{"id":43309,"date":"2023-06-26T16:43:28","date_gmt":"2023-06-26T08:43:28","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/swarma.org\/?p=43309"},"modified":"2023-06-26T16:43:28","modified_gmt":"2023-06-26T08:43:28","slug":"%e5%9b%a0%e6%9e%9c%e4%b8%8d%e5%af%b9%e7%a7%b0%e6%80%a7%ef%bc%9a%e4%bb%8e%e7%83%ad%e5%8a%9b%e5%ad%a6%e4%b9%8b%e7%ae%ad%e5%88%b0%e5%9b%a0%e6%9e%9c%e4%b9%8b%e7%ae%ad","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/swarma.org\/?p=43309","title":{"rendered":"\u56e0\u679c\u4e0d\u5bf9\u79f0\u6027\uff1a\u4ece\u70ed\u529b\u5b66\u4e4b\u7bad\u5230\u56e0\u679c\u4e4b\u7bad"},"content":{"rendered":"
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Jenann Ismael<\/span> <\/span>| \u4f5c\u8005<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u6731\u6b23\u6021<\/span> <\/span>| \u8bd1\u8005<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u5b9b\u8212\u3001\u5218\u5fd7\u822a<\/span> <\/span>| \u5ba1\u6821<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u6881\u91d1<\/span> <\/span>| \u7f16\u8f91<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n


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\u8bba\u6587\u9898\u76ee\uff1a<\/span><\/p>\n

Reflections on the asymmetry of causation<\/span><\/p>\n

\u8bba\u6587\u94fe\u63a5\uff1a<\/span><\/p>\n

https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/doi\/10.1098\/rsfs.2022.0081#d68669961e1<\/span><\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/blockquote>\n


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2. \u56e0\u679c\u5173\u7cfb<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

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5. \u5e72\u9884\u4e3b\u4e49\u56e0\u679c\u8bba<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

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\u5728\u725b\u987f\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u666e\u904d\u8ba4\u4e3a\u56e0\u679c\u5173\u7cfb\u662f\u5ba2\u89c2\u4e16\u754c\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u8303\u4f8b\u3002\u65e9\u671f\u79d1\u5b66\u628a\u5b83\u5f53\u4f5c\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u79e9\u5e8f\u5173\u7cfb\u30021903 \u5e74\uff0c\u5728\u8bba\u6587[1]\u4e2d\uff0c\u7f57\u7d20<\/span>\uff08Bertrand Russell\uff09<\/span>\u9996\u6b21\u8ba8\u8bba\u4e86\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u4e2d\u7684\u56e0\u679c\u5173\u7cfb\u3002\u4ed6\u89c2\u5bdf\u5230\uff1a\u201c\u73b0\u4ee3\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5728\u5176\u6570\u5b66\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u5e95\u5c42\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u56e0\u679c\u7684\u903b\u8f91\u201d\u3002\u4ed6\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u5e94\u7528\u968f\u65f6\u95f4\u6f14\u5316\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u5bf9\u79f0\u5b9a\u5f8b<\/span>\uff08time-symmetric laws\uff09<\/span>\u6765\u53d6\u4ee3\u56e0\u679c\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u5e76\u5efa\u8bae\u4e0d\u8981\u5728\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u8bed\u5883\u4e0b\u8ba8\u8bba\u201c\u56e0\u679c\u201d[1]\u3002\u867d\u7136\u7f57\u7d20\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u88ab\u4f17\u591a\u539f\u56e0\u8bc1\u660e\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u884c\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u786e\u5b9e\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\uff1a\u7ed9\u5b9a\u6f5c\u5728\u52a8\u529b\u5b66\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u5bf9\u79f0\u6027\uff08time symmetry\uff09\uff0c\u4e0d\u5bf9\u79f0\u6027\uff08asymmetry\uff09\u53c8\u4ece\u4f55\u800c\u6765\uff1f\u5728\u63cf\u8ff0\u6211\u4eec\u5bf9\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u4f53\u9a8c\u7684\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u65f6\u95f4\u4e0d\u5bf9\u79f0\u6027\u4e2d\uff0c\u56e0\u679c\u7684\u4e0d\u5bf9\u79f0\u6027\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bf4\u662f\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u3002\u5728\u8fc7\u53bb\u51e0\u5341\u5e74\u91cc\uff0c\u6709\u4e24\u4e2a\u53d1\u5c55\u542f\u53d1\u4e86\u56e0\u679c\u7684\u4e0d\u5bf9\u79f0\u6027\uff1a\uff081\uff09\u5f15\u5165\u5e72\u9884\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u56e0\u679c\u5206\u6790\uff1b\uff082\uff09\u66f4\u660e\u6670\u7684\u7edf\u8ba1\u529b\u5b66\u57fa\u7840\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u6700\u8fd1\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u5728\u8fd9\u4e9b\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u4e0a\u53d1\u95ee\uff1a\u4e0d\u5bf9\u79f0\u6027\u662f\u5426<\/span>\uff08\u6216\u5728\u4f55\u79cd\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\uff09<\/span>\u662f\u89c6\u89d2\u6027\u7684\uff1f<\/span>\uff08\u53c2\u89c1[2-7]\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f[8]\u3002)<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u7f57\u7d20\u662f\u9519\u7684\uff1f\u56e0\u679c\u8bed\u8a00\u6bd4\u76f8\u5173\u6a21\u5f0f\u7684\u63cf\u8ff0\u591a\u4e86\u4e9b\u4ec0\u4e48\uff1f\u6211\u4eec\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u9700\u8981\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4fe1\u606f\uff1f\u4e3e\u4e2a\u5438\u70df\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\uff0c\u5438\u70df\u548c\u60a3\u764c\u4e4b\u95f4\u5b58\u5728\u76f8\u5173\u6027\uff0c\u5438\u70df\u8005\u7684\u53e3\u6c14\u548c\u60a3\u764c\u4e4b\u95f4\u4e5f\u6709\u76f8\u5173\u6027\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u6212\u70df\u53ef\u4ee5\u964d\u4f4e\u60a3\u764c\u98ce\u9669\uff0c\u4f46\u6cbb\u7597\u53e3\u81ed\u5219\u4e0d\u80fd\u3002\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u5462\uff1f\u56e0\u4e3a\u5438\u70df\u662f\u60a3\u764c\u7684\u539f\u56e0<\/strong>\uff0c\u800c\u53e3\u81ed\u4e0d\u662f\u539f\u56e0\u3002\u4fe1\u606f\uff08information\uff09\u4e0d\u540c\u4e8e\u5f71\u54cd\uff08influence\uff09<\/strong>\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u8981\u4f1a\u6355\u6349\u5176\u95f4\u5dee\u5f02\u3002\u5982 A<\/span>\uff08\u67d0\u4e8b\u4ef6\uff09<\/span>\u643a\u5e26 B<\/span>\uff08\u53e6\u4e00\u4e8b\u4ef6\uff09<\/span>\u7684\u4fe1\u606f<\/span>\uff08A\uff0cB \u5b58\u5728\u76f8\u5173\u6027\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u5728\u56e0\u679c\u4fe1\u606f\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u4e0b\uff0cA \u80fd\u591f\u5f71\u54cd B<\/span>\uff08A\uff0cB \u4e5f\u5b58\u5728\u76f8\u5173\u6027\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u56e0\u679c\u8bed\u8a00\u662f\u5728\u76f8\u5173\u6027\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u4e0a\u52a0\u5165\u4e86\u5f71\u54cd\u4f20\u64ad\u7684\u8def\u5f84\u4fe1\u606f\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u9700\u8981\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4fe1\u606f\uff0c\u4ee5\u4fbf\u6709\u7b56\u7565\u5730\u5e72\u9884\u6709\u5e8f\u7684\u4e8b\u4ef6\u6d41\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u4ec5\u89c2\u5bdf\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5e72\u9884\uff0c\u8fd8\u5e0c\u671b\u77e5\u9053\u5e72\u9884\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u5bf9\u4e8e\u6211\u4eec\u8fd9\u79cd\u751f\u7269\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u56e0\u679c\u77e5\u8bc6\u4e0d\u53ef\u6216\u7f3a\u3002Nancy Cartwright \u57281979\u5e74\u5bf9\u7f57\u7d20\u7684\u6709\u5f71\u54cd\u529b\u7684\u56de\u5e94\u4e2d\u6307\u51fa\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9[9]\u3002\u5728\u54f2\u5b66\u9886\u57df\uff0c\u5bf9\u56e0\u679c\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u5206\u6790\u70ed\u60c5\u4e5f\u9ad8\u6da8\u8d77\u6765\u3002\u4eba\u4eec\u8bd5\u56fe\u5c06\u56e0\u679c\u4fe1\u606f<\/span>\uff08causal information\uff09<\/span>\u7b80\u5316\u4e3a\u7279\u6b8a\u7684\u76f8\u5173\u5173\u7cfb<\/span>\uff08correlation\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u53cd\u4e8b\u5b9e<\/span>\uff08counterfactual\uff09<\/span>\u53d9\u8ff0\u4e5f\u65e5\u6e10\u6d41\u884c\uff0c\u4f46\u5728\u4e3a\u53cd\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4ea7\u751f\u8bed\u4e49<\/span>\uff08semantics\uff09<\/span>\u7684\u5c1d\u8bd5\u4e2d\u9677\u5165\u56f0\u5883\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u662f\u5426\u5728\u8bd5\u56fe\u6355\u6349\u4eba\u4eec\u5bf9\u56e0\u679c\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u9884\u8bbe\u76f4\u89c9\uff1f\u6216\u8005\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u662f\u5426\u5728\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e00\u4e2a\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e0e\u79d1\u5b66\u4e2d\u90a3\u4e9b\u79ef\u6781\u5bfb\u627e\u56e0\u679c\u7684\u90e8\u5206\u76f8\u5bf9\u5e94\u7684\u63cf\u8ff0\uff1f\u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\u5b58\u5728\u4e00\u4e9b\u6df7\u6dc6\u3002\u81f3\u4eca\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\u4ecd\u672a\u5f97\u5230\u89e3\u51b3\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u4e0e\u70ed\u529b\u5b66\u57fa\u7840\u548c\u65f6\u95f4\u4e0d\u5bf9\u79f0\u7684\u7269\u7406\u57fa\u7840\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u8ba8\u8bba\u91cd\u65b0\u6d6e\u73b0\u3002\u7136\u800c\u5982\u679c\u6ca1\u6709\u5bf9\u56e0\u679c\u6982\u5ff5\u660e\u6670\u7cbe\u786e\u7684\u5206\u6790\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u8ba8\u8bba\u5c31\u5f88\u96be\u7ee7\u7eed\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u968f\u7740\u5e72\u9884\u4e3b\u4e49<\/span>\uff08interventionism\uff09<\/span>\u7684\u5f15\u5165\uff0c\u4e00\u5207\u90fd\u53d8\u4e86\u3002\u5e72\u9884\u4e3b\u4e49\u5206\u522b\u7531 Pearl [10] \u548c Glymour\uff0c Spirtes \u548c Scheines [11]\u72ec\u7acb\u5f15\u5165\uff0cWoodward \u53c8\u5728\u54f2\u5b66\u4e0a\u53d1\u5c55\u4e86\u5b83[13]<\/span>\uff08\u811a\u6ce8 1\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u5e72\u9884\u4e3b\u4e49\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u4f18\u7f8e\u7684\u6846\u67b6\uff0c\u6355\u6349\u4e86\u6240\u6709\u79d1\u5b66\u8ffd\u56e0\u6eaf\u6e90\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u601d\u60f3\u3002\u5e72\u9884\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u601d\u60f3\u662f\uff1a\u5f53\u4e14\u4ec5\u5f53\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u80fd\u901a\u8fc7\u64cd\u7eb5 A \u6765\u5e72\u9884 B<\/span>\uff08\u811a\u6ce8 2\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48A\u624d\u662fB\u7684\u539f\u56e0\u3002\u5e72\u9884\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u7406\u60f3\u7684\u3001\u65e0\u6df7\u6dc6\u7684\u5b9e\u9a8c\u64cd\u4f5c\uff0c\u5207\u65ad\u63a7\u5236\u53d8\u91cf\u4e0e\u5176\u4ed6\u5386\u53f2\u53d8\u91cf\u7684\u8054\u7cfb\uff0c\u8fd9\u6837\u4efb\u4f55\u5269\u4f59\u7684\u76f8\u5173\u6027\u90fd\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f52\u56e0\u4e8e\u88ab\u63a7\u5236\u7684\u53d8\u91cf\u3002\u5e72\u9884\u4e3b\u4e49\u4ee5\u5b9e\u9a8c\u4e3a\u57fa\u7840\uff0c\u589e\u8fdb\u4e86\u6211\u4eec\u5bf9\u56e0\u679c\u7684\u7406\u89e3\uff1a\u5173\u4e8e\u56e0\u679c\u77e5\u8bc6<\/strong>\u80fd\u4e3a\u6982\u7387<\/strong>\u3001\u5efa\u7acb\u56e0\u679c\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u6570\u636e\u7c7b\u578b<\/strong>\u548c\u652f\u6301\u8fd9\u4e9b\u56e0\u679c\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u63a8\u7406\u6a21\u5f0f<\/strong>\u5e26\u6765\u4ec0\u4e48\uff1f\u5b83\u8fd8\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u4e00\u79cd\u516c\u7406\u5316\u7684\u6f14\u7b97\uff0c\u7c7b\u4f3c\u4e8e\u6982\u7387\u6f14\u7b97\uff0c\u7528\u6765\u8868\u793a\u548c\u63a8\u7406\u56e0\u679c\u5173\u7cfb<\/span>\uff08\u811a\u6ce8 3\uff09<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u79d1\u5b66\u77e5\u8bc6\u603b\u662f\u81ea\u7136\u5730\u7528\u56e0\u679c\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u672f\u8bed\u6765\u4f20\u8fbe\u548c\u6784\u601d\uff0c\u4f46\u957f\u671f\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u5b58\u5728\u4f7f\u7528\u7edf\u8ba1\u6216\u6982\u7387\u672f\u8bed\u6765\u4f20\u8fbe\u79d1\u5b66\u77e5\u8bc6\u7684\u503e\u5411\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u56e0\u679c\u8ba8\u8bba\u662f\u542f\u53d1\u6027\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u4e8b\u5b9e\u5185\u5bb9\u53c8\u7531\u7edf\u8ba1\u6570\u636e\u4f20\u8fbe\u3002\u5e72\u9884\u4e3b\u4e49\u6d88\u9664\u4e86\u8fd9\u79cd\u503e\u5411\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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3. \u7edf\u8ba1\u529b\u5b66<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n

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\u81ea\u4ece\u7ecf\u5178\u529b\u5b66\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u5bf9\u79f0\u6027\u5f15\u8d77\u4e86\u70ed\u529b\u5b66\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5b9a\u5f8b\u4e2d\u4e0d\u5bf9\u79f0\u6027\u6765\u6e90\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u5173\u4e8e\u4e16\u754c\u4e0a\u65f6\u95f4\u4e0d\u5bf9\u79f0\u6027\u6765\u6e90\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u4e00\u76f4\u5b58\u5728\u3002\u4e00\u4e2a\u534a\u4e16\u7eaa\u4ee5\u6765\u7edf\u8ba1\u529b\u5b66\u57fa\u7840\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u8868\u660e\u4e86\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5e95\u5c42\u6cd5\u5219\u662f\u65f6\u95f4\u5bf9\u79f0\u7684\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4ecd\u7136\u53ef\u4ee5\u6062\u590d\u51fa\u6d8c\u73b0\u52a8\u529b\u5b66\u7684\u4e0d\u5bf9\u79f0\u6027\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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David Albert \u5728\u300aTime and chance<\/em>\u300b[18]\u4e2d\u7ed9\u51fa\u7684\u7edf\u8ba1\u529b\u5b66\u7684\u73bb\u5c14\u5179\u66fc\u89e3\u91ca\u6e05\u6670\u51c6\u786e\u5730\u8868\u8fbe\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e9b\u57fa\u7840\u6982\u5ff5<\/span>\uff08\u811a\u6ce8 4\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u6b64\u89e3\u91ca\u6709\u4e09\u4e2a\u524d\u63d0\uff1a<\/span><\/p>\n

1.\u7ecf\u5178\u52a8\u529b\u5b66\u5b9a\u5f8b<\/strong><\/span>\uff08The classical dynamical laws\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u719f\u77e5\u7684\u725b\u987f\u8fd0\u52a8\u5b9a\u5f8b\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

2.\u7edf\u8ba1\u5047\u8bbe<\/strong><\/span>\uff08The statistical postulate\uff09<\/span>\uff1a\u8fd9\u662f\u7edf\u8ba1\u529b\u5b66\u7684\u4e2d\u5fc3\u5047\u8bbe\uff1b\u76f8\u7a7a\u95f4<\/span>\uff08phase space\uff09<\/span>\u4e0a\u7684\u6807\u51c6\u52d2\u8d1d\u683c\u6d4b\u5ea6<\/span>\uff08standard Lebesgue measure\uff09<\/span>\u7ed9\u51fa\u4e86\u7ed9\u5b9a\u5b8f\u89c2\u72b6\u6001\u4e2d\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u5904\u4e8e\u4e0e\u8be5\u5b8f\u89c2\u72b6\u6001\u517c\u5bb9\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u6216\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u5fae\u89c2\u72b6\u6001\u7684\u6982\u7387<\/span>\uff08\u6216\u8005\u66f4\u7cbe\u786e\u5730\uff0c\u5904\u4e8e\u4e0e\u8be5\u5b8f\u89c2\u72b6\u6001\u76f8\u5173\u8054\u7684\u76f8\u7a7a\u95f4\u7684\u4f53\u79ef\u7684\u67d0\u4e2a\u5b50\u4f53\u79ef\u4e2d\uff09<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

3.\u8fc7\u53bb\u5047\u8bbe<\/strong><\/span>\uff08The past hypothesis\uff09<\/span>\uff1a\u8fd9\u662f\u521d\u59cb\u7684<\/span>\uff08\u9065\u8fdc\u8fc7\u53bb\uff09<\/span>\u4e00\u4e2a\u8fb9\u754c\u6761\u4ef6\uff0c\u6700\u5e38\u88ab\u6846\u5b9a\u4e3a\u5b87\u5b99\u66fe\u7ecf\u5904\u4e8e\u975e\u5e38\u4f4e\u71b5\u72b6\u6001\u7684\u5047\u8bbe\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5047\u8bbe\u5171\u540c\u8d77\u4f5c\u7528\uff0c\u4ea7\u751f\u4e86\u8fc7\u53bb\u672a\u6765\u7686\u9002\u7528\u7684\u70ed\u529b\u5b66\uff0c\u5982\u4e0b\u6240\u8ff0\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\u7ecf\u5178\u52a8\u529b\u5b66\u5b9a\u5f8b<\/strong>\u5212\u5b9a\u4e86\u4e00\u7ec4\u7269\u7406\u4e0a\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u72b6\u6001\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\u7edf\u8ba1\u5047\u8bbe<\/strong>\u5728\u72b6\u6001\u7a7a\u95f4\u65bd\u52a0\u4e86\u6982\u7387\u5206\u5e03\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u6982\u7387\u5206\u5e03\u6781\u5927\u5730\u504f\u597d\u4e8e\u71b5\u589e\u8f68\u8ff9\u7684\u4e16\u754c<\/span>\uff08\u811a\u6ce8 5\uff09<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\u8fc7\u53bb\u5047\u8bbe<\/strong>\u6392\u9664\u4e86\u5728\u521d\u59cb<\/span>\uff08\u9065\u8fdc\u7684\u8fc7\u53bb\uff09<\/span>\u5904\u4e8e\u975e\u4f4e\u71b5\u7684\u6240\u6709\u72b6\u6001\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/section>\n
\u5176\u7ed3\u679c\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u6781\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u71b5\u589e\u52a0\u7684\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u4e09\u4e2a\u524d\u63d0\u5047\u8bbe\u4e2d\uff0c\uff081\uff09\u548c\uff082\uff09\u5728\u65f6\u95f4\u4e0a\u662f\u5bf9\u79f0\u7684\u3002\u725b\u987f\u529b\u5b66\u5b9a\u5f8b\u5728\u65f6\u95f4\u53cd\u6f14\u4e0b\u662f\u5bf9\u79f0\u7684\uff1a\u5bf9\u4e8e\u4ece A \u5230 B \u7684\u5c01\u95ed\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u4efb\u4f55\u7269\u7406\u4e0a\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u8f68\u8ff9\uff0c\u8be5\u8f68\u8ff9\u7684\u53cd\u6f14<\/span>\uff08\u901a\u8fc7\u53cd\u8f6c\u4f4d\u7f6e\u548c\u52a8\u91cf\u83b7\u5f97\uff09<\/span>\u5728\u7269\u7406\u4e0a\u4e5f\u662f\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u3002\u6982\u7387\u5206\u5e03\u4e0e\u65f6\u95f4\u65e0\u5173\u3002\u4e0d\u5bf9\u79f0\u6027\u5b8c\u5168\u4f53\u73b0\u5728\uff083\uff09\u4e2d\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\uff083\uff09\u4ec5\u5728\u65f6\u95f4\u7684\u4e00\u7aef\u65bd\u52a0\u4e0d\u5bf9\u79f0\u8fb9\u754c\u6761\u4ef6\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u5173\u4e8e Albert \u7684\u89e3\u91ca\u7684\u5404\u4e2a\u5c42\u9762\u6709\u5f88\u591a\u4e89\u8bae\u3002\u672c\u6587\u5c06\u4ee5\u4ed6\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\u4e3a\u57fa\u7840<\/span>\uff08\u4f46\u5982\u679c\u8fd9\u4e0d\u662f\u4f60\u5bf9\u7edf\u8ba1\u529b\u5b66\u57fa\u7840\u7684\u504f\u597d\u63cf\u8ff0\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u4f60\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u6765\u4ee3\u66ff\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u4efb\u4f55\u7edf\u8ba1\u529b\u5b66\u57fa\u7840\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\uff0c\u53ea\u8981\u80fd\u6210\u529f\u5730\u4ea7\u751f\u70ed\u529b\u5b66\u7684\u666e\u904d\u6027<\/span>\uff08thermodynamic generalizations\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u90fd\u4f1a\u4fdd\u8bc1\u8bb0\u5f55\u7684\u4e0d\u5bf9\u79f0\u6027\u3002\u5728 Albert \u7684\u89e3\u91ca\u4e2d\u770b\u5230\u4e0d\u5bf9\u79f0\u6027\u5982\u4f55\u8fd0\u4f5c\u662f\u5f88\u6709\u7528\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u65e0\u8bba\u4f60\u7528\u4f55\u79cd\u903b\u8f91\u4ece\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u5047\u8bbe\u4e2d\u63a8\u5bfc\u4e0d\u5bf9\u79f0\u6027\uff0c\u53cd\u6f14\u6b64\u79cd\u903b\u8f91\u90fd\u5e94\u80fd\u8ba9\u4f60\u6309\u4e0b\u8ff0\u63cf\u8ff0\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u63a8\u51fa\u56e0\u679c\u4e0d\u5bf9\u79f0\u6027\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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4. \u77e5\u8bc6\u4e0d\u5bf9\u79f0<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n

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<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/h3>\n

<\/section>\n
\u4ece\u7ecf\u9a8c\u51fa\u53d1\u63cf\u7ed8\u65f6\u95f4\u4e0d\u5bf9\u79f0\u6027\uff0c\u5e76\u5c06\u5176\u7f6e\u4e8e\u70ed\u529b\u5b66\u68af\u5ea6\u6765\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u53ef\u4ee5\u8ffd\u6eaf\u5230\u8d56\u5174\u5df4\u8d6b<\/span>\uff08Reichenbach\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u6b64\u5de5\u4f5c\u7ecf\u8fc7 Paul Horwich \u548c Huw Price \u7684\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u5e76\u5728 Albert \u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u57fa\u7840\u4e0a\u5f97\u5230\u53d1\u5c55<\/span>\uff08\u811a\u6ce8 6\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u5b58\u5728\u4e24\u79cd\u4e0d\u5bf9\u79f0\u6027\uff1a\u4e00\u79cd\u662f\u8ba4\u77e5\u4e0d\u5bf9\u79f0<\/strong><\/span>\uff08epistemic asymmetry\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u53e6\u4e00\u79cd\u662f\u884c\u4e3a\u4e0d\u5bf9\u79f0<\/strong><\/span>\uff08practical asymmetry\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u8ba4\u77e5\u4e0d\u5bf9\u79f0\u662f\u6307\u6211\u4eec\u5bf9\u8fc7\u53bb\u7684\u8ba4\u8bc6\u591a\u4e8e\u672a\u6765\u8fd9\u79cd\u4e0d\u5bf9\u79f0\u611f\uff1b\u884c\u4e3a\u4e0d\u5bf9\u79f0\u662f\u6307\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u5b9e\u8df5\u53ea\u80fd\u5f71\u54cd\u672a\u6765\u800c\u65e0\u6cd5\u5f71\u54cd\u8fc7\u53bb\u7684\u4e0d\u5bf9\u79f0\u611f\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/section>\n
Albert \u7528\u5982\u4e0b\u4f8b\u5b50\u6765\u89e3\u91ca\u8ba4\u77e5\u4e0d\u5bf9\u79f0<\/strong>\uff1a\u4ece\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e3b\u4f53\u51fa\u53d1\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4e3b\u4f53\u53ef\u4ee5\u611f\u77e5\u5230\u5f53\u524d\u73af\u5883\u7684\u5b8f\u89c2\u72b6\u6001\u3002\u7136\u540e\u6211\u4eec\u80fd\u7528\u7edf\u8ba1\u529b\u5b66\u7684\u5de5\u5177\u63a8\u65ad\u8be5\u4e3b\u4f53\u80fd\u4ece\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4fe1\u606f\u4e2d\u63a8\u65ad\u51fa\u4ec0\u4e48<\/span>\uff08\u811a\u6ce8 7\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u5047\u5b9a\u7cfb\u7edf\u521d\u59cb\u5904\u4e8e\u4f4e\u71b5\u72b6\u6001\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u5b8f\u89c2\u72b6\u6001\u53d6\u5fae\u6b63\u5219\u5206\u5e03<\/span>\uff08microcanonical probability distribution\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u4f7f\u5176\u5411\u524d\u6216\u5411\u540e\u6f14\u5316<\/span>\uff08\u811a\u6ce8 8\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u4e3b\u4f53\u4f1a\u53d1\u73b0\u7531\u6b64\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u6982\u7387\u5206\u5e03\u6709\u5927\u91cf\u5173\u4e8e\u5b8f\u89c2\u8fc7\u53bb\u7684\u8be6\u7ec6\u4fe1\u606f\uff0c\u4f46\u672a\u6765\u4fe1\u606f\u5f88\u5c11[18-23]\u3002\u539f\u56e0\u5728\u4e8e\uff1a\u4ee5\u8fc7\u53bb\u5047\u8bbe\u4e3a\u6761\u4ef6\u6765\u51b3\u5b9a\u5f53\u524d\u7684\u5b8f\u89c2\u4e16\u754c\u4f1a\u8ba9\u4e3b\u4f53<\/span>\uff08\u4ee5\u6781\u9ad8\u7684\u6982\u7387\uff09<\/span>\u63a8\u65ad\u51fa\uff1a\u73af\u5883\u4e2d\u8fd1\u4f3c\u5b64\u7acb\u5b50\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u6240\u6709\u534a\u6709\u5e8f\u72b6\u6001\u90fd\u662f\u4ece\u66f4\u6709\u5e8f\u7684\u72b6\u6001\u6f14\u5316\u800c\u6765\u7684\uff0c\u8fd9\u4f7f\u5b83\u4eec\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u6210\u4e3a\u8fc7\u53bb\u7684\u8bb0\u5f55\u3002\u5982\u534a\u6df7\u5408\u7684\u5976\u6cb9\u5496\u5561\u548c\u6c99\u6ee9\u4e0a\u7684\u811a\u5370\uff0c\u6216\u73af\u5883\u4e2d\u8fd1\u4f3c\u7edd\u70ed\u5b64\u7acb\u5b50\u7cfb\u7edf<\/span>\uff08adiabatically isolated subsystem\uff09<\/span>\u7684\u4efb\u4f55\u534a\u6709\u5e8f\u5b8f\u89c2\u72b6\u6001<\/span>\uff08semi-ordered macrostate\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u4ece\u5b8f\u89c2\u4e0a\u770b\uff0c\u7528\u6982\u7387\u5047\u8bbe\u5411\u524d\u6f14\u5316\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u4ee5\u9ad8\u6982\u7387\u63a8\u65ad\u7cfb\u7edf\u4f1a\u5411\u66f4\u9ad8\u7684\u71b5\u72b6\u6001\u53d1\u5c55<\/span>\uff08\u5976\u6cb9\u66f4\u6df7\u5408\u3001\u811a\u5370\u892a\u53bb\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u5982\u679c\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u5bf9\u8fc7\u53bb\u8fdb\u884c\u6761\u4ef6\u5047\u8bbe\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u8ba9\u7cfb\u7edf\u53cd\u6f14\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u529b\u5b66\u5b9a\u5f8b\u662f\u65f6\u95f4\u53cd\u6f14\u5bf9\u79f0\u7684\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u5728\u6b64\u65b9\u5411\u4e0a\u7ed3\u679c\u76f8\u540c\uff1a\u5b83\u6781\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u6765\u81ea\u4e8e\u4e00\u4e2a\u66f4\u9ad8\u71b5\u7684\u72b6\u6001\u3002\u4f46\u5982\u679c\u6211\u4eec\u4ee5\u521d\u59cb\u4f4e\u71b5\u4e3a\u6761\u4ef6\uff0c\u4e00\u5207\u90fd\u4e0d\u540c\u4e86\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u53ea\u8003\u8651\u90a3\u4e9b\u6765\u81ea\u4f4e\u71b5\u72b6\u6001\u7684\u8f68\u8ff9\uff0c\u5976\u6cb9\u6df7\u5408\u7a0b\u5ea6\u66f4\u4f4e\uff0c\u811a\u5370\u66f4\u660e\u663e\u3002\u5982\u679c\u6211\u4eec\u6cbf\u6b64\u8f68\u8ff9\u8ffd\u6eaf\u5230\u6700\u521d\u4ea7\u751f\u6709\u5e8f\u7684\u65f6\u523b\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4f1a\u53d1\u73b0\uff1a\u534a\u6df7\u5408\u7684\u5976\u6cb9\u6700\u521d\u53ea\u662f\u4e00\u6ef4\u3001\u811a\u5370\u53ea\u662f\u5306\u5306\u6b65\u5c65\u7684\u7247\u523b\u8bb0\u5f55\u3001\u6811\u4e0a\u5212\u75d5\u53ea\u662f\u8fc7\u53bb\u53d7\u4f24\u7684\u7ed3\u75c2\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u90a3\u884c\u4e3a\u4e0d\u5bf9\u79f0<\/strong><\/span>\uff08\u53ea\u5f71\u54cd\u672a\u6765\uff0c\u4e0d\u5f71\u54cd\u8fc7\u53bb\uff09<\/span>\u53c8\u5982\u4f55\u89e3\u91ca\u5462\uff1f\u6846\u67b6\u6cbf\u7740\u8bb0\u5f55\u8bf4\u8d77\u3002\u8fd8\u662f\u4e4b\u524d\u7684\u8981\u7d20\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u95ee\uff1a\u4e3b\u4f53<\/span>\uff08\u6bd4\u5982\u6211\u4eec\uff09<\/span>\u5bf9\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u5982\u4f55\u4f20\u64ad\u5230\u672a\u6765\u6216\u8fc7\u53bb<\/span>\uff08\u811a\u6ce89\uff09<\/span>\uff1f\u7136\u540e\uff0c\u4e3b\u4f53\u95ee\uff1a\u5982\u679c\u6211\u8d70\u8fc7\u4e00\u7247\u6c99\u6ee9\uff0c\u6316\u4e2a\u6d1e\u3001\u57cb\u70b9\u575a\u679c\u3001\u6216\u8005\u6539\u53d8\u4e00\u70b9\u73af\u5883\u7279\u5f81\uff0c\u4f1a\u53d1\u751f\u4ec0\u4e48\uff1f\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff1a\u6211\u5728\u73af\u5883\u4e2d\u521b\u9020\u4e00\u70b9\u6709\u5e8f\u6001\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u4f1a\u53d1\u751f\u4ec0\u4e48\uff1f\u4e3a\u4e86\u56de\u7b54\u8fd9\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4ee5\u8fc7\u53bb\u5047\u8bbe\u4e3a\u6761\u4ef6\uff0c\u5728\u5f53\u524d\u7684\u5b8f\u89c2\u72b6\u6001\u5e94\u7528\u6982\u7387\u5047\u8bbe\uff0c\u83b7\u53d6\u76f8\u5e94\u7684\u5fae\u89c2\u72b6\u6001\u5206\u5e03\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u6839\u636e\u529b\u5b66\u5b9a\u5f8b\u5411\u524d\u6216\u5411\u540e\u6f14\u5316\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c\u80fd\u611f\u77e5\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u4e3b\u4f53\u5c06\u80fd\u770b\u5230\uff1a\u884c\u4e3a\u80fd\u5f71\u54cd\u672a\u6765\uff0c\u4f46\u65e0\u6cd5\u89e6\u53ca\u8fc7\u53bb<\/strong>\u3002\u6bd4\u5982\u8bf4\uff0c\u6211\u4ece\u6c99\u6ee9\u8d70\u8fc7\uff0c\u7559\u4e0b\u811a\u5370\uff0c\u76f4\u81f3\u6f6e\u6c34\u6765\u56de\u62b9\u53bb\uff1b\u6211\u6316\u4e00\u6761\u6c34\u6c9f\u3001\u76d6\u4e00\u680b\u623f\u5b50\uff0c\u6211\u867d\u7528\u7740\u66f4\u8010\u7528\u7684\u6750\u6599\uff0c\u4f46\u8fd8\u662f\u5728\u505a\u540c\u4e00\u4ef6\u4e8b\u60c5\uff1a\u7ed9\u73af\u5883\u5236\u9020\u9700\u8981\u65f6\u95f4\u6765\u74e6\u89e3\u7684\u6709\u5e8f\u6001\u3002\u8bb0\u5f55\u7684\u4e0d\u5bf9\u79f0\u6027\u548c\u7ed3\u679c\u7684\u4e0d\u5bf9\u79f0\u6027\u662f\u786c\u5e01\u7684\u4e24\u9762\u3002\u4f60\u6240\u8ba4\u4e3a\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u53ea\u662f\u5176\u672a\u6765\u5c06\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u8bb0\u5f55\u3002\u4e00\u4e2a\u806a\u660e\u7684\u4e3b\u4f53\u80fd\u591f\u7528\u884c\u52a8\u5e72\u9884\uff0c\u521b\u9020\u672a\u6765\u7684\u8bb0\u5f55\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u770b\u770b\u8fd9\u5176\u4e2d\u7684\u903b\u8f91\uff0c\u5c31\u80fd\u660e\u767d\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u5e72\u9884\u4e0d\u4f1a\u6539\u53d8\u8fc7\u53bb\uff1a\u4ee5\u8fc7\u53bb\u5047\u8bf4\u4e3a\u6761\u4ef6\uff0c\u56fa\u5b9a\u4e86\u8fc7\u53bb\u7684\u6bcf\u4e00\u4e2a\u6709\u5b8f\u89c2\u8bb0\u5f55\u7684\u7279\u5f81\u3002\u8fc7\u53bb\u4efb\u4f55\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u5b8f\u89c2\u7279\u5f81\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c06\u5bf9\u6b64\u65f6\u6b64\u5730\u7684\u5c40\u90e8\u5b8f\u89c2\u5e72\u9884\u201c\u65e0\u52a8\u4e8e\u8877\u201d\u3002\u8fd9\u610f\u5473\u7740\uff0c\u4e00\u65e6\u6211\u4eec\u628a\u8fc7\u53bb\u7684\u5047\u8bbe\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5f53\u524d\u5b8f\u89c2\u72b6\u6001\u7684\u6761\u4ef6\uff0c\u73b0\u5728<\/em>\u4e0e\u8fc7\u53bb\u7684\u72b6\u6001<\/em>\u5c31\u4e0d\u4f1a\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u53ef\u9760\u7684\u3001\u663e\u73b0\u7684\u6982\u7387\u5173\u8054\u3002<\/span>\uff08\u811a\u6ce8 10\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u7efc\u4e0a\u6240\u8ff0\u53ef\u4ee5\u89e3\u91ca\uff0c\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u50cf\u6211\u4eec\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u751f\u7269\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u5b8f\u89c2\u89c6\u89d2\u89c2\u6d4b\u4e16\u754c\uff0c\u4f1a\u770b\u5230\u6211\u4eec\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u662f\u5411\u672a\u6765\u8fd0\u884c\u7684\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u884c\u6587\u81f3\u6b64\uff0c\u4e5f\u672a\u660e\u786e\u63d0\u53ca\u56e0\u679c\u5173\u7cfb<\/span>\uff08causation\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u5047\u8bbe\u4e86\u5b9a\u5f8b\u3001\u6982\u7387\u516c\u7406\u548c\u8fc7\u53bb\u5047\u8bbe\uff0c\u4e5f\u8c08\u5230\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u80fd\u611f\u77e5\u73af\u5883\u5b8f\u89c2\u72b6\u6001\u7684\u4e3b\u4f53\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f97\u5230\u5173\u4e8e\u8fc7\u53bb\u548c\u672a\u6765\u7684\u4ec0\u4e48\u4fe1\u606f\u548c\u8be5\u4e3b\u4f53\u5bf9\u5176\u81ea\u8eab\u884c\u4e3a\u7ed3\u679c\u7684\u671f\u671b\u3002\u901a\u5f80\u56e0\u679c\u4e0d\u5bf9\u79f0\u7684\u6377\u5f84\u4f1a\u8bf4\uff0c\u8fd9\u5c31\u662f\u56e0\u679c\u4e0d\u5bf9\u79f0\u7684\u5168\u90e8\u3002\u4f46\u8fd9\u4ecd\u6709\u592a\u591a\u95ee\u9898\u6ca1\u6709\u89e3\u7b54\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u4ece\u4e3b\u4f53\uff08agent\uff09\u89c6\u89d2\u51fa\u53d1\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u597d\u5947\u6ee1\u6ee1<\/strong>\uff1a\u5979\u5bf9\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u7ecf\u9a8c\u6709\u4ec0\u4e48\u770b\u6cd5\uff1f\u56e0\u679c\u6982\u5ff5\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u5d4c\u5165\u5230\u5979\u8111\u4e2d\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u7f51\u7edc\u7684\uff1f\u53ef\u4ee5\u63a8\u51fa\u56e0\u679c\u5173\u7cfb\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u4ec0\u4e48\u8054\u7cfb\uff1f\u5b83\u4eec\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u88ab\u56ca\u62ec\u5728\u4e0e\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u8ba4\u77e5\u548c\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u4ea4\u6d41\u4e2d\uff1f<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u4ece\u4e16\u754c\uff08world\uff09\u89c6\u89d2\u51fa\u53d1\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u56f0\u60d1\u91cd\u91cd<\/strong>\uff1a\u73af\u5883\u4e2d\u652f\u6301\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u5916\u90e8\u57fa\u7840\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\uff1f\u56e0\u4e3a\u4e3b\u4f53\u672c\u8eab\u5c31\u662f\u7269\u7406\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u8ba4\u4e3a\u7269\u7406\u5206\u6790\u7684\u5355\u5143 = \u4e3b\u4f53 + \u73af\u5883<\/span>\uff08\u6216\u5d4c\u5165\u5728\u73af\u5883\u4e2d\u7684\u4e3b\u4f53\uff09<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u5e72\u9884\u4e3b\u4e49\u7ed9\u4e86\u6211\u4eec\u5bf9\u56e0\u679c\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\uff0c\u5b83\u5e76\u4e0d\u672c\u8d28\u4e0a\u53c2\u8003\u4e3b\u4f53\u7684\u89c6\u89d2\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u4f7f\u7528\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6846\u67b6\u6765\u5f97\u5230\u4e00\u4e2a\u6e05\u6670\u7684\u8bca\u65ad\uff0c\u5373\u5728\u5f15\u5165\u4e3b\u4f53\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u662f\u5426\u5b58\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bc6\u522b\u7684\u4e0d\u5bf9\u79f0\u6027\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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5. \u5e72\u9884\u4e3b\u4e49\u56e0\u679c\u8bba<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n

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<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/h3>\n

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\u6839\u636e\u5e72\u9884\u4e3b\u4e49\uff0c\u7ed9\u5b9a\u4e00\u4e2a\u53d8\u91cf\u7f51\u7edc\u548c\u4e00\u7ec4\u7ea6\u675f\u6761\u4ef6\uff0c\u53d8\u91cf A \u4e0e\u53d8\u91cf B \u6709\u56e0\u679c\u5173\u7cfb<\/span>\uff08\u5728\u53d8\u91cf\u7f51\u7edc\u548c\u7ea6\u675f\u6761\u4ef6\u4e0b\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u5c31\u7b49\u4ef7\u4e8e\u5e72\u9884 A<\/span>\uff08\u5916\u5728\u6539\u53d8 A \u7684\u503c\uff09<\/span>\u80fd\u5f71\u54cd B<\/span>\uff08\u6216\u5f71\u54cd B \u7684\u6982\u7387\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u4e0b\u9762\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u53d8\u91cf\u7f51\u7edc\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u60f3\u77e5\u9053 A \u662f\u5426\u662f B \u7684\u539f\u56e0\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u6211\u4eec\u5728 A \u4e0a\u65bd\u52a0\u5e72\u9884\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u89c2\u5bdf\u662f\u5426\u5bf9 B<\/span>\uff08\u53d6\u503c\u6216\u53d6\u503c\u7684\u6982\u7387\uff09<\/span>\u6709\u5f71\u54cd<\/span>\uff08\u56fe 1\uff09<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u56fe 1. \u56e0\u679c\u56fe<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/section>\n
\u8fd9\u91cc\u5bf9\u5b8f\u89c2\u53d8\u91cf\u6ca1\u6709\u9650\u5236\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5 A\u3001B \u53ef\u4ee5\u662f\u4efb\u4f55\u53d8\u91cf\u3002\u5927\u6846\u67b6\u662f\u65f6\u95f4\u5bf9\u79f0\u7684\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u901a\u5e38\u5e0c\u671b\u627e\u5230\u672a\u6765\u7684\u56e0\u679c\u6548\u5e94\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u6211\u4eec\u5728\u5b9a\u4e49\u5e72\u9884\u7684\u65f6\u5019\u672c\u8eab\u5c31\u662f\u65f6\u95f4\u4e0d\u5bf9\u79f0\u7684<\/span>\uff08\u5e72\u9884\u662f\u5bf9\u53d8\u91cf\u503c\u7684\u5916\u5728\u6539\u53d8\uff0c\u5207\u65ad\u4e86\u8fc7\u53bb\u7684\u6f5c\u5728\u539f\u56e0\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u627e\u5e72\u9884\u5bf9\u65f6\u95f4\u4e0b\u6e38\u53d8\u91cf<\/span>\uff08temporally downstream variables\uff09<\/span>\u7684\u56e0\u679c\u6548\u5e94\u3002\u5982\u679c\u6211\u4eec\u60f3\u77e5\u9053\u963f\u53f8\u5339\u6797\u80fd\u5426\u7f13\u89e3\u504f\u5934\u75db\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u901a\u5e38\u4f1a\u63a7\u5236\u73af\u5883\u53d8\u91cf\uff0c\u8bbe\u5b9a\u7cfb\u7edf\u5b8f\u89c2\u53ef\u89c2\u6d4b\u73af\u5883\u53d8\u91cf\u548c\u8fc7\u53bb\u5047\u8bbe\u3002\u4f46\u5176\u5b9e\u5728\u5e72\u9884\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u6846\u67b6\u4e2d\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u4e1c\u897f\u8feb\u4f7f\u6211\u4eec\u8fd9\u6837\u601d\u8003\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u5f88\u5bb9\u6613\u5c31\u80fd\u5efa\u7acb\u4e00\u4e2a\u53d8\u91cf\u7f51\u7edc\uff0c\u9009\u62e9\u53d8\u91cf A\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u624b\u52a8\u5207\u9664 A \u4e0e\u5176\u65f6\u95f4\u4e0a\u6e38\u53d8\u91cf<\/span>\uff08temporally upstream variables\uff09<\/span>\u7684\u8054\u7cfb\u3002\u7136\u540e\u63a2\u7a76\u5e72\u9884 A \u662f\u5426\u4f1a\u5f71\u54cd\u8fc7\u53bb\u65f6\u95f4\u7684\u53d8\u91cf\u503c<\/span>\uff08\u6216\u5176\u5206\u5e03\u6982\u7387\uff09<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/section>\n
2000 \u5e74\uff0cPearl \u5728\u5176\u4e66[28]\u4e2d\u8ba8\u8bba\u4e86\u8fd9\u79cd\u4e0d\u5bf9\u79f0\u6027\u3002\u5728\u4ed6\u770b\u6765\uff0c\u65b9\u5411\u6027\u5b8c\u5168\u6765\u81ea\u4e8e\u5bf9\u5185\u751f\u548c\u5916\u751f\u7684\u9009\u62e9\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u4ece\u7cfb\u7edf\u91cc\u62bd\u53d6\u51fa\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u60f3\u8c61\u81ea\u5df1\u53c2\u4e0e\u5176\u4e2d\uff0c\u8bbe\u5b9a\u7279\u5b9a\u53d8\u91cf\u503c\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u89c2\u5bdf\u5bf9\u5176\u4ed6\u53d8\u91cf\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u5916\u751f<\/span>\uff08exogenous\uff09<\/span>\u53d8\u91cf\u5c31\u662f\u7f51\u7edc\u5916\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u8bbe\u5b9a\u503c\u7684\u53d8\u91cf\uff0c\u53cd\u4e4b\u4e3a\u5185\u751f<\/span>\uff08endogenous\uff09<\/span>\u53d8\u91cf\u3002Pearl \u5982\u662f\u8bf4\uff1a<\/span><\/section>\n
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\u6b63\u662f\u5185\u5916\u751f\u53d8\u91cf\u7684\u9009\u62e9\u5728\u6211\u4eec\u770b\u5f85\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u89c6\u89d2\u4e0a\u521b\u9020\u4e86\u4e0d\u5bf9\u79f0\u6027\uff0c\u6b63\u662f\u8fd9\u79cd\u4e0d\u5bf9\u79f0\u6027\u8ba9\u6211\u4eec\u80fd\u591f\u8c08\u8bba\u201c\u5916\u90e8\u5e72\u9884\u201d\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\u624d\u4ea7\u751f\u4e86\u56e0\u679c\u6027\u548c\u56e0\u679c\u6548\u5e94\u7684\u65b9\u5411\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/blockquote>\n

\u6211\u4eec\u503e\u5411\u4e8e\u5148\u9009\u62e9\u5916\u751f\u53d8\u91cf\u800c\u975e\u5185\u751f\u53d8\u91cf\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u540e\u671f\u72b6\u6001\u968f\u65e9\u671f\u72b6\u6001\u53d8\u5316\u6709\u4f55\u5dee\u5f02\u5bf9\u4e8e\u6307\u5bfc\u884c\u52a8\u6765\u8bf4\u975e\u5e38\u91cd\u8981\u3002\u4f46\u4ece\u5f62\u5f0f\u4e0a\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u5148\u9009\u5185\u751f\u53d8\u91cf\u4e5f\u6ca1\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u597d\u5947\u672a\u6765\u72b6\u6001\u53d8\u91cf\u5bf9\u8fc7\u53bb\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u5c31\u50cf\u6211\u4eec\u8003\u8651\u8fc7\u53bb\u72b6\u6001\u53d8\u91cf\u5bf9\u672a\u6765\u6709\u5f71\u54cd\u4e00\u6837\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u95ee\u9898\u5728\u903b\u8f91\u4e0a\u5f88\u8bf4\u5f97\u901a\u3002Pearl \u5199\u9053\uff1a<\/span><\/section>\n
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\u8fd9\u4e2a\u542f\u53d1\u5c31\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u5206\u5272\u5b87\u5b99\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u51b3\u5b9a\u4e86\u8054\u7cfb\u56e0\u679c\u7684\u65b9\u5411\u6027\u3002\u6bcf\u79cd\u79d1\u5b66\u90fd\u9ed8\u8ba4\u4e86\u8fd9\u79cd\u5206\u6cd5\uff0c\u9ea6\u5361\u9521\uff08McCarthy\uff09\u5728\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u4e2d\u79f0\u5176\u4e3a\u9650\u5236\u903b\u8f91\uff08circumscription\uff09\u3002\u5728\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u4e2d\uff0c\u9650\u5236\u903b\u8f91\u5728\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u4e2d\u5c31\u7b49\u4ef7\u4e8e\u786e\u5b9a\u54ea\u4e9b\u53d8\u91cf\u662f\u5185\u751f\u7684\u3001\u54ea\u4e9b\u53d8\u91cf\u662f\u5916\u751f\u7684 [ 28, p. 420]\u3002<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/blockquote>\n

\u4ece\u8fd9\u4e2a\u89d2\u5ea6\u6765\u770b\uff0c\u5404\u4e8b\u4ef6\u867d\u6709\u8054\u7cfb\uff0c\u4f46\u5e76\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u5185\u5728\u7684\u4f9d\u8d56\u65b9\u5411\u3002\u4e16\u754c\u672c\u8eab\u6709\u5176\u6a21\u6001\u5b50\u7ed3\u6784<\/span>\uff08modal substructure\uff0c\u7531\u65f6\u95f4\u5bf9\u79f0\u5f8b\u7ed9\u51fa\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u56e0\u679c\u5224\u65ad\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u5047\u8bbe\u7684\u60c5\u5f62\uff0c\u4e0d\u540c\u5047\u8bbe\u610f\u5473\u7740\u9009\u62e9\u4e86\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u5185\u3001\u5916\u751f\u53d8\u91cf<\/span>\uff08\u7531\u7279\u5b9a\u9650\u5236\u7ed9\u51fa\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u56e0\u679c\u4f9d\u8d56\u7684\u65b9\u5411\u5c31\u7531\u5185\u751f\u53d8\u91cf\u548c\u5916\u751f\u53d8\u91cf\u7684\u9009\u62e9\u7ed9\u51fa\uff0c\u800c\u8fd9\u53c8\u7531\u5b9e\u9a8c\u8005\u6839\u636e\u5b9e\u9645\u5174\u8da3\u88c1\u5b9a\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u662f\u65f6\u95f4\u5bfc\u5411\u7684\u4e3b\u4f53\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u6211\u4eec\u503e\u5411\u4e8e\u56fa\u5b9a\u8fc7\u53bb\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u770b\u56e0\u679c\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u4f46\u4ed4\u7ec6\u60f3\u60f3\u53c8\u4f1a\u53d1\u73b0\u5176\u5b9e\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4e8b\u4ef6\u5173\u7cfb\u672c\u8eab\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u5185\u5728\u7684\u4e0d\u5bf9\u79f0\u6027<\/span>\uff08\u811a\u6ce8 11\uff09<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u8fd9\u4e0d\u5b8c\u5168\u6b63\u786e\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83\u7684\u4e0d\u5b8c\u6574\u662f\u6709\u8bef\u5bfc\u6027\u7684\u3002\u8ddf\u7740\u6211\u4eec\u7ee7\u7eed\u60f3\u8c61\uff0c\u4f60\u5c06\u5bf9\u4e3b\u4f53\u4e0d\u5bf9\u79f0\u6027<\/span>\uff08asymmetry of agency\uff09<\/span>\u548c\u56e0\u679c\u4e0d\u5bf9\u79f0\u6027<\/span>\uff08asymmetry of causation\uff09<\/span>\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u6709\u66f4\u7cbe\u6df1\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u3002\u4e00\u70b9\u5267\u900f\uff1a\u6211\u4eec\u5c06\u8bc1\u660e\uff1a\u4e8b\u4ef6\u5173\u7cfb\u4e2d\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u5c40\u90e8\u4e0d\u5bf9\u79f0\uff0c\u4f46\u5728\u6cbf\u70ed\u529b\u5b66\u68af\u5ea6\u7684\u5b8f\u89c2\u6a21\u5f0f\u4e8b\u4ef6\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e3b\u4f53\u7684\u51fa\u73b0\u548c\u5229\u7528\u4fe1\u606f\u5374\u662f\u4e0d\u5bf9\u79f0\u7684\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u9700\u8981\u4ece\u5b8f\u89c2\u4e0d\u5bf9\u79f0\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u89e3\u91ca\u5230\u4e3b\u4f53\u7684\u51fa\u73b0\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u80fd\u900f\u8fc7\u5b8f\u89c2\u7684\u89c6\u89d2\u770b\u5f85\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u4fe1\u606f\u6536\u96c6\u548c\u5229\u7528\u7684\u4e0d\u5bf9\u79f0\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u56de\u987e\u524d\u6587\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4f1a\u53d1\u73b0\u7ecf\u5178\u529b\u5b66\u5b9a\u5f8b\u3001\u8fc7\u53bb\u5047\u8bbe\u548c\u5fae\u6b63\u5219\u6982\u7387\u5206\u5e03\u5171\u540c\u4e3a\u56e0\u679c\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u65b9\u5411<\/span>\uff08\u4ece\u8fc7\u53bb\u5230\u672a\u6765\uff09<\/span>\u4f5c\u51fa\u62c5\u4fdd\u3002\u90a3\u4e48\u65f6\u95f4\u53cd\u8f6c\u5462\uff1f\u6211\u4eec\u4e3a\u6b64\u56fa\u5b9a\u4e86\u7cfb\u7edf\u5927\u91cf\u53ef\u89c2\u6d4b\u5b8f\u89c2\u53d8\u91cf\u3002\u6df1\u5165\u4e00\u4e2a\u7f51\u7edc\uff0c\u62ff\u51fa\u4e00\u4e9b\u53d8\u91cf\u7136\u540e\u5207\u65ad\u5176\u4e0e\u672a\u6765\u53d8\u91cf\u7684\u8054\u7cfb\u3002\u5982\u679c\u6211\u4eec\u6539\u53d8\u4e86\u672a\u6765\u53d8\u91cf\uff0c\u8fc7\u53bb\u53d8\u91cf\u5c06\u4f1a\u53d1\u751f\u4ec0\u4e48\uff1f\u662f\u5426\u4f1a\u5bf9\u8fc7\u53bb\u53d8\u91cf\u4ea7\u751f\u4efb\u4f55\u6982\u7387\u5f71\u54cd\uff1f\u53ea\u8981\u6211\u4eec\u8bbe\u5b9a\u4e86\u8fc7\u53bb\u4f4e\u71b5\u8fb9\u754c\u6761\u4ef6\uff0c\u7b54\u6848\u5c06\u662f\u5426\u5b9a\u7684\u3002\u5f53\u524d\u53ef\u89c2\u6d4b\u5b8f\u89c2\u72b6\u6001\u4e0e\u8fc7\u53bb\u4f4e\u71b5\u8fb9\u754c\u6761\u4ef6\u4e00\u8d77\uff0c\u56fa\u5b9a\u4e86\u6bcf\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b8f\u89c2\u8bb0\u5f55\uff0c\u8fd9\u5c06\u5c4f\u853d\u4efb\u4f55\u8fc7\u53bb\u7684\u6f5c\u5728\u6982\u7387\u6548\u5e94\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u5e72\u9884\u4e3b\u4e49\u5206\u6790\u79fb\u9664\u4e3b\u4f53\u4f7f\u4eba\u4eec\u66f4\u5173\u6ce8\u4e3b\u4f53\u6240\u5904\u7269\u7406\u73af\u5883\u7684\u4e0d\u5bf9\u79f0\u6027\u3002\u201c\u56e0\u201d\u6cbf\u7740\u70ed\u529b\u5b66\u68af\u5ea6\u548c\u5e72\u9884\u56e0\u679c\u8def\u5f84<\/span>\uff08\u5982\uff1a\u652f\u67b6\u5f0f\u5e72\u9884\uff09<\/span>\u5faa\u7740\u53d8\u91cf\u95f4\u7684\u6982\u7387\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u5c06\u201c\u679c\u201d\u4f20\u5411\u672a\u6765\uff0c\u4f46\u4e0d\u80fd\u4f20\u56de\u8fc7\u53bb\u3002\u539f\u56e0\u5f88\u666e\u904d\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5f53\u524d\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u5b8f\u89c2\u72b6\u6001\u5c06\u5c4f\u853d\u4e0e\u8fc7\u53bb\u7684\u6982\u7387\u76f8\u5173\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u672a\u6765\u6ca1\u6709\u7c7b\u4f3c\u7684\u8fb9\u754c\u6761\u4ef6\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u6982\u7387\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u8be5\u65b9\u5411\u4e0a\u81ea\u7531\u4f20\u64ad\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u8fd8\u4e0d\u80fd\u5b8c\u5168\u6392\u9664\u4e3b\u4f53\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u6211\u4eec\u4ecd\u5728\u8c08\u8bba\u5b8f\u89c2\u72b6\u6001<\/span>\uff08macrostate\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u5b8f\u89c2\u72b6\u6001\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u6709\u70b9\u6a21\u7cca\uff1b\u5b83\u6709\u65f6\u8868\u793a\u4efb\u4f55\u5fae\u89c2\u72b6\u6001\u7684\u7c97\u7c92\u5316<\/span>\uff08coarse-graining\uff09<\/span>\uff1b\u6709\u65f6\u53c8\u4ec5\u8868\u793a\u5177\u4f53\u7531\u70ed\u529b\u5b66\u53d8\u91cf\u65bd\u52a0\u7684\u7c97\u7c92\u5316\u3002\u524d\u6587\u6211\u4e00\u76f4\u7528\u7684\u662f\u540e\u8005\u610f\u4e49\u4e0b\u7684\u5b8f\u89c2\u72b6\u6001\uff0c\u4e5f\u65e0\u9700\u62c5\u5fc3\u6b67\u4e49\uff0c\u4f46\u5728\u672c\u8282\u91cc\u884c\u4e0d\u901a\u4e86\u3002\u5728\u672c\u8282\u4e2d\uff0c\u6211\u5c06\u7528\u666e\u901a\u5b57\u4f53\u4ee3\u8868\u4e00\u822c\u610f\u4e49\u4e0b\u7684\u5b8f\u89c2\u72b6\u6001\uff0c\u7528\u7c97\u4f53<\/strong>\u4ee3\u8868\u70ed\u529b\u5b66\u53d8\u91cf\u65bd\u52a0\u7c97\u7c92\u5316\u7684\u5b8f\u89c2\u72b6\u6001<\/strong>\u3002\u5c06\u7cfb\u7edf\u5212\u5206\u4e3a\u4e0d\u540c\u7c97\u7c92\u5316\u72b6\u6001\u7684\u4f17\u591a\u65b9\u6cd5\u4e2d\uff0c\u9664\u4e86\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u611f\u5b98\u9752\u7750\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u70ed\u529b\u5b66\u7c97\u7c92\u5316\u8fd8\u6709\u4ec0\u4e48\u7279\u6b8a\u4e4b\u5904\uff1f\u5373\u4f7f\u5728\u5b8f\u89c2\u7c97\u7c92\u5316\u4e0b\u51fa\u73b0\u4e86\u5ba2\u89c2\u4e0d\u5bf9\u79f0\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53c8\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u8981\u8c08\u8bba\u5b8f\u89c2\u72b6\u6001<\/strong>\uff1f<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u56fe 2. \u9b54\u672f\u773c\u56fe\u7247\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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<\/section>\n
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<\/section>\n
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7. \u95ee\u9898\u7684\u6838\u5fc3<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n

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<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/h3>\n

<\/section>\n

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<\/p>\n

\u56fe 3 \u662f\u6c34\u529b\u53d1\u7535\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u539f\u7406\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u5efa\u9020\u4e00\u5ea7\u5927\u575d\uff0c\u5f53\u6c34\u901a\u8fc7\u6c34\u95f8\u65f6\u4f1a\u6cbf\u7740\u4e00\u6761\u901a\u9053\u6d41\u4e0b\uff0c\u5e76\u8f6c\u52a8\u6da1\u8f6e\u673a<\/span>\uff08\u811a\u6ce8 15\uff09<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/span><\/section>\n
<\/section>\n
\u56fe 3. \u6c34\u529b\u53d1\u7535\u5382\u7684\u6da1\u8f6e\u673a\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u5fae\u89c2\u4e0a<\/strong>\uff0c\u6709\u4e9b\u5c40\u90e8\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u59cb\u7ec8\u4e0e\u4e0d\u53d8\u7684\u89c4\u5f8b\u76f8\u8c10\u3002\u5b8f\u89c2\u4e0a<\/strong>\uff0c\u4e0d\u53ef\u9006\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b<\/span>\uff08\u65e0\u8bba\u662f\u5728\u5c40\u90e8\u7edd\u70ed\u9694\u79bb\u7684\u5b50\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u8fd8\u662f\u5168\u5c40\u8303\u56f4\u7684\uff09<\/span>\u90fd\u53d1\u751f\u5728\u71b5\u589e\u52a0\u7684\u65b9\u5411\u3002\u8fc7\u53bb\u7684\u4f4e\u71b5\u8fb9\u754c\u6761\u4ef6\u4f7f\u5f97\u5b8f\u89c2\u8fc7\u53bb\u4fe1\u606f\u7d2f\u79ef\u6210\u8bb0\u5f55\u6210\u4e3a\u53ef\u80fd<\/span>\uff08\u811a\u6ce8 16\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u5b58\u5728\u70ed\u529b\u5b66\u68af\u5ea6\u7684\u5b8f\u89c2\u4e16\u754c\u5145\u6ee1\u4e86\u5305\u542b\u5b8f\u89c2\u5386\u53f2\u5370\u8bb0\u7684\u8bb0\u5f55\u3002\u6c99\u6ee9\u4e0a\u7684\u811a\u5370\u3001\u6811\u5e72\u7684\u4f24\u75a4\u3001\u4e00\u5f20\u7167\u7247\u3001\u4e00\u5f20\u7eb8\u4e0a\u7684\u4e00\u4e32\u5b57\u6bcd\u2026\u2026\uff1b\u4f60\u5468\u56f4\u6240\u6709\u534a\u6709\u5e8f\u7684\u8fd1\u4f3c\u7edd\u70ed\u5b64\u7acb\u7cfb\u7edf\u90fd\u662f\u4ece\u71b5\u66f4\u4f4e\u7684\u72b6\u6001\u6f14\u5316\u800c\u6765\u7684\uff0c\u5e76\u5e26\u6709\u5b83\u4eec\u8fc7\u53bb\u7684\u5370\u8bb0\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u5b8f\u89c2\u53d1\u5c55\u5c06\u9075\u5faa\u5176\u6b63\u5e38\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff0c\u5c06\u80fd\u91cf\u8017\u6563\u5230\u73af\u5883\u4e2d\uff1a\u811a\u5370\u4f1a\u88ab\u51b2\u8d70\u3001\u51b0\u4f1a\u878d\u5316\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u5b8f\u89c2\u73af\u5883\u4e2d\u5305\u542b\u7684\u4fe1\u606f<\/span>\uff08\u5373\u5728\u4ece\u8f83\u4f4e\u71b5\u5411\u8f83\u9ad8\u71b5\u6f14\u5316\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u5f53\u524d\u72b6\u6001\u4e2d\uff09<\/span>\u53ef\u7528\u4e8e\u5176\u5b83\u7cfb\u7edf\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5b83\u4eec\u81ea\u8eab\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u3002\u8fdb\u5316\u4f7f\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u968f\u5904\u53ef\u89c1\u3002\u9e7f\u80fd\u8bfb\u61c2\u6700\u8fd1\u72ee\u5b50\u72e9\u730e\u7684\u8ff9\u8c61\uff0c\u72d0\u72f8\u77e5\u9053\u5730\u4e0a\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u6d1e\u610f\u5473\u7740\u9644\u8fd1\u53ef\u80fd\u6709\u556e\u9f7f\u52a8\u7269\uff0c\u8fd9\u4f1a\u6bd4\u4e0d\u77e5\u9053\u7684\u751f\u7269\u8868\u73b0\u66f4\u597d\u3002\u751f\u7269\u77e5\u9053\u4e00\u4e9b\u5df2\u7ecf\u53d1\u751f\u4e8b\u60c5\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\uff0c\u4e5f\u77e5\u9053\u4e00\u4e9b\u5c06\u8981\u53d1\u751f\u4e8b\u60c5\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u3002\u5b8f\u89c2\u7684\u89c4\u5f8b\u5c06\u5df2\u7ecf\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\u4e0e\u5c06\u8981\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\u8054\u7cfb\u8d77\u6765\uff0c\u800c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u89c4\u5f8b\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u88ab\u5b8f\u89c2\u7684\u73b0\u5728\u6240\u5c4f\u853d\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u80fd\u4f7f\u7528\u73af\u5883\u4e2d\u4fe1\u606f\u7684\u751f\u7269\u5177\u6709\u9009\u62e9\u6027\u4f18\u52bf\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u6240\u4ee5\u6211\u4eec\u80fd\u611f\u89c9\u5b8f\u89c2\u4fe1\u606f\u7edd\u975e\u5076\u7136\u3002\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u4e00\u65e6\u6211\u4eec\u5f97\u5230\u4e86\u70ed\u529b\u5b66\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u5b8f\u89c2\u72b6\u6001\uff0c\u6761\u4ef6\u5316\u5fae\u89c2\u72b6\u6001<\/span>\uff08\u81ea\u7136\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u901a\u5e38\uff09<\/span>\u5c31\u4e0d\u4f1a\u5f71\u54cd\u672a\u6765\u7684\u5b8f\u89c2\u6982\u7387\u3002\u8fd9\u610f\u5473\u7740\uff0c\u4e00\u65e6\u6211\u4eec\u77e5\u9053\u4e86\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u5b8f\u89c2\u72b6\u6001\uff0c\u5c31\u80fd\u4ece\u8fc7\u53bb\u63d0\u53d6\u51fa\u4e00\u5207\u53ef\u4ee5\u6709\u6548\u8f6c\u5316\u4e3a\u672a\u6765\u4fe1\u606f\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u5207\u90fd\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u89c6\u89d2\u662f\u5929\u5de5\u5de7\u4f5c\uff0c\u5982\u6b64\u7cbe\u5999\u7684\u8bbe\u8ba1\u65e8\u5728\u63ed\u793a\u6211\u4eec\u6d3b\u52a8\u7684\u571f\u58e4\u2014\u2014\u5bcc\u542b\u4fe1\u606f\u7684\u5b8f\u89c2\u6a21\u5f0f\u3002\u901a\u8fc7\u8fc7\u6ee4\u5fae\u89c2\u566a\u97f3\uff0c\u4f60\u7684\u89c6\u89d2\u53ef\u4ee5\u51cf\u8f7b\u8ba4\u77e5\u7684\u8d1f\u62c5<\/span>\uff08\u6216\u8005\u8bf4\u5c11\u505a\u4e00\u70b9\u8ba4\u77e5\uff0c\u8fd9\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u4f60\u600e\u4e48\u60f3\uff09<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u6240\u4ee5\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u81ea\u5e95\u5411\u4e0a\u770b\uff0c\u5b8f\u89c2\u7684\u7c97\u7c92\u5316\u770b\u4e0a\u53bb\u4e0d\u6bd4\u63ed\u793a\u8036\u7a23\u7684\u8bdd\u8bed\u66f4\u7279\u522b\u3002\u5b83\u4e0d\u4f1a\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u7279\u6b8a\u7684\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b66<\/span>\uff08metaphysical<\/em>\uff09<\/span>\u5730\u4f4d\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u5982\u679c\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u5728\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u7ec4\u5408\u7ed3\u6784\u4e2d\u5bfb\u627e\u4e00\u4e2a\u652f\u6301\u4fe1\u606f\u6536\u96c6\u548c\u5229\u7528\u7684\u5c42\u6b21\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u4ece\u5b8f\u89c2\u7c97\u7c92\u5316\u4e2d\u6d8c\u73b0\u7684\u6a21\u5f0f\u5c06\u8131\u9896\u800c\u51fa<\/span>\uff08\u811a\u6ce8 17\uff09<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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<\/section>\n
\u6211\u4eec\u60f3\u77e5\u9053\uff0c\u5728\u4f55\u79cd\u6761\u4ef6\u4e0b\uff0c\u7531\u73af\u5883\u654f\u611f\u6027\u8c03\u8282\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u4f1a\u88ab<\/span>\uff08\u81ea\u7136\uff09<\/span>\u9009\u62e9\uff1f\u6216\u8bb8\u6709\u4e9b\u8fdb\u5316\u6a21\u578b\u53ef\u4ee5\u5e2e\u52a9\u6211\u4eec\u7406\u89e3\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff1aPeter Godfrey Smith \u7ed9\u51fa\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u516c\u5f0f\uff0c\u80fd\u8ba1\u7b97\u73af\u5883\u4e2d\u5404\u79cd\u5173\u6ce8\u4fe1\u606f\u8c03\u8282\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u9884\u671f\u6536\u76ca[32]\u3002\u4ed6\u7528\u8fd9\u4e2a\u516c\u5f0f\u56de\u7b54\u4e86\uff1a\u6d77\u82d4\u85d3<\/span>\uff08sea moss\uff09<\/span>\u662f\u5e94\u8be5\u4e00\u76f4\u957f\u7740\u5c16\u523a\u5462\uff0c\u8fd8\u662f\u5e94\u8be5\u6709\u4f20\u611f\u5668\u6765\u68c0\u6d4b\u6d77\u86de\u8753<\/span>\uff08sea slugs\uff09<\/span>\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u5316\u5b66\u7269\u8d28\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u5f53\u5468\u56f4\u5316\u5b66\u7269\u8d28\u6d53\u5ea6\u8db3\u591f\u9ad8\u65f6\u624d\u4ea7\u751f\u5c16\u523a\uff1f\u5728\u4ec0\u4e48\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u7075\u6d3b\u7b56\u7565<\/span>\uff08flexible strategy\uff0c\u4eba\u7c7b\u884c\u4e3a\u53d7\u5c40\u90e8\u73af\u5883\u53c2\u6570\u7684\u8c03\u8282\uff09<\/span>\u4f1a\u6bd4\u6700\u4f18\u4e0d\u7075\u6d3b\u7b56\u7565\u66f4\u597d\uff1f\u7075\u6d3b\u7b56\u7565\u662f\u5426\u66f4\u597d\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u6240\u7528\u7ebf\u7d22\u662f\u5426\u8db3\u591f\u53ef\u9760\uff0c\u662f\u5426\u8db3\u4ee5\u514b\u670d\u4e24\u79cd\u7cfb\u7edf\u72b6\u6001\u7684\u9884\u671f\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5dee\u503c\u3002\u7cfb\u7edf\u72b6\u6001\u91cd\u8981\u6027<\/strong>\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e3a\u5728\u8be5\u72b6\u6001\u4e0b\u91c7\u53d6\u9002\u5f53\u884c\u52a8\u7684\u6536\u76ca<\/strong>\u4e0e\u5728\u8be5\u72b6\u6001\u4e0b\u91c7\u7528\u53e6\u4e00\u79cd\u4e0d\u9002\u5f53\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u6536\u76ca<\/strong>\u4e4b\u5dee\u3002\u671f\u671b\u91cd\u8981\u6027<\/strong>\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e3a\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u4e58\u4ee5\u8be5\u72b6\u6001\u7684\u6982\u7387\u3002\u5982\u679c\u8be5\u6709\u673a\u4f53\u53ea\u80fd\u4ea7\u751f\u4e00\u79cd\u884c\u4e3a\uff0c\u6700\u597d\u5c31\u662f\u4ea7\u751f\u6700\u9002\u5408\u7cfb\u7edf\u72b6\u6001\u7684\u3001\u5177\u6709\u66f4\u9ad8\u671f\u671b\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u3002\u53ea\u6709\u5f53\u4e0e\u7075\u6d3b\u7b56\u7565\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u7ebf\u7d22\u8db3\u591f\u53ef\u9760\uff0c\u8db3\u4ee5\u514b\u670d\u4e16\u754c\u4e24\u79cd\u72b6\u6001\u7684\u9884\u671f\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u4e0d\u5bf9\u79f0\u6027\u65f6\uff0c\u624d\u503c\u5f97\u4f7f\u7528\u7075\u6d3b\u7b56\u7565<\/span>\uff08\u811a\u6ce8 19\uff09<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u6211\u4eec\u4ece\u7ecf\u9a8c\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u5bfc\u5411\u7279\u5f81\u4ec5\u662f\u89c6\u89d2\u7684\u4ea7\u7269\u7684\u62c5\u5fe7\u5f00\u59cb\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u53d1\u73b0\u662f\uff1a\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u89c6\u89d2\u4e0e\u4e16\u754c\u7d27\u5bc6\u7ed3\u5408\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u4e3a\u8ba4\u77e5\u91cf\u8eab\u5b9a\u5236\uff0c\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u63ed\u793a\u4fe1\u606f\u4e30\u5bcc\u7684\u8ba4\u77e5\u6a21\u5f0f\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u6240\u4f8b\u8bc1\u7684\u4e30\u5bcc\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u8ba4\u77e5\u6a21\u5f0f\u3002\u77e5\u89c9\u548c\u8ba4\u77e5\u662f\u5177\u8eab\u751f\u7269\u7684\u8fdb\u5316\u6d3b\u52a8\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u8fd0\u884c\u65e0\u6cd5\u4ece\u8eab\u5904\u7684\u5e95\u5c42\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u4e2d\u5206\u79bb\uff0c\u4f46\u80fd\u5229\u7528\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u7ed9\u7684\u673a\u4f1a\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u8fd9\u662f\u89c6\u89d2\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u5f62\u5f0f\u5417\uff1f\u8fd9\u4e0d\u662f\u8f7b\u7387\u7684\u7684\u89c6\u89d2\u4e3b\u4e49<\/span>\uff08glib perspectivalism\uff09<\/span>\uff01\u8f7b\u7387\u7684\u89c6\u89d2\u4e3b\u4e49\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u67d0\u4e9b\u7279\u5f81\u4ec5\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u900f\u8fc7\u900f\u955c\u89c2\u5bdf\u5230\u7684\u4eba\u5de5\u4ea7\u7269\u3002\u6bd4\u5982\u8bf4\uff0c\u4f60\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u6307\u8d23\u67d0\u4eba\u900f\u8fc7\u73ab\u7470\u8272\u773c\u955c\u770b\u4e16\u754c\uff0c\u8fd9\u610f\u5473\u7740\u73ab\u7470\u8272\u5b8c\u5168\u662f\u6295\u5c04\u51fa\u6765\u7684\u3002\u73ab\u7470\u8272\u5e76\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u4e8e\u4e16\u754c\uff0c\u800c\u5728\u773c\u955c\u4e0a\u3002\u5982\u679c\u628a\u5b83\u5f52\u56e0\u4e8e\u4e16\u754c\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u9519\u8bef\u7684\u3002\u4e0e\u6cb9\u5634\u6ed1\u820c\u7684\u89c6\u89d2\u4e3b\u4e49\u5bf9\u6bd4\u7684\u662f\u6df1\u601d\u719f\u8651\u7684\u89c6\u89d2\u4e3b\u4e49<\/span>\uff08thoughtful perspectivalism\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u6b64\u79cd\u4e3b\u4e49\u6301\u6709\u8005\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff1a\u201c\u4e16\u754c\u5145\u6ee1\u4e86\u597d\u4e0e\u574f\u201d\u3002\u900f\u8fc7\u73ab\u7470\u8272\u773c\u955c\u770b\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u4eba\u770b\u5230\u7684\u662f\u771f\u5b9e\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5173\u6ce8\u4e16\u754c\u4e0a\u7684\u7f8e\u597d\u4e8b\u7269\uff0c\u5e76\u8ba9\u5b83\u4e3b\u5bb0\u89c6\u91ce\u3002\u6df1\u601d\u719f\u8651\u7684\u89c6\u89d2\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u662f\u5728\u900f\u8fc7\u773c\u955c\u63ed\u793a\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u771f\u5b9e\u3002\u6709\u4eba\u900f\u8fc7\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u5bb6\u7684\u773c\u955c\u770b\u4e16\u754c\uff0c\u5173\u6ce8\u7ecf\u6d4e\u53d8\u91cf\uff1b\u6709\u4eba\u900f\u8fc7\u6027\u522b\u7684\u773c\u955c\u770b\u4e16\u754c\uff0c\u7f13\u548c\u6027\u522b\u5173\u7cfb\uff1b\u8fd8\u6709\u4eba\u900f\u8fc7\u4fe1\u606f\u6d41\u6216\u6743\u529b\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u773c\u955c\u770b\u4e16\u754c\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u4e9b\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u770b\u5230\u7684\u662f\u5b8c\u5168\u771f\u5b9e\u7684\uff0c\u900f\u8fc7\u773c\u955c\u770b\u5230\u4e86\u4e16\u754c\u4e0a\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u3002\u5b58\u5728\u54ea\u4e9b\u6a21\u5f0f\uff1f\u5728\u67d0\u4e9b\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u7279\u5b9a\u76ee\u7684\uff0c\u54ea\u4e9b\u6a21\u5f0f\u503c\u5f97\u770b\u5230\uff0c\u90fd\u662f\u5ba2\u89c2\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/section>\n
\u811a\u6ce8<\/strong><\/span><\/section>\n
1 \u53c2\u89c1[10\uff0c11]\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u6846\u67b6\u548c Woodward [12]\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\u53d1\u5c55\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u5bf9\u5e72\u9884\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u8ba8\u8bba\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
2 \u5e72\u9884\u7684\u6b63\u5f0f\u5b9a\u4e49\u8fc4\u4eca\u4ecd\u6709\u4e89\u8bae\uff08\u89c1[13]\uff09\u3002\u5e72\u9884\u4e3b\u4e49\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u7ed9\u51fa\u552f\u4e00\u6e05\u6670\u5b9a\u4e49\u7684\u56e0\u679c\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u4e0d\u80fd\u8bc1\u660e\u5bf9\u79d1\u5b66\u6709\u7528\u3002\u56e0\u679c\u8fc7\u7a0b\u7684\u6982\u5ff5[14\uff0c15]\u6355\u6349\u4e86\u6211\u4eec\u56e0\u679c\u76f4\u89c9\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u4f46\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5728\u5e72\u9884\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u539f\u56e0\u6982\u5ff5\u4e2d\u6ca1\u6709\u3002\u6211\u8ba4\u4e3a\u6ca1\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u5355\u4e00\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u80fd\u56ca\u62ec\u6240\u6709\u76f4\u89c9\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5e94\u8be5\u5bf9\u4e0d\u540c\u56e0\u679c\u76f4\u89c9\u3001\u53ef\u7cbe\u786e\u5b9a\u4e49\u7684\u7269\u7406\u6982\u5ff5\u6301\u591a\u5143\u6001\u5ea6\u3002\u672c\u6587\u91cd\u70b9\u8ba8\u8bba\u5e72\u9884\u4e3b\u4e49\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u539f\u56e0\u662f\u56e0\u679c\u8fc7\u7a0b\u672c\u8d28\u4e0a\u7684\u4e0d\u5bf9\u79f0\u6027\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u5e72\u9884\u7684\u8def\u5f84\uff0c\u662f\u56e0\u679c\u4e0d\u5bf9\u79f0\u6027\u5206\u6790\u7684\u76ee\u6807\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
3 \u5173\u4e8e\u6982\u7387\u6f14\u7b97\u548c\u5e72\u9884\u4e3b\u4e49\u5f62\u5f0f\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u6bd4\u8f83\uff0c\u89c1[16\uff0c17]\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
4 \u53c2\u89c1[18]\u3002\u6700\u8fd1\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u7279\u522b\u5fae\u5999\u7684\u8bc4\u4f30\uff0c\u4e5f\u6d89\u53ca\u91cf\u5b50\u60c5\u51b5\uff0c\u89c1[19]\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
5 \u6b64\u5904\u589e\u52a0\u8868\u793a\u4e0d\u51cf\u5c11\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
6 Albert \u7684\u4e66[18]\uff0cAlbert \u4e4b\u540e\u7684\u4f5c\u54c1[23\uff0c24\uff0c25]\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
7 \u8be6\u60c5\u89c1 Albert [18]\u548c[23]\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
8 \u5f53\u7136\uff0c\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u6ca1\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e3b\u4f53\u6709\u5173\u4e8e\u5b8f\u89c2\u72b6\u6001\u7684\u5168\u90e8\u4fe1\u606f\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u8fd9\u5c31\u8868\u5f81\u4e86\u4e3b\u4f53\u539f\u5219\u4e0a\u53ef\u4ee5\u83b7\u5f97\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u3002\u5c06\u201csurveyed\u201d\u66ff\u6362\u4e3a\u201csurveyable\u201d\u5373\u4e3b\u4f53\u5b9e\u9645\u62e5\u6709\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
9 \u8fd9\u91cc\u6709\u4e00\u70b9\u5fae\u5999\uff0c\u5173\u4e8e\u5982\u4f55\u63cf\u8ff0\u5728\u4e3b\u4f53\u63a7\u5236\u4e0b\uff0c\u4e16\u754c\u4e0a\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u6b63\u786e\u7684\u4e8b\uff1f\u4eba\u7c7b\u8fd0\u52a8\u672c\u8eab\u6ca1\u6709\u5185\u5728\u673a\u5236\uff1a\u4e3e\u4e2a\u4f8b\u5b50\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u62ac\u8d77\u624b\u81c2\uff0c\u4f60\u4e5f\u4e3e\u8d77\u4e86\u7ec4\u6210\u624b\u81c2\u7684\u6240\u6709\u7c92\u5b50\uff0c\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u7535\u8109\u51b2\u6cbf\u7740\u808c\u8089\u5411\u4e0a\u4f20\u64ad\uff0c\u5728\u5927\u8111\u5f15\u8d77\u5fae\u89c2\u795e\u7ecf\u53d8\u5316\u3002\u4f46\u63a7\u5236\u9700\u8981\u611f\u77e5\u53cd\u9988\u3002\u4eba\u4f53\u4e2d\u6709\u590d\u6742\u7684\u611f\u89c9\u8fd0\u52a8\u7f51\u7edc\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7f51\u7edc\u5faa\u73af\u7740\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u624b\u81c2\u548c\u817f\u7684\u8fd0\u52a8\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5934\u90e8\u7684\u8fd0\u52a8\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u58f0\u97f3\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u6bd4\u8fd9\u66f4\u7cbe\u7ec6\u7684\u81ea\u613f\u63a7\u5236\u4e86\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
10 Albert [18\uff0c23]\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u53cd\u4e8b\u5b9e\u7684\u56e0\u679c\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u5e76\u8bd5\u56fe\u4ece\u70ed\u529b\u5b66\u68af\u5ea6\u4e2d\u63a8\u5bfc\u51fa\u56e0\u679c\u4e0d\u5bf9\u79f0\u6027\u3002Frisch [26]\u548c Elga [27]\u4e3e\u51fa\u4e86\u4e00\u4e9b\u53cd\u4f8b\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u53cd\u4f8b\u6d89\u53ca\u4e00\u4e9b\u7279\u6b8a\u7684\u6761\u4ef6\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6761\u4ef6\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u786e\u4fdd\u8fc7\u53bb\u4e8b\u4ef6\u5bf9\u5f53\u524d\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u53cd\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4f9d\u8d56\u3002Albert \u627f\u8ba4\uff0c\u5728\u9002\u5f53\u7684\u6761\u4ef6\u4e0b\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u53d9\u8ff0\u4f1a\u4ea7\u751f\u8fc7\u53bb\u4e8b\u4ef6\u5bf9\u73b0\u5728\u4e8b\u4ef6\u7684\u53cd\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4f9d\u8d56\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u4f1a\u6709\u5411\u540e\u7684\u56e0\u679c\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e0d\u662f\u90a3\u79cd\u53ef\u4ee5\u523b\u610f\u6539\u53d8\u8fc7\u53bb\u7684\u4f9d\u8d56\u3002\u5f53\u6240\u8ba8\u8bba\u7684\u4e8b\u4ef6\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u5e72\u9884\u65f6\uff0c\u4e24\u4e2a\u4f8b\u5b50\u4e2d\u7684\u5411\u540e\u4f9d\u8d56\uff08\u5b83\u5229\u7528\u4e86\u5f53\u524d\u4e8b\u4ef6\u53ef\u4ee5\u63d0\u4f9b\u5173\u4e8e\u8fc7\u53bb\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u8fd9\u4e00\u4e8b\u5b9e\uff09\u5c31\u6d88\u5931\u4e86\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5e72\u9884\u6253\u7834\u4e86\u5b83\u4eec\u6240\u4f9d\u8d56\u7684\u90a3\u79cd\u8fc7\u53bb\u7684\u6982\u7387\u4f9d\u8d56\u3002\u5e72\u9884\u56e0\u679c\u8def\u5f84\u662f\u652f\u67b6\u5f0f\u7684\u5e72\u9884\u652f\u6301\u6982\u7387\u5173\u7cfb\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5173\u7cfb\u4e0d\u80fd\u56de\u5230\u8fc7\u53bb\u7684\u955c\u50cf\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u5bf9\u672a\u6765\u4e5f\u4e00\u65e0\u6240\u77e5\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
11 \u8fd9\u5c31\u662f\u6211 1016 \u5e74\u5728[29]\u4e2d\u8bba\u8bc1\u7684\uff1a\u4e00\u5207\u90fd\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u4ec0\u4e48\u662f\u56fa\u5b9a\u7684\uff0c\u4ec0\u4e48\u662f\u5141\u8bb8\u53d8\u5316\u7684\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
12 \u5982\u679c\u4e0d\u628a\u4f4e\u71b5\u8fc7\u53bb\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u7ea6\u675f\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u73b0\u5728\u5e72\u9884\u7684\u8fc7\u53bb\u6548\u5e94\uff08\u5207\u65ad\u4e0e\u4e0a\u6e38\u53d8\u91cf\u7684\u8054\u7cfb\uff0c\u5e72\u9884\u5bf9\u8fc7\u53bb\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\uff09\u6070\u6070\u53cd\u6620\u4e86\u73b0\u5728\u5e72\u9884\u7684\u672a\u6765\u6548\u5e94\u3002\u4e00\u65e6\u6211\u4eec\u65bd\u52a0\u4f4e\u71b5\u8fb9\u754c\u6761\u4ef6\uff0c\u4e0d\u5bf9\u79f0\u6027\u5c31\u4f1a\u51fa\u73b0\uff0c\u6982\u7387\u6548\u5e94\u53ea\u4f1a\u6301\u7eed\u5230\u672a\u6765\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
13 \u900f\u89c6\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u4e00\u76f4\u6709\u7740\u53cc\u91cd\u7684\u751f\u547d\u3002\u4eba\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u6b63\u5f0f\u5730\u5bf9\u5f85\u900f\u89c6\uff0c\u5e76\u8be2\u95ee\u67d0\u4e9b\u9886\u57df\u662f\u5426\u5141\u8bb8\u5f15\u5165\u67d0\u79cd\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u53c2\u8003\u6846\u67b6\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u67d0\u4e9b\u611f\u5174\u8da3\u7684\u7279\u5f81\u5982\u4f55\u4f9d\u8d56\u4e8e\u53c2\u8003\u6846\u67b6\u3002\u6216\u8005\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u53ef\u4ee5\u628a\u4e00\u4e2a\u89c2\u70b9\u770b\u4f5c\u7269\u7406\u5b9e\u73b0\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5728\u65f6\u7a7a\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u4e2d\uff0c\u6709\u65f6\u4eba\u4eec\u6307\u7684\u662f\u6b63\u5f0f\u5b9a\u4e49\u7684\u7a7a\u95f4\u53c2\u7167\u7cfb\uff0c\u800c\u5f53\u4ed6\u4eec\u8c08\u8bba\u5bf9\u79f0\u53d8\u6362\u65f6\uff0c\u5982\u52a9\u63a8\u548c\u65cb\u8f6c\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u6307\u7684\u53c8\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u7eaf\u7cb9\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u8fd0\u7b97\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u60f3\u6cd5\u662f\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u8ba9\u4e16\u754c\u5b8c\u5168\u72ec\u7acb\uff0c\u5e76\u5bf9\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u53c2\u8003\u7cfb\u8fdb\u884c\u6570\u5b66\u53d8\u6362\uff0c\u4f7f\u5b9a\u5f8b\uff08\u6216\u6b63\u5728\u8ba8\u8bba\u7684\u6a21\u578b\u6216\u7cfb\u7edf\uff09\u5b8c\u597d\u65e0\u635f\u3002\u5176\u4ed6\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u610f\u5473\u7740\u7269\u7406\u7684\u53c2\u8003\u7cfb\u662f\u88ab\u5efa\u6a21\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u79fb\u52a8\u7684\u8239\u3001\u7535\u68af\u4e2d\u7684\u4eba\u4ee5\u53ca\u5bf9\u79f0\u53d8\u6362\u662f\u5e27\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\u6216\u8fd0\u52a8\u72b6\u6001\u7684\u7269\u7406\u53d8\u5316\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u533a\u522b\u7ecf\u5e38\u88ab\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u57fa\u672c\u4e0a\u662f\u826f\u6027\u7684\u3002\u5b83\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\u53d8\u5f97\u5f88\u91cd\u8981\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u6211\u4eec\u6b63\u5728\u8c08\u8bba\u4e00\u4e2a\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u5185\u90e8\u52a8\u529b\u5b66\u4e0e\u5176\u73af\u5883\u7684\u4e0d\u5bf9\u79f0\u6027\u7684\u4e00\u81f4\u6027\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
14 http:\/\/philsci-archive.pitt.edu\/18844\/, https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2009.04121.\u8fd9\u4e24\u7bc7\u8bba\u6587\u5185\u5bb9\u5e7f\u6cdb\uff0c\u8bba\u8bc1\u8be6\u5c3d\u3002\u4eba\u4eec\u4e00\u65e6\u5f00\u59cb\u601d\u8003\uff0c\u80fd\u91cf\u548c\u4fe1\u606f\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u8054\u7cfb\u5c31\u4f1a\u53d8\u5f97\u5f88\u91cd\u8981\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5b83\u4f1a\u66f4\u50cf\u662f\u5b9a\u5f8b\u3002\u4efb\u4f55\u4f7f\u7528\u548c\u5904\u7406\u4fe1\u606f\u7684\u7269\u7406\u53ef\u5b9e\u73b0\u7cfb\u7edf\u90fd\u5c06\u4e0e\u70ed\u529b\u5b66\u68af\u5ea6\u4fdd\u6301\u4e00\u81f4\u3002\u53c2\u89c1[30\uff0c31]\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
15 \u4e00\u4f4d\u533f\u540d\u7684\u8bc4\u8bba\u5bb6\u6b63\u786e\u5730\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u5229\u7528\u81ea\u7136\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u6d41\u52a8\u7684\u98ce\u529b\u6da1\u8f6e\u673a\u6216\u592a\u9633\u80fd\u7535\u6c60\u677f\u7684\u7c7b\u6bd4\u53ef\u80fd\u66f4\u6070\u5f53\u3002\u8fd9\u5f15\u51fa\u4e86\u8fd9\u91cc\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u5373\u4e16\u754c\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u673a\u4f1a\uff0c\u4e3b\u4f53\u52a0\u4ee5\u5229\u7528\u3002\u8fdb\u5316\u4ea7\u751f\u4e86\u5bf9\u5b8f\u89c2\u53d8\u91cf\u654f\u611f\u7684\u4e3b\u4f53\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u8fd9\u662f\u53ef\u5229\u7528\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u627f\u8f7d\u6a21\u5f0f\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u57fa\u7840\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
16 \u6211\u5c06\u6062\u590d\u4f7f\u7528\u4e0d\u52a0\u7c97\u201c\u5b8f\u89c2\u72b6\u6001\u201d\u7684\u666e\u901a\u60ef\u4f8b\uff0c\u5728\u672c\u6587\u7684\u5176\u4f59\u90e8\u5206\u4e13\u95e8\uff0c\u4f9d\u7136\u7528\u5b83\u6765\u6307\u4ee3\u70ed\u529b\u5b66\u7c97\u7c92\u5316\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
17 \u81ea\u7136\u72b6\u6001\u4e0b\u7684\u5404\u79cd\u566a\u58f0\u6761\u4ef6\u4e0b\uff0c\u6d8c\u73b0\u7684\u5b8f\u89c2\u89c4\u5f8b\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u9c81\u68d2\u6027\u4ee5\u53ca\u662f\u9ad8\u5ea6\u975e\u901a\u7528\u4e86\u3002\u4f46\u8fd9\u4e9b\u89c4\u5f8b\u6cbf\u7740\u70ed\u529b\u5b66\u68af\u5ea6\uff0c\u957f\u671f\u652f\u6301\u4fe1\u606f\u6536\u96c6\u548c\u5229\u7528\u3002\u5728\u5426\u8ba4\u5b8f\u89c2\u7c97\u7c92\u5316\u5177\u6709\u7279\u6b8a\u7684\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b66\u5730\u4f4d\u65f6\uff0c\u6211\u6307\u7684\u662f\u4efb\u4f55\u9700\u8981\u672c\u4f53\u8bba\u533a\u522b\u800c\u6ca1\u6709\u88ab\u8fd9\u4e9b\u52a8\u529b\u5b66\u8003\u8651\u6240\u6355\u83b7\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
18 \u4eba\u4eec\u7ecf\u5e38\u8bf4\uff08\u5bbf\u547d\u8bba\u4e0b\uff09\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u77e5\u9053\u67d0\u4eba\u505a\u51fa\u56f0\u96be\u51b3\u5b9a\u65f6\u7684\u786e\u5207\u5927\u8111\u72b6\u6001\uff0c\u4f60\u5c31\u80fd\u591f\u9884\u6d4b\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u51b3\u5b9a\u3002\u5f53\u7136\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u65e0\u7a3d\u4e4b\u8c08\u3002\u539f\u5219\u4e0a\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u5fae\u89c2\u7269\u7406\u5b9a\u5f8b\uff0c\u4efb\u4f55\u4e8b\u60c5\u90fd\u53ef\u4ee5\u6539\u53d8\u4f60\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\uff0c\u4ece\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u7a7a\u6c14\u5206\u5b50\u649e\u51fb\u76ae\u80a4\u8868\u9762\u7684\u7279\u5b9a\u901f\u5ea6\uff0c\u5230\u843d\u5728\u8116\u5b50\u540e\u9762\u7684\u5fae\u5c0f\u7070\u5c18\u9897\u7c92\u3002\u4eba\u4eec\u7684\u56de\u7b54\u901a\u5e38\u662f\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4e8b\u60c5\u4e0d\u592a\u53ef\u80fd\u4ea7\u751f\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u4f46\u5728\u8fd9\u6837\u8bf4\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u4f9d\u8d56\u4e8e\u5b8f\u89c2\u6982\u62ec\uff0c\u5173\u4e8e\u4ec0\u4e48\u4f1a\u5bf9\u50cf\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u51b3\u5b9a\u4ea7\u751f\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u6811\u6728\u548c\u4ea4\u901a\u706f\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u4e5f\u662f\u5982\u6b64\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
19 \u8be5\u6a21\u578b\u4e0e\u8d1d\u53f6\u65af\u51b3\u7b56\u7406\u8bba\u4e2d\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u6536\u96c6\u6a21\u578b\u5bc6\u5207\u76f8\u5173\uff0c\u8be5\u6a21\u578b\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e86\u5b9e\u9a8c\u7684\u597d\u5904\u3002\u5b83\u5047\u8bbe\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e3b\u4f53\u5fc5\u987b\u51b3\u5b9a\u5982\u4f55\u5728\u7ed9\u5b9a\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u91c7\u53d6\u884c\u52a8\uff0c\u5979\u53ef\u4ee5\u9009\u62e9\u8fdb\u884c\u4e00\u4e2a\u514d\u8d39\u7684\u5b9e\u9a8c\u3002\u5b9e\u9a8c\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u7ed3\u679c\uff08\u5bf9\u5979\u6765\u8bf4\uff09\u4e0e\u51b3\u5b9a\u5979\u884c\u52a8\u6210\u529f\u6216\u5931\u8d25\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u72b6\u6001\u6709\u5173\u3002\u4e0e\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u6a21\u578b\u4e2d\u7684\u7075\u6d3b\u7b56\u7565\u76f8\u5173\u8054\u7684\u6bd4\u975e\u7075\u6d3b\u7b56\u7565\u5dee\u7684\u7ebf\u7d22\u5bf9\u5e94\u4e8e\u8d1d\u53f6\u65af\u6a21\u578b\u4e2d\u7684\u96f6\u503c\u5b9e\u9a8c\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
20 \u201c\u50cf\u6211\u4eec\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u73af\u5883\u201d\u610f\u5473\u7740\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b58\u5728\u7c7b\u4f3c\u590d\u6742\u6027\uff0c\u6cbf\u7740\u70ed\u529b\u5b66\u68af\u5ea6\u7684\u7ecf\u5178\u4e16\u754c\u3002\u4e00\u4e2a\u5bc6\u5207\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u7ed3\u8bba\u7684\u53e6\u4e00\u79cd\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u89c1[33]\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
21 Rovelli [34]\u63a8\u6d4b\uff0c\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u50cf\u6211\u4eec\u8fd9\u6837\u590d\u6742\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u4e2d\uff0c\u5e94\u8be5\u6709\u4e00\u79cd\u7c97\u7cd9\u7684\u7eb9\u7406\u6765\u98a0\u5012\u8fd9\u4e00\u6574\u5957\u7279\u5f81\u3002\u8fd9\u5c31\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u5373\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u662f\u5426\u53ef\u80fd\u5b58\u5728\u5b50\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5b50\u7cfb\u7edf\u901a\u8fc7\u5b8f\u89c2\u6027\u8d28\u4e0e\u4e4b\u8026\u5408\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5b8f\u89c2\u6027\u8d28\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e86\u71b5\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u71b5\u7684\u68af\u5ea6\u76f8\u5bf9\u4e8e\u70ed\u529b\u5b66\u71b5\u662f\u76f8\u53cd\u7684\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u6311\u6218\uff0c\u6bd4\u6211\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\u56de\u7b54\u7684\u66f4\u6fc0\u8fdb\u3002\u4ee5\u53cd\u8f6c\u68af\u5ea6\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u8fdb\u884c\u5f62\u5f0f\u4e0a\u7684\u7c97\u7c92\u5ea6\u5316\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u7559\u4e0b\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u5f00\u653e\u7684\u7a7a\u95f4\uff0c\u5373\u5b58\u5728\u5bf9\u7c97\u7c92\u5ea6\u5316\u7684\u9650\u5236\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u9650\u5236\u5c06\u8fd9\u79cd\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u6392\u9664\u5728\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u4f46\u6211\u5c06\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6311\u6218\u7559\u4f5c\u4e00\u4e2a\u5f00\u653e\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
22 \u8fd9\u4e2a\u672f\u8bed\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u5524\u8d77\u201c\u771f\u5b9e\u7684\u6a21\u5f0f\u201d[35]\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u53c2\u8003\u6587\u732e<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n

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    \u672c\u6587\u5b8c\u6574\u7ffb\u8bd1\u81ea The Royal Society \u6700\u65b0\u7279\u520a\uff1a\u751f\u547d\u4e0e\u5fc3\u667a\u4e2d\u7684\u5bf9\u79f0\u6027\u548c\u5bf9\u79f0\u6027\u7834\u7f3a<\/span>\uff08Making and breaking symmetries in mind and life\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u7279\u520a\u4e2d\u540c\u7cfb\u5217\u6587\u7ae0\u8fd8\u5305\u62ec\uff1a<\/span><\/p>\n

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