{"id":44882,"date":"2023-09-03T09:01:47","date_gmt":"2023-09-03T01:01:47","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/swarma.org\/?p=44882"},"modified":"2023-09-03T09:01:47","modified_gmt":"2023-09-03T01:01:47","slug":"%e6%ac%a7%e5%a7%86%e5%92%8c%e4%bb%96%e4%b8%a4%e6%9d%a1%e5%87%a0%e4%b9%8e%e5%a4%ad%e6%8a%98%e7%9a%84%e5%ae%9a%e5%be%8b%e4%b8%a8%e9%99%88%e5%85%b3%e8%8d%a3","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/swarma.org\/?p=44882","title":{"rendered":"\u6b27\u59c6\u548c\u4ed6\u4e24\u6761\u51e0\u4e4e\u592d\u6298\u7684\u5b9a\u5f8b\u4e28\u9648\u5173\u8363"},"content":{"rendered":"
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\u6709\u8da3\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u516c\u5f0f\u975e\u5e38\u56fd\u9645\u5316\uff1a\u4f0f\u7279<\/span>\uff08Alessadro Volta\uff0c1745\u20131827\uff09<\/span>\u662f\u610f\u5927\u5229\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\uff0c\u5b89\u57f9<\/span>\uff08Andr\u00e9-Marie Amp\u00e8re \uff0c1775\u20131836\uff09<\/span>\u662f\u6cd5\u56fd\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\uff0c\u800c\u8fd9\u4f4d\u6b27\u59c6<\/span>\uff08Georg Simon Ohm\uff0c1789\u20131854\uff09<\/span>\u662f\u5fb7\u56fd\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u6b27\u59c6\u4e8e1789\u5e743\u670816\u65e5\u51fa\u751f\u5728\u5fb7\u56fd\u5df4\u4f10\u5229\u4e9a<\/span>\uff08Bavaria\uff09<\/span>\u5dde\u57c3\u5c14\u5170\u6839<\/span>\uff08Erlangen\uff09<\/span>\u5e02\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u6559\u5f92\u5bb6\u5ead\u3002\u7236\u4eb2\u7ea6\u7ff0<\/span>\uff08Johann Wolfgang Ohm\uff0c1753\u20131822\uff09<\/span>\u662f\u4e2a\u4e16\u88ad\u9501\u5320\uff0c\u6bcd\u4eb2\u739b\u8389\u4e9a\u00b7\u8d1d\u514b<\/span>\uff08Maria Elizabeth Beck\uff0c1763\u20131799\uff09<\/span>\u662f\u4e00\u4f4d\u88c1\u7f1d\u5e08\u5085\u7684\u5973\u513f\u3002\u6b27\u59c6\u5728\u5bb6\u4e03\u5144\u5f1f\u59ca\u59b9\u91cc\u662f\u8001\u5927\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u56db\u4e2a\u4e0d\u5e78\u5e7c\u5e74\u6b7b\u4ea1\uff0c\u7559\u4e0b\u4ed6\u548c\u5f1f\u5f1f\u9a6c\u4e01<\/span>\uff08Martin Ohm\uff0c1792\u20131872\uff09<\/span>\u53ca\u59b9\u59b9\u4f0a\u4e3d\u838e\u767d<\/span>\uff08Elizabeth B. Ohm\uff0c1794\u20131872\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u540c\u6837\u4e0d\u5e78\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u6bcd\u4eb2\u5728\u5b69\u5b50\u4eec\u4e0d\u5230\u5341\u5c81\u65f6\u53bb\u4e16\u4e86\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u6b27\u59c6\u7684\u7236\u6bcd\u4ece\u672a\u53d7\u8fc7\u6b63\u89c4\u6559\u80b2\u3002\u7236\u4eb2\u4e3a\u4eba\u6b63\u76f4\u52e4\u52c9\uff0c\u4ed6\u901a\u8fc7\u81ea\u5b66\u83b7\u5f97\u9887\u9ad8\u6c34\u5e73\u7684\u6570\u7406\u5316\u77e5\u8bc6\uff0c\u8db3\u4ee5\u7ed9\u4e88\u5b69\u5b50\u4eec\u51fa\u8272\u7684\u5bb6\u5ead\u6559\u80b2\u3002\u6b27\u59c611\u201315\u5c81\u671f\u95f4\u5728Erlangen Gymnasium\u5c31\u8bfb\uff0c\u4ed6\u5728\u90a3\u91cc\u53d7\u5230\u4e86\u6bd4\u8f83\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u5b66\u8bc6\u57f9\u517b\u548c\u601d\u7ef4\u8bad\u7ec3\u3002\u6b27\u59c615\u5c81\u90a3\u5e74\u548c\u5f1f\u5f1f\u4e00\u8d77\u63a5\u53d7\u4e86\u57c3\u5c14\u5170\u6839\u5927\u5b66\u7684\u5361\u5c14\u00b7\u51af\u00b7\u5170\u683c\u65af\u591a\u5f17<\/span>\uff08Karl C. von Langsdorf\uff09<\/span>\u6559\u6388\u4e00\u6b21\u9762\u8bd5\u3002\u6559\u6388\u53d1\u73b0\u6b27\u59c6\u5144\u5f1f\u5728\u6570\u5b66\u65b9\u9762\u6709\u5f02\u5e38\u51fa\u4f17\u7684\u5929\u8d4b\uff0c\u5341\u5206\u611f\u6982\u5730\u5728\u7ed3\u8bba\u4e0a\u5199\u9053\uff1a\u201c\u4ece\u9501\u5320\u4e4b\u5bb6\u5c06\u8bde\u751f\u51fa\u53e6\u4e00\u5bf9\u4f2f\u52aa\u5229<\/span>\uff08Bernoulli\uff09<\/span>\u5144\u5f1f\u201d\u3002\u540e\u6765\uff0c\u5f1f\u5f1f\u9a6c\u4e01\u6210\u4e3a\u4e86\u67cf\u6797\u519b\u4e8b\u5b66\u9662\u7684\u77e5\u540d\u6570\u5b66\u6559\u6388\uff0c\u800c\u54e5\u54e5\u7684\u6545\u4e8b\u66f4\u7cbe\u5f69\u4f46\u5374\u66f2\u6298\u591a\u4e86\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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1805\u5e74\uff0c16\u5c81\u7684\u6b27\u59c6\u8fdb\u5165\u4e86\u57c3\u5c14\u5170\u6839\u5927\u5b66\uff0c\u4fee\u8bfb\u6570\u5b66\u548c\u7269\u7406\u3002\u53ef\u662f\uff0c\u6b27\u59c6\u5728\u90a3\u91cc\u5e76\u4e0d\u4e13\u5fc3\u5b66\u4e60\uff0c\u4ed6\u628a\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u65f6\u95f4\u82b1\u53bb\u8df3\u821e\u3001\u6ed1\u51b0\u548c\u6253\u684c\u7403\u3002\u7236\u4eb2\u77e5\u9053\u540e\u975e\u5e38\u751f\u6c14\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5e74\u4fbf\u628a\u4ed6\u9001\u5230\u4e86\u745e\u58eb\uff0c\u8ba9\u4ed6\u8fdc\u79bb\u90a3\u7fa4\u7231\u73a9\u7684\u4f19\u4f34\u3002\u6b27\u59c6\u5f97\u5230\u4e00\u4f4d\u4e66\u5546\u7684\u534f\u52a9\uff0c\u5728Nydau\u5e02\u4e00\u4e2a\u7267\u5e08\u5f00\u529e\u7684\u5b66\u6821Institute of Gottstadt \u91cc\u5f53\u4e00\u540d\u6570\u5b66\u8f85\u5bfc\u6559\u5e08<\/span>\uff08tutor\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u4e0d\u4e45\uff0c\u7267\u5e08\u6821\u957f\u5199\u4fe1\u7ed9\u4e66\u5546\u63a8\u8350\u4eba\uff0c\u8bf4\uff1a\u201c\u5728\u7b2c\u4e00\u773c\u770b\u5230\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5341\u516b\u5c81\u5c0f\u4f19\u5b50\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u6211\u4e0d\u6562\u76f8\u4fe1\u4ed6\u5c31\u662f\u88ab\u4f60\u63a8\u8350\u6765\u7684\u8001\u5e08\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u6211\u5f88\u5feb\u5c31\u76f8\u4fe1\u4e86\u4ed6\u7684\u7279\u957f\u548c\u80fd\u529b\u201d\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u4e0d\u8fc7\uff0c\u4e00\u5e74\u591a\u4e4b\u540e\u6b27\u59c6\u653e\u5f03\u4e86\u8be5\u804c\u4f4d\u800c\u8f6c\u5230\u4e86Neuch\u00e2tel \u5e02\uff0c\u5728\u4e00\u6240\u79c1\u6821\u8fdb\u4fee\u6570\u5b66\u548c\u6cd5\u6587\u8bfe\u7a0b\u3002\u8fd9\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u51af\u00b7\u5170\u683c\u65af\u591a\u5f17\u6559\u6388\u51b3\u5b9a\u53bb\u6d77\u5fb7\u5821<\/span>\uff08Heidelberg\uff09<\/span>\u5927\u5b66\u4efb\u6559\u3002\u6559\u6388\u4e00\u76f4\u548c\u6b27\u59c6\u4fdd\u6301\u7740\u8054\u7cfb\u5e76\u6566\u4fc3\u4ed6\u53bb\u8ba4\u771f\u9605\u8bfb\u83b1\u6602\u54c8\u5fb7\u00b7\u6b27\u62c9<\/span>\uff08Leonhard Euler\uff0c1707\u20131783\uff09<\/span>\u3001\u76ae\u57c3\u5c14-\u897f\u8499\u00b7\u62c9\u666e\u62c9\u65af<\/span>\uff08Pierre-Simon Laplace\uff0c1749-1827\uff09<\/span>\u548c\u897f\u5c14\u7ef4\u65af\u7279\u00b7\u62c9\u514b\u9c81\u74e6<\/span>\uff08Sylvestre F. Lacroix\uff0c1765\u20131843\uff09<\/span>\u7684\u6570\u5b66\u8457\u4f5c\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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1811\u5e74\u521d\uff0c\u6b27\u59c6\u56de\u5230\u4e86\u57c3\u5c14\u5170\u6839\u5927\u5b66\u3002\u4ed6\u4e8e10\u670825\u65e5\u4ee5\u6bd5\u4e1a\u8bba\u6587\u300a\u5149\u7ebf\u548c\u8272\u5f69\u300b<\/span>\uff08Licht und Farben\uff09<\/span>\u83b7\u5f97\u4e86\u54f2\u5b66\u535a\u58eb\u5b66\u4f4d\u3002\u8fd9\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u65b9\u5411\u4ecd\u7136\u662f\u7269\u7406\u5b66\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u529b\u5b66\u548c\u5149\u5b66\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u5f69\u8272\u5149\u5b66\u3002\u867d\u7136\u4ed6\u63a5\u4e0b\u6765\u7ee7\u7eed\u4fee\u8bfb\u4e86\u4e00\u4e9b\u6570\u5b66\u8bfe\u7a0b\uff0c\u4f46\u7531\u4e8e\u7ecf\u6d4e\u62ee\u636e\uff0c\u4ed6\u4e0d\u5f97\u4e0d\u653e\u5f03\u4e86\u5bf9\u6df1\u9020\u6570\u5b66\u7684\u8ffd\u6c42\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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1812\u5e747\u670828\u65e5\uff0c\u6b27\u59c6\u5199\u4fe1\u7ed9\u5df4\u4f10\u5229\u4e9a\u56fd\u738b\u8def\u5fb7\u7ef4\u5e0c\u4e00\u4e16<\/span>\uff08Ludwig I\uff0c1786\u20131868\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u7948\u6c42\u4e00\u4e2a\u6559\u5e08\u7684\u804c\u4f4d\u300212\u670816\u65e5\uff0c\u56fd\u738b\u4efb\u547d\u4ed6\u5230\u73ed\u8d1d\u683c<\/span>\uff08Bamberg\uff09<\/span>\u5927\u5b66\u5b66\u751f\u4f1a\u5f53\u4e00\u540d\u8f85\u5bfc\u6559\u5e08\u3002\u53ef\u662f\uff0c\u4ed6\u540e\u6765\u5728\u90a3\u91cc\u8fc7\u5f97\u5e76\u4e0d\u5982\u610f\uff0c\u4e8e\u662f\u53c8\u591a\u6b21\u5199\u4fe1\u7ed9\u56fd\u738b\u548c\u5f53\u5c40\uff0c\u8981\u6c42\u6362\u4e2a\u65b0\u5730\u65b9\u3002\u4f46\u8fd9\u6b21\u4e8b\u4e0d\u5982\u613f\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u7ed3\u679c\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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1817 \u5e74\uff0c\u6b27\u59c6\u51fa\u7248\u4e86\u4ed6\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u672c\u4e66\u300a\u5728\u9884\u79d1\u5b66\u6821\u4e2d\u9002\u5f53\u8bbe\u7f6e\u51e0\u4f55\u8bfe\u7a0b\u4f5c\u4e3a\u9ad8\u7b49\u6559\u80b2\u8854\u63a5\u7684\u6307\u5357\u300b<\/span>\uff08Grundlinien zu einer zweckm\u00e4\u00dfigen Behandlung der Geometrie als h\u00f6heren Bildungsmittels an vorbereitenden Lehranstalten<\/em>\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u4ed6\u7ed9\u5df4\u4f10\u5229\u4e9a\u56fd\u738b\u5bc4\u4e86\u4e00\u4efd\u526f\u672c\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u518d\u6b21\u6073\u8bf7\u56fd\u738b\u8d50\u52a9\u3002\u7687\u5ba4\u4f5c\u4e86\u7b54\u590d\uff0c\u8bf4\u56fd\u738b\u6ca1\u80fd\u5b89\u6392\u65f6\u95f4\u548c\u4ed6\u89c1\u9762\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u7684\u4e66\u5df2\u7ecf\u653e\u5230\u56fe\u4e66\u9986\u53bb\u4e86\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u5e78\u8fd0\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u6b27\u59c6\u8fd8\u7ed9\u5176\u4ed6\u51e0\u4e2a\u5728\u4f4d\u541b\u4e3b\u5bc4\u53bb\u4e86\u8fd9\u672c\u4e66\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u666e\u9c81\u58eb\u56fd\u738b\u5f17\u91cc\u5fb7\u91cc\u5e0c\u00b7\u5a01\u5ec9\u4e09\u4e16<\/span>\uff08Friedrich Wilhelm III\uff0c1770\u20131840\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u666e\u9c81\u58eb\u56fd\u738b\u5bf9\u6b27\u59c6\u9887\u4e3a\u6b23\u8d4f\u3002\u4e8e\u662f\uff0c\u540c\u5e74\u79cb\u5929\uff0c\u6b27\u59c6\u5f97\u5230\u4e86\u65b0\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u6765\u5230\u5f53\u65f6\u5c5e\u4e8e\u666e\u9c81\u58eb\u7684\u79d1\u9686<\/span>\uff08Cologne\uff09<\/span>\u5e02\uff0c\u62c5\u4efb\u4e86Jesuit Gymnasium\u7684\u7269\u7406\u548c\u6570\u5b66\u9ad8\u7ea7\u6559\u5e08<\/span>\uff08Oberlehrer\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u5728\u90a3\u91cc\uff0c\u4ed6\u83b7\u5f97\u5f88\u591a\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u65f6\u95f4\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u8be5\u6821\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5ba4\u91cc\u5145\u8db3\u7684\u7269\u7406\u8bbe\u5907\u4f7f\u4ed6\u80fd\u591f\u5f88\u597d\u5730\u7814\u7a76\u7535\u5b66\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u6b27\u59c6\u4e8e\u662f\u5168\u5fc3\u5168\u610f\u5730\u6295\u5165\u5230\u81ea\u5df1\u559c\u7231\u7684\u6559\u5b66\u548c\u79d1\u7814\u4e4b\u4e2d\u3002\u6559\u5b66\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u4ed6\u8ba4\u771f\u4e0a\u8bfe\u8fd8\u79ef\u6781\u5f15\u5bfc\u5b66\u751f\u5411\u7406\u60f3\u4eba\u751f\u53d1\u5c55\u3002\u4ed6\u56e0\u800c\u83b7\u5f97\u4e86\u5b66\u6821\u7684\u7279\u522b\u5956\u52b1\u3002\u79d1\u7814\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u5728\u5f88\u957f\u4e00\u6bb5\u65f6\u95f4\u91cc\uff0c\u4ed6\u9009\u62e9\u4e86\u5728\u6570\u5b66\u548c\u7269\u7406\u4e4b\u95f4\u4ea4\u66ff\u5730\u8fdb\u884c\u63a2\u7d22\u3002\u5f53\u5e74\uff0c\u867d\u7136\u4ed6\u7684\u8ba4\u771f\u52aa\u529b\u51e0\u4e4e\u6ca1\u4eba\u8d4f\u8bc6\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u4ed6\u610f\u8bc6\u5230\u81ea\u5df1\u5c06\u6c38\u8fdc\u4e0d\u4f1a\u7ed3\u5a5a\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u4ed6\u4f9d\u7136\u7acb\u5fd7\u732e\u8eab\u79d1\u5b66\u3002\u5176\u65f6\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u76f4\u63a5\u76ee\u6807\u5c31\u662f\u8981\u5f7b\u5e95\u9610\u660e\u7535\u8def\u539f\u7406\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u6b27\u59c6\u9996\u5148\u5f00\u59cb\u7814\u7a76\u7535\u6d41\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u7535\u78c1\u529b\u7684\u589e\u51cf\u4e0e\u5bfc\u7ebf\u957f\u5ea6\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u5e76\u4e8e1825\u5e745\u6708\u53d1\u8868\u4e86\u7b2c\u4e00\u7bc7\u8bba\u6587\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u6587\u4e2d\u7684\u516c\u5f0f\u540e\u6765\u88ab\u53d1\u73b0\u662f\u9519\u7684\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u539f\u56e0\u662f\u7531\u4e8e\u5f53\u5e74\u7535\u6d41\u6d4b\u91cf\u4eea\u5668\u7684\u4e0d\u7cbe\u786e\u548c\u4f0f\u6253\u7535\u6c60\u7535\u538b\u7684\u4e0d\u7a33\u5b9a\uff0c\u518d\u52a0\u4e0a\u90a3\u65f6\u4eba\u4eec\u8fd8\u6ca1\u6709\u7535\u963b\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u6b27\u59c6\u53ea\u662f\u5728\u91d1\u5c5e\u7535\u5bfc\u7387\u8ba1\u7b97\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u4e0a\u8fdb\u884c\u4ed6\u7684\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5206\u6790\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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1826\u5e74\uff0c\u6b27\u59c6\u6539\u8fdb\u4e86\u7535\u6d41\u68c0\u6d4b\u8ba1\u5e76\u91c7\u7528\u4e86\u7a33\u5b9a\u7684\u7535\u6e90\uff0c\u8fdb\u800c\u901a\u8fc7\u66f4\u7cbe\u786e\u53ef\u9760\u7684\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5bfc\u51fa\u4e86\u4e00\u6761\u7535\u5b66\u65b0\u5b9a\u5f8b\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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1826\u5e744\u6708\uff0c\u6b27\u59c6\u610f\u8bc6\u5230\u5982\u679c\u80fd\u591f\u5b8c\u5168\u6446\u8131\u6559\u5b66\u7684\u675f\u7f1a\uff0c\u4ed6\u5c31\u4f1a\u6709\u8db3\u591f\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u6765\u5efa\u7acb\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b8c\u6574\u7684\u7535\u8def\u57fa\u672c\u7406\u8bba\u3002\u5e74\u8f7b\u7684\u4ed6\u76f8\u5f53\u81ea\u8d1f\uff0c\u5bf9\u6b64\u6df1\u4fe1\u4e0d\u7591\u3002\u4e8e\u662f\uff0c\u4ed6\u975e\u5e38\u793c\u8c8c\u5730\u5411\u5b66\u6821\u63d0\u51fa\u7533\u8bf7\u5e76\u83b7\u5f97\u4e86\u6279\u51c6\uff0c\u8ba9\u4ed6\u4f11\u6559\u4e00\u6574\u5e74\u3002\u4ed6\u79bb\u5f00\u4e86\u79d1\u9686\uff0c\u6765\u5230\u67cf\u6797\u5f1f\u5f1f\u7684\u5bb6\u3002\u6b27\u59c6\u5728\u8fd9\u4e00\u5e74\u4f11\u6574\u4e2d\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u6210\u679c\u662f\u4e8e 1827 \u5e74 5 \u6708\u5728\u67cf\u6797\u51fa\u7248\u4e86\u65b0\u4e66\u300a\u7535\u6d41\u7684\u6570\u5b66\u8ba1\u7b97\u300b<\/span>\uff08Die galvaniscke Kette, mathematisch bearbeitet<\/em>\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u8be5\u4e66\u7efc\u5408\u6574\u7406\u4e86\u4ed6\u57281825\u5e74\u548c1826\u5e74\u53d1\u8868\u7684\u4e24\u7bc7\u8bba\u6587\u5e76\u5b8c\u6574\u5730\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e86\u4ed6\u53d1\u73b0\u7684\u90a3\u6761\u7535\u5b66\u5b9a\u5f8b\u3002\u6b27\u59c6\u7684\u8fd9\u672c\u91cd\u8981\u8457\u4f5c\u540e\u6765\u5728 1841 \u5e74\u88ab\u8bd1\u6210\u82f1\u6587\uff0c 1847 \u5e74\u8bd1\u6210\u610f\u5927\u5229\u6587\uff0c1860 \u5e74\u8bd1\u6210\u6cd5\u6587\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u56fe2  \u6b27\u59c61827\u5e74\u51fa\u7248\u7684\u4e66\u300a\u7535\u6d41\u7684\u6570\u5b66\u8ba1\u7b97\u300b<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u6b27\u59c6\u5728\u4e66\u4e2d\u6b63\u5f0f\u5f15\u8fdb\u4e86\u201c\u7535\u963b\u201d\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u5e76\u8be6\u7ec6\u5730\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e86\u4ed6\u90a3\u4e2a\u5d2d\u65b0\u7684\u7535\u5b66\u5b9a\u5f8b\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u201c\u6b27\u59c6\u5b9a\u5f8b\u201d\u95ee\u4e16\u65f6\u5f62\u683c\u52bf\u7981\u3001\u4e3e\u6b65\u4e3a\u8270\u3002\u867d\u7136\u5b9a\u5f8b\u5f88\u5feb\u5c31\u5f97\u5230\u4e86\u5b9e\u9a8c\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u53e4\u65af\u5854\u592b\u00b7\u8d39\u5e0c\u7eb3<\/span>\uff08Gustav T. Fechner\uff0c1801\u20131887\uff09<\/span>\u3001\u7ea6\u7ff0\u00b7\u666e\u6cd5\u592b<\/span>\uff08Johann W. A. Pfaff\uff0c1774\u20131835\uff09<\/span>\u548c\u7ea6\u7ff0\u00b7\u6ce2\u6839\u591a\u592b<\/span>\uff08Johann C. Poggendorff\uff0c1796\u20131877\uff09<\/span>\u7684\u9a8c\u8bc1\u548c\u652f\u6301\uff0c\u4f46\u5728\u5176\u4ed6\u4e00\u4e9b\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u4e2d\u5374\u906d\u9047\u5230\u622a\u7136\u76f8\u53cd\u7684\u56de\u5e94\u3002\u8def\u5fb7\u7ef4\u5e0c\u00b7\u5361\u59c6\u5179<\/span>\uff08Ludwig F. K\u00e4mtz\uff0c1801\u20131867\uff09<\/span>\u7387\u5148\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u8f83\u4e3a\u6e29\u548c\u7684\u6279\u8bc4\uff0c\u63a5\u4e0b\u6765\u683c\u5965\u5c14\u683c\u00b7\u6cca\u5c14<\/span>\uff08Georg F. Pohl\uff0c1788\u20131849\uff09<\/span>\u8868\u793a\u4e86\u5f3a\u70c8\u7684\u53cd\u5bf9\u3002\u6cca\u5c14\u751a\u81f3\u5728\u300a\u79d1\u5b66\u6279\u5224\u5e74\u9274\u300b<\/span>\uff08Jahrb\u00fccher f\u00fcr wissenschaftliche Kritik<\/em>\uff09<\/span>\u4e2d\u520a\u6587\u731b\u70c8\u62a8\u51fb\u6b27\u59c6\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u548c\u5b9a\u5f8b\uff0c\u81f3\u4f7f\u6b27\u59c6\u4e0d\u5f97\u4e0d\u4f5c\u51fa\u5f3a\u786c\u7684\u56de\u5e94\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u5f53\u65f6\u51fa\u73b0\u5f3a\u70c8\u53cd\u5bf9\u610f\u89c1\u7684\u7f18\u7531\uff0c\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u6b27\u59c6\u5199\u4e0b\u7684\u6570\u5b66\u5206\u6790\u76f8\u5f53\u590d\u6742\u51cc\u4e71\uff0c\u6ca1\u80fd\u628a\u4ed6\u7684\u60f3\u6cd5\u6e05\u6670\u5730\u8868\u8fbe\u51fa\u6765\uff0c\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u662f\u6b27\u59c6\u7684\u7ed3\u8bba\u4e0e\u5f53\u65f6\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u754c\u516c\u8ba4\u7684\u5e38\u8bc6\u76f8\u6096\uff0c\u5373\u7535\u6c60\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u7535\u6d41\u4e0e\u7535\u52bf\u65e0\u5173\u3002\u51b2\u7a81\u662f\u5982\u6b64\u7684\u6fc0\u70c8\uff0c\u4ee5\u81f3\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u754c\u4e00\u4e9b\u540c\u884c\u7684\u53cb\u8c0a\u548c\u5408\u4f5c\u5173\u7cfb\u7834\u88c2\uff0c\u66f4\u4ee4\u6b27\u59c6\u6781\u7aef\u6cae\u4e27\u3002\u6b27\u59c6\u6700\u540e\u653e\u5f03\u4e86\u5728\u79d1\u9686\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u804c\u4f4d\uff0c\u4e8e 1827\u20131833 \u5e74\u95f4\u9690\u9000\u5f52\u4e61\uff0c\u4e0d\u518d\u7406\u776c\u5404\u79cd\u8a00\u8bba\u548c\u6279\u8bc4\u3002\u5176\u65f6\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u7a77\u56f0\u6f66\u5012\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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1833\u5e74\uff0c\u5df4\u4f10\u5229\u4e9a\u56fd\u738b\u8def\u5fb7\u7ef4\u5e0c\u4e00\u4e16\u5728\u9700\u8981\u7528\u4eba\u65f6\u60f3\u8d77\u4e86\u6b27\u59c6\uff0c\u968f\u5373\u4efb\u547d\u4ed6\u4e3a\u7ebd\u4f26\u5821<\/span>\uff08Nuremberg\uff09<\/span>\u7406\u5de5\u5b66\u9662\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u6559\u6388\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u4e3e\u63aa\u8ba9\u6b27\u59c6\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u548c\u751f\u6d3b\u91cd\u5f52\u6b63\u4f20\u30021835 \u5e74\uff0c\u6b27\u59c6\u88ab\u59d4\u4efb\u4e3a\u5df4\u4f10\u5229\u4e9a\u79d1\u5b66\u6559\u80b2\u7763\u5bdf\u5e76\u517c\u57c3\u5c14\u5170\u6839\u5927\u5b66\u9ad8\u7b49\u6570\u5b66\u7cfb\u4e3b\u4efb\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u6b27\u59c6\u7684\u4e66\u57281827\u5e74\u51fa\u7248\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u201c\u6b27\u59c6\u5b9a\u5f8b\u201d\u5728\u4ed6\u672c\u4eba\u5e76\u4e0d\u77e5\u6653\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u7ecf\u53d7\u4e86\u591a\u79cd\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u68c0\u9a8c\u30021831\u20131837 \u5e74\u95f4\uff0c\u6cd5\u56fd\u7d22\u90a6<\/span>\uff08Sorbonne\uff09<\/span>\u5927\u5b66\u7684\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u514b\u52b3\u5fb7\u00b7\u666e\u8036<\/span>\uff08Claude S. M. Pouillet\uff0c1790\u20131868\uff09<\/span>\u901a\u8fc7\u591a\u79cd\u5b9e\u9a8c\u6709\u6548\u5730\u8bc1\u660e\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5b9a\u5f8b\u7684\u6b63\u786e\u6027\u3002\u636e\u8bf4\u5f53\u5e74\u666e\u8036\u505a\u5b9e\u9a8c\u662f\u5982\u6b64\u4e13\u6ce8\uff0c\u4ee5\u81f3\u6700\u540e\u4ed6\u51e0\u4e4e\u4ee5\u4e3a\u662f\u81ea\u5df1\u53d1\u73b0\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5b9a\u5f8b\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u5728\u90a3\u573a\u5386\u65f6\u5341\u591a\u5e74\u5173\u4e8e\u6b27\u59c6\u5b9a\u5f8b\u7684\u6fc0\u70c8\u4e89\u8bba\u4e2d\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u6b27\u59c6\u672c\u4eba\u540e\u6765\u653e\u5f03\u4e86\u53c2\u4e0e\u5176\u4e2d\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u4ece\u672a\u8868\u793a\u8ba4\u8f93\u3002\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u6b27\u59c6\u6700\u540e\u8fd8\u662f\u80dc\u5229\u4e86\uff0c\u53ea\u662f\u8fc7\u7a0b\u6765\u5f97\u9887\u5177\u620f\u5267\u6027\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u6545\u4e8b\u8981\u4ece\u82f1\u56fd\u7535\u6c14\u5de5\u7a0b\u5e08\u5a01\u5ec9\u00b7\u65af\u7279\u91d1<\/span>\uff08William Sturgeon\uff0c1783\u20131850\uff09<\/span>\u8bf4\u8d77\uff0c\u4ed6\u56e0 1825 \u5e74\u53d1\u660e\u7535\u78c1\u94c1\u800c\u51fa\u540d\u30021836\u5e74\uff0c\u65af\u7279\u91d1\u521b\u529e\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u6742\u5fd7\u300a\u7535\u5b66\u3001\u78c1\u5b66\u548c\u5316\u5b66\u5e74\u9274\u300b<\/span>\uff08Annals of Electricity, Magnetism and Chemistry<\/em>\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u5e76\u4e8e1837\u5e74\u53d1\u8868\u4e86\u65c5\u5c45\u5fb7\u56fd\u7684\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u5de5\u7a0b\u5e08\u83ab\u91cc\u8328\u00b7\u96c5\u53ef\u6bd4<\/span>\uff08Moritz H. Jacobi\uff0c1801\u20131874\uff09<\/span>\u6240\u5199\u7684\u4e00\u7bc7\u5173\u4e8e\u7535\u52a8\u673a\u6587\u7ae0\u7684\u8bd1\u6587\u3002\u8fd9\u4f4d\u5de5\u7a0b\u5e08\u7684\u5f1f\u5f1f\u662f\u8457\u540d\u7684\u6570\u5b66\u5bb6\u5361\u5c14\u00b7\u96c5\u53ef\u6bd4<\/span>\uff08Carl G. J. Jacobi\uff0c1804\u20131851\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u4ed6\u4e3a\u54e5\u54e5\u5199\u4e86\u4e00\u7bc7\u5173\u4e8e\u7535\u52a8\u673a\u6570\u5b66\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u6ce8\u8bb0\u3002\u6587\u4e2d\uff0c\u4ed6\u6e05\u6670\u5730\u63cf\u8ff0\u5e76\u8fd0\u7528\u4e86\u6b27\u59c6\u5b9a\u5f8b\u3002\u4ed6\u5199\u9053\uff1a\u201c\u6b27\u59c6\u5148\u751f\u5efa\u7acb\u7684\u7406\u8bba \u2026\u2026 \u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u5982\u6b64\u7684\u7b80\u5355\u6027\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5b83\u548c\u6211\u5bf9\u4f0f\u6253\u7535\u6c60\u6240\u6709\u73b0\u8c61\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u4e00\u81f4\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u6211\u6beb\u4e0d\u72b9\u8c6b\u5730\u91c7\u7528\u4e86\u5b83\u3002\u201d<\/span><\/section>\n

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1838\u5e74\uff0c\u4f26\u6566\u56fd\u738b\u5b66\u9662\u6559\u6388\u3001\u7687\u5bb6\u5b66\u4f1a\u9662\u58eb\u67e5\u5c14\u65af\u00b7\u60e0\u65af\u901a<\/span>\uff08Charles Wheatstone\uff0c1802\u20131875\uff09<\/span>\u4f5c\u4e3a\u82f1\u56fd\u79d1\u5b66\u4fc3\u8fdb\u4f1a\u7684\u7f16\u8f91\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u6210\u5458\u4e3b\u6301\u7ffb\u8bd1\u51fa\u7248\u4e86\u6b27\u59c61827\u5e74\u90a3\u672c\u8457\u4f5c\u3002\u8be5\u8bd1\u672c\u8ba9\u8bb8\u591a\u82f1\u56fd\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u5f00\u59cb\u719f\u6089\u3001\u652f\u6301\u751a\u81f3\u94a6\u4f69\u6b27\u59c6\u53ca\u5176\u5b9a\u5f8b\u3002\u540e\u6765\uff0c\u60e0\u65af\u901a\u5728\u8bb2\u89e3\u4ed6\u8457\u540d\u7684\u201c\u60e0\u65af\u901a\u7535\u6865\u201d\u65f6\u660e\u786e\u5730\u8bf4\uff1a\u201c\u6211\u6240\u63cf\u8ff0\u7684\u4eea\u5668\u548c\u8fc7\u7a0b\u90fd\u662f\u5efa\u7acb\u4e8e\u6b27\u59c6\u5728\u4ed6\u5173\u4e8e\u4f0f\u6253\u7535\u6c60\u673a\u7406\u4e2d\u521b\u7acb\u7684\u539f\u5219\u4e0a\u7684\uff0c\u90a3\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b8c\u6574\u6f02\u4eae\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u3002\u201d<\/span><\/section>\n

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1841 \u5e74\uff0c\u6b27\u59c6\u7684\u6700\u540e\u80dc\u5229\u7ec8\u4e8e\u6765\u5230\u4e86\u3002\u4f26\u6566\u7687\u5bb6\u5b66\u4f1a\u6388\u4e88\u4ed6\u4f5c\u4e3a\u8be5\u5b66\u4f1a\u6700\u9ad8\u79d1\u5b66\u5956\u7684\u4e00\u679a\u79d1\u666e\u5229\u5956\u7ae0<\/span>\uff08Copley Medal\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u8868\u5f70\u4ed6\u5bf9\u7535\u5b66\u65b0\u5b9a\u5f8b\u7684\u53d1\u73b0\u3002\u9881\u5956\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u4e00\u9524\u5b9a\u97f3\uff0c\u6b63\u5f0f\u5ba3\u5e03\u662f\u6b27\u59c6\u9996\u6b21\u786e\u7acb\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e2a\u975e\u5e38\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u7535\u8def\u57fa\u672c\u5b9a\u5f8b\u3002\u7fcc\u5e74\uff0c\u4f26\u6566\u7687\u5bb6\u5b66\u4f1a\u8fd8\u9074\u9009\u4ed6\u4e3a\u5916\u7c4d\u9662\u58eb\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u503c\u5f97\u4e00\u63d0\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u4f26\u6566\u7687\u5bb6\u5b66\u4f1a\u628a\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6700\u9ad8\u79d1\u5b66\u5956\u5148\u540e\u6388\u4e8e\u7535\u8def\u57fa\u672c\u5b9a\u5f8b\u7684\u4e09\u4e2a\u4e3b\u89d2\uff1a\u610f\u5927\u5229\u4eba\u4f0f\u7279<\/span>\uff081794\u5e74\uff09<\/span>\u3001\u6cd5\u56fd\u4eba\u5b89\u57f9<\/span>\uff081820\u5e74\uff09<\/span>\u548c\u5fb7\u56fd\u4eba\u6b27\u59c6<\/span>\uff081841\u5e74\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u82f1\u56fd\u4eba\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u79d1\u666e\u5229\u5956\u7ae0\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u56fd\u9645\u6027\u7684\u5927\u5956\u3002\u5b83\u7684\u7684\u542b\u91d1\u91cf\u6709\u591a\u9ad8\u5462\uff1f\u4e0d\u59a8\u6765\u770b\u4e00\u4efd\u6309\u5e74\u4efd\u5148\u540e\u6392\u5217\u7684\u77e5\u540d\u83b7\u5956\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u548c\u6570\u5b66\u5bb6\u540d\u5355\uff1a\u5bcc\u5170\u514b\u6797\u3001\u5361\u6587\u8fea\u4ec0\u3001\u6234\u7ef4\u3001\u6cd5\u62c9\u7b2c\u3001\u9ad8\u65af\u3001\u97e6\u4f2f\u3001\u8fbe\u5c14\u6587\u3001\u7126\u8033\u3001\u51af\u00b7\u4ea5\u59c6\u970d\u5179\u3001\u897f\u5c14\u7ef4\u65af\u7279\u3001\u51ef\u5229\u3001\u51ef\u5c14\u6587\u52cb\u7235\u3001\u8d6b\u80e5\u9ece\u3001\u65af\u6258\u514b\u65af\u3001\u9b4f\u5c14\u65af\u7279\u62c9\u65af\u3001\u96f7\u5229\u52cb\u7235\u3001\u5409\u5e03\u65af\u3001\u95e8\u6377\u5217\u592b\u3001\u534e\u83b1\u58eb\u3001\u514b\u83b1\u56e0\u3001\u5df4\u752b\u6d1b\u592b\u3001\u5362\u745f\u798f\u3001\u7231\u56e0\u65af\u5766\u3001\u970d\u666e\u91d1\u65af\u3001\u666e\u6717\u514b\u3001\u73bb\u5c14\u3001\u6469\u6839\u3001\u54c8\u4ee3\u3001\u72c4\u62c9\u514b\u3001\u674e\u7279\u4f0d\u5fb7\u3001\u963f\u8482\u4e9a\u3001\u970d\u91d1\u3001\u7f57\u4f2f\u7279\u00b7\u6885\u3001\u5e0c\u683c\u65af\u3001\u5a01\u5c14\u65af\u3001\u53e4\u8fea\u4f9d\u7eb3\u592b\uff0c\u7b49\u7b49\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u4ece\u6b64\uff0c\u6b27\u59c6\u5b9a\u5f8b\u88ab\u6b63\u5f0f\u786e\u7acb\uff0c\u5b83\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u6240\u6709\u7eaf\u7535\u963b\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u7535\u4f20\u5bfc\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u91d1\u5c5e\u548c\u7535\u89e3\u6db2\u3002\u5e76\u4e14\u5f88\u5feb\uff0c\u5b83\u7684\u5b9e\u7528\u6027\u4fbf\u8fdb\u5165\u4e86\u66f4\u4e3a\u5e7f\u6cdb\u7684\u7535\u6c14\u5de5\u7a0b\u9886\u57df\uff0c\u9996\u5148\u4ece\u91d1\u5c5e\u5bfc\u4f53\u6269\u5c55\u5230\u7535\u89e3\u8d28\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u5230\u7535\u4ecb\u8d28\uff0c\u518d\u5230\u7535\u5f27\u7ebf\uff0c\u6700\u540e\u5230\u70ed\u79bb\u5b50\u7ba1\u3002\u800c\u4e14\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u6570\u5b66\u63a8\u5bfc\uff0c\u7535\u611f\u3001\u7535\u5bb9\u3001\u7535\u963b\u4e09\u8005\u7edf\u4e00\u5230\u4e86\u6b27\u59c6\u5b9a\u5f8b\u4e4b\u4e0b\u3002\u5f53\u7136\uff0c\u540e\u6765\u77e5\u9053\uff0c\u5728\u6781\u4f4e\u6e29\u4e0b\u4ee5\u53ca\u5728\u6c14\u4f53\u548c\u534a\u5bfc\u4f53\u7b49\u4ecb\u8d28\u4e2d\u6b27\u59c6\u5b9a\u5f8b\u5e76\u4e0d\u6210\u7acb\uff0c\u4e0d\u8fc7\u8fd9\u4e0e\u672c\u6587\u7684\u6545\u4e8b\u65e0\u5173\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u56fe3  \u6b27\u59c6\u4f7f\u7528\u8fc7\u7684\u5b9e\u9a8c\u4eea\u5668\uff08\u5fb7\u56fd\u535a\u7269\u9986\uff09<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u6b27\u59c6\u5b9a\u4e49\u7684\u7535\u963b\u81ea\u7136\u662f\u201c\u6b63\u7535\u963b\u201d\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u9a6c\u4e0a\u5c31\u60f3\u5230\u4e86\u5176\u53cd\u9762\u30021896 \u5e74\u590f\u5929\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u5b66\u672f\u754c\u53d1\u751f\u4e86\u4e00\u573a\u5173\u4e8e\u7535\u5f27\u7ebf\u4e2d\u662f\u5426\u5b58\u5728\u201c\u8d1f\u7535\u963b\u201d\u7684\u70ed\u70c8\u8ba8\u8bba\u3002\u8fd9\u6b21\u8fa9\u8bba\u662f\u7531\u4f5c\u4e3a\u53cd\u65b9\u7684\u82f1\u56fd\u7687\u5bb6\u5b66\u4f1a\u9662\u58eb\u3001\u7535\u6c14\u5de5\u7a0b\u5e08\u897f\u5c14\u74e6\u52aa\u65af\u00b7\u6c64\u666e\u68ee<\/span>\uff08Silvanus P. Thompson\uff0c1851\u20131916\uff09<\/span>\u5728\u4f26\u6566\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u4f1a\u7684\u4e00\u6b21\u4f1a\u8bae\u4e0a\u53d1\u8d77\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u53d7\u5230\u4ee3\u8868\u6b63\u65b9\u7684\u53e6\u4e00\u4f4d\u82f1\u56fd\u7687\u5bb6\u5b66\u4f1a\u9662\u58eb\u3001\u7535\u6c14\u5de5\u7a0b\u5e08\u5a01\u5ec9\u00b7\u827e\u5c14\u987f <\/span>\uff08William E. Ayrton\uff0c1847\u20131908\uff09<\/span>\u7684\u5f3a\u70c8\u53cd\u9a73\u3002\u5728\u53cc\u65b9\u56e2\u961f\u7ecf\u8fc7\u51e0\u5468\u4e89\u6301\u4e0d\u4e0b\u7684\u8fa9\u8bba\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u4f1a\u8bae\u4f5c\u51fa\u51b3\u8bae\u5c06\u6b64\u4e8b\u63d0\u4ea4\u7ed9\u5a01\u671b\u6781\u9ad8\u7684\u6570\u5b66\u5bb6\u3001\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u548c\u7535\u5668\u5de5\u7a0b\u5e08\u5965\u5229\u5f17\u00b7\u6d77\u7ef4\u8d5b<\/span>\uff08Oliver Heaviside\uff0c1850\u20131925\uff09<\/span>\u6765\u8bc4\u5224\u30027 \u6708 28 \u65e5\uff0c\u6d77\u7ef4\u8d5b\u505a\u51fa\u4e86\u5982\u4e0b\u7684\u88c1\u51b3\uff1a<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u6709\u4eba\u95ee\u6211\u5bf9\u8d1f\u7535\u963b\u7684\u770b\u6cd5\u3002\u6211\u7684\u610f\u601d\u5f88\u7b80\u5355\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u4e00\u4e2a\u7269\u4f53\u771f\u6b63\u9075\u5faa\u6b27\u59c6\u5b9a\u5f8b\uff0c\u7535\u538bV=RI\uff0c\u548c\u7126\u8033\u5b9a\u5f8b\uff0c\u70ed\u91cfH=I2<\/sup>Rt\uff0c\u4f46\u7535\u963bR\u662f\u8d1f\u6570\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u6b63\u6570\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u5b83\u5c31\u662f\u8d1f\u7535\u963b\u3002\u67d0\u4e9b\u8bba\u6587\u5173\u4e8e\u7535\u963b\uff08\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u91cf\uff09\u4e3a\u8d1f\u503c\u65f6\u6240\u4ea7\u751f\u4e4b\u5f71\u54cd\u7684\u8ba8\u8bba\u5f15\u8d77\u4e86\u6211\u7684\u6ce8\u610f\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u7684\u8bba\u8bc1\u90fd\u5f88\u6709\u8da3\u800c\u4e14\u5177\u6709\u542f\u53d1\u6027\u3002\u4f46\u7531\u4e8e\u5b83\u4eec\u666e\u904d\u7684\u4e0d\u7a33\u5b9a\u6027\uff0c\u6211\u5bf9\u7269\u4f53\u4e2d\u5b58\u5728\u6c38\u4e45\u8d1f\u7535\u963b\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u6ca1\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u4fe1\u5fc3\u3002\u4e0d\u8fc7\uff0c\u6211\u5e76\u4e0d\u6253\u7b97\u5426\u5b9a\u4e00\u79cd\u7269\u8d28\u5728\u9002\u5f53\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u6682\u65f6\u5730\u8868\u73b0\u51fa\u8fd1\u4f3c\u7684\u8d1f\u7535\u963b\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u5f53\u5b83\u5904\u4e8e\u6301\u7eed\u7269\u8d28\u53d8\u5316\u7684\u72b6\u6001\u65f6\u3002\u2026\u2026\u81f3\u4e8e\u662f\u5426\u53ef\u4ee5\u65b9\u4fbf\u5730\u4ece\u8fd9\u4e2a\u89d2\u5ea6\u6765\u770b\u5f85\u7535\u5f27\u7ebf\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e0d\u662f\u6211\u80fd\u591f\u8bf4\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u6211\u5bf9\u7535\u5f27\u7ebf\u7684\u4e86\u89e3\u4e0d\u591f\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u6b27\u59c6\u5728\u5b8c\u6210\u4e86\u4ed6\u7684\u7535\u5b66\u65b0\u5b9a\u5f8b\u7814\u7a76\u5de5\u4f5c\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u4fbf\u628a\u6ce8\u610f\u529b\u8f6c\u5411\u4e86\u5206\u5b50\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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1845\u5e74\uff0c\u6b27\u59c6\u5f53\u9009\u4e3a\u5df4\u4f10\u5229\u4e9a\u79d1\u5b66\u9662\u9662\u58eb\u3002\u4ed6\u4e0e\u7ebd\u4f26\u5821\u7406\u5de5\u5b66\u9662\u4fdd\u6301\u8054\u7cfb\u76f4\u81f3 1849 \u5e74\uff0c\u5176\u95f4\u8fd8\u62c5\u4efb\u8fc7\u6821\u957f\u30021849 \u5e74\uff0c\u4ed6\u88ab\u5df4\u4f10\u5229\u4e9a\u56fd\u738b\u9a6c\u514b\u897f\u7c73\u5229\u5b89\u4e8c\u4e16<\/span>\uff08Maximilian II\uff0c1811\u20131864\uff09<\/span>\u4efb\u547d\u4e3a\u6155\u5c3c\u9ed1<\/span>\uff08Munich\uff09<\/span>\u5927\u5b66\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u6559\u6388\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u88ab\u5df4\u4f10\u5229\u4e9a\u79d1\u5b66\u9662\u4efb\u547d\u4e3a\u6570\u5b66\u548c\u7269\u7406\u90e8\u90e8\u957f\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u4ed6\u8fd8\u62c5\u4efb\u4e86\u56fd\u5bb6\u7535\u62a5\u5f00\u53d1\u9879\u76ee\u987e\u95ee\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u591a\u91cd\u7684\u804c\u8d23\u4f7f\u6b27\u59c6\u65e0\u6cd5\u7ee7\u7eed\u4ed6\u7684\u5206\u5b50\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u30021849 \u5e74\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u9636\u6bb5\u6027\u7814\u7a76\u6210\u679c\u7684\u603b\u7ed3\uff0c\u6b27\u59c6\u51fa\u7248\u4e86\u300a\u5bf9\u5206\u5b50\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u7684\u8d21\u732e\u300b<\/span>\uff08Beitr\u00e4ge zur Molecular-Physik<\/em>\uff09<\/span>\u4e00\u4e66\u30021852\u5e74\uff0c\u6b27\u59c6\u88ab\u664b\u5347\u4e3a\u6155\u5c3c\u9ed1\u5927\u5b66\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u8bb2\u5ea7\u6559\u6388\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u56fe5  \u300a\u5173\u4e8e\u6b27\u59c6\u7684\u7efc\u5408\u5206\u6790\u300b\uff081892\uff09<\/span><\/section>\n

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1892 \u5e74\uff0c\u6155\u5c3c\u9ed1\u5927\u5b66\u6559\u6388 \u3001\u8bfa\u8d1d\u5c14\u7269\u7406\u5956\u5f97\u4e3b\u5c24\u91d1\u00b7\u51af\u00b7\u6d1b\u6885\u5c14<\/span>\uff08Eugen C. J. von Lommel\uff0c1837\u20131899\uff09<\/span>\u7f16\u8f91\u51fa\u7248\u4e86\u9898\u4e3a \u300a\u5173\u4e8e\u6b27\u59c6\u7684\u7efc\u5408\u5206\u6790\u300b<\/span>\uff08Gesammelte Anhandlungen von G. S. Ohm<\/em>\uff09<\/span>\u4e00\u4e66\uff0c\u6536\u96c6\u6574\u7406\u4e86\u6b27\u59c6\u4e09\u5341\u591a\u5e74\u95f4\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u7814\u7a76\u6210\u679c\uff0c\u517123\u7ae0\uff0c855\u9875\u3002\u8be5\u4e66\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u6240\u6d89\u53ca\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\u76f8\u5bf9\u8f83\u5c11\uff0c\u4f46\u4ecb\u7ecd\u662f\u5b8c\u6574\u548c\u5f7b\u5e95\u7684\u3002\u5b83\u5411\u4e16\u4eba\u5c55\u793a\uff1a\u6b27\u59c6\u4ece\u4e00\u5f00\u59cb\u76ee\u6807\u5c31\u5f88\u660e\u786e\uff0c\u4ed6\u51b3\u5fc3\u5efa\u7acb\u91d1\u5c5e\u5bfc\u4f53\u4e2d\u5173\u4e8e\u7535\u6d41\u7684\u5b9a\u5f8b\u3002\u6b27\u59c6\u8fd8\u7814\u7a76\u4e86\u4e3a\u91d1\u5c5e\u5bfc\u4f53\u786e\u7acb\u7684\u7535\u6d41\u89c4\u5f8b\u662f\u5426\u4e5f\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u6db2\u4f53\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u5e76\u5f97\u5230\u4e86\u80af\u5b9a\u7684\u7b54\u6848\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u6b27\u59c6\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u4e00\u4e9b\u79d1\u5b66\u8d21\u732e\u4e5f\u503c\u5f97\u5927\u4e66\u4e00\u7b14\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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1822 \u5e74\uff0c\u7ea6\u745f\u592b\u00b7\u5085\u91cc\u53f6<\/span>\uff08J. B. Joseph Fourier\uff0c1768\u20131830\uff09<\/span>\u51fa\u7248\u4e86\u4ed6\u7684\u540d\u8457\u300a\u70ed\u5206\u6790\u7406\u8bba\u300b<\/span>\uff08Th\u00e9orie analytique de la chaleur<\/em>\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u8be5\u4e66\u6070\u9022\u5176\u65f6\u5730\u5f71\u54cd\u4e86\u6b27\u59c6\u3002\u6b27\u59c6\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5085\u91cc\u53f6\u548c\u897f\u8499-\u4e39\u5c3c\u65af\u00b7\u6cca\u677e<\/span>\uff08Sim\u00e8on-Denis Poisson\uff0c1781\u20131840\uff09<\/span>\u7684\u70ed\u4f20\u5bfc\u65b9\u7a0b\u4e5f\u53ef\u7528\u4e8e\u7535\u7684\u4f20\u64ad\uff0c\u5e76\u5199\u4e0b\u4e86\u5b83\u4eec\u76f8\u5e94\u7684\u5fae\u5206\u65b9\u7a0b\u5f0f\u3002\u540e\u6765\uff0c\u8a79\u59c6\u65af\u00b7\u9ea6\u514b\u65af\u97e6<\/span>\uff08James C. Maxwell\uff0c1831\u20131879\uff09<\/span>\u5bf9\u6b27\u59c6\u7684\u8fd9\u9879\u5de5\u4f5c\u7ed9\u4e88\u4e86\u5145\u5206\u7684\u80af\u5b9a\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u8ba4\u4e3a\u6b27\u59c6\u5c06\u7535\u4e0e\u70ed\u4f5c\u7c7b\u6bd4\u662f\u4e0d\u6070\u5f53\u7684\u3002\u4e0d\u8fc7\uff0c\u9ea6\u514b\u65af\u97e6\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u867d\u7136\u6b27\u59c6\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u672c\u8eab\u662f\u9519\u8bef\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u5229\u7528\u5085\u91cc\u53f6\u65b9\u7a0b\u6765\u8868\u8fbe\u901a\u8fc7\u957f\u5bfc\u7ebf\u7684\u5bfc\u7535\u5b9a\u5f8b\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u5012\u662f\u6b63\u786e\u7684\u3002\u6d77\u7ef4\u8d5b\u4e5f\u8d5e\u540c\u9ea6\u514b\u65af\u97e6\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u5e76\u89e3\u91ca\u8bf4\uff1a\u201c\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u6b27\u59c6\u80fd\u7528\u9519\u8bef\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u5f97\u51fa\u6b63\u786e\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u5462\uff1f\u539f\u56e0\u5f88\u7b80\u5355\uff1a\u65e0\u8bba\u7535\u662f\u50a8\u5b58\u5728\u7535\u7ebf\u7684\u7269\u8d28\u5185\u90e8\uff0c\u8fd8\u662f\u5230\u8fbe\u7535\u7ebf\u8868\u9762\u5e76\u505c\u7559\u5728\u90a3\u91cc\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u65b9\u7a0b\u5f62\u5f0f\u90fd\u662f\u5b8c\u5168\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u3002\u201d<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u6b27\u59c6\u8fd8\u82b1\u8d39\u4e86\u8bb8\u591a\u65f6\u95f4\u8bd5\u56fe\u53bb\u89e3\u91ca\u67cf\u6797\u5927\u5b66\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u6559\u6388\u963f\u9053\u592b\u00b7\u57c3\u5c14\u66fc<\/span>\uff08J. P. Adolf Erman\uff0c1854\u20131937\uff09<\/span>\u5173\u4e8e\u201c\u5355\u6781\u201d<\/span>\uff08unipolar\uff09<\/span>\u5bfc\u4f53\u7684\u5b9e\u9a8c\uff0c\u5373\u53ea\u6709\u201c\u6b63\u6781\u201d\u6216\u201c\u8d1f\u6781\u201d\u7684\u5bfc\u4f53\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u6027\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u6b27\u59c6\u58f0\u79f0\u901a\u8fc7\u5b9e\u9a8c\u4ed6\u53d1\u73b0\u4e86\u4e00\u7c7b\u5b8c\u7f8e\u7684\u5bfc\u4f53\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u6bd4\u5176\u5b83\u5bfc\u4f53\u66f4\u5bb9\u6613\u4f20\u8f93\u7535\u6d41\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u4ed6\u5728\u4e00\u5757\u975e\u5e38\u5e72\u71e5\u7684\u78b1\u6027\u80a5\u7682\u4e2d\u5f15\u5165\u4e24\u6839\u91d1\u5c5e\u7ebf\uff0c\u6bcf\u6839\u91d1\u5c5e\u7ebf\u5206\u522b\u4e0e\u7535\u6c60\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u7535\u6781\u76f8\u8fde\u3002\u4ed6\u53d1\u73b0\u5f53\u80a5\u7682\u4e0e\u5bfc\u7535\u4f53\u63a5\u89e6\u65f6\uff0c\u8d1f\u6781\u5c31\u4f1a\u653e\u7535\uff1b\u5f53\u80a5\u7682\u88ab\u79fb\u5f00\u5e76\u5c06\u8d1f\u6781\u63a5\u5730\u65f6\uff0c\u6b63\u6781\u5c31\u4f1a\u83b7\u5f97\u4e00\u4e2a\u76f8\u5e94\u7684\u7535\u4f4d\u3002\u4ed6\u5bf9\u78f7\u706b\u3001\u9152\u7cbe\u706b\u7130\u4ee5\u53ca\u5176\u4ed6\u4e00\u4e9b\u706b\u7130\u7684\u5b9e\u9a8c\u90fd\u53d1\u73b0\u4e86\u540c\u6837\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\uff0c\u53ea\u4e0d\u8fc7\u89c2\u5bdf\u5230\u7684\u662f\u6b63\u6781\u5728\u706b\u7130\u4e2d\u653e\u7535\u3002\u4e3a\u6b64\uff0c\u4ed6\u5f15\u5165\u4e86\u201c\u5355\u6781\u6b63\u201d\u548c\u201c\u5355\u6781\u8d1f\u201d\u4e24\u4e2a\u672f\u8bed\u30021830\u5e74\uff0c\u6b27\u59c6\u628a\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u5199\u6210\u8bba\u6587\u53d1\u8868\u5728\u300a\u5316\u5b66\u5e74\u9274\u300b<\/span>\uff08Jahrbuch der Chimie<\/em>\uff09<\/span>\u4e0a\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u7531\u4e8e\u5404\u79cd\u539f\u56e0\uff0c\u6574\u4e2a\u6b27\u6d32\u5173\u4e8e\u8fd9\u4e00\u4e3b\u9898\u53ca\u76f8\u5173\u8bba\u9898\u7684\u6587\u732e\u5728\u5f88\u957f\u4e00\u6bb5\u65f6\u95f4\u91cc\u590d\u76d6\u4e86\u5f88\u591a\u6742\u5fd7\u7684\u7248\u9762\u30021838 \u5e74\uff0c\u6cd5\u62c9\u7b2c\u5728\u300a\u5b9e\u9a8c\u7814\u7a76\u300b<\/span>\uff08Experimental Researches<\/em>\uff09<\/span>\u4e0a\u4e5f\u8ba4\u771f\u5730\u8ba8\u8bba\u4e86\u5355\u6781\u4f53\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u4ed6\u6307\u51fa\uff1a<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u5982\u679c\u5b58\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u5355\u6781\u4f53\uff0c\u5373\u4e00\u4e2a\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f20\u5bfc\u4e00\u79cd\u7535\u800c\u4e0d\u80fd\u4f20\u5bfc\u53e6\u4e00\u79cd\u7535\u7684\u5355\u6781\u4f53\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u671f\u5f85\u8fd9\u7c7b\u5355\u4e00\u7535\u6d41\u4f1a\u6709\u8bb8\u591a\u65b0\u9896\u7684\u7279\u5f81\u3002\u5b83\u4eec\u5e94\u8be5\u975e\u5e38\u7279\u522b\uff0c\u4e0d\u4ec5\u4e0e\u666e\u901a\u7535\u6d41\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u8bdd\u666e\u901a\u7535\u6d41\u5e94\u8be5\u6709\u4e24\u79cd\u4e0d\u540c\u7535\u6d41\u540c\u65f6\u4ece\u76f8\u53cd\u7684\u65b9\u5411\u4ee5\u76f8\u7b49\u7684\u91cf\u8fdb\u884c\u4f20\u64ad\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5f7c\u6b64\u4e4b\u95f4\u4e5f\u4e0d\u540c\uff01\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5b89\u6258\u5c3c\u00b7\u8d1d\u514b\u52d2\u5c14\uff08Antoine C. Becquerel, 1788\u20131878\uff09\u3001\u6c64\u59c6\u65af\u00b7\u5b89\u5fb7\u9c81\u65af\uff08Thomas Andrews\uff0c1813\u20131885\uff09\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u4e00\u4e9b\u4eba\u5df2\u7ecf\u9010\u6b65\u5730\u5bf9\u6b64\u7c7b\u975e\u51e1\u7684\u4e8b\u5b9e\u7ed9\u51fa\u4e86\u66f4\u6b63\u786e\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\u3002\u6211\u77e5\u9053\u6b27\u59c6\u6559\u6388\u5728\u5bf9\u6240\u6709\u73b0\u8c61\u7684\u4ed4\u7ec6\u68c0\u67e5\u4e2d\u5df2\u7ecf\u5b8c\u5584\u4e86\u8fd9\u9879\u5de5\u4f5c\u3002\u4e0d\u8fc7\uff0c\u4ed6\u5728\u8bc1\u660e\u4f18\u826f\u5bfc\u4f53\u4e0a\u53ef\u4ee5\u53d1\u751f\u7c7b\u4f3c\u73b0\u8c61\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u5176\u5b9e\u8fd8\u8bc1\u660e\u4e86\u80a5\u7682\u7b49\u8bb8\u591a\u6548\u5e94\u53ea\u662f\u7535\u89e3\u4f5c\u7528\u6f14\u5316\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u7f62\u4e86\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u8fd8\u6709\u503c\u5f97\u63d0\u53ca\u7684\uff0c\u662f\u6b27\u59c6\u5bf9\u58f0\u5b66\u7684\u8d21\u732e\u3002\u6b27\u59c6\u4e8e1839\u20131843\u5e74\u95f4\u5728\u300a\u7269\u7406\u5316\u5b66\u5e74\u9274\u300b<\/span>\uff08Annalen der Physik und Chemie<\/em>\uff09<\/span>\u53d1\u8868\u4e86\u51e0\u7bc7\u58f0\u5b66\u8bba\u6587\u3002\u4ed6\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u5bfc\u81f4\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u5173\u4e8e\u7ec4\u5408\u97f3\u8c03\u5b9a\u5f8b\u7684\u5efa\u7acb\u3002\u6b27\u59c6\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u4eba\u8033\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u8be5\u5b9a\u5f8b\u6765\u8fdb\u884c\u58f0\u97f3\u5206\u6790\u7684\u3002\u4ed6\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u8033\u6735\u53ea\u80fd\u4ece\u7a7a\u6c14\u7684\u7279\u5b9a\u8fd0\u52a8\u4e2d\u83b7\u5f97\u97f3\u8c03\u7684\u611f\u89c9\uff0c\u800c\u7a7a\u6c14\u4e2d\u7684\u9897\u7c92\u90fd\u50cf\u949f\u6446\u4e00\u6837\u5728\u632f\u8361\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u201c\u6b27\u59c6\u58f0\u5b66\u5b9a\u5f8b\u201d\u7edf\u4e00\u4e86\u5f53\u65f6\u4eba\u4eec\u5bf9\u58f0\u5b66\u7684\u6df7\u4e71\u7406\u89e3\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5b83\u5bf9\u540e\u6765\u7269\u7406\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u8bb8\u591a\u5e94\u7528\u548c\u53d1\u5c55\u6240\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u968f\u5904\u53ef\u89c1\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u6b27\u59c6\u7684\u58f0\u5b66\u5b9a\u5f8b\u7531\u4e8e\u6570\u5b66\u8868\u8fbe\u7684\u542b\u7cca\u4e0d\u6e05\u906d\u5230\u4e86\u5fb7\u7d2f\u65af\u987f<\/span>\uff08Dresden\uff09<\/span>\u7406\u5de5\u5b66\u9662\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u5965\u53e4\u65af\u7279\u00b7\u585e\u8d1d\u514b<\/span>\uff08August L. F. W. Seebeck\uff0c1805\u20131849\uff09<\/span>\u7684\u5f3a\u70c8\u62b5\u5236\u3002\u6b27\u59c6\u56e0\u6570\u5b66\u8868\u8fbe\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u9519\u6f0f\u88ab\u8bc1\u5b9e\uff0c\u6700\u540e\u81ea\u5df1\u4f5c\u7f62\u3002\u6b64\u540e\uff0c\u76f4\u81f3\u6b27\u59c6\u53bb\u4e16\u540e\u516b\u5e74\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5b9a\u5f8b\u51e0\u4e4e\u5b8c\u5168\u88ab\u4eba\u4eec\u9057\u5fd8\u4e86\u3002\u5230\u4e861862\u5e74\uff0c\u8d6b\u5c14\u66fc\u00b7\u51af\u00b7\u4ea5\u59c6\u970d\u5179<\/span>\uff08Hermann L. F. von Helmholtz\uff0c1821\u20131894\uff09<\/span>\u5728\u4ed6\u7684\u8457\u4f5c\u300a\u8bba\u97f3\u8c03\u7684\u611f\u89c9\u4f5c\u4e3a\u97f3\u4e50\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u751f\u7406\u57fa\u7840\u300b<\/span>\uff08Die Lehre von den Tonempfindungen als physiologische Grundlage<\/em>\uff09<\/span>\u4e2d\u6210\u529f\u5730\u7528\u6b27\u59c6\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u6765\u89e3\u91ca\u4e86\u6cdb\u97f3\u4e0e\u97f3\u4e50\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u4e8e\u662f\u91cd\u65b0\u5524\u8d77\u4eba\u4eec\u5bf9\u6b27\u59c6\u58f0\u5b66\u5b9a\u5f8b\u7684\u5173\u6ce8\u3002\u51af\u00b7\u4ea5\u59c6\u970d\u5179\u5728\u4e66\u4e2d\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u6839\u636e\u6b27\u59c6\u7684\u5b9a\u5f8b\uff0c\u4e0e\u97f3\u4e50\u4e2d\u97f3\u8c03\u7684\u7ec4\u5408\u76f8\u5bf9\u5e94\u7684\u7a7a\u6c14\u7684\u6bcf\u4e00\u8fd0\u52a8\u90fd\u80fd\u591f\u88ab\u5206\u89e3\u4e3a\u7b80\u5355\u632f\u52a8\u7684\u603b\u548c\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u6bcf\u4e2a\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u7b80\u5355\u632f\u52a8\u90fd\u5bf9\u5e94\u7740\u4e00\u4e2a\u7b80\u5355\u97f3\u8c03\u3002\u8033\u6735\u5bf9\u4e4b\u654f\u611f\u7684\uff0c\u6b63\u662f\u7531\u7a7a\u6c14\u76f8\u5e94\u8fd0\u52a8\u7684\u5468\u671f\u65f6\u95f4\u786e\u5b9a\u7684\u8fd9\u4e9b\u97f3\u8c03\u3002\u51af\u00b7\u4ea5\u59c6\u970d\u5179\u7684\u8fd9\u672c\u540d\u8457\u8ba9\u6b27\u59c6\u58f0\u5b66\u5b9a\u5f8b\u6b7b\u800c\u590d\u751f\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u6700\u540e\uff0c\u6709\u51e0\u4e2a\u4ee5\u6b27\u59c6\u547d\u540d\u7684\u7269\u4ef6\u548c\u672f\u8bed\u4e5f\u503c\u5f97\u63d0\u53ca\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u9664\u4e86\u4f17\u6240\u5468\u77e5\u7684\u6d4b\u91cf\u7535\u963b\u7528\u7684\u201c\u6b27\u59c6\u8868\u201d<\/span>\uff08Ohmmeter\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u8fd8\u6709\u5176\u5b83\u4e00\u4e9b\u201c\u6b27\u59c6\u5668\u4ef6\u201d<\/span>\uff08Ohmic device\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u662f\u5404\u79cd\u9075\u5b88\u6b27\u59c6\u5b9a\u5f8b\u7684\u5668\u4ef6\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u201c\u6b27\u59c6\u63a5\u89e6\u201d<\/span>\uff08Ohmic contact\uff09<\/span>\u662f\u4e24\u79cd\u5bfc\u4f53\u4e4b\u95f4\u4e00\u79cd\u975e\u6574\u6d41\u7535\u7ed3\uff0c\u5177\u6709\u7b26\u5408\u6b27\u59c6\u5b9a\u5f8b\u7684\u7ebf\u6027\u201c\u7535\u6d41\u2013\u7535\u538b\u201d\u66f2\u7ebf\u3002\u4f4e\u7535\u963b\u7684\u6b27\u59c6\u63a5\u89e6\u5141\u8bb8\u7535\u8377\u5728\u4e24\u4e2a\u5bfc\u4f53\u4e4b\u95f4\u5f80\u4e24\u4e2a\u65b9\u5411\u6d41\u52a8\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u4e0d\u4f1a\u7531\u4e8e\u6574\u6d41\u6216\u8005\u7535\u538b\u9608\u503c\u800c\u5bfc\u81f4\u8fc7\u5ea6\u529f\u8017\u751a\u81f3\u906d\u5230\u963b\u585e\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u201c\u6b27\u59c6\u52a0\u70ed\u201d<\/span>\uff08Ohmic heating\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u4e5f\u79f0\u4e3a\u7126\u8033\u52a0\u70ed\u6216\u7535\u963b\u52a0\u70ed\uff0c\u662f\u8ba9\u7535\u6d41\u901a\u8fc7\u98df\u54c1\u6216\u5176\u4ed6\u6750\u6599\u4ece\u800c\u5bf9\u5b83\u4eec\u52a0\u70ed\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u201c\u6b27\u59c6\u6740\u83cc\u201d<\/span>\uff08Ohmic sterilization\uff09<\/span>\u662f\u91c7\u7528\u7535\u6781\u5c0650\u201360Hz\u7684\u4f4e\u9891\u4ea4\u6d41\u7535\u76f4\u63a5\u5bfc\u5165\u98df\u54c1\u7269\u6599\u8fdb\u884c\u6b27\u59c6\u52a0\u70ed\u800c\u8fbe\u5230\u6740\u83cc\u7684\u6548\u679c\u3002\u91c7\u7528\u6b27\u59c6\u52a0\u70ed\u6740\u83cc\u53ef\u83b7\u5f97\u6bd4\u5e38\u89c4\u65b9\u6cd5\u66f4\u5feb\u7684\u52a0\u70ed\u901f\u7387\uff0c\u7f29\u77ed\u52a0\u70ed\u6740\u83cc\u65f6\u95f4\uff0c\u5e76\u5f97\u5230\u66f4\u9ad8\u54c1\u8d28\u7684\u4ea7\u54c1\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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1854 \u5e74 7 \u6708 6 \u65e5\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u6b27\u59c6\u5f53\u65f6\u8eab\u4f53\u4e0d\u9002\uff0c\u4ed6\u8fd8\u662f\u53c2\u52a0\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b66\u672f\u4f1a\u8bae\u5e76\u4f5c\u4e86\u6f14\u8bb2\u3002\u5f53\u665a\uff0c\u4ed6\u610f\u5916\u4e2d\u98ce\u5728\u5bb6\u53bb\u901d\uff0c\u4eab\u5e7465\u5c81\u3002\u4ed6\u88ab\u57cb\u846c\u5728\u6155\u5c3c\u9ed1\u5e02\u90ca\u7684 Sudliche Friedhof\u516c\u5893\u575f\u573a\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u56fe6  \u6b27\u59c6\u5851\u50cf\uff08\u6155\u5c3c\u9ed1\u7406\u5de5\u5927\u5b66\u6821\u56ed\uff09<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u590d\u6742\u79d1\u5b66\u6700\u65b0\u8bba\u6587<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n

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<\/p>\n<\/section>\n

\u96c6\u667a\u6591\u56fe\u9876\u520a\u8bba\u6587\u901f\u9012\u680f\u76ee\u4e0a\u7ebf\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u6301\u7eed\u6536\u5f55\u6765\u81eaNature\u3001Science<\/span>\u7b49\u9876\u520a\u7684\u6700\u65b0\u8bba\u6587\uff0c\u8ffd\u8e2a\u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf\u3001\u7f51\u7edc\u79d1\u5b66\u3001\u8ba1\u7b97\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u7b49\u9886\u57df\u7684\u524d\u6cbf\u8fdb\u5c55\u3002\u73b0\u5728\u6b63\u5f0f\u63a8\u51fa\u8ba2\u9605\u529f\u80fd\uff0c\u6bcf\u5468\u901a\u8fc7\u5fae\u4fe1\u670d\u52a1\u53f7\u300c\u6211\u7684\u96c6\u667a\u300d\u63a8\u9001\u8bba\u6587\u4fe1\u606f\u3002\u626b\u63cf\u4e0b\u65b9\u4e8c\u7ef4\u7801\u5373\u53ef\u4e00\u952e\u8ba2\u9605\uff1a<\/span>
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\u63a8\u8350\u9605\u8bfb<\/span><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n

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2.<\/strong> \u4e2d\u5b66\u7269\u7406\u8bfe\u672c\u4e4b\u5916\u7684\u5b89\u57f9\u4e28\u9648\u5173\u8363<\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/section>\n
3. <\/strong><\/strong>\u201c\u7535\u673a\u6cf0\u6597\u201d\u7ae0\u540d\u6d9b\u4e28\u9648\u5173\u8363<\/a><\/strong><\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/strong><\/section>\n
4. <\/strong><\/strong><\/span>\u5f20\u6c5f\uff1a\u7b2c\u4e09\u4ee3\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u6280\u672f\u57fa\u7840\u2014\u2014\u4ece\u53ef\u5fae\u5206\u7f16\u7a0b\u5230\u56e0\u679c\u63a8\u7406 | \u96c6\u667a\u5b66\u56ed\u5168\u65b0\u8bfe\u7a0b<\/a><\/strong><\/strong><\/span><\/section>\n
5. \u6210\u4e3a\u96c6\u667aVIP\uff0c\u89e3\u9501\u5168\u7ad9\u8bfe\u7a0b\uff0f\u8bfb\u4e66\u4f1a<\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/span><\/section>\n
6. <\/strong>\u52a0\u5165\u96c6\u667a\uff0c\u4e00\u8d77\u590d\u6742\uff01<\/strong><\/span><\/a><\/section>\n


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