{"id":41521,"date":"2023-04-03T19:16:23","date_gmt":"2023-04-03T11:16:23","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/swarma.org\/?p=41521"},"modified":"2023-04-03T19:16:23","modified_gmt":"2023-04-03T11:16:23","slug":"%e5%9c%b0%e7%90%83%e5%a4%8d%e6%9d%82%e7%b3%bb%e7%bb%9f%e5%9c%a8%e4%ba%ba%e7%b1%bb%e4%b8%96%e7%9a%84%e5%a4%9a%e7%b1%b3%e8%af%ba%e8%bf%87%e7%a8%8b%ef%bc%9a%e4%bb%8e%e4%b8%b4%e7%95%8c%e7%ba%a7%e8%81%94","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/swarma.org\/?p=41521","title":{"rendered":"\u5730\u7403\u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf\u5728\u4eba\u7c7b\u4e16\u7684\u591a\u7c73\u8bfa\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff1a\u4ece\u4e34\u754c\u7ea7\u8054\u5230\u5efa\u7acb\u97e7\u6027"},"content":{"rendered":"
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Will Steffen\u3001Johan Rockstr\u00f6m\u3001Katherine Richardson\u7b49<\/span> <\/span>| \u4f5c\u8005<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u5218\u5fd7\u822a<\/span> <\/span>| \u8bd1\u8005<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u5218\u57f9\u6e90<\/span> <\/span>| \u5ba1\u6821<\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n


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\u8bba\u6587\u9898\u76ee\uff1aTrajectories of the Earth System in the Anthropocene<\/span><\/section>\n
\u8bba\u6587\u6765\u6e90\uff1aPNAS<\/em><\/span><\/section>\n
\u8bba\u6587\u94fe\u63a5\uff1ahttps:\/\/www.pnas.org\/doi\/10.1073\/pnas.1810141115<\/span><\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/blockquote>\n


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    \u6781\u9650\u73af\u548c\u884c\u661f\u9608\u503c<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/section>\n

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    \u5730\u7403\u7cfb\u7edf\u5728\u7b2c\u56db\u7eaa\u665a\u671f\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u5168\u65b0\u4e16\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u8f68\u8ff9\uff0c\u4e3a\u63a2\u7d22\u4eba\u7c7b\u4e16\u7684\u4eba\u7c7b\u9a71\u52a8\u53d8\u5316\u548c\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u672a\u6765\u8f68\u8ff9\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u80cc\u666f\u3002\u56fe1\u663e\u793a\u4e86\u590d\u6742\u7684\u5730\u7403\u7cfb\u7edf\u52a8\u529b\u5b66\u7684\u7b80\u5316\u8868\u793a\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u7269\u7406\u6c14\u5019\u7cfb\u7edf\u53d7\u5230\u4e86\u5730\u7403\u8f68\u9053\u548c\u503e\u89d2\u7f13\u6162\u53d8\u5316\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u5728\u7b2c\u56db\u7eaa\u665a\u671f<\/span>\uff08\u8fc7\u53bb120\u4e07\u5e74\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u8be5\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e00\u76f4\u4fdd\u6301\u5728\u51b0\u5ddd\u671f\u548c\u95f4\u51b0\u671f\u7684\u4e24\u4e2a\u6781\u7aef\u4e4b\u95f4\u3002\u5728\u8fc7\u53bb\u7684\u4e00\u767e\u4e07\u5e74\u91cc\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u6bcf\u4e00\u4e2a\u51b0\u5ddd-\u95f4\u51b0\u671f\u90fd\u9075\u5faa\u7cbe\u786e\u7684\u8f68\u8ff9[7]\uff0c\u4f46\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5468\u671f\u9075\u5faa\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u201c\u603b\u4f53\u8def\u5f84\u201d<\/span>\uff08\u6211\u4eec\u7528\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8bcd\u6765\u6307\u4ee3\u5927\u4f53\u76f8\u4f3c\u7684\u8f68\u8ff9\u96c6\u5408\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u5b8c\u6574\u7684\u51b0\u5ddd\u671f\u548c\u95f4\u51b0\u671f\u72b6\u6001\u4ee5\u53ca\u7ea610\u4e07\u5e74\u7684\u632f\u8361\uff0c\u677e\u6563\u5730\u6784\u6210\u4e86\u6781\u9650\u73af\uff0c\u5373\u51b0\u671f\u7684\u6e10\u8fdb\u52a8\u529b\u5b66\u88ab\u6a21\u62df\u4e3a\u975e\u81ea\u4e3b\u52a8\u529b\u5b66\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u7684\u62c9\u56de\u5438\u5f15\u5b50<\/span>\uff08pullback attractor\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u56fe1\u5de6\u4e0b\u89d2\u4ee5\u6e29\u5ea6\u548c\u6d77\u5e73\u9762\u4e3a\u8f74\uff0c\u7528\u84dd\u8272\u663e\u793a\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6781\u9650\u73af\u7684\u793a\u610f\u56fe\u3002\u5168\u65b0\u4e16\u662f\u7531\u6781\u9650\u73af\u7684\u9876\u90e8\u9760\u8fd1\u6807\u7b7eA\u7684\u5730\u65b9\u8868\u793a\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

    <\/span><\/section>\n
    <\/section>\n

    \u56fe1. \u5728\u5178\u578b\u7684\u51b0\u5ddd-\u95f4\u51b0\u671f\u7684\u80cc\u666f\u4e0b\uff0c\u672a\u6765\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u6c14\u5019\u8def\u5f84\u793a\u610f\u56fe\uff08\u5de6\u4e0b\uff09\u3002\u5730\u7403\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u95f4\u51b0\u671f\u72b6\u6001\u5904\u4e8e\u51b0\u5ddd-\u95f4\u51b0\u671f\u7684\u9876\u90e8\uff0c\u800c\u51b0\u5ddd\u671f\u72b6\u6001\u5219\u5904\u4e8e\u5e95\u90e8\u3002\u6d77\u5e73\u9762\u901a\u8fc7\u70ed\u81a8\u80c0\u4ee5\u53ca\u51b0\u5ddd\u548c\u51b0\u76d6\u7684\u878d\u5316\uff0c\u76f8\u5bf9\u7f13\u6162\u5730\u8ddf\u968f\u6e29\u5ea6\u53d8\u5316\u3002\u56fe\u4e2d\u7684\u6a2a\u7ebf\u4ee3\u8868\u5de5\u4e1a\u5316\u524d\u7684\u6e29\u5ea6\u6c34\u5e73\uff0c\u5730\u7403\u7cfb\u7edf\u76ee\u524d\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\u7531\u7ea2\u7ebf\u4e0a\u9760\u8fd1\u7a33\u5b9a\u5730\u7403\u548c\u6e29\u5ba4\u5730\u7403\u8def\u5f84\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5c0f\u7403\u4f53\u663e\u793a\u3002\u56fe\u4e2d\u8fd8\u663e\u793a\u4e86\u6bd4\u5de5\u4e1a\u5316\u524d\u6c34\u5e73\u9ad8\u51fa2\u2103\u7684\u884c\u661f\u9608\u503c\u3002\u6cbf\u7740\u7a33\u5b9a\u5730\u7403\/\u6e29\u5ba4\u5730\u7403\u8def\u5f84\u7684\u5b57\u6bcd\u4ee3\u8868\u4e86\u5730\u7403\u8fd1\u671f\u7684\u56db\u4e2a\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u65f6\u671f\u53ef\u80fd\u6709\u52a9\u4e8e\u4e86\u89e3\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8def\u5f84\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\u3002A\uff1a\u4e2d\u65b0\u4e16\uff1bB\uff1a\u59cb\u65b0\u4e16\uff1bC\uff1a\u4e2d\u4e0a\u65b0\u4e16\uff1bD\uff1a\u4e2d\u4e2d\u65b0\u4e16\u3002\u5b83\u4eec\u5728\u8def\u5f84\u4e0a\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\u53ea\u662f\u8fd1\u4f3c\u7684\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


    <\/section>\n
    \u5728\u56fe1\u4e2d\uff0c\u5730\u7403\u7cfb\u7edf\u5728\u201c\u4eba\u7c7b\u4e16\u201d\u4e2d\u7684\u5f53\u524d\u4f4d\u7f6e\u7531\u53f3\u4e0a\u89d2\u7684\u5c0f\u7403\u8868\u793a\uff0c\u5b83\u4f4d\u4e8e\u8fdc\u79bb\u51b0\u5ddd-\u95f4\u51b0\u671f\u6781\u9650\u73af\u7684\u8def\u5f84\u4e0a\u3002\u5728\u56fe2\u7684\u7a33\u5b9a\u6027\u666f\u89c2\u4e2d\uff0c\u5730\u7403\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u5f53\u524d\u4f4d\u7f6e\u7531\u52a0\u6df1\u7684\u4eba\u7c7b\u4e16\u5438\u5f15\u76c6<\/span>\uff08basin of attraction\uff0c\u5438\u5f15\u5230\u67d0\u4e2a\u5438\u5f15\u5b50\u7684\u70b9\u96c6\uff09<\/span>\u4e2d\u5b9e\u5fc3\u7bad\u5934\u672b\u7aef\u7684\u7403\u4f53\u8868\u793a\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

    <\/span><\/section>\n
    <\/section>\n

    \u56fe1. \u7a33\u5b9a\u6027\u666f\u89c2\u663e\u793a\u4e86\u5730\u7403\u7cfb\u7edf\u8d70\u51fa\u5168\u65b0\u4e16\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u8d70\u51fa\u51b0\u5ddd-\u95f4\u51b0\u671f\u6781\u9650\u73af\uff0c\u8fdb\u5165\u6e29\u5ea6\u66f4\u9ad8\u7684\u201c\u4eba\u7c7b\u4e16\u201d\u4e2d\u7684\u8def\u5f84\u3002\u56fe1\u4e2d\u7684\u5206\u5c94\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\u88ab\u663e\u793a\u4e3a\u5730\u7403\u7cfb\u7edf\u5728\u672a\u6765\u7684\u4e24\u6761\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u8def\u5f84\uff08\u5206\u88c2\u7684\u7bad\u5934\uff09\u3002\u76ee\u524d\uff0c\u5730\u7403\u7cfb\u7edf\u6b63\u5904\u4e8e\u7531\u4eba\u7c7b\u6392\u653e\u7684\u6e29\u5ba4\u6c14\u4f53\u548c\u751f\u7269\u5708\u9000\u5316\u9a71\u52a8\u7684\u6e29\u5ba4\u5730\u7403\u8def\u5f84\u4e0a\uff0c\u671d\u7740\u223c2\u2103\u7684\u884c\u661f\u9608\u503c\u524d\u8fdb\uff08\u56fe1\u4e2d2\u2103\u7684\u6c34\u5e73\u65ad\u7ebf\uff09\uff0c\u8d85\u8fc7\u8fd9\u4e2a\u9608\u503c\uff0c\u7cfb\u7edf\u5c31\u4f1a\u5728\u5185\u5728\u7684\u751f\u7269\u5730\u7403\u7269\u7406\u53cd\u9988\u7684\u9a71\u52a8\u4e0b\u8d70\u4e0a\u4e00\u6761\u57fa\u672c\u4e0a\u4e0d\u53ef\u9006\u8f6c\u7684\u8def\u5f84\u3002\u53e6\u4e00\u6761\u8def\u5f84\u662f\u901a\u5f80\u7a33\u5b9a\u5730\u7403\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u6761\u7531\u4eba\u7c7b\u521b\u9020\u7684\u53cd\u9988\u5f15\u5bfc\u7684\u5730\u7403\u7cfb\u7edf\u7ba1\u7406\u7684\u8def\u5f84\uff0c\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u7a33\u5b9a\u7684\u3001\u7531\u4eba\u7c7b\u7ef4\u62a4\u7684\u5438\u5f15\u76c6\u3002<\/strong>\u201c\u7a33\u5b9a\u6027\u201d\uff08\u7eb5\u8f74\uff09\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\u88ab\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e3a\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u52bf\u80fd\u7684\u5012\u6570\u3002\u5904\u4e8e\u9ad8\u5ea6\u7a33\u5b9a\u72b6\u6001\uff08\u6df1\u8c37\uff09\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u5177\u6709\u8f83\u4f4e\u7684\u52bf\u80fd\uff0c\u5c06\u5176\u79fb\u51fa\u8fd9\u79cd\u7a33\u5b9a\u72b6\u6001\u9700\u8981\u76f8\u5f53\u7684\u80fd\u91cf\u3002\u5904\u4e8e\u4e0d\u7a33\u5b9a\u72b6\u6001\uff08\u5c71\u9876\uff09\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u6709\u5f88\u9ad8\u7684\u52bf\u80fd\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u53ea\u9700\u8981\u4e00\u70b9\u989d\u5916\u7684\u80fd\u91cf\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u628a\u5b83\u4eec\u4ece\u5c71\u4e0a\u63a8\u4e0b\u6765\uff0c\u63a8\u5411\u52bf\u80fd\u8f83\u4f4e\u7684\u8c37\u5730\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


    <\/section>\n
    \u4eba\u7c7b\u4e16\u4ee3\u8868\u7740\u5730\u7403\u7cfb\u7edf\u5728\u4eba\u7c7b\u7684\u63a8\u52a8\u4e0b\uff0c\u5f00\u59cb\u8131\u79bb\u51b0\u5ddd-\u95f4\u51b0\u671f\u7684\u6781\u9650\u73af\uff0c\u8d70\u5411\u65b0\u7684\u3001\u66f4\u70ed\u7684\u6c14\u5019\u6761\u4ef6\u548c\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b8c\u5168\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u751f\u7269\u5708[2, 8, 9]\u3002\u76ee\u524d\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u662f\uff0c\u5730\u7403\u6e29\u5ea6\u6bd4\u5de5\u4e1a\u5316\u524d\u7684\u57fa\u7ebf\u9ad8\u51fa1\u2103\u4ee5\u4e0a[10]\uff0c\u63a5\u8fd1\u8fc7\u53bb120\u4e07\u5e74\u95f4\u51b0\u671f\u6761\u4ef6\u7684\u4e0a\u9650\u3002\u66f4\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u8fc7\u53bb\u534a\u4e2a\u4e16\u7eaa\u6c14\u5019\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u5feb\u901f\u53d1\u5c55\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u4eba\u7c7b\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u6280\u672f\u9501\u5b9a\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u60ef\u6027\uff0c\u4f7f\u6c14\u5019\u7cfb\u7edf\u5904\u4e8e\u8fc7\u53bb\u95f4\u51b0\u671f\u6761\u4ef6\u8303\u56f4\u4e4b\u5916\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u5730\u7403\u7cfb\u7edf\u53ef\u80fd\u5df2\u7ecf\u901a\u8fc7\u4e86\u6f5c\u5728\u8def\u5f84\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u201c\u5c94\u8def\u53e3\u201d<\/span>\uff08\u56fe1\u4e2d\u7684A\u70b9\u9644\u8fd1\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u5f88\u53ef\u80fd\u4f7f\u5730\u7403\u7cfb\u7edf\u8131\u79bb\u4e0b\u4e00\u4e2a\u51b0\u5ddd\u5468\u671f[11]\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

    <\/section>\n
    \u5728\u672a\u6765\uff0c\u5730\u7403\u7cfb\u7edf\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u9075\u5faa\u8bb8\u591a\u8f68\u8ff9[12, 13]\uff0c\u901a\u5e38\u7531\u6c14\u5019\u6a21\u578b\u6a21\u62df\u7684\u5168\u7403\u6e29\u5ea6\u4e0a\u5347\u7684\u5927\u8303\u56f4\u8868\u793a[14]\u3002\u5728\u5927\u591a\u6570\u5206\u6790\u4e2d\uff0c\u5047\u5b9a\u7d2f\u79ef\u7684\u4e8c\u6c27\u5316\u78b3\u6392\u653e\u548c\u5168\u7403\u6e29\u5ea6\u4e0a\u5347\u4e4b\u95f4\u5b58\u5728\u7740\u51c6\u7ebf\u6027\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8f68\u8ff9\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u7531\u4eba\u7c7b\u6d3b\u52a8\u5df2\u7ecf\u6392\u653e\u5e76\u5c06\u5728\u672c\u4e16\u7eaa\u5269\u4f59\u65f6\u95f4\u91cc\u7ee7\u7eed\u6392\u653e\u7684\u6e29\u5ba4\u6c14\u4f53\u6570\u91cf\u9a71\u52a8\u7684<\/strong>[14]\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5728\u6b64\u63d0\u51fa\uff0c\u5730\u7403\u7cfb\u7edf\u5185\u7684\u751f\u7269\u5730\u7403\u7269\u7406\u53cd\u9988\u8fc7\u7a0b\u52a0\u4e0a\u4eba\u7c7b\u5bf9\u751f\u7269\u5708\u7684\u76f4\u63a5\u9000\u5316\u4f5c\u7528\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u53d1\u6325\u6bd4\u5047\u8bbe\u66f4\u4e25\u91cd\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u9650\u5236\u4e86\u672a\u6765\u6f5c\u5728\u8f68\u8ff9\u7684\u8303\u56f4\uff0c\u5e76\u53ef\u80fd\u6d88\u9664\u4e86\u4e2d\u95f4\u8f68\u8ff9\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7cfb\u7edf\u5185\u90e8\u52a8\u529b\u5b66\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u53cd\u9988\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u7684\u5f3a\u975e\u7ebf\u6027\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u6210\u4e3a\u5f15\u5bfc\u5730\u7403\u7cfb\u7edf\u5728\u672a\u6765\u51e0\u4e2a\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e2d\u5b9e\u9645\u9075\u5faa\u7684\u8f68\u8ff9\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u91cd\u8981\u56e0\u7d20\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u662f\u4e3b\u5bfc\u56e0\u7d20\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5f88\u5927\u7684\u98ce\u9669\u3002<\/strong><\/span><\/section>\n

    <\/section>\n
    \u8fd9\u79cd\u98ce\u9669\u5728\u56fe1\u548c\u56fe2\u4e2d\u7528\u4e00\u4e2a\u884c\u661f\u9608\u503c\u8868\u793a<\/span>\uff08\u56fe1\u4e2d\u6e29\u5ba4\u5730\u7403\u8def\u5f84\u4e0a\u7684\u6c34\u5e73\u7ebf\uff0c\u5927\u7ea6\u6bd4\u5de5\u4e1a\u5316\u524d\u6e29\u5ea6\u9ad82\u2103\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u8d85\u8fc7\u8fd9\u4e2a\u9608\u503c\uff0c\u5730\u7403\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u56fa\u6709\u7684\u751f\u7269\u5730\u7403\u7269\u7406\u53cd\u9988\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u6210\u4e3a\u63a7\u5236\u7cfb\u7edf\u8f68\u8ff9\u7684\u4e3b\u5bfc\u8fc7\u7a0b<\/strong>\u3002\u51c6\u786e\u5730\u8bf4\uff0c\u6f5c\u5728\u7684\u884c\u661f\u9608\u503c\u53ef\u80fd\u5728\u54ea\u91cc\u8fd8\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a[15, 16]\u3002\u7814\u7a76\u4eba\u5458\u5efa\u8bae\u8fd9\u4e2a\u9608\u503c\u4e3a 2\u2103\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a2\u2103\u7684\u53d8\u6696\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u6fc0\u6d3b\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u4e34\u754c\u8981\u7d20[12, 17]\uff0c\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u63d0\u9ad8\u6e29\u5ea6\uff0c\u6fc0\u6d3b\u5176\u4ed6\u4e34\u754c\u7ea7\u8054\u8981\u7d20\uff0c\u5f62\u6210\u591a\u7c73\u8bfa\u9aa8\u6548\u5e94\uff0c\u4f7f\u5730\u7403\u7cfb\u7edf\u8fbe\u5230\u66f4\u9ad8\u7684\u6e29\u5ea6\uff08\u4e34\u754c\u7ea7\u8054\uff09\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u7ea7\u8054\u5b9e\u8d28\u4e0a\u5305\u62ec\u5bfc\u81f4\u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u9608\u503c\u7684\u52a8\u529b\u5b66\u8fc7\u7a0b<\/strong><\/span>\uff08\u53c2\u8003\u6587\u732e18\u76844.2\u8282\uff09<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

    <\/section>\n
    \u8fd9\u4e00\u5206\u6790\u610f\u5473\u7740\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u300a\u5df4\u9ece\u6c14\u5019\u534f\u5b9a\u300b\u4e2d1.5\u00b0C\u81f32.0\u00b0C\u7684\u6e29\u5347\u76ee\u6807\u5f97\u4ee5\u5b9e\u73b0\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4e5f\u4e0d\u80fd\u6392\u9664\u4e00\u8fde\u4e32\u7684\u53cd\u9988\u53ef\u80fd\u5c06\u5730\u7403\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e0d\u53ef\u9006\u8f6c\u5730\u63a8\u5411\u201c\u6e29\u5ba4\u5730\u7403\u201d\u8def\u5f84\u3002\u4eba\u7c7b\u9762\u4e34\u7684\u6311\u6218\u662f\u521b\u9020\u4e00\u4e2a\u201c\u7a33\u5b9a\u5730\u7403\u201d\u8def\u5f84\uff0c\u4f7f\u5730\u7403\u7cfb\u7edf\u8131\u79bb\u76ee\u524d\u7684\u8f68\u9053\uff0c\u8f6c\u5411\u4f4e\u4e8e\u6e29\u5ba4\u5730\u7403\u7684\u9608\u503c<\/span>\uff08\u56fe2\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u4eba\u7c7b\u521b\u9020\u7684\u7a33\u5b9a\u5730\u7403\u8def\u5f84\u901a\u5411\u4e00\u4e2a\u5438\u5f15\u76c6\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u6ca1\u6709\u4eba\u7c7b\u7684\u7ba1\u7406\u6765\u521b\u9020\u548c\u7ef4\u62a4\uff0c\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u4e2a\u5438\u5f15\u76c6\u5c31\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u5b58\u5728\u4e8e\u5730\u7403\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u7a33\u5b9a\u666f\u89c2\u4e2d\u3002\u521b\u9020\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u8def\u5f84\u548c\u5438\u5f15\u76c6\u9700\u8981\u4ece\u6839\u672c\u4e0a\u6539\u53d8\u4eba\u7c7b\u5728\u5730\u7403\u4e0a\u7684\u89d2\u8272\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u7ba1\u7406\u89d2\u8272\u9700\u8981\u6709\u610f\u8bc6\u7684\u3001\u6301\u7eed\u7684\u884c\u52a8\uff0c\u6210\u4e3a\u5730\u7403\u7cfb\u7edf\u52a8\u529b\u5b66\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u7ec4\u6210\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u521b\u9020\u53cd\u9988\uff0c\u4f7f\u7cfb\u7edf\u4fdd\u6301\u5728\u7a33\u5b9a\u5730\u7403\u8def\u5f84\u4e0a\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

    <\/section>\n
    \u6211\u4eec\u73b0\u5728\u901a\u8fc7\u8003\u8651\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u751f\u7269\u5730\u7403\u7269\u7406\u53cd\u9988\uff08Biogeophysical Feedbacks\uff09<\/strong>\u548c\u4e34\u754c\u7ea7\u8054\uff08Tipping Cascades\uff09<\/strong>\u7684\u98ce\u9669\uff0c\u66f4\u8be6\u7ec6\u5730\u63a2\u8ba8\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5173\u952e\u95ee\u9898\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

    <\/section>\n
    \u751f\u7269\u5730\u7403\u7269\u7406\u53cd\u9988<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/section>\n

    <\/span><\/section>\n
    \u5730\u7403\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u8f68\u8ff9\u53d7\u5230\u7cfb\u7edf\u5185\u751f\u7269\u5730\u7403\u7269\u7406\u53cd\u9988\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u53cd\u9988\u53ef\u4ee5\u5c06\u7cfb\u7edf\u7ef4\u6301\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u72b6\u6001<\/span>\uff08\u8d1f\u53cd\u9988\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u653e\u5927\u6270\u52a8\u5e76\u63a8\u52a8\u5411\u4e0d\u540c\u72b6\u6001\u8f6c\u53d8<\/span>\uff08\u6b63\u53cd\u9988\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u4e00\u4e9b\u53ef\u4ee5\u5c06\u5730\u7403\u7cfb\u7edf\u7ef4\u6301\u5728\u7c7b\u4f3c\u4e8e\u5168\u65b0\u4e16\u7684\u6761\u4ef6\u4e0b\u7684\u5173\u952e\u8d1f\u53cd\u9988\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u9646\u5730\u548c\u6d77\u6d0b\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u78b3\u5438\u6536\uff0c\u76f8\u5bf9\u4e8e\u4eba\u7c7b\u7684\u5f3a\u8feb\u4f5c\u7528\u6b63\u5728\u51cf\u5f31[19]\uff0c\u589e\u52a0\u4e86\u6b63\u53cd\u9988\u5728\u4e3b\u5bfc\u5730\u7403\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u8f68\u8ff9\u4e2d\u53d1\u6325\u91cd\u8981\u4f5c\u7528\u7684\u98ce\u9669\u3002\u88681\u603b\u7ed3\u4e86\u53ef\u80fd\u52a0\u901f\u53d8\u6696\u7684\u78b3\u5faa\u73af\u53cd\u9988\uff0c\u800cSI\u9644\u5f55\u4e2d\u7684\u8868S2\u5219\u8be6\u7ec6\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e86\u4e00\u5957\u66f4\u5b8c\u6574\u7684\u751f\u7269\u5730\u7403\u7269\u7406\u53cd\u9988\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u53cd\u9988\u53ef\u7531\u672c\u4e16\u7eaa\u5269\u4f59\u65f6\u95f4\u5185\u53ef\u80fd\u8fbe\u5230\u7684\u5f3a\u8feb\u6c34\u5e73\u89e6\u53d1\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

    <\/section>\n
    \u88681. \u5730\u7403\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u53ef\u80fd\u52a0\u901f\u5168\u7403\u53d8\u6696\u7684\u78b3\u5faa\u73af\u53cd\u9988\u4f5c\u7528<\/span><\/section>\n

    <\/p>\n

    \u9884\u4f30\u7684\u53cd\u9988\u5f3a\u5ea6\u662f\u6839\u636e2100\u5e74\u65f6\uff5e 2 \u00b0C \u7684\u5347\u6e29\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
    *\u7531\u53cd\u9988\u5f15\u8d77\u7684\u52302100\u5e74\u65f6\u7684\u989d\u5916\u6e29\u5347\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

    <\/section>\n
    \u5927\u591a\u6570\u53cd\u9988\u53ef\u4ee5\u663e\u793a\u8fde\u7eed\u54cd\u5e94\u548c\u4e34\u754c\u70b9\u884c\u4e3a\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u53cd\u9988\u8fc7\u7a0b\u5728\u8d8a\u8fc7\u4e00\u4e2a\u5173\u952e\u9608\u503c\u540e\u53d8\u5f97\u81ea\u6211\u5ef6\u7eed\uff1b\u8868\u73b0\u51fa\u8fd9\u79cd\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u5b50\u7cfb\u7edf\u901a\u5e38\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u201c\u4e34\u754c\u8981\u7d20\u201d<\/strong><\/span>\uff08tipping elements)<\/span>[17]\u3002\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u7c7b\u578b<\/span>\uff08\u8fde\u7eed\u54cd\u5e94\u6216\u4e34\u754c\u70b9\/\u7834\u574f\u6027\u53d8\u5316\uff09<\/span>\u53ef\u80fd\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u5f3a\u5236\u529b\u7684\u5927\u5c0f\u6216\u901f\u7387\uff0c\u6216\u4e24\u8005\u90fd\u662f\u3002\u5728\u8fbe\u5230\u4e34\u754c\u70b9\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u8bb8\u591a\u53cd\u9988\u5c06\u663e\u793a\u51fa\u4e00\u4e9b\u6e10\u8fdb\u7684\u53d8\u5316\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

    <\/section>\n
    \u4e0e\u53cd\u9988\u6709\u5173\u7684\u5c11\u6570\u53d8\u5316\u572850-100\u5e74\u7684\u77ed\u65f6\u671f\u5185\u662f\u53ef\u9006\u7684<\/span>\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5317\u6781\u6d77\u51b0\u8303\u56f4\u968f\u7740\u6c14\u5019\u53d8\u6696\u6216\u53d8\u51b7\u800c\u53d8\u5316\uff1b\u5357\u6781\u6d77\u51b0\u53ef\u80fd\u4e0d\u592a\u53ef\u9006\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5357\u5927\u6d0b\u7684\u70ed\u91cf\u79ef\u7d2f\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u4f46\u5927\u591a\u6570\u53d8\u5316\u5728\u5bf9\u5f53\u4ee3\u793e\u4f1a\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u8303\u56f4\u5185\u57fa\u672c\u4e0a\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u9006\u8f6c\u7684<\/span>\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u6c38\u51bb\u571f\u4e2d\u7684\u78b3\u6d41\u5931\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u5c11\u6570\u53cd\u9988\u6ca1\u6709\u660e\u663e\u7684\u9608\u503c<\/span>\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u9646\u5730\u548c\u6d77\u6d0b\u751f\u6001\u78b3\u6c47\u7684\u53d8\u5316\uff0c\u5982\u56e0\u4e8c\u6c27\u5316\u78b3\u65bd\u80a5\u6548\u5e94\u800c\u589e\u52a0\u78b3\u5438\u6536\u91cf\u6216\u56e0\u964d\u96e8\u91cf\u51cf\u5c11\u800c\u51cf\u5c11\u5438\u6536\u91cf\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u5bf9\u4e8e\u67d0\u4e9b\u4e34\u754c\u8981\u7d20\uff0c\u8de8\u8d8a\u4e34\u754c\u70b9\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u5f15\u53d1\u7a81\u7136\u7684\u975e\u7ebf\u6027\u53cd\u5e94<\/span>\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u4e9a\u9a6c\u900a\u96e8\u6797\u7684\u5927\u7247\u533a\u57df\u8f6c\u5316\u4e3a\u70ed\u5e26\u8349\u539f\u6216\u5b63\u8282\u6027\u5e72\u65f1\u68ee\u6797\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u800c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5176\u4ed6\u8981\u7d20\uff0c\u8de8\u8d8a\u4e34\u754c\u70b9\u5c06\u5bfc\u81f4\u66f4\u5f7b\u5e95\u7684\u5f71\u54cd<\/span>\uff08\u5982\uff0c\u6c38\u4e45\u51bb\u571f\u7684\u5927\u89c4\u6a21\u4e27\u5931\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u5728\u8de8\u8d8a\u4e34\u754c\u70b9\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ef\u80fd\u5b58\u5728\u76f8\u5f53\u5927\u7684\u6ede\u540e\u671f\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u5bf9\u4e8e\u90a3\u4e9b\u6d89\u53ca\u5927\u91cf\u51b0\u5757\u878d\u5316\u7684\u4e34\u754c\u8981\u7d20\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5728\u67d0\u4e9b\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u5f53\u53d1\u751f\u5927\u89c4\u6a21\u51b0\u5c71\u7206\u53d1\u65f6\uff0c\u51b0\u7684\u635f\u5931\u53ef\u80fd\u975e\u5e38\u8fc5\u901f<\/span>\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u6d77\u56e0\u91cc\u5e0c\u4e8b\u4ef6\uff09<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

    <\/section>\n
    \u5bf9\u4e8e\u4e00\u4e9b\u53cd\u9988\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff0c\u5176\u5927\u5c0f\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u65b9\u5411\u90fd\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u6c14\u5019\u53d8\u5316\u7684\u901f\u5ea6\u3002\u5982\u679c\u6c14\u5019\u53d8\u5316\u7684\u901f\u5ea6\u8f83\u6162\uff0c\u751f\u7269\u7fa4\u843d\u7684\u8f6c\u53d8\u53ef\u4ee5\u8ddf\u8e2a\u6e29\u5ea6\/\u6e7f\u5ea6\u7684\u53d8\u5316\uff0c\u751f\u7269\u7fa4\u843d\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u9010\u6e10\u53d8\u5316\uff0c\u968f\u7740\u6c14\u5019\u53d8\u6696\u548c\u5927\u6c14\u4e2d\u4e8c\u6c27\u5316\u78b3\u6d53\u5ea6\u7684\u589e\u52a0\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u4ece\u5927\u6c14\u4e2d\u5438\u6536\u78b3\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u6c14\u5019\u53d8\u5316\u7684\u901f\u5ea6\u8fc7\u5feb\uff0c\u5c31\u4f1a\u8d8a\u8fc7\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e34\u754c\u70b9\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u5e7f\u6cdb\u7684\u5e72\u6270<\/span>\uff08\u5982\u5c71\u706b\u3001\u6606\u866b\u88ad\u51fb\u3001\u5e72\u65f1\uff09<\/span>\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u53d1\u751f\u5feb\u901f\u7684\u751f\u7269\u7fa4\u843d\u8f6c\u53d8\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u73b0\u6709\u7684\u751f\u7269\u7fa4\u843d\u4f1a\u7a81\u7136\u6d88\u5931\u3002\u5728\u4e00\u4e9b\u9646\u5730\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u5982\u5927\u8303\u56f4\u7684\u5c71\u706b\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u6709\u5927\u91cf\u7684\u78b3\u8fdb\u5165\u5927\u6c14\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u5f71\u54cd\u5730\u7403\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u8f68\u8ff9[29]\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

    <\/section>\n
    \u5bf9\u4e0d\u65ad\u53d8\u5316\u7684\u6c14\u5019\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u53cd\u5e94\u7387\u53ef\u80fd\u5bfc\u81f4\u590d\u6742\u7684\u751f\u7269\u5708\u7cfb\u7edf\u52a8\u529b\u5b66\uff0c\u5bf9\u53cd\u9988\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4ea7\u751f\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u6c38\u4e45\u51bb\u571f\u878d\u5316\u7684\u5ef6\u8fdf\u5f88\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u63a8\u8fdf\u5317\u65b9\u68ee\u6797\u7684\u9884\u8ba1\u5317\u79fb[30]\uff0c\u800c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u68ee\u6797\u5357\u90e8\u5730\u533a\u7684\u53d8\u6696\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u5bfc\u81f4\u5b83\u4eec\u8f6c\u5316\u4e3a\u78b3\u50a8\u5b58\u80fd\u529b\u4f4e\u5f97\u591a\u7684\u8349\u539f\u3002\u603b\u4f53\u7ed3\u679c\u5c06\u662f\u5bf9\u6c14\u5019\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u6b63\u53cd\u9988\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

    <\/section>\n
    \u6240\u8c13\u7684\u5730\u7403\u201c\u7eff\u5316\u201d\uff0c\u662f\u7531\u4e8e\u5927\u6c14\u4e2d\u4e8c\u6c27\u5316\u78b3\u6d53\u5ea6\u589e\u52a0\u5bfc\u81f4\u7684\u690d\u7269\u751f\u957f\u589e\u5f3a[31]\uff0c\u8fd1\u51e0\u5341\u5e74\u6765\u589e\u52a0\u4e86\u571f\u5730\u78b3\u6c47[32]\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5927\u6c14\u4e2d\u4e8c\u6c27\u5316\u78b3\u7684\u589e\u52a0\u63d0\u9ad8\u4e86\u6e29\u5ea6\uff0c\u66f4\u70ed\u7684\u53f6\u5b50\u5149\u5408\u4f5c\u7528\u7684\u6548\u679c\u5c31\u4f1a\u964d\u4f4e\u3002\u8fd8\u6d89\u53ca\u5176\u4ed6\u53cd\u9988\u2014\u2014\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u571f\u58e4\u53d8\u6696\u589e\u52a0\u4e86\u5fae\u751f\u7269\u547c\u5438\uff0c\u5c06\u4e8c\u6c27\u5316\u78b3\u91ca\u653e\u56de\u5927\u6c14\u4e2d\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

    <\/section>\n
    \u6211\u4eec\u7684\u5206\u6790\u96c6\u4e2d\u5728\u4ece\u73b0\u5728\u52302100\u5e74\u7684\u53cd\u9988\u5f3a\u5ea6\u4e0a\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u52302100\u5e74\u663e\u793a\u51fa\u53ef\u5ffd\u7565\u4e0d\u8ba1\u6216\u975e\u5e38\u5c0f\u7684\u5e45\u5ea6\u7684\u51e0\u4e2a\u53cd\u9988\uff0c\u4ecd\u7136\u53ef\u80fd\u5728\u90a3\u4e4b\u524d\u88ab\u89e6\u53d1\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u6700\u7ec8\u53ef\u80fd\u5728\u66f4\u957f\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u8303\u56f4\u5185\u2014\u2014\u51e0\u4e2a\u4e16\u7eaa\u751a\u81f3\u51e0\u5343\u5e74\u2014\u2014\u4ea7\u751f\u663e\u8457\u7684\u53cd\u9988\u5f3a\u5ea6\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u5f71\u54cd\u5730\u7403\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u957f\u671f\u8f68\u8ff9\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u53cd\u9988\u8fc7\u7a0b\u5305\u62ec\u6c38\u4e45\u51bb\u571f\u878d\u5316\u3001\u6d77\u6d0b\u7532\u70f7\u6c34\u5408\u7269\u7684\u5206\u89e3\u3001\u6d77\u6d0b\u7ec6\u83cc\u547c\u5438\u7684\u589e\u52a0\u3001\u6781\u5730\u51b0\u76d6\u7684\u4e27\u5931\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u4f34\u968f\u7740\u6d77\u5e73\u9762\u7684\u4e0a\u5347\u548c\u901a\u8fc7\u6d77\u6d0b\u73af\u6d41\u7684\u53d8\u5316\u5bf9\u6e29\u5ea6\u4e0a\u5347\u7684\u6f5c\u5728\u653e\u5927[33]\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

    <\/span><\/section>\n
    \u4e34\u754c\u7ea7\u8054<\/strong><\/span><\/section>\n

    <\/strong><\/span><\/section>\n
    \u56fe3\u663e\u793a\u4e86\u4e00\u4e9b\u6f5c\u5728\u4e34\u754c\u7ea7\u8054\u7684\u5168\u5c40\u56fe\u3002\u4e34\u754c\u8981\u7d20\u6839\u636e\u5176\u4f30\u8ba1\u7684\u9608\u503c\u6e29\u5ea6\u5206\u4e3a\u4e09\u4e2a\u7fa4\u7ec4[12, 17, 39]\u3002\u5f53\u5168\u7403\u6e29\u5ea6\u7684\u4e0a\u5347\u8fbe\u5230\u8f83\u4f4e\u6e29\u5ea6\u7fa4\u7ec4\u7684\u6c34\u5e73\u65f6\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u5f62\u6210\u7ea7\u8054\uff0c\u6fc0\u6d3b\u4e34\u754c\u8981\u7d20\uff0c\u5982\u683c\u9675\u5170\u51b0\u539f\u6216\u5317\u6781\u6d77\u51b0\u7684\u635f\u5931\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4e34\u754c\u8981\u7d20\uff0c\u52a0\u4e0a\u4e00\u4e9b\u975e\u4e34\u754c\u8981\u7d20\u7684\u53cd\u9988<\/span>\uff08\u5982\u9646\u5730\u548c\u6d77\u6d0b\u751f\u7406\u78b3\u6c47\u7684\u9010\u6e10\u51cf\u5f31\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u5c06\u5168\u7403\u5e73\u5747\u6e29\u5ea6\u63a8\u5f97\u66f4\u9ad8\uff0c\u8bf1\u53d1\u4e2d\u6e29\u548c\u9ad8\u6e29\u7fa4\u7684\u4e34\u754c\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u683c\u9675\u5170\u51b0\u76d6\u7684\u4e34\u754c<\/span>\uff08\u635f\u5931\uff09<\/span>\u53ef\u80fd\u5f15\u53d1\u5927\u897f\u6d0b\u7ecf\u5411\u6d0b\u73af\u6d41<\/span>\uff08AMOC\uff09<\/span>\u7684\u5173\u952e\u8f6c\u53d8\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u5f15\u8d77\u6d77\u5e73\u9762\u4e0a\u5347\u548c\u5357\u5927\u6d0b\u70ed\u91cf\u79ef\u7d2f\uff0c\u5171\u540c\u52a0\u901f\u4e1c\u5357\u6781\u51b0\u76d6[32, 40]\u7684\u51b0\u635f\uff0c\u65f6\u95f4\u5c3a\u5ea6\u4e3a\u6570\u767e\u5e74[41]\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

    <\/span><\/section>\n
    <\/section>\n

    \u56fe3. \u6f5c\u5728\u4e34\u754c\u7ea7\u8054\u7684\u5168\u7403\u5730\u56fe\u3002\u6839\u636e\u5168\u7403\u5e73\u5747\u5730\u8868\u6e29\u5ea6\u7684\u4f30\u8ba1\u9608\u503c\uff08\u4e34\u754c\u70b9\uff09\uff0c\u5bf9\u5404\u4e2a\u4e34\u754c\u8981\u7d20\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u989c\u8272\u7f16\u7801[12, 34]\u3002\u7bad\u5934\u663e\u793a\u7684\u662f\u57fa\u4e8e\u4e13\u5bb6\u542f\u53d1\u7684\u3001\u53ef\u80fd\u4ea7\u751f\u7ea7\u8054\u7684\u4e34\u754c\u8981\u7d20\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u6f5c\u5728\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\u3002\u8bf7\u6ce8\u610f\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u4e1c\u5357\u6781\u6d32\u51b0\u76d6\u7684\u4e34\u754c\uff08\u635f\u5931\uff09\u98ce\u9669\u88ab\u63d0\u51fa\u4e3a>5\u2103\uff0c\u4f46\u4e1c\u5357\u6781\u6d32\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u6d77\u6d0b\u90e8\u95e8\u5728\u8f83\u4f4e\u7684\u6e29\u5ea6\u4e0b\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u8106\u5f31\u7684[35-38]\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


    <\/section>\n
    \u5bf9\u8fc7\u53bb\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u89c2\u5bdf\u652f\u6301\u6d77\u6d0b\u73af\u6d41\u7684\u53d8\u5316\u5bf9\u8fd9\u79cd\u53cd\u9988\u7ea7\u8054\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u8d21\u732e\u3002\u5728\u4ee5\u524d\u7684\u51b0\u5ddd\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u6c14\u5019\u7cfb\u7edf\u5728\u4e24\u79cd\u72b6\u6001\u4e4b\u95f4\u6447\u6446\u4e0d\u5b9a\uff0c\u8fd9\u4f3c\u4e4e\u53cd\u6620\u4e86\u5317\u6b27\u6d77\u57df\u5bf9\u6d41\u6d3b\u52a8\u7684\u53d8\u5316\u548cAMOC\u6d3b\u52a8\u7684\u53d8\u5316\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u53d8\u5316\u9020\u6210\u4e86\u5178\u578b\u7684\u6e29\u5ea6\u53cd\u5e94\u6a21\u5f0f\uff0c\u79f0\u4e3a\u201c\u4e24\u6781\u8df7\u8df7\u677f\u201d[42-44]\u3002\u5728\u5317\u65b9\u6781\u5ea6\u5bd2\u51b7\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u70ed\u91cf\u5728\u5357\u5927\u6d0b\u79ef\u7d2f\uff0c\u5357\u6781\u6d32\u53d8\u6696\u3002\u6700\u7ec8\uff0c\u70ed\u91cf\u5411\u5317\u79fb\u52a8\uff0c\u5e76\u4ea7\u751f\u4e86\u5730\u8868\u4e0b\u7684\u5347\u6e29\uff0c\u8fd9\u53ef\u80fd\u6709\u52a9\u4e8e\u7834\u574f\u5317\u534a\u7403\u51b0\u76d6\u8fb9\u7f18\u7684\u7a33\u5b9a[45]\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

    <\/section>\n
    \u5982\u679c\u683c\u9675\u5170\u5c9b\u548c\u897f\u5357\u6781\u51b0\u76d6\u5728\u672a\u6765\u878d\u5316\uff0c\u9644\u8fd1\u8868\u5c42\u6c34\u7684\u6e05\u65b0\u548c\u51b7\u5374\u5c06\u5bf9\u6d77\u6d0b\u73af\u6d41\u4ea7\u751f\u91cd\u5927\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u867d\u7136\u91cd\u5927\u73af\u6d41\u53d8\u5316\u7684\u6982\u7387\u96be\u4ee5\u91cf\u5316\uff0c\u4f46\u6c14\u5019\u6a21\u578b\u6a21\u62df\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u4e0e\u76ee\u524d\u683c\u9675\u5170\u5c9b\u878d\u5316\u901f\u5ea6\u76f8\u9002\u5e94\u7684\u6de1\u6c34\u8f93\u5165\u8db3\u4ee5\u5bf9\u6d77\u6d0b\u6e29\u5ea6\u548c\u73af\u6d41\u4ea7\u751f\u53ef\u6d4b\u91cf\u7684\u5f71\u54cd[46, 47]\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u8fc7\u7a0b\u5bfc\u81f4\u7684\u5317\u90e8\u9ad8\u7eac\u5ea6\u5730\u533a\u7684\u6301\u7eed\u53d8\u6696\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u52a0\u901f\u8be5\u5730\u533a\u7684\u53cd\u9988\u6216\u6fc0\u6d3b\u4e34\u754c\u8981\u7d20\uff0c\u5982\u6c38\u4e45\u51bb\u571f\u7684\u9000\u5316\u3001\u5317\u6781\u6d77\u51b0\u7684\u635f\u5931\u548c\u5317\u65b9\u68ee\u6797\u7684\u67af\u840e\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

    <\/section>\n
    \u867d\u7136\u8fd9\u4f3c\u4e4e\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u6781\u7aef\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83\u8bf4\u660e\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u662f\u6e29\u5ea6\u8f83\u4f4e\u7684\u7fa4\u7ec4<\/span>\uff08\u5373\u5df4\u9ece\u76ee\u6807\uff09<\/span>\u7684\u5347\u6e29\u8303\u56f4\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ef\u80fd\u901a\u8fc7\u7ea7\u8054\u6548\u5e94\u5bfc\u81f4\u4e2d\u6e29\u548c\u9ad8\u6e29\u7fa4\u7ec4\u7684\u4e34\u754c\u3002\u57fa\u4e8e\u5bf9\u4e34\u754c\u7ea7\u8054\u7684\u5206\u6790\uff0c\u5e76\u91c7\u53d6\u89c4\u907f\u98ce\u9669\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u8ba4\u4e3a\u6f5c\u5728\u7684\u5730\u7403\u9608\u503c\u53ef\u80fd\u53d1\u751f\u5728\u6bd4\u5de5\u4e1a\u5316\u524d\u4f4e2.0\u2103\u7684\u6e29\u5ea6\u4e0a\u5347<\/span>\uff08\u56fe1\uff09<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

    <\/section>\n

    <\/section>\n

    \n
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    \n
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    \n

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    <\/section>\n
    \n
    <\/svg><\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n
    \n

    2. \u66ff\u4ee3\u7684\u7a33\u5b9a\u5730\u7403\u8def\u5f84<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n

    \n

    <\/section>\n

    <\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/h3>\n

    <\/section>\n
    \u5982\u679c\u5f53\u4eca\u793e\u4f1a\u60f3\u8981\u907f\u514d\u8de8\u8d8a\u90a3\u4e2a\u6f5c\u5728\u9608\u503c\uff0c\u5c06\u5730\u7403\u7cfb\u7edf\u9501\u5b9a\u5728\u6e29\u5ba4\u5730\u7403\u8def\u5f84\u4e0a\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u4ed6\u4eec\u5c31\u5fc5\u987b\u505a\u51fa\u614e\u91cd\u7684\u51b3\u5b9a\uff0c\u4ee5\u907f\u514d\u8fd9\u79cd\u98ce\u9669\uff0c\u5e76\u5c06\u5730\u7403\u7cfb\u7edf\u7ef4\u6301\u5728\u7c7b\u4f3c\u4e8e\u5168\u65b0\u4e16\u7684\u6761\u4ef6\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u4eba\u7c7b\u521b\u9020\u7684\u8def\u5f84\u5728\u56fe1\u548c\u56fe2\u4e2d\u88ab\u6211\u4eec\u79f0\u4e3a \u201c\u7a33\u5b9a\u5730\u7403\u201d<\/span>\uff08\u56fe1\u53f3\u4e0a\u65b9\u5e95\u90e8\u7684\u5c0f\u73af\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u5730\u7403\u7cfb\u7edf\u88ab\u7ef4\u6301\u5728\u6e29\u5ea6\u4e0a\u5347\u4e0d\u8d85\u8fc7\u5de5\u4e1a\u5316\u524d2\u2103\u7684\u72b6\u6001<\/span>\uff08\u4e00\u79cd\u201c\u8d85\u65b0\u4e16\u201d\u72b6\u6001\uff09<\/span>[11]\u3002\u7a33\u5b9a\u5730\u7403\u5c06\u9700\u8981\u5927\u5e45\u524a\u51cf\u6e29\u5ba4\u6c14\u4f53\u6392\u653e\uff0c\u4fdd\u62a4\u548c\u52a0\u5f3a\u751f\u7269\u5708\u78b3\u6c47\uff0c\u52aa\u529b\u4ece\u5927\u6c14\u4e2d\u6e05\u9664\u4e8c\u6c27\u5316\u78b3\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u8fd8\u8981\u8fdb\u884c\u592a\u9633\u8f90\u5c04\u7ba1\u7406\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u9002\u5e94\u5df2\u7ecf\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u53d8\u6696\u7684\u4e0d\u53ef\u907f\u514d\u7684\u5f71\u54cd<\/strong>[48]\u3002\u56fe1\u53f3\u4e0a\u89d2\u7a33\u5b9a\u5730\u7403\u4ee5\u5916\u7684\u77ed\u65ad\u7ea2\u7ebf\u4ee3\u8868\u4e86\u5728\u8f83\u957f\u65f6\u671f\u5185\u53ef\u80fd\u56de\u5230\u7c7b\u4f3c\u51b0\u5ddd\u671f\u7684\u6761\u4ef6\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

    <\/section>\n
    \u4ece\u672c\u8d28\u4e0a\u8bb2\uff0c\u7a33\u5b9a\u5730\u7403\u8def\u5f84\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u6982\u5ff5\u5316\u4e3a\u5730\u7403\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u5236\u5ea6\uff0c\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5236\u5ea6\u4e2d\uff0c\u4eba\u7c7b\u53d1\u6325\u7740\u79ef\u6781\u7684\u5730\u7403\u7ba1\u7406\u4f5c\u7528\uff0c\u7ef4\u6301\u7740\u4ecb\u4e8e\u665a\u7b2c\u56db\u7eaa\u7684\u51b0\u5ddd-\u95f4\u51b0\u671f\u6781\u9650\u5faa\u73af\u548c\u6e29\u5ba4\u5730\u7403\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u72b6\u6001<\/span>\uff08\u56fe2\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u5f3a\u8c03\uff0c\u7a33\u5b9a\u5730\u7403\u4e0d\u662f\u5730\u7403\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u56fa\u6709\u72b6\u6001\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u4eba\u7c7b\u81f4\u529b\u4e8e\u6301\u7eed\u7ba1\u7406\u5176\u4e0e\u5730\u7403\u7cfb\u7edf\u5176\u4ed6\u90e8\u5206\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u8def\u5f84<\/strong>\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

    <\/section>\n
    \u4e00\u4e2a\u5173\u952e\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u662f\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u5730\u7403\u7684\u884c\u661f\u9608\u503c\u88ab\u8d8a\u8fc7\uff0c\u8d70\u5411\u6e29\u5ba4\u5730\u7403\u8def\u5f84\uff0c\u65e0\u8bba\u4eba\u7c7b\u793e\u4f1a\u91c7\u53d6\u4ec0\u4e48\u884c\u52a8\uff0c\u8fdb\u5165\u7a33\u5b9a\u5730\u7403\u8def\u5f84\u90fd\u4f1a\u53d8\u5f97\u975e\u5e38\u56f0\u96be\u3002\u5728\u9608\u503c\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u5730\u7403\u7cfb\u7edf\u5185\u90e8\u7684\u6b63\u5411<\/span>\uff08\u5f3a\u5316\uff09<\/span>\u53cd\u9988\u2014\u2014\u4e0d\u53d7\u4eba\u7c7b\u5f71\u54cd\u6216\u63a7\u5236\u2014\u2014\u53ef\u80fd\u6210\u4e3a\u7cfb\u7edf\u8def\u5f84\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u9a71\u52a8\u529b\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u4e2a\u522b\u7684\u4e34\u754c\u8981\u7d20\u968f\u7740\u65f6\u95f4\u7684\u63a8\u79fb\u548c\u6e29\u5ea6\u7684\u4e0a\u5347\u800c\u4ea7\u751f\u5173\u8054\u7684\u7ea7\u8054<\/span>\uff08\u56fe3\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u6362\u53e5\u8bdd\u8bf4\uff0c\u5728\u5730\u7403\u7cfb\u7edf\u8d70\u4e0a\u6e29\u5ba4\u5730\u7403\u8def\u5f84\u540e\uff0c\u5982\u56fe2\u6240\u793a\uff0c\u66ff\u4ee3\u7684\u7a33\u5b9a\u5730\u7403\u8def\u5f84\u5c06\u5f88\u53ef\u80fd\u53d8\u5f97\u4e0d\u53ef\u7528\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

    <\/section>\n
    \u6709\u4ec0\u4e48\u5229\u5bb3\u5173\u7cfb\uff1f<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/section>\n

    <\/span><\/section>\n
    \u6e29\u5ba4\u5730\u7403\u5bf9\u8bb8\u591a\u4eba\u6765\u8bf4\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u65e0\u6cd5\u63a7\u5236\u548c\u5371\u9669\u7684\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u5982\u679c\u6211\u4eec\u5728\u77ed\u77ed\u4e00\u4e24\u4e2a\u4e16\u7eaa\u5185\u8fc7\u6e21\u5230\u6e29\u5ba4\u5730\u7403\uff0c\u5b83\u5bf9\u5065\u5eb7\u3001\u7ecf\u6d4e\u3001\u653f\u6cbb\u7a33\u5b9a[12, 39, 49, 50]<\/span>\uff08\u7279\u522b\u662f\u5bf9\u6c14\u5019\u6700\u8106\u5f31\u7684\u4eba\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u6700\u7ec8\u5bf9\u4eba\u7c7b\u7684\u53ef\u5c45\u4f4f\u6027\u6784\u6210\u4e25\u91cd\u98ce\u9669\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

    <\/section>\n
    \u5bf9\u201c\u4eba\u7c7b\u4e16\u201d\u4e2d\u51fa\u73b0\u7684\u5feb\u901f\u6c14\u5019\u53d8\u5316\u6240\u5e26\u6765\u7684\u98ce\u9669\u7684\u6d1e\u5bdf\uff0c\u4e0d\u4ec5\u53ef\u4ee5\u4ece\u5f53\u4ee3\u7684\u89c2\u5bdf\u4e2d\u83b7\u5f97[51-55]\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u53ef\u4ee5\u4ece\u8fc7\u53bb\u4eba\u7c7b\u793e\u4f1a\u4e0e\u533a\u57df\u548c\u5b63\u8282\u6027\u6c34\u6587\u6c14\u5019\u53d8\u5f02\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u4e92\u52a8\u4e2d\u83b7\u5f97\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u53d8\u5f02\u6027\u5f80\u5f80\u6bd4\u5168\u7403\u3001\u957f\u671f\u7684\u5168\u65b0\u4e16\u53d8\u5f02\u6027\u8981\u660e\u663e\u5f97\u591a<\/span>\uff08SI\u9644\u5f55\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u519c\u4e1a\u751f\u4ea7\u548c\u6c34\u4f9b\u5e94\u7279\u522b\u5bb9\u6613\u53d7\u5230\u6c34\u6587\u6c14\u5019\u53d8\u5316\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u5bfc\u81f4\u70ed\/\u5e72\u6216\u51b7\/\u6e7f\u7684\u6781\u7aef\u60c5\u51b5\u3002\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u8870\u843d\u3001\u5d29\u6e83\u3001\u8fc1\u79fb\/\u91cd\u65b0\u5b9a\u5c45\u3001\u91cd\u7ec4\u548c\u6587\u5316\u53d8\u5316\u5f80\u5f80\u4e0e\u4e25\u91cd\u7684\u533a\u57df\u6027\u5e72\u65f1\u548c\u8ddd\u4eca4.2-3.9\u4e07\u5e74\u7684\u5168\u7403\u5927\u5e72\u65f1\u6709\u5173\uff0c\u6240\u6709\u8fd9\u4e9b\u90fd\u53d1\u751f\u5728\u76f8\u5bf9\u7a33\u5b9a\u7684\u5168\u7403\u5168\u65b0\u4e16\u7ea6\u00b11\u2103\u7684\u72ed\u7a84\u6e29\u5ea6\u8303\u56f4\u5185[56]\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

    <\/section>\n
    SI\u9644\u5f55\uff0c\u8868S4\u603b\u7ed3\u4e86\u5bf9\u4eba\u7c7b\u798f\u7949\u81f3\u5173\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u751f\u7269\u7fa4\u843d\u548c\u533a\u57df\u751f\u7269\u5708-\u7269\u7406\u6c14\u5019\u5b50\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5982\u679c\u5730\u7403\u7cfb\u7edf\u9075\u5faa\u6e29\u5ba4\u5730\u7403\u8def\u5f84\u6240\u5e26\u6765\u7684\u98ce\u9669\u3002\u867d\u7136\u8fd9\u4e9b\u751f\u7269\u7fa4\u843d\u6216\u533a\u57df\u7cfb\u7edf\u5728\u7a33\u5b9a\u5730\u7403\u8def\u5f84\u4e2d\u53ef\u80fd\u88ab\u4fdd\u7559\uff0c\u4f46\u5728\u6e29\u5ba4\u5730\u7403\u8def\u5f84\u4e2d\uff0c\u5927\u591a\u6570\u6216\u6240\u6709\u7684\u751f\u7269\u7fa4\u843d\u6216\u533a\u57df\u7cfb\u7edf\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u53d1\u751f\u91cd\u5927\u53d8\u5316\u6216\u9000\u5316\uff0c\u5bf9\u4eba\u7c7b\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u751f\u5b58\u80fd\u529b\u5e26\u6765\u4e25\u91cd\u6311\u6218\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

    <\/section>\n
    \u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u519c\u4e1a\u7cfb\u7edf\u7279\u522b\u8106\u5f31\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u4eec\u5728\u7a7a\u95f4\u4e0a\u662f\u56f4\u7ed5\u7740\u76f8\u5bf9\u7a33\u5b9a\u7684\u5168\u65b0\u4e16\u9646\u5730\u521d\u7ea7\u751f\u4ea7\u529b\u6a21\u5f0f\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\uff0c\u8fd9\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u4e0e\u80a5\u6c83\u571f\u58e4\u4f4d\u7f6e\u6709\u5173\u7684\u6e29\u5ea6\u548c\u964d\u6c34\u7684\u65e2\u5b9a\u548c\u53ef\u9884\u6d4b\u7684\u7a7a\u95f4\u5206\u5e03\uff0c\u4e5f\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u5927\u6c14\u4e8c\u6c27\u5316\u78b3\u6d53\u5ea6\u3002\u76ee\u524d\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u867d\u7136\u7a33\u5b9a\u5730\u7403\u8def\u5f84\u53ef\u80fd\u5bfc\u81f4\u4eba\u7c7b\u7cfb\u7edf\u9002\u5e94\u533a\u57df\u751f\u4ea7\u7684\u589e\u52a0\u548c\u51cf\u5c11\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5927\u81f4\u5e73\u8861\uff0c\u4f46\u6e29\u5ba4\u5730\u7403\u8def\u5f84\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u8d85\u8fc7\u9002\u5e94\u7684\u6781\u9650\uff0c\u5bfc\u81f4\u519c\u4e1a\u751f\u4ea7\u7684\u6574\u4f53\u5927\u5e45\u4e0b\u964d\uff0c\u4ef7\u683c\u4e0a\u6da8\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u5bcc\u56fd\u548c\u7a77\u56fd\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5dee\u8ddd\u66f4\u5927[57]\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

    <\/section>\n
    \u4e16\u754c\u4e0a\u7684\u6cbf\u6d77\u5730\u533a\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u4f4e\u6d3c\u4e09\u89d2\u6d32\u548c\u90bb\u8fd1\u7684\u6cbf\u6d77\u6d77\u6d0b\u548c\u751f\u6001\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u5bf9\u4eba\u7c7b\u7684\u798f\u7949\u7279\u522b\u91cd\u8981\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5730\u533a\u662f\u4e16\u754c\u4e0a\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u4eba\u53e3\u3001\u5927\u591a\u6570\u65b0\u5174\u5927\u57ce\u5e02\u4ee5\u53ca\u5bf9\u56fd\u5bb6\u7ecf\u6d4e\u548c\u56fd\u9645\u8d38\u6613\u90fd\u81f3\u5173\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u5927\u91cf\u57fa\u7840\u8bbe\u65bd\u7684\u6240\u5728\u5730\u3002\u6e29\u5ba4\u5730\u7403\u7684\u8f68\u8ff9\u51e0\u4e4e\u80af\u5b9a\u4f1a\u6df9\u6ca1\u4e09\u89d2\u6d32\u73af\u5883\uff0c\u589e\u52a0\u6cbf\u6d77\u98ce\u66b4\u7684\u7834\u574f\u98ce\u9669\uff0c\u5e76\u5728\u672c\u4e16\u7eaa\u672b\u6216\u66f4\u65e9\u7684\u65f6\u5019\u6d88\u706d\u73ca\u745a\u7901<\/span>\uff08\u4ee5\u53ca\u5b83\u4eec\u4e3a\u793e\u4f1a\u63d0\u4f9b\u7684\u6240\u6709\u597d\u5904\uff09<\/span>[58]\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

    <\/section>\n
    \u5730\u7403\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u7684\u4eba\u7c7b\u53cd\u9988<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/section>\n

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    \u5728\u4e3b\u6d41\u7684\u6c14\u5019\u53d8\u5316\u53d9\u8ff0\u4e2d\uff0c\u4eba\u7c7b\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u5916\u90e8\u529b\u91cf\uff0c\u4ee5\u4e00\u79cd\u5927\u4f53\u4e0a\u7ebf\u6027\u7684\u3001\u51b3\u5b9a\u6027\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u63a8\u52a8\u7740\u5730\u7403\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u53d8\u5316\uff1b\u4eba\u4e3a\u6e29\u5ba4\u6c14\u4f53\u6392\u653e\u7684\u5f3a\u8feb\u6027\u8d8a\u9ad8\uff0c\u5168\u7403\u5e73\u5747\u6e29\u5ea6\u5c31\u8d8a\u9ad8\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u5206\u6790\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u4eba\u7c7b\u793e\u4f1a\u548c\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u6d3b\u52a8\u9700\u8981\u88ab\u91cd\u65b0\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u590d\u6742\u7684\u3001\u9002\u5e94\u6027\u5f3a\u7684\u5730\u7403\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e0d\u53ef\u5206\u5272\u7684\u3001\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\u7684\u7ec4\u6210\u90e8\u5206\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u6846\u67b6\u4e0d\u4ec5\u5c06\u91cd\u70b9\u653e\u5728\u51cf\u5c11\u6e29\u5ba4\u6c14\u4f53\u6392\u653e\u7684\u4eba\u7c7b\u7cfb\u7edf\u52a8\u529b\u5b66\u4e0a\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u8fd8\u653e\u5728\u90a3\u4e9b\u521b\u9020\u6216\u52a0\u5f3a\u8d1f\u53cd\u9988\u7684\u52a8\u529b\u5b66\u4e0a\uff0c\u4ee5\u51cf\u5c11\u5730\u7403\u7cfb\u7edf\u8de8\u8d8a\u884c\u661f\u9608\u503c\u5e76\u9501\u5b9a\u5728\u6e29\u5ba4\u5730\u7403\u8def\u5f84\u4e0a\u7684\u98ce\u9669\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

    <\/section>\n
    \u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u4eba\u7c7b\u7684\u6311\u6218\u662f\u5f71\u54cd\u5730\u7403\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u52a8\u529b\u5b66\u7279\u6027\uff0c\u4f7f\u5168\u65b0\u4e16\u548c\u6781\u70ed\u72b6\u6001\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u4e0d\u7a33\u5b9a\u6761\u4ef6\u6210\u4e3a\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\u7684\u7a33\u5b9a\u7684\u4e2d\u95f4\u72b6\u6001<\/span>\uff08\u7a33\u5b9a\u5730\u7403\uff09\uff08\u56fe2\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u8fd9\u5c31\u8981\u6c42\u4eba\u7c7b\u91c7\u53d6\u5ba1\u614e\u7684\u3001\u6574\u4f53\u7684\u548c\u9002\u5e94\u6027\u7684\u6b65\u9aa4\uff0c\u51cf\u5c11\u5bf9\u5730\u7403\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u5371\u9669\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u6709\u6548\u5730\u76d1\u6d4b\u548c\u6539\u53d8\u884c\u4e3a\uff0c\u5f62\u6210\u53cd\u9988\u56de\u8def\uff0c\u7a33\u5b9a\u8fd9\u79cd\u4e2d\u95f4\u72b6\u6001\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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    \u5173\u4e8e\u5982\u4f55\u505a\u5230\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u2014\u2014\u5728\u6280\u672f\u4e0a\u3001\u9053\u5fb7\u4e0a\u3001\u516c\u5e73\u4e0a\u548c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4e0a\u2014\u2014\u6709\u5f88\u591a\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\u548c\u4e89\u8bba\uff0c\u6beb\u65e0\u7591\u95ee\uff0c\u89c4\u8303\u3001\u653f\u7b56\u548c\u5236\u5ea6\u65b9\u9762\u90fd\u6709\u5f88\u5927\u7684\u6311\u6218\u6027\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u793e\u4f1a\u53ef\u4ee5\u91c7\u53d6\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u6784\u6210\u8d1f\u53cd\u9988\u7684\u884c\u52a8\uff0c\u603b\u7ed3\u5728SI\u9644\u5f55\u7684\u8868S5\u4e2d\uff0c\u4ee5\u5f15\u5bfc\u5730\u7403\u7cfb\u7edf\u8d70\u5411\u7a33\u5b9a\u5730\u7403\u3002\u5176\u4e2d\u4e00\u4e9b\u884c\u52a8\u5df2\u7ecf\u5728\u6539\u53d8\u6392\u653e\u8f68\u8ff9\u3002\u8d1f\u53cd\u9988\u884c\u52a8\u5206\u4e3a\u4e09\u5927\u7c7b\uff1a(i) \u51cf\u5c11\u6e29\u5ba4\u6c14\u4f53\u6392\u653e\uff0c(ii) \u589e\u5f3a\u6216\u521b\u9020\u78b3\u6c47<\/span>\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u4fdd\u62a4\u548c\u589e\u5f3a\u751f\u7269\u5708\u78b3\u6c47\u548c\u521b\u9020\u65b0\u578b\u78b3\u6c47\uff09<\/span>[59]\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca(iii) \u6539\u53d8\u5730\u7403\u7684\u80fd\u91cf\u5e73\u8861<\/span>\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u592a\u9633\u8f90\u5c04\u7ba1\u7406\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u8fd9\u79cd\u7279\u6b8a\u7684\u53cd\u9988\u5e26\u6765\u4e86\u5730\u7403\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u51e0\u4e2a\u5173\u952e\u8fc7\u7a0b\u7684\u4e0d\u7a33\u5b9a\u6216\u9000\u5316\u7684\u5de8\u5927\u98ce\u9669\uff09<\/span>[60, 61]\u3002\u867d\u7136\u51cf\u5c11\u6392\u653e\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u4f18\u5148\u4e8b\u9879\uff0c\u4f46\u5728\u51cf\u5c11\u4eba\u7c7b\u5bf9\u5173\u952e\u751f\u7269\u7fa4\u843d\u7684\u76f4\u63a5\u538b\u529b\u65b9\u9762\u53ef\u4ee5\u505a\u5f97\u66f4\u591a\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u751f\u7269\u7fa4\u843d\u901a\u8fc7\u78b3\u6c47\u548c\u6c34\u5206\u53cd\u9988\u5bf9\u5730\u7403\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u72b6\u6001\u8fdb\u884c\u8c03\u8282\uff0c\u5982\u4e9a\u9a6c\u900a\u548c\u5317\u65b9\u68ee\u6797<\/span>\uff08\u88681\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u5e76\u5bf9\u6574\u4e2a\u6d77\u6d0b\u548c\u9646\u5730\u751f\u7269\u5708\u8fdb\u884c\u66f4\u6709\u6548\u7684\u7ba1\u7406\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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    \u7136\u800c\uff0c\u76ee\u524d\u5360\u4e3b\u5bfc\u5730\u4f4d\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4f53\u7cfb\u662f\u5efa\u7acb\u5728\u9ad8\u78b3\u7ecf\u6d4e\u589e\u957f\u548c\u8d44\u6e90\u5f00\u53d1\u5229\u7528\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u4e0a\u7684[9]\u3002\u6539\u53d8\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u5c1d\u8bd5\u5728\u5f53\u5730\u53d6\u5f97\u4e86\u4e00\u4e9b\u6210\u529f\uff0c\u4f46\u5728\u5168\u7403\u8303\u56f4\u5185\uff0c\u5728\u51cf\u5c11\u6e29\u5ba4\u6c14\u4f53\u6392\u653e\u6216\u5efa\u7acb\u66f4\u6709\u6548\u7684\u751f\u7269\u5708\u7ba1\u7406\u65b9\u9762\u51e0\u4e4e\u6ca1\u6709\u6210\u529f\u3002\u5bf9\u76ee\u524d\u793e\u4f1a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u6e10\u8fdb\u5f0f\u7ebf\u6027\u6539\u53d8\u4e0d\u8db3\u4ee5\u7a33\u5b9a\u5730\u7403\u7cfb\u7edf\u3002\u53ef\u80fd\u9700\u8981\u5e7f\u6cdb\u7684\u3001\u5feb\u901f\u7684\u548c\u6839\u672c\u6027\u7684\u8f6c\u53d8\uff0c\u4ee5\u51cf\u5c11\u8de8\u8d8a\u9608\u503c\u548c\u9501\u5b9a\u6e29\u5ba4\u5730\u7403\u8def\u5f84\u7684\u98ce\u9669\uff1b\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5305\u62ec\u884c\u4e3a\u3001\u6280\u672f\u548c\u521b\u65b0\u3001\u6cbb\u7406\u548c\u4ef7\u503c\u89c2\u7684\u53d8\u5316[48, 62, 63]\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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    \u4e3a\u51cf\u5c11\u4eba\u7c7b\u5bf9\u5730\u7403\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u6539\u5584\u798f\u7949\uff0c\u56fd\u9645\u4e0a\u7684\u52aa\u529b\u5305\u62ec\u8054\u5408\u56fd\u53ef\u6301\u7eed\u53d1\u5c55\u76ee\u6807\u548c\u5df4\u9ece\u534f\u8bae\u4e2d\u5173\u4e8e\u5c06\u5347\u6e29\u63a7\u5236\u57282\u2103\u4ee5\u4e0b\u7684\u627f\u8bfa\u3002\u4e0e\u8fd9\u4e9b\u56fd\u9645\u6cbb\u7406\u4e3e\u63aa\u76f8\u5339\u914d\u7684\u662f\u56fd\u5bb6\u3001\u57ce\u5e02\u3001\u4f01\u4e1a\u548c\u4e2a\u4eba\u7684\u78b3\u51cf\u6392\u627f\u8bfa[64-66]\uff0c\u4f46\u8fc4\u4eca\u4e3a\u6b62\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8fd8\u4e0d\u8db3\u4ee5\u5b9e\u73b0\u5df4\u9ece\u7684\u76ee\u6807\u3002\u52a0\u5f3a\u96c4\u5fc3\u5c06\u9700\u8981\u65b0\u7684\u96c6\u4f53\u5171\u4eab\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\u89c2\u3001\u539f\u5219\u548c\u6846\u67b6\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u6559\u80b2\u6765\u652f\u6301\u8fd9\u79cd\u53d8\u5316[67, 68]\u3002\u4ece\u672c\u8d28\u4e0a\u8bb2\uff0c\u6709\u6548\u7684\u5730\u7403\u7cfb\u7edf\u7ba1\u7406\u662f\u4eba\u7c7b\u793e\u4f1a\u5728\u7a33\u5b9a\u5730\u7403\u8def\u5f84\u4e0a\u7e41\u8363\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u91cd\u8981\u524d\u63d0[69, 70]\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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    \u9664\u4e86\u5168\u7403\u6cbb\u7406\u5c42\u9762\u7684\u5236\u5ea6\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u521b\u65b0\u5916\uff0c\u4eba\u53e3\u3001\u6d88\u8d39\u3001\u884c\u4e3a\u3001\u6001\u5ea6\u3001\u6559\u80b2\u3001\u673a\u6784\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u5d4c\u5165\u6280\u672f\u7684\u53d8\u5316\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5b9e\u73b0\u7a33\u5b9a\u5730\u7403\u8def\u5f84\u7684\u673a\u4f1a\u6700\u5927\u5316\u90fd\u5f88\u91cd\u8981[71]\u3002\u8bb8\u591a\u6240\u9700\u7684\u8f6c\u53d8\u53ef\u80fd\u9700\u8981\u51e0\u5341\u5e74\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u624d\u80fd\u4ea7\u751f\u5168\u7403\u6027\u7684\u7efc\u5408\u5f71\u54cd<\/span>\uff08SI\u9644\u5f55\uff0c\u8868S5\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u4f46\u6709\u8ff9\u8c61\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u793e\u4f1a\u53ef\u80fd\u6b63\u5728\u8fbe\u5230\u4e00\u4e9b\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u4e34\u754c\u70b9\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5728\u51cf\u7f13\u6216\u626d\u8f6c\u4eba\u53e3\u589e\u957f\u65b9\u9762\u53d6\u5f97\u4e86\u76f8\u5bf9\u5feb\u901f\u7684\u8fdb\u5c55\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u5987\u5973\u83b7\u5f97\u4e86\u6743\u529b\uff0c\u83b7\u5f97\u4e86\u8282\u80b2\u6280\u672f\uff0c\u6269\u5927\u4e86\u6559\u80b2\u673a\u4f1a\uff0c\u63d0\u9ad8\u4e86\u6536\u5165\u6c34\u5e73[72, 73]\uff0c\u5bfc\u81f4\u751f\u80b2\u7387\u4e0b\u964d\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4eba\u53e3\u53d8\u5316\u5fc5\u987b\u8f85\u4e4b\u4ee5\u53ef\u6301\u7eed\u7684\u4eba\u5747\u6d88\u8d39\u6a21\u5f0f\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u5728\u4eba\u5747\u6d88\u8d39\u6c34\u5e73\u8f83\u9ad8\u7684\u4eba\u7fa4\u4e2d\u3002\u5df2\u7ecf\u89c2\u5bdf\u5230\u6d88\u8d39\u8005\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u53d8\u5316[74, 75]\uff0c\u968f\u4e4b\u800c\u6765\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u89c4\u8303\u7684\u5927\u8303\u56f4\u8f6c\u53d8\u7684\u673a\u4f1a\u53ef\u80fd\u51fa\u73b0[76]\u3002\u6280\u672f\u521b\u65b0\u6709\u52a9\u4e8e\u66f4\u5feb\u901f\u7684\u53bb\u78b3\u5316\uff0c\u5e76\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u4ece\u5927\u6c14\u4e2d\u53bb\u9664\u4e8c\u6c27\u5316\u78b3[48]\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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    \u5728\u5feb\u901f\u53d8\u5316\u7684\u5730\u7403\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u5efa\u7acb\u97e7\u6027<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/section>\n

    <\/span><\/section>\n
    \u5373\u4f7f\u5b9e\u73b0\u4e86\u7a33\u5b9a\u5730\u7403\u8def\u5f84\uff0c\u4eba\u7c7b\u5728\u901a\u5f80\u7a33\u5b9a\u5730\u7403\u8def\u5f84\u4e0a\u4e5f\u5c06\u9762\u4e34\u5feb\u901f\u800c\u6df1\u523b\u7684\u53d8\u5316\u548c\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\uff0c\u5728\u653f\u6cbb\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u548c\u73af\u5883\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u4eba\u7c7b\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u97e7\u6027\u9762\u4e34\u6311\u6218[79-82]\u3002\u7a33\u5b9a\u540e\u7684\u5730\u7403\u5c06\u53ef\u80fd\u6bd4\u8fc7\u53bb80\u4e07\u5e74\u4e2d\u7684\u4efb\u4f55\u65f6\u5019\u90fd\u8981\u6e29\u6696[83]<\/span>\uff08\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u6bd4\u5b8c\u5168\u73b0\u4ee3\u7684\u4eba\u7c7b\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u4efb\u4f55\u5176\u4ed6\u65f6\u95f4\u90fd\u8981\u6e29\u6696\uff09<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

    <\/section>\n
    \u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u7a33\u5b9a\u5730\u7403\u8def\u5f84\u51e0\u4e4e\u80af\u5b9a\u4f1a\u6709\u4e00\u4e9b\u4e34\u754c\u8981\u7d20\u7684\u6fc0\u6d3b<\/span>\uff08\u4e34\u754c\u7ea7\u8054\u548c\u56fe3\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u652f\u6301\u4eba\u7c7b\u7684\u5173\u952e\u751f\u7269\u7fa4\u843d\u5c42\u9762\u7684\u975e\u7ebf\u6027\u52a8\u529b\u5b66\u548c\u7a81\u7136\u8f6c\u53d8<\/span>\uff08SI\u9644\u5f55\uff0c\u8868S4\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u76ee\u524d\u5730\u7403\u7cfb\u7edf\u91cd\u8981\u7279\u5f81\u7684\u53d8\u5316\u7387\u5df2\u7ecf\u8fbe\u5230\u6216\u8d85\u8fc7\u4e86\u8fc7\u53bb\u7a81\u53d1\u5730\u7403\u7269\u7406\u4e8b\u4ef6\u7684\u53d8\u5316\u7387<\/span>\uff08SI\u9644\u5f55\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8d8b\u52bf\u53ef\u80fd\u81f3\u5c11\u5728\u672a\u6765\u51e0\u5341\u5e74\u5185\u6301\u7eed\u4e0b\u53bb\uff0c\u5f53\u4ee3\u4ee5\u6e10\u8fdb\u6216\u589e\u91cf\u53d8\u5316\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u3001\u5de5\u5177\u548c\u4fe1\u5ff5\u4e3a\u57fa\u7840\u7684\u6307\u5bfc\u53d1\u5c55\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5bf9\u7ecf\u6d4e\u6548\u7387\u7684\u5173\u6ce8\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u4e0d\u8db3\u4ee5\u5e94\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e00\u8f68\u8ff9\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u9664\u4e86\u9002\u5e94\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u63d0\u9ad8\u97e7\u6027\u5c06\u6210\u4e3a\u9a7e\u9a6d\u672a\u6765\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u5173\u952e\u6218\u7565\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

    <\/section>\n
    \u901a\u7528\u7684\u97e7\u6027\u5efa\u8bbe\u6218\u7565\u5305\u62ec\u53d1\u5c55\u4fdd\u9669\u3001\u7f13\u51b2\u3001\u5197\u4f59\u3001\u591a\u6837\u6027\u4ee5\u53ca\u97e7\u6027\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u7279\u5f81\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7279\u5f81\u5bf9\u4e8e\u4eba\u7c7b\u7cfb\u7edf\u5728\u9762\u5bf9\u53d8\u6696\u548c\u4e0e\u4e34\u754c\u70b9\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u60ca\u559c\u65f6\u7684\u8f6c\u53d8\u81f3\u5173\u91cd\u8981[84]\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u6218\u7565\u7684\u7279\u70b9\u5305\u62ec\uff1a(i) \u4fdd\u6301\u591a\u6837\u6027\u3001\u6a21\u5757\u5316\u548c\u5197\u4f59\uff1b(ii) \u7ba1\u7406\u8fde\u901a\u6027\u3001\u5f00\u653e\u6027\u3001\u7f13\u6162\u53d8\u91cf\u548c\u53cd\u9988\uff1b(iii) \u5c06\u793e\u4f1a\u751f\u6001\u7cfb\u7edf\u7406\u89e3\u4e3a\u590d\u6742\u7684\u9002\u5e94\u6027\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u5728\u6574\u4e2a\u5730\u7403\u7cfb\u7edf\u5c42\u9762[85]\uff1b(iv) \u9f13\u52b1\u5b66\u4e60\u548c\u5b9e\u9a8c\uff1b\u4ee5\u53ca(v) \u6269\u5927\u53c2\u4e0e\u548c\u5efa\u7acb\u4fe1\u4efb\uff0c\u4fc3\u8fdb\u591a\u4e2d\u5fc3\u6cbb\u7406\u7cfb\u7edf[86, 87]\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

    <\/section>\n

    <\/section>\n

    \n
    \n
    \n
    \n
    \n

    <\/section>\n

    <\/section>\n
    \n
    <\/svg><\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n
    \n

    3. \u7ed3\u8bba<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n

    \n

    <\/section>\n

    <\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/h3>\n

    <\/section>\n
    \u6211\u4eec\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u65b9\u6cd5\u4fa7\u91cd\u4e8e\u53cd\u9988\u3001\u4e34\u754c\u70b9\u548c\u975e\u7ebf\u6027\u52a8\u529b\u5b66\uff0c\u5df2\u7ecf\u89e3\u51b3\u4e86\u5f00\u7bc7\u4e2d\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u56db\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

    <\/section>\n
    \u6211\u4eec\u7684\u5206\u6790\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u5730\u7403\u7cfb\u7edf\u53ef\u80fd\u6b63\u5728\u63a5\u8fd1\u4e00\u4e2a\u884c\u661f\u4e34\u754c\u70b9\uff0c\u5b83\u53ef\u80fd\u9501\u5b9a\u4e00\u4e2a\u6301\u7eed\u5feb\u901f\u7684\u8def\u5f84\uff0c\u8d70\u5411\u66f4\u70ed\u7684\u6761\u4ef6\u2014\u2014\u6e29\u5ba4\u5730\u7403\u3002\u8fd9\u6761\u8def\u5f84\u5c06\u88ab\u5f3a\u5927\u7684\u3001\u5185\u5728\u7684\u3001\u96be\u4ee5\u88ab\u4eba\u7c7b\u884c\u4e3a\u5f71\u54cd\u7684\u751f\u7269\u5730\u7403\u7269\u7406\u53cd\u9988\u6240\u63a8\u52a8\uff0c\u8fd9\u6761\u8def\u5f84\u4e0d\u80fd\u88ab\u9006\u8f6c\u3001\u5f15\u5bfc\u6216\u5927\u5e45\u653e\u7f13\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

    <\/section>\n
    \u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u9608\u503c\u5728\u54ea\u91cc\u8fd8\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83\u53ef\u80fd\u53ea\u5728\u6e29\u5ea6\u6bd4\u5de5\u4e1a\u5316\u524d\u4e0a\u53472.0\u2103\u65f6\u63d0\u524d\u51e0\u5341\u5e74\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5b83\u53ef\u80fd\u5728\u300a\u5df4\u9ece\u534f\u5b9a\u300b\u7684\u6e29\u5ea6\u76ee\u6807\u8303\u56f4\u5185\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

    <\/section>\n
    \u6e29\u5ba4\u5730\u7403\u8def\u5f84\u5bf9\u4eba\u7c7b\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u5de8\u5927\u7684\uff0c\u6709\u65f6\u662f\u7a81\u7136\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u65e0\u7591\u662f\u7834\u574f\u6027\u7684\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

    <\/span><\/section>\n
    \u901a\u8fc7\u521b\u9020\u4e00\u4e2a\u7a33\u5b9a\u5730\u7403\u8def\u5f84\u6765\u907f\u514d\u8fd9\u4e2a\u884c\u661f\u9608\u503c\uff0c\u53ea\u80fd\u901a\u8fc7\u4eba\u7c7b\u793e\u4f1a\u534f\u8c03\u7684\u3001\u6709\u610f\u8bc6\u7684\u52aa\u529b\u6765\u7ba1\u7406\u6211\u4eec\u4e0e\u5730\u7403\u7cfb\u7edf\u5176\u4ed6\u90e8\u5206\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u8ba4\u8bc6\u5230\u4eba\u7c7b\u662f\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e0d\u53ef\u5206\u5272\u7684\u3001\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\u7684\u7ec4\u6210\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u624d\u80fd\u5b9e\u73b0\u548c\u7ef4\u6301\u3002\u4eba\u7c7b\u73b0\u5728\u6b63\u9762\u4e34\u7740\u9700\u8981\u505a\u51fa\u5173\u952e\u7684\u51b3\u5b9a\u548c\u884c\u52a8\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u51b3\u5b9a\u548c\u884c\u52a8\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u5f71\u54cd\u6211\u4eec\u51e0\u4e2a\u4e16\u7eaa\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u51e0\u5343\u5e74\u7684\u672a\u6765[88]\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

    <\/section>\n
    \u8fd9\u79cd\u5206\u6790\u7684\u53ef\u4fe1\u5ea6\u5982\u4f55\uff1f\u6765\u81ea\u8bb8\u591a\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u8bc1\u636e\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u5e94\u8be5\u8ba4\u771f\u5bf9\u5f85\u5730\u7403\u9608\u503c\u7684\u98ce\u9669\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u5206\u5c94\u7684\u8def\u5f84\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

    <\/section>\n
    \u9996\u5148\uff0c\u5730\u7403\u7cfb\u7edf\u5728\u7b2c\u56db\u7eaa\u665a\u671f\u7684\u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf\u884c\u4e3a\u662f\u6709\u636e\u53ef\u67e5\u7684\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u88ab\u7406\u89e3\u7684\u3002\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u4e24\u4e2a\u8fb9\u754c\u72b6\u6001\u2014\u2014\u51b0\u5ddd\u671f\u548c\u95f4\u51b0\u671f\u2014\u2014\u88ab\u5408\u7406\u5730\u5b9a\u4e49\uff0c\u5927\u7ea610\u4e07\u5e74\u7684\u5468\u671f\u3002\u6781\u9650\u5468\u671f\u768410\u4e07\u5e74\u5468\u671f\u5df2\u7ecf\u786e\u5b9a\uff0c\u5185\u90e8<\/span>\uff08\u78b3\u5faa\u73af\u548c\u51b0\u53cd\u7167\u7387\u53cd\u9988\uff09<\/span>\u548c\u5916\u90e8<\/span>\uff08\u7531\u5730\u7403\u8f68\u9053\u53c2\u6570\u53d8\u5316\u5f15\u8d77\u7684\u65e5\u7167\u53d8\u5316\uff09<\/span>\u9a71\u52a8\u8fc7\u7a0b\u666e\u904d\u4e3a\u4eba\u6240\u77e5\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u975e\u5e38\u6709\u628a\u63e1\u5730\u77e5\u9053\uff0c\u5728\u8fbe\u5230\u4e34\u754c\u53d8\u6696\u6c34\u5e73\u540e\uff0c\u51b0\u539f\u7684\u9010\u6b65\u89e3\u4f53\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u4e34\u754c\u8981\u7d20\u7684\u8d8a\u754c\u662f\u96be\u4ee5\u9006\u8f6c\u7684\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

    <\/section>\n
    \u7b2c\u4e8c\uff0c\u4ece\u5730\u7403\u6700\u8fd1\u7684\u5730\u8d28\u5386\u53f2\u6765\u770b\uff0c\u4e0e\u6e29\u5ba4\u5730\u7403\u8def\u5f84\u76f8\u4e00\u81f4\u7684\u6761\u4ef6\u662f\u53ef\u4ee5\u83b7\u5f97\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u5927\u6c14\u4e2d\u7684\u4e8c\u6c27\u5316\u78b3\u6d53\u5ea6\u548c\u6e29\u5ea6\u4e0a\u5347\u6c34\u5e73\u5df2\u7ecf\u5b9e\u73b0\u6216\u9884\u8ba1\u5728\u672c\u4e16\u7eaa\u5b9e\u73b0\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

    <\/section>\n
    \u7b2c\u4e09\uff0c\u5728\u7b2c\u56db\u7eaa\u51b0\u5ddd-\u95f4\u51b0\u5ddd\u5468\u671f\u4e2d\u8fd0\u884c\u7684\u4e34\u754c\u8981\u7d20\u548c\u53cd\u9988\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e0e\u90a3\u4e9b\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5bf9\u5730\u7403\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u672a\u6765\u8f68\u8ff9\u81f3\u5173\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u8981\u7d20\u76f8\u540c<\/span>\uff08\u751f\u7269\u5730\u7403\u7269\u7406\u53cd\u9988\uff0c\u4e34\u754c\u7ea7\u8054\uff0c\u56fe3\uff0c\u88681\uff0c\u548cSI\u9644\u5f55\uff0c\u8868S2\uff09<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

    <\/section>\n
    \u7b2c\u56db\uff0c\u5f53\u4ee3\u89c2\u5bdf\u5230\u7684[29, 38]\u5728\u89c2\u5bdf\u5230\u7684\u6e29\u5ea6\u5f02\u5e38\u6bd4\u5de5\u4e1a\u5316\u524d\u9ad81\u2103\u65f6\u7684\u4e34\u754c\u8981\u7d20\u884c\u4e3a\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u4e00\u4e9b\u8981\u7d20\u5728\u5168\u7403\u6e29\u5ea6\u4ec5\u589e\u52a01\u2103\u81f33\u2103\u65f6\u5c31\u5bb9\u6613\u4e34\u754c\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u8981\u7d20\u5728\u66f4\u9ad8\u7684\u6e29\u5ea6\u4e0b\u5bb9\u6613\u4e34\u754c<\/span>\uff08\u751f\u7269\u5730\u7403\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u53cd\u9988\u548c\u4e34\u754c\u7ea7\u8054\uff09<\/span>[12, 17, 39]\u3002\u8fd9\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u5728\u6e29\u5ea6\u4e0a\u53472\u2103\u65f6\uff0c\u4e34\u754c\u7ea7\u8054\u7684\u98ce\u9669\u53ef\u80fd\u5f88\u5927\uff0c\u8d85\u8fc7\u8be5\u70b9\u540e\u53ef\u80fd\u6025\u5267\u589e\u52a0\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u5728\u6e29\u5ea6\u4e0a\u5347\u5230\u6bd4\u5de5\u4e1a\u5316\u524d\u4f4e2\u2103\u65f6\uff0c\u5730\u7403\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u53ef\u80fd\u5b58\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u884c\u661f\u9608\u503c\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

    <\/section>\n
    \u5982\u679c\u4e16\u754c\u8981\u907f\u514d\u8de8\u8d8a\u5730\u7403\u9608\u503c\uff0c\u201c\u7a33\u5b9a\u5730\u7403\u8def\u5f84\u201d\u9700\u8981\u6709\u610f\u8bc6\u5730\u7ba1\u7406\u4eba\u7c7b\u4e0e\u5730\u7403\u7cfb\u7edf\u5176\u4ed6\u90e8\u5206\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u5728\u5bf9\u4eba\u7c7b\u4ef7\u503c\u89c2\u3001\u516c\u5e73\u3001\u884c\u4e3a\u3001\u673a\u6784\u3001\u7ecf\u6d4e\u548c\u6280\u672f\u8fdb\u884c\u6839\u672c\u6027\u8c03\u6574\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u4e0a\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u8fdb\u884c\u6df1\u523b\u7684\u8f6c\u53d8\u3002<\/strong>\u5373\u4fbf\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u901a\u5f80\u7a33\u5b9a\u5730\u7403\u8def\u5f84\u5c06\u6d89\u53ca\u5230\u5730\u7403\u7cfb\u7edf\u7ed3\u6784\u548c\u529f\u80fd\u7684\u5de8\u5927\u53d8\u5316\uff0c\u8fd9\u8868\u660e\u5728\u51b3\u7b56\u4e2d\u5e94\u7ed9\u4e88\u97e7\u6027\u5efa\u8bbe\u6218\u7565\u6bd4\u73b0\u5728\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u4f18\u5148\u6743<\/strong>\u3002\u4e00\u4e9b\u8ff9\u8c61\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u793e\u4f1a\u6b63\u5728\u5f00\u59cb\u8fdb\u884c\u4e00\u4e9b\u5fc5\u8981\u7684\u8f6c\u53d8\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8f6c\u53d8\u4ecd\u5904\u4e8e\u521d\u59cb\u9636\u6bb5\uff0c\u4f7f\u76ee\u524d\u7684\u8f68\u9053\u8fdc\u79bb\u6e29\u5ba4\u5730\u7403\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\/\u653f\u6cbb\u4e34\u754c\u70b9\u5c1a\u672a\u88ab\u8de8\u8d8a\uff0c\u800c\u901a\u5f80\u7a33\u5b9a\u5730\u7403\u7684\u5927\u95e8\u53ef\u80fd\u6b63\u5728\u8fc5\u901f\u5173\u95ed\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

    <\/section>\n
    \u6211\u4eec\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\u7684\u521d\u6b65\u5206\u6790\u9700\u8981\u5f97\u5230\u66f4\u6df1\u5165\u7684\u3001\u5b9a\u91cf\u7684\u5730\u7403\u7cfb\u7edf\u5206\u6790\u548c\u5efa\u6a21\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u652f\u6301\uff0c\u4ee5\u89e3\u51b3\u4e09\u4e2a\u5173\u952e\u95ee\u9898\u3002(i) \u4eba\u7c7b\u662f\u5426\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u5c06\u5730\u7403\u7cfb\u7edf\u63a8\u8fc7\u884c\u661f\u9608\u503c\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0d\u53ef\u9006\u8f6c\u5730\u8fdb\u5165\u6e29\u5ba4\u5730\u7403\u8def\u5f84\uff1f(ii) \u5728\u5730\u7403\u7cfb\u7edf\u590d\u6742\u7684\u7a33\u5b9a\u683c\u5c40\u4e2d\uff0c\u8fd8\u6709\u54ea\u4e9b\u8def\u5f84\u662f\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5b83\u4eec\u53ef\u80fd\u5e26\u6765\u7684\u98ce\u9669\uff1f(iii) \u9700\u8981\u4ec0\u4e48\u6837\u7684\u884c\u661f\u7ba1\u7406\u6218\u7565\u6765\u4fdd\u6301\u5730\u7403\u7cfb\u7edf\u5904\u4e8e\u53ef\u7ba1\u7406\u7684\u7a33\u5b9a\u5730\u7403\u72b6\u6001\uff1f<\/span><\/section>\n

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    \u8be6\u60c5\u8bf7\u70b9\u51fb\uff1a<\/span><\/p>\n

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    <\/section>\n
    \n

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