{"id":42676,"date":"2023-05-23T17:58:33","date_gmt":"2023-05-23T09:58:33","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/swarma.org\/?p=42676"},"modified":"2023-05-23T17:58:33","modified_gmt":"2023-05-23T09:58:33","slug":"%e4%b8%ad%e5%ad%a6%e7%89%a9%e7%90%86%e8%af%be%e6%9c%ac%e4%b9%8b%e5%a4%96%e7%9a%84%e5%ae%89%e5%9f%b9%e4%b8%a8%e9%99%88%e5%85%b3%e8%8d%a3","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/swarma.org\/?p=42676","title":{"rendered":"\u4e2d\u5b66\u7269\u7406\u8bfe\u672c\u4e4b\u5916\u7684\u5b89\u57f9\u4e28\u9648\u5173\u8363"},"content":{"rendered":"
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\u5b89\u57f9<\/span><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/span><\/strong>\u662f\u6570\u5b66\u5bb6\u3001\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u548c\u5316\u5b66\u5bb6\uff0c\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u8d21\u732e\u662f1820\u5e74\u20131827\u5e74\u95f4\u5bf9\u7535\u78c1\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u6210\u679c\u3002\u90a3\u4e48\uff0c<\/span><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong>\u4ed6\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u4ece\u201c\u767e\u79d1\u5168\u4e66\u5c0f\u5929\u624d\u201d\u4e00\u8def\u6210\u957f\u4e3a\u201c\u7535\u5b66\u725b\u987f\u201d\u7684\uff1f\u4e00\u8d77\u6765\u4e86\u89e3\u4e0b\u4e2d\u5b66\u7269\u7406\u8bfe\u672c\u4e4b\u5916\u7684\u5b89\u57f9\u5427\u3002<\/span><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n

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\u56fe1  \u6cb9\u753b\u300a\u81ea\u7531\u5f15\u5bfc\u4eba\u6c11\u300b\uff08Eug\u00e8ne Delacroix\uff0c1831\uff09<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u7531\u6cd5\u56fd\u8457\u540d\u6d6a\u6f2b\u4e3b\u4e49\u753b\u5bb6\u6b27\u4ec1\u00b7\u5fb7\u62c9\u514b\u7f57\u74e6<\/span>\uff08Eug\u00e8ne Delacroix\uff0c1798\u20131863\uff09<\/span>\u4e8e1831\u5e74\u5c55\u51fa\u7684\u7eaa\u5ff5\u6cd5\u56fd\u5927\u9769\u547d\u540d\u753b\u300a\u81ea\u7531\u5f15\u5bfc\u4eba\u6c11\u300b<\/span>\uff08La Libert\u00e9 guidant le peuple\uff09<\/span>\u4e00\u76f4\u88ab\u6536\u85cf\u5728\u5df4\u9ece\u7f57\u6d6e\u5bab\u91cc\u4f9b\u6e38\u5ba2\u89c2\u8d4f\uff0c\u5e7f\u4e3a\u4eba\u77e5\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\u6cd5\u56fd\u5927\u9769\u547d\u63071789\u5e747\u670814\u65e5\u81f31794\u5e747\u670827\u65e5\u5728\u6cd5\u56fd\u7206\u53d1\u7684\u8d44\u4ea7\u9636\u7ea7\u6c11\u4e3b\u9769\u547d\uff0c\u5b83\u63a8\u7ffb\u4e86\u7edf\u6cbb\u6cd5\u56fd\u591a\u4e2a\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u6ce2\u65c1\u738b\u671d<\/span>\uff08Dynastie des Bourbons\uff09<\/span>\u53ca\u5176\u541b\u4e3b\u5236\uff0c\u7559\u4e0b\u4e86\u8c61\u5f81\u81ea\u7531\u3001\u5e73\u7b49\u3001\u535a\u7231\u7cbe\u795e\u7684\u84dd\u3001\u767d\u3001\u7ea2\u4e09\u8272\u56fd\u65d7\uff0c\u81f3\u4eca\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\u6cd5\u56fd\u5927\u9769\u547d\u7684\u8d77\u56e0\u3001\u8fdb\u7a0b\u548c\u6f14\u5316\u90fd\u975e\u5e38\u590d\u6742\uff0c\u5386\u53f2\u8bc4\u4ef7\u4f17\u8bf4\u7eb7\u7ead\uff0c\u8fd9\u91cc\u4e0d\u4e88\u8ba8\u8bba\u3002\u5927\u4f53\u4e0a\u8bf4\uff0c\u5176\u524d\u594f\u662f1789\u5e745\u6708\u9769\u547d\u515a\u4eba\u653b\u7834\u4e86\u8c61\u5f81\u8def\u6613<\/span>\uff08Louis\uff09<\/span>\u738b\u671d\u6743\u529b\u7684\u5df4\u58eb\u5e95\u76d1\u72f1<\/span>\uff08Prise de la Bastille\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u4f46\u968f\u4e4b\u800c\u6765\u6574\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\u9677\u5165\u4e86\u65e0\u653f\u5e9c\u72b6\u6001\u3002\u548c\u8fd9\u91cc\u6545\u4e8b\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u7684\u4e8b\u4ef6\uff0c\u662f\u91cc\u6602<\/span>\uff08Lyon\uff09<\/span>\u653f\u5e9c\u519b\u5ba3\u544a\u89e3\u6563\u3002\u4e3a\u4e86\u7ef4\u6301\u793e\u4f1a\u6cbb\u5b89\uff0c\u7eba\u7ec7\u4e1a\u5546\u4eba\u8ba9-\u96c5\u514b\u00b7\u5b89\u57f9<\/span>\uff08Jean-Jacques Amp\u00e8re\uff0c1733\u20131793\uff09<\/span>\u5c06\u5de5\u4eba\u7ec4\u7ec7\u8d77\u6765\uff0c\u6210\u7acb\u4e86\u4e00\u652f\u51e0\u5341\u4eba\u7684\u81ea\u536b\u961f\u3002\u81ea\u536b\u961f\u5f88\u5feb\u5c31\u6269\u7f16\u6210\u201c\u91cc\u6602\u9632\u536b\u519b\u201d\uff0c\u8ba9-\u96c5\u514b\u62c5\u4efb\u53f8\u4ee4\uff0c\u4e0e\u91cc\u6602\u8b66\u5bdf\u603b\u7f72\u4e00\u8d77\u7ef4\u6301\u57ce\u5e02\u79e9\u5e8f\u3002\u90a3\u65f6\u9769\u547d\u515a\u4eba\u8fc5\u901f\u53d1\u5c55\u58ee\u5927\uff0c1791\u5e7410\u6708\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4e86\u8bae\u4f1a\u5e76\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86\u519b\u961f\u3002\u65b0\u653f\u6743\u9886\u5bfc\u5c42\u8ba4\u4e3a\u91cc\u6602\u9632\u536b\u519b\u662f\u62e5\u5175\u81ea\u91cd\uff0c\u7fcc\u5e745\u6708\u6d3e\u51fa\u519b\u961f\u5bf9\u4ed6\u4eec\u53d1\u52a8\u653b\u51fb\u3002\u8ba9-\u96c5\u514b\u4f5c\u4e3a\u9632\u536b\u519b\u53f8\u4ee4\u524d\u5f80\u5bf9\u65b9\u6253\u7b97\u8c08\u5224\uff0c\u5374\u88ab\u5f53\u573a\u902e\u6355\u5e76\u968f\u5373\u5224\u5904\u6b7b\u5211\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\u8ba9-\u96c5\u514b\u5728\u72f1\u4e2d\u5199\u4e86\u4e24\u5c01\u957f\u4fe1\u7ed9\u592b\u4eba\u8ba9\u5a1c\u00b7\u5fb7\u00b7\u8428\u897f<\/span>\uff08Jeanne Antoinette de Sarcey\uff0c1749\u20131809\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u4ed6\u5728\u6700\u540e\u4e00\u5c01\u4fe1\u4e2d\u5199\u9053\uff1a\u201c\u6211\u671f\u5f85\uff0c\u6211\u7684\u6b7b\u80fd\u591f\u4f7f\u91cc\u6602\u5e02\u6c11\u88ab\u5c60\u6740\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u51cf\u81f3\u6700\u4f4e\u3002\u6211\u9976\u6055\u90a3\u4e9b\u5728\u6cd5\u5ead\u4e0a\u5bf9\u6211\u5486\u54ee\u3001\u5728\u65ad\u5934\u53f0\u65c1\u6b22\u547c\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5ba3\u5224\u6211\u6b7b\u5211\u7684\u6240\u6709\u4eba\u2026\u2026\u6211\u77e5\u9053\uff0c\u6211\u4e0d\u4e45\u5373\u5c06\u79bb\u5f00\u4eba\u4e16\uff0c\u524d\u5f80\u4e00\u4e2a\u771f\u6b63\u6c38\u6052\u7684\u56fd\u5ea6\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eb2\u7231\u7684\u5973\u513f\u65e9\u5728\u5f7c\u5904\u7b49\u5019\u3002\u6b64\u523b\uff0c\u6700\u8ba9\u6211\u7275\u6302\u4e0d\u4e0b\u7684\uff0c\u662f\u6211\u6240\u7231\u4e0e\u7737\u604b\u7684\u4f60\u4eec\u3002\u613f\u6211\u4eec\u4e24\u4e2a\u5b69\u5b50\u4e00\u751f\u90fd\u656c\u5949\u4e0a\u5e1d\u3001\u79c9\u516c\u884c\u4e49\u3002\u9664\u6b64\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u6211\u522b\u65e0\u6240\u6c42\u3002\u201d11\u670823\u65e5\uff0c\u8ba9-\u96c5\u514b\u88ab\u9001\u4e0a\u4e86\u65ad\u5934\u53f0\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\u7236\u4eb2\u4fe1\u4e2d\u63d0\u5230\u7684\u5973\u513f\u662f\u5b89\u6258\u74e6\u5185\u7279<\/span>\uff08Antoinette Amp\u00e8re\uff0c1772\u20131792\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u5979\u6b7b\u4e8e\u5f53\u65f6\u7684\u9a9a\u4e71\uff0c\u800c\u201c\u4e24\u4e2a\u5b69\u5b50\u201d\u5219\u662f\u513f\u5b50\u5b89\u5fb7\u70c8<\/span>\uff08Andr\u00e9-Marie Amp\u00e8re\uff0c1775\u20131836\uff09<\/span>\u548c\u5973\u513f\u7ea6\u745f\u82ac<\/span>\uff08Jos\u00e9phine Amp\u00e8re\uff0c1785\u20131838\uff09<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7537\u5b69\u5b89\u5fb7\u70c8\u00b7\u5b89\u57f9\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u6545\u4e8b\u7684\u4e3b\u89d2\u3002\u4ed6\u662f\u6570\u5b66\u5bb6\u3001\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u548c\u5316\u5b66\u5bb6\uff0c\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u8d21\u732e\u662f1820\u5e74\u20131827\u5e74\u95f4\u5bf9\u7535\u78c1\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u6210\u679c\u3002\u4ed6\u88ab\u8a79\u59c6\u65af\u00b7\u9ea6\u514b\u65af\u97e6<\/span>\uff08James Clerk Maxwell\uff0c1831\u20131879\uff09<\/span>\u8a89\u4e3a\u201c\u7535\u5b66\u725b\u987f\u201d\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

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\u7236\u4eb2\u8ba9-\u96c5\u514b\u5ba0\u7231\u8fd9\u4e2a\u81ea\u5c0f\u597d\u5b66\u7684\u5b69\u5b50\uff0c\u5728\u4ed6\u8bc6\u5b57\u4e4b\u524d\u5c31\u7ecf\u5e38\u4e3a\u4ed6\u8bb2\u5404\u79cd\u6545\u4e8b\u3001\u6717\u8bf5\u8bd7\u6b4c\u3001\u89e3\u91ca\u620f\u5267\u4e0e\u7ae5\u8bdd\u3002\u5b89\u57f9\u540e\u6765\u56de\u5fc6\u9053\uff1a\u201c\u6211\u7684\u7236\u4eb2\u22ef\u22ef\u4ece\u4e0d\u8981\u6c42\u6211\u5b66\u4e60\u4efb\u4f55\u4e1c\u897f\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u77e5\u9053\u5982\u4f55\u6fc0\u53d1\u6211\u5bf9\u77e5\u8bc6\u7684\u5f3a\u70c8\u6e34\u671b\u3002\u201d\u4ed6\u8bf4\uff1a\u201c\u6211\u4f9d\u7136\u8bb0\u5f97\uff0c\u5e74\u5e7c\u65f6\u7236\u4eb2\u7528\u5e7d\u9ed8\u7684\u8bed\u8c03\u7ed9\u6211\u8bb2\u8ff0\u52a8\u7269\u548c\u690d\u7269\u7684\u6545\u4e8b\u3002\u90a3\u4e9b\u6709\u8da3\u7684\u5c0f\u6545\u4e8b\uff0c\u6df1\u6df1\u5730\u8bf1\u53d1\u4e86\u6211\u4e0d\u65ad\u5b66\u4e60\u7684\u6b32\u671b\u3002\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u5b89\u57f9\u7684\u7236\u4eb2\u662f\u8457\u540d\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u8ba9-\u96c5\u514b\u00b7\u5362\u68ad<\/span>\uff08Jean-Jacques Rousseau\uff0c1712\u20131778\uff09<\/span>\u7684\u72c2\u70ed\u8ffd\u968f\u8005\uff0c\u5e76\u53d7\u5362\u68ad\u00c9mile\u6559\u80b2\u601d\u60f3\u7684\u542f\u53d1\uff0c\u5728\u5bb6\u91cc\u81ea\u5df1\u7ed9\u201c\u4ece\u672a\u4e0a\u8fc7\u5b66\u201d\u7684\u513f\u5b50\u4f20\u6388\u5404\u79cd\u79d1\u5b66\u6587\u5316\u77e5\u8bc6\u3002\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u5b89\u57f9\u4ece\u6765\u6ca1\u6709\u8bfb\u8fc7\u4efb\u4f55\u6b63\u89c4\u5b66\u6821\uff0c\u56e0\u800c\u4e00\u751f\u90fd\u6ca1\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u6b63\u5f0f\u5b66\u4f4d\u548c\u5b66\u5386\u3002\u5b89\u57f9\u4e03\u5c81\u65f6\uff0c\u7236\u4eb2\u5f00\u59cb\u6559\u4ed6\u62c9\u4e01\u6587\u3001\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u3001\u6570\u5b66\u548c\u5929\u6587\u5b66\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u77e5\u8bc6\u3002\u7236\u4eb2\u5728\u5bb6\u91cc\u6709\u4e2a\u85cf\u4e66\u5145\u8db3\u7684\u5c0f\u56fe\u4e66\u5ba4\uff0c\u8ba9\u5c0f\u5b89\u57f9\u81ea\u5df1\u8bfb\u4e86\u5f88\u591a\u4e66\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u6cd5\u56fd\u535a\u7269\u5b66\u5bb6\u4e54\u6cbb-\u8def\u6613\u00b7\u52d2\u514b\u83b1\u5c14<\/span>\uff08Georges-Louis Leclerc, 1707\u20131788\uff09<\/span>\u7684\u8457\u540d\u542f\u8499\u4f5c\u54c142\u5377\u300a\u81ea\u7136\u53f2\uff0c\u4e00\u822c\u548c\u7279\u6b8a\u300b<\/span>\uff08L’Histoire naturelle, g\u00e9n\u00e9rale et particuli\u00e8re\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u5b89\u57f9\u8fd8\u51ed\u501f\u60ca\u4eba\u7684\u8bb0\u5fc6\u529b\uff0c\u6309\u5b57\u6bcd\u987a\u5e8f\u9605\u8bfb\u4e86\u6cd5\u56fd\u542f\u8499\u601d\u60f3\u5bb6\u3001\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u4e39\u5c3c\u00b7\u72c4\u5fb7\u7f57<\/span>\uff08Denis Diderot\uff0c1713\u20131784\uff09<\/span>\u548c\u8ba9-\u52d2\u6717\u00b7\u8fbe\u6717\u8d1d\u5c14<\/span>\uff08Jean le Rond d\u2019Alembert\uff0c1717\u20131783\uff09<\/span>\u7f16\u5199\u7684\u300a\u5927\u767e\u79d1\u5168\u4e66\u300b\u3002\u90a3\u65f6\uff0c\u5b89\u57f9\u6709\u4e2a\u201c\u767e\u79d1\u5168\u4e66\u5c0f\u5929\u624d\u201d\u7684\u5916\u53f7\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\u5b89\u57f913\u5c81\u65f6\u4ece\u91cc\u6602\u5b66\u9662\u56fe\u4e66\u9986\u5916\u501f\u4e86\u7ea6\u7ff0\u5185\u65af\u00b7\u4f2f\u52aa\u5229<\/span>\uff08Johannes Bernoulli, 1667\u20131748\uff09<\/span>\u548c\u83b1\u6602\u54c8\u5fb7\u00b7\u6b27\u62c9<\/span>\uff08Leonhard Euler, 1707\u20131783\uff09<\/span>\u7684\u6570\u5b66\u8457\u4f5c\uff0c\u5c1d\u8bd5\u7740\u9605\u8bfb\u3002\u540e\u6765\uff0c\u4ed6\u8fd8\u53bb\u91cc\u6602\u5546\u5b66\u9662\u65c1\u542c\u4e86\u7236\u4eb2\u7684\u4e00\u4f4d\u670b\u53cb\u963f\u8d1d\u00b7\u8fbe\u5e03\u9f99<\/span>\uff08Abb\u00e9 Daburon\uff09<\/span>\u6559\u6388\u7684\u6570\u5b66\u8bfe\u7a0b\u3002\u5728\u90a3\u91cc\uff0c\u4ed6\u5b66\u5230\u4e86\u5fae\u5206\u548c\u79ef\u5206\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u3002\u6559\u6388\u7ed9\u5b89\u57f9\u7684\u8bc4\u8bed\u662f\uff1a\u201c\u6570\u5b66\u7684\u56f0\u96be\u65e0\u6cd5\u963b\u6321\u4ed6\u524d\u8fdb\u7684\u811a\u6b65\u3002\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

1793\u5e74\u5b89\u57f918\u5c81\uff0c\u7236\u4eb2\u88ab\u5904\u51b3\u7684\u60e8\u6848\u5bf9\u4ed6\u6253\u51fb\u6781\u5927\u3002\u63a5\u4e0b\u6765\u4e00\u5e74\u591a\u65f6\u95f4\u91cc\uff0c\u5b89\u57f9\u6210\u4e86\u7cbe\u795e\u75c5\u60a3\u8005\u3002\u4ed6\u767d\u5929\u5c06\u81ea\u5df1\u53cd\u9501\u5728\u623f\u95f4\u91cc\uff0c\u591c\u95f4\u5916\u51fa\u56db\u5904\u6e38\u8361\u3002\u4e0d\u8fc7\u8001\u5929\u6709\u773c\uff0c\u8ba9\u4ed6\u5076\u7136\u8bfb\u5230\u4e86\u5362\u68ad\u7684\u201c\u690d\u7269\u5b66\u901a\u4fe1\u201d\uff0c\u8be5\u4e66\u91cd\u65b0\u5524\u56de\u4e86\u4ed6\u5bf9\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u70ed\u60c5\u3002\u5f53\u5e74\uff0c\u6cd5\u56fd\u5904\u4e8e\u4e00\u4e2a\u653f\u6cbb\u6050\u6016\u72b6\u6001\uff0c\u8bb8\u591a\u6709\u53cd\u653f\u5e9c\u610f\u5411\u7684\u4eba\u88ab\u6355\u5165\u72f1\u751a\u81f3\u5904\u6b7b\u3002\u6bcd\u4eb2\u62c5\u5fc3\u5b89\u57f9\u7684\u5b89\u5168\uff0c\u5c06\u4ed6\u9001\u5230\u91cc\u6602\u90ca\u5916\u7684Pol\u00e8mieux\u5c0f\u9547\u5c45\u4f4f\u3002\u5728\u90a3\u91cc\uff0c\u5b89\u57f9\u548c\u5973\u7ba1\u5bb6\u7684\u5973\u513f\u8331\u4e3d\u00b7\u5361\u8363<\/span>\uff08Catherine Julie Carron\uff0c1773\u20131803\uff09<\/span>\u76f8\u5904\u6e10\u719f\uff0c\u6700\u540e\u6210\u4e3a\u60c5\u4fa3\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

1795\u5e74\uff0c\u5b89\u57f9\u81ea\u5df1\u5b66\u4e60\u4e86\u7ea6\u745f\u592b-\u8def\u6613\u00b7\u62c9\u683c\u6717\u65e5<\/span>\uff08Joseph-Louis Lagrange\uff0c1736\u20131813\uff09<\/span>\u7684\u300a\u5206\u6790\u529b\u5b66\u300b<\/span>\uff08M\u00e9canique analytique<\/em>\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u5e76\u628a\u4e66\u4e2d\u7684\u8ba1\u7b97\u5168\u90e8\u9a8c\u7b97\u4e86\u4e00\u904d\u3002\u90a3\u4e9b\u5e74\uff0c\u5b89\u57f9\u7684\u601d\u7ef4\u975e\u5e38\u6d3b\u8dc3\u548c\u5f00\u653e\uff0c\u9664\u4e86\u6570\u5b66\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u5174\u8da3\u8fd8\u6d89\u53ca\u7406\u8bba\u529b\u5b66\u3001\u5b9e\u7528\u673a\u68b0\u3001\u8bed\u8a00\u5b66\u3001\u97f3\u4e50\u3001\u5929\u6587\u5b66\u3001\u690d\u7269\u5b66\u548c\u7cfb\u7edf\u5206\u7c7b\u5b66\u3002\u4ed6\u7684\u7f3a\u70b9\u662f\u6ca1\u6709\u80fd\u591f\u4e13\u6ce8\u4e8e\u4efb\u4f55\u4e00\u4e2a\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u9886\u57df\u4ee5\u53d1\u6325\u81ea\u5df1\u5168\u90e8\u7684\u5929\u8d4b\u624d\u80fd\uff0c\u4e0d\u7136\u7684\u8bdd\u540e\u9762\u7684\u6545\u4e8b\u4e5f\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u88ab\u5168\u90e8\u6539\u5199\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

1797\u5e74\uff0c\u6cd5\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u5f00\u59cb\u4e3a\u516c\u7acb\u5b66\u6821\u62db\u8058\u6559\u5e08\u3002\u8331\u4e3d\u529d\u5b89\u57f9\u53bb\u5e94\u8003\uff0c\u7ed3\u679c\u4ed6\u4e00\u8003\u4fbf\u4e2d\u300211\u6708\uff0c\u4ed6\u6210\u4e3a\u4e86\u91cc\u6602\u4e2d\u592e\u7406\u5de5\u5b66\u9662<\/span>\uff08\u00c9cole Centrale Lyon\uff09<\/span>\u7684\u6570\u5b66\u8001\u5e08\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

1799\u5e748\u6708\uff0c\u5b89\u57f9\u4e0e\u8331\u4e3d\u7ed3\u4e86\u5a5a\u3002\u5e74\u540e\u8331\u4e3d\u4ea7\u4e0b\u4e00\u4e2a\u7537\u5b69Jean-Jacques <\/span>\uff081800\u20131864\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u8fd9\u513f\u5b50\u540e\u6765\u6210\u4e3a\u9887\u4e3a\u51fa\u540d\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u3001\u6587\u5b66\u5bb6\u3001\u6cd5\u5170\u897f\u5b66\u9662<\/span>\uff08Coll\u00e8ge de France\uff09<\/span>\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u6559\u6388\u548c\u6cd5\u56fd\u79d1\u5b66\u9662\u9662\u58eb\uff0c\u4e0d\u8fc7\u90a3\u662f\u540e\u8bdd\u3002\u8331\u4e3d\u77e5\u9053\u5b89\u57f9\u559c\u6b22\u5973\u513f\uff0c\u4fbf\u9886\u517b\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u5973\u5a74\u3002\u968f\u540e\uff0c\u5b89\u57f9\u7684\u6bcd\u4eb2\u4e0e\u8331\u4e3d\u7684\u6bcd\u4eb2\u4e5f\u642c\u6765\u4e0e\u4ed6\u4eec\u540c\u4f4f\u3002\u5f88\u5feb\uff0c\u5b89\u57f9\u5c31\u89c9\u5f97\u7ecf\u6d4e\u62ee\u636e\u4e86\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

1802\u5e742\u6708\uff0c\u5b89\u57f9\u5e94\u8058\u524d\u5f80\u5de5\u8d44\u8f83\u9ad8\u7684\u5e03\u96f7\u65af\u5730\u533a\u5e03\u5c14\u683c\u4e2d\u592e\u5b66\u9662<\/span>\uff08\u00c9cole Centrale in Bourg-en-Bresse\uff09<\/span>\u62c5\u4efb\u7269\u7406\u6559\u5e08\u3002\u8be5\u6821\u79bb\u5bb6\u8f83\u8fdc\uff0c\u4ed6\u53ea\u80fd\u5468\u672b\u642d\u8f66\u56de\u5bb6\u3002\u5b89\u57f9\u5728\u5bb6\u65f6\u56db\u4f53\u4e0d\u52e4\uff0c\u73b0\u5728\u72ec\u7acb\u751f\u6d3b\u4fbf\u9887\u4e3a\u72fc\u72c8\u4e86\u3002\u4ed6\u5728\u7ed9\u59bb\u5b50\u7684\u4e00\u5c01\u4fe1\u4e2d\u5199\u9053\uff1a\u201c\u539f\u6765\u505a\u996d\u6bd4\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u66f4\u96be\uff0c\u5f04\u5f97\u6211\u7b4b\u75b2\u529b\u7aed\u3002\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u4e0d\u8fc7\uff0c\u5b89\u57f9\u662f\u4e2a\u4f18\u79c0\u7684\u6559\u4e66\u5320\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u64c5\u957f\u5c06\u77e5\u8bc6\u5206\u7c7b\u6388\u8bfe\u3002\u4ed6\u5728\u7269\u7406\u8bb2\u4e49\u4e0a\u5199\u9053\uff1a\u201c\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5206\u4e3a\u4e09\u4e2a\u9886\u57df\uff1a\u5929\u6587\u7269\u7406\u2014\u2014\u5b87\u5b99\u4e07\u6709\u5f15\u529b\u5b9a\u5f8b\u7684\u5448\u73b0\uff1b\u673a\u68b0\u7269\u7406\u2014\u2014\u7269\u4f53\u7684\u8fd0\u52a8\u4e0e\u5e73\u8861\uff1b\u5316\u5b66\u7269\u7406\u2014\u2014\u7269\u8d28\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u7ec4\u6210\u4e0e\u53cd\u5e94\u3002\u201d\u4ed6\u8bf4\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u662f\u201c\u4ee5\u6700\u5c11\u7684\u6cd5\u5219\u53bb\u89e3\u91ca\u5b87\u5b99\u95f4\u7269\u8d28\u4e16\u754c\u6700\u591a\u73b0\u8c61\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u201d\u3002\u540e\u6765\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u8bb2\u4e49\u88ab\u6cd5\u56fd\u6559\u80b2\u4e3b\u7ba1\u90e8\u95e8\u5f53\u505a\u9ad8\u7b49\u6559\u6750\u7684\u8303\u672c\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

1802\u5e744\u6708\uff0c\u5b89\u57f9\u5411\u6cd5\u56fd\u79d1\u5b66\u9662\u63d0\u4ea4\u4e86\u4e00\u7bc7\u5173\u4e8e\u535a\u5f08\u7684\u6570\u5b66\u8bba\u6587\uff0c\u6b21\u5e74\u6b63\u5f0f\u53d1\u8868\u3002\u540c\u5e74\uff0c\u4ed6\u8fd8\u53d1\u8868\u4e86\u4e00\u7bc7\u5173\u4e8e\u53d8\u5206\u6cd5\u5728\u529b\u5b66\u4e2d\u4e4b\u5e94\u7528\u7684\u6587\u7ae0\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

1803\u5e742\u6708\uff0c\u65e0\u5b66\u5386\u768428\u5c81\u5b89\u57f9\u5728\u5e03\u5c14\u683c\u4e2d\u592e\u5b66\u9662\u88ab\u664b\u5347\u4e3a\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u6559\u6388\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\u8fd9\u4e00\u5e74\uff0c\u6b63\u5f53\u5b89\u57f9\u7684\u6559\u5b66\u79d1\u7814\u5de5\u4f5c\u4e00\u5e06\u98ce\u987a\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u59bb\u5b50\u8331\u4e3d\u60a3\u4e0a\u4e86\u764c\u75c7\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u75c5\u60c5\u8fc5\u901f\u6076\u5316\u3002\u5979\u5728\u7ed9\u5b89\u57f9\u5199\u7684\u4e00\u5c01\u4fe1\u4e0a\u75db\u82e6\u5730\u8bf4\uff1a\u201c\u6211\u5df2\u7ecf\u54c1\u5c1d\u4e86\u4eba\u751f\u6700\u73cd\u8d35\u7684\u4f53\u9a8c\u2014\u2014\u6211\u4eec\u5f7c\u6b64\u6210\u4e3a\u5bf9\u65b9\u7684\u6700\u7231\uff0c\u90a3\u786e\u5b9e\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u4e00\u751f\u4e2d\u6700\u5feb\u4e50\u7684\u65f6\u5149\u22ef\u22ef\u672a\u6765\uff0c\u65e0\u8bba\u5982\u4f55\uff0c\u4f60\u5fc5\u987b\u5728\u4e24\u4e2a\u5b69\u5b50\u8eab\u4e0a\u82b1\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\uff0c\u5b69\u5b50\u4eec\u9700\u8981\u4f60\u505a\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u699c\u6837\u3002\u4f60\u5fc5\u987b\u8bf4\u670d\u81ea\u5df1\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u4e00\u4ef6\u4e8b\u60c5\u6bd4\u7167\u987e\u5b69\u5b50\u66f4\u91cd\u8981\u3002\u6211\u671f\u5f85\u80fd\u591f\u7ee7\u7eed\u6210\u4e3a\u4f60\u4e0e\u4e24\u4e2a\u5b69\u5b50\u4e4b\u95f4\u6c9f\u901a\u7684\u6865\u6881\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u6211\u751f\u547d\u7684\u5c3d\u5934\u5df2\u7ecf\u5230\u6765\uff0c\u4ee5\u5f80\u7684\u5f3a\u58ee\u4f53\u529b\u548c\u65fa\u76db\u6d3b\u529b\u5df2\u7ecf\u79bb\u6211\u8fdc\u53bb\u3002\u201d\u5b89\u57f9\u6536\u4fe1\u540e\u5927\u5403\u4e00\u60ca\uff0c\u8fde\u5fd9\u8d76\u56de\u5bb6\u91cc\uff0c\u4f46\u8331\u4e3d\u5df2\u75c5\u5165\u818f\u8093\u30027\u670813\u65e5\uff0c\u8331\u4e3d\u75c5\u901d\u3002\u60b2\u75db\u7684\u5b89\u57f9\u5728\u65e5\u8bb0\u91cc\u5199\u4e0b\u4e86\u4e00\u6bb5\u5723\u7ecf\u8bd7\u7bc7\u4e2d\u5411\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7977\u544a\u7684\u6587\u5b57\uff0c\u7559\u4e0b\u4e86\u5f53\u65f6\u7684\u5fc3\u60c5\u8bb0\u5f55\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u5b89\u57f9\u53d8\u5f97\u5341\u5206\u6d88\u6c89\uff0c\u5e38\u5e38\u6000\u7740\u5f53\u65f6\u6ca1\u80fd\u5728\u8eab\u65c1\u7167\u987e\u59bb\u5b50\u7684\u5185\u759a\u3002\u4ed6\u4e8e\u662f\u4e0d\u95ee\u4e16\u4e8b\uff0c\u6f5c\u5fc3\u505a\u5b66\u672f\u7814\u7a76\u3002\u671f\u95f4\uff0c\u4ed6\u53d1\u8868\u4e86\u51e0\u7bc7\u6982\u7387\u8bba\u548c\u6570\u5b66\u5206\u6790\u7684\u8bba\u6587\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

1804\u5e74\uff0c\u4ed6\u5230\u4e86\u4f4d\u4e8e\u5df4\u9ece\u7684\u56fd\u7acb\u79d1\u6280\u5de5\u827a\u5b66\u9662<\/span>\uff08Conservatoire national des arts et m\u00e9tiers\uff09<\/span>\u6559\u6388\u6570\u5b66\u3002\u5176\u65f6\u62ff\u7834\u4ed1\u5f53\u653f\uff0c\u8be5\u6821\u4e3b\u8981\u4e3a\u62ff\u7834\u4ed1\u519b\u56e2\u8bad\u7ec3\u519b\u5b98\u3002\u5f53\u5e74\uff0c\u62ff\u7834\u4ed1\u8981\u6c42\u4ed6\u7684\u519b\u5b98\u4eec\u9664\u4e86\u4f1a\u5e26\u5175\u6253\u4ed7\uff0c\u8fd8\u8981\u61c2\u6570\u5b66\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u8be5\u6821\u8058\u7528\u4e86\u76ae\u57c3\u5c14-\u897f\u8499\u00b7\u62c9\u666e\u62c9\u65af<\/span>\uff08Pierre Simon Laplace\uff0c1749\u20131827\uff09<\/span>\u3001\u62c9\u683c\u6717\u65e5\u548c\u7ea6\u745f\u592b\u00b7\u5085\u91cc\u53f6<\/span>\uff08J. B. Joseph Fourier\uff0c1768\u20131830\uff09<\/span>\u7b49\u4e00\u6279\u8457\u540d\u6570\u5b66\u5bb6\u3002\u5b89\u57f9\u80fd\u5728\u90a3\u91cc\u83b7\u5f97\u4e00\u4e2a\u804c\u4f4d\uff0c\u5b66\u672f\u8d21\u732e\u548c\u80fd\u529b\u81ea\u7136\u4e0d\u540c\u51e1\u54cd\u3002\u90a3\u4e9b\u5e74\uff0c\u5b89\u57f9\u53d1\u8868\u4e86\u51e0\u7bc7\u5f88\u6709\u5206\u91cf\u7684\u504f\u5fae\u5206\u65b9\u7a0b\u8bba\u6587\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

1806\u5e748\u6708\uff0c\u5b89\u57f9\u548c\u65b0\u5973\u53cb\u8ba9\u5a1c-\u5f17\u6717\u7d22\u74e6\u4e1d\u00b7\u6ce2\u6258<\/span>\uff08Jeanne-Fran\u00e7oise Potot\uff0c1778\u20131866\uff09<\/span>\u7ed3\u4e86\u5a5a\u3002\u4f46\u90a3\u662f\u4e2a\u4e0d\u5e78\u7684\u5a5a\u59fb\u3002\u6b21\u5e74\uff0c\u59bb\u5b50\u4ea7\u4e0b\u5973\u5a74Albine<\/span>\uff081807\u20131842\uff09<\/span>\u4e4b\u540e\u968f\u5373\u5411\u6cd5\u5ead\u7533\u8bf7\u79bb\u5a5a\u30021808\u5e744\u6708\uff0c\u4e24\u4eba\u6b63\u5f0f\u79bb\u5a5a\u3002\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u5b89\u57f9\u628a\u6bcd\u4eb2\u63a5\u5230\u5df4\u9ece\u7167\u987e\u5e74\u5e7c\u7684\u5b50\u5973\u3002\u53ef\u662f\u4e00\u5e74\u540e\uff0c\u6bcd\u4eb2\u75c5\u901d\u3002\u5b89\u57f9\u53ea\u597d\u81ea\u5df1\u642c\u5230\u5b66\u6821\u5bbf\u820d\u72ec\u5c45\uff0c\u53e6\u5916\u8bf7\u4f63\u4eba\u7167\u987e\u4e24\u5c0f\u5b69\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\u7ecf\u53d7\u4e0d\u8d77\u63a5\u4e8c\u8fde\u4e09\u7684\u60b2\u60e8\u547d\u8fd0\u6253\u51fb\uff0c\u5b89\u57f9\u601d\u60f3\u548c\u611f\u60c5\u5927\u53d8\uff0c\u5f00\u59cb\u751f\u6d3b\u653e\u8361\u4e0d\u7f81\u3002\u4ed6\u751a\u81f3\u8bd5\u56fe\u81ea\u6740\uff0c\u53ea\u662f\u6ca1\u6709\u6210\u529f\u3002\u4ed6\u540e\u6765\u5728\u65e5\u8bb0\u4e2d\u75db\u82e6\u5fcf\u6094\uff1a\u201c\u6211\u80fd\u505a\u4ec0\u4e48\u53bb\u5f25\u8865\u90a3\u4e9b\u8fc7\u9519\u5462\uff1f\u6211\u6240\u505a\u7684\u4e00\u5207\u662f\u4f55\u7b49\u90aa\u6076\u3002\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

1807\u5e74\uff0c\u5b89\u57f9\u6210\u4e3a\u56fd\u7acb\u79d1\u6280\u5de5\u827a\u5b66\u9662\u7684\u6570\u5b66\u6559\u6388\u3002\u5f53\u5e74\uff0c\u62c9\u666e\u62c9\u65af\u5bf9\u5b89\u57f9\u975e\u5e38\u5668\u91cd\uff0c\u63a8\u8350\u4ed6\u4e3a\u6cd5\u56fd\u79d1\u5b66\u6559\u6750\u5ba1\u67e5\u59d4\u5458\u30021808\u5e74\uff0c\u5b89\u57f9\u88ab\u4efb\u547d\u4e3a\u6cd5\u56fd\u5e1d\u56fd\u5927\u5b66<\/span>\uff08Universit\u00e9 imp\u00e9riale\uff09<\/span>\u6559\u52a1\u603b\u76d1\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u8d1f\u8d23\u7763\u7ba1\u5168\u56fd\u5927\u5b66\u6559\u80b2\u5de5\u4f5c\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

1809\u5e74\uff0c\u5b89\u57f9\u5230\u4e86\u5df4\u9ece\u7406\u5de5\u5b66\u9662<\/span>\uff08\u00c9cole Polytechnique\uff09<\/span>\u4efb\u804c\u6570\u5b66\u6559\u6388\u3002\u5728\u90a3\u91cc\uff0c\u5b89\u57f9\u548c\u5965\u53e4\u65af\u4e01-\u8def\u6613\u00b7\u67ef\u897f<\/span>\uff08Augustin-Louis Cauchy\uff0c1789-1857\uff09<\/span>\u6210\u4e3a\u540c\u4e8b\uff0c\u4e24\u4eba\u5206\u62c5\u4e86\u6570\u5b66\u548c\u529b\u5b66\u8bfe\u7a0b\u7684\u6559\u5b66\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

1814\u5e74\uff0c\u5b89\u57f9\u5f53\u9009\u4e3a\u6cd5\u56fd\u79d1\u5b66\u9662\u9662\u58eb\uff0c\u5e76\u88ab\u9009\u4e3a\u5e1d\u56fd\u5927\u5b66\u6570\u5b66\u90e8\u59d4\u5458\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

1819\u5e74-1820\u5e74\uff0c\u5b89\u57f9\u5230\u4e86\u5df4\u9ece\u5927\u5b66\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u8bb2\u6388\u54f2\u5b66\u548c\u5929\u6587\u5b66\u8bfe\u7a0b\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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1820\u5e747\u6708\uff0c\u4e39\u9ea6\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u3001\u5316\u5b66\u5bb6\u6c49\u65af\u00b7\u5965\u65af\u7279<\/span>\uff08Hans C. \u00d8rsted\uff0c1777\u20131851\uff09<\/span>\u5728\u6cd5\u56fd\u300a\u5316\u5b66\u4e0e\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5e74\u9274\u300b<\/span>\uff08Annales de Chimie et de Physique<\/em>\uff09<\/span>\u4e0a\u53d1\u8868\u4e86\u8457\u540d\u8bba\u6587\u201c\u7535\u6d41\u5bf9\u78c1\u9488\u5f71\u54cd\u7684\u5b9e\u9a8c\u201d\uff0c\u62a5\u544a\u4e86\u4ed6\u5173\u4e8e\u7535\u6d41\u78c1\u6548\u5e94\u7684\u53d1\u73b0\u3002\u82f1\u56fd\u7687\u5bb6\u5b66\u4f1a\u654f\u9510\u5730\u610f\u8bc6\u5230\u8be5\u53d1\u73b0\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u79d1\u5b66\u610f\u4e49\uff0c\u540c\u5e74\u4fbf\u6388\u4e88\u4ed6\u4e00\u679a\u5d07\u9ad8\u7684\u79d1\u666e\u5229\u5956\u7ae0<\/span>\uff08Copley Medal\uff09<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\u6cd5\u56fd\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u754c\u957f\u671f\u4fe1\u5949\u4ed6\u4eec\u6770\u51fa\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u67e5\u5c14\u65af-\u5965\u53e4\u65af\u4e01\u00b7\u5fb7\u00b7\u5e93\u4ed1<\/span>\uff08Charles-Augustin de Coulomb, 1736\u20131806\uff09<\/span>\u5173\u4e8e\u7535\u548c\u78c1\u6ca1\u6709\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u4fe1\u6761\u3002\u5965\u65af\u7279\u7684\u53d1\u73b0\u6781\u5927\u5730\u9707\u64bc\u4e86\u6cd5\u56fd\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u754c\u3002\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u5f17\u6717\u7d22\u74e6\u00b7\u963f\u62c9\u6208<\/span>\uff08Fran\u00e7ois J. D. Arago\uff0c1786\u20131853\uff09<\/span>8\u6708\u4efd\u5728\u745e\u58eb\u542c\u5230\u5965\u65af\u7279\u7684\u53d1\u73b0\u540e\u4fbf\u7acb\u5373\u8d76\u56de\u6cd5\u56fd\uff0c9\u670811\u65e5\u5411\u6cd5\u56fd\u79d1\u5b66\u9662\u62a5\u544a\u4e86\u5965\u65af\u7279\u5b9e\u9a8c\u7684\u7ec6\u8282\u3002\u5b89\u57f9\u542c\u4e86\u963f\u62c9\u6208\u7684\u62a5\u544a\u540e\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5929\u5c31\u91cd\u590d\u4e86\u5965\u65af\u7279\u7684\u5b9e\u9a8c\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\u5b89\u57f9\u8fd8\u505a\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u7b80\u5355\u5de7\u5999\u7684\u5b9e\u9a8c\u3002\u4ed6\u4f7f\u7528\u4e24\u6761\u5e73\u884c\u7684\u5bfc\u7ebf\uff0c\u628a\u4e00\u6761\u56fa\u5b9a\u5728\u5e95\u5ea7\uff0c\u53e6\u4e00\u6761\u4ee5\u652f\u67b6\u60ac\u6302\u5728\u7a7a\u4e2d\u5e76\u8fde\u63a5\u5230\u4e00\u4e2a\u65cb\u8f6c\u8f74\u627f\u4e0a\u3002\u4ed6\u8ba9\u652f\u67b6\u7684\u957f\u5ea6\u53ef\u4f5c\u4f38\u7f29\u4ee5\u63a7\u5236\u4e24\u6761\u5bfc\u7ebf\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u8ddd\u79bb\u3002\u5b89\u57f9\u7528\u8fd9\u4e2a\u88c5\u7f6e\u6d4b\u91cf\u4e86\u5bfc\u7ebf\u5728\u7a7a\u4e2d\u7684\u5e73\u79fb\u53ca\u65cb\u8f6c\u8fd0\u52a8\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u8ba1\u7b97\u51fa\u4e24\u6761\u5bfc\u7ebf\u5728\u901a\u7535\u65f6\u7684\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\u529b\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

9\u670818\u65e5\uff0c\u5b89\u57f9\u5411\u6cd5\u56fd\u79d1\u5b66\u9662\u62a5\u544a\u4e86\u4ed6\u53d1\u73b0\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u6761\u7535\u78c1\u89c4\u5f8b\uff1a\u7535\u6d41\u7684\u65b9\u5411\u548c\u5b83\u4ea7\u751f\u78c1\u611f\u7ebf\u7684\u65b9\u5411\u670d\u4ece\u53f3\u624b\u5b9a\u5219\u3002\u5177\u4f53\u5730\u8bf4\uff0c\u7528\u53f3\u624b\u63e1\u4f4f\u901a\u7535\u7684\u5bfc\u7ebf\uff0c\u8ba9\u5927\u62c7\u6307\u6307\u5411\u7535\u6d41\u7684\u65b9\u5411\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u5176\u4f59\u56db\u6307\u7684\u6307\u5411\u5c31\u662f\u78c1\u611f\u7ebf\u7684\u73af\u7ed5\u65b9\u5411\u3002\u8fd9\u5c31\u662f\u5b89\u57f9\u53f3\u624b\u87ba\u65cb\u5b9a\u5219\u3002\u540e\u6765\u5b89\u57f9\u8fd8\u53d1\u73b0\u4e86\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5b9a\u5219\uff1a\u7528\u53f3\u624b\u63e1\u4f4f\u901a\u7535\u87ba\u7ebf\u7ba1\uff0c\u8ba9\u56db\u6307\u6307\u5411\u87ba\u7ebf\u7ba1\u91cc\u7535\u6d41\u7684\u65b9\u5411\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u5927\u62c7\u6307\u6240\u6307\u7684\u4e00\u7aef\u4fbf\u662f\u901a\u7535\u87ba\u7ebf\u7ba1\u6240\u4ea7\u751f\u78c1\u573a\u7684\u5317\u6781\u65b9\u5411\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

10\u67082\u65e5\uff0c\u5b89\u57f9\u5728\u6cd5\u56fd\u79d1\u5b66\u9662\u505a\u4e86\u975e\u5e38\u8457\u540d\u7684\u201c\u76f4\u7ebf\u7535\u5bfc\u7ebf\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u7535\u52a8\u529b\u201d\u6f14\u8bb2\u3002\u4ed6\u6307\u51fa\uff1a\u201c\u5f53\u4e24\u6761\u5bfc\u7ebf\u4e0a\u7684\u7535\u6d41\u65b9\u5411\u76f8\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u5bfc\u7ebf\u4e92\u76f8\u5438\u5f15\uff1b\u53cd\u4e4b\uff0c\u5f53\u7535\u6d41\u65b9\u5411\u76f8\u53cd\u65f6\uff0c\u5bfc\u7ebf\u4e92\u76f8\u6392\u65a5\u3002\u5176\u5438\u5f15\u529b\u6216\u6392\u65a5\u529b\u4e0e\u5bfc\u7ebf\u4e4b\u95f4\u8ddd\u79bb\u7684\u5e73\u65b9\u6210\u53cd\u6bd4\u201d\u3002\u8fd9\u5c31\u662f\u4eca\u5929\u719f\u77e5\u7684\u201c\u5b89\u57f9\u5b9a\u5f8b\u201d\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\u540c\u5e74\uff0c\u53731820\u5e74\uff0c\u5b89\u57f9\u628a\u4e0a\u8ff0\u62a5\u544a\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u7efc\u5408\u6210\u6587\u53d1\u8868\u5728\u300a\u5316\u5b66\u4e0e\u7269\u7406\u5e74\u9274\u300b\u4e0a\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u7279\u522b\u8be6\u5c3d\u5730\u8bba\u8bc1\u548c\u89e3\u91ca\u4e86\u5b89\u57f9\u5b9a\u5f8b\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\u540e\u6765\uff0c\u5b89\u57f9\u8fd8\u5728\u5b9e\u9a8c\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u4e0a\u53d1\u660e\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u63a2\u6d4b\u548c\u91cf\u5ea6\u7535\u6d41\u7684\u4eea\u5668\u3002\u8be5\u4eea\u5668\u51e0\u7ecf\u4ed6\u4eba\u6539\u8fdb\u540e\u6210\u4e86\u4eca\u5929\u7684\u7535\u6d41\u8ba1\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

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\u56fe3 \u5b89\u57f9\u7684\u7535\u78c1\u5b9e\u9a8c\uff08\u793a\u610f\u56fe\uff09<\/span><\/p>\n

1821\u5e74\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u7269\u7406\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5bb6\u8fc8\u514b\u5c14\u00b7\u6cd5\u62c9\u7b2c<\/span>\uff08Michael Faraday\uff0c1791\u20131867\uff09<\/span>\u7ed9\u5b89\u57f9\u5bc4\u6765\u4e86\u4ed6\u5173\u4e8e\u7535\u78c1\u611f\u5e94\u65cb\u8f6c\u6548\u5e94\u7684\u8be6\u7ec6\u5b9e\u9a8c\u8bb0\u5f55\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8d44\u6599\u4fc3\u4f7f\u5b89\u57f9\u601d\u8003\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u7ebf\u6027\u5bfc\u4f53\u8fd0\u52a8\u503e\u5411\u4e8e\u9075\u5faa\u73af\u5f62\u8def\u5f84\u3002\u5728\u5b9e\u9a8c\u548c\u5206\u6790\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u4e0a\uff0c\u5b89\u57f9\u4f5c\u51fa\u7ed3\u8bba\u8bf4\uff0c\u6784\u6210\u78c1\u4f53\u7684\u5206\u5b50\u5185\u90e8\u5b58\u5728\u4e00\u79cd\u73af\u5f62\u7535\u6d41\uff0c\u79f0\u4e3a\u201c\u5206\u5b50\u7535\u6d41\u201d\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u5206\u5b50\u7535\u6d41\u7684\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e2a\u78c1\u5206\u5b50\u6210\u4e3a\u5c0f\u78c1\u4f53\uff0c\u4e24\u4fa7\u76f8\u5f53\u4e8e\u4e24\u4e2a\u78c1\u6781\u3002\u5728\u901a\u5e38\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u5c0f\u78c1\u4f53\u7684\u5206\u5b50\u7535\u6d41\u53d6\u5411\u662f\u6742\u4e71\u65e0\u7ae0\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5b83\u4eec\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u78c1\u573a\u4e92\u76f8\u62b5\u6d88\uff0c\u603b\u4f53\u4e0a\u5bf9\u5916\u4e0d\u663e\u78c1\u6027\u3002\u4f46\u53d7\u5230\u5916\u754c\u78c1\u573a\u4f5c\u7528\u540e\uff0c\u5206\u5b50\u7535\u6d41\u7684\u53d6\u5411\u53d8\u5f97\u5927\u81f4\u76f8\u540c\uff0c\u4e8e\u662f\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u7efc\u5408\u6548\u679c\u663e\u793a\u51fa\u5b8f\u89c2\u78c1\u6027\u3002\u5f53\u5e74\uff0c\u5f88\u591a\u4eba\u90fd\u4e0d\u63a5\u53d7\u5b89\u57f9\u7684\u5206\u5b50\u7535\u6d41\u7406\u8bba\uff0c\u6cd5\u62c9\u7b2c\u4e5f\u8ba4\u4e3a\u6ca1\u6709\u8bc1\u636e\u652f\u6301\u5b89\u57f9\u7684\u5047\u8bbe\u3002\u4e0d\u8fc7\uff0c\u5b89\u57f9\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u4f9d\u7136\u62e5\u6709\u4e00\u6279\u652f\u6301\u8005\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u5fb7\u56fd\u7535\u78c1\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u5a01\u5ec9\u00b7\u97e6\u4f2f<\/span>\uff08Wilhelm E. Weber\uff0c1804\u20131891\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u7ea6\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c1915 \u5e74\u7231\u56e0\u65af\u5766\u548c\u8377\u5170\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u4e07\u5f97\u5c14\u00b7\u5fb7\u00b7\u54c8\u65af<\/span>\uff08Wander J. de Haas\uff0c1878\u20131960\uff09<\/span>\u4ee5\u201c\u7231\u56e0\u65af\u5766\u2013\u5fb7\u54c8\u65af\u6548\u5e94\u201d\u8bc1\u660e\u4e86\u5b89\u57f9\u5047\u8bf4\u7684\u6b63\u786e\u6027\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

1822\u5e74\uff0c\u5b89\u57f9\u51fa\u7248\u4e86\u4e00\u672c\u5c0f\u518c\u5b50\u300a\u7535\u52a8\u529b\u5b66\u7684\u89c2\u5bdf\u6c47\u7f16\u300b<\/span>\uff08Recueil d’observations \u00e9lectrodynamiques<\/em>\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u9996\u6b21\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u201c\u7535\u52a8\u529b\u5b66\u201d\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u3002\u5176\u4e2d\uff0c\u5b89\u57f9\u8fd8\u5efa\u8bae\u7528\u6570\u5b66\u6b63\u8d1f\u53f7\u6765\u8868\u793a\u7535\u6d41\u7684\u65b9\u5411\uff0c\u5f00\u542f\u4e86\u79d1\u5b66\u754c\u4ee5\u6b63\u8d1f\u53f7\u6765\u8868\u793a\u7269\u7406\u79fb\u52a8\u65b9\u5411\u7684\u63cf\u8ff0\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

1824\u5e74\uff0c\u5b89\u57f9\u62c5\u4efb\u6cd5\u5170\u897f\u5b66\u9662\u5b9e\u9a8c\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u8bb2\u5ea7\u6559\u6388\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

1826\u5e74\uff0c\u5b89\u57f9\u51fa\u7248\u4e86\u540d\u8457\u300a\u7535\u52a8\u529b\u5b66\u73b0\u8c61\u7684\u6570\u5b66\u7406\u8bba\u300b<\/span>\uff08M\u00e9moire sur la th\u00e9orie math\u00e9matique des ph\u00e9nom\u00e8nes \u00e9lectrodynamiques<\/em>\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u7efc\u5408\u4e86\u4ed6\u7684\u8bb8\u591a\u7814\u7a76\u6210\u679c\u3002\u9ea6\u514b\u65af\u97e6\u79f0\u8d5e\u5b89\u57f9\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u662f\u201c\u79d1\u5b66\u4e0a\u6700\u5149\u8f89\u7684\u6210\u5c31\u4e4b\u4e00\u201d\uff0c\u4ed6\u8bf4\uff1a\u5b89\u57f9\u7684\u201c\u6574\u4e2a\u7406\u8bba\u548c\u5b9e\u9a8c\uff0c\u597d\u50cf\u662f\u4ece\u2018\u7535\u5b66\u725b\u987f\u2019\u7684\u8111\u888b\u91cc\u5192\u51fa\u6765\u7684\u3002\u5b83\u5728\u5f62\u5f0f\u4e0a\u662f\u5b8c\u7f8e\u7684\uff0c\u5728\u51c6\u786e\u6027\u4e0a\u65e0\u61c8\u53ef\u51fb\u3002\u5b83\u7684\u7ed3\u8bba\u88ab\u603b\u7ed3\u5728\u4e00\u6761\u516c\u5f0f\u4e2d\uff0c\u6240\u6709\u7684\u73b0\u8c61\u90fd\u53ef\u4ee5\u4ece\u4e2d\u63a8\u5bfc\u51fa\u6765\u3002\u5b83\u5c06\u6c38\u8fdc\u662f\u7535\u52a8\u529b\u5b66\u6700\u57fa\u672c\u7684\u516c\u5f0f\u3002\u201d\u5b89\u57f9\u88ab\u540e\u4eba\u5c0a\u79f0\u4e3a\u201c\u7535\u52a8\u529b\u5b66\u4e4b\u7236\u201d\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\u5b89\u57f91825\u5e74\u5f53\u9009\u4e3a\u6bd4\u5229\u65f6\u7687\u5bb6\u79d1\u5b66\u6587\u5b66\u4e0e\u827a\u672f\u5b66\u9662\u5916\u7c4d\u9662\u58eb\uff0c1827\u5e74\u5f53\u9009\u4e3a\u82f1\u56fd\u4f26\u6566\u7687\u5bb6\u5b66\u4f1a\u5916\u7c4d\u9662\u58eb\u548c\u5fb7\u56fd\u67cf\u6797\u79d1\u5b66\u9662\u5916\u7c4d\u9662\u58eb\uff0c1828\u5e74\u5f53\u9009\u4e3a\u745e\u5178\u7687\u5bb6\u79d1\u5b66\u9662\u5916\u7c4d\u9662\u58eb\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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\u9664\u6570\u5b66\u548c\u7269\u7406\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u5b89\u57f9\u4e5f\u7814\u7a76\u5316\u5b66\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

1810\u5e74\uff0c\u5b89\u57f9\u7814\u7a76\u4e86\u6c1f\u9178\u3002\u4ed6\u5f53\u65f6\u867d\u7136\u65e0\u6cd5\u63d0\u7eaf\u6c1f\uff0c\u4f46\u8ba4\u5b9a\u90a3\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u65b0\u5143\u7d20\uff0c\u5e76\u53d6\u5176\u540d\u4e3a\u201c\u6c1f\u201d<\/span>\uff08fluorine\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u591a\u5e74\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u5230\u4e861886 \u5e74\uff0c\u6cd5\u56fd\u5316\u5b66\u5bb6\u4ea8\u5229\u00b7\u83ab\u6851<\/span>\uff08F. F. Henri Moissan\uff0c1852\u20131907\uff09<\/span>\u4f7f\u7528\u5b89\u57f9\u66fe\u7ecf\u63a8\u8350\u7684\u7535\u89e3\u6cd5\u5206\u79bb\u51fa\u4e86\u6c1f\u5e76\u56e0\u4e4b\u83b7\u5f97\u4e861905\u5e74\u8bfa\u8d1d\u5c14\u5316\u5b66\u5956\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

1813\u5e74\uff0c\u5b89\u57f9\u4ece\u6d77\u5e26\u4e2d\u63d0\u7eaf\u51fa\u4e00\u79cd\u65b0\u7269\u8d28\u3002\u5f00\u59cb\u65f6\u4ed6\u4e0d\u77e5\u9053\u90a3\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\uff0c\u4f46\u4e0e\u82f1\u56fd\u8457\u540d\u5316\u5b66\u5bb6\u6c49\u5f17\u83b1\u00b7\u6234\u7ef4<\/span>\uff08Humphry Davy\uff0c1778\u20131829\uff09<\/span>\u548c\u6cd5\u62c9\u7b2c\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u76f8\u5e94\u5b9e\u9a8c\u540e\uff0c\u53d1\u73b0\u90a3\u662f\u7531\u4e00\u79cd\u65b0\u5143\u7d20\u7ec4\u6210\u7684\u7269\u8d28\uff0c\u5b89\u57f9\u628a\u8be5\u5143\u7d20\u547d\u540d\u4e3a\u201c\u7898\u201d<\/span>\uff08iodine\uff09<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\u5b89\u57f9\u7ee7\u800c\u901a\u8fc7\u5143\u7d20\u7684\u539f\u5b50\u91cf\u4ee5\u6570\u5b66\u65b9\u5f0f\u63a8\u5bfc\u51fa\u5176\u539f\u5b50\u7ec4\u6210\u7684\u6676\u4f53\u7ed3\u6784\u3002\u7531\u6b64\uff0c\u4ed6\u53c8\u5f00\u521b\u4e86\u6676\u4f53\u7269\u7406\u5316\u5b66\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u65b9\u5411\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

1816 \u5e74\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u5316\u5b66\u5bb6\u5fb7\u7c73\u7279\u91cc\u00b7\u95e8\u6377\u5217\u592b<\/span>\uff08Dmitri Mendeleev\uff09<\/span>\u53d1\u8868\u4ed6\u7684\u5143\u7d20\u5468\u671f\u8868\u7684\u534a\u4e2a\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u5b89\u57f9\u5c31\u63d0\u8bae\u6839\u636e\u5316\u5b66\u6027\u8d28\u5bf9\u5f53\u65f6\u5df2\u77e5\u7684 48 \u79cd\u5143\u7d20\u8fdb\u884c\u5206\u7ec4\u3002\u5b89\u57f9\u8bf4\uff1a\u201c\u5728\u6211\u770b\u6765\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u5e94\u8be5\u52aa\u529b\u6d88\u9664\u5316\u5b66\u4e2d\u7684\u4eba\u4e3a\u5206\u7c7b\uff0c\u800c\u901a\u8fc7\u5c06\u6bcf\u4e2a\u5143\u7d20\u4e0e\u5176\u4ed6\u5143\u7d20\u8fdb\u884c\u8fde\u7eed\u6027\u6bd4\u8f83\uff0c\u7ed9\u6bcf\u4e2a\u5143\u7d20\u5728\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u81ea\u7136\u6392\u5217\u987a\u5e8f\u4e2d\u5206\u6d3e\u4e00\u4e2a\u4f4d\u7f6e\u3002\u201d\u5f53\u5e74\uff0c\u4ed6\u867d\u7136\u72af\u4e86\u4e00\u4e9b\u9519\u8bef\u4f46\u5206\u7ec4\u57fa\u672c\u4e0a\u662f\u6210\u529f\u7684\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5e76\u4e0d\u5168\u9762\uff1a\u78b1\u91d1\u5c5e\u6709\u94a0\u548c\u94be\uff1b\u78b1\u571f\u91d1\u5c5e\u6709\u9541\u3001\u9499\u3001\u9536\u548c\u94a1\uff1b\u5364\u7d20\u6709\u6c2f\u3001\u6c1f\u548c\u7898\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

1816\u5e74\uff0c\u5b89\u57f9\u7ed9\u5f53\u65f6\u6781\u5bcc\u76db\u540d\u7684\u6cd5\u56fd\u5316\u5b66\u5bb6\u514b\u52b3\u5fb7-\u8def\u6613\u65af\u00b7\u8d1d\u6258\u83b1<\/span>\uff08Claude-Louis Berthollet\uff0c1748\u20131822\uff09<\/span>\u5199\u4e86\u4e00\u5c0143\u9875\u7684\u957f\u4fe1\uff0c\u8868\u8fbe\u4e86\u4ed6\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u60f3\u6cd5\uff1a\u5206\u5b50\u662f\u7531\u7a7a\u95f4\u4e2d\u70b9\u72b6\u7c92\u5b50\u7ec4\u6210\u7684\u7b80\u5355\u51e0\u4f55\u5b9e\u4f53\u6392\u5217\u800c\u6210\u7684\u3002\u4ed6\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5316\u5b66\u7ec4\u5408\u662f\u7531\u4e8e\u90a3\u4e9b\u6709\u4e00\u5b9a\u5bf9\u79f0\u6027\u548c\u89c4\u5f8b\u6027\u7684\u4e09\u7ef4\u51e0\u4f55\u4f53\uff0c\u5982\u5e73\u884c\u516d\u9762\u4f53\u3001\u516d\u89d2\u68f1\u67f1\u3001\u516b\u9762\u4f53\u548c\u83f1\u5f62\u5341\u4e8c\u9762\u4f53\u6240\u6784\u6210\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u5206\u522b\u5bf9\u5e94\u7740\u5305\u542b\u56db\u4e2a\u3001\u516d\u4e2a\u3001\u516b\u4e2a\u3001\u5341\u4e8c\u4e2a\u548c\u5341\u56db\u4e2a\u5206\u5b50\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\u3002\u5b89\u57f9\u7684\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5047\u8bbe\u5bfc\u51fa\u4e86\u4e00\u4e9b\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u53ea\u9700\u77e5\u9053\u6c14\u4f53\u7684\u4f53\u79ef\u4fbf\u80fd\u786e\u5b9a\u5176\u5305\u542b\u7c92\u5b50\u7684\u6570\u91cf\u3002\u5b89\u57f9\u8fd8\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5316\u5b66\u53cd\u5e94\u662f\u8fd9\u4e9b\u51e0\u4f55\u7acb\u4f53\u7ed3\u6784\u5404\u79cd\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u53e0\u52a0\u3002\u4ed6\u628a\u5206\u6790\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u5f52\u7eb3\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u8868\u683c\u4e2d\uff0c\u6807\u660e\u8981\u751f\u6210\u67d0\u79cd\u5f62\u72b6\u9700\u8981\u7684\u56db\u9762\u4f53\u548c\u516b\u9762\u4f53\u7684\u6570\u91cf\u4ee5\u53ca\u9876\u70b9\u548c\u9762\u7684\u4e2a\u6570\u3002\u540c\u5e74\uff0c\u4ed6\u628a\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7ed3\u679c\u7efc\u5408\u6210\u6587\u53d1\u8868\u5728\u300a\u5316\u5b66\u4e0e\u7269\u7406\u5e74\u9274\u300b\u4e0a\u3002\u4e0d\u8fc7\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u8fd9\u4e2a\u51e0\u4f55\u7406\u8bba\u5bf9\u5316\u5b66\u540e\u6765\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u5f71\u54cd\u4e0d\u5927\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\u591a\u5e74\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u5230\u4e861834\u5e74\uff0c\u5b89\u57f9\u8fd8\u53d1\u8868\u4e86\u4e00\u7bc7\u6563\u6587<\/span>\uff08Essai\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u72ec\u7acb\u5730\u8868\u8fbe\u4e86\u548c\u610f\u5927\u5229\u5316\u5b66\u5bb6\u963f\u6885\u4ee3\u5965\u00b7\u963f\u4f0f\u4f3d\u5fb7\u7f57<\/span>\uff08L. R. Amedeo C. Avogadro\uff0c1776\u20131856\uff09<\/span>\u4e00\u81f4\u7684\u601d\u60f3\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u6709\u4e86\u540e\u6765\u7684\u201c\u963f\u4f0f\u4f3d\u5fb7\u7f57\u2013\u5b89\u57f9\u5b9a\u5f8b\u201d\uff1a\u5728\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u6e29\u5ea6\u548c\u538b\u529b\u6761\u4ef6\u4e0b\uff0c\u4e0d\u540c\u7406\u60f3\u6c14\u4f53\u5728\u76f8\u7b49\u4f53\u79ef\u4e2d\u6709\u76f8\u540c\u6570\u91cf\u7684\u5206\u5b50\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u5b89\u57f9\u8fd8\u662f\u7b2c\u4e00\u4f4d\u91c7\u7528\u5fb7\u56fd\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u5eb7\u5fb7\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u4e3a\u7269\u7406\u548c\u5316\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u63d0\u4f9b\u54f2\u5b66\u57fa\u7840\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

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1828\u5e74\uff0c\u5b89\u57f9\u751f\u4e86\u4e00\u573a\u91cd\u75c5\u3002\u75c5\u6108\u540e\uff0c\u4ed6\u8f9e\u53bb\u4e86\u5927\u5b66\u7684\u6559\u804c\uff0c\u628a\u65f6\u95f4\u82b1\u5728\u5168\u56fd\u5404\u7ea7\u5b66\u6821\u7684\u6559\u80b2\u7763\u5bfc\u5de5\u4f5c\u4e0a\u3002\u4ed6\u57281834\u5e74\u51fa\u7248\u7684\u300a\u79d1\u5b66\u54f2\u5b66\u8bba\u6587\u300b<\/span>\uff08Essai sur la philosophie des sciences<\/em>\uff09<\/span>\u91cc\u8c08\u5230\u4e86\u79d1\u5b66\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u6027\u3002\u4ed6\u5199\u9053\uff1a\u201c\u79d1\u5b66\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u4e0d\u53ea\u662f\u53bb\u4e86\u89e3\u5927\u81ea\u7136\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5728\u4e8e\u5524\u9192\u4eba\u6027\u77e5\u9053\u81ea\u8eab\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\u22ef\u22ef\u4e3a\u6b64\u76ee\u6807\uff0c\u79d1\u5b66\u6559\u80b2\u5e94\u65e8\u5728\u57f9\u517b\u5b66\u751f\u89c2\u5bdf\u3001\u5206\u6790\u3001\u5b9e\u9a8c\u4e0e\u7efc\u5408\u8fd9\u56db\u79cd\u80fd\u529b\uff0c\u8ba9\u4ed6\u4eec\u609f\u6027\u63d0\u9ad8\u3001\u77e5\u8bc6\u66f4\u65b0\u3002\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

1836\u5e746\u6708\u521d\uff0c\u5b89\u57f9\u4ee5\u5927\u5b66\u5b66\u76d1\u7684\u8eab\u4efd\u5916\u51fa\u5de1\u89c6\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u4e0d\u5e78\u9014\u4e2d\u67d3\u4e0a\u6025\u6027\u80ba\u708e\u300210\u65e5\uff0c\u4ed6\u56e0\u533b\u6cbb\u65e0\u6548\u5728\u9a6c\u8d5b<\/span>\uff08Marseille\uff09<\/span>\u53bb\u4e16\uff0c\u4eab\u5e7461\u5c81\u3002\u4ed6\u88ab\u5b89\u846c\u5728\u9a6c\u8d5b\uff0c\u4f46\u9057\u4f53\u540e\u6765\u88ab\u8f6c\u79fb\u5230\u5df4\u9ece\u7684Montmartre\u516c\u5893\uff0c\u548c\u8bb8\u591a\u5176\u4ed6\u6770\u51fa\u4eba\u7269\u5b89\u846c\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\u4f5c\u4e3a\u540e\u8bdd\uff0c\u5b89\u57f9\u524d\u59bb\u7684\u513f\u5b50Jean-Jacques\u548c\u540e\u59bb\u7684\u5973\u513fAlbine\u957f\u5927\u540e\u90fd\u4e0e\u7236\u4eb2\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u6781\u574f\uff0c\u51e0\u4e4e\u65ad\u7edd\u4e86\u6765\u5f80\u3002\u5b89\u57f9\u7684\u60b2\u60e8\u4eba\u751f\u548c\u4ed6\u7684\u8f89\u714c\u79d1\u5b66\u6210\u5c31\u5f62\u6210\u5f3a\u70c8\u7684\u53cd\u5dee\u3002\u8bb0\u5f55\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u5b89\u57f9\u751f\u524d\u66fe\u9009\u62e9 \u201c\u7ec8\u4e8e\u5feb\u4e50\u4e86\u201d<\/span>\uff08tandem f\u00e8lix\uff09<\/span>\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4ed6\u7684\u5893\u5fd7\u94ed\uff0c\u5176\u5fc3\u60c5\u4e0d\u8a00\u800c\u55bb\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

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\u56fe5  \u5b89\u57f9\u77f3\u50cf\uff08\u6cd5\u56fd\u91cc\u6602\uff09<\/span><\/p>\n

1889\u5e74\uff0c\u6cd5\u56fd\u5de5\u7a0b\u5e08\u53e4\u65af\u5854\u592b\u00b7\u57c3\u83f2\u5c14<\/span>\uff08A. Gustave Eiffel\uff0c1832-1923\uff09<\/span>\u5728\u5df4\u9ece\u5efa\u9020\u4e86\u8457\u540d\u7684\u57c3\u83f2\u5c14\u94c1\u5854\u3002\u4ed6\u5c06 72 \u4f4d\u8457\u540d\u6cd5\u56fd\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u7684\u540d\u5b57\u523b\u5728\u4e86\u5efa\u7b51\u5e95\u90e8\u7684\u7eaa\u5ff5\u724c\u533e\u4e0a\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u5305\u62ec\u6709\u5b89\u57f9\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

1976\u5e74\uff0c\u6708\u4eae\u4e0a\u7684\u4e00\u5ea7\u73af\u5f62\u5c71\u88ab\u547d\u540d\u4e3a\u201c\u5b89\u57f9\u5c71\u201d\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

1881\u5e74\uff0c\u5728\u5df4\u9ece\u53ec\u5f00\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u5c4a\u56fd\u9645\u7535\u5b66\u5927\u4f1a\u51b3\u5b9a\u7528\u201c\u5b89\u57f9\u201d\u4f5c\u4e3a\u7535\u6d41\u5f3a\u5ea6\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u5355\u4f4d\uff0c\u7b80\u79f0\u201c\u5b89\u201d<\/span>\uff08Amp\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u4eca\u5929\u7b80\u5355\u5730\u8bf4\uff0c1\u5b89\u57f9\u76f8\u5f53\u4e8e 1\u4f0f\u7279\u7535\u538b\u65bd\u52a0\u5728 1\u6b27\u59c6\u963b\u6297\u5bfc\u7ebf\u4e24\u7aef\u65f6\u6240\u901a\u8fc7\u7684\u7535\u6d41\u91cf\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

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\u590d\u6742\u79d1\u5b66\u6700\u65b0\u8bba\u6587<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n

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\u96c6\u667a\u6591\u56fe\u9876\u520a\u8bba\u6587\u901f\u9012\u680f\u76ee\u4e0a\u7ebf\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u6301\u7eed\u6536\u5f55\u6765\u81eaNature\u3001Science<\/span>\u7b49\u9876\u520a\u7684\u6700\u65b0\u8bba\u6587\uff0c\u8ffd\u8e2a\u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf\u3001\u7f51\u7edc\u79d1\u5b66\u3001\u8ba1\u7b97\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u7b49\u9886\u57df\u7684\u524d\u6cbf\u8fdb\u5c55\u3002\u73b0\u5728\u6b63\u5f0f\u63a8\u51fa\u8ba2\u9605\u529f\u80fd\uff0c\u6bcf\u5468\u901a\u8fc7\u5fae\u4fe1\u670d\u52a1\u53f7\u300c\u6211\u7684\u96c6\u667a\u300d\u63a8\u9001\u8bba\u6587\u4fe1\u606f\u3002\u626b\u63cf\u4e0b\u65b9\u4e8c\u7ef4\u7801\u5373\u53ef\u4e00\u952e\u8ba2\u9605\uff1a<\/span>
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\u63a8\u8350\u9605\u8bfb<\/span><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n

1. <\/strong>\u56e0\u4e3a\u5979\uff0c\u201c\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u201d\u6210\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u79f0\u8c13\u4e28\u9648\u5173\u8363<\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/section>\n
2. <\/strong>\u8d6b\u5179\uff0c\u4ed6\u8bc1\u5b9e\u4e86\u7535\u78c1\u6ce2\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u4e28\u9648\u5173\u8363<\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/section>\n
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3. <\/strong><\/strong>\u5979\u662f\u5960\u57fa\u201c\u6838\u88c2\u53d8\u201d\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\uff0c\u5374\u62d2\u7edd\u4e86\u66fc\u54c8\u987f\u8ba1\u5212 | \u9648\u5173\u8363<\/a><\/strong><\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/strong><\/section>\n
4. \u300a\u5f20\u6c5f\u00b7\u590d\u6742\u79d1\u5b66\u524d\u6cbf27\u8bb2\u300b\u5b8c\u6574\u4e0a\u7ebf\uff01<\/strong><\/a><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/section>\n
5. \u6210\u4e3a\u96c6\u667aVIP\uff0c\u89e3\u9501\u5168\u7ad9\u8bfe\u7a0b\uff0f\u8bfb\u4e66\u4f1a<\/span><\/strong><\/a><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/section>\n
6. <\/strong><\/strong><\/strong>\u52a0\u5165\u96c6\u667a\uff0c\u4e00\u8d77\u590d\u6742\uff01<\/a><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/span><\/section>\n


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