{"id":42795,"date":"2023-05-29T20:05:45","date_gmt":"2023-05-29T12:05:45","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/swarma.org\/?p=42795"},"modified":"2023-05-30T09:55:22","modified_gmt":"2023-05-30T01:55:22","slug":"%e8%b7%a8%e8%b6%8a%e6%97%b6%e9%97%b4%e7%9a%84%e9%9b%86%e4%bd%93%e5%8a%a8%e5%8a%9b%e5%ad%a6%e7%89%b9%e5%88%8a%ef%bc%9a%e4%bb%8e%e5%bf%ab%e9%80%9f%e5%8f%8d%e5%ba%94%e5%88%b0%e4%b8%aa%e4%bd%93%e5%8f%91","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/swarma.org\/?p=42795","title":{"rendered":"\u8de8\u8d8a\u65f6\u95f4\u7684\u96c6\u4f53\u884c\u4e3a\uff1a\u96c6\u4f53\u884c\u4e3a\u52a8\u529b\u5b66\u7684\u591a\u5c3a\u5ea6\u7efc\u8ff0"},"content":{"rendered":"
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Christos C. Ioannou\uff0cKate L. Laskowski<\/span> <\/span>| \u4f5c\u8005<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u738b\u5b87\u822a<\/span> <\/span>| \u8bd1\u8005<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u5218\u57f9\u6e90\u3001\u6881\u91d1<\/span> <\/span>| \u5ba1\u6821<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<\/section>\n

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\u8bba\u6587\u9898\u76ee\uff1aA multi-scale review of the dynamics of collective behaviour: from rapid responses to ontogeny and evolution<\/p>\n

\u8bba\u6587\u94fe\u63a5\uff1a<\/p>\n

https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/doi\/10.1098\/rstb.2022.0059<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/blockquote>\n

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\u5c3c\u79d1\u00b7\u5ef7\u8d1d\u4ea8<\/span>\uff08Niko Tinbergen\uff09<\/span>\u4e8e1973\u5e74\u56e0\u5171\u540c\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86\u5bf9\u52a8\u7269\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u73b0\u4ee3\u7814\u7a76\u800c\u83b7\u5f97\u8bfa\u8d1d\u5c14\u5956\uff0c\u4ed6\u5f3a\u8c03\u4e86\u5bf9\u884c\u4e3a\u7279\u5f81\u7684\u5b8c\u6574\u7406\u89e3\u9700\u8981\u5efa\u7acb\u5728\u5bf9\u53d1\u80b2\u548c\u8fdb\u5316\u5386\u53f2\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u4e4b\u4e0a[8]\u3002\u201c\u5ef7\u8d1d\u4ea8\u56db\u95ee\u201d<\/span>\uff08 \u8bd1\u6ce8\uff1a\u5ef7\u8d1d\u4ea8\u8ba4\u4e3a\u52a8\u7269\u884c\u4e3a\u5b66\u6709\u56db\u4e2a\u91cd\u8981\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u5206\u522b\u662f\u5173\u4e8e\u56e0\u679c\u3001\u6210\u957f\u3001\u673a\u5236\u3001\u6f14\u5316\uff09<\/span>\u4e2d\u7684\u5176\u4e2d\u4e24\u95ee\uff0c\u884c\u4e3a\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u529f\u80fd\u6027\u9002\u5e94\u539f\u56e0\u4ee5\u53ca\u76f8\u4f3c\u673a\u5236\u662f\u600e\u6837\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\uff0c\u76ee\u524d\u5728\u96c6\u4f53\u884c\u4e3a\u4e2d\u53d6\u5f97\u4e86\u76f8\u5bf9\u8f83\u597d\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u8fdb\u5c55\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u53d1\u80b2\u548c\u8fdb\u5316\u5f15\u53d1\u7684\u53d8\u5316\u662f\u73b0\u4ee3\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u7684\u652f\u67f1\uff0c\u7136\u800c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5728\u96c6\u4f53\u884c\u4e3a\u4e2d\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u4e00\u76f4\u88ab\u5ffd\u89c6\u4e86[9]\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\u6211\u4eec\u5e0c\u671b\u901a\u8fc7\u7279\u520a\u201c\u8de8\u8d8a\u65f6\u95f4\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u96c6\u4f53\u884c\u4e3a\u201d\u6765\u9f13\u52b1\u5bf9\u96c6\u4f53\u884c\u4e3a\u4e2d\u53d1\u80b2\u548c\u8fdb\u5316\u5c42\u9762\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\u5728\u5927\u91cf\u5df2\u7ecf\u88ab\u7814\u7a76\u8fc7\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u4e2d\uff0c\u96c6\u4f53\u884c\u4e3a\u5b58\u5728\u7740\u4ee4\u4eba\u96be\u4ee5\u7f6e\u4fe1\u7684\u591a\u6837\u6027\uff0c\u8fd9\u4f7f\u5f97\u5f88\u96be\u660e\u786e\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e00\u4e2a\u9608\u503c\u65f6\u95f4\u5c3a\u5ea6\uff0c\u5c06\u7814\u7a76\u76f8\u5bf9\u5145\u5206\u7684\u201c\u77ed\u201d\u65f6\u95f4\u5c3a\u5ea6\u4e0e\u8f83\u957f\u65f6\u95f4\u5c3a\u5ea6\u5206\u5f00\u3002\u9274\u4e8e\u96c6\u4f53\u884c\u4e3a\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5177\u6709\u793e\u4f1a\u6027\u7684\u6606\u866b\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u663e\u7136\u5341\u5206\u91cd\u8981[4.10]\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u9488\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e9b\u52a8\u7269\u96c6\u4f53\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u8fdb\u5c55\u6700\u4e3a\u8fc5\u901f\u5e76\u4e0d\u4ee4\u4eba\u60ca\u8bb6\uff0c\u72ec\u7acb\u4e8e\u6606\u866b\u7814\u7a76\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u9c7c\u7c7b\u7684\u96c6\u7fa4\u4e5f\u5f97\u5230\u4e00\u4e9b\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u5173\u6ce8[6,11]\u3002\u6280\u672f\u7684\u8fdb\u6b65\u4f7f\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u53ef\u4ee5\u540c\u65f6\u6a21\u62df\u591a\u4e2a\u4e2a\u4f53\u7684\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528<\/span>\uff08\u5373\u57fa\u4e8e\u4e3b\u4f53\u7684\u5efa\u6a21[12,13]\uff0cagent-based models, ABM\uff09\uff0c<\/span>\u4ee5\u53ca\u5e94\u7528\u7269\u7406\u79d1\u5b66\u4e2d\u7684\u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf\u65b9\u6cd5[14]\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u8ba9\u6211\u4eec\u5728\u4e0d\u540c\u7c7b\u522b\u96c6\u4f53\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u663e\u8457\u76f8\u4f3c\u6027\u4e2d\u5bfb\u627e\u4e00\u4e9b\u666e\u9002\u6027\u539f\u7406[5]\u3002\u901a\u8fc7\u5148\u8fdb\u7684\u6280\u672f\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u4ece\u66f4\u5e7f\u6cdb\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u7fa4\u4f53\u4e2d\u83b7\u53d6\u6570\u636e[15]\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u5f97\u4ee5\u5728\u81ea\u7136\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u5145\u5206\u7814\u7a76\u9e1f\u7c7b\u548c\u54fa\u4e73\u7c7b\u52a8\u7269\u7684\u96c6\u4f53\u884c\u4e3a[16-21]\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\u7c7b\u522b\u7684\u591a\u6837\u6027\u662f\u8fd9\u4e00\u7814\u7a76\u9886\u57df\u7684\u4f18\u52bf\uff0c\u4f46\u8fd9\u4e5f\u5f15\u53d1\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\uff1a\u8be5\u5982\u4f55\u5b9a\u4e49\u65f6\u95f4\u5c3a\u5ea6\u5462\uff1f\u9c7c\u7fa4\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u51e0\u79d2\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u5185\u51b3\u5b9a\u6e38\u5411\u8ff7\u5bab\u7684\u54ea\u4e00\u6761\u5206\u5c94[22]\uff0c\u800c\u770b\u4f3c\u63a5\u8fd1\u7684\u4e8c\u9009\u4e00\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u8681\u7fa4\u5219\u8981\u82b1\u8d39\u51e0\u4e2a\u5c0f\u65f6\u6765\u505a\u51b3\u5b9a\u5e76\u4e14\u6d89\u53ca\u5230\u591a\u4e2a\u9636\u6bb5[23,24]\u3002\u8c03\u67e5\u53d1\u73b0\u96c6\u4f53\u51b3\u7b56\u7684\u5f62\u6210\u751a\u81f3\u53ef\u4ee5\u6301\u7eed\u597d\u51e0\u5929\uff0c\u4f46\u6211\u4eec\u4ecd\u7136\u8ba4\u4e3a\u8fd9\u5c5e\u4e8e\u5728\u201c\u77ed\u201d\u65f6\u95f4\u5c3a\u5ea6\u4e0a\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u96c6\u4f53\u884c\u4e3a\u3002\u610f\u5927\u5229\u871c\u8702<\/span>\uff08Apis mellifera\uff09<\/span>\u9009\u62e9\u7b51\u5de2\u4f4d\u7f6e\u5c31\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u88ab\u5145\u5206\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u5b9e\u4f8b[25]\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u901a\u8fc7\u8bbe\u5b9a\u4e00\u4e2a\u96c6\u4f53\u884c\u4e3a\u6301\u7eed\u7684\u9608\u503c\u65f6\u95f4\u6765\u533a\u5206\u77ed\u6216\u957f\u65f6\u95f4\u5c3a\u5ea6\uff0c\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u672c\u7bc7\u7efc\u8ff0\u63d0\u51fa\uff0c\u5f53\u7fa4\u4f53\u4e2d\u4e2a\u4f53\u7684\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u53d1\u751f\u53d8\u5316\u65f6\uff0c\u957f\u65f6\u95f4\u5c3a\u5ea6\u5bf9\u96c6\u4f53\u884c\u4e3a\u5f88\u91cd\u8981<\/strong>\uff1b\u8fd9\u4e9b\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u76f8\u5bf9\u77ed\u671f\u7684\u72b6\u6001\u6539\u53d8<\/span>\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\u662f\u5426\u9965\u997f\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u4e2a\u4f53\u53d1\u751f\u4f34\u968f\u7684\u6539\u53d8\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u662f\u5728\u8fdb\u5316\u65f6\u95f4\u5c3a\u5ea6\u4e0a\u4ee3\u9645\u53d8\u5316\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\u6b64\u524d\u5c31\u5df2\u7ecf\u6709\u7efc\u8ff0\u5173\u6ce8\u5230\u96c6\u4f53\u884c\u4e3a\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u65f6\u95f4\u5c3a\u5ea6\u7684\u53d8\u5316\uff0c\u5373\u6bd4\u901a\u5e38\u96c6\u4f53\u884c\u4e3a\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u5c3a\u5ea6\u8981\u957f\u3002Biro\u7b49\u4eba\u8ba8\u8bba\u4e86\u5728\u96c6\u4f53\u884c\u4e3a\u4e2d\u5b66\u4e60\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\uff0c\u8003\u8651\u4e2a\u4f53\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u4f5c\u4e3a\u7fa4\u4f53\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u83b7\u53d6\u4fe1\u606f\u7684\uff0c\u5b66\u4e60\u8fc7\u53bb\u4e2a\u4f53\u548c\u96c6\u4f53\u7684\u8868\u73b0\u5982\u4f55\u8ba9\u4e2a\u4f53\u5728\u672a\u6765\u7684\u96c6\u4f53\u884c\u4e3a\u4e2d\u9002\u5e94\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5b66\u4e60\u5982\u4f55\u53cd\u9988\u5230\u96c6\u4f53\u884c\u4e3a\u4e2d[9]\u3002\u7279\u522b\u662f\u5bf9\u6211\u4eec\u7279\u520a\u800c\u8a00\uff0cBiro\u7b49\u4eba\u6307\u51fa\u52a8\u7269\u7684\u96c6\u4f53\u884c\u4e3a\u4e0e\u7269\u7406\u6216\u5316\u5b66\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u7684\u96c6\u4f53\u884c\u4e3a\u662f\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u6784\u6210\u96c6\u4f53\u7684\u4e2a\u4f53\u5355\u4f4d<\/span>\uff08\u52a8\u7269\u4e2a\u4f53\uff09<\/span>\u53ef\u80fd\u968f\u7740\u65f6\u95f4\u7684\u63a8\u79fb\u800c\u53d1\u751f\u53d8\u5316\u3002Bengston\u548cJandt\u63a2\u7d22\u4e86\u540c\u4e00\u79cd\u7fa4\u4e2d\u4e0d\u540c\u7fa4\u4f53\u7684\u4e2a\u4f53\u884c\u4e3a\u53d8\u5316\u7684\u4e00\u81f4\u6027\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u5728\u793e\u4f1a\u6027\u6606\u866b\u4e2d[26]\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u786e\u8ba4\u4e86\u591a\u79cd\u56e0\u7d20\uff0c\u968f\u7740\u65f6\u95f4\u63a8\u79fb\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u56e0\u7d20\u79ef\u7d2f\u8d77\u6765\u5bfc\u81f4\u4e86\u7fa4\u4f53\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u4e00\u81f4\u5206\u5316\u3002\u5305\u62ec\u5148\u524d\u7ecf\u5386\u3001\u7fa4\u4f53\u5e74\u9f84\u53ca\u5185\u90e8\u6210\u5458\u3001\u4e2a\u4f53\u53d8\u5f02\u5728\u5185\u7684\u8fd9\u4e9b\u56e0\u7d20\u9020\u6210\u4e0d\u540c\u7fa4\u4f53\u6cbf\u7740\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u8f68\u8ff9\u6f14\u53d8\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\u5728\u6b64\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u7279\u520a\u201c\u8de8\u8d8a\u65f6\u95f4\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u96c6\u4f53\u884c\u4e3a\u201d\u7684\u7b80\u4ecb\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u76ee\u6807\u662f\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e00\u4e2a\u5173\u4e8e\u96c6\u4f53\u884c\u4e3a\u4e2d\u65f6\u95f4\u5c3a\u5ea6\u7684\u8f83\u4e3a\u5e7f\u9614\u7684\u89c6\u91ce<\/span>\uff08\u4f46\u6df1\u5ea6\u6709\u6240\u6b20\u7f3a\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u805a\u7126\u4e8e\u5b9e\u8bc1\u7814\u7a76\u4e0e\u77e5\u8bc6\u7ed3\u6784\uff0c\u6765\u5e26\u9886\u8bfb\u8005\u9886\u7565\u96c6\u4f53\u884c\u4e3a\u7814\u7a76\u53ef\u4ee5\u8de8\u8d8a\u7684\u591a\u4e2a\u65f6\u95f4\u5c3a\u5ea6\u3002<\/span>\n<\/p>\n

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\u4e8c\u3001\u4e3b\u9898\u7279\u520a\u7684\u76ee\u6807<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n

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<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/h3>\n

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\u96c6\u4f53\u884c\u4e3a\u5c5e\u4e8e\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u4ea4\u53c9\u5b66\u79d1\u9886\u57df\u3002\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u3001\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u548c\u6570\u5b66\u5bb6\u901a\u8fc7\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u5b9a\u91cf\u65b9\u6cd5\u6765\u7814\u7a76\u96c6\u4f53\u884c\u4e3a\u80cc\u540e\u7684\u673a\u5236\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u884c\u4e3a\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u5bb6\u901a\u8fc7\u4e25\u683c\u7684\u5b9e\u9a8c\u65b9\u6cd5\u4e3a\u90a3\u4e9b\u673a\u5236\u63d0\u4f9b\u5b9e\u8bc1\u6d4b\u8bd5\u5e76\u7406\u89e3\u5176\u81ea\u9002\u5e94\u529f\u80fd\u3002\u73b0\u5728\u662f\u65f6\u5019\u5c06\u96c6\u4f53\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u62d3\u5c55\u5230\u66f4\u957f\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u5c3a\u5ea6\u4e86\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\u672c\u671f\u7279\u520a\u65e8\u5728\u901a\u8fc7\u4e3a\u4f20\u7edf\u4e0a\u4e0d\u540c\u89c6\u89d2\u7684\u8bfb\u8005\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e00\u4e2a\u72ec\u7279\u7684\u673a\u4f1a\uff0c\u8ba9\u4ed6\u4eec\u63a5\u89e6\u4e0d\u719f\u6089\u7684\u60f3\u6cd5\uff0c\u5c06\u5176\u878d\u5165\u5230\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u4e2d\uff0c\u6216\u4ee5\u6b64\u5efa\u7acb\u5bcc\u6709\u6210\u6548\u7684\u5408\u4f5c\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u76ee\u6807\u662f\u6fc0\u53d1\u4e00\u6ce2\u65b0\u7684\u8de8\u5b66\u79d1\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u4f7f\u52a8\u7269\u96c6\u4f53\u884c\u4e3a\u9886\u57df\u518d\u6b21\u7115\u53d1\u751f\u673a\u3002\u9664\u4e86\u5728\u5171\u540c\u6982\u5ff5\u57fa\u7840\u4e0a\u57f9\u517b\u65b0\u7684\u5408\u4f5c\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5e0c\u671b\u901a\u8fc7\u6574\u5408\u96c6\u4f53\u884c\u4e3a\u3001\u53d1\u80b2\u548c\u8fdb\u5316\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u65b9\u6cd5\u6765\u4fc3\u8fdb\u66f4\u6df1\u8fdc\u7684\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u8de8\u5b66\u79d1\u65b9\u6cd5\u6709\u5de8\u5927\u7684\u6f5c\u529b\u3002\u7406\u89e3\u96c6\u4f53\u884c\u4e3a\u5728\u957f\u65f6\u95f4\u5c3a\u5ea6\u4e0b\u7684\u53d8\u5316\u4e5f\u6709\u52a9\u4e8e\u6d1e\u5bdf\u96c6\u4f53\u884c\u4e3a\u5728\u5916\u90e8\u5f71\u54cd\u4e0b\u7684\u54cd\u5e94\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u975e\u5e38\u9002\u65f6\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5173\u4e8e\u96c6\u4f53\u884c\u4e3a\u5982\u4f55\u53d7\u5230\u4eba\u7c7b\u5f15\u8d77\u73af\u5883\u53d8\u5316\u5f71\u54cd\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u6b63\u5728\u4e0d\u65ad\u589e\u957f[27-29]\u3002\u5bf9\u4e0d\u540c\u65f6\u95f4\u5c3a\u5ea6\u4e0b\u96c6\u4f53\u884c\u4e3a\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u53d8\u5316\u7684\u6df1\u5ea6\u7406\u89e3\u6709\u52a9\u4e8e\u4e86\u89e3\u54ea\u4e9b\u4f9d\u8d56\u96c6\u4f53\u884c\u4e3a\u751f\u5b58\u7684\u7269\u79cd\u5bb9\u6613\u906d\u53d7\u73af\u5883\u53d8\u5316\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u4ed6\u4eec\u662f\u5426\u80fd\u591f\u9002\u5e94\u3001\u591a\u5feb\u53ef\u4ee5\u9002\u5e94\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


\n<\/span><\/p>\n

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<\/section>\n
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<\/svg><\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n
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\u4e09\u3001\u77ed\u65f6\u95f4\u5c3a\u5ea6\uff08\u4e00\u79d2\u5185\u548c\u6570\u79d2\u949f\uff09<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n

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<\/section>\n

<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/h3>\n

<\/section>\n

\u5c3d\u7ba1\u6211\u4eec\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u53d1\u80b2\u548c\u8fdb\u5316\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u957f\u65f6\u95f4\u5c3a\u5ea6\u5728\u96c6\u4f53\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u88ab\u5ffd\u89c6\u4e86\uff0c\u4f46\u8be5\u9886\u57df\u73b0\u6709\u7684\u8f83\u77ed\u65f6\u95f4\u5c3a\u5ea6\u7684\u6587\u732e\u4ecd\u7136\u663e\u793a\u51fa\u76f8\u5f53\u5927\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u5c3a\u5ea6\u53d8\u5316\uff0c\u8fd9\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u96c6\u4f53\u884c\u4e3a\u548c\u611f\u5174\u8da3\u7684\u7269\u79cd\u3002\u751a\u81f3\u5728\u540c\u4e00\u7269\u79cd\u4e0e\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d[30,31]\uff0c\u7814\u7a76\u65e2\u53ef\u4ee5\u5173\u6ce8\u4e2a\u4f53\u95f4\u7684\u5fae\u89c2\u5c3a\u5ea6\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u5173\u6ce8\u5b8f\u89c2\u5c3a\u5ea6\u4e0a\u7fa4\u4f53\u7ea7\u522b\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u4ee5\u53ca\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4ea4\u4e92\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u7ed3\u679c[32,33]\u3002\u867d\u7136\u90e8\u5206\u7814\u7a76\u91c7\u7528\u7684\u6570\u636e\u4ece\u65f6\u95f4\u4e0a\u6765\u8bf4\u662f\u9759\u6001\u5b9e\u4f8b<\/span>\uff08 static instances\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u5206\u6790\u4e2a\u4f53\u5728\u7fa4\u4f53\u4e2d\u7684\u7a7a\u95f4\u5206\u5e03\u3001\u4e2a\u4f53\u95f4\u4ea4\u4e92\u7684\u77ed\u65f6\u95f4\u5c3a\u5ea6<\/span><\/span>\uff08\u901a\u5e38\u53d1\u751f\u5728\u6570\u79d2\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u5c3a\u5ea6\u4e0a\uff09<\/span>\u5f97\u5230\u4e86\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u5173\u6ce8[34\u201336]\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\u96c6\u4f53\u884c\u4e3a\u4e2d\u4e00\u4e2a\u6df1\u5165\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u662f\uff0c\u4e2a\u4f53\u5982\u4f55\u5728\u79fb\u52a8\u7684\u7fa4\u4f53\u4e2d\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\uff0c\u5728\u4fdd\u6301\u7fa4\u4f53\u51dd\u805a\u7684\u540c\u65f6\u5b9e\u73b0\u96c6\u4f53\u8fd0\u52a8<\/strong>\u3002\u9c7c\u7fa4\u5df2\u7ecf\u6210\u4e3a\u68c0\u6d4b\u8fd9\u4e9b\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u6a21\u578b\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\uff08\u5176\u884c\u4e3a\u8868\u73b0\uff09\u5728\u5927\u8303\u56f4\u4e0a\u652f\u6491\u96c6\u4f53\u8fd0\u52a8\u7684\u6a21\u578b\u8bf8\u5982[13,37]\uff1a\u201c\u7fa4\u4f53\u4e2d\u4e3a\u907f\u514d\u76f8\u90bb\u4e2a\u4f53\u8fc7\u4e8e\u9760\u8fd1\u4ea7\u751f\u78b0\u649e\u7684\u6392\u65a5\u4ea4\u4e92\u89c4\u5219\uff0c\u4e2a\u4f53\u5982\u4f55\u4e92\u76f8\u5438\u5f15\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u76f8\u90bb\u4e2a\u4f53\u7684\u8fd0\u52a8\u65b9\u5411\u5982\u4f55\u6392\u5217\u3002\u201d\u5f53\u7fa4\u4f53\u8fd0\u52a8\u65f6\uff0c\u4e0a\u8ff0\u4ea4\u4e92\u65b9\u5f0f\u901a\u8fc7\u4e2a\u4f53\u5feb\u901f\u8c03\u6574\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u8fd0\u52a8\u901f\u5ea6\u3001\u65b9\u5411\u6765\u5b9e\u73b0[30,38]\u3002\u5728\u9e1f\u7fa4\u4e2d\uff0c\u6709\u8bc1\u636e\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u96c6\u4f53\u8fd0\u52a8\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u4e2a\u4f53\u8c03\u6574\u8fd0\u52a8\u65b9\u5411\u800c\u975e\u901f\u5ea6\u6765\u8c03\u8282\u7684\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u7531\u4e8e\u5728\u98de\u884c\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u8c03\u6574\u901f\u5ea6\u9700\u8981\u6d88\u8017\u66f4\u591a\u80fd\u91cf[39]\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\u5728\u96c6\u4f53\u8fd0\u52a8\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e2a\u4f53\u5bf9\u90bb\u8fd1\u4e2a\u4f53\u4fe1\u606f\u7684\u54cd\u5e94\u662f\u975e\u5e38\u5feb\u901f\u7684\uff0c\u53ef\u57281\u79d2\u4ee5\u5185\u8fdb\u884c\u5feb\u901f\u54cd\u5e94[7,40,41]\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u6574\u4e2a\u7fa4\u4f53\u8fd0\u52a8\u65b9\u5411\u7684\u53d8\u5316\u9700\u8981\u4e2a\u4f53\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u591a\u6b21\u4ea4\u4e92\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u96c6\u4f53\u884c\u4e3a\u53d1\u751f\u5728\u66f4\u957f\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u5c3a\u5ea6\u4e0a\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u5728\u9c7c\u7fa4\u548c\u9e1f\u7fa4\u4e2d\u662f\u6570\u79d2\u7684\u65f6\u95f4[42,43]\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7fa4\u4f53\u8fd0\u52a8\u65b9\u5411\u7684\u6539\u53d8\u662f\u4fe1\u606f\u5728\u7fa4\u4f53\u4e2d\u4f20\u64ad\u7684\u7ed3\u679c[44,45]\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u65b9\u5411\u7684\u53d8\u5316\u662f\u7531\u4e8e\u4e00\u4e9b\u4e2a\u4f53\u5bf9\u523a\u6fc0\u505a\u51fa\u7684\u54cd\u5e94\uff0c\u5982\u6355\u98df\u8005\u6216\u98df\u7269\u7ebf\u7d22[46\u201349]\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u54cd\u5e94\u88ab\u76f8\u90bb\u4e2a\u4f53\u590d\u5236\u3002\u4fe1\u606f\u5728\u7fa4\u4f53\u5185\u7684\u4f20\u64ad\u901f\u5ea6\u5c06\u6bd4\u6355\u98df\u8005\u63a5\u8fd1\u7684\u901f\u5ea6\u66f4\u5feb[50]\uff0c\u8fd9\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u76f8\u8f83\u4e8e\u4e2a\u4f53\u53ea\u4f9d\u8d56\u4e8e\u4ed6\u4eec\u81ea\u8eab\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\uff0c\u5904\u5728\u7fa4\u4f53\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u4e2a\u4f53\u5c06\u80fd\u591f\u5728\u8ddd\u79bb\u6355\u98df\u8005\u66f4\u8fdc\u7684\u65f6\u5019\u5c31\u53d1\u8d77\u53cd\u6355\u98df\u8005\u884c\u4e3a<\/span>\uff08anti-predator behaviour\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u590d\u5236\u90bb\u8fd1\u4e2a\u4f53\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u6539\u53d8\u4ee5\u6ce2\u52a8\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u5728\u7fa4\u4f53\u4e2d\u4f20\u64ad<\/strong>\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e0d\u4ec5\u80fd\u8d77\u5230\u4f20\u9012\u4fe1\u606f\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u8fd8\u53ef\u4ee5\u963b\u6b62\u6355\u98df\u8005\u5bf9\u7fa4\u4f53\u7684\u653b\u51fb[51]\u3002\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5de5\u4f5c\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u4e0e\u7ecf\u5178\u7684\u96c6\u4f53\u8fd0\u52a8\u6a21\u578b\u76f8\u6bd4[52]\uff0c\u660e\u786e\u8003\u8651\u611f\u5b98\u7ebf\u7d22\u5927\u5927\u63d0\u9ad8\u4e86\u9884\u6d4b\u9c7c\u7fa4\u4e2d\u4fe1\u606f\u6d41<\/span>\uff08information flow\uff09<\/span>\u7684\u80fd\u529b\uff0c\u8be5\u6a21\u578b\u76ee\u524d\u6b63\u5728\u66f4\u5b9e\u9645\u7684\u751f\u7269\u96c6\u4f53\u8fd0\u52a8\u6a21\u578b\u4e2d\u8fdb\u884c\u63a2\u7d22[53,54]\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\u73b0\u6709\u5173\u4e8e\u9c7c\u7fa4\u548c\u9e1f\u7fa4\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u6587\u732e\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u6700\u5e7f\u4e3a\u6d41\u4f20\u7684\u5173\u4e8e\u4e2a\u4f53\u5bf9\u5176\u8fd1\u90bb\u4e2a\u4f53\u4f5c\u51fa\u53cd\u5e94\u7684\u8fd1\u4f3c\u673a\u5236\uff0c\u662f\u590d\u5236\u5176\u90bb\u8fd1\u4e2a\u4f53\u7684\u8fd0\u52a8\u901f\u5ea6\u548c\u65b9\u5411\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u4e0d\u4f9d\u8d56\u4e8e\u4e3b\u52a8\u4fe1\u53f7\u6216\u4efb\u4f55\u5176\u4ed6\u53ef\u80fd\u4e13\u95e8\u4e3a\u6b64\u76ee\u7684\u800c\u8fdb\u5316\u7684\u88ab\u52a8\u673a\u5236<\/span>\uff08\u5c3d\u7ba1J\u00e4gers\u7b49\u4eba\u53d1\u73b0\u9c7c\u7fa4\u4e2d\u5b58\u5728\u4e3b\u52a8\u4fe1\u53f7\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50[55]\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u76f8\u6bd4\u4e4b\u4e0b\uff0c\u8682\u8681\u548c\u871c\u8702\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u591a\u79cd\u673a\u5236\u6765\u4f20\u9012\u4fe1\u606f\u3002\u5176\u4e2d\u4e00\u4e9b\u662f\u57fa\u4e8e\u901f\u5ea6\u548c\u65b9\u5411\u7684\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u8702\u7fa4\u4e2d\u4fa6\u67e5\u8702<\/span>\uff08scout\uff09<\/span>\u7684\u821e\u52a8\uff0c\u5f53\u4fa6\u67e5\u8702\u53d1\u73b0\u65b0\u5de2\u7a74\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\u65f6\uff0c\u5b83\u5c31\u4f1a\u4ee5\u66f4\u9ad8\u7684\u901f\u5ea6\u5728\u8702\u7fa4\u4e2d\u671d\u7740\u5de2\u7a74\u65b9\u5411\u98de\u884c[56,57]\u3002\u4eba\u4eec\u76f8\u4fe1\u9c7c\u548c\u9e1f\u7c7b\u7684\u96c6\u4f53\u8fd0\u52a8\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u89c6\u89c9\u5f15\u8d77\u7684[58]\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u793e\u4f1a\u6027\u6606\u866b\u4e2d\u4e2a\u4f53\u95f4\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\u7684\u673a\u5236\u6bd4\u9c7c\u7c7b\u548c\u9e1f\u7c7b\u4e2d\u7684\u88ab\u52a8\u673a\u5236\u66f4\u591a\u6837\u5316\u548c\u4e13\u95e8\u5316<\/strong>\uff0c\u8fd9\u53ef\u80fd\u53cd\u6620\u51fa\u5176\u96c6\u4f53\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u673a\u5236\u968f\u7740\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u7a7a\u95f4\u548c\u65f6\u95f4\u5c3a\u5ea6\u53d8\u5316\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\u5728\u5c0f\u7684\u3001\u5c40\u90e8\u5c3a\u5ea6\u4e0a\uff0c\u519c\u7530\u8681<\/span>\uff08Pogonomyrmex  barbatus\uff09<\/span>\u89c5\u98df\u6d3b\u52a8\u7684\u51b3\u7b56\u662f\u7531\u4e24\u4e2a\u4e2a\u4f53\u95f4\u76f4\u63a5\u901a\u8fc7\u89e6\u89d2\u63a5\u89e6\u4fc3\u6210\u7684[59]\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u8682\u8681\u4e2d\u7684\u884c\u8fdb\u6d41<\/span>\uff08traffic flow\uff09<\/span>\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u4e0d\u540c\u65b9\u5411\u79fb\u52a8\u8682\u8681\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u78b0\u649e\u6765\u8c03\u63a7\u7684[60]\u3002\u76f8\u6bd4\u4e4b\u4e0b\uff0c\u4fe1\u606f\u7d20\u7684\u6c89\u79ef\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u4e2a\u4f53\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u76f4\u63a5\u63a5\u89e6\uff0c\u5e76\u5141\u8bb8\u591a\u4e2a\u7fa4\u4f53\u6210\u5458\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u53e0\u52a0\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u62db\u52df\u5176\u4ed6\u6210\u5458\u6765\u5230\u98df\u7269\u9644\u8fd1[61,62]\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\u7ecf\u6df1\u5165\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u871c\u8702\u6807\u5fd7\u6027\u6447\u6446\u821e<\/span>\uff08waggle dance\uff09<\/span>[63,64]\u662f\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u6709\u5173\u96c6\u4f53\u884c\u4e3a\u4e2d\u4e2a\u4f53\u95f4\u4ea4\u4e92\u7684\u7279\u6b8a\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u4f8b\u5b50\uff0c\u6b64\u65f6\u4fe1\u606f\u53ef\u540c\u65f6\u88ab\u591a\u4e2a\u4e2a\u4f53\u83b7\u53d6\uff0c\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u4fe1\u606f\u662f\u76f4\u63a5\u4f20\u8f93\u7684<\/span>\uff08\u5728\u4fe1\u606f\u7d20\u7684\u6848\u4f8b\u4e2d\uff0c\u4fe1\u606f\u662f\u975e\u76f4\u63a5\u4f20\u8f93\u7684\uff09<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\u793e\u4f1a\u6027\u6606\u866b\u4e2a\u4f53\u95f4\u5f62\u6210\u96c6\u4f53\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u4ea4\u4e92\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u591a\u6837\u6027\u53ef\u901a\u8fc7\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4ea4\u4e92\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u5c3a\u5ea6\u7684\u591a\u6837\u6027\u53cd\u6620\u51fa\u6765\uff1a\u871c\u8702\u6447\u6446\u821e\u7684\u6301\u7eed\u65f6\u95f4\u5728\u6570\u79d2\u5185\u53d8\u5316[65]\uff1b\u800c\u4fe1\u606f\u7d20\u7684\u5206\u6ccc\u57281\u79d2\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u5185\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u5b8c\u6210[66]\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u4fe1\u606f\u7d20\u53ef\u4ee5\u6301\u7eed\u597d\u51e0\u5206\u949f[67]\uff0c\u4f7f\u5f97\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4fe1\u606f\u5728\u8f83\u957f\u7684\u4e00\u6bb5\u65f6\u95f4\u5185\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u7fa4\u4f53\u6210\u5458\u63a5\u6536\u5230\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u793e\u4f1a\u6027\u6606\u866b\u4e2a\u4f53\u95f4\u7684\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\u5f80\u5f80\u6bd4\u9c7c\u7fa4\u548c\u9e1f\u7fa4\u8fd0\u52a8\u901f\u5ea6\u548c\u65b9\u5411\u53d8\u5316\u66f4\u6162\uff0c\u4f46\u8fd9\u79cd\u6a21\u5f0f\u4ecd\u7136\u53ef\u4ee5\u7f16\u7801\u5927\u91cf\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u98df\u7269\u6e90\u7684\u8ddd\u79bb\u548c\u65b9\u5411[63-65]\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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\u56db\u3001\u4e2d\u7b49\u65f6\u95f4\u5c3a\u5ea6\uff08\u6570\u5206\u949f\u3001\u6570\u5c0f\u65f6\u548c\u6570\u5929\uff09<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n

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<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/h3>\n

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\u867d\u7136\u4e2a\u4f53\u95f4\u7684\u4ea4\u4e92\u53ef\u4ee5\u975e\u5e38\u8fc5\u901f\uff0c\u4f46\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4ea4\u4e92\u53ef\u4ee5\u4ea7\u751f\u5728\u66f4\u957f\u65f6\u95f4\u5c3a\u5ea6\u4e0a\u53d1\u751f\u53d8\u5316\u7684\u7fa4\u4f53\u6c34\u5e73\u7684\u96c6\u4f53\u5c5e\u6027\u3002\u6709\u8bc1\u636e\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u5728\u6ca1\u6709\u5916\u754c\u5f71\u54cd\u4e0b\u9c7c\u7fa4[68]\u548c\u7f8a\u7fa4[19]\u7684\u5bc6\u5ea6<\/span>\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\u4e2a\u4f53\u95f4\u7684\u7a7a\u95f4\uff09<\/span>\u4f1a\u968f\u65f6\u95f4\u53d8\u5316\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u96c6\u4f53\u72b6\u6001\u53d8\u91cf\u7684\u6539\u53d8\u662f\u7531\u4e8e\u4e2a\u4f53\u4e60\u60ef\u72b6\u6001\u7684\u51b2\u7a81\u6240\u81f4\u7684[46]\u3002\u96c6\u4f53\u7279\u6027\u53d8\u5316\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u5c3a\u5ea6\u53ef\u80fd\u548c\u7fa4\u4f53\u89c4\u6a21\u6709\u5173\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\u8757\u866b\u7fa4\u4f53\u7684\u884c\u8fdb\u65b9\u5411\u5728\u6ca1\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u5916\u5728\u5f71\u54cd\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u4f1a\u968f\u7740\u65f6\u95f4\u800c\u53d1\u751f\u504f\u8f6c\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u8fd9\u79cd\u504f\u8f6c\u7684\u53d1\u751f\u7387\u4f1a\u968f\u7740\u4e2a\u4f53\u6570\u91cf\u7684\u589e\u52a0\u800c\u4e0b\u964d[33]\uff0c\u540e\u6765\u8bc1\u660e\u8fd9\u662f\u7531\u8757\u866b\u4e4b\u95f4\u540c\u7c7b\u76f8\u98df\u9020\u6210\u7684[31]\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u8757\u866b\u548c\u9c7c\u7c7b\u5728\u5f62\u6001\u3001\u611f\u53d7\u548c\u8ba4\u77e5\u7279\u5f81\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u96c6\u7fa4\u7684\u539f\u56e0\u65b9\u9762\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u4f46\u8fd9\u7c7b\u5bf9\u7fa4\u4f53\u5927\u5c0f\u7684\u4f9d\u8d56\u6027\u4e5f\u5728\u9c7c\u7fa4\u4e2d\u5f97\u5230\u4e86\u8bc1\u5b9e[32]\u3002\u5728\u91d1\u8272\u9cca\u9c7c<\/span>\uff08Notemigonus crysoleucas\uff09<\/span>\u4e2d\uff0c\u7fa4\u4f53\u7684\u6781\u5316\u7a0b\u5ea6<\/span>\uff08\u9c7c\u7fa4\u5728\u540c\u4e00\u65b9\u5411\u6392\u5217\u3001\u6e38\u52a8\uff09<\/span>\u5728\u66f4\u5927\u7684\u7fa4\u4f53\u89c4\u6a21\u4e0b\u53d8\u5f97\u66f4\u52a0\u7a33\u5b9a[32]\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\u5c3d\u7ba1\u7fa4\u4f53\u4e2d\u7684\u4e24\u4e2a\u4e2a\u4f53\u95f4\u53ef\u4ee5\u8fc5\u901f\u4ea4\u6362\u4fe1\u606f\uff0c\u4f46\u7531\u4e8e\u7fa4\u4f53\u7ea7\u522b\u7684\u51b3\u7b56\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u81ea\u7ec4\u7ec7\u548c\u53bb\u4e2d\u5fc3\u5316\u8fc7\u7a0b\u5f62\u6210\u7684\u8bb8\u591a<\/span>\u51b3\u7b56\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u51b3\u7b56\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u5c3a\u5ea6\u8981\u6bd4\u4e2a\u4f53\u4ea4\u4e92\u66f4\u957f<\/span><\/strong>\u3002\u96c6\u4f53\u51b3\u7b56\u5728\u793e\u4f1a\u6027\u6606\u866b\u4e2d\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u6700\u4e3a\u5e7f\u6cdb\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u5728\u89c5\u98df\u4ee5\u53ca\u8fc1\u79fb\u5230\u65b0\u5de2\u7a74\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u3002\u8fd9\u9879\u5de5\u4f5c\u8868\u660e\u96c6\u4f53\u51b3\u7b56\u8fbe\u6210\u5171\u8bc6\u662f\u9700\u8981\u65f6\u95f4\u7684\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u5bfb\u627e\u98df\u7269\u6216\u5de2\u7a74\u4f4d\u7f6e\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\u4e00\u4e2a\u5178\u578b\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\u662f\u8682\u8681\u5728\u89c5\u98df\u65f6\u5206\u6ccc\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u7d20\u5982\u4f55\u5f62\u6210\u89c5\u98df\u8def\u5f84[61,62,66,69]\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u4ece\u98df\u7269\u6e90\u8fd4\u56de\u7684\u89c5\u98df\u8005\u901a\u8fc7\u6c89\u79ef\u4fe1\u606f\u7d20\u6765\u62db\u52df\u540e\u7eed\u89c5\u98df\u8005\u6765\u5230\u98df\u7269\u6e90\uff0c\u540e\u8005\u6c89\u79ef\u4e86\u989d\u5916\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u7d20\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u5438\u5f15\u89c5\u98df\u8005\u524d\u5f80\u98df\u7269\u6e90\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u6b63\u53cd\u9988\u9010\u6e10\u5efa\u7acb\u8d77\u4e00\u6761\u89c5\u98df\u8def\u5f84\uff0c\u5e76\u5728\u6709\u591a\u79cd\u540c\u7b49\u8d28\u91cf\u7684\u98df\u7269\u6765\u6e90\u65f6\u5bfc\u81f4\u4e0d\u6210\u6bd4\u4f8b\u5730\u4f7f\u7528\u4e00\u79cd\u98df\u7269\u6765\u6e90<\/span>\uff08\u8fd9\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u5bf9\u79f0\u6027\u7834\u7f3a[69]\uff09<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\u6cd5\u5b9a\u4eba\u6570\u51b3\u7b56<\/span>\uff08Quorum decision making\uff09<\/span>\u662f\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u7ecf\u8fc7\u5145\u5206\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\uff0c\u8868\u660e\u96c6\u4f53\u51b3\u7b56\u4e3a\u4f55\u6bd4\u4fc3\u6210\u96c6\u4f53\u7ed3\u679c\u7684\u4e2a\u4f53\u51b3\u7b56\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u66f4\u957f[70]\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u5f53\u7fa4\u4f53\u4e2d\u9009\u62e9\u67d0\u4e00\u9009\u9879\u7684\u4e2a\u4f53\u6570\u76ee<\/span>\uff08\u6216\u7fa4\u4f53\u6bd4\u4f8b\uff09<\/span>\u8fbe\u5230\u9608\u503c\u65f6\uff0c\u5c1a\u672a\u505a\u51fa\u51b3\u5b9a\u7684\u4e2a\u4f53\u590d\u5236\u8be5\u9009\u9879\u7684\u6982\u7387\u6025\u5267\u589e\u52a0\uff0c\u6b64\u65f6\u4e5f\u80fd\u89e6\u53d1\u5bf9\u9009\u62e9\u504f\u597d\u7684\u6b63\u53cd\u9988\u6548\u5e94\u3002\u5728\u4e00\u79cd\u53ebTemnothorax albipennis\u7684\u8682\u8681\u4e2d\uff0c\u5b58\u5728\u8bc1\u636e\u8868\u660e\u5728\u5355\u4f4d\u65f6\u95f4\u5185\u4e2a\u4f53\u76f8\u78b0\u7684\u6b21\u6570<\/span>\uff08\u76f8\u78b0\u7387\uff09<\/span>\u662f\u81f4\u4f7f\u4e2a\u4f53\u51b3\u5b9a\u5bf9\u67d0\u4e00\u7279\u5b9a\u9009\u62e9\u4e2a\u6570\u9608\u503c\u662f\u5426\u8fbe\u5230\u7684\u8fd1\u4f3c\u673a\u5236\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u7c7b\u4f3c\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u5728\u519c\u7530\u8681\u4e2d\u4e5f\u4f1a\u51fa\u73b0\uff0c\u662f\u5426\u79bb\u5f00\u5de2\u7a74\u53bb\u89c5\u98df\u7684\u51b3\u7b56\u4f1a\u53d7\u5230\u89c5\u98df\u8fd4\u56de\u5de2\u7a74\u8682\u8681\u7684\u6570\u91cf\u591a\u5c11\u7684\u5f71\u54cd[59]\u3002\u4e2a\u4f53\u5c42\u9762\u4fe1\u606f\u5728\u957f\u65f6\u95f4\u8303\u56f4\u7684\u79ef\u7d2f\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u5f3a\u8c03\u4e86\u65f6\u95f4\u5bf9\u96c6\u4f53\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\u4e2a\u4f53\u5c42\u9762\u4fe1\u606f\u7684\u96c6\u4e2d\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e3a\u52a8\u7269\u7fa4\u4f53\u63d0\u4f9b\u6bd4\u6784\u6210\u8be5\u7fa4\u4f53\u7684\u4e2a\u4f53\u66f4\u5f3a\u7684\u51b3\u7b56\u8ba4\u77e5\u80fd\u529b<\/span>[72\u201374]\u3002\u4e0d\u8fc7\uff0c\u5728\u4e00\u4e9b\u793e\u4f1a\u6027\u6606\u866b\u7684\u96c6\u4f53\u51b3\u7b56\u4e2d\u5f88\u660e\u663e\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u7fa4\u4f53\u5c42\u9762\u7684\u51b3\u7b56\u53ef\u80fd\u6d89\u53ca\u4e0d\u540c\u96c6\u4f53\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u51e0\u4e2a\u4e0d\u540c\u9636\u6bb5\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u7fa4\u4f53\u51b3\u7b56\u7684\u5f62\u6210\u5fc5\u987b\u82b1\u8d39\u6bd4\u5176\u4e2d\u4efb\u4f55\u4e00\u4e2a\u9636\u6bb5\u90fd\u8981\u82b1\u8d39\u66f4\u957f\u7684\u65f6\u95f4<\/strong>\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\u4f8b\u5982\u5728Temnothorax rugatulus\u8fd9\u79cd\u8682\u8681\u4e2d\uff0c\u5de2\u7a74\u7684\u9009\u62e9\u4ece\u4fa6\u67e5\u8681\u53d1\u73b0\u6f5c\u5728\u7b51\u5de2\u4f4d\u7f6e\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u901a\u8fc7\u5e76\u884c<\/span>\uff08tandem running\uff09<\/span>\u65b9\u5f0f\u62db\u52df\u8681\u7fa4\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u6210\u5458\u5f00\u59cb[75]\uff0c\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u201c\u660e\u667a\u201d\u7684\u4fa6\u67e5\u8681\u5f15\u5bfc\u5176\u4ed6\u8682\u8681\u5230\u8fbe\u6f5c\u5728\u5de2\u7a74\u3002\u4e00\u65e6\u9009\u62e9\u5de2\u7a74\u7684\u4e2a\u4f53\u6570\u91cf\u5230\u8fbe\u9608\u503c\uff0c\u8681\u7fa4\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u4fbf\u8f6c\u5411\u8fd0\u8f93\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5148\u524d\u5230\u6765\u7684\u8681\u7fa4\u4f1a\u4eb2\u81ea\u5e26\u9886\u5176\u4ed6\u8682\u8681\u6765\u5230\u8fd9\u4e00\u5de2\u7a74[24]\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

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\u5728\u6bd4\u5355\u4e2a\u96c6\u4f53\u52a8\u4f5c\u66f4\u957f\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u5c3a\u5ea6\u4e0a\uff0c\u8bb8\u591a\u7814\u7a76\u63a2\u7d22\u4e86\u52a8\u7269\u7fa4\u4f53\u91cd\u590d\u67d0\u4e2a\u96c6\u4f53\u884c\u4e3a\u3002Biro\u7b49\u4eba\u7684\u7efc\u8ff0\u8be6\u7ec6\u4ecb\u7ecd\u4e86\u4e2a\u4f53\u7684\u5b66\u4e60\u5982\u4f55\u5f71\u54cd\u96c6\u4f53\u884c\u4e3a<\/strong>\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u9886\u57df\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u901a\u5e38\u4f1a\u5728\u96c6\u4f53\u4efb\u52a1\u4e2d\u5bf9\u540c\u4e00\u4e2a\u4f53\u53cd\u590d\u6d4b\u8bd5[9]\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u91cd\u590d\u7684\u6d4b\u8bd5\u5bf9\u96c6\u4f53\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u5404\u4e2a\u65b9\u9762\u90fd\u6709\u91cd\u8981\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u8682\u8681\u548c\u871c\u8702\u7684\u7b51\u5de2[79,80]\uff0c\u9e3d\u5b50\u7684\u5f52\u5de2[81,82]\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u9c7c\u7fa4\u7684\u96c6\u4f53\u8fd0\u52a8[83,84]\u4ee5\u53ca\u51b3\u7b56[85,86]\u3002<\/span>\u5b66\u4e60\u662f\u4e2a\u4f53\u72b6\u6001\u5f71\u54cd\u96c6\u4f53\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u7275\u6d89\u5230\u4e86\u4e2a\u4f53\u77e5\u8bc6\u8fd9\u4e00\u72b6\u6001\u7684\u589e\u52a0\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

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<\/section>\n

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\u5982\u524d\u6587\u6240\u8ff0\uff0c\u4e2a\u4f53\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u7279\u5f81\u5dee\u5f02\u5728\u96c6\u4f53\u884c\u4e3a\u4e2d\u53ef\u80fd\u5f88\u91cd\u8981\uff1a\u52a8\u7269\u7684\u53d1\u80b2\u4f1a\u4ea7\u751f\u76f8\u5e94\u7684\u53d8\u5316\uff0c\u5f53\u4e2a\u4f53\u9010\u6e10\u6210\u719f\u65f6\uff0c\u5f80\u5f80\u4f34\u968f\u7740\u751f\u7406\u3001\u5f62\u6001\u3001\u611f\u89c9\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e0e\u8ba4\u77e5\u7684\u6539\u53d8\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u90fd\u4f1a\u5f71\u54cd\u5230\u96c6\u4f53\u884c\u4e3a<\/strong>[93]\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u76f8\u8f83\u4e8e\u8f83\u77ed\u65f6\u95f4\u5c3a\u5ea6\u4e0a\u53d8\u5316\u7684\u4e2a\u4f53\u6c34\u5e73\u7279\u5f81<\/span>\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\u77e5\u8bc6\u548c\u80fd\u91cf\u72b6\u6001\u53d8\u5316\uff09<\/span>\u6216\u90a3\u4e9b\u5728\u52a8\u7269\u4e00\u751f\u4e2d\u4e00\u6210\u4e0d\u53d8\u7684\u7279\u5f81<\/span>\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\u6027\u522b\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u4e0e\u5e74\u9f84\u6709\u5173\u7684\u53d8\u5316\u5728\u96c6\u4f53\u884c\u4e3a\u9886\u57df\u4e2d\u4e00\u76f4\u76f8\u5bf9\u88ab\u5ffd\u89c6\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\u9c7c\u7c7b\u65e9\u671f\u7684\u96c6\u7fa4\u884c\u4e3a\u662f\u96c6\u4f53\u884c\u4e3a\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u5df2\u7ecf\u5f15\u8d77\u4e86\u4e00\u4e9b\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u5173\u6ce8\u3002\u8fd9\u9879\u7814\u7a76\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u9c7c\u7684\u5e7c\u866b\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u4ece\u51fa\u751f\u8d77\u5c31\u8868\u73b0\u51fa\u96c6\u4f53\u884c\u4e3a\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u968f\u7740\u4e2a\u4f53\u7684\u6210\u957f\u800c\u9010\u6e10\u53d1\u5c55<\/strong>\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\u4ee5\u897f\u73ed\u7259\u9cad\u9c7c<\/span>\uff08Scomberomorus niphonius\uff09<\/span>\u4e3a\u4f8b\uff0c\u90bb\u8fd1\u4e2a\u4f53\u7684\u8ddd\u79bb\u548c\u671d\u540c\u4e00\u65b9\u5411\u6e38\u52a8\u7684\u534f\u8c03\u9c7c\u7fa4<\/span>\uff08\u8868\u73b0\u4e3a\u6781\u5316\u4f5c\u7528\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u662f\u5728\u9c7c\u5375\u5b75\u5316\u540e17-19\u5929\u5f62\u6210\u7684\uff0c\u5230\u4e8619-23\u5929\u8fd9\u4e00\u7279\u5f81\u4e0d\u518d\u53d8\u5316[101]\u3002\u76f8\u6bd4\u4e4b\u4e0b\uff0cNakayama\u7b49\u4eba[102]\u53d1\u73b0\u65e5\u672c\u9cad\u9c7c<\/span>\uff08Scomber japonicus\uff09<\/span>\u4ece\u5b75\u5316\u540e10\u5929\u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u4e2a\u4f53\u4e0e\u90bb\u5c45\u7684\u6781\u5316\u9010\u6e10\u589e\u52a0\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e5f\u53d1\u73b0\u5728\u8be5\u7269\u79cd\u4e2d\uff0c\u6765\u81ea\u540c\u79cd\u5f02\u4f53\u7684\u6050\u60e7\u523a\u6fc0\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u7ebf\u7d22\u76f4\u5230\u4e24\u5468\u540e\u624d\u5728\u53d1\u80b2\u4e2d\u8bf1\u5bfc\u53cd\u5e94\uff0c\u5e76\u5c06\u8fd9\u4e9b\u96c6\u4f53\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u53d1\u80b2-\u5fc3\u7406\u53d8\u5316\u4e0e\u8fd9\u4e00\u65f6\u671f\u89c6\u795e\u7ecf\u9876\u76d6\u4f53\u79ef\u7684\u53d8\u5316\u8054\u7cfb\u8d77\u6765\u3002\u65e9\u671f\u89c6\u89c9\u7cfb\u7edf\u53d1\u80b2\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u4e5f\u5728\u6761\u7eb9\u6d77\u9cb7<\/span>\uff08Pseudocaranx dentex\uff09<\/span>\u4e2d\u5f97\u5230\u4e86\u8bc1\u660e\uff0c\u66f4\u5927\u4f53\u578b<\/span>\uff08\u66f4\u5e74\u957f\uff09<\/span>\u7684\u9c7c\u76f8\u6bd4\u5c0f\u9c7c<\/span>\uff08\u5e74\u8f7b\u7684\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u66f4\u6697\u7684\u5149\u7167\u6761\u4ef6\u4e0b\u8fdb\u884c\u96c6\u7fa4[103]\u3002\u4e3a\u96c6\u4f53\u8fd0\u52a8\u7684\u53d1\u80b2\u6539\u53d8\u63d0\u4f9b\u611f\u5b98\u57fa\u7840\u9610\u660e\u4e86\u96c6\u4f53\u884c\u4e3a\u5dee\u5f02\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u8fd1\u4f3c\u673a\u5236\uff0c\u6709\u5173\u8fd9\u4e00\u89c2\u70b9\uff0cJolles\u7b49\u4eba\u5728\u5176\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u8be6\u7ec6\u63a2\u8ba8[93]\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\u4ece\u53d1\u80b2\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u6765\u7814\u7a76\u96c6\u4f53\u884c\u4e3a\uff0c\u6591\u9a6c\u9c7c<\/span>\uff08Daniorerio\uff09<\/span>\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u975e\u5e38\u5178\u578b\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u7269\u79cd\u5728\u81ea\u7136[104]\u548c\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5ba4[105]\u6761\u4ef6\u4e0b\u90fd\u53ef\u4ee5\u96c6\u7fa4\uff0c\u662f\u53d1\u80b2\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u548c\u9057\u4f20\u5b66\u4e2d\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u810a\u690e\u52a8\u7269\u6a21\u578b[106]\u3002\u4e00\u4e9b\u7814\u7a76\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u6591\u9a6c\u9c7c\u6709\u6f5c\u529b\u6269\u5c55\u6211\u4eec\u5bf9\u96c6\u4f53\u884c\u4e3a\u65e9\u671f\u4e2a\u4f53\u53d1\u751f<\/span>\uff08the early ontogeny\uff09<\/span>\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u3002\u4e0e\u5176\u4ed6\u9c7c\u7c7b\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u8bc1\u636e\u8868\u660e\u96c6\u4f53\u884c\u4e3a\u662f\u5728\u6591\u9a6c\u9c7c\u751f\u547d\u7684\u5934\u51e0\u5929\u5c31\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u5728\u5b83\u4eec\u751f\u547d\u65e9\u671f\uff0c\u51dd\u805a\u529b\u968f\u65f6\u95f4\u7f13\u6162\u589e\u52a0<\/span>\uff08\u5c06\u4e2a\u4f53\u5c3a\u5bf8\u4f5c\u4e3a\u53d8\u91cf\u52a0\u4ee5\u63a7\u5236\uff09<\/span>[107,108]\u3002\u6709\u7814\u7a76\u8fd8\u628a\u8fd9\u4e00\u7269\u79cd\u96c6\u4f53\u884c\u4e3a\u4e2d\u7684\u4e2a\u4f53\u53d1\u751f\u4e0e\u5927\u8111\u4e2d\u591a\u5df4\u80fa\u6c34\u5e73\u5173\u8054\u8d77\u6765[109]\u3002\u603b\u4e4b\uff0c\u8fd9\u8868\u660e\u6591\u9a6c\u9c7c\u5728\u96c6\u4f53\u884c\u4e3a\u4e2d\u8868\u73b0\u51fa\u4e0e\u5176\u4ed6\u7269\u79cd\u76f8\u4f3c\u7684\u53d1\u80b2\u6a21\u5f0f\uff0c\u8fd9\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u975e\u5e38\u6709\u4ef7\u503c\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u4f53\u7cfb\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u7814\u7a76\u5728\u65e9\u671f\u4e2a\u4f53\u53d1\u80b2\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u5bf9\u4e2a\u4f53\u548c\u96c6\u4f53\u884c\u4e3a\u4ea7\u751f\u53d8\u5316\u7684\u8fd1\u4f3c\u673a\u5236\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\u7fa4\u4f53\u51b3\u7b56\u4e2d\u5e74\u9f84\u5bf9\u9886\u5bfc\u529b\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027<\/strong>\uff0c\u662f\u4e2a\u4f53\u53d1\u751f\u5bf9\u96c6\u4f53\u884c\u4e3a\u4ea7\u751f\u91cd\u8981\u5f71\u54cd\u7684\u53e6\u4e00\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u3002\u5173\u4e8e\u8fd9\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u5728\u5206\u7c7b\u5b66\u4e0a\u6bd4\u90a3\u4e9b\u7814\u7a76\u96c6\u4f53\u8fd0\u52a8\u7684\u65e9\u671f\u5f00\u59cb\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u66f4\u591a\u6837\u5316\uff0c\u4e0d\u4ec5\u5173\u6ce8\u5230\u524d\u6587\u63a2\u8ba8\u8fc7\u7684\u90a3\u4e9b\u9c7c\u7c7b\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u8fd8\u5f3a\u8c03\u4e86\u66f4\u8001\u3001\u66f4\u6709\u7ecf\u9a8c\u4e2a\u4f53\u5728\u7fa4\u4f53\u4e2d\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\u7814\u7a76\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u5e74\u8001\u4e2a\u4f53\u5f80\u5f80\u5904\u4e8e\u79fb\u52a8\u7fa4\u4f53\u7684\u524d\u9762\uff0c\u5728\u90a3\u91cc\u4ed6\u4eec\u901a\u5e38\u5bf9\u7fa4\u4f53\u7684\u8fd0\u52a8\u65b9\u5411\u6709\u66f4\u5927\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u5728\u5927\u767d\u5934\u9e45<\/span>\uff08Anser albifrons\uff09<\/span>[110]\u3001\u864e\u9cb8<\/span>\uff08Orcinus orca\uff09<\/span>[111]\u548c\u9e9d\u9e7f<\/span>\uff08Ovibos  moschatus\uff09<\/span>[112]\u4e2d\u90fd\u53d1\u73b0\u4e86\u6b64\u7c7b\u73b0\u8c61\u3002\u76f8\u4f3c\u5730\uff0c\u5f53\u7fa4\u4f53\u5185\u5e74\u9f84\u5206\u5316\u8d8a\u5927\u65f6\uff0c\u9886\u5bfc\u8005\u548c\u8ddf\u968f\u8005\u7684\u89d2\u8272\u5206\u5316\u5c31\u8d8a\u7a33\u5b9a[113]\u3002\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u7fa4\u4f53\u4e2d\u6709\u66f4\u8001\u3001\u66f4\u6709\u7ecf\u9a8c\u4e2a\u4f53\u5bf9\u90a3\u4e9b\u8ddf\u968f\u8005\u800c\u8a00\u4e5f\u662f\u6709\u76ca\u7684\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u7f8e\u6d32\u9e64<\/span>\uff08Grus  americana\uff09<\/span>[114]\u7684\u8fc1\u5f99\u4ee5\u53ca\u975e\u6d32\u8c61<\/span>\uff08Loxodonta africana\uff09<\/span>[115]\u8eb2\u907f\u6355\u98df\u8005\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\u4e2a\u4f53\u5e74\u9f84\u5bf9\u96c6\u4f53\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u7814\u7a76\u6700\u6df1\u5165\u7684\u662f\u793e\u4f1a\u6027\u6606\u866b\u7fa4\u4f53\u5185\u7684\u52b3\u52a8\u5206\u5de5[116]\u3002\u8bb8\u591a\u7fa4\u5c45\u6606\u866b\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u8005<\/span>\uff08\u5982\u5de5\u8702\u7b49\uff09<\/span>\u968f\u7740\u5e74\u9f84\u7684\u589e\u957f\uff0c\u4ece\u5de2\u5185\u7684\u4efb\u52a1\uff0c\u5982\u7167\u987e\u5e7c\u5d3d\uff0c\u8f6c\u5411\u66f4\u5371\u9669\u7684\u4efb\u52a1\uff0c\u5982\u89c5\u98df\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u73b0\u8c61\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a<\/span>\u5e74\u9f84<\/span>\uff08\u6216\u65f6\u95f4\uff09<\/span>\u884c\u4e3a\u591a\u6001<\/span><\/strong>\uff08age polyethism \uff09<\/span>[117]\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\u4e0e\u90a3\u4e9b\u539f\u59cb\u7fa4\u5c45\u6027\u7684\u7269\u79cd\u76f8\u6bd4\uff0c\u5e74\u9f84\u884c\u4e3a\u591a\u6001\u901a\u5e38\u5728\u5177\u6709\u66f4\u9ad8\u7ea7\u7684\u7fa4\u5c45\u6027\u7269\u79cd\u4e2d\u66f4\u4e3a\u660e\u663e[118]\uff0c\u8fd9\u8868\u660e\u5e74\u9f84\u884c\u4e3a\u591a\u6001\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u6709\u52a9\u4e8e\u5b8c\u5168\u793e\u4f1a\u6027\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u9ad8\u5ea6\u5148\u8fdb\u7684\u96c6\u4f53\u884c\u4e3a\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u793e\u4f1a\u73af\u5883\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f71\u54cd\u67d0\u4e9b\u7269\u79cd\u4e2d\u4e2a\u4f53\u6539\u53d8\u4efb\u52a1\u7684\u5e74\u9f84[119]\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u7fa4\u4f53\u4e2d\u89c5\u98df\u8005\u7684\u7f3a\u4e4f\u4f1a\u4f7f\u5e74\u8f7b\u4e2a\u4f53\u5728\u8f83\u65e9\u7684\u65f6\u5019\u5f00\u59cb\u89c5\u98df\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u5728\u871c\u8702<\/span>\uff08A mellifera\uff09<\/span>\u4e2d\u88ab\u8bc1\u5b9e\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u8fd9\u4e00\u6539\u53d8\u8fd8\u4e0e\u5e74\u8f7b\u5de5\u8702\u4f53\u5185\u7684\u6fc0\u7d20\u53d8\u5316\u6709\u5173[97]\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u57fa\u56e0\u8868\u8fbe[120]\u3001\u8102\u8d28\u50a8\u5907[121]\u3001\u808c\u8089[122]\u548c\u5927\u8111\u5f62\u6001[123]\u65b9\u9762\u627e\u5230\u66f4\u591a\u4e0e\u4e2a\u4f53\u6267\u884c\u4efb\u52a1\u6709\u5173\u7684\u8bc1\u636e[121]\u3002\u6709\u8da3\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u5c06\u5e74\u9f84\u548c\u7ecf\u9a8c\u533a\u5206\u5f00\u6765\uff0c\u6709\u8bc1\u636e\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u5904\u7406\u4e0d\u540c\u4efb\u52a1\u7684\u7ecf\u9a8c\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u5e74\u9f84\u672c\u8eab\uff0c\u662f\u5bfc\u81f4\u8fd9\u4e9b\u53d8\u5316\u7684\u9a71\u52a8\u56e0\u7d20[121,123]\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u867d\u7136\u5e74\u9f84\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u56e0\u7d20\uff0c\u5982\u793e\u4f1a\u73af\u5883<\/span>\uff08\u53c2\u4e0e\u4e0d\u540c\u4efb\u52a1\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u4e2a\u4f53\u7684\u6570\u91cf\uff09<\/span>\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u89e6\u53d1\u4e2a\u4f53\u5728\u4e0d\u540c\u4efb\u52a1\u4e0b\u7684\u53d8\u5316\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u4e2a\u4f53\u5c42\u9762\u7684\u53d8\u5316\u662f\u7531\u4efb\u52a1\u7ecf\u9a8c\u5f15\u8d77\u7684\u3002\u4e2a\u4f53\u53c2\u4e0e\u4e0d\u540c\u4efb\u52a1\u7684\u5e74\u9f84\u7075\u6d3b\u6027\u52a0\u5f3a\u4e86\u7fa4\u4f53\u5728\u4e0d\u540c\u6761\u4ef6\u53d8\u5316\u4e0b\u7684\u53ef\u53d8\u6027\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u5728\u5e74\u9f84\u884c\u4e3a\u591a\u6001\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u4e0b\uff0c\u5de5\u8702\u7b49\u5de5\u4f5c\u8005\u53ef\u4ee5\u53d1\u6325\u66f4\u4e3a\u6709\u6548\u7684\u4f18\u52bf\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\u867d\u7136\u5df2\u7ecf\u6709\u76f8\u5f53\u591a\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u8c03\u67e5\u751f\u7406\u3001\u611f\u89c9\u7cfb\u7edf\u548c\u884c\u4e3a\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u5728\u4e2a\u4f53\u751f\u547d\u65e9\u671f\u53d1\u80b2\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u51e0\u4e4e\u6ca1\u6709\u7814\u7a76\u5173\u6ce8\u8fd9\u4e9b\u53d1\u80b2\u5e26\u6765\u7684\u6539\u53d8\u600e\u6837\u5f71\u54cd\u96c6\u4f53\u884c\u4e3a\u3002\u5728\u4e2a\u4f53\u53d1\u80b2\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u4f1a\u7ecf\u5386\u751f\u6001\u73af\u5883\u7684\u53d8\u5316\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u53d8\u5f97\u66f4\u5bb9\u6613\u6216\u66f4\u4e0d\u5bb9\u6613\u53d7\u5230\u6355\u98df\u8005\u653b\u51fb\uff0c\u5f00\u59cb\u5bfb\u627e\u914d\u5076\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u5728\u65b0\u73af\u5883\u4e0b\u6816\u606f\u3002\u76ee\u524d\u5c1a\u4e0d\u6e05\u695a\u96c6\u4f53\u884c\u4e3a\u6a21\u5f0f\u5982\u4f55\u5e94\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e9b\u53d8\u5316\u5e26\u6765\u7684\u538b\u529b\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u96c6\u4f53\u884c\u4e3a\u5982\u4f55\u5e2e\u52a9\u7f13\u89e3\u8fd9\u4e9b\u9700\u6c42\u3002\u901a\u8fc7\u672c\u8282\u5185\u5bb9\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u770b\u5230\u4e86\u591a\u79cd\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u9014\u5f84\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4ece\u66f4\u5168\u9762\u3001\u66f4\u957f\u671f\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u6765\u770b\u5f85\u8d2f\u7a7f\u52a8\u7269\u4e00\u751f\u7684\u96c6\u4f53\u884c\u4e3a\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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\u516d\u3001\u5728\u8fdb\u5316\u65f6\u95f4\u5c3a\u5ea6\u4e0a\u7684\u53d8\u5316<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n

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<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/h3>\n

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\u5728\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u5c3a\u5ea6\u4e2d\uff0c\u96c6\u4f53\u884c\u4e3a\u7814\u7a76\u5728\u6700\u957f\u65f6\u95f4\u5373\u4ee3\u9645\u95f4\u7684\u53d8\u5316\u4e0a\uff0c\u8fdb\u5c55\u6700\u6162\u3002\u4ee4\u4eba\u60ca\u8bb6\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u7fa4\u5c45\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u529f\u80fd\u89e3\u91ca<\/span>\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\u5ef7\u8d1d\u4ea8\u56db\u95ee\u4e2d\u7684\u9002\u5e94\u4ef7\u503c[8]\uff09<\/span>\u5df2\u6709\u51e0\u5341\u5e74\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u5386\u53f2\u4e86[1\u20133]\uff0c\u5927\u91cf\u96c6\u4f53\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u76ca\u5904\u5df2\u7ecf\u88ab\u8bc1\u5b9e[22,24,36,46\u201348,65,74]\u3002\u5728\u6b64\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u6765\u56de\u987e\u4e00\u4e0b\u90a3\u4e9b\u5df2\u7ecf\u88ab\u7528\u4e8e\u7814\u7a76\u96c6\u4f53\u884c\u4e3a\u8fdb\u5316\u53f2\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\u8fdb\u5316\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u5bb6\u5de5\u5177\u7bb1\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u6838\u5fc3\u5de5\u5177\u662f\u6bd4\u8f83\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u5bf9\u6bd4\u4e0d\u540c\u7269\u79cd\u7684\u6027\u72b6\u3002\u4e0e\u8fdb\u5316\u6811\u63d0\u4f9b\u7684\u5173\u4e8e\u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u7269\u79cd\u6709\u591a\u5c11\u4eb2\u7f18\u6027\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u76f8\u7ed3\u5408\uff0c\u4fbf\u53ef\u4ee5\u63ed\u9732\u7269\u79cd\u95f4\u7684\u76f8\u4f3c\u6027\u72b6\u662f\u6765\u81ea\u540c\u4e00\u7956\u5148\u8fd8\u662f\u5404\u81ea\u72ec\u7acb\u8fdb\u5316\u800c\u6765\u7684<\/strong><\/span>\uff08\u8d8b\u540c\u8fdb\u5316\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u5728\u793e\u4f1a\u6027\u6606\u866b\u7fa4\u4f53\u4e2d\uff0c\u8702\u540e\u548c\u5de5\u8702\u7b49\u7ea7\u7684\u5206\u5316\u5c31\u662f\u8d8b\u540c\u8fdb\u5316\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u4f8b\u5b50\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u7279\u6027\u5728\u871c\u8702\u3001\u8682\u8681\u548c\u9ec4\u8702\u7684\u8fdb\u5316\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u6709\u591a\u79cd\u8d77\u6e90[124]\u3002\u6bd4\u8f83\u7814\u7a76\u8fd8\u53ef\u4ee5\u68c0\u9a8c\u7269\u79cd\u95f4\u7684\u591a\u79cd\u6027\u72b6\u662f\u5426\u76f8\u5173\uff0c\u8fd9\u6807\u5fd7\u7740\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6027\u72b6\u7684\u534f\u540c\u8fdb\u5316\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u8b66\u6212\u8272<\/span>\uff08aposematism\uff09<\/span>\u4e0e\u6bdb\u6bdb\u866b\u4ece\u7fa4\u5c45\u5230\u72ec\u5c45\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\u8fc7\u6e21\u6709\u5173[125]\uff0c\u5b8c\u5168\u793e\u4f1a\u6027\u4e0e\u9ec4\u8702\u5927\u8111\u4e2d\u592e\u5904\u7406\u533a\u57df\u5927\u5c0f\u7684\u51cf\u5c0f\u6709\u5173[126]\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u9e1f\u7c7b\u7684\u957f\u9014\u8fc1\u5f99\u4e0e\u98de\u884c\u65f6\u66f4\u5927\u7684\u9e1f\u7fa4\u6709\u5173[127]\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\u8fd9\u4e9b\u63a2\u7d22\u793e\u4f1a\u884c\u4e3a\u8fdb\u5316\u53f2\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u6d4b\u91cf\u65b9\u6cd5\u901a\u5e38\u91c7\u7528\u662f\u8f83\u4e3a\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u7279\u5f81\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u5b8c\u5168\u793e\u4f1a\u6027\u7684\u7a0b\u5ea6\u6216\u7fa4\u4f53\u89c4\u6a21\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6570\u636e\u901a\u5e38\u9884\u5148\u5b58\u5728\u4e8e\u79d1\u5b66\u6587\u732e\u6216\u50cf FishBase [128]\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u4e2d\uff0c\u4fc3\u8fdb\u4e86\u8bb8\u591a\u7269\u79cd\u7684\u6bd4\u8f83\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u63d0\u9ad8\u4e86\u6d4b\u8bd5\u80fd\u529b\uff0c\u5e76\u53ef\u4ee5\u5c06\u7cfb\u7edf\u53d1\u80b2<\/span>\uff08\u7269\u79cd\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u8fdb\u5316\u4eb2\u7f18\u5173\u7cfb\uff09<\/span>\u56ca\u62ec\u5728\u5206\u6790\u4e2d\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u8bb8\u591a\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u611f\u5174\u8da3\u7684\u96c6\u4f53\u884c\u4e3a\u9700\u8981\u82b1\u8d39\u5927\u91cf\u7684\u52aa\u529b\u53bb\u6d4b\u91cf\u548c\u5b9a\u91cf<\/span>\uff08\u901a\u5e38\u8fd9\u4e9b\u96c6\u4f53\u884c\u4e3a\u662f\u5728\u524d\u6587\u63a2\u8ba8\u8fc7\u7684\u4ece\u51e0\u79d2\u5230\u6570\u5929\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u5c3a\u5ea6\u4e2d\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u8fd9\u53ef\u80fd\u89e3\u91ca\u4e86\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u4e0e\u5178\u578b\u7684\u6bd4\u8f83\u7814\u7a76\u76f8\u6bd4\uff0c\u96c6\u4f53\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u6bd4\u8f83\u7814\u7a76\u901a\u5e38\u5c40\u9650\u4e8e\u6781\u5c11\u6570\u7684\u7269\u79cd\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\u5728\u5148\u524d\u9c7c\u7fa4\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\u4e2d\uff0cPartridge\u7b49\u4eba[34]\u5728\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5ba4\u6761\u4ef6\u4e0b\u5bf9\u4e09\u79cd\u9c7c\u7fa4\u7684\u6027\u72b6\u548c\u7ed3\u6784\u5728\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u805a\u96c6\u8d8b\u52bf\u4e0b\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u8be6\u7ec6\u7684\u6d4b\u91cf\u3002\u5728\u6d77\u6d0b\u4e2d\uff0cBurford\u7b49\u4eba[129]\u6bd4\u8f83\u4e86\u4e24\u4e2a\u5206\u7c7b\u5b66\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u622a\u7136\u4e0d\u540c\u7269\u79cd<\/span>\uff08\u52a0\u5dde\u9c7f\u9c7cDoryteuthis opalescens\u548c\u592a\u5e73\u6d0b\u6c99\u7459\u9c7cSardinops sagax\uff09<\/span>\u4e2d\u4e2a\u4f53\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u8ddd\u79bb\u3001\u4e0e\u90bb\u8fd1\u4e2a\u4f53\u7684\u8054\u5408\u3001\u4ee5\u53ca\u4e0e\u90bb\u8fd1\u4e2a\u4f53\u8054\u5408\u7684\u901f\u5ea6\u3002Bissazza\u7b49\u4eba[130]\u5728\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5ba4\u6761\u4ef6\u4e0b\u6d4b\u91cf\u4e8616\u79cd\u9c7c\u7c7b\u7684\u9c7c\u7fa4\u51dd\u805a\u7a0b\u5ea6<\/span>\uff08shoal cohesion\uff09<\/span>\u548c\u884c\u4e3a\u504f\u4fa7\u6027\uff0c\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\u9c7c\u7fa4\u51dd\u805a\u7a0b\u5ea6\u662f\u4ee5\u4f4d\u4e8e\u540c\u4e00\u7f51\u683c\u9c7c\u7684\u6570\u91cf\u6765\u91cf\u5316\u3002\u53ef\u4ee5\u7406\u89e3\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u5b9e\u8bc1\u5de5\u4f5c\u7684\u9650\u5236\u6240\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u6743\u8861\u5e26\u6765\u7684\u8d8b\u52bf\u662f\uff0c\u5f53\u5728\u81ea\u7136\u6761\u4ef6\u4e0b\u7814\u7a76\u96c6\u4f53\u884c\u4e3a\u6216\u8fdb\u884c\u66f4\u8be6\u7ec6\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u65f6\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u7269\u79cd\u5c31\u66f4\u5c11\u4e86\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\u5728\u5bf9\u793e\u4f1a\u6027\u6606\u866b\u7684\u7fa4\u4f53\u884c\u4e3a\u8fdb\u884c\u6bd4\u8f83\u7814\u7a76\u65f6\u4e5f\u5b58\u5728\u7c7b\u4f3c\u7684\u8d8b\u52bf\u3002Latty\u548cBeekman [131]\u6bd4\u8f83\u4e86\u4e94\u79cd\u8682\u8681\u5229\u7528\u52a8\u6001\u53d8\u5316\u7684\u89c5\u98df\u8d44\u6e90\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u3002H\u00f6lldobler \u7b49\u4eba[132]\u53d1\u73b0\u56db\u79cd\u519c\u7530\u8681\u4e2d\u7528\u4e8e\u62db\u52df\u7fa4\u4f53\u6210\u5458\u83b7\u53d6\u98df\u7269\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u7d20\u7684\u5316\u5b66\u6210\u5206\u5177\u6709\u76f8\u4f3c\u6027\u3002Creery[133]\u5728\u7814\u7a76\u96c6\u4f53\u8fd0\u8f93\u65f6\u4e5f\u5bf9\u56db\u79cd\u8682\u8681\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u6bd4\u8f83\u3002Muscedere\u548cTraniello[134]\u5173\u4e8e\u4e0d\u540c\u8111\u533a\u76f8\u5bf9\u5927\u5c0f\u4e0e\u83f2\u591a\u5c14\u8681<\/span>\uff08Pheidole ants\uff09<\/span>\u52b3\u52a8\u5206\u5316\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u6bd4\u8f83\u7814\u7a76\u5bf9\u6bd4\u4e86\u4e09\u4e2a\u7269\u79cd\uff0c\u4ee5\u53caBeekman\u7b49\u4eba[64]\u5bf9\u871c\u8702<\/span>\uff08Apis\uff09<\/span>\u6447\u6446\u821e\u52a8\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u4e5f\u540c\u6837\u6d89\u53ca\u5230\u4e09\u4e2a\u7269\u79cd\u3002Czaczkes\u7b49\u4eba[135]\u6bd4\u8f83\u4e86\u957f\u89d2\u8682\u8681<\/span>\uff08Paratrechina longicornis\uff09<\/span>\u4ee5\u53ca\u5176\u4ed6\u4e24\u4e2a\u4e0d\u76f8\u5173\u79cd\u7c7b\u8682\u8681\u5728\u5927\u89c4\u6a21\u89c5\u98df\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u62db\u52df\u540c\u4f34\u7684\u673a\u5236\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7814\u7a76\u5bf9\u4e8e\u7406\u89e3\u4e0d\u540c\u96c6\u4f53\u884c\u4e3a\u662f\u666e\u904d\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u8fd8\u662f\u67d0\u4e00\u7269\u79cd\u7279\u6709\u7684\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u8fdb\u5316\u53f2\u81f3\u5173\u91cd\u8981\u3002\u76ee\u524d\u7684\u6311\u6218\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u53d1\u5c55\u65b0\u7684\u5de5\u5177\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u4ee5\u66f4\u9ad8\u6570\u636e\u91cf\u7684\u7684\u91cf\u5316\u96c6\u4f53\u884c\u4e3a\uff0c\u4fc3\u8fdb\u66f4\u591a\u7269\u79cd\u95f4\u7684\u6bd4\u8f83\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\u7c7b\u4f3c\u6bd4\u8f83\u7269\u79cd\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u662f\u5bf9\u540c\u4e00\u7269\u79cd\u7684\u79cd\u7fa4\u8fdb\u884c\u6bd4\u8f83<\/strong>\uff0c\u5f53\u79cd\u7fa4\u88ab\u9694\u79bb\u4e86\u8db3\u591f\u957f\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u5206\u522b\u9002\u5e94\u4e86\u5f53\u5730\u7684\u73af\u5883\u6761\u4ef6\u3002\u5f53\u76f8\u4e92\u72ec\u7acb\u7684\u79cd\u7fa4\u5728\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u6211\u4eec\u611f\u5174\u8da3\u7684\u73af\u5883\u53c2\u6570\u4e0b\u8fdb\u5316\u65f6\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u6bd4\u8f83\u65b9\u6cd5\u65f6\u6700\u4e3a\u53ef\u9760\u7684\u3002\u4e00\u4e2a\u7ecf\u5178\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\u662f\u7279\u7acb\u5c3c\u8fbe\u7684\u7f51\u7eb9\u9c7c<\/span>\uff08guppy\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u6816\u606f\u5728Northern Range\u5c71\u8109\u4e2d\u5728\u5730\u7406\u4e0a\u76f8\u5bf9\u9694\u79bb\u7684\u6cb3\u6d41\u4e2d\u3002\u7011\u5e03\u548c\u6fc0\u6d41\u9650\u5236\u4e86\u4e0a\u6e38\u6355\u98df\u9c7c\u7c7b\u7684\u6269\u6563\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5728\u8bb8\u591a\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u6cb3\u6d41\u4e2d\uff0c\u6cb3\u6d41\u7684\u4e0b\u6e38\u662f\u6709\u66f4\u9ad8\u88ab\u6355\u98df\u98ce\u9669\u7684\u6816\u606f\u5730\uff1b\u800c\u5728\u4e0a\u6e38\u88ab\u6355\u65f6\u7684\u98ce\u9669\u8f83\u5c0f[136]\u3002\u65e9\u671f\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u53d1\u73b0\u5728\u9ad8\u6355\u98df\u538b\u529b\u4e0b\u6816\u606f\u7684\u7f51\u7eb9\u9c7c\u5f62\u6210\u4e86\u66f4\u5927\u7684\u9c7c\u7fa4[137]\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\u6700\u8fd1\uff0c\u6bd4\u8f83\u4e0d\u540c\u6355\u98df\u538b\u529b\u4e0b\u7684\u79cd\u7fa4\u8bc1\u660e\u4e86\u5b83\u4eec\u96c6\u4f53\u8fd0\u52a8\u4e2d\u4e2a\u4f53\u95f4\u7684\u4ea4\u4e92\u6a21\u5f0f\u548c\u7cbe\u7ec6\u5c3a\u5ea6\u5b58\u5728\u5dee\u5f02[138]\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5728\u73b0\u573a\u6d4b\u8bd5[139]\u548c\u6807\u51c6\u5316\u6761\u4ef6\u4e0b[140]\u7684\u96c6\u4f53\u51b3\u7b56\u4e5f\u90fd\u662f\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u3002\u5728\u58a8\u897f\u54e5\u8102\u9ca4<\/span>\uff08Astyanax mexicanus\uff09<\/span>\u4e2d\u53d1\u73b0\u4e86\u96c6\u4f53\u884c\u4e3a\u9002\u5e94\u5f53\u5730\u73af\u5883\u7684\u66f4\u591a\u8bc1\u636e\uff0c\u65e9\u5148\u7684\u79cd\u7fa4\u751f\u6d3b\u5728\u66b4\u9732\u5728\u5149\u7ebf\u4e0b\u7684\u6cb3\u6d41\u4e2d<\/span>\uff08\u6d45\u6c34\u79cd\u7fa4\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u5bf9\u90bb\u8fd1\u4e2a\u4f53\u8868\u73b0\u51fa\u5438\u5f15\u529b\u548c\u8054\u5408\u6392\u5217\uff0c\u800c\u8be5\u7269\u79cd\u7684\u591a\u4e2a\u79cd\u7fa4\u72ec\u7acb\u751f\u6d3b\u5728\u9ed1\u6697\u7684\u6d1e\u7a74\u4e2d\uff0c\u5e76\u8868\u73b0\u51fa\u5bf9\u540c\u79cd\u7269\u79cd\u7684\u56de\u907f[141]\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\u867d\u7136\u540c\u4e00\u7269\u79cd\u4e2d\u4e0d\u540c\u79cd\u7fa4\u7684\u6bd4\u8f83\u7814\u7a76\u6bd4\u8de8\u7269\u79cd\u6bd4\u8f83\u7814\u7a76\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u66f4\u77ed\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u5c3a\u5ea6\u4e0a\u53d1\u751f\u6539\u53d8\uff0c\u4f46\u4eba\u5de5\u9009\u62e9\u5b9e\u9a8c<\/strong>\u6d89\u53ca\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u66f4\u77ed\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u53ea\u6d89\u53ca\u51e0\u4ee3[142]\u3002\u5728\u6b64\uff0c\u7814\u7a76\u4eba\u5458\u6839\u636e\u611f\u5174\u8da3\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u7279\u5f81<\/span>\uff08\u6216\u51e0\u79cd\u7279\u5f81\uff09<\/span>\u6765\u9009\u62e9\u90a3\u4e9b\u5c06\u7e41\u6b96\u4ee5\u521b\u9020\u4e0b\u4e00\u4ee3\u7684\u4e2a\u4f53\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u9009\u62e9\u8fc7\u7a0b\u662f\u4eba\u5de5\u7684\u3002\u8fd9\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u63ed\u793a\u6027\u72b6\u8fdb\u5316\u7684\u901f\u5ea6\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5176\u4ed6\u6027\u72b6\u5982\u4f55\u4e0e\u88ab\u76f4\u63a5\u9009\u62e9\u7684\u6027\u72b6\u7684\u9009\u62e9\u5171\u540c\u53d8\u5316\u3002\u5e94\u7528\u8fd9\u4e2a\u65b9\u6cd5\u6765\u7814\u7a76\u96c6\u4f53\u884c\u4e3a\u4ecd\u5904\u4e8e\u8d77\u6b65\u9636\u6bb5\uff0c\u4f46\u5df2\u88ab\u7528\u4e8e\u4e00\u4e9b\u4ee3\u9645\u65f6\u95f4\u901a\u5e38\u77ed\u4e8e\u9e1f\u7c7b\u6216\u54fa\u4e73\u52a8\u7269<\/span>\uff08\u4ee5\u53ca\u76f8\u5f53\u5bb9\u6613\u7ef4\u6301\u5728\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5ba4\u6761\u4ef6\u4e0b\uff09<\/span>\u7684\u9c7c\u7c7b\uff0c\u9c7c\u7c7b\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u5e76\u4e0d\u50cf\u5b8c\u5168\u793e\u4f1a\u6027\u6606\u866b\u90a3\u4e48\u590d\u6742\u6027\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u6606\u866b\u7684\u9009\u62e9\u4e3b\u8981\u53d1\u751f\u5728\u7fa4\u4f53\u5c42\u9762\u4e0a\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u4e2a\u4f53\u3002Kortrschal\u7b49\u4eba[143]\u5b75\u5316\u7f51\u7eb9\u9c7c<\/span>\uff08P. reticulata\uff09<\/span>\u6765\u589e\u5f3a\u5b83\u4eec\u4e0e\u90bb\u8fd1\u4e2a\u4f53\u95f4\u7684\u8054\u5408\u6392\u5217<\/span>\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\u6781\u5316\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u4e0e\u5bf9\u7167\u7ec4<\/span>\uff08\u672a\u88ab\u9009\u62e9\u7684\uff09<\/span>\u9c7c\u76f8\u6bd4\uff0c\u5728\u4e09\u4ee3\u5185\uff0c\u4eba\u5de5\u9009\u62e9\u7684\u9c7c\u589e\u52a0\u4e86\u6781\u5316\u548c\u7fa4\u4f53\u51dd\u805a\uff0c\u5bf9\u5e94\u4e8e\u66f4\u5f3a\u7684\u8054\u5408\u6392\u5217\u548c\u5bf9\u90bb\u8fd1\u4e2a\u4f53\u7684\u5438\u5f15\u3002\u6781\u5316\u9009\u62e9\u4e0e\u4e2a\u4f53\u7f51\u7eb9\u9c7c\u7684\u8ba4\u77e5\u7279\u5f81\u7684\u53d8\u5316\u6ca1\u6709\u5bc6\u5207\u7684\u5173\u8054[144]\uff0c\u8fd9\u5f15\u53d1\u4e86\u5173\u4e8e\u7fa4\u4f53\u751f\u6d3b\u548c\u4e2a\u4f53\u6c34\u5e73\u8ba4\u77e5\u80fd\u529b\u4e4b\u95f4\u8054\u7cfb\u7684\u6301\u7eed\u4e89\u8bba\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\u5bf9\u975e\u793e\u4f1a\u6027\u7279\u5f81\u7684\u4eba\u5de5\u9009\u62e9\u4e5f\u88ab\u53d1\u73b0\u4f1a\u5bf9\u96c6\u4f53\u884c\u4e3a\u4ea7\u751f\u5f71\u54cd<\/span><\/strong>\u3002\u4e0e\u4eba\u5de5\u9009\u62e9\u4f4e\u504f\u4fa7\u5316\u7684\u91d1\u8179\u9ca6\u9c7c<\/span>\uff08Girardinus falcatus\uff09<\/span>\u76f8\u6bd4\uff0c\u4eba\u5de5\u9009\u62e9\u884c\u4e3a\u504f\u4fa7\u5316\u7684\u4e2a\u4f53\u66f4\u6709\u51dd\u805a\u529b\uff0c\u4e0e\u90bb\u8fd1\u4e2a\u4f53\u7684\u8fd0\u52a8\u65b9\u5411\u66f4\u4e00\u81f4[145]\u3002\u5728\u6591\u9a6c\u9c7c<\/span>\uff08D. rerio\uff09<\/span>\u4e2d\uff0c\u5728\u4eba\u5de5\u9009\u62e9\u5e72\u9884\u4e0b\u5927\u5c0f\u9c7c\u7c7b\u6b7b\u4ea1\u7387\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u8fd9\u5728\u9c7c\u7c7b\u7684\u81ea\u7136\u6355\u98df\u548c\u4eba\u7c7b\u6355\u9c7c\u4e2d\u5f88\u5e38\u89c1\u3002\u9009\u62e9\u8f83\u5927\u4f53\u578b\u7684\u9c7c<\/span>\uff08\u6a21\u62df\u6355\u635e\u8f83\u5c0f\u7684\u4e2a\u4f53\uff0c\u5178\u578b\u7684\u81ea\u7136\u6355\u98df\uff09<\/span>\u6bd4\u5bf9\u7167\u7ec4\u5f62\u6210\u66f4\u6709\u51dd\u805a\u529b\u7684\u9c7c\u7fa4\uff0c\u800c\u9009\u62e9\u5c0f\u4f53\u578b\u7684\u9c7c<\/span>\uff08\u6a21\u4eff\u6355\u635e\u8f83\u5927\u7684\u4e2a\u4f53\uff0c\u5178\u578b\u7684\u4eba\u7c7b\u6355\u9c7c\uff09<\/span>\u5f62\u6210\u51dd\u805a\u529b\u66f4\u4f4e\u7684\u9c7c\u7fa4[146]\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e9b\u9c7c\u7c7b\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u8fd8\u63ed\u793a\u4e86\uff0c\u5728\u6355\u98df\u98ce\u9669\u4e0b\uff0c\u7fa4\u4f53\u51dd\u805a\u529b[147]\u548c\u96c6\u4f53\u89c5\u98df\u7684\u4e2a\u4f53\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u53d8\u5316[148]\u5982\u4f55\u53d7\u5230\u5927\u5c0f\u9009\u62e9\u6b7b\u4ea1\u7387\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u8bf4\u660e\u96c6\u4f53\u884c\u4e3a\u5728\u53d1\u80b2\u548c\u8fdb\u5316\u65f6\u95f4\u5c3a\u5ea6\u4e0a\u53ef\u80fd\u5b58\u5728\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\u96c6\u4f53\u884c\u4e3a\u8fdb\u5316\u53d8\u5316\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e3b\u8981\u8003\u8651\u56e0\u7d20\u662f\u8fd9\u4e00\u6027\u72b6\u7684\u53ef\u9057\u4f20\u6027\u3002<\/span>\u793e\u4f1a\u6027\u8d8b\u52bf\u5df2\u88ab\u8bc1\u660e\u5728\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u7c7b\u7fa4\u4e2d\u662f\u53ef\u9057\u4f20\u7684<\/span><\/span><\/strong>\uff08Gartland\u7b49\u4eba\u7efc\u8ff0[149]\uff09<\/span><\/span>\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u6709\u8bc1\u636e\u8868\u660e\u4e00\u4e9b\u96c6\u4f53\u884c\u4e3a\u662f\u53ef\u9057\u4f20\u7684<\/span><\/strong>\u3002Segher\u5bf9\u7f51\u7eb9\u9c7c\u5728\u6355\u98df\u538b\u529b\u4e0b\u4ea7\u751f\u5730\u57df\u9002\u5e94\u7684\u65e9\u671f\u7814\u7a76[137,150]\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u5728\u6ca1\u6709\u6355\u98df\u8005\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u5728\u76f8\u540c\u6761\u4ef6\u4e0b\u9972\u517b3-4\u4ee3\uff0c\u5e76\u53d1\u73b0\u9ad8\u6355\u98df\u538b\u529b\u548c\u4f4e\u6355\u98df\u538b\u529b\u4e0b\u7684\u9c7c\u7fa4\u51dd\u805a\u529b\u4e00\u76f4\u5b58\u5728\u5dee\u5f02\uff0c\u8fd9\u63ed\u793a\u96c6\u7fa4\u5dee\u5f02\u7684\u53ef\u9057\u4f20\u6210\u5206\u3002\u901a\u8fc7\u6bd4\u8f83\u6765\u81ea\u6d77\u6d0b<\/span>\uff08\u8f83\u5f3a\u96c6\u7fa4\uff09<\/span>\u548c\u6de1\u6c34\u5e95\u6816<\/span>\uff08\u8f83\u5f31\u96c6\u7fa4\uff09<\/span>\u79cd\u7fa4\u7684\u9c7c\u7c7b[151]\uff0c\u4e5f\u8bc1\u660e\u4e86\u4e09\u523a\u9c7c<\/span>\uff08Gasterosteus aculeatus\uff09<\/span>\u7684\u76f8\u4e92\u5438\u5f15\u548c\u4e0e\u90bb\u8fd1\u4e2a\u4f53\u8054\u5408\u7684\u53ef\u9057\u4f20\u6027\u3002\u4e5f\u6709\u6765\u81ea\u6cd5\u8001\u8681<\/span>\uff08Monomorium pharaonis\uff09<\/span>\u7684\u8bc1\u636e\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u96c6\u4f53\u89c5\u98df\u3001\u653b\u51fb\u6027\u548c\u63a2\u7d22\u6027\u4e5f\u662f\u53ef\u9057\u4f20\uff0c\u4e14\u76f8\u4e92\u5173\u8054\u7684[152]\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\u6839\u636e\u96c6\u4f53\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u53ef\u9057\u4f20\u6027\uff0c\u8bb8\u591a\u7814\u7a76\u5df2\u7ecf\u63a2\u7d22\u4e86\u5176\u57fa\u56e0\u57fa\u7840\u3002\u5728\u793e\u4f1a\u6027\u6606\u866b\u4e2d\uff0cSmith\u7b49\u4eba[153]\u5bf9\u5de5\u8702\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u52b3\u52a8\u5206\u5de5\u7684\u53ef\u9057\u4f20\u6027\u4ee5\u53ca\u5176\u6240\u4f9d\u8d56\u7684\u57fa\u56e0\u57fa\u7840\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u6df1\u5165\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u89c5\u98df\u57fa\u56e0\u7684\u8868\u8fbe\u5728\u8c03\u8282\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u793e\u4f1a\u6027\u6606\u866b\u4e2d\u5de5\u8702\u4e0d\u540c\u884c\u4e3a\u4efb\u52a1\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u8f6c\u6362\u4e2d\u8d77\u7740\u91cd\u8981\u4f5c\u7528[154]\u3002\u5bf9\u6bd4\u4e86\u5c11\u91cf\u54c1\u79cd\u6591\u9a6c\u9c7c<\/span>\uff08D. rerio\uff09<\/span>\u53d1\u73b0\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u96c6\u4f53\u8fd0\u52a8\u5b58\u5728\u5dee\u5f02[109,155,156]\uff0cTang\u7b49\u4eba\u7684\u7814\u7a76[157]\u5c06\u91ce\u751f\u578b\u9c7c\u7c7b\u4e0eCRISPR-Cas9\u76f8\u517390\u4e2a\u7a81\u53d8\u7cfb\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u6bd4\u8f83\uff0c\u8bc1\u660e\u4e86\u9c7c\u7fa4\u4e2a\u4f53\u95f4\u95f4\u8ddd\u548c\u6781\u5316\u5dee\u5f02\u7684\u9057\u4f20\u57fa\u7840\u3002\u5916\u53d1\u80b2\u4e0d\u826f\u86cb\u767d<\/span>\uff08Eda\uff09<\/span>\u57fa\u56e0\u5df2\u88ab\u786e\u5b9a\u5728\u4e09\u523a\u9c7c\u7684\u6d77\u6d0b\u548c\u6de1\u6c34\u5e95\u6816\u751f\u7269\u79cd\u7fa4\u7684\u96c6\u4f53\u8fd0\u52a8\u5dee\u5f02\u4e2d\u8d77\u7740\u91cd\u8981\u4f5c\u7528[158]\u3002\u901a\u8fc7\u7e41\u6b96\u6d77\u6d0b\u548c\u6de1\u6c34\u5e95\u6816\u4e09\u523a\u9c7c\u6765\u521b\u9020F2\u6742\u4ea4\u79cd\uff0cGreenwood\u7b49\u4eba[159]\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c\u5bf9\u90bb\u8fd1\u4e2a\u4f53\u7684\u5438\u5f15\u548c\u5b9a\u5411\u8054\u5408\u6392\u5217\u662f\u4e0d\u76f8\u5173\u7684\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u4e0e\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u67d3\u8272\u4f53\u533a\u57df\u6709\u5173\u3002Kowalko\u7b49\u4eba[160]\u4e5f\u5728\u4e0d\u540c\u79cd\u7fa4\u95f4\u8fdb\u884c\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u6d45\u6c34\u548c\u7a74\u5c45\u7684\u58a8\u897f\u54e5\u8102\u9ca4<\/span>\uff08A. mexicanus\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u8bc1\u660e\u96c6\u7fa4\u8d8b\u52bf\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u660e\u663e\u7279\u5f81\uff0c\u800c\u7a74\u5c45\u79cd\u7fa4\u968f\u7740\u65f6\u95f4\u7684\u8fdb\u5316\u96c6\u7fa4\u7684\u51cf\u5c11\u4e0e\u5b83\u4eec\u89c6\u529b\u7684\u4e0b\u964d\u6709\u5173\u3002\u6709\u8da3\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1Kowalko\u7b49\u4eba[160]\u53d1\u73b0\u4fa7\u8fb9\u611f\u89c9\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u53d8\u5316\u5728\u89e3\u91ca\u58a8\u897f\u54e5\u8102\u9ca4\u7684\u96c6\u7fa4\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u5dee\u5f02\u65b9\u9762\u53ea\u8d77\u5230\u4e86\u5f88\u5c0f\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\uff0c\u4f46\u662fGreenwood\u7b49\u4eba\u7684\u7814\u7a76[159]\u786e\u5b9a\u4e86\u4e09\u523a\u9c7c\u7684\u96c6\u7fa4\u548c\u4fa7\u7ebf\u53d8\u5f02\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u57fa\u56e0\u8054\u7cfb\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\u603b\u4e4b\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7814\u7a76\u8bc1\u660e\u4e86\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u4e8e\u786e\u5b9a\u96c6\u4f53\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u9057\u4f20\u57fa\u7840\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u7684\u8303\u56f4\uff0c\u4f46\u73b0\u5728\u7684\u6311\u6218\u662f\u5728\u66f4\u5927\u8303\u56f4\u7684\u7269\u79cd\u4e2d\u8fdb\u884c\u6d4b\u8bd5\uff0c\u4ee5\u786e\u5b9a\u8fd9\u4e9b\u53d1\u73b0\u7684\u666e\u9002\u6027\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

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\u4e03\u3001\u603b\u7ed3<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n

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\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u7279\u520a\u6c47\u96c6\u4e86\u96c6\u4f53\u52a8\u7269\u884c\u4e3a\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u524d\u6cbf\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u548c\u5177\u6709\u7814\u7a76\u884c\u4e3a\u7279\u5f81\u53d1\u80b2\u548c\u8fdb\u5316\u4e13\u4e1a\u77e5\u8bc6\u7684\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u5bb6\u3002\u5176\u9996\u8981\u76ee\u6807\u662f\u8ba9\u7814\u7a76\u4eba\u5458\u4ece\u65b0\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u8ba4\u8bc6\u5230\u96c6\u4f53\u884c\u4e3a\u7814\u7a76\u5c1a\u672a\u5f00\u53d1\u7684\u6f5c\u529b\u3002\u901a\u8fc7\u672c\u671f\u7279\u520a\u7684\u4ecb\u7ecd\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u6982\u8ff0\u4e86\u5728\u591a\u79cd\u4e0d\u540c\u65f6\u95f4\u5c3a\u5ea6\u4e0a\u96c6\u4f53\u884c\u4e3a\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u73b0\u72b6\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u65f6\u95f4\u5c3a\u5ea6\u5df2\u88ab\u5e94\u7528\u4e8e\u4e00\u4e9b\u4ee4\u4eba\u96be\u4ee5\u7f6e\u4fe1\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u884c\u4e3a\u7814\u7a76\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\u4e3a\u4e86\u7b80\u5355\u8d77\u89c1\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5728\u6b64\u96c6\u4e2d\u8ba8\u8bba\u4e86\u5df2\u88ab\u5e7f\u6cdb\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u96c6\u4f53\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u7c7b\u578b\uff0c\u5982\u793e\u4f1a\u6027\u6606\u866b\u7684\u5de2\u7a74\u9009\u62e9\u548c\u9c7c\u7c7b\u7684\u96c6\u7fa4\u884c\u4e3a\u3002\u5176\u4ed6\u96c6\u4f53\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u6269\u5927\u56ca\u62ec\u5176\u4ed6\u884c\u4e3a\u548c\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e3a\u6bd4\u8f83\u7814\u7a76\u548c\u8bc4\u4f30\u7814\u7a76\u7ed3\u679c\u7684\u666e\u904d\u6027\u63d0\u4f9b\u8bb8\u591a\u673a\u4f1a\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u793e\u4f1a\u6027\u6606\u866b\u7684\u96c6\u4f53\u7ed3\u6784<\/span>\uff08 collective architecture\uff09<\/span>\u5bf9\u7fa4\u4f53\u7684\u751f\u5b58\u81f3\u5173\u91cd\u8981\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u4efd\u7279\u520a\u4e2d\uff0cMuratore\u548cGainie[161]\u63a2\u8ba8\u4e86\u5982\u4f55\u7528\u53d1\u80b2\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u65b9\u6cd5\u6765\u7814\u7a76\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7ed3\u6784\u3002Rathore\u7b49\u4eba[162]\u63a2\u8ba8\u4e86\u7ade\u5076<\/span>\uff08lekking\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u5f53\u591a\u4e2a\u96c4\u6027\u805a\u96c6\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\u505a\u51fa\u7684\u6c42\u5076\u884c\u4e3a\uff0c\u4e5f\u8bb8\u6700\u597d\u4ece\u96c6\u4f53\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u6765\u770b\u5f85\uff0c\u5728\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u7ade\u5076\u6d8c\u73b0\u51fa\u7684\u5c5e\u6027\u53ef\u4ee5\u7406\u89e3\u4e3a\u5c0f\u7684\u3001\u5c40\u90e8\u5c3a\u5ea6\u4e2a\u4f53\u4ea4\u4e92\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u3002\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u5f53\u8bb8\u591a\u5173\u4e8e\u96c6\u4f53\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u90fd\u96c6\u4e2d\u5728\u9c7c\u7c7b\u3001\u9e1f\u7c7b\u548c\u5b8c\u5168\u793e\u4f1a\u6027\u6606\u866b\u65f6\uff0cMcLellan\u548cMontgomery[163]\u91cd\u70b9\u5173\u6ce8\u4e86\u6bdb\u6bdb\u866b<\/span>\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\u9cde\u7fc5\u76ee\u5e7c\u866bLepidopteran larvae\uff09<\/span>\u5982\u4f55\u8868\u73b0\u51fa\u8bb8\u591a\u6211\u4eec\u5728\u5176\u4ed6\u52a8\u7269\u5206\u7c7b\u4e2d\u91cd\u89c6\u7684\u76f8\u540c\u7279\u5f81\uff0c\u8fd9\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u7814\u7a76\u96c6\u4f53\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u548c\u57fa\u7840\u673a\u5236\u4e2d\u7279\u522b\u6613\u4e8e\u5904\u7406\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\u8003\u8651\u5230\u6bd4\u6211\u4eec\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\u56de\u987e\u6240\u6db5\u76d6\u7684\u66f4\u5e7f\u6cdb\u7684\u8303\u56f4\uff0c\u4e5f\u6709\u4e00\u4e9b\u6d89\u53ca\u96c6\u4f53\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u66f4\u5e7f\u6cdb\u7684\u80cc\u666f\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u53ef\u53d8\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u5c3a\u5ea6\u5c06\u53d8\u5f97\u5341\u5206\u91cd\u8981\u3002\u7fa4\u4f53\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\u672c\u8eab\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u4ea7\u751f\u6709\u8da3\u7684\u52a8\u529b\u5b66\u3002\u5728\u6709\u56fa\u5b9a\u6210\u5458\u7684\u7fa4\u4f53\u4e2d\uff0c\u8fd9\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u5bfc\u81f4\u5404\u7fa4\u4f53\u95f4\u7684\u51b2\u7a81\u6216\u5408\u4f5c<\/span>\uff08Rodrigues\u7b49\u4eba\u5728\u672c\u520a\u4e2d\u7684\u6587\u7ae0\u5173\u6ce8\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9[164]\uff09<\/span>\uff1b\u800c\u5728\u81ea\u7531\u51fa\u5165\u7684\u7fa4\u4f53\u4e2d\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u90a3\u4e9b\u6210\u5458\u53ef\u4ee5\u81ea\u7531\u52a0\u5165\u6216\u79bb\u5f00\u7684\u7fa4\u4f53\uff0c\u88c2\u53d8-\u805a\u53d8\u52a8\u529b\u5b66<\/span>\uff08fission\u2013fusion dynamics\uff09<\/span>\u5c31\u53d8\u5f97\u5341\u5206\u91cd\u8981\u4e86[165]\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

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Wice \u548cSaltz[182]\u5229\u7528\u5f3a\u5927\u7684\u679c\u8747\u7cfb\u7edf\u6765\u4ea7\u751f\u91cd\u590d\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u7fa4\u4f53\uff0c\u4ee5\u66f4\u597d\u5730\u7814\u7a76\u4e2a\u4f53\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u4ea4\u6d41\u5982\u4f55\u5f71\u54cd\u6574\u4e2a\u793e\u4f1a\u7f51\u7edc\u3002\u4e2a\u4f53\u5728\u7f51\u7edc\u4e2d\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u4f4d\u7f6e\u7684\u76f4\u63a5\u548c\u95f4\u63a5\u7684\u9057\u4f20\u6548\u5e94\u7684\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c\u4e3a\u6574\u4e2a\u793e\u4f1a\u73af\u5883\u7684\u8fdb\u5316\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u3002\u5728\u8f83\u957f\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u5c3a\u5ea6\u4e0a\uff0c\u4e2a\u4f53\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u8f68\u8ff9\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u7531\u5176\u5728\u8fc7\u53bb\u6240\u7ecf\u5386\u7684\u96c6\u4f53\u884c\u4e3a<\/span>\uff08\u4f5c\u4e3a\u793e\u4f1a\u73af\u5883\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\uff09<\/span>\u6240\u5851\u9020\u7684\u3002\u6b63\u5982Collet\u7b49\u4eba[183]\u63d0\u4f9b\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u5316\u96c6\u4f53\u5b66\u4e60\u6846\u67b6\u6240\u793a\uff0c\u5b66\u4e60\u8fc7\u7a0b\u5c31\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5f88\u597d\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\u3002\u7279\u522b\u5730\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u8bb8\u591a\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u673a\u5236\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u8fd9\u4e9b\u673a\u5236\uff0c\u4e2a\u4f53\u53ef\u4ee5\u5b66\u4e60\u548c\u8c03\u6574\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u4ee5\u63d0\u9ad8\u96c6\u4f53\u8868\u73b0\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u8fd8\u4e3a\u6bcf\u4e2a\u673a\u5236\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u53ef\u9a8c\u8bc1\u7684\u9884\u6d4b\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\u6211\u4eec\u5e0c\u671b\u8be5\u7279\u520a\u5c06\u63a8\u52a8\u65b0\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u9014\u5f84\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528\u7406\u8bba\u548c\u5b9e\u8bc1\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u8c03\u67e5\u6211\u4eec\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u671f\u671b\u96c6\u4f53\u884c\u4e3a\u968f\u7740\u65f6\u95f4\u7684\u63a8\u79fb\u800c\u53d1\u751f\u6539\u53d8\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u4f1a\u53d1\u751f\u4f55\u79cd\u6539\u53d8<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u76ee\u6807\u662f\u6fc0\u52b1\u8bfb\u8005\u8003\u8651\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u65b0\u65b9\u5411\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u5c06\u53d1\u80b2\u548c\u8fdb\u5316\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u6574\u5408\u5230\u73b0\u6709\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\uff1b\u6216\u8005\u5bf9\u4e8e\u90a3\u4e9b\u5df2\u7ecf\u5728\u53d1\u80b2\u6216\u8fdb\u5316\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u4e2d\u5de5\u4f5c\u7684\u4eba\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u8003\u8651\u5c06\u96c6\u4f53\u884c\u4e3a\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u672a\u5f97\u5230\u5145\u5206\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u7279\u5f81\u52a0\u4ee5\u7814\u7a76\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
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