{"id":41301,"date":"2023-03-16T20:35:53","date_gmt":"2023-03-16T12:35:53","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/swarma.org\/?p=41301"},"modified":"2023-03-16T20:35:53","modified_gmt":"2023-03-16T12:35:53","slug":"%e8%84%91%e6%9c%ba%e7%b1%bb%e6%af%94%e7%89%b9%e5%88%8a%ef%bc%9a%e5%af%bb%e6%89%be%e5%a4%8d%e6%9d%82%e6%99%ba%e8%83%bd%e7%b3%bb%e7%bb%9f%e7%9a%84%e6%99%ae%e9%81%8d%e8%a7%84%e5%be%8b","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/swarma.org\/?p=41301","title":{"rendered":"\u8111\u673a\u7c7b\u6bd4\u7279\u520a\uff1a\u5bfb\u627e\u590d\u6742\u667a\u80fd\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u666e\u904d\u89c4\u5f8b"},"content":{"rendered":"
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Giorgio Matassi\uff0cPedro Martinez<\/span> <\/span>| \u4f5c\u8005<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u8d3e\u5723\u794e<\/span> <\/span>| \u8bd1\u8005<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u6731\u6b23\u6021<\/span> <\/span>| \u5ba1\u6821<\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u9093\u4e00\u96ea<\/span> <\/span>| <\/strong><\/span>\u7f16\u8f91<\/strong><\/p>\n


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The brain-computer analogy\u2014\u201cA special issue\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u8bba\u6587\u5730\u5740\uff1a<\/span><\/p>\n

https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fevo.2022.1099253\/full<\/span><\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/blockquote>\n


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1.1 \u7814\u7a76\u8bfe\u9898<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n


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\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u4f5c\u4e3a\u300c\u7f51\u7edc\u8282\u70b9\u300d\u7684\u4e3b\u9898\u548c\u6982\u5ff5\u6784\u6210\u4e86\u8be5\u9879\u76ee\u7684\u57fa\u7840\uff1a\u6982\u5ff5\u70b9<\/span>\uff08\u54f2\u5b66\uff09<\/span>\u3001\u7f51\u7edc\u79d1\u5b66\u3001\u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf<\/span>\uff08\u81ea\u7ec4\u7ec7\uff09<\/span>\u3001\u795e\u7ecf\u7f51\u7edc\u4e0e\u8ba1\u7b97\u795e\u7ecf\u79d1\u5b66<\/span>\uff08\u4eba\u5de5\u795e\u7ecf\u7f51\u7edc\uff09<\/span>\u3001\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u79d1\u5b66<\/span>\uff08\u5206\u5e03\u5f0f-\u96c6\u4e2d\u5f0f\u4f53\u7cfb\u7ed3\u6784\uff1b\u4e18\u5947-\u56fe\u7075\u8bba\u9898\uff1b\u8ba1\u7b97\u590d\u6742\u5ea6\uff09<\/span>\u3001\u4fe1\u606f\u8bba<\/span>\uff08\u53ef\u9760\u6027-\u8bef\u5dee\u68c0\u9a8c\uff1b\u4fe1\u606f\u7684\u6548\u7387\u4e0e\u901f\u5ea6\uff1b\u4fe1\u606f\u4e0d\u5bf9\u79f0\uff09<\/span>\u3001\u535a\u5f08\u8bba<\/span>\uff08\u5206\u5e03\u5f0f\u795e\u7ecf\u7ed3\u6784\uff1b\u4fe1\u606f\u5206\u5e03\u4e0d\u5bf9\u79f0\uff09<\/span>\u3001\u91cf\u5b50\u8111-\u91cf\u5b50\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u3001\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd<\/span>\uff08AI\uff09<\/span>\u4e0e\u4eba\u5de5\u751f\u547d\u3001\u7406\u8bba\u795e\u7ecf\u79d1\u5b66\u3001\u5927\u8111\u8fdb\u5316<\/span>\uff08\u8fdb\u5316\u53d1\u80b2\uff09<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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\u8be5\u9886\u57df\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u53d1\u5c55\u544a\u8bc9\u6211\u4eec\uff0c\u6765\u81ea\u7f51\u7edc\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6<\/span>\uff08\u5982 A-L. Barabasi\u3001MEJ Newman\u3001DJ Watts \u7b49\u4eba\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\uff09<\/span>\u6709\u52a9\u4e8e\u7406\u89e3\u5927\u8111\u5982\u4f55\u5de5\u4f5c\u3001\u4e92\u52a8\u3001\u7075\u6d3b\u5730\u7ba1\u7406\u4efb\u52a1\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u7a81\u89e6\u5206\u5e03\u3001\u5bc6\u5ea6\u548c\u5f3a\u5ea6\u5982\u4f55\u6f5c\u5728\u5730\u5f71\u54cd\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6d3b\u52a8\u3002\u7f51\u7edc\u8fdb\u5316\u53ef\u4ee5\u9610\u660e\u795e\u7ecf\u7f51\u7edc\u7ed3\u6784\u7684\u8fdb\u5316\u5386\u53f2<\/span>\uff08\u53ca\u5176\u63a7\u5236\u539f\u7406\uff1bSterling \u548c Laughlin\uff0c2017\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u4eec\u8fd0\u7528\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5<\/span>\uff08\u7ec6\u80de\u795e\u7ecf\u79d1\u5b66\u3001\u8ba1\u7b97\u5efa\u6a21\u3001\u8fde\u63a5\u7ec4\u5b66\u5206\u6790\u3001\u795e\u7ecf\u79d1\u5b66\u54f2\u5b66\u7b49\uff09<\/span>\u7814\u7a76\u7f51\u7edc\u8fdb\u5316\uff0c\u5e76\u5bf9\u7f51\u7edc\u5728\u5927\u8111\u529f\u80fd\u4e2d\u7684\u89d2\u8272\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u3002\u5176\u4e2d\uff0c\u5927\u591a\u6570\u7814\u7a76\u5904\u7406\u4e00\u822c\u7684<\/span>\uff08\u5927\u8111\u7f51\u7edc\u7684\uff09<\/span>\u8868\u793a\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u800c\u65b0\u8fd1\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u5219\u5c06\u76ee\u5149\u79fb\u5230\u4e86\u4fe1\u606f\u6d41<\/span>\uff08\u8def\u7531\uff09<\/span>\u4e0a\u3002\u5982\u5728\u672c\u671f\u7279\u520a\u7684\u4e00\u7bc7\u8bba\u6587\u4e2d\uff0cD. Graham \u63d0\u51fa\u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u7684\u529f\u80fd\u6a21\u5f0f\u662f\u7406\u89e3\u5927\u8111\u529f\u80fd\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u53c2\u8003\u6846\u67b6\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

\u5728\u672c\u671f\u7279\u520a\u4e2d\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5e0c\u671b\u89e3\u51b3\u7684\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e0e\u7f51\u7edc\u8fdb\u5316\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u95ee\u9898\u662f\uff1a\u81ea\u7ec4\u7ec7\u548c\u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf\u5728\u5851\u9020\u5927\u8111\u67b6\u6784\u53ca\u5176\u8fdb\u5316\u4e2d\u7684\u4f5c\u7528<\/span>\uff08\u5982 I. Prigogine and G. Nicolis, C. G. Langton, S. Kauffman, S. Kelso, P. Bak, S. H. Strogatz, C. Gershenson and F. Heylighen, R. Sol\u00e9\u7b49\u4eba\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u201c\u6d8c\u73b0\u5c5e\u6027\u201d<\/span><\/span>\uff08emergent properties\uff09<\/span>\u6216\u201c\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5c42\u6b21\u201d\u7b49\u6982\u5ff5\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\u4e5f\u662f\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

\u6700\u540e\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5f88\u6e05\u695a\u5927\u8111\u548c\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u6db5\u76d6\u4e86\u81ea\u7136\u79d1\u5b66\u3001\u6570\u5b66\u3001\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u79d1\u5b66\u3001\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u548c\u54f2\u5b66\u7b49\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u5e7f\u6cdb\u7684\u4e3b\u9898\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u6211\u4eec\u9700\u8981\u7f29\u5c0f\u7814\u7a76\u8303\u56f4\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u9009\u62e9\u4e0d\u6d89\u53ca\u610f\u8bc6\u3001\u884c\u4e3a\u3001\u8bed\u8a00\u548c\u6587\u5316\u7b49\u9886\u57df\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

\u5728\u8ba8\u8bba\u672c\u671f\u7279\u520a\u4e2d\u7684\u6587\u7ae0<\/span>\uff08\u89c1\u8868 1\uff09<\/span>\u4ee5\u53ca\u5b83\u4eec\u5bf9\u8fa9\u8bba\u7684\u8d21\u732e\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u56de\u987e\u4e00\u4e9b\u5173\u952e\u4e14\u5fc5\u8981\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\/\u4e3b\u9898\uff1a\u673a\u5668\u3001\u79d1\u5b66\u4e2d\u7684\u9690\u55bb\u548c\u7c7b\u6bd4\u3001\u5927\u8111\u3002\u5728\u4e0b\u6587\u4e2d\uff0c\u5c5e\u4e8e\u672c\u7279\u520a\u7684\u53c2\u8003\u6587\u732e\u4ee5\u51fa\u7248\u5e74\u4efd\u540e\u7684\uff08*\uff09\u6807\u8bc6\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\u88681.\u7279\u520a\u4e2d\u7684\u6587\u7ae0\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/section>\n

1.2 \u8bed\u4e49\u5b66\uff1a\u6982\u5ff5\u548c\u5b9a\u4e49<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

\u300c\u6211\u63d0\u8bae\u8003\u8651\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\uff1a\u300e\u673a\u5668\u80fd\u601d\u8003\u5417\uff1f\u300f\u8fd9\u5e94\u8be5\u4ece\u5b9a\u4e49\u300e\u673a\u5668\u300f\u548c\u300e\u601d\u8003\u300f\u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u672f\u8bed\u7684\u542b\u4e49\u5f00\u59cb\u3002\u300d<\/span>\uff08\u56fe\u7075\uff0c1950\uff09<\/span>\u6beb\u65e0\u7591\u95ee\uff0c\u827e\u4f26\u00b7\u56fe\u7075\u6e05\u695a\u5730\u8ba4\u8bc6\u5230\u8bed\u4e49\u5b66\u5728\u8fd9\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u3002\u540c\u6837\uff0c\u672c\u671f\u7279\u520a\u7684\u6240\u6709\u4f5c\u8005\u548c\u7f16\u8f91\u90fd\u8ba4\u4e3a\u8bed\u4e49\u5b66<\/span>\uff08semantics\uff09<\/span>\u662f\u8111\u673a\u7c7b\u6bd4\u8fa9\u8bba\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u5173\u952e\u95ee\u9898\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

\u4f5c\u8005\u4eec\u8ba4\u4e3a\u6709\u4e00\u4e9b\u672f\u8bed\u7684\u5f53\u524d\u5b9a\u4e49\u5b58\u5728\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u300c\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u300d\u3001\u300c\u8ba1\u7b97\u300d\u3001\u300c\u9012\u5f52\u300d\u3001\u300c\u7b97\u6cd5\u300d\u3001\u300c\u53ef\u8ba1\u7b97\u51fd\u6570\u300d\u3001\u300c\u673a\u5668\u4eba\u300d\u3001\u300c\u7a0b\u5e8f\u300d\u3001\u300c\u8f6f\u4ef6\u300d\u3001\u300c\u4fe1\u606f\u300d\u3001\u300c\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u300d\u3001\u300c\u667a\u529b\u300d\u3001\u300c\u8ba4\u77e5\u300d\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

\u5728\u4e0b\u6587\u4e2d\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5c06\u91cd\u70b9\u8ba8\u8bba\u4e24\u4e2a\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u95ee\u9898\uff1a\u300c\u673a\u5668\u300d\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\u4ee5\u53ca\u300c\u9690\u55bb\u300d\u4e0e\u300c\u7c7b\u6bd4\u300d\u7684\u533a\u522b\u3002\u5bf9\u4e8e\u524d\u8005\uff0c\u5728\u672c\u671f\u7279\u520a\u4e2d\uff0cCobb \u4e3b\u8981\u5904\u7406\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\u5927\u8111\u7684\u56fe\u50cf\uff0cBongard \u548c Levin \u8868\u8fbe\u4e86\u4ed6\u4eec\u5bf9\u672f\u8bed\u300c\u673a\u5668\u300d\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u300c\u8fc7\u65f6\u300d\u89c2\u70b9\u7684\u62c5\u5fe7\u3002\u5728\u672c\u6587\u4e2d\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5c06\u8ffd\u6eaf\u300c\u4e0d\u540c\u79cd\u7c7b\u7684\u673a\u5668\u300d\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u6700\u597d\u5730\u4ee3\u8868\u5927\u8111\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u3002\u81f3\u4e8e\u540e\u8005\uff0c\u53ea\u6709 Brette \u548c Gomez-Marin \u624d\u6d89\u53ca\u5230\u9690\u55bb\u548c\u7c7b\u6bd4\u7684\u533a\u522b\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u8ba4\u4e3a\u6709\u5fc5\u8981\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6982\u5ff5\u8fdb\u884c\u66f4\u8be6\u7ec6\u7684\u63cf\u8ff0\uff0c\u5e76\u4e3a\u540e\u8005\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e00\u4e2a\u4fee\u8ba2\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/span><\/p>\n

1.3 \u673a\u5668<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

\u7ecf\u8fc7\u51e0\u5341\u5e74\u7684\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u795e\u7ecf\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u4eec\u5f62\u6210\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u666e\u904d\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u5373\u5927\u8111\u300c\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\u300d\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u4f60\u5982\u4f55\u7814\u7a76\u5b83<\/strong>\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u751f\u6d3b\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u673a\u68b0\u65f6\u4ee3\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u6211\u4eec\u628a\u5927\u8111\u5f53\u4f5c\u4e00\u53f0\u673a\u5668\u6765\u7814\u7a76\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u80cc\u666f\u4e0b\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5e94\u8be5\u9996\u5148\u95ee\u81ea\u5df1\uff1a\u673a\u5668\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\uff1f\u6211\u4eec\u5bf9\u673a\u5668\u7684\u770b\u6cd5\u5982\u4f55\u968f\u7740\u65f6\u95f4\u7684\u63a8\u79fb\u800c\u6539\u53d8\uff1f\u5728\u672c\u671f\u7279\u520a\u4e2d\uff0cCobb\u548cBongard\/Levin\u4ecb\u7ecd\u4e86\u6211\u4eec\u8fc7\u53bb\u548c\u73b0\u5728\u7406\u89e3\u673a\u5668\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

\u957f\u671f\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u5927\u8111\u88ab\u540c\u5316\u4e3a\u67d0\u79cd\u300c\u673a\u5668\u300d\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u601d\u60f3\u53ef\u4ee5\u8ffd\u6eaf\u5230\u7b1b\u5361\u5c14\u54f2\u5b66\uff0c\u628a\u673a\u5668\u7406\u89e3\u4e3a\u80fd\u591f\u6267\u884c\u67d0\u4e9b\u529f\u80fd\u7684\u4efb\u4f55\u7269\u7406\u7cfb\u7edf\u3002\u7b1b\u5361\u5c14\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff1a\u8eab\u4f53\u5668\u5b98\u4ee5\u7eaf\u7cb9\u673a\u68b0\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u8fd0\u4f5c\uff0c\u4ed6\u300c\u521b\u9020\u6027\u5730\u300d\u6539\u7f16\u4e86\u4ee5\u524d<\/span>\uff08\u4e9a\u91cc\u58eb\u591a\u5fb7\u3001\u76d6\u4f26\u7b49\uff09<\/span>\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

\u591a\u5e74\u6765\uff0c\u673a\u5668\u7c7b\u6bd4\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u7ecf\u5386\u4e86\u8bb8\u591a\u8f6c\u53d8\uff0c\u4f46\u673a\u68b0\u4e16\u754c\u89c2<\/span>\uff08\u6db2\u538b\u3001\u7535\u6c14\u6216\u4fe1\u606f\uff09<\/span>\u4e00\u76f4\u5360\u4e3b\u8981\u5730\u4f4d\u3002\u5728\u672c\u671f\u7279\u520a\u4e2d\uff0cCobb\u548cBongard\/Levin\u5206\u522b\u56de\u987e\u4e86\u4e00\u4e9b\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\u7684\u548c\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u6700\u65b0\u8fdb\u5c55\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u3002\u6709\u8da3\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u968f\u774020\u4e16\u7eaa\u5206\u5b50\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u7684\u8fdb\u6b65\uff0c\u673a\u5668\u7c7b\u6bd4\u7684\u89c6\u57df\u5df2\u7ecf\u4ece\u6574\u4e2a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u8f6c\u5411\u63a7\u5236\u5176\u4e0d\u540c\u529f\u80fd\u7684\u751f\u5316\u6210\u5206\u3002\u4ece\u8fd9\u4e2a\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u8bb2\uff0c\u5927\u8111\u7b49\u540c\u4e8e\u7531\u9ad8\u5ea6\u534f\u8c03\u7684\u5316\u5b66\u6210\u5206<\/span>\uff08\u5206\u5b50\u673a\u5668\uff09<\/span>\u7ec4\u6210\u7684\u4e00\u9505\u6c64\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5316\u5b66\u6210\u5206\u4f7f\u6211\u4eec\u83b7\u5f97\u4e30\u5bcc\u7684\u5fc3\u7406\u4f53\u9a8c\u3002\u572818\u300119\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e4b\u4ea4\u4ece\u6b27\u6d32<\/span>\uff08\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u5fb7\u3001\u6cd5\u4e24\u56fd\uff09<\/span>\u840c\u82bd\u3001\u5e76\u572820\u4e16\u7eaa\u516d\u3001\u4e03\u5341\u5e74\u4ee3\u8fc5\u731b\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u795e\u7ecf\u5316\u5b66\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5173\u8054\u795e\u7ecf\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u7684\u5316\u5b66\u548c\u529f\u80fd\u662f\u7406\u89e3\u5927\u8111\u7684\u6700\u6709\u6548\u9014\u5f84\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

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\u968f\u7740\u4fe1\u606f\u65f6\u4ee3\u7684\u5230\u6765<\/span>\uff0820\u4e16\u7eaa40\u5e74\u4ee3\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u4fe1\u606f\u5185\u5bb9\u548c\u903b\u8f91\u8fd0\u7b97\u88ab\u963f\u9686\u4f50\u00b7\u90b1\u5947<\/span>\uff08Alonzo Church\uff09<\/span>\u548c\u827e\u4f26\u00b7\u56fe\u7075<\/span>\uff08Alan Turing\uff09<\/span>\u7b49\u903b\u8f91\u5b66\u5bb6\u5f15\u5165\uff0c\u8fd9\u65f6\u5bf9\u5927\u8111\u7ed3\u6784\u548c\u529f\u80fd\u6700\u7a81\u51fa\u7684\u7c7b\u6bd4\u662f\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\uff0c\u5373\u6240\u8c13\u56fe\u7075\u673a<\/span>\uff08TM\uff09<\/span>\u7684\u5b9e\u4f8b\u3002\u7126\u70b9\u5df2\u7ecf\u4ece\u673a\u5668\u7684\u5b9e\u4f8b\u5316<\/span>\uff08instantiation \uff09<\/span>\u53d8\u4e3a\u5e95\u5c42\u64cd\u4f5c\u3002\u56fe\u7075\u5728\u4ed61950\u5e74\u7684\u8bba\u6587\u4e2d\u5c06\u300c\u673a\u5668\u300d\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e3a\u300c……\u6bcf\u4e00\u79cd\u5de5\u7a0b\u6280\u672f\u300d\u5236\u9020\u7684\u4eba\u5de5\u5236\u54c1\uff0c\u5e76\u5efa\u8bae\u5c06\u5b83\u4eec\u4e0e\u300c\u7535\u5b50\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u300d\u6216\u300c\u6570\u5b57\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u300d\u7b49\u540c\u8d77\u6765\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u4ed6\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8bbe\u5907\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u611f\u5174\u8da3<\/span>\uff08\u56fe\u7075\uff0c1950\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u4ed6\u628a\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e3a\u6709\u9650\u72b6\u6001\u673a<\/span>\uff08\u4e00\u4e2a\u8ba1\u7b97\u7684\u6570\u5b66\u6a21\u578b\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u8fd9\u91cc\u5f15\u7528\u56fe\u7075\u7684\u4e00\u53e5\u8bdd\u4f3c\u4e4e\u662f\u6070\u5f53\u7684\uff1a<\/span><\/p>\n

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\u201c\u4e00\u53f0\u6570\u5b57\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u901a\u5e38\u53ef\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u7531\u4e09\u90e8\u5206\u7ec4\u6210\uff1a\uff08\u4e00\uff09\u5b58\u50a8[\u4fe1\u606f]……\u76f8\u5f53\u4e8e\u4eba\u7c7b\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\uff08human computer\uff09\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u7eb8\u5f20……[\u548c]……\u89c4\u5219\u4e66\u201d\uff0c\uff08\u4e8c\uff09\u6267\u884c\u5355\u5143[\u8fdb\u884c\u8ba1\u7b97]\uff0c\uff08\u4e09\uff09\u63a7\u5236[\u6b63\u786e\u4f7f\u7528\u89c4\u5219]\u3002…\u6570\u5b57\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a…\u5c5e\u4e8e\u79bb\u6563\u72b6\u6001\u673a\uff08discrete state machines\uff09\u7684\u8303\u7574\u3002…\u8fd9\u79cd\u673a\u5668\u53ef\u4ee5\u62bd\u8c61\u5730\u63cf\u8ff0\u5982\u4e0b\u3002\u673a\u5668\u7684\u5185\u90e8\u72b6\u6001\uff08\u7531\u8f6e\u5b50\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\u63cf\u8ff0\uff09\u53ef\u80fd\u662fq1\u3001q2\u6216q3\u3002\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u8f93\u5165\u4fe1\u53f7i0\u6216i1\uff08\u6760\u6746\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\uff09\u3002\u6839\u636e[\u89c4\u5219]\u8868\uff0c\u4efb\u4f55\u65f6\u523b\u7684\u5185\u90e8\u72b6\u6001\u90fd\u7531\u6700\u540e\u7684\u72b6\u6001\u548c\u8f93\u5165\u4fe1\u53f7\u51b3\u5b9a\u3002……\u8fd9\u4e9b\u673a\u5668\u901a\u8fc7\u7a81\u7136\u7684\u8df3\u8dc3\u6216\u70b9\u51fb\u4ece\u4e00\u4e2a\u975e\u5e38\u786e\u5b9a\u7684\u72b6\u6001\u79fb\u52a8\u5230\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u72b6\u6001\u3002……\u6570\u5b57\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a……\u5fc5\u987b\u4e3a\u5b83\u60f3\u8981\u6a21\u4eff\u7684\u6bcf\u4e2a\u65b0\u673a\u5668\u91cd\u65b0\u7f16\u7a0b\u3002\u6570\u5b57\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u7684\u8fd9\u4e00\u7279\u6b8a\u5c5e\u6027……\u53ef\u4ee5\u6982\u62ec\u4e3a\u901a\u7528\u6027\u201d\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/blockquote>\n


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\u5f53\u7136\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u6240\u6709\u7684\u8111\u673a\u9690\u55bb\u90fd\u4f9d\u9760\u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u56fe\u7075\u673a\u6216\u51af\u00b7\u8bfa\u4f9d\u66fc\u67b6\u6784\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5e76\u884c\u8ba1\u7b97\u6216\u91cf\u5b50\u8ba1\u7b97\u7b49\u6a21\u5f0f\u4e30\u5bcc\u4e86\u6211\u4eec\u5bf9\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u80fd\u505a\u4ec0\u4e48\u7684\u770b\u6cd5\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5173\u4e8e\u8ba1\u7b97\u548c\u5927\u8111\u529f\u80fd\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u6301\u4e45\u89c2\u70b9\u5f3a\u8c03\u4e86\u4e24\u8005\u90fd\u5229\u7528\u7684\u5e76\u884c\u67b6\u6784\uff0c\u5c06\u95ee\u9898\u5206\u89e3\u6210\u66f4\u5c0f\u5355\u5143\u5e76\u7531\u4e0d\u540c\u7ec4\u4ef6\u5904\u7406\uff0c\u6240\u6709\u7ec4\u4ef6\u901a\u8fc7\u5171\u4eab\u5185\u5b58\u8fdb\u884c\u901a\u4fe1\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u6bd4\u8f83\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u548c\u5927\u8111\u65f6\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u5171\u540c\u7684\u63a8\u8bba\u662f\uff1a\u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u7cfb\u7edf\u672c\u8d28\u4e0a\u90fd\u4f9d\u8d56\u4e8e\u5e76\u884c\u5904\u7406\u5668\u3002\u8fd9\u4e0d\u662f\u76f8\u4f3c\u6027\u7684\u51c6\u786e\u8868\u793a\uff0c\u539f\u56e0\u6709\u5f88\u591a\uff1a\uff08\u4e00\uff09\u5927\u8111\u548c\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u7684\u72ec\u7acb<\/span>\uff08\u8ba1\u7b97\uff09<\/span>\u5355\u5143\u7684\u6570\u76ee\u5177\u67096\u52307\u6570\u91cf\u7ea7\u7684\u5dee\u5f02\u3002\uff08\u4e8c\uff09\u867d\u7136\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u4e2d\u7684\u5904\u7406\u5668\u662f\u300c\u901a\u7528\u7684\u300d\uff0c\u4f46\u4eba\u7c7b\u5927\u8111\u6709\u4e13\u95e8\u5904\u7406\u4e0d\u540c\u7c7b\u578b\u8f93\u5165\u7684\u7279\u5b9a\u533a\u57df\u3002\uff08\u4e09\uff09\u5927\u8111\u548c\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u4e4b\u95f4\u5728\u53ef\u9760\u6027\u548c\u9002\u5e94\u6027\u65b9\u9762\u5b58\u5728\u5f88\u5927\u5dee\u5f02<\/span>\uff08\u8fd9\u4e00\u6982\u5ff5\u4e0e\u4e24\u4e2a\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u7684\u300c\u53ef\u91cd\u65b0\u7f16\u7a0b\u6027\u300d\u76f8\u5173\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u5927\u8111\u4fe1\u606f\u5904\u7406\u7cfb\u7edf\u672c\u8d28\u4e0a\u662f\u300c\u566a\u58f0<\/span>\uff08noisy\uff09<\/span>\u300d\u7684\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u56e0\u7d20\u4f3c\u4e4e\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u5927\u8111\u4e2d\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u5e76\u884c\u5904\u7406\uff0c\u5927\u8111\u548c\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u4e2d\u7684\u91cd\u65b0\u7f16\u7a0b\u4f9d\u8d56\u4e8e\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u7f51\u7edc\u300c\u91cd\u65b0\u914d\u7f6e\u300d\u7b56\u7565<\/span>\uff08\u673a\u5668\u4e2d\u7684\u91cd\u65b0\u8def\u7531\u4e0e\u751f\u547d\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u7684\u795e\u7ecf\u53ef\u5851\u6027\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u751f\u7269\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u9002\u5e94\u6027<\/span>\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u8111\uff09<\/span>\u662f\u4ece\u7ec6\u80de\u548c\u56de\u8def\u7ed3\u6784\u7684\u53ef\u5851\u6027\u5f97\u5230\u7684\u72ec\u7279\u6027\u8d28\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u662f\u63a7\u5236\u8111\u795e\u7ecf\u5143\u96c6\u5408\u7684\u51fa\u751f\u3001\u6b7b\u4ea1\u548c\u76f8\u4e92\u8fde\u63a5\u7684\u9057\u4f20<\/span>\uff08genetic\uff09<\/span>\u548c\u8868\u89c2\u9057\u4f20<\/span>\uff08\u8bd1\u8005\u6ce8\uff1aepigenetic\uff0c\u6307\u5728\u300c\u975eDNA\u5e8f\u5217\u53d8\u5316\u300d\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u9057\u4f20\u4fe1\u606f\u901a\u8fc7\u67d0\u4e9b\u673a\u5236\u6216\u9014\u5f84\uff0c\u53d1\u751f\u53ef\u4fdd\u5b58\u5e76\u4f20\u9012\u7ed9\u5b50\u4ee3\u7684\u57fa\u56e0\u8868\u8fbe\u6216\u7ec6\u80de\u8868\u578b\u4e4b\u6539\u53d8\uff09<\/span>\u56e0\u7d20\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

\u5728\u4e0b\u6587\u4e2d\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u8fd4\u56de\u5230\u5904\u7406\u7cfb\u7edf\u5e76\u4e14\u63d0\u4f9b\u56fe\u7075\u673a<\/span>\uff08TM\uff09<\/span>\u7684\u300c\u65e0\u969c\u788d\u300d\u63cf\u8ff0\uff0c\u5176\u5e94\u5f53\u6709\u52a9\u4e8e\u7406\u89e3\u7528\u4e8e\u5927\u8111\u7684\u9690\u55bb\u3002\u7b80\u5355\u5730\u8bf4\uff0c\u56fe\u7075\u673a\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u56fe\u7075\u6240\u79f0\u7684\u300c\u81ea\u52a8\u673a\u5668\u300d<\/span>\uff08\u56fe\u7075\uff0c1937\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u662f\u6570\u5b57\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u62bd\u8c61\u7684\u3001\u7406\u60f3\u5316\u7684\u6a21\u578b\u3002\u673a\u5668\u7684\u8f93\u5165\u662f\u4e00\u4e32\u7b26\u53f7\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e00\u4e2a\u7b26\u53f7\u7531\u7ebf\u6027\u78c1\u5e26\u4e0a\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u5355\u5143\u643a\u5e26\u3002\u8fd9\u53f0\u673a\u5668\u62e5\u6709\u67d0\u79cd\u8bfb\u5199\u626b\u63cf\u5934\uff0c\u6bcf\u6b21\u53ea\u5904\u7406\u4e00\u4e2a\u5355\u5143\u3002\u5b83\u662f\u81ea\u52a8\u673a\u5668<\/span>\uff08\u5373\uff0c\u5728\u4efb\u4f55\u7ed9\u5b9a\u65f6\u523b\uff0c\u5176\u884c\u4e3a\u5b8c\u5168\u7531\u5f53\u524d\u72b6\u6001\u548c\u7b26\u53f7\u3001\u4ee5\u53ca\u88ab\u626b\u63cf\u7684\u300c\u914d\u7f6e\uff08configuration\uff09\u300d\u786e\u5b9a\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u5b83\u662f\u4e00\u53f0\u80fd\u591f\u8fdb\u884c\u6709\u9650\u7ec4\u914d\u7f6e\u7684\u673a\u5668\u3002\u6709\u9650\u7684\u89c4\u5219\u96c6<\/span>\uff08\u5373\uff0c\u8868\u793a\u7b97\u6cd5\u7684\u7a0b\u5e8f\uff09<\/span>\u6307\u793a\u673a\u5668\u5982\u4f55\u54cd\u5e94\u6bcf\u4e2a\u7b26\u53f7<\/span>\uff08\u5373\uff1a\u64e6\u9664\u3001\u5199\u5165\u3001\u5411\u5de6\u79fb\u52a8\u3001\u5411\u53f3\u79fb\u52a8\u3001\u4e0d\u79fb\u52a8\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u539f\u5219\u4e0a\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u4efb\u4f55\u53ef\u8ba1\u7b97<\/span>\uff08computable\uff09<\/span>\u7684\u51fd\u6570<\/span>\uff08\u5373\u5176\u503c\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u7b97\u6cd5\u6765\u8ba1\u7b97\u7684\u51fd\u6570\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u90fd\u5b58\u5728\u80fd\u591f\u8ba1\u7b97\u5b83\u7684\u56fe\u7075\u673a\u3002\u7ecf\u903b\u8f91\u63a8\u7406\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u5f97\u51fa\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u901a\u7528\u56fe\u7075\u673a<\/span>\uff08UTM\uff09<\/span>\u80fd\u591f\u901a\u8fc7\u4ece\u78c1\u5e26\u4e0a\u8bfb\u53d6\u76f8\u5e94\u7684\u89c4\u5219\u96c6\uff0c\u6a21\u62df\u4efb\u4f55\u56fe\u7075\u673a\u6267\u884c\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u4efb\u52a1\u3002\u8fd9\u5c31\u662f\u53ef\u7f16\u7a0b\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a<\/span>\uff08programmable computer\uff09<\/em><\/span>\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u6a21\u578b\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


\u7ed9\u51fa\u56fe\u7075\u673a\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\u540e\uff0c\u5f88\u5feb\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u6e05\u695a\u5730\u770b\u5230\uff0c\u5927\u8111<\/span>\uff08\u6216\u5fc3\u667a\uff09<\/span>\u53ef\u4ee5\u7b49\u540c\u4e8e\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e0e\u56fe\u7075\u673a\u975e\u5e38\u76f8\u4f3c\u7684\u8ba1\u7b97\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u8bb8\u591a\u5fc3\u7406\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e0e\u56fe\u7075\u673a\u6267\u884c\u7684\u8ba1\u7b97\u975e\u5e38\u76f8\u4f3c\u3002\u4e00\u4e9b\u4f5c\u8005\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u5c06\u5927\u8111\u4e0e\u56fe\u7075\u673a\u7b49\u540c\u8d77\u6765\u7684\u7acb\u573a\u975e\u5e38\u5f3a\u786c\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u300c\u786c\u7acb\u573a<\/span>\uff08hard position\uff09<\/span>\u300d\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


\u8fd9\u4e00\u300c\u786c\u7acb\u573a\u300d\u53d7\u5230\u4e86\u5176\u4ed6\u4f5c\u8005\u7684\u6279\u8bc4\uff0c\u6279\u8bc4\u8005\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u65e0\u8bba\u662f\u4ece\u5927\u8111\u7684\u7269\u8d28\u7ec4\u6210\u548c\u8fd8\u662f\u8fd0\u884c\u539f\u7406\u4e0a\u6765\u8bb2\uff0c\u5927\u8111\u90fd\u4e0d\u80fd\u7b49\u540c\u4e8e\u56fe\u7075\u673a<\/span>\uff08\u9664\u4e86\u4e24\u8005\u8fdb\u884c\u7b97\u672f\u8fd0\u7b97\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u6253\u7b97\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\u6df1\u5165\u63a2\u8ba8\u8fd9\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u53ea\u60f3\u5f3a\u8c03\u56fe\u7075\u673a\u5728\u8fc7\u53bb80\u5e74\u91cc\u6240\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u5de8\u5927\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u6b63\u5982\u8ba1\u7b97\u795e\u7ecf\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6<\/span>\uff08\u5e76\u975e\u6240\u6709\uff09<\/span>\u6240\u575a\u6301\u7684\u90a3\u6837\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5927\u8111\u5c31\u662f\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a<\/span>\uff08\u4f5c\u4e3a\u56fe\u7075\u5de5\u4f5c\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u5f53\u795e\u7ecf\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u4eec\u610f\u8bc6\u5230\u795e\u7ecf\u5143\u5728\u4ee5\u300c\u5168\u6709\u6216\u5168\u65e0\u300d\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u6267\u884c\u5176\u751f\u7406\u529f\u80fd\uff0c\u5373\u6fc0\u53d1\u52a8\u4f5c\u7535\u4f4d\u65f6\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6a21\u578b\u5c31\u5f97\u5230\u4e86\u8bc1\u5b9e\u30021943\u5e74\uff0cWarren McCulloch\u548cWalter Pitts\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5927\u8111\u4e2d\u7684\u795e\u7ecf\u56de\u8def\u662f\u903b\u8f91\u95e8\u7535\u8def\u3002\u73b0\u4ee3\u795e\u7ecf\u79d1\u5b66\u63ed\u793a\u4e86\u66f4\u590d\u6742\u7684\u653e\u7535\u6a21\u5f0f\u548c\u653e\u7535\u8c03\u63a7\u6a21\u5f0f\uff0c\u4e3a\u6700\u521d\u7684\u9ea6\u5361\u6d1b\u514b-\u76ae\u8328\u89c2\u70b9\u589e\u52a0\u4e86\u7ec6\u5fae\u7684\u5dee\u522b\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

\u5728\u6bd4\u8f83\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u548c\u5927\u8111\u65f6\uff0c\u8bed\u4e49\u95ee\u9898\u5e38\u5e38\u4ee5\u8fd9\u6837\u6216\u90a3\u6837\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u88ab\u63d0\u51fa\u6765\u3002\u7279\u522b\u662f\uff0c\u572880\u5e74\u4ee3\u7ea6\u7ff0\u00b7\u585e\u5c14<\/span>\uff08John Searle\uff09<\/span>\u95ee\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff1a\u300c\u4e00\u53f0\u673a\u5668\u771f\u7684\u80fd\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u667a\u80fd\u5417\uff1f\u300d<\/span>\uff08Searle\uff0c1984\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u95ee\u9898\u5305\u542b\u5728\u8457\u540d\u7684\u300c\u4e2d\u6587\u623f\u95f4<\/span>\uff08Chinese room\uff09<\/span>\u300d\u601d\u60f3\u5b9e\u9a8c\u4e2d\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5b9e\u9a8c\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u4e0d\u7ba1\u4f60\u600e\u6837\u7f16\u5199\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u7a0b\u5e8f\uff0c\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u8fd8\u662f\u4e0d\u61c2\u4e2d\u6587\uff1b\u5b83\u53ea\u662f\u6a21\u4eff\u77e5\u8bc6\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u8fd9\u79cd\u884c\u4e3a\u4e0d\u80fd\u7b49\u540c\u4e8e\u667a\u529b\u3002\u585e\u5c14\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5f3a\u8c03\u4e86\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e8b\u5b9e\uff0c\u5373\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u4ec5\u4ec5\u4f7f\u7528\u53e5\u6cd5\u89c4\u5219\u6765\u64cd\u7eb5\u7b26\u53f7\u5e8f\u5217\uff0c\u800c\u6ca1\u6709\u7406\u89e3\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u542b\u4e49\u3002\u300c\u542b\u4e49<\/span>\uff08meaning\uff09<\/span>\u300d\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\u6ca1\u6709\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u63a2\u8ba8\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u6211\u4eec\u8ba4\u53ef\u5b83\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u4ef7\u503c\u3002\u585e\u5c14\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u7ed3\u8bba\u662f\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u56fe\u7075\u6d4b\u8bd5\u5e76\u4e0d\u8db3\u4ee5\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4ed6\u6240\u63d0\u51fa\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u7b54\u6848\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


\u603b\u800c\u8a00\u4e4b\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u8111-\u673a\u7c7b\u6bd4\u5728\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\u6709\u8fc7\u597d\u8fd0\uff0c\u4e5f\u6709\u8fc7\u4e0d\u5e78\uff0c\u4f46\u8fd9\u79cd\u300c\u9690\u55bb\u300d\u7684\u4f7f\u7528\u8fd8\u662f\u5f88\u666e\u904d\u7684\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u7684\u8bc1\u660e\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u672c\u671f\u7279\u520a\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u8bba\u6587\u4e2d\u627e\u5230\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\u4ecd\u7136\u5f88\u6709\u4ef7\u503c\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u8ba8\u8bba\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/span><\/p>\n

1.4 \u79d1\u5b66\u4e2d\u7684\u9690\u55bb\u4e0e\u7c7b\u6bd4<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

\u5173\u4e8e\u9690\u55bb<\/span>\uff08metaphor\uff09<\/span>\u548c\u7c7b\u6bd4<\/span>\uff08analogy\uff09<\/span>\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5728\u79d1\u5b66\u548c\u4eba\u6587\u5b66\u79d1\u4e2d\u6709\u5927\u91cf\u7684\u6587\u732e\u81f4\u529b\u4e8e\u7814\u7a76\u5b83\u4eec\uff0c\u4f46\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6982\u5ff5\u4ecd\u7136\u662f\u6df7\u4e71\u7684\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u53bb\u770b\u770b\u4ed6\u4eec\u5728\u82f1\u8bed\u8bcd\u5178\u548c\u767e\u79d1\u5168\u4e66\u4e2d\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\u5c31\u80fd\u53d1\u73b0\u3002\u4e00\u4e2a\u751f\u52a8\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\u6765\u81ea\u97e6\u6c0f\u5927\u8bcd\u5178<\/span>\uff08Merriam-Webster Collegiate Dictionary\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u9690\u55bb\u88ab\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e3a\u300c\u4e00\u79cd\u4fee\u8f9e\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u7528\u4e00\u4e2a\u8bcd\u6216\u77ed\u8bed\u8868\u793a\u4e00\u79cd\u7269\u4f53\u6216\u60f3\u6cd5\uff0c\u4ee5\u6697\u793a\u5b83\u4eec\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u76f8\u4f3c\u6027\u6216\u7c7b\u6bd4\u3002\u300d<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

\u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\u5728\u4eba\u7c7b\u77e5\u8bc6\u5e93\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u5206\u652f\u4e2d\u5f97\u5230\u4e86\u300c\u8c03\u6574\u300d\u3002\u8fd9\u91cc\u6211\u4eec\u53ea\u8ba8\u8bba<\/span>\uff08\u897f\u65b9\uff09<\/span>\u79d1\u5b66\u601d\u60f3\u4e2d\u9690\u55bb\u548c\u7c7b\u6bd4\u7684\u542b\u4e49\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u5c06\u5728\u4ee5\u4e0b\u7ae0\u8282\u4e2d\u770b\u5230\uff0c\u5728\u79d1\u5b66\u754c\u548c\u672c\u671f\u7279\u520a\u4e2d\uff0c\u9690\u55bb\u548c\u7c7b\u6bd4\u88ab\u5f53\u4f5c\u540c\u4e49\u8bcd\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5b83\u4eec\u5b58\u5728\u5dee\u522b\u3002\u6b63\u56e0\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5728\u4ee5\u300a\u8111\u673a\u7c7b\u6bd4\u7684\u5f53\u524d\u601d\u8003\u2014\u2014\u6240\u6709\u7684\u9690\u55bb\u90fd\u662f\u9519\u8bef\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u6709\u4e9b\u662f\u6709\u7528\u7684\u300b\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u8bfe\u9898\u4e2d\uff0c\u6709\u610f\u4e14\u6311\u8845\u6027\u5730\u5c06\u9690\u55bb\u548c\u7c7b\u6bd4\u4f5c\u4e3a\u540c\u4e49\u8bcd\u4f7f\u7528\uff1b\u800c\u6b63\u662f\u5728\u79d1\u5b66\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e24\u4e2a\u8bcd\u7684\u533a\u522b\u66f4\u4e3a\u660e\u663e\u3002\u8fd9\u5c31\u662f\u672c\u8282\u8be6\u7ec6\u8ba8\u8bba\u8fd9\u4e00\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u7406\u7531\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

\u503c\u5f97\u6ce8\u610f\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u4e00\u4e9b\u4eba\u8ba4\u4e3a\u9690\u55bb\u548c\u7c7b\u6bd4\u5bf9\u4e8e\u79d1\u5b66\u662f\u65e0\u8db3\u8f7b\u91cd\u7684\uff0c\u53e6\u4e00\u4e9b\u4eba\u5219\u58f0\u79f0\u9690\u55bb\u548c\u7c7b\u6bd4\u5bf9\u79d1\u5b66\u521b\u9020\u529b\u81f3\u5173\u91cd\u8981<\/span>\uff08\u672c\u6587\u652f\u6301\u540e\u8005\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u6839\u636eZiman\u7684\u8bf4\u6cd5\uff0c\u300c……\u79d1\u5b66\u7406\u8bba\u4e0d\u53ef\u907f\u514d\u5730\u5e26\u6709\u9690\u55bb\u6027\u300d<\/span>\uff08Ziman\uff0c2000\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u6709\u4eba\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5b83\u4eec\u662f\u300c\u4eba\u7c7b\u6269\u5c55\u81ea\u8eab\u77e5\u8bc6\u8fb9\u754c\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u300d<\/span>\uff08Yohan\uff0c2012\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u9690\u55bb\u548c\u7c7b\u6bd4\u63a8\u7406\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u662f\u4eba\u7c7b\u8ba4\u77e5\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u7ec4\u6210\u90e8\u5206\u3002\u4e0d\u53ef\u5426\u8ba4\uff0c\u9690\u55bb\u548c\u7c7b\u6bd4\u662f\u4f20\u64ad\u77e5\u8bc6\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u5f3a\u6709\u529b\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u56e0\u800c\u4e5f\u662f\u6559\u80b2\u548c\u5b66\u4e60\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u6709\u529b\u5de5\u5177\u3002\u60f3\u60f3\u5728\u6211\u4eec\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u6559\u5b66\u7ecf\u9a8c\u4e2d\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u6709\u591a\u5c11\u6b21\u4f7f\u7528\u9690\u55bb\u5411\u5b66\u751f\u4f20\u8fbe\u6982\u5ff5<\/span>\uff08Kovac\uff0c2003\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u9690\u55bb\u548c\u7c7b\u6bd4\u53ef\u4ee5\u6307\u5bfc\u79d1\u5b66\u53d1\u73b0\u3001\u5047\u8bbe\u548c\u7406\u8bba\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u5728\u4f7f\u4e16\u754c\u7406\u89e3\u79d1\u5b66\u8bed\u8a00\u65b9\u9762\u4e5f\u53d1\u6325\u7740\u91cd\u8981\u4f5c\u7528\u3002\u6b63\u5982Kuhn\u6240\u8bf4\u201c\u9690\u55bb\u5728\u5efa\u7acb\u79d1\u5b66\u8bed\u8a00\u548c\u4e16\u754c\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u8054\u7cfb\u65b9\u9762\u8d77\u7740\u81f3\u5173\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u201d\uff0c\u4f46\u5173\u952e\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u201d……\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8054\u7cfb\u4e0d\u662f\u4e00\u52b3\u6c38\u9038\u7684\u201d<\/span>\uff08Kuhn\uff0c1993\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u90a3\u4e48\uff0c\u9009\u62e9\u201c\u6b63\u786e\u7684\u201d\u9690\u55bb\u53ef\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\/\u6559\u5e08\u5de5\u4f5c\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u6700\u7ec8\u6210\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u827a\u672f\u5f62\u5f0f<\/span>\uff08Haack\uff0c2019\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u9274\u4e8e\u6211\u4eec\u5bf9\u5927\u8111\u7684\u8ba8\u8bba\u4e0e\u9690\u55bb\u548c\u7c7b\u6bd4\u5173\u7cfb\u5bc6\u5207\uff0c\u5728\u4e0b\u6587\u4e2d\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5c06\u66f4\u8be6\u7ec6\u5730\u8ba8\u8bba\u5b83\u4eec\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/span><\/p>\n

1.5 Metaphor \u9690\u55bb<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

\u5173\u4e8e\u9690\u55bb\u7684\u6587\u732e\u94fa\u5929\u76d6\u5730\uff0c\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e5f\u5f88\u591a\u3002Robert R. Hoffman \u8ba4\u4e3a\u79d1\u5b66\u9690\u55bb\u4ee5\u5404\u79cd\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u51fa\u73b0\uff0c\u5177\u6709\u5404\u79cd\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u529f\u80fd\uff0c\u5e76\u5217\u51fa\u4e86\u76f8\u5f53\u8be6\u5c3d\u7684\u6e05\u5355<\/span>\uff08Hoffman\uff0c1985\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u4e00\u4e2a\u4f8b\u5b50\u662f\u201c\u77e5\u8bc6\u6811<\/span>\uff08Tree of Knowledge<\/em>\uff09<\/span>\u201d\u3002\u51e0\u4e2a\u4e16\u7eaa\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u77e5\u8bc6\u6811\u6709\u7740\u5404\u79cd\u5404\u6837\u7684\u98ce\u683c\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u8d85\u51fa\u4e86\u79d1\u5b66\u8303\u7574\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bf4\u662f\u4eba\u7c7b\u6587\u660e\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u9690\u55bb<\/span>\uff08Lima\uff0c2014\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u800c\u4e14\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u8fdb\u5316\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u5bb6<\/span>\uff08\u5982\u672c\u6587\u7684\u4e24\u4f4d\u4f5c\u8005\uff09<\/span>\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u51e0\u4e4e\u6ca1\u6709\u6bd4\u751f\u547d\u6811\u66f4\u57fa\u672c\u7684\u9690\u55bb\u4e86\uff0c\u8fbe\u5c14\u6587\u548c\u4ed6\u4e4b\u524d\u7684\u62c9\u9a6c\u514b<\/span>\uff08Lamack\uff0c1809\uff09<\/span>\u66fe\u7528\u5b83\u6765\u8bf4\u660e\u8fdb\u5316\u8bba\uff0c\u5e76\u5728\u201c\u5206\u5316\u5206\u7c7b\u7fa4\u56fe\u201d<\/span>\uff08Diagram of diverging taxa\uff0c<\/em>Darwin\uff0c1859\uff09<\/span>\u4e2d\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u63cf\u8ff0<\/span>\uff08\u7b2c6\u7248<\/span>\u4e2d\u7684116 – 117\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u6811\u7684\u6bd4\u55bb\u4e00\u76f4\u88ab\u7528\u4e8e\u8fdb\u5316\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u503c\u5f97\u6ce8\u610f\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u5728\u4e0d\u5230\u4e09\u5341\u5e74\u524d\uff0c\u57fa\u4e8e\u5bf9\u7269\u79cd\u95f4\u57fa\u56e0\u6d41\u52a8\u73b0\u8c61\u7684\u8fdb\u5316\u5f71\u54cd\u7684\u91cd\u65b0\u8ba4\u8bc6<\/span>\uff08\u53c8\u540d\uff1a\u6c34\u5e73\/\u5782\u76f4\u57fa\u56e0\u8f6c\u79fb Horizontal\/Lateral Gene Transfer<\/em>\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u89e3\u91ca\u7269\u79cd\u7684\u591a\u6837\u6027\u7684\u65b0\u9690\u55bb\u51fa\u73b0\u4e86\uff1a\u751f\u547d\u7f51\u7edc<\/span>\uff08The Network of Life<\/em>\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u987a\u4fbf\u63d0\u5230\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u7f51\u7edc\u9690\u55bb\u7684\u63d0\u51fa\u65e9\u4e8e\u751f\u547d\u6811\u7684\u9690\u55bb\u3002\u524d\u8005\u57281750\u5e74\u7531Vitaliano Donati\u63d0\u51fa\uff0c\u540e\u8005\u5219\u57281776\u5e74\u7531Pallas\u63d0\u51fa\u3002\u5728\u8fdb\u5316\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u4e2d\u4f7f\u7528\u6811\u548c\u7f51\u7edc\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\u88ab\u7279\u522b\u63d0\u53ca\uff0c\u4ee5\u5f3a\u8c03\u8fd9\u4e24\u79cd\u9690\u55bb\u7684\u4e92\u8865\u6027\uff1b\u6211\u4eec\u8ba4\u4e3a\u8fd9\u4e00\u7acb\u573a\u5728\u672c\u7efc\u8ff0\u4e2d\u662f\u5173\u952e\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u6811\u548c\u7f51\u7edc\u90fd\u88ab\u7528\u4e8e\u6a21\u62df\u6211\u4eec\u5bf9\u5927\u8111\u53ca\u5176\u8fdb\u5316\u7684\u60f3\u6cd5<\/span>\uff08\u89c1\u7b2c3\u8282\uff09<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


\u81f3\u4e8e\u79d1\u5b66\u4e2d\u9690\u55bb\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\uff0c\u4e3a\u7b80\u6d01\u8d77\u89c1\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u6311\u51fa\u5176\u4e2d\u4e24\u4e2a<\/span>\uff08JC Maxwell, \u4ee5\u53caLakoff & Johnson\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u5e76\u8f85\u4ee5\u4e09\u4e2a\u8bf4\u660e\u6027\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\uff0c\u4ee5\u4fbf\u66f4\u597d\u5730\u7406\u89e3\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

\u8a79\u59c6\u65af\u00b7\u514b\u62c9\u514b\u00b7\u9ea6\u514b\u65af\u97e6<\/span>\uff08James Clerk Maxwell\uff09<\/span>\u5199\u9053\uff1a\u300c\u6211\u4eec\u628a\u4e00\u95e8\u719f\u6089\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u8bed\u8a00\u548c\u601d\u60f3\u8fc1\u79fb<\/span>\uff08transfer<\/em>\uff09<\/span>\u5230\u4e00\u95e8\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u592a\u719f\u6089\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u4e2d\u53bb\u7684\u4fee\u8f9e\u6216\u601d\u7ef4\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u79f0\u4e3a\u79d1\u5b66\u9690\u55bb\u3002\u300d\u8fd9\u6307\u7684\u662f\u9690\u55bb\u7684\u300c\u903b\u8f91\u8bed\u4e49\u5b66\u300d\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u5728\u79d1\u5b66\u548c\u65e5\u5e38\u751f\u6d3b\u4e2d\u5927\u91cf\u4f7f\u7528\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5728Lakoff\u548cJohnson\u7684\u7ecf\u5178\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e5f\u5f15\u5165\u4e86\u300c\u6620\u5c04<\/span>\uff08mapping\uff09<\/span>\u300d\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u8bf4\uff1a\u300c\u9690\u55bb\u7684\u672c\u8d28\u662f\u7528\u4e00\u79cd\u4e8b\u7269\u6765\u7406\u89e3\u548c\u4f53\u9a8c\u53e6\u4e00\u79cd\u4e8b\u7269\u300d<\/span>\uff08Lakoff\u548cJohnson\uff0c1980\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u4e5f\u5f15\u5165\u4e86\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u5373\u300c\u9690\u55bb\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u7406\u89e3\u62bd\u8c61\u6982\u5ff5\u548c\u8fdb\u884c\u62bd\u8c61\u63a8\u7406\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u673a\u5236……\u9690\u55bb\u662f\u8de8\u6982\u5ff5\u57df<\/span>\uff08conceptual domains<\/em>\uff09<\/span>\u7684\u6620\u5c04\u300d<\/span>\uff08Lakoff\uff0c1993a\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u9690\u55bb\u300c\u6210\u4e3a\u300d\u6982\u5ff5\u5de5\u5177<\/span>\uff08\u4ee5\u5e2e\u52a9\u7406\u89e3\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u6b63\u5982Humar\u6240\u8bf4\uff1a\u300c\u9690\u55bb\u901a\u8fc7\u5c06\u5c5e\u6027\u4ece\u4e00\u4e2a\u6620\u5c04\u5230\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u6765\u8fde\u63a5\u4e24\u4e2a\u57df\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u9690\u55bb\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u8f6c\u79fb\u884c\u4e3a…… [\u5176\u4e2d] …… Lakoff\u548cJohnson\u5f15\u5165\u4e86\u5173\u952e\u672f\u8bed\u300e\u76ee\u6807<\/span>\uff08target<\/em>\uff09<\/span>\u300f\u548c\u300e\u6765\u6e90<\/span>\uff08source<\/em>\uff09<\/span>\u300f……\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u9690\u55bb\u300e\u57fa\u56e0\u662f\u6587\u672c\u300f\u5c06\u6765\u6e90\u300e\u6587\u672c\u300f\u548c\u76ee\u6807\u300e\u57fa\u56e0\u300f\u8054\u7cfb\u8d77\u6765\u300d<\/span>\uff08Humar\uff0c2021\uff09<\/span>\u3002Black<\/span>\uff081962\uff09<\/span>\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u300a\u725b\u6d25\u82f1\u8bed\u8bcd\u5178\u300b\u5bf9\u9690\u55bb\u7684\u201c\u6807\u51c6\u5316\u201d\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e0e\u4e0a\u8ff0\u63cf\u8ff0\u662f\u591a\u4e48\u7684\u76f8\u4f3c\uff1a\u300c<\/span>\uff08\u9690\u55bb\u662f\uff09<\/span>\u4e00\u79cd\u4fee\u8f9e\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u5c06\u4e00\u4e2a\u540d\u79f0\u6216\u63cf\u8ff0\u6027\u8bcd\u8bed\u8f6c\u79fb\u81f3\u4e0e\u5176\u672c\u6765\u9002\u7528\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\u4e0d\u540c\u4f46\u7c7b\u4f3c\u7684\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u5bf9\u8c61\uff1b\u8fd9\u79cd\u4fee\u8f9e\u65b9\u5f0f\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u4f8b\u5b50\u5c31\u662f\u9690\u55bb\u8868\u8fbe\u3002\u300d<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

\u6709\u8da3\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u300cmetaphora\u300d\u4e00\u8bcd\u7684\u8bcd\u6e90\u6e90\u4e8e\u53e4\u5e0c\u814a\u540d\u8bcd\u300cmetaphora\u300d<\/span>\uff08\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ac<\/em>\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u800c\u300cmetaphora\u300d\u53c8\u662f\u7531\u52a8\u8bcd\u300cmetaphere\u300d<\/span>\uff08\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03c6\u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd<\/em>\uff09<\/span>\u884d\u751f\u800c\u6765\uff0c\u539f\u610f\u662f\u300c\u8f6c\u79fb<\/span>\uff08transfer\uff09<\/span>\u300d\u3001\u300c\u8f6c\u5316<\/span>\uff08transform\uff09<\/span>\u300d\uff0c\u6216\u7531\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1<\/em><\/span>\uff08\u8d85\u8fc7 over\uff0c\u8d85\u8d8a beyond\uff09<\/span>\u548c\u03c0\u03b7\u03b5\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd<\/em><\/span>\uff08\u643a\u5e26 to carry\uff09<\/span>\u884d\u751f\u3002\u8fd9\u5b8c\u5168\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u6211\u4eec\u5728\u4e0a\u8ff0\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e2d\u300c\u8f6c\u79fb\u300d\u6216\u300c\u643a\u5e26\u8d85\u8d8a\u300d\u7684\u542b\u4e49\u3002\u66f4\u786e\u5207\u5730\u8bf4\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u95ee\uff1a\u8f6c\u79fb\u7684\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\uff1f<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

\u5728\u6df1\u5165\u7814\u7a76\u4e0b\u4e00\u4e2a\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u7c7b\u6bd4\u6982\u5ff5\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u9700\u8981\u8003\u8651\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u7ecf\u5e38\u4e0e\u9690\u55bb\u8054\u7cfb\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\u6216\u88ab\u6bd4\u4f5c\u9690\u55bb\u7684\u76f8\u5f53\u6709\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u672f\u8bed\uff1a\u300c\u6a21\u578b<\/span>\uff08model\uff09<\/span>\u300d\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u3002\u901a\u5e38\uff0c\u5728\u79d1\u5b66\u6587\u732e\u4e2d\uff0c\u6a21\u578b\u548c\u9690\u55bb\u4e4b\u95f4\u6ca1\u6709\u660e\u786e\u7684\u533a\u522b\u3002\u4f46\u6211\u4eec\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u4e3a\u4e86\u660e\u786e\u8d77\u89c1\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u4f5c\u51fa\u533a\u5206\u3002\u4e0e\u9690\u55bb\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u6a21\u578b<\/span>\uff08\u6982\u5ff5\u6a21\u578b\uff09<\/span>\u7684\u8bed\u4e49\u8303\u56f4\u8f83\u7a84\uff0c\u5b83\u4f5c\u4e3a\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u5047\u8bbe\u6027\u8868\u793a\uff0c\u5176\u76ee\u7684\u662f\u6a21\u62df\u548c\u7406\u89e3\u73b0\u5b9e<\/span>\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u751f\u7269\u6a21\u578b\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u800c\u4e14\uff0c\u300c……\u4e00\u4e2a\u6a21\u578b\uff0c\u5728\u5176\u8bcd\u6e90\u548c\u6280\u672f\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\uff0c\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b9e\u8d28\u6027\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\uff0c\u5b83\u662f\u5176\u4ed6\u4e1c\u897f\u7684\u6700\u597d\u6216\u7406\u60f3\u7684\u4ee3\u8868\u3002\u300c\u6a21\u578b\u300d\u4e00\u8bcd\u7684\u6240\u6709\u5176\u4ed6\u7528\u6cd5\u90fd\u662f\u8fd9\u4e00\u57fa\u672c\u542b\u4e49\u7684\u9690\u55bb\u5ef6\u4f38\u300d<\/span>\uff08Hoffman\uff0c1985\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5c06\u6a21\u578b\u89c6\u4e3a\u65e8\u5728\u7406\u89e3\u548c\u9884\u6d4b\u7279\u5b9a\u6a21\u5f0f<\/span>\uff08pattern\uff09<\/span>\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u6216\u8868\u793a\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

\u5728\u672c\u8282\u7684\u672b\u5c3e\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5e0c\u671b\u63d0\u51fa\u4e00\u79cd\u9690\u55bb\u300c\u6982\u5ff5\u300d\uff0c\u8be5\u6982\u5ff5\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u4f46\u63a5\u53d7\u6620\u5c04\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u4f7f\u7528<\/span>\uff08\u53c2\u89c1\u4e0b\u65871.6\u8282\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u8111\u6d77\u4e2d\u7684\u9690\u55bb\u7c7b\u578b\u662f\u5efa\u7acb\u5728\u89c6\u89c9\u611f\u77e5\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u4e0a\u7684\u3002\u89c6\u89c9\u56fe\u50cf\u662f\u79d1\u5b66\u6d1e\u5bdf\u529b\u7684\u9a71\u52a8\u529b\uff0c\u5e76\u63d0\u4f9b\u6559\u80b2\u529b\u91cf\u3002\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u4f8b\u5b50\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u786e\u5b9a\u4e86\u4e09\u4e2a\u6700\u80fd\u8bf4\u660e\u8fd9\u4e00\u601d\u60f3\u7684\u9690\u55bb\uff1aWright<\/span>\uff081931\uff09<\/span>\u7684\u300a\u9002\u5e94\u6027\u666f\u89c2<\/span>\uff08Adaptive Landscapes\uff09<\/span>\u300b\u3001\u6c83\u4e01\u987fWaddington<\/span>\uff081957\uff09<\/span>\u7684\u300a\u8868\u89c2\u9057\u4f20\u666f\u89c2<\/span>\uff08Epigenetic Landscapes\uff09<\/span>\u300b\u4ee5\u53caDavidson and Peter<\/span>\uff082015\uff09<\/span>\u7684\u300a\u57fa\u56e0\u8c03\u63a7\u7f51\u7edc<\/span>\uff08Gene Regulatory Network \uff09<\/span>\u300b\u3002\u5173\u4e8e\u79d1\u5b66\u4e2d\u9690\u55bb\u7684\u4f7f\u7528\u53ca\u5176\u5371\u9669\u548c\u9677\u9631\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u53c2\u8003Reynolds<\/span>\uff082022\uff09<\/span>\u7684\u4f18\u79c0\u65b0\u4e66\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

1.6 \u7c7b\u6bd4<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

\u9690\u55bb\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u300c\u7c7b\u6bd4\u300d<\/span>\uff08\u548c\u300c\u76f8\u4f3c\u6027\u300d\uff09<\/span>\u7684\u6765\u6e90\uff0c\u5e76\u53ef\u80fd\u6307\u5bfc\u6a21\u578b\u7684\u6784\u5efa\u3002\u5728\u300a\u725b\u6d25\u82f1\u8bed\u8bcd\u5178\u300b\u7ed9\u51fa\u7684\u7c7b\u6bd4\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e2d\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u4ee5\u4e0b\u5185\u5bb9\uff1a\uff08a\uff09\u6bd4\u8f83\u4e24\u4ef6\u4e8b\u7269\uff0c\u901a\u5e38\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u89e3\u91ca\u6216\u6f84\u6e05\uff1b\uff08b\uff09\u751f\u7269\u5b66\uff1a\u5177\u6709\u4e0d\u540c\u8fdb\u5316\u8d77\u6e90\u7684\u5668\u5b98\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u529f\u80fd\u76f8\u4f3c\u6027\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\u7684\u91cd\u70b9\u662f\u7b2c\u4e00\u79cd\uff0c\u66f4\u4e00\u822c\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

Atran<\/span>\uff081990\uff09<\/span>\u5c06\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6982\u5ff5\u8ffd\u6eaf\u5230\u4e9a\u91cc\u58eb\u591a\u5fb7\uff0c\u4ed6\u8bd5\u56fe\u6bd4\u8f83\u4eba\u3001\u52a8\u7269\u548c\u690d\u7269\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\u548c\u529f\u80fd\uff1b\u300c… \u4e9a\u91cc\u58eb\u591a\u5fb7\u7684\u751f\u547d\u5f62\u5f0f\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u62e5\u6709\u5177\u6709\u540c\u6837\u57fa\u672c\u529f\u80fd\u7684\u7c7b\u4f3c\u5668\u5b98\u6765\u533a\u5206\u548c\u8054\u7cfb\u7684\u3002\u300d\u7c7b\u4f3c\u5730\uff0c\u7c7b\u6bd4\u6982\u5ff5\u5728\u6bd4\u8f83\u89e3\u5256\u5b66\u4e2d\u4e8e1843\u5e74\u88ab\u5f15\u5165\uff0c\u5e76\u88ab\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e3a\u300c\u4e00\u79cd\u52a8\u7269\u4e2d\u7684\u67d0\u4e2a\u90e8\u4f4d\u6216\u5668\u5b98\u4e0e\u53e6\u4e00\u79cd\u52a8\u7269\u4e2d\u7684\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u90e8\u4f4d\u6216\u5668\u5b98\u5177\u6709\u76f8\u540c\u529f\u80fd\u300d<\/span>\uff08Owen\uff0c1843\uff09<\/span>\u3002Atran \u63d0\u51fa\u7c7b\u6bd4\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u66f4\u4e00\u822c\u5316\u7248\u672c\uff0c\u5e76\u63d0\u5230\u4e86\u725b\u987f\u7684\u300c\u81ea\u7136\u7c7b\u6bd4\u300d\u6982\u5ff5<\/span>\uff08\u540c\u4e0a\uff0c\u7b2c232\u9875\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u6307\u51fa\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7c7b\u6bd4\u300c…\u7ed3\u5408\u4e86\u4e24\u4e2a\u65e7\u89c2\u5ff5\uff1a\u795e\u5b66\u7684\u300e\u5b58\u5728\u94fe<\/span>\uff08Chain of Being<\/em>\uff09<\/span>\u300f\uff0c\u81ea\u7136<\/span>\uff08Nature\uff09<\/span>\u901a\u8fc7\u5b83\u5bfb\u6c42\u795e\u7684\u5b8c\u7f8e\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5b8f\u89c2\u4e16\u754c\u548c\u5fae\u89c2\u4e16\u754c\u4e2d\u56e0\u679c\u6a21\u5f0f\u7684\u7edf\u4e00\u3002\u300d<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u6b63\u662f\u5728Mary Hesse<\/span>\uff081970\uff09<\/span>\u8be6\u7ec6\u63cf\u8ff0\u79d1\u5b66\u6a21\u578b\u548c\u7c7b\u6bd4\u7684\u7ecf\u5178\u8457\u4f5c\u4e2d\uff0c\u5979\u60f3\u8c61\u4e86\u4e24\u4f4d\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5bf9\u8bdd\uff1aCampbellian<\/em> \u8ba4\u4e3a\u7c7b\u6bd4\u548c\u300c\u67d0\u79cd\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u7684\u6a21\u578b\u5bf9\u4e8e\u79d1\u5b66\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u903b\u8f91\u662f\u5fc5\u4e0d\u53ef\u5c11\u7684\u300d\uff0c\u800cDuhemist<\/em>\u5219\u5426\u8ba4\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u3002Campbellian<\/em> \u8005\u5c06\u7c7b\u6bd4\u5206\u4e3a\u4e09\u79cd\u7c7b\u578b\uff1a\u6b63\u5411\u3001\u8d1f\u5411\u548c\u4e2d\u6027\u3002\u4e24\u4e2a\u7269\u7406\u5bf9\u8c61\u6216\u7cfb\u7edf\u5177\u6709\u6b63\u5411\u7c7b\u6bd4\uff0c\u662f\u57fa\u4e8e\u5b83\u4eec\u5171\u540c\u7684\u300c\u5c5e\u6027\u300d\uff1a\u300c\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5730\u7403\u548c\u6708\u7403\u3002\u4e24\u8005\u90fd\u662f\u5927\u7684\u3001\u575a\u5b9e\u7684\u3001\u4e0d\u900f\u660e\u7684\u3001\u7403\u5f62\u7684\u7269\u4f53\uff0c\u4ece\u592a\u9633\u63a5\u6536\u70ed\u548c\u5149\uff0c…\u300d\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7269\u4f53\u5728\u8bb8\u591a\u65b9\u9762\u53ef\u80fd\u5b58\u5728\u5dee\u5f02\uff1a\u300c\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u6708\u7403\u6bd4\u5730\u7403\u5c0f\uff0c\u66f4\u5177\u706b\u5c71\u6027\u8d28\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u5927\u6c14\u5c42\u548c\u6c34…\u5b83\u4eec\u4e4b\u95f4\u5b58\u5728\u8d1f\u5411\u7c7b\u6bd4\u3002\u300d \u4e2d\u6027\u7c7b\u6bd4\u662f\u300c\u6a21\u578b\u7684\u5c5e\u6027\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5c1a\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u5b83\u4eec\u662f\u6b63\u5411\u7c7b\u6bd4\u8fd8\u662f\u8d1f\u5411\u7c7b\u6bd4\u3002\u300d\u8bf7\u6ce8\u610f\uff0cCampbellian<\/em> \u4e5f\u5173\u6ce8\u8bed\u4e49\uff1a\u300c\u4f46\u9996\u5148\u8ba9\u6211\u4eec\u5c31\u300c\u6a21\u578b\u300d\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8bcd\u7684\u542b\u4e49\u8fbe\u6210\u4e00\u81f4\u3002\u300d\u56e0\u6b64\uff0cHesse \u544a\u8bc9\u6211\u4eec\uff0c\u7c7b\u6bd4\u53ef\u4ee5\u5177\u6709\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u300c\u4ef7\u503c<\/span>(value)<\/span>\u300d\uff1a\u6b63\u5411\u3001\u8d1f\u5411\u6216\u4e2d\u6027\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

Humar\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u300c\u7ed3\u6784\u9690\u55bb\u300d\u548c\u300c\u529f\u80fd\u9690\u55bb\u300d\u7684\u4e8c\u5206\u6cd5<\/span> (dichotomy)<\/span>\u3002\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\uff0c\u300c\u529f\u80fd\u9690\u55bb\u5f3a\u8c03\u6e90\u8bed\u548c\u76ee\u6807\u8bed\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u529f\u80fd\u76f8\u4f3c\u6027\uff0c\u5728\u53e4\u4ee3\u79d1\u5b66\u6587\u732e\u4e2d\u4e5f\u6709\u7c7b\u4f3c\u7684\u8868\u8ff0\u300d<\/span>\uff082021\uff09<\/span>\u3002Gentner\u548cJezioreski<\/span>\uff081993\uff09<\/span>\u4e5f\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u4efb\u4f55\u7c7b\u6bd4\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u4f7f\u7528\u90fd\u8d2f\u7a7f\u7740\u4e00\u4e2a\u57fa\u672c\u601d\u60f3\uff1a\u300c\u7c7b\u6bd4\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u601d\u60f3\u662f\u5c06\u77e5\u8bc6\u4ece\u4e00\u4e2a\u9886\u57df<\/span>\uff08\u57fa\u7840\uff0cthe base<\/em>\uff09<\/span>\u6620\u5c04\u5230\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u9886\u57df<\/span>\uff08\u76ee\u6807\uff0cthe target<\/em>\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u4f7f\u5f97\u5728\u57fa\u7840\u5bf9\u8c61\u4e4b\u95f4\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e5f\u5b58\u5728\u4e8e\u76ee\u6807\u5bf9\u8c61\u4e4b\u95f4\u3002\u5728\u89e3\u91ca\u7c7b\u6bd4\u65f6\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u8bd5\u56fe\u5c06\u57fa\u7840\u5bf9\u8c61\u4e0e\u76ee\u6807\u5bf9\u8c61\u4e00\u4e00\u5bf9\u5e94\uff0c\u4ee5\u83b7\u5f97\u6700\u5927\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\u5339\u914d\u3002\u300d\u6b64\u5916\uff0cHoffman\u5c06\u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u533a\u522b\u89c6\u4e3a\u9e21\u751f\u86cb\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u5c06\u7c7b\u6bd4\u89c6\u4e3a\u300c\u5fc3\u7406\u7684\u86cb\u300d\uff0c\u5c06\u9690\u55bb\u89c6\u4e3a\u300c\u9e21\u300d<\/span>\uff08Hoffman\uff0c1985\uff0c\u7b2c348\u9875\uff09<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

\u6700\u540e\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5efa\u8bae\u5728\u79d1\u5b66\u4e2d\u4f7f\u7528\u4e24\u79cd\u5224\u65ad\u6807\u51c6<\/span>\uff08\u7ed3\u6784\u548c\u529f\u80fd\uff09<\/span>\u5b9a\u4e49\u7c7b\u6bd4\uff0c\u5e76\u5c06\u529f\u80fd\u6307\u5b9a\u4e3a\u5176\u6700\u5177\u7279\u8272\u7684\u5c5e\u6027\u3002\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u6765\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u6240\u5b9a\u4e49\u7684\u7c7b\u6bd4\u5c31\u80fd\u4e0eLakoff-Johnson\u7684\u9690\u55bb\u5b9a\u4e49\u4ee5\u53ca\u5176\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u300c\u8f6c\u79fb\u300d\u884c\u4e3a\u8054\u7cfb\u8d77\u6765\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u8ba4\u4e3a\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7c7b\u6bd4\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\u66f4\u4e3a\u76f8\u5173<\/span>\uff08\u5177\u6709\u5b9e\u9645\u610f\u4e49\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u9690\u55bb\u5e76\u4e0d\u65e8\u5728\u4e3a\u7279\u5b9a\u95ee\u9898\u63d0\u4f9b\u89e3\u51b3\u65b9\u6848\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u6ca1\u6709\u89e3\u91ca\u80fd\u529b\u3002\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u7c7b\u6bd4\u786e\u5b9e\u5177\u6709\u89e3\u91ca\u80fd\u529b\uff0c\u5e76\u4f7f\u6211\u4eec\u80fd\u591f\u6839\u636e\u901a\u8fc7\u5efa\u7acb\u8fde\u63a5\uff0c\u57fa\u4e8e\u4ece\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u7cfb\u7edf\u6240\u83b7\u5f97\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u7406\u89e3\u7ed9\u5b9a\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\/\u529f\u80fd\u3002\u4e00\u4e2a\u8bf4\u660e\u7c7b\u6bd4\u300c\u89e3\u91ca\u4f5c\u7528\u300d\u7684\u5178\u578b\u4f8b\u5b50\u662f\u5728\u4e0d\u540c\u5b66\u79d1\u4e4b\u95f4\u8f6c\u79fb\u7684\u4e3b\u9898<\/span>\uff08Ziman\uff0c2000\uff09<\/span>\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u4ece\u4fe1\u606f\u8bba\u5230\u5206\u5b50\u9057\u4f20\u5b66\u7684\u300c\u4ee3\u7801<\/span>\uff08code\uff09<\/span>\u300d\u6982\u5ff5\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

1.7 \u5927\u8111<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

\u672c\u7279\u520a\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u5173\u952e\u6982\u5ff5\u663e\u7136\u662f\u300c\u5927\u8111\u300d\uff0c\u4f46\u5982\u4f55\u5b9a\u4e49\u5927\u8111\u5462\uff1f\u6839\u636e\u300a\u5927\u82f1\u767e\u79d1\u5168\u4e66<\/span>\uff08Encyclopedia Britannica\uff09<\/span>\u300b\u7684\u7b80\u5355\u5b9a\u4e49\uff0c\u5927\u8111\u662f\u300c\u751f\u7269\u4f53\u524d\u7aef\u7684\u795e\u7ecf\u7ec4\u7ec7\u56e2\u5757\u300d\u3002\u5927\u8111\u6574\u5408\u611f\u5b98\u4fe1\u606f\u5e76\u6307\u5bfc\u8fd0\u52a8\u53cd\u5e94\u3002\u867d\u7136\u8fd9\u4e3b\u8981\u4ee3\u8868\u4e86\u810a\u690e\u52a8\u7269\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\uff0c\u4f46\u7528\u795e\u7ecf\u5143\u4ee3\u66ff\u795e\u7ecf\u4ecd\u7136\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u6709\u6548\u7684\u8bba\u65ad\u3002\u4f5c\u4e3a\u96c6\u4e2d\u7ed3\u6784\u7684\u5927\u8111\u662f\u53e4\u8001\u7684\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u8ffd\u6eaf\u5230\u57c3\u8fea\u5361\u62c9\u7eaa<\/span>\uff08Ediacaran\uff0c5.71\u4ebf\u81f35.39\u4ebf\u5e74\u524d\uff09<\/span>\u7684\u4e24\u4fa7\u5bf9\u79f0\u52a8\u7269\u7684\u8d77\u6e90<\/span>\uff08Martinez\u548cSprecher\uff0c2020\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u5728\u5e7c\u866b\/\u52a8\u7269\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u6781\u70b9\u4e2d\u795e\u7ecf\u5143\u7684\u805a\u5408\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u5b9e\u73b0\u66f4\u597d\u7684\u96c6\u4e2d\u529f\u80fd\u534f\u8c03\uff0c\u4ece\u8fd9\u4e2a\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u8bf4\uff0c\u5927\u8111\u4e5f\u88ab\u7b49\u540c\u4e8e\u300c\u4e2d\u592e\u5904\u7406\u5355\u5143\u300d<\/span>\uff08CPU\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u5927\u8111\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u5b9e\u73b0\u4e2d\u592e\u5316\u7684\u4ee5\u53ca\u4fc3\u4f7f\u5b83\u4eec\u51fa\u73b0\u7684\u6761\u4ef6\u5df2\u7ecf\u88ab\u8ba8\u8bba\u8fc7<\/span>\uff08\u540c\u4e0a\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u8fd9\u91cc\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u518d\u8ba8\u8bba\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

\u51e0\u4e2a\u4e16\u7eaa\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5bf9\u5927\u8111\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u53d1\u751f\u4e86\u5f7b\u5e95\u7684\u53d8\u5316\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u7531\u4e8e\u5bf9\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u7269\u7406\u7ec4\u6210\u90e8\u5206\u548c\u5de5\u4f5c\u65b9\u5f0f\u7f3a\u4e4f\u6b63\u786e\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u3002\u5404\u79cd\u89e3\u91ca\u4f7f\u7528\u4e86\u7b26\u5408\u6240\u5904\u65f6\u4ee3\u673a\u68b0\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u9690\u55bb<\/span>\uff08\u89c1Cobb\u5728\u6b64\u7279\u520a\u4e2d\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u68b3\u7406\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u6700\u8fd1\uff0c\u968f\u7740\u8ba1\u7b97\u8bbe\u5907\u7684\u5b9e\u4f8b\u5316\u548c\u4fe1\u606f\u65f6\u4ee3\u7684\u5d1b\u8d77\uff0c\u8ba1\u7b97\u548c\u4fe1\u606f\u5904\u7406\u6210\u4e3a\u6211\u4eec\u601d\u8003\u5927\u8111\u53ca\u5176\u6d3b\u52a8\u7684\u53c2\u8003\u6807\u7684\u3002\u76ee\u524d\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u59cb\u4e8e20\u4e16\u7eaa\u521d\uff0c\u5f53\u65f6\u4eba\u4eec\u5728\u663e\u5fae\u955c\u4e0b\u7cfb\u7edf\u5730\u5206\u6790\u4e86\u5927\u8111\u7ec4\u7ec7\u3002\u5b64\u7acb\u7684\u7ec6\u80de\u5f62\u6210\u7684\u795e\u7ecf\u7f51\u7edc\u652f\u6301\u4e86\u5c06\u5927\u8111\u89c6\u4e3a\u4e00\u53f0\u300c\u673a\u5668\u300d\u6765\u8ba1\u7b97\u548c\u5904\u7406\u4fe1\u606f\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

\u5927\u8111\u8fde\u63a5<\/span>\uff08\u795e\u7ecf\u5143\u548c\u4e9a\u7ed3\u6784\uff09<\/span>\u7684\u590d\u6742\u6027\u8868\u660e\u4e86\u5927\u8111\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u662f\u4e00\u7ec4\u8fde\u901a\u7684\u7535\u7ebf\uff0c\u5177\u6709\u590d\u6742\u7684\u67b6\u6784<\/span>\uff08Cobb\uff0c2020\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u5316\u5b66\u548c\u7535\u5b66\u8fde\u63a5\u7684\u53d1\u73b0\u6811\u7acb\u4e86\u5927\u8111\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u5de8\u5927\u7684\u7535\u6c14\u8bbe\u5907\u7684\u5f62\u8c61\uff0c\u5b83\u5177\u6709\u590d\u6742\u7684\u5f00\u5173\u673a\u5236\u3002\u6b63\u662f\u4fe1\u606f\u65f6\u4ee3\u4e2d\u51fa\u73b0\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u6279\u80fd\u591f\u300c\u8ba1\u7b97\u300d\u7684\u8bbe\u5907\u624d\u5bfc\u81f4\u4e86\u5927\u8111\u65b0\u6a21\u578b\u7684\u63d0\u51fa\u3002\u5927\u8111\u9664\u4e86\u8fdb\u884c\u7535\u8109\u51b2\u4f20\u5bfc\u5916\uff0c\u8fd8\u88ab\u540c\u5316<\/span>\uff08assimilate\uff09<\/span>\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u590d\u6742\u7684\u8ba1\u7b97\u8bbe\u5907\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

\u795e\u7ecf\u5143\u7684\u7efc\u5408\u6a21\u578b<\/span>\uff08integrative model\uff09<\/span>\u662f\u7531\u63a7\u5236\u8bba\/\u795e\u7ecf\u751f\u7406\u5b66\u5148\u9a71 Warren McCulloch\u548c\u6570\u5b66\u5bb6Walter Pitts<\/span>\uff08\u4ee5\u53ca\u5176\u4ed6\u4eba\uff09<\/span>\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u3002McCulloch\u7684\u63a7\u5236\u8bba\u4f7f\u7528\u903b\u8f91\u548c\u6570\u5b66\u6765\u5f00\u53d1\u795e\u7ecf\u7f51\u7edc\u6a21\u578b\uff0c\u4ee5\u4f53\u73b0\u5927\u8111\u7684\u529f\u80fd<\/span>\uff08Pitts and McCulloch, 1947\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u6a21\u578b\u7684\u51c6\u786e\u6027\u6210\u4e3a\u8fa9\u8bba\u7684\u4e3b\u9898\uff0c\u672c\u671f\u7279\u520a\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u8bba\u6587\u4e5f\u63d0\u5230\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898<\/span>\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\uff0cDavis\uff0c2021*\uff1bFraser\uff0c2021\u5e74*\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u5173\u4e8e\u4fe1\u606f\u5982\u4f55\u88ab\u5904\u7406\u3001\u795e\u7ecf\u5143\u901a\u4fe1\u7684\u901f\u5ea6\u3001\u795e\u7ecf\u5143\u5728\u6574\u5408\u8f93\u5165\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u3001\u4fe1\u606f\u7684\u8def\u7531\u4ee5\u53ca\u795e\u7ecf\u5143\u53d1\u653e\u6a21\u5f0f\u548c\u5927\u8111\u6d3b\u52a8<\/span>\uff08\u5373\u5fc3\u7406\u6d3b\u52a8\uff09<\/span>\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u76f8\u5173\u6027\u7684\u601d\u60f3\uff0c\u90fd\u4e3a\u5173\u4e8e\u4f7f\u7528\u300c\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u300d\u9690\u55bb\u6765\u7406\u89e3\u795e\u7ecf\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u6709\u6548\u6027\u7684\u8fa9\u8bba\u505a\u51fa\u4e86\u8d21\u732e\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8fa9\u8bba\u4eca\u5929\u4ecd\u7136\u50cf\u8fc7\u53bb\u4e00\u6837\u6d3b\u8dc3\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

\u5668\u5b98\u7684\u6d3b\u52a8\u4f5c\u4e3a\u7279\u6027\u300c\u5b9a\u4e49\u300d\u4e86\u9690\u55bb\u7684\u8303\u56f4\u548c\u5185\u5bb9\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u4f7f\u7528\u7279\u5b9a\u5668\u5b98\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u9690\u55bb\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u3002\u4ece\u8fd9\u4e2a\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u8bb2\uff0c\u5927\u8111\u88ab\u6bd4\u4f5c\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u6839\u636e\u67d0\u4e9b\u4f5c\u8005\u7684\u8bf4\u6cd5\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u6b63\u5728\u6267\u884c\u300c\u8ba1\u7b97\u300d\u64cd\u4f5c<\/span>\uff08Chirimuuta\uff0c2022*\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u8be5\u9690\u55bb\u7684\u4f7f\u7528\uff0c\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u5f62\u6210\u7edf\u4e00\u610f\u89c1<\/span>\uff08\u5728Gomez-Marin\u548cGraham\u7684\u672c\u671f\u7279\u520a\u4e2d\u7684\u6587\u7ae0\u4e5f\u63a2\u8ba8\u4e86\u5176\u4ed6\u9690\u55bb\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u8fd9\u5df2\u7ecf\u5f15\u8d77\u4e86\u5173\u4e8e\u5728\u795e\u7ecf\u79d1\u5b66\u4e2d\u4f7f\u7528\u67d0\u4e9b\u7279\u5b9a\u9690\u55bb\u7684\u610f\u4e49\u6027\u7684\u6fc0\u70c8\u8fa9\u8bba<\/span>\uff08\u8bf7\u53c2\u89c1\u672c\u6587\u7684\u540e\u7eed\u8ba8\u8bba\uff09<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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\u5bf9\u5927\u8111\u53ca\u5176\u529f\u80fd\u8fdb\u884c\u5efa\u6a21\u7684\u5173\u952e\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u4e0e\u4fe1\u606f\u6d41\u7684\u672c\u8d28\u4ee5\u53ca\u8f93\u5165\u4fe1\u53f7\u5982\u4f55\u8f6c\u5316\u4e3a\u8f93\u51fa\u884c\u4e3a<\/span>\uff08\u5305\u62ec\u8def\u7531\u95ee\u9898\uff09<\/span>\u76f8\u5173<\/span>\uff08Graham, 2022*\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u8fd9\u548c\u5927\u8111\u4e0e\u7ebf\u6027\u5904\u7406\u5668\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u65b9\u5f0f\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u6709\u5173\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u4ece\u8f93\u5165\u6570\u636e\u5230\u8f93\u51fa\u5b9e\u73b0<\/span>\uff08\u884c\u4e3a\uff09<\/span>\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u6d41\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u5355\u5411\u7684\u3002\u53e6\u6709\u89c2\u70b9\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u5927\u8111\u7684\u8f93\u51fa\u662f\u67d0\u4e9b\u300c\u6d8c\u73b0\u6027\u8d28\u300d\u7684\u7ed3\u679c<\/span>\uff08emergent properties\uff0c\u8bd1\u6ce8\uff1a\u6d8c\u73b0\u6027\u8d28\u662f\u6307\u5728\u8bb8\u591a\u7ec4\u5206\u5408\u4f5c\u4e0b\u51fa\u73b0\u7684\u65b0\u7684\u3001\u9ad8\u5c42\u6b21\u7684\u7269\u7406\u5316\u5b66\u5c5e\u6027\u6216\u73b0\u8c61\uff0c\u800c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5c5e\u6027\u6216\u73b0\u8c61\u662f\u7ec4\u5206\u4e2a\u4f53\u4e0d\u5177\u5907\u7684\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6d8c\u73b0\u6027\u8d28\u5e76\u4e0d\u80fd\u7531\u539f\u59cb\u8f93\u5165\u901a\u8fc7\u7ebf\u6027\u53d8\u6362\u5f97\u51fa\u3002\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u5927\u8111\u7269\u7406\u6a21\u578b\u65e0\u6cd5\u89e3\u51b3\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u4e0e\u4eba\u7c7b\u5927\u8111\u7684\u81ea\u6307<\/span>\uff08self-reference\uff09<\/span>\u80fd\u529b\uff0c\u6216\u66f4\u4e00\u822c\u5730\u8bf4\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5bf9\u81ea\u5df1\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u610f\u8bc6\u6709\u5173\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u95ee\u9898\u4e0d\u5bb9\u6613\u88ab\u6d8c\u73b0\u6a21\u578b\u89e3\u51b3\u3002\u5728\u672c\u671f\u7279\u520a\u4e2d\uff0cFraser \u7b49\u4eba\u5c55\u793a\u4e86\u81ea\u6307\u6a21\u578b\u5728\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u79d1\u5b66\u4e2d\u7684\u590d\u6742\u6027\u3002\u518d\u6b21\u5f3a\u8c03\uff0c\u6570\u5b66\u4e0a\u7684\u63cf\u8ff0\u548c\u53ef\u89c2\u6d4b\u7684\u73b0\u5b9e\u5e76\u4e0d\u5bb9\u6613\u8fdb\u884c\u6bd4\u8f83\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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2. \u7279\u520a\u8bba\u6587\u7b80\u4ecb<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n

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<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/h3>\n

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\u5728\u672c\u8282\u4e2d\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5bf9\u672c\u671f\u7279\u520a\u4e2d\u768412\u7bc7\u6587\u7ae0<\/span>\uff08\u89c1\u88681\uff09<\/span>\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u603b\u7ed3\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u9664\u4e00\u7bc7\u5916\uff0c\u5176\u4ed6\u6bcf\u7bc7\u6587\u7ae0\u90fd\u5f97\u5230\u4e86\u901a\u8baf\u4f5c\u8005\u7684\u8ba4\u53ef\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


\u6211\u4eec\u5728\u56fe1\u4e2d\u5c55\u793a\u4e86\u4e00\u5e45\u56fe\u7247\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u770b\u4f5c\u662f\u6574\u4e2a\u671f\u520a\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u5feb\u7167\u3002\u5b83\u57fa\u4e8e\u6211\u4eec\u4efb\u610f\u9009\u62e9\u768420\u4e2a\u6982\u5ff5<\/span>\uff08\u5173\u952e\u8bcd\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u7528[0,1]\u77e9\u9635\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u8868\u73b0\u8bba\u6587\u4e2d\u6d89\u53ca\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u8868\u793a\u65b9\u6cd5\u7684\u6709\u7528\u6027\u4e0d\u8a00\u81ea\u660e\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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\u56fe1. \u7279\u520a\u4e00\u89c8\u3002\u56fe\u5f62\u662f[0,1]\u77e9\u9635\uff0c\u5b83\u901a\u8fc720\u4e2a\u6982\u5ff5(\u5173\u952e\u5b57)\u6765\u63cf\u8ff0\u672c\u671f\u7279\u520a\u4e2d\u768412\u7bc7\u6587\u7ae0\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6982\u5ff5(\u5173\u952e\u5b57)\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u7528\u4e00\u4e2a\u70b9\u6765\u8868\u793a\u3002\u5916\u90e8\u5217\u663e\u793a\u6bcf\u4e2a\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u6587\u7ae0\u6570\u91cf(ND-A) \uff0c\u5916\u90e8\u884c\u663e\u793a\u6bcf\u4e2a\u6587\u7ae0\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u6570\u91cf[ ND-C; \u5373\uff0c\u8282\u70b9\u5ea6(ND) \uff0c\u6bcf\u4e2a\u8282\u70b9\u7684\u94fe\u63a5\u6570\u91cf\uff0c\u5728\u76f8\u5e94\u7684\u4e8c\u5206\u56fe\u4e2d\uff0c\u672a\u663e\u793a]\u3002\u6587\u7ae0\u5982\u4e0b: Cobb (1) \uff0cGomez-Marin (2) \uff0cChirimuuta (3) \uff0cBretton (4) \uff0cBongard-Levin (5) \uff0cRichards-Lillicrap (6) \uff0cFraser (7) \uff0cRoli-Jaeger-Kauffman (8) \uff0cDanchin-Fenton (9) \uff0cDavis (10) \uff0cGershenson (11) \uff0cGraham (12)\u3002\u7f29\u5199: TM \u56fe\u7075\u673a\uff1bAI\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\uff1bALife\u4eba\u5de5\u751f\u547d\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n


\u6211\u4eec\u9009\u62e9Matthew Cobb\u7684\u6587\u7ae0\u4f5c\u4e3a\u672c\u671f\u7279\u520a\u7684\u5f00\u7bc7\uff0c\u4ed6\u5bf9\u51e0\u4e2a\u4e16\u7eaa\u4ee5\u6765\u7528\u6765\u63cf\u8ff0\u5927\u8111\u5e76\u8bd5\u56fe\u7406\u89e3\u5176\u529f\u80fd\u7684\u9690\u55bb\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u68b3\u7406\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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2.1 \u8111\u7535\u8def\u7b80\u53f2<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n


\u5728\u672c\u671f\u7279\u520a\u7684\u5f00\u7bc7\u6587\u7ae0\u4e2d\uff0c\u4f18\u79c0\u8457\u4f5c\u300aThe Idea of the Brain<\/em>\u300b<\/span>\uff082020\uff09<\/span>\u7684\u4f5c\u8005Matthew Cobb\u8be6\u7ec6\u4ecb\u7ecd\u4e86\u5927\u8111\u300c\u7ebf\u8def\u56fe\u300d<\/span>\uff08wiring diagram\uff09<\/span>\u9690\u55bb\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u53f2\uff0c\u5e76\u63a2\u8ba8\u4e86\u5b83\u4e0e\u76f8\u5173\u9690\u55bb\u5728\u8fc7\u53bb\u4e24\u4e2a\u4e16\u7eaa\u5bf9\u5927\u8111\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


Cobb \u8ba4\u4e3a\u4f7f\u7528\u9690\u55bb\u6765\u63cf\u8ff0\u8111\u529f\u80fd\u7684\u8bb0\u8f7d\u59cb\u4e8e18\u4e16\u7eaa\uff0c\u6e90\u4e8e\u529b\u5b66\u4ee5\u53ca\u7535\u5b66<\/span>\uff08\u7535\u62a5\uff09<\/span>\u7684\u53d1\u73b0\u3002\u4ed6\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u5230\u4e8619\u4e16\u7eaa\u672b\u671f\uff0c\u300c\u7535\u8bdd\u4ea4\u6362\u673a\u7684\u51fa\u73b0\uff0c\u4fe1\u606f\u5f97\u4ee5\u7075\u6d3b\u8def\u7531\u300d\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u660e\u663e\u7684\u8f6c\u53d8\u3002\u5230\u4e8620\u4e16\u7eaa\uff0c\u300c\u52a8\u7269\u4f53\u548c\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u7684\u4e24\u79cd\u7ebf\u8def\u56fe\u5f62\u6210\u4e86\u5bf9\u8bdd\u5173\u7cfb\u300d\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

\u572821\u4e16\u7eaa\uff0c\u65e8\u5728\u5b8c\u6574\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e2d\u67a2\u795e\u7ecf\u7cfb\u7edf\u7ed3\u6784\u8fde\u63a5\u7684\u8fde\u63a5\u7ec4<\/span>\uff08connectomic\uff09<\/span>\u9879\u76ee\u6210\u4e3a\u4e86\u7126\u70b9\u3002Cobb\u4e3b\u8981\u6279\u8bc4\u8fd9\u4e9b\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u4eec\u4ea7\u751f\u4e86\u795e\u7ecf\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u9759\u6001\u8868\u793a\u3002\u4ed6\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5e94\u8be5\u4ece\u63a7\u5236\u7279\u5b9a\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u5c0f\u578b\u56de\u8def\u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u9010\u6b65\u63a8\u8fdb\u5230\u6574\u4e2a\u795e\u7ecf\u5143\u8fde\u63a5\u56fe\u8c31\u3002\u4ed6\u4ee5\u9f99\u867e\u7684\u80c3\u4e3a\u4f8b\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8fc7\u7a0b\u7531\u51e0\u4e2a\u795e\u7ecf\u5143\u63a7\u5236\uff0c\u4e14\u5df2\u7ecf\u88ab\u7814\u7a76\u4e86\u5f88\u957f\u65f6\u95f4\uff0c\u4f46\u6211\u4eec\u4ecd\u7136\u6ca1\u6709\u5b8c\u5168\u7406\u89e3\u5176\u673a\u5236\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0cCobb \u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u4ec5\u51ed\u57fa\u56e0\u7ec4\u5e8f\u5217\u672c\u8eab\u65e0\u6cd5\u89e3\u91ca\u76f8\u5e94\u6709\u673a\u4f53\u7684\u300c\u529f\u80fd\u300d\uff0c\u540c\u6837\u300c\u2026\u2026\u7ebf\u8def\u56fe\u672c\u8eab\u4e5f\u65e0\u6cd5\u89e3\u91ca\u4eba\u7c7b\u5927\u8111\u7684\u8fd0\u4f5c\u300d\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

Cobb \u63d0\u5230\u4e86\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u6700\u65b0\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u5927\u8111\u529f\u80fd\u9690\u55bb\u7684\u300c\u4e91\u8ba1\u7b97\u6216\u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u300d\u3002\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u4ed6\u627f\u8ba4\u300c\u2026\u2026\u5b83\u5c06\u53ef\u5851\u6027\u548c\u5206\u5e03\u5f0f\u529f\u80fd\u878d\u5165\u4e86\u6211\u4eec\u5bf9\u5927\u8111\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u4e2d\u300d\uff0c\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u4ed6\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u5728\u8003\u8651\u5230\u9c81\u68d2\u6027<\/span>\uff08robustness\uff09<\/span>\u6982\u5ff5\u65f6\uff0c\u5b83\u4e5f\u6709\u5176\u5c40\u9650\u6027\uff1a\u300c\u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u88ab\u8bbe\u8ba1\u6210\u5373\u4f7f\u79fb\u9664\u4e86\u5173\u952e\u90e8\u5206\u4ecd\u7136\u80fd\u591f\u8fd0\u884c\uff0c\u800c\u5927\u8111\u529f\u80fd\u7684\u67d0\u4e9b\u65b9\u9762\u5982\u679c\u7279\u5b9a\u533a\u57df\u53d7\u635f\u5219\u4f1a\u53d7\u5230\u51b3\u5b9a\u6027\u7684\u7834\u574f\u3002\u300d\u6709\u8da3\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u9690\u55bb\u5c06\u5728David Graham\u5728\u672c\u7279\u520a\u4e2d\u7684\u6700\u540e\u4e00\u7bc7\u6587\u7ae0\u4e2d\u5f97\u5230\u8be6\u7ec6\u63a2\u8ba8\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u8b66\u793a\uff0cCobb \u8b66\u544a\u6211\u4eec\u4f7f\u7528\u8fd9\u4e9b\u9690\u55bb\u7814\u7a76\u5927\u8111\u529f\u80fd\u7684\u5c40\u9650\u6027\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u300c\u2026\u2026\u7531\u4e8e\u5927\u591a\u6570\u795e\u7ecf\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u53ef\u5851\u6027\u548c\u5206\u5e03\u5f0f\u529f\u80fd\u3002\u300d\u5927\u8111\u53ef\u5851\u6027\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u662f\u672c\u4e13\u9898\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\uff0c\u6697\u793a\u4e86\u4e2a\u4f53\u5728\u5176\u751f\u547d\u4e2d\u8868\u73b0\u51fa\u7684\u795e\u7ecf\u7cfb\u7edf\u53ef\u5851\u6027\u4e0e\u5b66\u4e60\u548c\u8bb0\u5fc6\u83b7\u53d6\u8fc7\u7a0b\u6709\u5173\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

\u63a5\u4e0b\u6765\u7684\u4e09\u7bc7\u6587\u7ae0\u6d89\u53ca\u6982\u5ff5\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u7531A. Gomez-Marin\u3001M. Chirimuuta\u548cR. Brette\u64b0\u5199\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u89e3\u51b3\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u662f\u662f\u5426\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u57fa\u7840\u6765\u6bd4\u8f83\u5927\u8111\u548c\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u4ee5\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u901a\u8fc7\u8d28\u7591\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\u3001\u5982\u4f55\u52a0\u4ee5\u63cf\u8ff0\u4ee5\u53ca\u8fd9\u4e9b\u63cf\u8ff0\u53ca\u5176\u76f8\u5173\u9690\u55bb\u5728\u6211\u4eec\u5bf9\u5927\u8111\u548c\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u7684\u5f53\u524d\u7406\u89e3\u4e2d\u7684\u9650\u5236\u6765\u56de\u7b54\u8fd9\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

2.2 \u8bc4\u8bba\uff1a\u6211\u4eec\u8d56\u4ee5\u751f\u5b58\u7684\u9690\u55bb<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

Gomez-Marin\u5411\u6211\u4eec\u4ecb\u7ecd\u4e86\u8ba4\u77e5\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6George P. Lakoff\u548cMark Johnson\u6240\u8457\u7684\u8457\u540d\u4e66\u7c4d\u300a\u6211\u4eec\u8d56\u4ee5\u751f\u5b58\u7684\u9690\u55bb<\/span>\uff08Metaphors we live by<\/em>\uff09<\/span>\u300b<\/span>(1980)<\/span>\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u90e8\u5f00\u521b\u6027\u7684\u4f5c\u54c1\u4e2d\uff0c\u4f5c\u8005\u5bf9\u9690\u55bb\u7684\u672c\u8d28\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u8be6\u7ec6\u7684\u5206\u6790\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u9690\u55bb\u66fe\u7ecf\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u300c\u8bed\u8a00\u5de5\u5177\u300d<\/span>(\u8bed\u4e49)<\/span>\uff0c\u800c\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u5b83\u4eec\u662f\u5927\u591a\u6570\u300c\u6982\u5ff5\u5efa\u6784\u300d\uff0c\u80fd\u591f\u5851\u9020\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u601d\u7ef4\u548c\u884c\u4e3a\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002\u4ece\u67d0\u79cd\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u8bf4\uff0c\u6b63\u5982Gomez Marin\u6240\u6307\u51fa\u7684\uff0c\u9690\u55bb\u7684\u8bed\u4e49\u89d2\u8272\u662f\u6b21\u8981\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u6982\u5ff5<\/span> (\u8ba4\u77e5) <\/span>\u672c\u8d28\u5219\u66f4\u4e3a\u91cd\u8981\u3002\u6839\u636eLakoff <\/span>(1993b) <\/span>\u7684\u8bf4\u6cd5\uff0c\u9690\u55bb\u6620\u5c04<\/span>\uff08\u4ece\u4e00\u4e2a\u6982\u5ff5\u9886\u57df\u5230\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u6982\u5ff5\u9886\u57df\uff09<\/span>\u7684\u8fdb\u884c\u72ec\u7acb\u4e8e\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u8bed\u8a00\u8868\u8fbe\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u8981\u4f18\u5148\u8003\u8651\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u8ba4\u77e5\u529f\u80fd\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u8bed\u8a00\u8868\u8fbe\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\u3002\u6362\u53e5\u8bdd\u8bf4\uff0c\u9690\u55bb\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u7ed3\u6784\u6bd4\u8bed\u8a00\u7ed3\u6784\u66f4\u4e3a\u91cd\u8981\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u80cc\u666f\u4e0b\uff0cGomez-Marin\u91cd\u65b0\u5ba1\u89c6\u4e86\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u548c\u5927\u8111\u7684\u6bd4\u55bb\u3002\u7ecf\u8fc7\u5bf9\u5927\u8111\u548c\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u6700\u666e\u904d\u7684\u89c6\u89c9\u5f62\u8c61\u8fdb\u884c\u7b80\u8981\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u56de\u987e\uff0cGomez-Marin\u8ba9\u6211\u4eec\u5173\u6ce8\u5230\u4f8b\u5982\u5168\u606f\u56fe\u548c\u6536\u97f3\u673a\u7b49\u8f83\u5c11\u88ab\u63d0\u53ca\u7684\u5927\u8111\u5f62\u8c61\u3002\u5176\u4e2d\uff0c\u300c\u6536\u97f3\u673a\u300d\u7684\u5f62\u8c61\u4ee3\u8868\u7740\u4e00\u4e2a\u6709\u8da3\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\uff0c\u5373\u300c\u5927\u8111\u4e0d\u4f1a\u521b\u9020\u601d\u60f3\uff0c\u53ea\u80fd\u63a5\u6536\u548c\u8fc7\u6ee4\u5b83\u4eec\u3002\u300d<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

\u5728\u6700\u540e\uff0cGomez-Marin\u603b\u7ed3\u4e86\u4ed6\u5bf9\u9690\u55bb\u7684\u8bc4\u4ef7\uff0c\u5e76\u5efa\u8bae\u6211\u4eec\u5c06\u5b83\u4eec\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5b9e\u7528\u5de5\u5177\u5e94\u7528\uff0c\u4f46\u9700\u8981\u65f6\u523b\u4fdd\u6301\u8b66\u60d5\uff0c\u907f\u514d\u9677\u5165\u300c\u9690\u55bb\u5355\u4e00\u6587\u5316<\/span>\uff08metaphorical monoculture\uff09<\/span>\u300d\uff0c\u5426\u5219\u5c06\u6210\u4e3a\u300c\u8d1f\u62c5<\/span>\uff08burden\uff09<\/span>\u300d\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u300c\u795d\u798f<\/span>\uff08blessing\uff09<\/span>\u300d\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

2.3 \u7ec4\u4ef6\u4e0e\u62bd\u8c61\u6c34\u5e73<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

Chirimuuta\u8bc4\u8bba\u4e86\u4e0d\u540c\u4f5c\u8005\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u5373\u591a\u5c42\u6b21\u65b9\u6cd5\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u5927\u8111\u548c\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a<\/span>\uff08\u6216\u5176\u4ed6\u590d\u6742\u5de5\u5177\uff09<\/span>\u53d8\u5f97\u6613\u4e8e\u5904\u7406\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u65b9\u6cd5\u4f7f\u7528\u81ea\u4e0a\u800c\u4e0b\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u529f\u80fd\u7279\u5f81\u6765\u8865\u5145\u81ea\u4e0b\u800c\u4e0a\u7684\u8fd8\u539f\u4e3b\u4e49<\/span>\uff08reductionist\uff09<\/span>\u7b56\u7565\u3002\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u5047\u8bbe\u662f\uff1a\u5927\u8111\u53ef\u88ab\u5206\u89e3\u4e3a\u76f8\u5bf9\u81ea\u6cbb\u7684\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5c42\u6b21\uff0c\u7c7b\u4f3c\u4e8e\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u53ef\u88ab\u5206\u89e3\u4e3a\u786c\u4ef6\u548c\u8f6f\u4ef6\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\u56fe2. \u9006\u5411\u5de5\u7a0b\u8868\u793a\u4e3a\u529f\u80fd\u5206\u6790\u7684\u6267\u884c\u793a\u610f\u56fe<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6bd4\u55bb\u5f88\u6709\u5438\u5f15\u529b\uff0cChirimuuta\u8ba4\u4e3a\u8fd8\u9700\u8981\u8003\u8651\u4e00\u4e9b\u9650\u5236\u56e0\u7d20\u3002\uff081\uff09\u5e95\u5c42\u7ec4\u4ef6<\/span>\uff08\u8111\u4e2d\u7684\u795e\u7ecf\u5143\uff09<\/span>\u5728\u8111\u4fe1\u606f\u5904\u7406\u4e2d\u4e0d\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u201c\u786c\u4ef6\u5b9e\u73b0\u8005\u201d\u3002\u5728\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u4e2d\uff0c\u7ef4\u62a4\u673a\u5668\u7269\u7406\u5b8c\u6574\u6027\u548c\u6267\u884c\u4fe1\u606f\u5904\u7406\u4efb\u52a1\u7684\u5143\u7d20\u662f\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u3002\u800c\u8fd9\u79cd\u5206\u79bb\u5728\u5927\u8111\u4e2d\u662f\u5426\u5b58\u5728\u8fd8\u8fdc\u672a\u6e05\u695a\u3002\uff082\uff09\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u5236\u54c1\u7684\u7ec4\u88c5\u65b9\u5f0f\u4e5f\u4e0d\u540c\u3002\u867d\u7136\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u7684\u8bbe\u8ba1\u53ef\u4ee5\u786e\u4fdd\u9ad8\u7ea7\u529f\u80fd\u76f8\u5bf9\u72ec\u7acb\u4e8e\u786c\u4ef6\u7684\u53d8\u5316\uff0c\u4f46\u5927\u8111\u7684\u529f\u80fd\u53ef\u80fd\u5f88\u5927\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u4f4e\u7ea7\u522b\u7684\u7ec6\u8282\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7ec6\u8282\u901a\u5e38\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4e0e\u8ba4\u77e5\u65e0\u5173\u3002\u6709\u8da3\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e24\u79cd\u9009\u62e9\u53c8\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u4e24\u79cd\u5efa\u6784\u65b9\u6cd5\u7684\u4ea7\u7269\uff1a\u5bf9\u4e8e\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\/\u5236\u54c1\u6765\u8bf4\u662f\u5de5\u7a0b\u5b66\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5927\u8111\u6765\u8bf4\u8fdb\u5316\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0cChirimuuta\u62c5\u5fc3\u590d\u6742\u751f\u7269\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u6784\u5efa\u548c\u529f\u80fd<\/span>\uff08\u5982\u5927\u8111\uff09<\/span>\u88ab\u8fc7\u5ea6\u7b80\u5316\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

2.4 \u5927\u8111\u5373\u590d\u6742\uff1a\u6bd4\u55bb\u3001\u7c7b\u6bd4\uff0c\u7406\u8bba\u8fd8\u662f\u4e8b\u5b9e?<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

Brette\u548cRichards\/Lillicrap<\/span>\uff08\u89c1\u4e0b\u6587\uff09<\/span>\u63a2\u8ba8\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u95ee\u9898\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u8bed\u4e49\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u95ee\u9053\u300c\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\uff1f\u300dBrette\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u5728\u901a\u4fd7\u548c\u6280\u672f\u7528\u8bed\u4e2d\uff0c\u300c\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u300d\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u300c\u53ef\u7f16\u7a0b\u673a\u5668\u300d\u3002\u7136\u540e\uff0c\u4ed6\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u5728\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u79d1\u5b66\u4e2d\u6ca1\u6709\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u7684\u6b63\u5f0f\u5b9a\u4e49\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u8ba9\u6211\u4eec\u5173\u6ce8\u300c\u7a0b\u5e8f\u300d\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u5b83\u88ab\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e3a\u300c\u4e00\u7ec4\u660e\u786e\u7684\u6307\u4ee4\uff0c\u4e8b\u5148\u5b8c\u5168\u6307\u5b9a\u4e86\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u884c\u4e3a<\/span>\uff08\u300epro-\u300f\u8868\u793a\u4e4b\u524d\uff1b\u300e-gram\u300f\u8868\u793a\u5199\u5165\uff09<\/span>\u300d\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

\u6b64\u5916\uff0cBrette\u5bf9\u7b97\u6cd5\u548c\u5927\u8111\u8ba1\u7b97\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u8ba8\u8bba\u5341\u5206\u5f97\u5f53\u3002\u4ece\u8fdb\u5316\u548c\u54f2\u5b66\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u6765\u770b\uff0c\u6709\u4e24\u4e2a\u6df1\u523b\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u4e0e\u8be5\u6982\u5ff5\u6709\u5173\uff1a\u300c\u5927\u8111\u7a0b\u5e8f<\/span>\uff08brain program<\/em>\uff09<\/span>\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\uff1f\u300d\u548c\u300c\u8c01\u6765\u300e\u7f16\u7a0b\u300f\u5927\u8111\uff1f\u300d\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u63a8\u7406\u4f3c\u4e4e\u5bfc\u81f4\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u903b\u8f91\u7ed3\u679c\uff1a\u300c\u2026\u2026\u5927\u8111\u53ef\u80fd\u4e0d\u662f\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u4e0d\u662f\u771f\u6b63\u53ef\u7f16\u7a0b\u7684\u3002\u300d Brette\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u9690\u55bb\u548c\u7c7b\u6bd4\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\uff0c\u5e76\u5f97\u51fa\u7ed3\u8bba\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5927\u8111-\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u7684\u9690\u55bb\u4f3c\u4e4e\u6ca1\u4ec0\u4e48\u7528\u5904\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u662f\u8bef\u5bfc\u6027\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u4e00\u79cd\u7b80\u5316\u8ba4\u77e5\u548c\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7ed3\u8bba\u4e0eRichards\u548cLillicrap\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u5f62\u6210\u4e86\u9c9c\u660e\u7684\u5bf9\u6bd4\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

\u4e0b\u4e00\u7bc7\u8bba\u6587\u6d89\u53ca\u4e0e\u5927\u8111-\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u6bd4\u8f83\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u4e00\u4e9b\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u95ee\u9898\u53ef\u80fd\u6d89\u53ca\u8bed\u4e49\u8bef\u89e3<\/span>\uff08\u8be5\u9886\u57df\u7684\u6b63\u5f0f\u5b9a\u4e49\uff09<\/span>\u6216\u6709\u5173\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u6216\u5927\u8111\u6240\u80fd\u505a\u7684\u5bfc\u81f4\u8bef\u89e3\u7684\u5047\u8bbe\u3002Bongard\u548cLevin\u4ee5\u53caRichards\u548cLillicrap\u7684\u8bba\u6587\u6d89\u53ca\u5f71\u54cd\u6240\u6709\u5b9a\u4e49\u7684\u6839\u672c\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\u5f88\u5927\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u5e26\u6709\u4ea7\u751f\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u9886\u57df<\/span>\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u79d1\u5b66\u3001\u5de5\u7a0b\u5b66\u6216\u795e\u7ecf\u751f\u7269\u5b66\uff09<\/span>\u7684\u70d9\u5370\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u675f\u7f1a\u5f71\u54cd\u4e86\u6211\u4eec\u6784\u601d\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u6216\u5927\u8111\u6240\u80fd\u505a\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002\u8fd9\u91cc\uff0c\u5927\u8111\u3001\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u548c\u673a\u5668\u662f\u88ab\u8be6\u7ec6\u5206\u6790\u7684\u4e09\u4e2a\u4f8b\u5b50\u3002\u63a5\u4e0b\u6765\u7684\u4e09\u7bc7\u8bba\u6587\uff0c\u7531Fraser\u7b49\u4eba\u3001Roli\u7b49\u4eba\u548cDanchin\/Fenton\u64b0\u5199\uff0c\u660e\u786e\u9610\u8ff0\u4e86\u8f6f\u4ef6<\/span>\uff08\u7b97\u6cd5\u8fd0\u884c\uff09<\/span>\u4ee5\u53ca\u5927\u8111\u548c\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u5982\u4f55\u5904\u7406\u4fe1\u606f\u3002\u6240\u6709\u4f5c\u8005\u90fd\u8ba8\u8bba\u4e86\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u80fd\u591f\u5728\u591a\u5927\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u590d\u5236\u751f\u7269\u4f53\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5bf9\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u7684\u6f5c\u529b\u5b58\u5728\u666e\u904d\u7684\u4e50\u89c2\u6001\u5ea6\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4f5c\u8005\u5f15\u5165\u4e86\u4e00\u4e9b\u6ce8\u610f\u4e8b\u9879\uff1b\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6ce8\u610f\u4e8b\u9879\u4e0d\u7531\u5f97\u4f7f\u4eba\u4eec\u8d28\u7591\u673a\u5668\u300c\u6a21\u4eff\u300d\u4eba\u7c7b\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u3002\u300c\u667a\u80fd\u4f53<\/span>\uff08Agency\uff09<\/span>\u300d\u548c\u300c\u81ea\u6307\u300d\u6210\u4e3a\u660e\u663e\u7684\u7eca\u811a\u77f3\u3002\u672c\u8282\u7684\u6700\u540e\u4e00\u7bc7\u8bba\u6587\u7531Davis\u64b0\u5199\uff0c\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u7531\u8fd9\u79cd\u7c7b\u6bd4\u6240\u5f15\u53d1\u7684\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u5e76\u8be2\u95ee\u81ea\u5df1<\/span>\uff08\u4ee5\u53ca\u8be5\u9886\u57df\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u8005\uff09<\/span>\u8fd9\u4e9b\u95ee\u9898\u5728\u591a\u5927\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u5f97\u5230\u4e86\u56de\u7b54\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u7b54\u6848\u5c06\u5bf9\u8fa9\u8bba\u4ea7\u751f\u4f55\u79cd\u5f71\u54cd\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/span><\/p>\n

2.5 \u751f\u7269\u4e0d\u662f\uff0820\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\uff09\u673a\u5668\uff1a\u4ece\u73b0\u4ee3\u673a\u5668\u884c\u4e3a\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u66f4\u65b0\u673a\u68b0\u9690\u55bb<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

\u957f\u671f\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u4e00\u76f4\u8ba4\u4e3a\u751f\u547d\u548c\u673a\u5668\u662f\u6839\u672c\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u5b9e\u4f53\uff0c\u524d\u8005\u4e0d\u80fd\u5f52\u7ed3<\/span>\uff08reduce\uff09<\/span>\u4e3a\u540e\u8005<\/span>\uff08Nicholson\uff0c2013\uff09<\/span>\u3002Bongard\u548cLevin \u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u4e8c\u5206\u6cd5\u5927\u591a\u57fa\u4e8e\u4e00\u79cd\u65e7\u7684\u673a\u5668\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u537317\u523019\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u89c2\u5ff5\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u89c2\u5ff5\u6ca1\u6709\u8003\u8651\u5230\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u3001\u751f\u7269\u5de5\u7a0b\u7b49\u5b66\u79d1\u7684\u73b0\u4ee3\u53d1\u5c55\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u80cc\u666f\u4e0b\uff0c\u4f5c\u8005\u91cd\u65b0\u5ba1\u89c6\u8fd9\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u5e76\u95ee\uff1a\u300c\u4e00\u4e2a\u5408\u9002\u7684\u673a\u5668\u9690\u55bb\u662f\u5426\u8db3\u591f\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u4ee5\u4fc3\u8fdb\u5b9e\u9a8c\u548c\u6982\u5ff5\u8fdb\u5c55\uff1f\u300d\u7406\u89e3\u8fd9\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u8def\u5f84\uff0c\u8981\u4ece\u660e\u786e\u5b9a\u4e49\u673a\u5668\u4ee5\u53ca\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u7279\u6027\u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u518d\u5230\u6279\u5224\u6027\u5730\u8bc4\u4f30\u73b0\u4ee3\u79d1\u6280\u544a\u8bc9\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7279\u6027\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7279\u6027\u662f\u5426\u660e\u786e\u533a\u5206\u4e86\u6d3b\u7684<\/span>\uff08alive\uff0c\u6216\u8fdb\u5316\u7684evolved\uff09<\/span>\u548c\u5de5\u7a0b\u7684<\/span>\uff08engineered\uff09<\/span>\u300c\u4e8b\u7269\u300d\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5dee\u5f02\uff1f\u4f5c\u8005\u63d0\u5230\uff0c\u4e0a\u8ff0\u5b66\u79d1\u7684\u73b0\u4ee3\u53d1\u5c55\u4f7f\u5f97\u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u300c\u7cfb\u7edf\u300d\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u6e05\u6670\u5206\u9694\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u96be\u4ee5\u7ef4\u6301\uff0c\u4e14\u968f\u7740\u73b0\u4ee3\u5de5\u7a0b\u5b66\u7684\u8fdb\u5c55\uff0c\u8fb9\u754c\u53d8\u5f97\u66f4\u52a0\u6a21\u7cca\u3002\u4f5c\u8005\u5f3a\u8c03\uff0c\u5bf9\u751f\u547d\u4f53\u6240\u5173\u8054\u7684\u7279\u6027\u8fdb\u884c\u5206\u6790\u540e\u65b0\u5f00\u53d1\u7684\u673a\u5668\u6e05\u695a\u5730\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u66fe\u7ecf\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u660e\u663e\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u754c\u9650\u73b0\u5728\u53d8\u5f97\u6a21\u7cca\u4e86\u3002\u5728\u6700\u540e\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u8bd5\u56fe\u5bf9\u673a\u5668<\/span>\uff08machine\uff09<\/span>\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u5b9a\u4e49<\/span>\uff08working definition\uff0c\u610f\u4e3a\u53d1\u5c55\u4e2d\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u4ee5\u5bb9\u7eb3\u6211\u4eec\u83b7\u5f97\u7684\u6240\u6709\u65b0\u89c1\u89e3\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

2.6 \u8111\u673a\u9690\u55bb\u4e4b\u4e89\u6beb\u65e0\u610f\u4e49\uff1a\u8bed\u4e49\u95ee\u9898<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

Richards\u548cLillicrap\u5f3a\u8c03\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e8b\u5b9e\uff0c\u5373\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u5b66\u79d1\u5bf9\u300c\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u300d\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u5177\u4f53\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5c06\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u79d1\u5b66\u4e2d\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e0e\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u79d1\u5b66\u4e4b\u5916\u7684\u5b66\u79d1\u4e2d\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u5bf9\u6bd4\u3002\u6839\u636e\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8bba\u70b9\uff0c\u5173\u4e8e\u5927\u8111-\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u9690\u55bb\u7684\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u4e89\u8bba\u53ea\u662f\u8bed\u4e49\u4e0a\u7684\u5206\u6b67\u3002\u90a3\u4e48\u8fd9\u6837\u5c31\u7ed3\u675f\u4e86\u4e89\u8bba\u5417\uff1f<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

\u5c3d\u7ba1\u300c\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u300d\u7684\u901a\u4fd7\u7528\u6cd5\u5f88\u7b80\u5355\u2014\u2014\u300c\u4eba\u9020\u8bbe\u5907<\/span>\uff08\u7b14\u8bb0\u672c\u7535\u8111\uff0c\u667a\u80fd\u624b\u673a\u7b49\uff09<\/span>\u5bf9\u8f93\u5165\u8fdb\u884c\u987a\u5e8f\u5904\u7406\u4ee5\u4ea7\u751f\u8f93\u51fa\u300d\uff0c\u4f46\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u79d1\u5b66\u4e2d\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u5374\u5e76\u975e\u5982\u6b64\u3002\u4f5c\u8005\u5bf9\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u79d1\u5b66\u4e2d\u300c\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u300d\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u6df1\u5165\u5206\u6790\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5b9a\u4e49\u57fa\u4e8e\u5176\u4ed6\u4e24\u4e2a\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u300c\u7b97\u6cd5\u300d\u548c\u300c\u53ef\u8ba1\u7b97\u51fd\u6570\u300d\u3002\u300c\u7b97\u6cd5\u300d\u53ef\u4ee5\u975e\u6b63\u5f0f\u5730\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e3a\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u6709\u9650\u7684\u903b\u8f91\u6b65\u9aa4\uff0c\u673a\u68b0\u5730\u89e3\u51b3\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u300c\u53ef\u8ba1\u7b97\u51fd\u6570\u300d\u662f\u300c\u4efb\u4f55\u503c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u7b97\u6cd5\u786e\u5b9a\u7684\u51fd\u6570\u300d\u3002\u7b97\u6cd5\u7684\u6b63\u5f0f\u5b9a\u4e49\u662f\u5206\u522b\u7531\u6570\u5b66\u5bb6Alan Turing\u548cAlonzo Church\u4e8e1936-1937\u5e74\u72ec\u7acb\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\uff0c\u4f5c\u8005\u4ecb\u7ecd\u4e86Church-Turing\u8bba\u9898\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

\u4f5c\u8005\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u300c\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u300d\u7684\u6b63\u5f0f\u5b9a\u4e49\uff1a\u4e00\u79cd\u300c\u7269\u7406\u673a\u5668\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u5b9e\u73b0\u7b97\u6cd5\u4ee5\u89e3\u51b3\u53ef\u8ba1\u7b97\u51fd\u6570\u300d<\/span>\uff08a “physical machinery that can implement algorithms in order to solve computable functions<\/em>.”\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u5f3a\u8c03\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5b9a\u4e49\u300c\u975e\u5e38\u91cd\u8981\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u662f\u8ba1\u7b97\u795e\u7ecf\u79d1\u5b66\u548c\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u300d\u3002\u4f5c\u8005\u8fd8\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5b9a\u4e49\u5728\u5927\u8111\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u5e94\u7528\uff0c\u5e76\u8ba8\u8bba\u4e86\u5176\u5c40\u9650\u6027\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

\u603b\u4e4b\uff0cRichards \u548c Lillicrap \u5e0c\u671b\u6211\u4eec\u5bf9\u6bd4\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u79d1\u5b66\u5185\u5916\u4e24\u4e2a\u5b9a\u4e49\u3002\u5982\u679c\u91c7\u7528\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\uff0c\u300c\u4eba\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u2026\u2026\u7b80\u5355\u5730\u95ee\uff0c\u5927\u8111\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\uff1f\u300d\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u300c\u2026\u2026\u5982\u679c\u91c7\u7528\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u79d1\u5b66\u4e4b\u5916\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u5927\u8111\u5c31\u4e0d\u662f\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bf4\uff0c\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u662f\u5927\u8111\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u975e\u5e38\u7cdf\u7cd5\u7684\u9690\u55bb\u3002\u300d<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/span><\/p>\n

\u90a3\u4e48\uff0c\u8fa9\u8bba\u7ed3\u675f\u4e86\u5417\uff1f<\/span>
<\/p>\n


<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n


<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

2.7 \u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u5927\u8111\uff08\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\uff09\u80fd\u7406\u89e3\u8bf4\u8c0e\u8005\u6096\u8bba\uff1f<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

\u4eba\u7c7b\u5927\u8111\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u7279\u6027\u662f\u80fd\u591f\u610f\u8bc6\u5230\u81ea\u8eab\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u3002\u8fd9\u4f3c\u4e4e\u662f\u4e0e\u5176\u4ed6\u6807\u51c6\u673a\u5668<\/span>\uff08\u5305\u62ec\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\uff09<\/span>\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u663e\u800c\u6613\u89c1\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u3002Fraser\u548c\u4ed6\u7684\u5408\u4f5c\u8005<\/span>\uff08Fraser\uff0c\u672c\u671f\uff09<\/span>\u901a\u8fc7\u81ea\u6307\u9648\u8ff0<\/span>\uff08self-reference statements\uff09<\/span>\u4e3a\u6b64\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u6709\u529b\u7684\u8bba\u636e\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u9648\u8ff0\u65e0\u6cd5\u88ab\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u89e3\u51b3\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u660e\u786e\u5730\u9648\u8ff0\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6848\u4f8b\uff1a\u50cf\u300c\u73b0\u5728\u8bf4\u7684\u8fd9\u53e5\u8bdd\u662f\u5047\u7684\u300d\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u53e3\u5934\u9648\u8ff0\u88ab\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u5927\u8111\u300c\u7406\u89e3\u300d\u4e86\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u9762\u5bf9\u8fd9\u79cd\u9648\u8ff0\u65f6\uff0c\u4f1a\u9677\u5165\u4e00\u4e2a\u300c\u65e0\u9650\u5faa\u73af\u300d\u3002\u5927\u8111\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u5904\u7406\u4e0a\u8ff0\u6096\u8bba\u7684\u5462\uff1fFraser\u7b49\u4eba\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u4f18\u96c5\u7684\u52a8\u529b\u5b66\u6a21\u578b<\/span>\uff08dynamical model\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u5927\u8111\u7531\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\u7684\u5355\u5143<\/span>\uff08\u6a21\u5757\uff09<\/span>\u7ec4\u6210\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u6cbf\u7740\u65f6\u95f4\u8f74\u8fd0\u52a8<\/span>\uff08\u5947\u5f02\u5faa\u73af\u6a21\u578b strange loop model\uff0c\u6307\u5728\u5c42\u7ea7\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u5355\u5411\u79fb\u52a8\u65f6\u80fd\u56de\u5230\u8d77\u70b9\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u8be5\u6a21\u578b\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u5927\u8111\u5904\u7406\/\u89e3\u51b3\u6096\u8bba\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u5373\u901a\u8fc7\u5c06\u4e0d\u4e00\u81f4\u6027\u7684\u5206\u6790\u5ef6\u4f38\u5230\u65f6\u95f4\u4e0a<\/span>\uff08\u6cbf\u7740\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8f74\u89e3\u5377deconvolute\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u5927\u8111\u80fd\u591f\u901a\u8fc7\u65f6\u57df\u5316<\/span>\uff08temporalize\uff09<\/span>\u5e94\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6096\u8bba\u3002\u8fd9\u907f\u514d\u4e86\u7cfb\u7edf<\/span>\uff08\u5927\u8111\uff09<\/span>\u9677\u5165\u65e0\u9650\u5faa\u73af\u4e2d\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\u56fe3. \u5728\u65f6\u95f4\u4e2d\u5c55\u5f00\u81ea\u6307\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u60f3\u8c61\u4e3a\u5c55\u5f00\u4e00\u4e2a\u88ab\u591a\u6b21\u6253\u5305\u6210\u87ba\u65cb\u72b6\u7684\u5706\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u65f6\u95f4\u7ef4\u5ea6\u5bf9\u5e94\u4e8e\u87ba\u65cb\u72b6\u7684\u957f\u7ef4\u5ea6\u3002\u7b49\u4ef7\u5730\uff0c\u5b83\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u60f3\u8c61\u4e3a\u5706\u504f\u632f\u5149\u7684\u6f14\u5316\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/span><\/p>\n

2.8 \u751f\u7269\u5982\u4f55\u8ba4\u8bc6\u4e16\u754c\uff1a\u901a\u7528<\/strong>\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u5c40\u9650\u6027<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

Roli\u3001Jaeger\u548cKauffman\u7684\u7126\u70b9\u653e\u5728\u4e86\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd<\/span>\uff08AI\uff09<\/span>\u548c\u4eba\u5de5\u751f\u547d<\/span>\uff08Artificial Life\uff0cAlife\uff09<\/span>\u9886\u57df\u3002\u81ea\u7136\u667a\u80fd\u548c\u901a\u7528<\/span>\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd<\/span>\uff08AGI\uff09<\/span>\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u88ab\u5bf9\u6bd4\uff0c\u540e\u8005\u88ab\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e3a\u300c\u628a\u300e\u5206\u6790\u3001\u521b\u9020\u548c\u5b9e\u8df5\u667a\u80fd\u300f\u76f8\u7ed3\u5408\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u300d\u3002AI\u548cAlife\u7684\u6700\u7ec8\u76ee\u6807\u662f\u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u6216\u673a\u68b0\u7cfb\u7edf<\/span>\uff08AI-ALife-agent\uff1b\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u673a\u5668\u4eba\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u80fd\u591f\u81ea\u4e3b\u5730<\/span>\uff08\u5373\u65e0\u9700\u4eba\u7c7b\u5e72\u9884\uff09<\/span>\u8bc6\u522b\u3001\u8bc4\u4f30\u548c\u5229\u7528\u65b0\u7684\u66ff\u4ee3\u673a\u4f1a<\/span>\uff08\u79f0\u4e3a\u53ef\u4f9b\u6027 affordances<\/em>\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u4ee5\u4fbf\u4ee5\u7c7b\u4f3c\u4e8e\u81ea\u7136\u751f\u7269<\/span>\uff08\u81ea\u4e3b\u751f\u7269\u4f53\uff09<\/span>\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u8fdb\u5316\u548c\u521b\u65b0\u3002\u8fd9\u91cc\u5b9a\u4e49\u7684\u53ef\u4f9b\u6027\u662f\u6307\u300c\u8fbe\u6210\u76ee\u6807\u7684\u673a\u4f1a\u6216\u969c\u788d\u300d\u3002\u4f5c\u8005\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u5f53\u524d\u7684AI\u7b97\u6cd5\u4e0d\u5141\u8bb8AI\u548cAlife\u667a\u80fd\u4f53\u300c\u4ee5\u4e0e\u81ea\u7136\u8fdb\u5316\u7b49\u540c\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u8fdb\u5316\u548c\u521b\u65b0\u300d\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u4eec\u65e0\u6cd5\u8d85\u8d8a\u5176\u9884\u5b9a\u4e49\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u7a7a\u95f4<\/span>\uff08space of possibilities\uff0c\u7531\u4eba\u7c7b\u8bbe\u8ba1\u8005\u786e\u5b9a\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u8fd8\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u5728\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u548cAI\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\uff0c\u300c\u667a\u80fd\u4f53\u300d\u8fd9\u4e2a\u672f\u8bed\u6307\u7684\u662f\u6839\u672c\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\u56fe4. \u6570\u5b66\u7cfb\u5496\u5561\u5ba4\u91cc\u7559\u4e0b\u7684\u4e00\u7bc7\u8bba\u6587\u4e2d\u53d1\u73b0\u7684\u8c1c\u8bed\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5bf9\u4ed6\u4eec\u7acb\u573a\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u53cd\u5bf9\u610f\u89c1\uff0c\u4f5c\u8005\u63d0\u5230\u4e86\uff08i\uff09\u6df1\u5ea6\u5b66\u4e60\u7b97\u6cd5\u548c\uff08ii\uff09\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u4e0d\u53ef\u9884\u6d4b\u6027<\/span>\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u4e0b\u68cb\u3001\u521b\u4f5c\u97f3\u4e50\uff09<\/span>\uff1b\u4ed6\u4eec\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u56de\u5e94\u5e76\u4e88\u4ee5\u9a73\u65a5\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

\u6700\u540e\uff0c\u4f5c\u8005\u5f15\u7528\u4e86William Byers\u548cRoger Penrose\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528\u6570\u5b66\u521b\u9020\u529b\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u533a\u5206\u4e86\u81ea\u7136\u667a\u80fd\u548c\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u7684\u80fd\u529b\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u521b\u9020\u529b\u300c\u4e0d\u662f\u6765\u81ea\u7b97\u6cd5\u601d\u7ef4<\/span>\uff08algorithmic thought <\/em>\uff09<\/span>\u800c\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u6d1e\u5bdf\u529b<\/span>\uff08insight<\/em>\uff09<\/span>\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u300d\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u533a\u5206\u4e0d\u662f\u6b63\u5f0f\u7684\uff0c\u6d89\u53ca\u5230\u6846\u67b6\u7684\u8f6c\u6362\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/span><\/p>\n

2.9 \u4ece\u6a21\u62df\u5230\u6570\u5b57\u8ba1\u7b97\uff1a\u667a\u4eba\u7684\u5927\u8111\u662f\u4e0d\u662f\u4e00\u53f0\u56fe\u7075\u673a\uff1f<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

Danchin\u548cFenton\u7684\u8bba\u6587\u5c06\u795e\u7ecf\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u548c\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u76f8\u5173\u6027\u5206\u6790\u3002\u8bba\u6587\u8fd8\u7ed8\u5236\u4e86\u8ba1\u7b97\u3001\u57fa\u56e0\u7ec4\u5b66\u548c\u7269\u79cd\u8fdb\u5316\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u76f8\u4f3c\u4e4b\u5904\u3002\u8be5\u8bba\u6587\u7684\u91cd\u70b9<\/span>\uff08\u5728\u6807\u9898\u4e2d\u660e\u786e\u8bf4\u660e\uff09<\/span>\u662f\u56f4\u7ed5\u56fe\u7075\u673a<\/span>\uff08TM\uff09<\/span>\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u5efa\u7acb\u7684\uff1b\u8bba\u6587\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u4e13\u95e8\u8ba8\u8bba\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e00\u6982\u5ff5\u3002\u503c\u5f97\u6ce8\u610f\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u56fe\u7075\u673a\u6982\u5ff5\u4e5f\u88ab\u8f6c\u5316<\/span>\uff08transpose\uff09<\/span>\u5230\u4e86\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u9886\u57df\u4e2d\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

\u4e3a\u4e86\u63a2\u7d22\u5927\u8111\u548c\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u6f5c\u5728\u7c7b\u6bd4\uff0c\u9996\u5148\u9700\u8981\u89e3\u51b3\u4e00\u4e2a\u8bed\u4e49\u95ee\u9898\uff1a\u8ba1\u7b97\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\u3002\u8bba\u6587\u5bf9\u6bd4\u4e86\u6a21\u62df\u8ba1\u7b97\u548c\u6570\u5b57\u8ba1\u7b97\u7684\u5dee\u5f02\uff0c\u5f3a\u8c03<\/span>\u6a21\u62df\u8ba1\u7b97\u5b9e\u73b0\u4e86\u5404\u79cd\u53cd\u9988<\/span><\/span><\/strong>\uff08feedback\uff09<\/span><\/span>\u548c\u524d\u9988<\/span><\/span><\/strong>\uff08feedforward\uff09<\/span><\/span>\u56de\u8def\uff0c\u800c\u6570\u5b57\u8ba1\u7b97\u5219\u5229\u7528\u4e86\u9012\u5f52\u8fc7\u7a0b<\/span><\/span><\/strong>\uff08recursive process\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u9012\u5f52\u662f\u8fd9\u7bc7\u8bba\u6587\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u6838\u5fc3\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u5b83\u662f\u56fe\u7075\u673a\u6570\u5b57\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u7279\u5f81\u3002\u9012\u5f52\u5141\u8bb8\u4e00\u4e2a\u8fc7\u7a0b\u7684\u4e00\u6b65<\/span>\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u56fe\u7075\u673a\u7684\u4e00\u7ec4\u89c4\u5219\uff09<\/span>\u8c03\u7528\u81ea\u8eab\u3002\u300c\u673a\u68b0\u88c5\u7f6e\u901a\u5e38\u662f\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\u7684\u548c\u53ef\u9884\u6d4b\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u6d89\u53ca\u9012\u5f52\u7684\u8ba1\u7b97\u662f\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u4e0d\u4e00\u5b9a\u662f\u53ef\u9884\u6d4b\u7684\u3002\u300d\u5927\u8111\u786e\u5b9e\u8fdb\u884c\u67d0\u79cd\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u8ba1\u7b97\uff0c\u300c\u5177\u6709\u663e\u8457\u7684\u6548\u7387\uff0c\u4f46\u8fd9\u79cd\u8ba1\u7b97\u57fa\u4e8e\u7ec6\u80de\u7ec4\u6210\u7684\u7f51\u7edc\u7ed3\u6784\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7ec6\u80de\u7ec4\u7ec7\u6210\u76f8\u4e92\u53e0\u52a0\u7684\u5c42\uff0c\u8fd9\u8d4b\u4e88\u8868\u9762\u79ef\/\u4f53\u79ef\u6bd4\u4f8b\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u2026\u2026\u8fd9\u79cd\u8ba1\u7b97\u5c5e\u4e8e\u6a21\u62df\u8ba1\u7b97\u5bb6\u65cf\u300d<\/span>\uff08A. Danchin\uff09<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

\u5728\u4e00\u5f20\u975e\u5e38\u5b9e\u7528\u7684\u8868\u683c\u4e2d\uff0c\u4f5c\u8005\u6bd4\u8f83\u4e86\u56fe\u7075\u673a\u3001\u6570\u5b57\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u548c\u4eba\u8111\u7684\u5173\u952e\u7279\u5f81\u3002\u4f5c\u8005\u5f97\u51fa\u7ed3\u8bba\uff0c\u5927\u8111\u4e0d\u662f\u6570\u5b57\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u63a8\u6d4b\uff0c\u5728\u4eba\u7c7b\u7684\u8fdb\u5316\u65f6\u95f4\u8de8\u5ea6\u4e0a\uff0c\u6700\u8fd1\u7684\u8bed\u8a00\u7684\u53d1\u660e<\/span>\uff08\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u5199\u4f5c\u7684\u53d1\u660e\uff0c\u5927\u7ea6\u57286000\u5e74\u524d\uff09<\/span>\u53ef\u80fd\u6784\u6210\u4e86\u5c06\u300c\u4eba\u8111\u8fdb\u5316\u4e3a\u771f\u6b63<\/span>\uff08\u4f46\u7f13\u6162\uff09<\/span>\u7684\u56fe\u7075\u673a\u300d\u7684\u4e00\u6b65\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\u88682. \u56fe\u7075\u673a\u3001\u6570\u5b57\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u548c\u4eba\u8111\u5bf9\u6bd4<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

2.10 \u8111\u5373\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u7684\u9690\u55bb<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

\u6234\u7ef4\u65af\u7684\u7b80\u77ed\u8bba\u6587\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u4e0e\u8111\u673a\u7c7b\u6bd4\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u4ed6\u7684\u91cd\u70b9\u5728\u4e8e\u5927\u8111\u8fc7\u7a0b\u7684\u7f16\u7a0b\u3002\u5927\u8111\u7528\u4ec0\u4e48\u6837\u7684\u7b97\u6cd5\u5728\u4e16\u754c\u4e2d\u5bfc\u822a\uff1f\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u80fd\u5426\u6a21\u62df\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7b97\u6cd5\uff1f\u6234\u7ef4\u65af\u5efa\u8bae\uff0c\u73b0\u4ee3\u4f18\u5316\u7b97\u6cd5<\/span>\uff08\u7f51\u7edc\u8bad\u7ec3\uff09<\/span>\u5e94\u8be5\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u4e00\u6761\u9014\u5f84\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u6539\u8fdb\u8f83\u65e9\u7684\u6570\u503c\u8ba1\u7b97\u3002\u4ed6\u6700\u540e\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u5f15\u4eba\u6ce8\u76ee\u7684\u5047\u8bbe\uff1a\u610f\u8bc6\u53ef\u80fd\u8d77\u5230\u300c\u5927\u8111\u64cd\u4f5c\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u63a5\u53e3\u300d\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u3002\u8fd9\u7edd\u5bf9\u662f\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u548c\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u9886\u57df\u5c1a\u672a\u89e3\u51b3\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

Carlos Gershenson\u5728\u8fd9\u7bc7\u8bba\u6587\u4e2d\u5f15\u5165\u4e86\u4e00\u79cd\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u89c6\u89d2\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u5c06\u667a\u80fd\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u7fa4\u4f53<\/span>\uff08\u96c6\u7fa4\uff09<\/span>\u667a\u80fd\u4e0e\u4fe1\u606f\u5904\u7406\u7406\u8bba\u8054\u7cfb\u8d77\u6765\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/span><\/p>\n

2.11 \u4f5c\u4e3a\u4fe1\u606f\u5904\u7406\u7684\u667a\u80fd\uff1a\u5927\u8111\u3001\u7fa4\u4f53\u548c\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

\u8fd9\u7bc7\u8bba\u6587\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u89c2\u70b9\u5728\u6807\u9898\u4e2d\u5df2\u7ecf\u8868\u660e\uff1a\u5b83\u5173\u6ce8\u4ee5\u4fe1\u606f\u5904\u7406\u4e3a\u57fa\u7840\u7684\u667a\u80fd\u7814\u7a76\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u65b9\u6cd5\u53ef\u4ee5\u5e94\u7528\u4e8e\u5927\u8111<\/span>\uff08\u5355\u4e2a\u548c\u96c6\u4f53\uff09<\/span>\u548c\u673a\u5668\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

\u9996\u8981\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u662f\uff1a\u4eba\u4eec\u5bf9\u667a\u80fd\u6ca1\u6709\u8fbe\u6210\u5171\u8bc6\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\uff0c\u8bed\u4e49\u95ee\u9898\u518d\u6b21\u6d6e\u73b0\u3002Gershenson\u5c06\u667a\u80fd\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\u5efa\u7acb\u5728\u4fe1\u606f\u5904\u7406\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u4e4b\u4e0a\uff1a\u300c\u5982\u679c\u4e00\u4e2a\u667a\u80fd\u4f53\u80fd\u4f7f\u7528\u4fe1\u606f\u63d0\u9ad8\u5176\u300e\u6ee1\u610f\u5ea6\u300f\uff0c\u5219\u53ef\u4ee5\u5c06\u5176\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e3a\u667a\u80fd\u2026\u76ee\u6807\u5305\u62ec\u53ef\u6301\u7eed\u6027\u3001\u751f\u5b58\u3001\u5e78\u798f\u3001\u6743\u529b\u3001\u63a7\u5236\u548c\u7406\u89e3\u3002\u300d \u5728\u4e4b\u524d\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u4e2d\uff0cGershenson\u5efa\u8bae\u4f7f\u7528\u4fe1\u606f\u7684\u5ea6\u91cf<\/span>\uff08measures of information\uff09<\/span>\u4f5c\u4e3a\u7814\u7a76\u590d\u6742\u6027\u3001\u6d8c\u73b0<\/span>\uff08emergence\uff09<\/span>\u3001\u81ea\u7ec4\u7ec7<\/span>\uff08self-organization\uff09<\/span>\u3001\u7a33\u6001<\/span>\uff08homeostasis\uff09<\/span>\u548c\u81ea\u751f\u7cfb\u7edf<\/span>\uff08autopoiesis\uff09<\/span>\u7684\u5de5\u5177<\/span>\uff08Fernandez\uff0c2014\uff09<\/span>\uff1b\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\uff0c\u4ed6\u65e8\u5728\u5c06\u8fd9\u79cd\u65b9\u6cd5\u6269\u5c55\u5230\u8ba4\u77e5\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u5927\u8111\u548c\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

\u4fe1\u606f\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u7684\u8bed\u4e49\u6311\u6218\u3002Gershenson\u5728\u5f15\u7528Shannon\u7684\u7ecf\u5178\u4f5c\u54c1\u65f6\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u4fe1\u606f\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u6ce8\u610f\u529b\u96c6\u4e2d\u5728\u6b63\u5728\u4f20\u8f93\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u7684\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\uff1b\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u62c9\u666e\u62c9\u65af\u5996<\/span>\uff08Laplace daemon\uff09<\/span>\u7684\u5931\u8d25<\/span>\uff08\u8bd1\u8005\u6ce8\uff1a\u5373\u300c\u51b3\u5b9a\u8bba\u300d\u7684\u5931\u8d25\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u6709\u52a9\u4e8e\u786e\u5b9a\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u53ca\u5176\u4ed6\u5b66\u79d1\u4e2d\u4e00\u4e2a\u5173\u952e\u7684\u3001\u88ab\u5ffd\u89c6\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\uff1a\u5404\u79cd\u5c3a\u5ea6\u548c\u53c2\u7167\u7cfb\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u5e94\u6539\u53d8\u7528\u4e8e\u89e3\u91ca\u67d0\u4e00\u7279\u5b9a\u73b0\u8c61\u7684\u6a21\u578b\u548c\u5047\u8bbe\u3002\u300c\u5373\u4f7f\u5b8c\u5168\u77e5\u9053\u7cfb\u7edf\u7ec4\u6210\u90e8\u5206\u7684\u72b6\u6001\uff0c\u9884\u6d4b\u4e5f\u662f\u6709\u9650\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\u4f1a\u4ea7\u751f\u65b0\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u3002\u300d<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

\u672c\u6587\u4e2d\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u6709\u5173\u300c\u5355\u4e00\u5927\u8111\u300d\u7684\u667a\u80fd\u548c\u7684\u96c6\u7fa4\u7684\u96c6\u4f53\u667a\u80fd\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u523a\u6fc0\u6027\u6bd4\u8f83\u3002\u4ee5\u6606\u866b\u7fa4\u4f53\u4e3a\u4f8b\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e3a\u4fe1\u606f\u5904\u7406\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u5176\u5904\u7406\u662f\u5206\u5e03\u5f0f\u7684\u3002Gershenson\u6bd4\u8f83\u4e86\u5927\u8111\u548c\u96c6\u7fa4\u7684\u8ba4\u77e5\u67b6\u6784\uff0c\u5e76\u786e\u5b9a\u4e86\u4e24\u8005\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5173\u952e\u7279\u5f81\uff1a\u300c\u5927\u8111\u4fe1\u606f\u5904\u7406\u7684\u901f\u5ea6\u548c\u53ef\u6269\u5c55\u6027\u6bd4\u7fa4\u4f53\u9ad8\u5f97\u591a\uff1a\u795e\u7ecf\u5143\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u6beb\u79d2\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u5c3a\u5ea6\u5185\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\uff0c\u800c\u6606\u866b\u5728\u79d2\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u5c3a\u5ea6\u5185\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\uff0c\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u8fd9\u6781\u5927\u5730\u9650\u5236\u4e86\u96c6\u7fa4\u5728\u4fe1\u606f\u5904\u7406\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u3002\u300d<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

\u6700\u540e\uff0c\u300c\u667a\u80fd\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4fe1\u606f\u5904\u7406\u300d\u7684\u601d\u8def\u88ab\u7528\u4f5c\u4e00\u79cd\u9690\u55bb\uff0c\u4ee5\u7406\u89e3\u5176\u6f14\u5316\u548c\u751f\u6001\u3002\u5173\u4e8e\u751f\u6001<\/span>\uff08\u9009\u62e9\u6027\uff09<\/span>\u538b\u529b\u5bf9\u667a\u80fd\u7684\u6f14\u5316\u548c\u751f\u6001\u7cfb\u7edf\u590d\u6742\u6027\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u4f5c\u8005\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u6709\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

\u603b\u4e4b\uff0c\u867d\u7136\u300c\u5c06\u5927\u8111\u6bd4\u4f5c\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u7684\u9690\u55bb\u4e0d\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u7814\u7a76\u666e\u904d\u7684\u96c6\u4f53\u667a\u80fd<\/span>\uff08collective intelligence<\/em>\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u66f4\u4e0d\u7528\u8bf4\u96c6\u7fa4\u667a\u80fd<\/span>\uff08swarm intelligence<\/em>\uff09<\/span>\u4e86\u2026\u2026\u300d\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u300c\u8ba1\u7b97\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u7406\u89e3\u4e3a\u4fe1\u606f\u7684\u8f6c\u5316<\/span>\uff08Gershenson\uff0c2012\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u5e7f\u4e49\u4e0a\u7406\u89e3\u4e3a\u5904\u7406\u4fe1\u606f\u7684\u673a\u5668\u53ef\u4ee5\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u6709\u7528\u7684\u9690\u55bb\u2026\u2026\u300d<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

Graham\u5728\u6bd4\u8f83\u5927\u8111\u548c\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u65f6\u5f15\u5165\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u66f4\u590d\u6742\u7684\u5143\u7d20\u3002\u4ed6\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u5e94\u8be5\u5c06\u5927\u8111\u4e0e\u4e00\u53f0\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u8fdb\u884c\u6bd4\u8f83\uff1b\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\uff0c\u540e\u8005\u7684\u8fd0\u884c\u66f4\u597d\u5730\u7531\u76f8\u4e92\u8fde\u63a5\u7684\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u96c6\u5408<\/span>\uff08\u5373\u4e92\u8054\u7f51\uff09<\/span>\u6765\u4ee3\u8868\u3002\u4ed6\u6307\u51fa\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u76f8\u5173\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u5373\u90a3\u4e9b\u652f\u6301\u300c\u5f3a\u300d\u5927\u8111-\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u7c7b\u6bd4\u7684\u4eba\u65e0\u6cd5\u89e3\u51b3\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u8def\u7531\u95ee\u9898<\/span>\uff08\u5373\u4fe1\u606f\u5728\u5927\u8111\u548c\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u5185\u7684\u6d41\u52a8\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5b83\u5982\u4f55\u4ece\u8f93\u5165\u6307\u5411\u8f93\u51fa\uff09<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/span><\/p>\n

2.12 \u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u5de5\u7a0b\u7684\u4e5d\u70b9\u542f\u793a\u2014\u2014\u5e2e\u52a9\u6211\u4eec\u7406\u89e3\u8111\u7f51\u7edc\u901a\u4fe1<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

Daniel Graham\u5206\u6790\u4e86\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a-\u5927\u8111\u9690\u55bb\u7684\u9002\u7528\u6027<\/span>\uff08\u53e6\u89c1Graham\uff0c2021\uff09<\/span>\uff1b\u5b83\u88ab\u5b9e\u4f8b\u5316\u4e3a\u4ed6\u6240\u79f0\u7684\u795e\u7ecf\u5143\u7ec4\u4ef6\u7684\u300c\u8868\u5f81<\/span>\uff08representational\uff09<\/span>\u300d\u89c6\u56fe\u3002\u6839\u636eGraham\u7684\u8bf4\u6cd5\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u9690\u55bb\u662f\u6709\u7528\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u4e5f\u662f\u4e0d\u5b8c\u6574\u7684\u3002\u867d\u7136\u4ed6\u540c\u610f\u5927\u8111\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u4e00\u4e9b\u300c\u8ba1\u7b97\u300d\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5927\u8111\u672c\u8eab\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u770b\u4f5c\u662f\u8868\u5f81\u548c\u901a\u4fe1\u6d3b\u52a8\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u3002\u5f3a\u8c03\u5927\u8111\u4e2d\u7eaf\u6570\u5b66\u8fd0\u7b97\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u4ee5\u53ca\u5b83\u4eec\u5728\u795e\u7ecf\u5143\u7535\u6c14\u8109\u51b2\u6a21\u5f0f\u4e2d\u7684\u8f6c\u6362\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0d\u80fd\u5b8c\u5168\u5c55\u793a\u5927\u8111\u5728\u6267\u884c\u4efb\u52a1\u65f6\u5185\u90e8\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u3002\u4e0d\u652f\u6301\u4e25\u683c\u7684\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a-\u5927\u8111\u529f\u80fd<\/span>\uff08\u8868\u5f81\uff09<\/span>\u7c7b\u6bd4\u7684\u539f\u56e0\u4e4b\u4e00\u662f\u5b83\u6ca1\u6709\u5904\u7406\u5927\u8111\u795e\u7ecf\u5143\u7f51\u7edc\u4e2d\u4fe1\u606f\u6d41\u52a8\u7684\u5173\u952e\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u4fe1\u606f\u8def\u7531\u548c\u7535\u8def\u7684\u91cd\u5851\u8d85\u8d8a\u4e86\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u9690\u55bb\u7684\u9650\u5236\u3002Graham\u5efa\u8bae\u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u662f\u6211\u4eec<\/span>\uff08\u6216\u4efb\u4f55\u4eba\uff09<\/span>\u5927\u8111\u67b6\u6784\u548c\u529f\u80fd\u5c5e\u6027\u7684\u66f4\u597d\u5f62\u8c61\u3002\u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u6e05\u6670\u7684\u8def\u7531\u534f\u8bae\u6784\u5efa\u7684\uff0c\u5177\u6709\u9ad8\u6548\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u5206\u5e03<\/span>\uff08\u79f0\u4e3a\u5c0f\u7f51\u7edc\u914d\u7f6e small-network configuration\uff0cSporns\u548cHoney\uff0c2006\uff1b\u4f46\u8bf7\u53c2\u89c1Hilgetag\u548cGoulas\uff0c2016\u5e74\u7684\u6279\u5224\u6027\u89c2\u70b9\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5b83\u4eec\u8fde\u7eed\u7684\u8fde\u901a\u6027\u91cd\u5851<\/span>\uff08\u4ee5\u53ca\u751f\u957f\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5c5e\u6027\u5e94\u8be5\u8ba9\u6211\u4eec\u60f3\u8d77\u5927\u8111\u5982\u4f55\u88ab\u6784\u5efa\u4ee5\u53ca\u5927\u8111\u5982\u4f55\u8def\u7531\u4fe1\u606f\u3002\u6574\u5408\u4fe1\u53f7\u5904\u7406\u548c\u8def\u7531\u7b56\u7565\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u5e94\u8be5\u7ed9\u6211\u4eec\u4e00\u4e2a\u66f4\u7ec6\u81f4\u7684\u5927\u8111\u6d3b\u52a8\u89c6\u56fe\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\u56fe5. \u57fa\u4e8e\u5f00\u653e\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e92\u8fde\uff08OSI\uff09\u6a21\u578b\u7684\u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u534f\u8bae\u6808\u7684\u7b80\u5316\u6982\u5ff5\u8bbe\u8ba1\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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3. \u8ba8\u8bba\u5ef6\u4f38<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n

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<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/h3>\n

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3.1 \u8111\u673a\u7c7b\u6bd4\uff1a\u300c\u5c06\u4fe1\u5c06\u7591\u300d<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

\u5c31\u50cf\u79d1\u5b66\u5047\u8bf4\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u9690\u55bb\u548c\u7c7b\u6bd4\u662f\u77ed\u6682\u7684\uff0c\u603b\u662f\u4f1a\u968f\u7740\u6280\u672f\u8fdb\u6b65\u800c\u8c03\u6574\u3002\u5927\u8111-\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u901a\u5e38\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u9690\u55bb\uff0c\u4f46\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u5e94\u8be5\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u7c7b\u6bd4\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u9690\u55bb\u548c\u7c7b\u6bd4\u662f\u4e24\u4e2a\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u4e0d\u80fd\u88ab\u7528\u4f5c\u540c\u4e49\u8bcd<\/span>\uff08\u89c1\u4e0a\u6587\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u867d\u7136\u6211\u4eec\u8ba4\u4e3a\u9690\u55bb\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u663e\u8457\u7279\u5f81\u662f\u300c\u89c6\u89c9\u6d1e\u89c1<\/span>\uff08visual insight\uff09<\/span>\u300d<\/span>\uff08\u5177\u6709\u751f\u52a8\u7684\u89c6\u89c9\u5f62\u8c61\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u4f46\u7c7b\u6bd4\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u4e3b\u8981\u4e0e\u300c\u529f\u80fd\u300d\u76f8\u5173\u3002\u7b80\u800c\u8a00\u4e4b\uff0c\u9690\u55bb\u6ca1\u6709\u89e3\u91ca\u80fd\u529b\uff0c\u800c\u7c7b\u6bd4\u5219\u6709\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5728\u5bf9\u4e00\u4e2a\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u529f\u80fd\u77e5\u8bc6\u88ab\u8fc1\u79fb\u5230\u7c7b\u4f3c\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u65f6\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u5bfc\u81f4\u7406\u89e3\u548c\u53d1\u73b0\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

\u8111\u673a\u7c7b\u6bd4\u5728\u79d1\u5b66\u754c\u5f15\u53d1\u4e86\u6fc0\u70c8\u7684\u4e89\u8bba\uff1b\u4e00\u4e9b\u4eba\u4ece\u5b57\u9762\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u7406\u89e3\uff0c\u800c\u7c7b\u6bd4\u7684\u542b\u4e49\u53ea\u6697\u793a\u4e86\u90e8\u5206\u5c5e\u6027\u7684\u91cd\u53e0\u3002\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u7c7b\u6bd4\u6216\u9690\u55bb\u5f88\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u907f\u514d\u7684<\/span>\uff08\u5e76\u4e14\u7ecf\u5e38\u7528\u4f5c\u8ba4\u77e5\u5de5\u5177\uff1b\u53c2\u89c1Lakoff\u548cJohnson\uff0c1980\uff1bGomez-Marin\uff0c2022\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u9690\u55bb\u6839\u690d\u4e8e\u6211\u4eec\u77e5\u9053\u548c\/\u6216\u64cd\u4f5c\u7684\u4e8b\u7269\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\uff0c\u7406\u89e3\u8bb8\u591a\u4e8b\u7269\u7684\u552f\u4e00\u65b9\u6cd5\u662f\u7528\u6211\u4eec\u7406\u89e3\u7684\u672f\u8bed\u63cf\u8ff0\u73b0\u8c61\u3002\u5728\u4ece\u300c\u7269\u7406\u73b0\u8c61\u300d\u5230\u300c\u7406\u89e3\u5b83\u300d\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u9690\u55bb\/\u7c7b\u6bd4\u603b\u662f\u51fa\u73b0\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u5047\u8bbe\u53ea\u6709\u90a3\u4e9b\u7531\u611f\u5b98\u9886\u609f\u7684\u4e8b\u7269\u624d\u80fd\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u300c\u539f\u59cb\u7684<\/span>\uff08original\uff09<\/span>\u300d<\/span>\uff08\u603b\u662f\u5047\u5b9a\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u611f\u5b98\u6ca1\u6709\u6b3a\u9a97\u6211\u4eec\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u9690\u55bb\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u300c\u7406\u89e3\u300d\u7684\u552f\u4e00\u4e1c\u897f\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u4eec\u6839\u690d\u4e8e\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u611f\u6027\u4f53\u9a8c\u3002Kuhn\u672c\u4eba\u4f3c\u4e4e\u627f\u8ba4\u9690\u55bb\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\uff0c\u4ed6\u58f0\u79f0\uff1a\u300c\u9690\u55bb\u5bf9\u4e8e\u8fde\u63a5\u79d1\u5b66\u8bed\u8a00\u548c\u4e16\u754c\u975e\u5e38\u91cd\u8981\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8fde\u63a5\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u6c38\u4e45\u6027\u7684\u3002\u968f\u7740\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u53d8\u5316\uff0c\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u9690\u55bb\u548c\u8fde\u63a5\u79d1\u5b66\u672f\u8bed\u548c\u81ea\u7136\u7684\u76f8\u4f3c\u6027\u7f51\u7edc\u7684\u90e8\u5206\u4e5f\u5728\u53d8\u5316\u300d<\/span>\uff081993\uff09<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u95ee\u9690\u55bb\u548c\u7c7b\u6bd4\u662f\u5426\u771f\u6b63\u6709\u7528\u6216\u5177\u8bef\u5bfc\u6027\u662f\u9519\u8bef\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u3002Yohan<\/span> (2012)<\/span>\u6070\u5f53\u5730\u6307\u51fa\uff1a\u300c\u6ca1\u6709\u4eba\u80fd\u58f0\u79f0\u77e5\u9053\u9690\u55bb\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u8d77\u4f5c\u7528\u7684\u2026\u2026\u6211\u4eec\u5982\u4f55\u5f62\u6210\u5b83\u4eec\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u6211\u4eec\u5982\u4f55\u51b3\u5b9a\u5b83\u4eec\u662f\u5426\u6210\u529f\u3002\u300d \u540c\u6837\u7684\u9053\u7406\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u786e\u4fe1\u9690\u55bb\u548c\u7c7b\u6bd4\u662f\u5426\u300c\u6b63\u786e\u6216\u9519\u8bef\u300d\u5bf9\u5b83\u4eec\u5728\u79d1\u5b66\u4e2d\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u662f\u5b8c\u5168\u65e0\u5173\u7d27\u8981\u7684\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u6001\u5ea6\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u7edd\u5999\u4f8b\u5b50\u6765\u81ea\u4e8eNiels Bohr\u7684\u9a6c\u8e44\u94c1\u8f76\u4e8b<\/span>\uff08horseshoe anecdote\uff09<\/span>\uff1a\u4e00\u4e2a\u670b\u53cb\u95ee\u4ed6\u662f\u5426\u76f8\u4fe1\u5bb6\u95e8\u4e0a\u6302\u7740\u7684\u9a6c\u8e44\u94c1\u4f1a\u5e26\u6765\u597d\u8fd0\u3002Bohr\u56de\u7b54\u8bf4\u300c\u7edd\u5bf9\u4e0d\uff01\u300d\uff0c\u670b\u53cb\u56de\u7b54\uff1a\u300c\u4f46\u662f\u4ed6\u4eec\u8bf4\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u4f60\u4e0d\u76f8\u4fe1\u5b83\uff0c\u5b83\u4e5f\u80fd\u8d77\u4f5c\u7528\u3002\u300d<\/span><\/p>\n


\u6709\u7528\u6027\u4f3c\u4e4e\u662f\u9690\u55bb\u66f4\u5408\u9002\u7684\u5f62\u5bb9\u8bcd\uff1b\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u4eec\u4e3a\u6240\u5206\u6790\u7684\u73b0\u8c61\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u7ebf\u7d22\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u4ece\u6570\u5b66\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u6765\u770b\uff0c\u5a01\u5ec9\u00b7\u62dc\u5c14\u65af<\/span>\uff08William Byers\uff09<\/span>\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u300c\u8bb8\u591a\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u6570\u5b66\u601d\u60f3\u672c\u8d28\u4e0a\u662f\u9690\u55bb\u6027\u7684\u300d\uff0c\u5e76\u5f3a\u8c03\u300c\u9690\u55bb\u548c\u601d\u60f3\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5bc6\u5207\u5173\u7cfb\u3002\u9690\u55bb\u5c31\u50cf\u601d\u60f3\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u6e90\u4e8e\u521b\u9020\u6027\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u300d<\/span>\uff08Byers\uff0c2010\uff0c\u7b2c240\u9875\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0cByers\u6307\u51fa\uff1a\u300c\u901a\u5e38\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u5927\u591a\u6570\u7b3c\u7edf\u7684\u731c\u60f3<\/span>\uff08sweeping conjectures<\/em>\uff09<\/span>\u5728\u88ab\u7814\u7a76\u671f\u95f4\u5c31\u88ab\u8bc1\u660e\u662f\u300c\u9519\u8bef\u300d\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u4eec\u9700\u8981\u4fee\u6539\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u4ecd\u7136\u53ef\u80fd\u975e\u5e38\u6709\u4ef7\u503c\u3002\u6574\u4e2a\u6570\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u901a\u5e38\u90fd\u662f\u8fd9\u6837\u8fdb\u884c\u7684\u2014\u2014\u5145\u6ee1\u7075\u611f\u7684\u9519\u8bef\u4e4b\u8def\u2026\u2026\u5373\u4f7f\u662f\u300c\u9519\u8bef\u300d\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u4ecd\u7136\u53ef\u4ee5\u6709\u4ef7\u503c\u3002\u300d<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

\u672c\u4e13\u9898\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u6587\u7ae0\u6d89\u53ca\u5230\u5728\u795e\u7ecf\u79d1\u5b66\u548c\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u79d1\u5b66\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u4ea4\u53c9\u9886\u57df\u4e2d\u5bf9\u9690\u55bb\u7684\u4f7f\u7528\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u80cc\u666f\u4e0b\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u518d\u6b21\u5f3a\u8c03\uff0c\u9690\u55bb\u5728\u672c\u8d28\u4e0a\u662f\u5fc5\u4e0d\u53ef\u5c11\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u9690\u55bb\u4e5f\u662f\u6682\u65f6\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u65b0\u7684\u3001\u66f4\u65b0\u7684\u6570\u636e\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u5bfc\u81f4\u5bf9\u5176\u4ed6\u9690\u55bb\u7684\u9610\u8ff0<\/span>\uff08\u6216\u5148\u524d\u7248\u672c\u7684\u8fed\u4ee3\u7248\u672c\uff09<\/span>\u66f4\u52a0\u9002\u5408\u5f53\u524d\u60c5\u51b5\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u5728\u6ca1\u6709\u65b0\u6570\u636e\u79ef\u7d2f\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u6216\u8ba4\u8bc6\u8bba\u7684\u53d8\u5316\u5728\u67d0\u4e9b\u65f6\u5019\u4e5f\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u65b0\u9690\u55bb\u7684\u6765\u6e90\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0cGershenson \u63d0\u9192\u6211\u4eec\uff0c\u5728\u5b66\u79d1\u5185\u90e8\uff0c\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u9690\u55bb\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u4e8e\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u548c\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u73af\u5883\u4e2d\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5229\u7528\u552f\u4e00\u7684\u9690\u55bb<\/span>\uff08\u5982\u4e0b\u6587\u6240\u8ff0\uff09<\/span>\u53ef\u80fd\u4e0d\u662f\u89e3\u91ca\u67d0\u4e9b\u590d\u6742\u7ed3\u6784<\/span>\uff08\u6bd4\u5982\u5927\u8111\uff09<\/span>\u6700\u6709\u6548\u7684\u9014\u5f84\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

\u5728\u524d\u9762\u7684\u6bb5\u843d\u4e2d\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u4e24\u4e2a\u7279\u5f81\uff0c\u53ef\u7528\u4e8e\u8868\u5f81\u548c\u533a\u5206\u9690\u55bb\u548c\u7c7b\u6bd4\u3002\u5728\u6211\u4eec\u770b\u6765\uff0c\u9690\u55bb\u662f\u4ece\u4e00\u79cd\u89c6\u89c9\u5f62\u8c61\u53d1\u5c55\u800c\u6765\u7684\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u5f62\u8c61\u63d0\u4f9b\u79d1\u5b66\u6d1e\u5bdf\u529b\u7684\u521b\u9020\u6027\u529b\u91cf\u3002\u518d\u6b21\u5f15\u7528\u6570\u5b66\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\uff0cIvar Ekeland\u5f3a\u8c03\u4e86\u6570\u5b66\u601d\u60f3\u4e0e\u300c\u67d0\u4e9b\u56fe\u50cf\u300d\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u4ee5\u53ca\u8fd9\u4e9b\u56fe\u50cf\u7684\u529b\u91cf\uff1a\u300c\u5728\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u53d1\u5c55\u4e2d\uff0c\u67d0\u4e9b\u89c6\u89c9\u8868\u8fbe\u65b9\u5f0f\u53ef\u4ee5\u6210\u4e3a\u4ea7\u751f\u65b0\u7684\u548c\u6210\u529f\u7684\u60f3\u6cd5\u7684\u6709\u7528\u5de5\u5177\u3002\u5728\u65e9\u671f\u9636\u6bb5\uff0c\u5f53\u5b83\u4f20\u8fbe\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u4ecd\u7136\u662f\u521b\u65b0\u548c\u6210\u529f\u7684\uff0c\u5b83\u6709\u63a8\u52a8\u8fdb\u6b65\u7684\u529b\u91cf\uff1b\u800c\u5f53\u63a8\u52a8\u529b\u6d88\u5931\uff0c\u65e7\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u91cd\u590d\u963b\u6b62\u65b0\u601d\u60f3\u51fa\u73b0\u65f6\uff0c\u5b83\u5c31\u53d8\u6210\u4e86\u4e00\u79cd\u963b\u788d\u7684\u529b\u91cf\u300d<\/span>\uff08Ekeland\uff0c1988\uff0c\u7b2c9\u9875\uff09<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

\u6b63\u5982\u4e39\u5c3c\u65af\u00b7\u8bfa\u5e03\u5c14\u6240\u8bf4\uff1a\u300c\u4e0d\u540c\u3001\u751a\u81f3\u76f8\u4e92\u7ade\u4e89\u7684\u9690\u55bb\u53ef\u4ee5\u9610\u660e\u540c\u4e00\u60c5\u51b5\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u8fd9\u4e9b\u9690\u55bb\u672c\u8eab\u53ef\u80fd\u4e0d\u517c\u5bb9\uff0c\u4f46\u6bcf\u4e2a\u9690\u55bb\u90fd\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u6b63\u786e\u7684\u3002\u2026\u2026\u9690\u55bb\u4e4b\u95f4\u5728\u542f\u53d1\u6027\u3001\u7b80\u5355\u6027\u3001\u7f8e\u611f\u3001\u521b\u9020\u529b\u7b49\u6807\u51c6\u4e0a\u5c55\u5f00\u7ade\u4e89\u3002\u9690\u55bb\u7684\u521b\u9020\u662f\u4e00\u95e8\u827a\u672f\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u4e00\u95e8\u79d1\u5b66\uff0c\u5c31\u50cf\u5176\u4ed6\u827a\u672f\u5f62\u5f0f\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u827a\u672f\u5bb6\u4e0d\u4e00\u5b9a\u662f\u6700\u597d\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\u8005\u300d<\/span>\uff08Noble\uff0c2006\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u5b8c\u5168\u8d5e\u540c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u89c2\u70b9\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

\u81f3\u4e8e\u7c7b\u6bd4\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u8ba4\u4e3a\u300c\u529f\u80fd\u300d\u8fd9\u4e00\u6807\u51c6\u53ef\u80fd\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u5176\u6700\u5177\u7279\u5f81\u7684\u5c5e\u6027\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u5177\u6709\u89e3\u91ca\u529b\u7684\u5c5e\u6027\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4e13\u9898\u4e2d\uff0cDaniel Graham\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5927\u8111\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u9690\u55bb\u3002\u6839\u636e\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49<\/span>\uff08\u89c1\u4e0a\u6587\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u65e2\u8d77\u5230\u4e86\u9690\u55bb\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\uff0c\u53c8\u8d77\u5230\u4e86\u7c7b\u6bd4\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

\u5728\u8fd9\u4e00\u8282\u7684\u7ed3\u5c3e\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u9700\u8981\u8c28\u614e\u5730\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u4e0e\u5b66\u4e60\u6216\u5bfb\u6c42\u89e3\u91ca\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u5fc3\u7406\u56e0\u7d20\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528\u9690\u55bb\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u907f\u514d\u548c\u5fc5\u8981\u7684<\/span>\uff08Hoffman\uff0c1980\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u4e0d\u4f7f\u7528\u9690\u55bb\u7684\u66ff\u4ee3\u65b9\u6848\u5c06\u5bfc\u81f4\u5bf9\u4e8b\u5b9e\u7684\u7b80\u5355\u63cf\u8ff0\u3002\u5728\u5fc3\u7075\u54f2\u5b66<\/span>\uff08\u6216\u6211\u4eec\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\u7684\u8ba8\u8bba\uff09<\/span>\u4e2d\uff0c\u8fd9\u610f\u5473\u7740\u5bf9\u5927\u8111\u4e2d\u751f\u7406\u72b6\u6001\u7684\u300c\u7eaf\u300d\u63cf\u8ff0\u3002\u65e0\u8bba\u8fd9\u4e2a\u63cf\u8ff0\u662f\u5426\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u300c\u4fe1\u606f\u5185\u5bb9<\/span>\uff08information content\uff09<\/span>\u300d\uff0c\u672c\u7efc\u8ff0\u7684\u4f5c\u8005\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u5b83\u975e\u5e38\u5c11\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u6ca1\u6709\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u65e0\u6cd5\u8bbe\u60f3\u5728\u79d1\u5b66\u4e2d\u4f7f\u7528\u9690\u55bb\u7684\u4efb\u4f55\u6709\u6548\u7684\u66ff\u4ee3\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/span><\/p>\n

3.2 \u5927\u8111\u7684\u7406\u8bba<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

\u6211\u4eec\u60f3\u5f3a\u8c03\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u89c2\u5ff5\u662f\u5c06\u5927\u8111\u89c6\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u300c\u4e0d\u540c\u5c3a\u5ea6\u300d\u4e0a\u8fdb\u884c\u5206\u6790\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\uff0c\u8be5\u7ed3\u6784\u7684\u529f\u80fd\u53ef\u80fd\u5206\u5e03\u5728\u4e0d\u540c\u9886\u57df\uff0c\u5e76\u6d89\u53ca\u4e0d\u540c\u7ec4\u4ef6\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5bfb\u627e\u300c\u5927\u8111\u7684\u7ec8\u6781\u7406\u8bba\u300d\u662f\u9519\u8bef\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u66f4\u597d\u7684\u63cf\u8ff0\u5e94\u8be5\u5305\u62ec\u5173\u4e8e\u5982\u4f55\u5efa\u7acb\u548c\u6574\u5408\u4e0d\u540c\u5c42\u6b21\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\u7ec4\u7ec7<\/span>\uff08\u5305\u62ec\u5404\u79cd\u529f\u80fd\u57df functional domains\uff09<\/span>\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\u3002\u6b63\u5982\u4e0b\u6587\u6240\u8ff0\uff0c\u63a2\u7d22\u300c\u5927\u8111\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u7406\u8bba\u300d\u53ef\u80fd\u66f4\u4e3a\u5408\u9002\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e5f\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u4e0b\u9762\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u63a2\u7d22\u6027\u52aa\u529b\u7684\u66f4\u5408\u9002\u7684\u540d\u79f0\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u60f3\u901a\u8fc7\u7cfb\u7edf\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u7528\u4e00\u79cd\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u89c6\u89d2\u5206\u6790\u8111\u673a\u7c7b\u6bd4\u3002\u5176\u4e2d\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e00\u79cd\u7c7b\u6bd4\u5bf9\u5e94\u7740\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u7ec4\u7ec7\u6c34\u5e73\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u4e00\u79cd\u8bd5\u56fe\u7c7b\u6bd4\u7ec4\u4ef6<\/span>\uff08components\uff0c\u6216\u6a21\u5757 modules\uff0c\u89c1\u4e0b\u6587\uff09<\/span>\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u5e94\u6bd4\u6db5\u76d6\u590d\u6742\u7ed3\u6784<\/span>\uff08\u5982\u5927\u8111\uff09<\/span>\u7684\u5355\u4e00\u7406\u8bba\u66f4\u5177\u751f\u4ea7\u529b\u3002\u8fd9\u91cc\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u5047\u8bbe\u662f\uff0c\u5927\u8111\u662f\u7ec4\u4ef6\/\u6a21\u5757\u7684<\/span>\uff08\u975e\u7ebf\u6027\uff09<\/span>\u603b\u548c\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7ec4\u4ef6\/\u6a21\u5757\u5e76\u7f6e<\/span>\uff08juxtaposed\uff09<\/span>\u4ee5\u6267\u884c\u6216\u63a8\u8fdb\u67d0\u4e9b\u5fc3\u7406\u4efb\u52a1\u3002\u8fd9\u4e0d\u662f\u6beb\u65e0\u6839\u636e\u7684\u5047\u8bbe\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5f53\u524d\u7684\u795e\u7ecf\u79d1\u5b66\u6570\u636e\u5df2\u7ecf\u8bc1\u660e\u4e86\u5927\u8111\u4e2d\u8bb8\u591a\u7ed3\u6784\u7684\u6a21\u5757\u5316\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u90fd\u662f\u8fdb\u5316\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u4ea7\u7269\u3002\u4ece\u795e\u7ecf\u5143\u4e9a\u578b\u7684\u5171\u6027\u5230\u7279\u5b9a\u795e\u7ecf\u5143\u56de\u8def\u7684\u4fdd\u5b88\u6027\u6216\u76ae\u5c42\u533a\u57df\u7684\u5206\u5e03\uff0c\u8bb8\u591a\u52a8\u7269\u7684\u5927\u8111\u90fd\u5171\u4eab\u4e2d\u90fd\u5b58\u5728\u8d1f\u8d23\u7279\u5b9a\u529f\u80fd\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u7279\u6027\u5df2\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u8de8\u7c7b\u540c\u6e90<\/span>\uff08homologous across taxa\uff09<\/span>\u7684<\/span>\uff08Schlosser, 2018; Barsotti et al.\uff0c2021; Tosches, 2021\uff09<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\uff0c\u5927\u8111\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u5668\u5b98\u6216\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u5728\u4e0d\u540c\u5c42\u6b21\u4e0a\u6709\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7ed3\u6784\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u5c42\u6b21\u4e0a\u7684\u6a21\u5757\u5bf9\u4e0b\u4e00\u5c42\u505a\u51fa\u8d21\u732e\uff1b\u8fd9\u6697\u793a\u7740\u4e00\u4e2a\u5e73\u884c\u7684\u8ba8\u8bba\uff0c\u5373\u7c7b\u6bd4\u5927\u8111\u7ed3\u6784\u548c\u66f4\u7ecf\u5178\u7684\u8de8\u5c3a\u5ea6\u751f\u7269\u540c\u6e90\u6027\u8ba8\u8bba<\/span>\uff08\u86cb\u767d\u8d28\u3001\u7ec6\u80de\u3001\u5668\u5b98\u7b49\uff09<\/span>\u3002<\/span>\uff08\u53c2\u770b\u300a\u6a21\u5757\u5316\u8ba4\u77e5\uff1a\u6f14\u5316\u5982\u4f55\u81ea\u4e0b\u800c\u4e0a\u6d8c\u73b0\u51fa\u667a\u80fd\uff1f<\/a>\u300b\uff09<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6846\u67b6\u4e2d\uff0c\u5927\u8111\u7684\u5c42\u6b21\u5316\u7ed3\u6784\u4f7f\u6211\u4eec\u91cd\u65b0\u5173\u6ce8\u6700\u80fd\u4ee3\u8868\u4e0d\u540c\u5c3a\u5ea6\u7684\u7c7b\u6bd4<\/span>\uff08\u5373\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u5c42\u6b21\u4e0a\u662f\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\uff0c\u5728\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u5c42\u6b21\u4e0a\u662f\u6536\u97f3\u673a\uff0c\u5728\u4e0b\u9762\u662f\u5168\u606f\u7167\u7247\uff0c\u5728\u4e0a\u9762\u662f\u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u7b49\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u8fd9\u5e76\u4e0d\u610f\u5473\u7740\u5c06\u6574\u4e2a\u5927\u8111\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u6401\u7f6e\u4e00\u8fb9\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u627e\u5230\u66f4\u597d\u7684<\/span>\uff08\u6709\u7528\u7684\uff09<\/span>\u7c7b\u6bd4\uff0c\u4ee5\u4ee3\u8868\u53c2\u4e0e\u5176\u6784\u5efa\u7684\u90a3\u4e9b\u8f83\u4f4e\u7ea7\u522b\u7684\u6a21\u5757\uff0c\u5e76\u5c06\u6a21\u5757\u7528\u4f5c\u5df2\u88ab\u8ba4\u53ef\u7684\u529f\u80fd\u5355\u5143<\/span>\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\u795e\u7ecf\u5143\u6216\u795e\u7ecf\u56de\u8def\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u8fd9\u91cc\u9700\u8981\u5f15\u5165\u4e00\u4e2a\u8b66\u793a\u6027\u7684\u6ce8\u91ca\uff1a\u6211\u4eec\u5e76\u4e0d\u58f0\u79f0\u5bf9\u5927\u8111\u6a21\u5757\u5316\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\u662f\u6709\u529b\/\u4e25\u683c\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u6211\u4eec\u77e5\u9053\u5927\u8111\u6709\u660e\u663e\u7684\u5206\u5e03\u5f0f\u529f\u80fd\u548c\u53ef\u5851\u6027\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u968f\u65f6\u95f4\u53d8\u5316\u7684\u523a\u6fc0\u8868\u5f81\u3002\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\uff0c\u6a21\u5757\u7684\u5206\u5e03\u5f0f\u548c\u7075\u6d3b\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7279\u6027\u4f7f\u6211\u4eec\u80fd\u591f\u96c6\u6210\u5404\u4e2a\u5c42\u6b21\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

\u4ece\u67d0\u79cd\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u8bf4\uff0c\u6b63\u5982Cobb\u6240\u89e3\u91ca\u7684\u90a3\u6837\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5bf9\u5927\u8111\u53d1\u80b2\u548c\u5176\u529f\u80fd\u7684\u5047\u8bbe\u5728\u6bcf\u4e2a\u5386\u53f2\u65f6\u671f\u90fd\u4f9d\u8d56\u4e8e\u90a3\u65f6\u5bf9\u8be5\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u8ba4\u8bc6\uff0c\u5982\u6db2\u538b\u5b66\u548c\u7535\u5b66\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u5e26\u6765\u4e86\u5bf9\u5927\u8111\u5370\u8c61\u7684\u540c\u6b65\u66f4\u65b0\u3002\u8ba1\u7b97\u548c\u7b97\u6cd5\u63a8\u8fdb\u4e86\u5bf9\u5927\u8111\u8ba1\u7b97\u601d\u60f3\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u540e\u6765\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u8ba4\u4e3a\u590d\u6742\u7684\u8ba1\u7b97\u662f\u5728\u5355\u4e2a\u795e\u7ecf\u5143\u7684\u7a81\u89e6\u4e0a\u8fdb\u884c\u7684\u3002\u7c7b\u6bd4\u6709\u65f6\u4ece\u4e00\u4e2a\u5c42\u6b21\u53d8\u5316\u5230\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u5c42\u6b21\uff0c\u4e0a\u8ff0\u7684\u5927\u8111\u8ba1\u7b97\u5f62\u8c61\u5c31\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u4f8b\u5b50\u3002\u540c\u7406\uff0c\u7f51\u7edc\u7c7b\u6bd4\u4ece\u5c11\u6570\u795e\u7ecf\u5143\u7684\u5c40\u90e8\u8fde\u63a5<\/span>\uff08\u53cd\u5c04\u5f27\uff09<\/span>\u8f6c\u53d8\u5230\u6d89\u53ca\u7279\u5b9a\u4efb\u52a1\u7684\u5927\u8111\u533a\u57df\uff0c\u518d\u5230\u6574\u4e2a\u5927\u8111\u6216\u5176\u7fa4\u4f53\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

\u603b\u4e4b\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5efa\u8bae\u91cd\u65b0\u8bc4\u4f30\u6211\u4eec\u4f7f\u7528\u7c7b\u6bd4\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u4ee5\u4fbf\u66f4\u597d\u5730\u4e86\u89e3\u6bcf\u4e2a\u5c42\u6b21\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5728\u7279\u5b9a\u5c42\u6b21\u96c6\u6210\u4e0d\u540c\u6a21\u5757\u5982\u4f55\u4ea7\u751f\u66f4\u9ad8\u5c42\u6b21\u7684<\/span>\uff08\u6d8c\u73b0\uff09<\/span>\u7279\u6027\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u9f13\u52b1\u5f15\u5165\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u7c7b\u6bd4\uff0c\u4ee5\u6700\u597d\u5730\u4ee3\u8868\u4e0d\u540c\u5c42\u6b21\u7684\u5efa\u6784<\/span>\uff08\u8fd9\u4e5f\u8bb8\u80fd\u89e3\u91ca\u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u7684\u6bcf\u4e2a\u5355\u4e00\u7ec4\u4ef6\uff0c\u907f\u514d\u603b\u4f53\u7c7b\u6bd4\u7684\u9677\u9631\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u5e94\u8be5\u6ce8\u610f\u5230\uff0c\u5728\u751f\u7269\u6709\u673a\u4f53\u6784\u5efa\u7684\u300c\u90e8\u5206<\/span>\uff08parts\uff09<\/span>\u300d\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f52\u56e0\u4e8e\u5076\u7136\u6027<\/span>\uff08\u6f02\u79fb\uff09<\/span>\u3001\u7269\u7406\u5316\u5b66\u89c4\u5f8b<\/span>\uff08\u81ea\u7ec4\u7ec7\uff09<\/span>\u3001\u6d8c\u73b0\u73b0\u8c61\u6216\u9002\u5e94\u6027\u8fc7\u7a0b\u3002\u6240\u6709\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6784\u5efa\u539f\u5219\u4e0e\u6211\u4eec\u5bf9\u6709\u673a\u4f53\u7684\u7eaf\u7ed3\u6784\u89c2\u70b9\u6ca1\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u5173\u7cfb\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u5efa\u8bae\u57fa\u4e8e\u5bf9\u7ed3\u6784\u672c\u8eab\u7684\u591a\u5c42\u6b21\u5206\u6790\uff0c\u4f46\u4e0d\u6d89\u53ca\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u6027\u7ec4\u88c5\u3002\u4e5f\u8bb8\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u672a\u6765\u8003\u8651\u8fd9\u79cd\u6700\u540e\u7684\u8fd1\u4f3c\uff0c\u5b83\u4ee5\u7c7b\u6bd4\u641c\u7d22\u7684\u7cbe\u70bc\u5f62\u5f0f\u51fa\u73b0\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/span><\/p>\n

3.3 \u79d1\u5b66\u521b\u9020\u529b<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

\u5728\u672c\u671f\u7279\u520a\u4e2d\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u5bf9\u521b\u9020\u529b<\/span>\uff08creativity\uff09<\/span>\u611f\u5174\u8da3\uff1f\u56e0\u4e3a\u5982\u679c\u6211\u4eec\u95ee\u300c\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u80fd\u601d\u8003\u5417\uff1f\u300d\uff0c\u63a5\u4e0b\u6765\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u5c31\u5e94\u8be5\u662f\u300c\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u80fd\u521b\u9020\u5417\uff1f\u300d\uff0c\u800c\u521b\u9020\u884c\u4e3a<\/span>\uff08\u4e0d\u8bba\u662f\u5728\u79d1\u5b66\u8fd8\u662f\u827a\u672f\u65b9\u9762\uff09<\/span>\u6e90\u81ea\u5bf9\u7f8e\u5b66\u5143\u7d20<\/span>\uff08esthetic element\uff09<\/span>\u7684\u8ba4\u8bc6\u3002\u5bf9\u521b\u9020\u529b\u53ca\u5176\u6e90\u5934\u7684\u601d\u8003\u6709\u7740\u60a0\u4e45\u7684\u5386\u53f2\uff0c\u867d\u7136\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u4eec\u5bf9\u521b\u9020\u529b\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\u548c\u5185\u5bb9\u4ecd\u672a\u8fbe\u6210\u5171\u8bc6<\/span>\uff08\u53c2\u89c1 Erden\uff0c 2010\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u4f46\u4e00\u4e9b\u539f\u5219<\/span>\uff08tenet\uff09<\/span>\u88ab\u516c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4e0e\u521b\u9020\u6027\u884c\u4e3a\u6709\u5173<\/span>\uff08\u5982\u81ea\u7531\u3001\u6f5c\u529b\u3001\u72ec\u521b\u6027\u7b49\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u4e00\u4e9b\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u8fd8\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u521b\u9020\uff0c\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u6709\u4e00\u4e9b\u7279\u5b9a\u8981\u6c42\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b<\/span>\uff08McGilchrist\uff0c2021\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8981\u6c42\u5305\u62ec\uff08i\uff09\u521b\u9020\u529b<\/span>\uff08\u5141\u8bb8\u60f3\u6cd5\u4ea7\u751f\uff1b\u8bc6\u522b\u6a21\u5f0f\u7b49\uff09<\/span>\uff08ii\uff09\u5bbd\u5bb9<\/span>\uff08\u4f5c\u4e3a\u60f3\u6cd5\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u6761\u4ef6\uff09<\/span>\u4ee5\u53ca\uff08iii\uff09\u8f6c\u5316\u503e\u5411<\/span>\uff08\u5c06\u6d1e\u5bdf\u529b\u5ef6\u7eed\u4e00\u6bb5\u65f6\u95f4\uff0c\u76f4\u5230\u6700\u7ec8\u7684\u300c\u521b\u9020\u6027\u884c\u4e3a\u300d\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u5176\u4ed6<\/span>\uff08\u4e0d\u4e00\u5b9a\u5177\u6709\u521b\u9020\u6027\u7684\uff09<\/span>\u8fc7\u7a0b\u7684\u7ec4\u6210\u90e8\u5206<\/span>\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\u89e3\u51b3\u95ee\u9898\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u4ece\u540e\u4e00\u79cd\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u8bf4\uff0c\u201c\u521b\u4f5c\u8fc7\u7a0b\u80cc\u540e\u6ca1\u6709\u7b97\u6cd5\u201d\u5df2\u7ecf\u5f97\u5230\u4e86\u8bc1\u660e\u3002\u8bb8\u591a\u4f5c\u8005\u90fd\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u9690\u55bb\u53ef\u4ee5\u6269\u5c55\u521b\u9020\u6027\u601d\u7ef4\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u5bf9\u9690\u55bb\u7684\u5206\u6790\u6210\u4e3a\u7406\u89e3\u79d1\u5b66\u521b\u9020\u529b\u7684\u5173\u952e\u7ec4\u6210\u90e8\u5206\u3002\u90a3\u4e48\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5982\u4f55\u8fdb\u884c\u5206\u6790\uff1f<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

\u5bf9\u9690\u55bb\u548c\u7c7b\u6bd4\u7684\u5206\u6790\uff0c\u5176\u57fa\u7840\u5728\u4e8e\u7406\u89e3\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u6765\u6e90\u3002\u521b\u9020\u529b\u663e\u7136\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u6765\u6e90\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u300c\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u521b\u9020\u529b\u300d\u5728\u79d1\u5b66\u4e2d\u7684\u6765\u6e90\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\u5462\uff1f\u6bcb\u5eb8\u7f6e\u7591\uff0c\u79d1\u5b66\u53f2\u544a\u8bc9\u6211\u4eec\uff0c\u673a\u9047<\/span>\uff08chance\uff09<\/span>\u5728\u79d1\u5b66\u521b\u9020\u529b\u4e2d\u8d77\u7740\u91cd\u8981\u4f5c\u7528\uff0c\u5e76\u5c06\u7ee7\u7eed\u53d1\u6325\u4f5c\u7528\u3002\u9664\u4e86\u4f20\u7edf\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u8fd1\u5e74\u6765\u8fd8\u63a2\u7d22\u4e86\u66f4\u5177\u521b\u65b0\u6027\u7684\u8def\u5f84\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u5bf9\u5927\u8111-\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u9690\u55bb\u8ba8\u8bba\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u91cd\u8981\u8bae\u9898\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


\u4f46\u9996\u5148\u6211\u4eec\u9700\u8981\u5b9a\u4e49\u4ec0\u4e48\u662f\u521b\u9020\u529b\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u521b\u9020\u529b\u548c\u9690\u55bb\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\uff1f<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

\u5728\u5f62\u5f0f<\/span>\uff08formal\uff09<\/span>\u79d1\u5b66\u548c\u81ea\u7136\u79d1\u5b66\u4e2d\uff0c\u5173\u4e8e\u521b\u9020\u529b\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u5df2\u7ecf\u88ab\u5e7f\u6cdb\u5730\u8ba8\u8bba\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u4e3b\u8981\u96c6\u4e2d\u5728\u6570\u5b66\u548c\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u9886\u57df\u3002\u6570\u5b66\u5bb6William Byers\u533a\u5206\u4e86\u6570\u5b66\u4e2d\u7684\u4e24\u79cd\u601d\u7ef4\u7c7b\u578b\uff1a\u7b97\u6cd5\u601d\u7ef4<\/span>\uff08\u57fa\u4e8e\u903b\u8f91\u8fd0\u7b97\uff09<\/span>\u662f\u5e73\u51e1<\/span>\uff08trivial\uff09<\/span>\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u6df1\u523b\u7684\u601d\u7ef4\u5219\u662f\u5177\u6709\u521b\u9020\u6027\u7684<\/span>\uff08Byers\uff0c2010\uff09<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

Byers\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u4e00\u4e9b\u6df1\u523b\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff1a\u300c\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u80fd\u5426\u88ab\u7f16\u7a0b\u6765\u533a\u5206\u7410\u788e\u7684\u548c\u6df1\u523b\u7684\u4e8b\u7269\uff1f\u300d\u2026\u2026\u300c\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u80fd\u505a\u6570\u5b66\u5417\uff1f\u300d\u2026\u2026\u300c\u6570\u5b66\u662f\u7b97\u6cd5\u5417\uff1f\u300d \u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u4ed6\u4e0d\u53ef\u907f\u514d\u5730\u9762\u4e34\u300c\u95ee\u9898<\/span>\uff08THE question\uff09<\/span>\u300d\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\u6700\u521d\u662f\u56fe\u7075\u57281950\u5e74\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\uff1a\u300c\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u80fd\u601d\u8003\u5417\uff1f\u300d\u4ed6\u8bf4\u300c\u2026\u2026\u76f8\u5f53\u4e8e\u95ee\u9898\u662f\uff1a[\u4eba\u7c7b]\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u80fd\u7528\u7b97\u6cd5\u8868\u793a\u5417\uff1f\u300d \u5982\u679c\u6309\u7167Byers\u7684\u8bf4\u6cd5\uff0c\u300c\u4eba\u7c7b\u7684\u521b\u9020\u529b\u6d89\u53ca\u5230\u601d\u60f3<\/span>\uff08idea<\/em>\uff09<\/span>\u3001\u6b67\u4e49<\/span>\uff08ambiguity<\/em>\uff09<\/span>\u3001\u6096\u8bba<\/span>\uff08paradox<\/em>\uff09<\/span>\u3001\u6df1\u5ea6\u548c\u590d\u6742\u6027\u300d\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u521b\u9020\u529b\u7684\u884c\u4e3a<\/span>\uff08\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u975e\u5e38\u7f55\u89c1\u7684\u4e8b\u4ef6\uff09<\/span>\u53ef\u4ee5\u7c7b\u6bd4\u4e8e\u751f\u7269\u8fdb\u5316\u4e8b\u4ef6\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a<\/span>\uff08\u6b63\u5982\u4e00\u4e9b\u4f5c\u8005\u6240\u6307\u51fa\u7684\u90a3\u6837\uff09<\/span>\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u9884\u6d4b\u601d\u60f3\u5c06\u6765\u5982\u4f55\u53d1\u5c55\u3002\u601d\u60f3\u4f3c\u4e4e\u968f\u7740\u65f6\u95f4\u7684\u63a8\u79fb\u3001\u901a\u8fc7\u6587\u5316<\/span>\uff08culture\uff09<\/span>\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u53d1\u5c55<\/span>\uff08Gabora & Kaufman, 2010\uff09<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

\u6211\u4eec\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\u63d0\u8bae\u8003\u8651\u521b\u9020\u529b\u7684\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u8ba4\u4e3a\u8fd9\u4e2a\u65b9\u9762\u975e\u5e38\u76f8\u5173\uff0c\u4f46\u4ecd\u7136\u6ca1\u6709\u5f97\u5230\u5145\u5206\u7684\u8ba4\u53ef\uff1a\u5b83\u662f\u7814\u7a76\u4eba\u5458\u5728\u9762\u5bf9\u73b0\u8c61\u65f6\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u611f\u53d7\u5230\u7684\u60ca\u5947\u7684\u611f\u89c9<\/strong><\/span>\uff08amazement\uff0c\u6cd5\u8bed\u4e2d\u79f0\u4e3a\u00e9merveillement\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u611f\u89c9\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u5524\u9192\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u5e76\u542f\u53d1\u4ed6\/\u5979\u601d\u8003\u7684\u5fc5\u8981\u548c\u5145\u5206\u6761\u4ef6\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u8fd8\u60f3\u63d0\u51fa\uff0c\u5728\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u300c\u00e9merveillement\u300d\u7684\u4fc3\u8fdb\u4e0b\uff0c\u79d1\u5b66\u521b\u9020\u529b\u53ef\u80fd\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u6765\u81ea\u4e0d\u540c\u5b66\u79d1\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u7684\u6574\u5408<\/strong><\/span>\uff08\u8bb8\u591a\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u5728\u88ab\u95ee\u53ca\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u65f6\u5df2\u7ecf\u63d0\u5230\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u63a8\u6d4b\uff0c\u4ece\u4e00\u4e2a\u9886\u57df\u5411\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u9886\u57df\u300c\u8f6c\u79fb\u9690\u55bb<\/span>\uff08transferring metaphors\uff09<\/span>\u300d\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u65b0\u601d\u60f3\u7684\u4f18\u79c0\u6765\u6e90\uff0c\u4e5f\u6709\u52a9\u4e8e\u521b\u9020\u6027\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u3002\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u9886\u57df\u4f5c\u4e3a\u7406\u89e3\u5de5\u5177\u7684\u9690\u55bb\u5e94\u8be5\u80fd\u591f\u5bf9\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u9886\u57df\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u73b0\u5b9e\u65b9\u9762\u6709\u6240\u542f\u793a\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u601d\u7ef4\u4e0a\u7684\u300c\u8f6c\u79fb\u300d\u53ef\u4ee5\u662f\u6709\u6210\u679c\u7684\uff0c\u5e76\u56e0\u6b64\u5bfc\u81f4\u5bf9\u4e0d\u76f8\u5173\u73b0\u8c61\u7684\u300c\u7406\u89e3\u300d\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

\u5728\u8111\u673a\u7c7b\u6bd4\u7684\u80cc\u666f\u4e0b\uff0c\u4eba\u7c7b\u521b\u9020\u529b\u4e0e\u300c\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u521b\u9020\u529b\u300d\u7684\u6bd4\u8f83\u81ea\u7136\u800c\u7136\u5730\u51fa\u73b0\u3002\u4e89\u8bba\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u662f\u5426\u5728\u4eba\u7c7b\u521b\u9020\u529b\u4e2d\u53d1\u6325\u4f5c\u7528\uff0c\u65e0\u7591\u662f\u65f6\u4ee3\u6240\u9700\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

\u5f88\u663e\u7136\uff0c\u4eba\u7c7b\u521b\u9020\u529b\u53d7\u6587\u5316\u4f20\u7edf<\/span>\uff08\u8bed\u5883\uff09<\/span>\u6216\u4e0d\u540c\u601d\u60f3\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u8054\u7cfb<\/span>\uff08\u5373\u6765\u81ea\u4e0d\u540c\/\u4e0d\u540c\u9886\u57df\u7684\u601d\u60f3\uff09<\/span>\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u8fd9\u53ef\u80fd\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u5728\u6a21\u4eff\u4eba\u7c7b\u521b\u9020\u529b\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e0a\u5b58\u5728\u4e00\u4e9b\u56fa\u6709\u7684\u56f0\u96be\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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\u6309\u7167\u4e0a\u8ff0\u8bf4\u6cd5\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bf4\uff0c\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u4e0d\u5177\u5907\u521b\u9020\u529b\uff0c\u65e0\u6cd5\u4ea7\u751f\u300c\u521b\u9020\u6027\u884c\u4e3a\u300d\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u521b\u9020\u53ef\u80fd\u4e0d\u662f\u7eaf\u7cb9\u7684\u7b97\u6cd5\u8fc7\u7a0b\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

\u6b63\u5982Byers<\/span>\uff082010\uff09<\/span>\u652f\u6301\u4eba\u7c7b\u521b\u9020\u529b\u7684\u4f18\u8d8a\u6027\u7684\u6587\u5b57\uff1a\u300c\u6570\u5b66\u601d\u7ef4\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f88\u7b80\u5355\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f88\u590d\u6742\uff0c\u4f46\u5927\u591a\u6570\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u662f\u4e0d\u5e73\u51e1\u7684\u3002\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u601d\u7ef4\u53ef\u80fd\u975e\u5e38\u5197\u957f\u548c\u590d\u6742\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83\u672c\u8d28\u4e0a\u4ecd\u662f\u5e73\u51e1\u7684\u3002\u300d Roli\u7b49\u4eba\u4e5f\u652f\u6301\u5728\u6570\u5b66\u4e2d\u7684\u521b\u9020\u529b\u300c…\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u6765\u81ea\u7b97\u6cd5\u601d\u7ef4\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u6d1e\u5bdf\u529b\u83b7\u5f97\u7684\u300d\uff0c\u57fa\u4e8e\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u8bba\u70b9\uff0c\u5373\u7531\u4eba\u7c7b\u8bbe\u8ba1\u7684\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u7b97\u6cd5\u5bf9\u65b0\u7684\u53c2\u8003\u6846\u67b6\uff0c\u65e0\u6cd5\u8bc6\u522b\u3001\u8bc4\u4f30\u548c\u5229\u7528<\/span>\uff08\u9002\u5e94\u4e8e\uff09<\/span>\u65b0\u7684\u300c\u73af\u5883\u300d\u9009\u62e9<\/span>\uff08\u79f0\u4e3aaffordances\uff09\uff08Roli\u7b49\u4eba\uff0c2022\uff09<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

\u652f\u6301AI\u6f5c\u529b\u7684\u4eba\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e86\u5b83\u5728\u81ea\u4e3b\u521b\u610f\u8fc7\u7a0b\u6216\u5728\u4eba\u7c7b\u5e72\u9884\u4e0b\u7684\u8868\u73b0\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u5728\u5199\u4f5c\u3001\u97f3\u4e50\u548c\u7ed8\u753b\u7b49\u9886\u57df<\/span>\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\uff0cZylinska\uff0c2020\uff1bJukebox\uff0chttps:\/\/openai.com\/blog\/jukebox\/ \uff09<\/span>\u4f46\u5728\u79d1\u5b66\u53d1\u73b0\u4e2d\u4e5f\u6709\u6d89\u53ca<\/span>\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u673a\u5668\u548c\u6df1\u5ea6\u5b66\u4e60\u6280\u672f\u8fdb\u884c\u86cb\u767d\u8d28\u6298\u53e0\u9884\u6d4b\uff1b\u53c2\u89c1Gil et al.\uff0c2014\u548cCallaway\uff0c2020\uff09<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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\u5176\u4ed6\u4f5c\u8005\u6301\u66f4\u52a0\u4e50\u89c2\u7684\u770b\u6cd5\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3aAI\u53ef\u4ee5\u5177\u5907\u521b\u9020\u529b<\/span>\uff08\u4f8b\u5982Boden\uff0c2003; Forbes\uff0c2020\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4f5c\u8005\u6839\u636e\u7ecf\u5178\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u539f\u5219<\/span>\uff08\u4f8b\u5982Boden\uff0c1992\uff09<\/span>\u8ba4\u4e3a\u521b\u9020\u529b\u5177\u6709\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u6765\u6e90\uff0c\u5e76\u5c06\u5176\u5206\u7c7b\u4e3a\uff1a\u7ec4\u5408\u6027\u521b\u9020\u529b<\/span>\uff08\u7ed3\u5408\u719f\u6089\u7684\u60f3\u6cd5\uff1b\u4f8b\u5982\u8bd7\u610f\u7684\u5f62\u8c61\uff09<\/span>\u3001\u63a2\u7d22\u6027\u521b\u9020\u529b<\/span>\uff08\u5728\u6587\u5316\u4f20\u7edf\u4e2d\u51fa\u73b0\uff1b\u4f8b\u5982\u70f9\u996a\u98df\u8c31\uff09<\/span>\u548c\u53d8\u9769\u6027\u521b\u9020\u529b<\/span>\uff08\u6253\u7834\u65e7\u89c4\u5219\uff1b\u4f8b\u5982\u7acb\u4f53\u4e3b\u4e49\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u867d\u7136\u7ec4\u5408\u6027\u548c\u63a2\u7d22\u6027\u521b\u9020\u529b\u7684\u7ec4\u6210\u90e8\u5206\u53ef\u4ee5\u88abAI\u6a21\u4eff\uff0c\u4f46\u8ba1\u7b97\u4e2d\u53d8\u9769\u6027\u521b\u9020\u529b\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u5bf9AI\u6765\u8bf4\u4f3c\u4e4e\u66f4\u4e3a\u68d8\u624b\u3002\u6253\u7834\u89c4\u5219\u4f3c\u4e4e\u662f\u4eba\u7c7b\u7279\u6709\u7684\u80fd\u529b\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e9b\u65b0\u89c4\u5219\u7684\u6700\u7ec8\u63a5\u53d7\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u300c\u4ef7\u503c\u5224\u65ad\u300d<\/span>\uff08\u53ea\u6709\u6ee1\u8db3\u67d0\u4e9b\u65b0\u9700\u6c42\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u624d\u88ab\u7eb3\u5165\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u5f53\u7136\uff0c\u62e5\u6709\u8fdb\u5316\u673a\u5236<\/span>\uff08\u5177\u6709\u9009\u62e9\u6027\u673a\u5236\uff09<\/span>\u7684\u7a0b\u5e8f\u73b0\u5728\u5df2\u7ecf\u6210\u4e3a\u73b0\u5b9e\uff0c\u8fd9\u4f7f\u5f97\u300c\u53d8\u9769<\/span>\uff08transformation\uff09<\/span>\u300d\u6210\u4e3a\u53ef\u80fd\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\uff0c\u4ef7\u503c\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u9009\u62e9\u56e0\u7d20\uff0c\u4f46AI\u76ee\u524d\u5f88\u96be\u5b9e\u73b0\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u5e94\u8be5\u8bb0\u4f4f\uff0c\u6279\u5224\u6027\u601d\u7ef4\u4ecd\u7136\u662f\u521b\u9020\u8fc7\u7a0b\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u3002\u4eba\u7c7b\u80fd\u591f\u5ba1\u67e5\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u60f3\u6cd5\/\u521b\u4f5c\uff0c\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u5219\u4e0d\u80fd\u3002\u603b\u4e4b\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4f5c\u8005\u5efa\u8bae\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u786e\u7acb\u5927\u8111\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u7cbe\u5999\u590d\u6742\u7684\u673a\u5668\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u6700\u7ec8\u6452\u5f03\u7b1b\u5361\u5c14\u7684\u5fc3\u7269\u4e8c\u5143\u8bba<\/span>\uff08Cartesian dualism\uff0c\u8bd1\u8005\u6ce8\uff1a\u7b1b\u5361\u5c14\u7684\u5fc3\u7269\u4e8c\u5143\u8bba\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5fc3\u7075\u548c\u7269\u8d28\u662f\u4e24\u79cd\u5b8c\u5168\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u5b9e\u4f53\uff0c\u4e92\u4e0d\u76f8\u5e72\u3001\u5404\u81ea\u72ec\u7acb\u3001\u5e73\u884c\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u672c\u4f53\u8bba\u5b66\u8bf4\u3002\u5fc3\u7075\u7684\u672c\u8d28\u662f\u601d\u60f3\uff0c\u6839\u636e\u81ea\u7531\u610f\u5fd7\u800c\u6d3b\u52a8\uff1b\u7269\u8d28\u7684\u672c\u8d28\u662f\u5e7f\u5ef6\uff0c\u9075\u5faa\u81ea\u7136\u89c4\u5f8b\u800c\u8fd0\u52a8\u3002\u7b1b\u5361\u5c14\u63d0\u51fa\u8fd9\u79cd\u89c2\u70b9\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u628a\u7269\u8d28\u9650\u5b9a\u5728\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u6570\u5b66\u6a21\u578b\u63cf\u8ff0\u7684\u8303\u56f4\u5185\uff0c\u800c\u628a\u601d\u60f3\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u65e0\u5f62\u4f53\uff0c\u8131\u79bb\u8eab\u4f53\u548c\u5ba2\u89c2\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u5b58\u5728\uff09<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5b58\u5728\u8fd9\u4e9b\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u4f46\u6bcf\u4e2a\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u4f3c\u4e4e\u90fd\u540c\u610f\uff0c\u5728\u5f53\u524d\u7684\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u53d1\u5c55\u72b6\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u300c\u673a\u5668\u300d\u6a21\u4eff\u4eba\u7c7b\u521b\u9020\u529b\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u73b0\u5728\u4ecd\u7136\u76f8\u5f53\u6709\u9650\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u672a\u6765\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u8fc5\u901f\u6539\u53d8\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u3002\u603b\u4e4b\uff0c\u5f53\u8ba8\u8bba\u4e0e\u672c\u7279\u520a\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u9690\u55bb\u65f6\uff0c\u5e94\u5c06\u521b\u9020\u529b\u7eb3\u5165\u5173\u952e\u6982\u5ff5\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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\u5728\u8fd9\u7bc7\u7efc\u8ff0\u6587\u7ae0\u7684\u7ed3\u5c3e\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u8fd8\u8981\u63d0\u5230\u7684\u662f\uff1a\u4e0d\u5e94\u5ffd\u89c6\u7f8e<\/span>\uff08\u4ee5\u53ca\u4e00\u822c\u7f8e\u5b66\uff09<\/span>\u5728\u79d1\u5b66\u521b\u9020\u529b\u4e2d\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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\u521b\u9020\u529b\u4e0e\u7f8e\u5b66\u5bc6\u4e0d\u53ef\u5206<\/span><\/strong>\u3002\u8bc4\u4ef7\u521b\u9020\u529b\u603b\u662f\u9700\u8981\u7f8e\u7684\u8bc4\u5224\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u6839\u636e\u5eb7\u5fb7\u7684\u7ecf\u5178\u8bba\u8ff0\uff1a\u300c\u7f8e\u5b66\u4e0d\u662f\u521b\u9020\u529b\u7684\u76ee\u6807\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u5176\u57fa\u672c\u7ec4\u6210\u90e8\u5206\u3002\u300d<\/span><\/p>\n


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\u6570\u5b66\u5bb6\u548c\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u4eec\u627f\u8ba4\u7f8e<\/span>\uff08\u4ee5\u53ca\u7f8e\u5b66\uff09<\/span>\u5728\u79d1\u5b66\u4e2d\u7684\u81f3\u5173\u91cd\u8981\u6027\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5305\u62ecG\u00b7W\u00b7\u83b1\u5e03\u5c3c\u5179<\/span>\uff08G. W. Leibniz\uff09<\/span>\u3001\u4ea8\u5229\u00b7\u5e9e\u52a0\u83b1<\/span>\uff08H. Poincar\u00e9\uff09<\/span>\u3001\u963f\u5c14\u4f2f\u7279\u00b7\u7231\u56e0\u65af\u5766<\/span>\uff08A. Einstein\uff09<\/span>\u3001G\u00b7H\u00b7\u54c8\u4ee3<\/span>\uff08G. H. Hardy\uff09<\/span>\u3001P\u00b7A\u00b7M\u00b7\u72c4\u62c9\u514b<\/span>\uff08P. A. M. Dirac\uff09<\/span>\u3001M\u00b7\u76d6\u5c14\u66fc<\/span>\uff08M. Gell-Mann\uff09<\/span>\u7b49\u4eba\u30021910\u5e74\uff0c\u5e9e\u52a0\u83b1\u5199\u9053\uff1a\u300c\u2026\u2026 \u6570\u5b66\u7f8e\u611f\u3001\u6570\u5b57\u548c\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u548c\u8c10\u611f\u3001\u51e0\u4f55\u4f18\u96c5\u611f\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u5ba1\u7f8e\u611f\u89c9\uff0c\u6240\u6709\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u6570\u5b66\u5bb6\u90fd\u77e5\u9053\uff0c\u5b83\u80af\u5b9a\u5c5e\u4e8e\u60c5\u611f\u7075\u654f\u5ea6\u3002\u90a3\u4e48\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5177\u6709\u7f8e\u611f\u548c\u4f18\u96c5\u611f\u7684\u6570\u5b66\u5b9e\u4f53\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u80fd\u591f\u5728\u6211\u4eec\u4e2d\u5f15\u8d77\u67d0\u79cd\u7f8e\u5b66\u60c5\u611f\uff1f\u300d<\/span>\uff08\u5e9e\u52a0\u83b1\uff0c1910\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u72c4\u62c9\u514b\u5728\u4e00\u53e5\u8457\u540d\u800c\u5e38\u88ab\u5f15\u7528\u7684\u8bdd\u4e2d\u5927\u80c6\u5730\u8bf4\uff1a\u300c\u5728\u516c\u5f0f\u4e2d\u5177\u6709\u7f8e\u611f\u6bd4\u516c\u5f0f\u80fd\u591f\u62df\u5408\u5b9e\u9a8c\u66f4\u52a0\u91cd\u8981\u300d<\/span>\uff08\u72c4\u62c9\u514b\uff0c1963\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u5728\u54c8\u4ee3\u7684\u8bdd\u4e2d\uff1a\u300c\u6570\u5b66\u5bb6\u7684\u56fe\u6848\uff0c\u5c31\u50cf\u753b\u5bb6\u6216\u8bd7\u4eba\u7684\u56fe\u6848\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u5fc5\u987b\u662f\u7f8e\u4e3d\u7684\u3002\u300d\u6700\u540e\uff0c\u6d6a\u6f2b\u4e3b\u4e49\u82f1\u56fd\u8bd7\u4eba\u6d4e\u6148<\/span>\uff08John Keats\uff09<\/span>\u901a\u8fc7\u4e24\u884c\u6781\u5177\u5f71\u54cd\u529b\u7684\u8bd7\u53e5\u5b8c\u7f8e\u5730\u6982\u62ec\u4e86\u7f8e\u5b66\u65b9\u6cd5\u5bf9\u4eba\u7c7b\u77e5\u8bc6\u7684\u666e\u904d\u6027\uff1a\u300c\u60f3\u8c61\u4e2d\u7684\u7f8e\u4e3d\u5fc5\u987b\u662f\u771f\u7406\u300d<\/span>\uff081817\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u300c\u7f8e\u662f\u771f\u7406\uff0c\u771f\u7406\u662f\u7f8e\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u4f60\u4eec\u6240\u77e5\u9053\u7684\u4e00\u5207\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u4f60\u4eec\u9700\u8981\u77e5\u9053\u7684\u4e00\u5207\u300d<\/span>\uff081884\uff1b\u5f15\u81eaKeats\uff0c2015\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u6700\u8fd1\uff0cYang and Lu<\/span>\uff082022\uff09<\/span>\u63a2\u8ba8\u4e86\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u79d1\u5b66\u3001\u521b\u9020\u529b\u548c\u7f8e\u5b66\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u5e76\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u4e00\u79cd\u6846\u67b6\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528\u8ba1\u7b97\u65b9\u6cd5\u5c06\u521b\u9020\u529b\u548c\u7f8e\u5b66\u8054\u7cfb\u8d77\u6765\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

\u5f88\u660e\u663e\uff0c\u7f8e\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u5728\u4e0d\u540c\u6587\u5316\u548c\u4e2a\u4f53\u4e4b\u95f4\u5b58\u5728\u7740\u5f88\u5927\u5dee\u5f02\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u663e\u800c\u6613\u89c1\u7684\u3002\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u901a\u5e38\u8ba4\u4e3a\u7f8e\u5b66\u8d28\u91cf<\/span>\uff08esthetic quality\uff09<\/span>\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u662f\u96be\u4ee5\u6349\u6478\u7684\u3002\u4f46\u95ee\u9898\u5728\u4e8e\uff0c\u6b63\u5982\u8457\u540d\u753b\u5bb6Bruegel\u7684\u753b\u4f5c\u300cThe blind conducts the blind<\/em>\u300d\u6240\u5bd3\u610f\u7684\u90a3\u6837\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e2a\u4eba\u90fd\u5728\u5bfb\u627e\u300c\u7edd\u5bf9\u300d\u7684\u7f8e\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\uff0c\u800c\u8fd9\u6b63\u662f\u9519\u8bef\u4e4b\u5904\u3002\u5c31\u79d1\u5b66\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u7f8e\u7684\u6700\u5173\u952e\u7684\u4e00\u70b9\u662f\uff0c\u6240\u6709\u7684\u7f8e\u7684\u542b\u4e49\u548c\u5b9a\u4e49\u90fd\u662f\u7b49\u4ef7\u7684\uff0c\u90fd\u80fd\u8fbe\u5230\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u76ee\u7684\uff1a\u4e3a\u79d1\u5b66\u53d1\u73b0\u6307\u5f15\u9053\u8def\u3002\u7f8e\u662f\u65e0\u6cd5\u5b9a\u4e49\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u5728\u89c2\u5bdf\u8005\u7684\u773c\u4e2d\uff0c\u8fd9\u5e76\u4e0d\u91cd\u8981\u3002\u4efb\u4f55\u7f8e\u5b66\u6807\u51c6\u80fd\u591f\u53d1\u6325\u4f5c\u7528\u7684\u673a\u4f1a\u90fd\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u5ffd\u89c6\u7684\u3002\u540c\u6837\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u9690\u55bb\u548c\u7c7b\u6bd4\u4e5f\u662f\u5982\u6b64\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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\u53c2\u8003\u6587\u732e<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n

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1 J. Skilling, Data analysis: The maximum entropy method. Nature<\/em> 309, 748\u2013749 (1984).<\/span><\/p>\n


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2 E. T. Jaynes, Information theory and statistical mechanics. Phys. Rev.<\/em> 106, 620\u2013630 (1957).<\/span><\/p>\n


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3 J. Bernoulli, Ars Conjectandi<\/em> (Thurneysen Brothers, 1713).<\/span><\/p>\n


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4 T.  Simpson, A letter to the Right Honourable George Earl of Macclesfield,  President of the Royal Society, on the advantage of taking the mean of a  number of observations, in practical astronomy. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond.<\/em> 49, 82\u201393 (1755).<\/span><\/p>\n


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5 T. Bayes, An essay towards solving a problem in the doctrine of chances. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond.<\/em> 53, 37\u2013418 (1764).<\/span><\/p>\n


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6 A. de Moivre, The Doctrine of Chances, or a Method of Calculating the Probabilities of Events in Play<\/em> (Pearson, 1718).<\/span><\/p>\n


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7 P. S. Laplace, Th\u00e9orie Analytique des Probabilitis<\/em> (Gauthier-Villars, ed. 3, 1886).<\/span><\/p>\n


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8 C. E. Shannon, A mathematical theory of communication. Bell Syst. Tech. J.<\/em> 27, 379\u2013423 (1948).<\/span><\/p>\n


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9 E. T. Jaynes, On the rationale of maximum-entropy method. Proc. IEEE<\/em> 70, 939\u2013952 (1982).<\/span><\/p>\n


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10 R. D. Levine, An information theoretical approach to inversion problems. J. Phys. Math. Gen.<\/em> 13, 91\u2013108 (1980).<\/span><\/p>\n


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11 R. D. Levine, M. Tribus, The Maximum Entropy Formalism<\/em> (MIT Press, 1979).<\/span><\/p>\n


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12 Y. Tikochinsky, N. Z. Tishby, R. D. Levine, Alternative approach to maximum-entropy inference. Phys. Rev. A<\/em> 30, 2638\u20132644 (1984).<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

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\u795e\u7ecf\u79d1\u5b66\u548c\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u9886\u57df\u7684\u591a\u4f4d\u8457\u540d\u5b66\u8005\u8fd1\u65e5\u53d1\u8868 NeuroAI \u767d\u76ae\u4e66\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u795e\u7ecf\u79d1\u5b66\u957f\u671f\u4ee5\u6765\u4e00\u76f4\u662f\u63a8\u52a8\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\uff08AI\uff09\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u9a71\u52a8\u529b\uff0cNeuroAI \u9886\u57df\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u7814\u7a76\u5c06\u63a8\u52a8\u4e0b\u4e00\u4ee3\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u7684\u8fdb\u7a0b\u3002\u6587\u7ae0\u53d1\u8868\u540e\u5f15\u53d1\u70ed\u8bae\uff1a\u795e\u7ecf\u79d1\u5b66\u662f\u5426\u63a8\u52a8\u4e86\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\uff1f\u672a\u6765\u7684\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u662f\u5426\u9700\u8981\u795e\u7ecf\u79d1\u5b66\uff1f<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u96c6\u667a\u4ff1\u4e50\u90e8\u7279\u522b\u7ec4\u7ec7\u201c\u540e ChatGPT\u201d\u8bfb\u4e66\u4f1a<\/a>\uff0c\u7531\u5317\u5e08\u5927\u6559\u6388\u3001\u96c6\u667a\u4ff1\u4e50\u90e8\u521b\u59cb\u4eba\u5f20\u6c5f\u8001\u5e08\u8054\u5408\u8096\u8fbe\u3001\u674e\u5ae3\u7136\u3001\u5d14\u9e4f\u3001\u4faf\u6708\u6e90\u3001\u949f\u7ff0\u5ef7\u3001\u5362\u71da\u7b49\u591a\u4f4d\u8001\u5e08\u5171\u540c\u53d1\u8d77\uff0c\u65e8\u5728\u7cfb\u7edf\u6027\u5730\u68b3\u7406ChatGPT\u6280\u672f\uff0c\u5e76\u53d1\u73b0\u5176\u5f31\u70b9\u4e0e\u77ed\u677f\u3002\u672c\u7cfb\u5217\u8bfb\u4e66\u4f1a\u7ebf\u4e0a\u8fdb\u884c\uff0c2023\u5e743\u67083\u65e5\u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u6bcf\u5468\u4e94\u665a 19:00-21:00\uff0c\u6b22\u8fce\u62a5\u540d\u4ea4\u6d41\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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\u8be6\u60c5\u8bf7\u89c1\uff1a
<\/span><\/section>\n
\u201c\u540e ChatGPT\u201d\u8bfb\u4e66\u4f1a\u542f\u52a8\uff1a\u4ece\u901a\u7528\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u5230\u610f\u8bc6\u673a\u5668<\/span><\/a><\/section>\n

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\u63a8\u8350\u9605\u8bfb<\/span><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n

1. <\/strong>\u6a21\u5757\u5316\u8ba4\u77e5\uff1a\u6f14\u5316\u5982\u4f55\u81ea\u4e0b\u800c\u4e0a\u6d8c\u73b0\u51fa\u667a\u80fd\uff1f<\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/section>\n
2. <\/strong>\u91cf\u5316\u6d8c\u73b0\uff1a\u4fe1\u606f\u8bba\u65b9\u6cd5\u8bc6\u522b\u591a\u53d8\u91cf\u6570\u636e\u4e2d\u7684\u56e0\u679c\u6d8c\u73b0<\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/section>\n
3. <\/strong><\/strong>\u5927\u8111\u6d3b\u52a8\u4e0e\u8ba4\u77e5: \u70ed\u529b\u5b66\u4e0e\u4fe1\u606f\u8bba\u7684\u8054\u7cfb<\/a><\/strong><\/strong><\/span><\/section>\n
4. \u300a\u5f20\u6c5f\u00b7\u590d\u6742\u79d1\u5b66\u524d\u6cbf27\u8bb2\u300b\u5b8c\u6574\u4e0a\u7ebf\uff01<\/strong><\/a><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/section>\n
5. \u6210\u4e3a\u96c6\u667aVIP\uff0c\u89e3\u9501\u5168\u7ad9\u8bfe\u7a0b\uff0f\u8bfb\u4e66\u4f1a<\/span><\/strong><\/a><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/section>\n
6. \u52a0\u5165\u96c6\u667a\uff0c\u4e00\u8d77\u590d\u6742\uff01<\/strong><\/a><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/section>\n


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\u70b9\u51fb\u201c\u9605\u8bfb\u539f\u6587\u201d\uff0c\u62a5\u540d\u8bfb\u4e66\u4f1a<\/span><\/strong><\/section>\n

<\/mp-style-type><\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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