\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u50cf\u5927\u591a\u6570\u4eba\u4e00\u6837\u56de\u7b54\u9519\u8bef\uff0c\u90a3\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u4f60\u5e76\u975e\u5728\u9010\u5b57\u9605\u8bfb\u53e5\u5b50\u2014\u2014\u5927\u8111\u4f1a\u8df3\u8fc7\u4e00\u4e9b\u5355\u8bcd\u5e76\u81ea\u884c\u63d2\u503c\uff01\u5728\u8fd9\u6bb5\u6587\u672c\u4e2d\uff0c\u4f60\u4e5f\u8bb8\u751a\u81f3\u6ca1\u6709\u6ce8\u610f\u5230\u201cof\u201d\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8bcd\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5927\u8111\u8ba4\u4e3a\u8fd9\u7c7b\u5355\u8bcd\u662f\u7406\u6240\u5f53\u7136\u7684\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u4e0d\u4f1a\u4ed4\u7ec6\u53bb\u9605\u8bfb<\/span>\uff08\u6ce8\u91ca5\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u8fd9\u4e5f\u662f\u5173\u4e8e\u81ea\u4e0a\u800c\u4e0b\u9605\u8bfb\u65b9\u5f0f\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u5c0f\u5b9e\u9a8c\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/section>\n
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\u6ce8\u91ca<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n

\uff081\uff09\u5728\u672c\u520a\u4e2dButterfield[10]\u7ed9\u51fa\u4e86\u5177\u4f53\u53d1\u751f\u8fc7\u7a0b\u7684\u76f8\u5173\u56fe\u8868\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\uff082\uff09Penrose\u548cConnes\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u5c06\u6570\u5b66\u89c6\u4f5c\u67d0\u79cd\u67cf\u62c9\u56fe\u5f0f\uff08Platonic sense\uff09\u7684\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u89c2\u70b9\u662f\u6700\u5408\u7406\u7684[57, 58]\u3002\u6211\u540c\u610f\u8fd9\u4e2a\u89c2\u70b9[59]\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u8fd9\u80af\u5b9a\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5728\u54f2\u5b66\u4e0a\u9887\u6709\u4e89\u8bae\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\uff083\uff091970\u5e74\u4ee3\uff0cTrudi Thomas\u535a\u58eb\u5728\u57fa\u65af\u5361\u9a6c\u970d\u514b\uff08Keiskammahoek\uff09\u7684St Matthew’s\u533b\u9662\u63a8\u884c\u4e86\u4e00\u9879\u540d\u4e3a\u201c\u9633\u5149\u75c5\u623f\u201d\uff08Sunshine Wards\uff09\u7684\u8ba1\u5212\uff0c\u4e3a\u57fa\u65af\u51ef\u5730\u533a\uff08Ciskei\uff09\u8425\u517b\u4e0d\u826f\u7684\u5b64\u513f\u63d0\u4f9b\u60c5\u611f\u63a5\u89e6\uff0c\u5e76\u63d0\u9ad8\u4e86\u5b69\u5b50\u4eec\u7684\u751f\u5b58\u7387\u3002\u8fd9\u5728\u5979\u7684\u4e66\u300aTheir Doctor Speaks\u300b\uff081973\u5e74\uff0c\u79c1\u4eba\u51fa\u7248\uff09\u4e2d\u6709\u6240\u63cf\u8ff0\u3002\u57fa\u4e8e\u76f8\u540c\u539f\u7406\u7684\u65b0\u751f\u513f\u7597\u6cd5\u7684\u5f53\u524d\u7248\u672c\uff0c\u79f0\u4e3a\u888b\u9f20\u62a4\u7406\uff08Kangaroo care\uff09\uff0c\u8bf7\u53c2\u9605http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kangaroo_care\u4ee5\u83b7\u53d6\u6709\u5173\u5176\u7597\u6548\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\uff084\uff09\u4e00\u4e9b\u4e66\u7c4d\uff08\u5982[79]\uff09\u57fa\u4e8e\u8111\u6210\u50cf\u6570\u636e\u7b49\u795e\u7ecf\u79d1\u5b66\u8bc1\u636e\u5f97\u51fa\u4e86\u76f8\u53cd\u7684\u7ed3\u8bba\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6570\u636e\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u5f88\u597d\u5730\u8bc1\u660e\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u7ed3\u8bba\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5e76\u672a\u6d4b\u8bd5\u6709\u610f\u4e49\u9605\u8bfb\u65f6\u5927\u8111\u4e2d\u6b63\u5728\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\uff0c\u800c\u53ea\u6d89\u53ca\u5230\u65e0\u610f\u4e49\u6587\u672c\u7684\u9605\u8bfb\u6216\u9605\u8bfb\u8fc7\u7a0b\u7684\u67d0\u4e9b\u7ec4\u6210\u90e8\u5206\u3002\u8fd9\u5e76\u4e0d\u8db3\u4ee5\u4ece\u6574\u4f53\u4e0a\u5bf9\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u9605\u8bfb\u8fc7\u7a0b\u505a\u51fa\u65ad\u8a00\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u8bfb\u8005\u4f1a\u9605\u8bfb\u548c\u7406\u89e3\u6709\u610f\u4e49\u7684\u6587\u672c\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\uff085\uff09\u611f\u8c22Kevin Dutton\u5f15\u4eba\u5165\u80dc\u7684\u8457\u4f5c\u300aFlipnosis\u300b[101]\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4f8b\u5b50\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/span><\/section>\n
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\u53c2\u8003\u6587\u732e<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n

\n
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<\/p>\n

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    Booch G. 1994. Object oriented analysis and design with applications. New York, NY: Addison Wesley<\/section>\n<\/li>\n
  2. \n
    Ellis G. F. R. 2008. On the nature of causation in complex systems. Trans. R. Soc. South Africa 63, 69\u201384 See http:\/\/www.mth.uct.ac.za\/~ellis\/Top-down%20Ellis.pdf<\/section>\n<\/li>\n
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    Simon H. A. 1992. The sciences of the artificial. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press<\/section>\n<\/li>\n
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    Campbell N. A., Reece J. B. 2005. Biology. San Francisco, CA: Benjamin Cummings<\/section>\n<\/li>\n
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    Kuppers B.-O. 1994. Information and the origin of life. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press<\/section>\n<\/li>\n
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    Roederer 2005. Information and its role in nature. Berlin, Germany: Springer<\/section>\n<\/li>\n
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    Penrose R. 1989. The emperor’s new mind: concerning computers, minds and the laws of physics. New York, NY: Oxford University Press<\/section>\n<\/li>\n
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    Penrose R. 2005. The road to reality: a complete guide to the laws of the universe. New York, NY: Knopf<\/section>\n<\/li>\n
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    Auletta G., Ellis G. F. R., Jaeger L. 2008. Top-down causation by information control: from a philosophical problem to a scientific research program. J. R. Soc. Interface 5, 1159\u20131172 10.1098\/rsif.2008.0018 (doi:10.1098\/rsif.2008.0018)<\/section>\n<\/li>\n
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    Butterfield J. 2012. Laws, causation and dynamics at different levels. Interface Focus 2, 101\u2013114 10.1098\/rsfs.2011.0052 (doi:10.1098\/rsfs.2011.0052).<\/section>\n<\/li>\n
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    Barab\u00e1si A.-L., Oltvai Z. N. 2004. Network biology: understanding the cell’s functional organization. Nat. Rev. Genet. 5, 101\u2013114 10.1038\/nrg1272 (doi:10.1038\/nrg1272)<\/section>\n<\/li>\n
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    Alon U. 2007. An introduction to systems biology: design principles of biological circuits. London, UK: Chapman and Hall\/CRC<\/section>\n<\/li>\n
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    Tanenbaum A. S. 1990. Structured computer organisation. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall<\/section>\n<\/li>\n
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    Noble D. 2012. A theory of biological relativity: no privileged level of causation. Interface Focus 2, 55\u201364 10.1098\/rsfs.2011.0067 (doi:10.1098\/rsfs.2011.0067)<\/section>\n<\/li>\n
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    Bishop R. C. 2012 Fluid convection, constraint and causation. Interface Focus 2, 4\u201312 10.1098\/rsfs.2011.0065 (doi:10.1098\/rsfs.2011.0065)<\/section>\n<\/li>\n
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    Busemeyer J. R. \u2018Dynamic systems\u2019 To appear in encyclopedia of cognitive science. New York, NY: Macmillan; 2011. See http:\/\/www.cogs.indiana.edu\/Publications\/techreps2000\/241\/241.html .<\/section>\n<\/li>\n
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    Courant R., Hilbert D. 1962. Methods of mathematical physics, II. New York, NY: Wiley-Interscience<\/section>\n<\/li>\n
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    Brenner S. C., Scott L. R. 2007. The mathematical theory of finite element methods. Heidelberg, Germany: Springer<\/section>\n<\/li>\n
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    Huang K. 1990. Statistical mechanics. New York, NY: Wiley, John & Sons<\/section>\n<\/li>\n
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    Knuth D. E. 2010. Selected papers on design of algorithms. Stanford, CA: Center for the Study of Language and Information<\/section>\n<\/li>\n
  21. \n
    Jaeger R. 1997. Microelectronic circuit design. New York, NY: McGraw-Hil<\/section>\n<\/li>\n
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    Rhoades R., Pflanzer R. 1989. Human physiology. Fort Worth: Saunders College Publishing<\/section>\n<\/li>\n
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    DiStefano J. J., Stuberub A. R., Williams I. J. 1995. Feedback and control systems. McGraw Hill: Schaum Outlines<\/section>\n<\/li>\n
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    Iglesias P. A., Ingalis B. P. 2010. Control theory and systems biology. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press<\/section>\n<\/li>\n
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    Holland J. H. 1992. Adaptation in natural and artificial systems. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press<\/section>\n<\/li>\n
  26. \n
    Conway Morris S. 2005. Life’s solution: inevitable humans in a lonely universe. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press<\/section>\n<\/li>\n
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    \u63a8\u8350\u9605\u8bfb<\/span><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n

    1. <\/strong>\u81ea\u4e0a\u800c\u4e0b\u7684\u56e0\u679c\u5173\u7cfb\uff1a\u6570\u5b66\u7ed3\u6784\u4e0e\u89c2\u5bdf\u8005<\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/section>\n
    2. <\/strong>\u81ea\u4e0a\u800c\u4e0b\u56e0\u679c\u5173\u7cfb\u7279\u520a\uff1a\u7269\u7406\u3001\u751f\u7269\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u4e2d\u7684\u56e0\u679c\u6d8c\u73b0<\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/section>\n
    3. <\/strong><\/strong>\u6a21\u5757\u5316\u8ba4\u77e5\uff1a\u6f14\u5316\u5982\u4f55\u81ea\u4e0b\u800c\u4e0a\u6d8c\u73b0\u51fa\u667a\u80fd\uff1f<\/a><\/strong><\/strong><\/span><\/section>\n
    4. \u300a\u5f20\u6c5f\u00b7\u590d\u6742\u79d1\u5b66\u524d\u6cbf27\u8bb2\u300b\u5b8c\u6574\u4e0a\u7ebf\uff01<\/strong><\/a><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/section>\n
    5. \u6210\u4e3a\u96c6\u667aVIP\uff0c\u89e3\u9501\u5168\u7ad9\u8bfe\u7a0b\uff0f\u8bfb\u4e66\u4f1a<\/span><\/strong><\/a><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/section>\n
    6. \u52a0\u5165\u96c6\u667a\uff0c\u4e00\u8d77\u590d\u6742\uff01<\/strong><\/a><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/section>\n


    <\/p>\n


    <\/p>\n<\/section>\n

    \u70b9\u51fb\u201c\u9605\u8bfb\u539f\u6587\u201d\uff0c\u62a5\u540d\u8bfb\u4e66\u4f1a<\/span><\/strong><\/section>\n

    <\/mp-style-type><\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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