{"id":45742,"date":"2023-10-12T22:09:49","date_gmt":"2023-10-12T14:09:49","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/swarma.org\/?p=45742"},"modified":"2023-10-12T22:09:49","modified_gmt":"2023-10-12T14:09:49","slug":"%e7%a7%91%e5%ad%a6%e5%ad%a6%e5%89%8d%e6%b2%bf%e7%bb%bc%e8%bf%b0%ef%bc%9a%e6%95%b0%e6%8d%ae%e3%80%81%e6%b5%8b%e9%87%8f%e5%92%8c%e7%bb%8f%e9%aa%8c%e6%96%b9%e6%b3%95%e7%9a%84%e6%96%b0%e8%a7%86%e9%87%8e","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/swarma.org\/?p=45742","title":{"rendered":"\u79d1\u5b66\u5b66\u524d\u6cbf\u7efc\u8ff0\uff1a\u6570\u636e\u3001\u6d4b\u91cf\u548c\u7ecf\u9a8c\u65b9\u6cd5\u7684\u65b0\u89c6\u91ce"},"content":{"rendered":"
\n
\n
\n
\n

<\/p>\n<\/section>\n

\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n

<\/section>\n<\/section>\n
\n
\n

\u5bfc\u8bed<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n

\n

<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n
\n
\n
\n

<\/strong>\u5927\u89c4\u6a21\u6570\u636e\u96c6\u7684\u51fa\u73b0\uff0c\u4f7f\u5f97\u8ffd\u8e2a\u201c\u79d1\u5b66\u662f\u600e\u6837\u8fd0\u4f5c\u201d\u6210\u4e3a\u53ef\u80fd\uff0c\u8fd9\u6fc0\u52b1\u4e86\u6765\u81ea\u4e0d\u540c\u5b66\u79d1\u80cc\u666f\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u4eba\u5458\u5c06\u79d1\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u7126\u70b9\u8f6c\u5411\u79d1\u5b66\u672c\u8eab\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u50ac\u751f\u4e86\u8fc5\u901f\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u201c\u79d1\u5b66\u5b66\uff08Science of Science\uff09\u201d\u3002\u79d1\u5b66\u5b66\u662f\u9488\u5bf9\u79d1\u5b66\u8fdb\u884c\u6574\u4f53\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u7efc\u5408\u6027\u79d1\u5b66\uff0c\u5177\u5907\u8de8\u5b66\u79d1\u7279\u5f81\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u8868\u73b0\u4e3a\u79d1\u5b66\u89c2\u70b9\u3001\u79d1\u5b66\u8bba\u6587\u3001\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u7b49\u5c3a\u5ea6\u4e0d\u540c\u800c\u76f8\u4e92\u5173\u8054\u7684\u5c42\u6b21\uff0c\u56e0\u800c\u5176\u5929\u7136\u5177\u5907\u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u7279\u5f81\u3002\u6700\u8fd1\u53d1\u8868\u4e8eNature Human Behaviour<\/em>\u6742\u5fd7\u7684\u7efc\u8ff0\u6587\u7ae0\uff0c\u4ece\u6570\u636e\u3001\u6d4b\u91cf\u548c\u5b9e\u8bc1\u65b9\u6cd5\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\uff0c\u5ba1\u89c6\u4e86\u201c\u79d1\u5b66\u5b66\u201d\u8fd9\u4e00\u65e5\u76ca\u589e\u957f\u7684\u8de8\u5b66\u79d1\u9886\u57df\u7684\u524d\u6cbf\u6587\u732e\u3002\u7efc\u8ff0\u63a2\u8ba8\u4e86\u4e3b\u8981\u5b9e\u8bc1\u65b9\u6cd5\u7684\u76ee\u6807\u3001\u4f18\u52bf\u548c\u5c40\u9650\u6027\uff0c\u4ee5\u671f\u6df1\u5316\u5bf9\u79d1\u5b66\u5b66\u9886\u57df\u591a\u5143\u5316\u7814\u7a76\u65b9\u6cd5\u7684\u7406\u89e3\uff0c\u5e76\u4e3a\u7814\u7a76\u4eba\u5458\u63d0\u4f9b\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u5de5\u5177\u3002\u603b\u4f53\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u65b0\u7684\u5b9e\u8bc1\u7814\u7a76\u65b9\u6cd5\u4e3a\u6211\u4eec\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u5f3a\u5927\u7684\u80fd\u529b\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u68c0\u9a8c\u5173\u4e8e\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u4f20\u7edf\u89c2\u5ff5\u548c\u7406\u8bba\u6846\u67b6\uff0c\u53d1\u73b0\u5f71\u54cd\u79d1\u5b66\u751f\u4ea7\u529b\u7684\u56e0\u7d20\uff0c\u9884\u6d4b\u79d1\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\uff0c\u5e76\u5236\u5b9a\u51fa\u6709\u52a9\u4e8e\u63a8\u52a8\u79d1\u5b66\u8fdb\u6b65\u7684\u653f\u7b56\u3002<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u7814\u7a76\u9886\u57df\uff1a\u79d1\u5b66\u5b66\uff0c\u79d1\u7814\uff0c\u79d1\u5b66\u65b9\u6cd5<\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n

\n
\n
\n
<\/svg><\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n
\n
<\/section>\n<\/section>\n
\n

Lu Liu, Benjamin F. Jones, Brian Uzzi & Dashun Wang<\/span> | \u4f5c\u8005<\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u5218\u57f9\u6e90<\/span> | \u8bd1\u8005<\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<\/section>\n

\n


<\/p>\n<\/section>\n


<\/section>\n

<\/p>\n

\n
\n
\n

\u8bba\u6587\u6765\u6e90\uff1a<\/span><\/p>\n

Data, measurement and empirical methods in the science of science<\/span><\/p>\n

\u8bba\u6587\u5730\u5740\uff1a<\/span><\/p>\n

https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41562-023-01562-4<\/span><\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/blockquote>\n


<\/section>\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\u76ee\u5f55<\/strong><\/section>\n
\u4e00\u3001\u80cc\u666f<\/span><\/strong><\/section>\n
\u4e8c\u3001\u6570\u636e<\/span><\/strong><\/section>\n
\u4e09\u3001\u6d4b\u91cf<\/span><\/strong><\/section>\n
\u56db\u3001\u7ecf\u9a8c\u65b9\u6cd5<\/span><\/strong><\/section>\n
\u4e94\u3001\u5c55\u671b<\/span><\/strong><\/section>\n
\n
<\/span><\/strong><\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n


<\/p>\n


<\/section>\n

\n
\n
\n
\n
\n

<\/section>\n

<\/section>\n
\n
<\/svg><\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n
\n

\u4e00\u3001\u80cc\u666f<\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n

\n

<\/section>\n

<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/h3>\n
 <\/span><\/section>\n
\u79d1\u5b66\u8fdb\u6b65\u662f\u63d0\u9ad8\u751f\u6d3b\u6c34\u5e73\u3001\u5065\u5eb7\u72b6\u51b5\u4ee5\u53ca\u793e\u4f1a\u5e94\u5bf9\u91cd\u5927\u6311\u6218<\/span>\uff08\u4ece\u6c14\u5019\u53d8\u5316\u5230COVID-19\u5927\u6d41\u884c[1,2,3]\uff09<\/span>\u7684\u5173\u952e\u56e0\u7d20\u3002\u5bf9\u201c\u79d1\u5b66\u600e\u6837\u8fd0\u884c\u201d\u548c\u201c\u521b\u65b0\u5728\u54ea\u91cc\u53d1\u751f\u201d\u7684\u66f4\u6df1\u5165\u7406\u89e3\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u5e2e\u52a9\u6211\u4eec\u66f4\u6709\u6548\u5730\u8bbe\u8ba1\u79d1\u5b66\u653f\u7b56\u548c\u79d1\u5b66\u673a\u6784\uff0c\u66f4\u597d\u5730\u4e3a\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u81ea\u8eab\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u9009\u62e9\u63d0\u4f9b\u4fe1\u606f\uff0c\u5e76\u4e3a\u79d1\u5b66\u548c\u4eba\u7c7b\u521b\u9020\u548c\u6355\u83b7\u5de8\u5927\u4ef7\u503c\u3002\u57fa\u4e8e\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5173\u952e\u524d\u63d0\uff0c\u8fd1\u5e74\u6765\uff0c\u201c\u79d1\u5b66\u5b66\u201d<\/span>\uff08Science of Science\uff09<\/span>\u9886\u57df\u53d6\u5f97\u4e86\u91cd\u5927\u53d1\u5c55[4,5,6,7,8,9]\uff0c\u5229\u7528\u5927\u89c4\u6a21\u6570\u636e\u96c6\u548c\u591a\u6837\u5316\u7684\u8ba1\u7b97\u5de5\u5177\u5305\u63ed\u793a\u79d1\u5b66\u4ea7\u51fa\u548c\u79d1\u5b66\u5e94\u7528\u80cc\u540e\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u6a21\u5f0f\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/span><\/section>\n
\u5c06\u79d1\u5b66\u65b9\u6cd5\u672c\u8eab\u4f5c\u4e3a\u7814\u7a76\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u60f3\u6cd5\u7531\u6765\u5df2\u4e45\u3002\u81ea20\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e2d\u53f6\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u6765\u81ea\u4e0d\u540c\u5b66\u79d1\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u4eec\u4e00\u76f4\u5728\u63a2\u8ba8\u5173\u4e8e\u79d1\u5b66\u8fdb\u6b65\u7684\u672c\u8d28\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u79d1\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u5b9e\u8df5\u3001\u7ec4\u7ec7\u548c\u5f71\u54cd\u7b49\u6838\u5fc3\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u57fa\u4e8e\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4e30\u5bcc\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u6839\u6e90\uff0c\u79d1\u5b66\u5b66\u9886\u57df\u6c72\u53d6\u4e86\u8bb8\u591a\u5b66\u79d1\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u4fe1\u606f\u79d1\u5b66\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u3001\u7269\u7406\u79d1\u5b66\u3001\u751f\u7269\u79d1\u5b66\u3001\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u79d1\u5b66\u3001\u5de5\u7a0b\u5b66\u548c\u8bbe\u8ba1\u5b66\u7b49\u3002\u79d1\u5b66\u5b66\u4e0e\u5143\u79d1\u5b66\u3001\u79d1\u5b66\u8ba1\u91cf\u5b66\u3001\u79d1\u5b66\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u3001\u7814\u7a76\u65b9\u6cd5\u5b66\u3001\u79d1\u5b66\u6280\u672f\u7814\u7a76\u3001\u79d1\u5b66\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u3001\u5143\u77e5\u8bc6\u548c\u5b9a\u91cf\u79d1\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u7b49\u591a\u4e2a\u7814\u7a76\u9886\u57df\u548c\u5b66\u672f\u7fa4\u4f53\uff0c\u6709\u7740\u7d27\u5bc6\u7684\u8054\u7cfb[5]\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7fa4\u4f53\u4e4b\u95f4\u5b58\u5728\u4e00\u4e9b\u660e\u663e\u7684\u5dee\u5f02\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u4f53\u73b0\u5728\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u8d77\u6e90\u548c\u6700\u521d\u7684\u5b66\u79d1\u7ec4\u6210\u4e0a\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5143\u79d1\u5b66<\/span>\uff08metascience\uff09<\/span>\u8d77\u6e90\u4e8e\u4e34\u5e8a\u79d1\u5b66\u548c\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u5173\u6ce8\u4e25\u8c28\u6027\u3001\u900f\u660e\u5ea6\u3001\u53ef\u91cd\u590d\u6027\u4ee5\u53ca\u5176\u4ed6\u4e0e\u5f00\u653e\u79d1\u5b66\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u5b9e\u8df5\u548c\u4e3b\u9898\u3002\u79d1\u5b66\u8ba1\u91cf\u5b66\u793e\u533a\u8d77\u6e90\u4e8e\u56fe\u4e66\u9986\u548c\u4fe1\u606f\u79d1\u5b66\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u5f3a\u8c03\u53d1\u5c55\u7a33\u5065\u548c\u8d1f\u8d23\u4efb\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u5ea6\u91cf\u548c\u6307\u6807\u3002\u79d1\u5b66\u6280\u672f\u7814\u7a76<\/span>\uff08Science and technology studies\uff09<\/span>\u5173\u6ce8\u79d1\u5b66\u6280\u672f\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u3001\u79d1\u5b66\u54f2\u5b66\u4ee5\u53ca\u79d1\u5b66\u3001\u6280\u672f\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\u3002\u79d1\u5b66\u5b66\u5219\u8d77\u6e90\u4e8e\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u3001\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u79d1\u5b66\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\uff0c\u91c7\u7528\u6570\u636e\u9a71\u52a8\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u5f3a\u8c03\u63a2\u8ba8\u79d1\u5b66\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u8fd0\u4f5c\u7684\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5b66\u79d1\u90fd\u4e3a\u7406\u89e3\u79d1\u5b66\u505a\u51fa\u4e86\u57fa\u7840\u6027\u7684\u8d21\u732e\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5b83\u4eec\u5728\u8d77\u6e90\u4e0a\u5b58\u5728\u5dee\u5f02\uff0c\u4f46\u4e0e\u7406\u89e3\u201c\u79d1\u5b66\u5b9e\u8df5\u53ca\u5176\u5bf9\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u201d\u8fd9\u4e00\u5171\u540c\u5174\u8da3\u76f8\u6bd4\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5dee\u5f02\u663e\u5f97\u5fae\u4e0d\u8db3\u9053\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/span><\/section>\n
\u4e09\u5927\u9886\u57df\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u63a8\u52a8\u4e86\u79d1\u5b66\u5b66\u7684\u5feb\u901f\u8fdb\u6b65\u3002\u9996\u5148\u662f\u201c\u6570\u636e\u201d\u7684\u53d1\u5c55[9]\uff1a\u73b0\u4ee3\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u6c47\u96c6\u4e86\u6570\u767e\u4e07\u7bc7\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u8bba\u6587\u3001\u8d44\u52a9\u63d0\u6848\u3001\u4e13\u5229\u7b49\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6d77\u91cf\u7684\u6570\u636e\u4ee5\u524d\u6240\u672a\u6709\u7684\u7ec6\u8282\u548c\u89c4\u6a21\uff0c\u63cf\u7ed8\u51fa\u79d1\u5b66\u6d3b\u52a8\u7684\u5168\u8c8c\u3002\u5176\u6b21\u662f\u201c\u6d4b\u91cf\u201d\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\uff1a\u5b66\u8005\u4eec\u501f\u52a9\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6570\u636e\uff0c\u5f00\u53d1\u51fa\u8bb8\u591a\u65b0\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u6d3b\u52a8\u5ea6\u91cf\u6807\u51c6\uff0c\u5e76\u5bf9\u4e00\u4e9b\u957f\u671f\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u91cd\u8981\u4f46\u96be\u4ee5\u91cf\u5316\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u7814\u7a76\u3002\u6700\u540e\u662f\u201c\u7ecf\u9a8c\u65b9\u6cd5\u201d\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\uff1a\u5f97\u76ca\u4e8e\u6570\u636e\u79d1\u5b66\u3001\u7f51\u7edc\u79d1\u5b66\u3001\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u548c\u8ba1\u91cf\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u7684\u540c\u6b65\u53d1\u5c55\uff0c\u7814\u7a76\u4eba\u5458\u73b0\u5728\u80fd\u591f\u4ee5\u5168\u65b0\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u7814\u7a76\u5173\u7cfb\u3001\u8fdb\u884c\u9884\u6d4b\u548c\u8bc4\u4f30\u79d1\u5b66\u653f\u7b56\u3002\u6570\u636e\u3001\u6d4b\u91cf\u548c\u65b9\u6cd5\u7684\u9769\u65b0\uff0c\u5171\u540c\u63ed\u793a\u4e86\u5173\u4e8e\u79d1\u5b66\u5185\u90e8\u8fd0\u4f5c\u548c\u79d1\u5b66\u8fdb\u5c55\u672c\u8eab\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u6027\u65b0\u89c1\u89e3\u3002<\/strong><\/span><\/section>\n

<\/span><\/section>\n
\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u591a\u5143\u5316\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u4e5f\u5e26\u6765\u4e86\u4e00\u9879\u4e3b\u8981\u6311\u6218\u3002\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u4eec\u9075\u5faa\u5404\u81ea\u5b66\u79d1\u5185\u53d7\u5c0a\u91cd\u7684\u89c4\u8303\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5176\u65b9\u6cd5\u5404\u5f02\uff0c\u7814\u7a76\u6210\u679c\u5e38\u5e38\u53d1\u8868\u5728\u8bfb\u8005\u7fa4\u4e0d\u91cd\u53e0\u7684\u520a\u7269\u4e0a\uff0c\u5bfc\u81f4\u76f8\u5173\u7814\u7a76\u5728\u5b66\u79d1\u8fb9\u754c\u4e0a\u5448\u73b0\u788e\u7247\u5316\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u788e\u7247\u5316\u6311\u6218\u4e86\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u7406\u89e3\u548c\u6b23\u8d4f\u81ea\u5df1\u5b66\u79d1\u4ee5\u5916\u5de5\u4f5c\u4ef7\u503c\u7684\u80fd\u529b\uff0c\u66f4\u4e0d\u7528\u8bf4\u5728\u6b64\u57fa\u7840\u4e0a\u8fdb\u884c\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u63a2\u7d22\u4e86\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/span><\/section>\n
\u9274\u4e8e\u4e0a\u8ff0\u6311\u6218\u548c\u79d1\u5b66\u5b66\u9886\u57df\u7684\u5feb\u901f\u53d1\u5c55\uff0c\u672c\u6587\u56de\u987e\u4e86\u8be5\u9886\u57df\u6587\u732e\u4e2d\u666e\u904d\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u5b9e\u8bc1\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u76ee\u6807\u662f\u4e3a\u8bfb\u8005\u63d0\u4f9b\u5173\u4e8e\u53ef\u7528\u6570\u636e\u96c6\u3001\u6d4b\u91cf\u6784\u9020\u548c\u5b9e\u8bc1\u65b9\u6cd5\u7684\u6700\u65b0\u7406\u89e3\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u6bcf\u79cd\u65b9\u6cd5\u7684\u4f18\u52bf\u548c\u5c40\u9650\u6027\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u7bc7\u5e45\u9650\u5236\uff0c\u672c\u7efc\u8ff0\u5e76\u672a\u8be6\u5c3d\u6bcf\u79cd\u65b9\u6cd5\u7684\u5168\u90e8\u6280\u672f\u7ec6\u8282\uff0c\u5efa\u8bae\u8bfb\u8005\u53c2\u8003\u76f8\u5173\u6307\u5357\u4ee5\u83b7\u53d6\u66f4\u591a\u4fe1\u606f\u3002\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5c06\u91cd\u70b9\u89e3\u91ca\u4e3a\u4f55\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u6839\u636e\u7814\u7a76\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u504f\u597d\u9009\u62e9\u67d0\u4e00\u79cd\u65b9\u6cd5\u800c\u975e\u5176\u4ed6\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/span><\/section>\n
\u79d1\u5b66\u5b66\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u5173\u952e\u76ee\u6807\u662f\uff0c\u5728\u63d0\u4f9b\u5bf9\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u8d85\u8d8a\u6027\u7406\u89e3\u5916\uff0c\u4e3a\u79d1\u5b66\u653f\u7b56\u63d0\u4f9b\u53c2\u8003\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u672c\u7efc\u8ff0\u4e3b\u8981\u5173\u6ce8\u5b9e\u8bc1\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u5176\u6838\u5fc3\u8bfb\u8005\u662f\u8be5\u9886\u57df\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u8005\uff0c\u4f46\u6240\u68b3\u7406\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u4e5f\u4e0e\u5173\u952e\u7684\u653f\u7b56\u95ee\u9898\u606f\u606f\u76f8\u5173<\/strong>\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u79d1\u5b66\u6295\u8d44\u7684\u9002\u5f53\u89c4\u6a21\u662f\u591a\u5c11\uff0c\u5e94\u8be5\u901a\u8fc7\u54ea\u4e9b\u673a\u6784\u5e76\u671d\u54ea\u4e2a\u65b9\u5411\u8fdb\u884c[10,11]\uff1f\u516c\u5171\u5bf9\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u6295\u8d44\u662f\u5426\u4e0e\u516c\u4f17\u5229\u76ca\u76f8\u7b26[12]\uff1f\u4ec0\u4e48\u6761\u4ef6\u80fd\u4ea7\u751f\u521b\u65b0\u6027\u6216\u9ad8\u5f71\u54cd\u529b\u7684\u79d1\u5b66[13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20]\uff1f\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u5956\u52b1\u4f53\u7cfb\u5982\u4f55\u5f71\u54cd\u79d1\u5b66\u8fdb\u6b65\u7684\u901f\u5ea6\u548c\u65b9\u5411[13,21,22,23,24]\uff0c\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u53ef\u91cd\u590d\u6027\u53c8\u7531\u4ec0\u4e48\u51b3\u5b9a[25,26,27]\uff1f\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u7684\u8d21\u732e\u5982\u4f55\u968f\u7740\u79d1\u5b66\u4e8b\u4e1a\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u800c\u6f14\u53d8[28,29,30,31,32]\uff1f\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u7684\u591a\u6837\u6027\u5982\u4f55\u63a8\u52a8\u79d1\u5b66\u8fdb\u6b65[33,34,35]\uff1f\u4ee5\u53ca\u5176\u4ed6\u4e0e\u79d1\u5b66\u653f\u7b56\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u95ee\u9898[36,37]\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/span><\/section>\n
\u603b\u4f53\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u672c\u7efc\u8ff0\u65e8\u5728\u4fc3\u8fdb\u7814\u7a76\u4eba\u5458\u8fdb\u5165\u79d1\u5b66\u5b66\u9886\u57df\uff0c\u6269\u5c55\u7814\u7a76\u4eba\u5458\u7684\u5de5\u5177\u5305\uff0c\u5e76\u8bf4\u660e\u591a\u6837\u5316\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u65b9\u6cd5\u5982\u4f55\u4e3a\u6211\u4eec\u5bf9\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u5171\u540c\u7406\u89e3\u505a\u51fa\u8d21\u732e\u3002\u7b2c\u4e8c\u90e8\u5206\u56de\u987e\u4e86\u6570\u636e\u96c6\u548c\u6570\u636e\u94fe\u63a5\u3002\u7b2c\u56db\u90e8\u5206\u56de\u987e\u4e86\u79d1\u5b66\u5b66\u4e2d\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u6d4b\u91cf\u6784\u5efa\u3002\u7b2c\u56db\u90e8\u5206\u8003\u8651\u4e86\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u7ecf\u9a8c\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u91cd\u70b9\u4ecb\u7ecd\u6bcf\u79cd\u65b9\u6cd5\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u5e76\u7b80\u8981\u603b\u7ed3\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\u548c\u5e94\u7528\u3002\u7b2c\u4e94\u90e8\u5206\u5bf9\u79d1\u5b66\u5b66\u7684\u524d\u666f\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u603b\u7ed3\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/section>\n

<\/section>\n

\n
\n
\n
\n
\n

<\/section>\n

<\/section>\n
\n
<\/svg><\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n
\n

\u4e8c\u3001\u6570\u636e<\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n

\n

<\/section>\n

<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/h3>\n
 <\/span><\/section>\n
\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\uff0c\u79d1\u5b66\u6d3b\u52a8\u7684\u6570\u636e\u6536\u96c6\u56f0\u96be\uff0c\u4e14\u6570\u91cf\u6709\u9650\u3002\u6536\u96c6\u6570\u636e\u53ef\u80fd\u6d89\u53ca\u4ece\u51fa\u7248\u7269\u4e2d\u624b\u52a8\u7edf\u8ba1\u6570\u636e[38,39]\uff0c\u91c7\u8bbf\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6[16,40]\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u6574\u7406\u5386\u53f2\u8f76\u4e8b\u548c\u4f20\u8bb0[13,41]\u3002\u5206\u6790\u901a\u5e38\u5c40\u9650\u4e8e\u7279\u5b9a\u9886\u57df\u6216\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u7fa4\u4f53\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5982\u4eca\uff0c\u5927\u89c4\u6a21\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u751f\u4ea7\u548c\u4f7f\u7528\u6570\u636e\u89e6\u624b\u53ef\u5f97[42,43,44]\u3002\u51ed\u501f\u5927\u6570\u636e\u548c\u5148\u8fdb\u7684\u7b97\u6cd5\uff0c\u7814\u7a76\u4eba\u5458\u73b0\u5728\u53ef\u4ee5\u63a2\u7d22\u4ee5\u524d\u65e0\u6cd5\u91cf\u5316\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u5e76\u5728\u8303\u56f4\u548c\u89c4\u6a21\u4e0a\u5b9e\u73b0\u4e86\u5de8\u5927\u7684\u589e\u957f\uff0c\u5982\u4e0b\u6587\u6240\u8ff0\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/span><\/section>\n
\u51fa\u7248\u7269\u6570\u636e\u96c6\u6db5\u76d6\u4e86\u51e0\u4e4e\u6240\u6709\u79d1\u5b66\u95e8\u7c7b\u7684\u8bba\u6587\uff0c\u4f7f\u5f97\u53ef\u4ee5\u5206\u6790\u901a\u7528\u548c\u7279\u5b9a\u9886\u57df\u7684\u6a21\u5f0f\u3002\u5e38\u7528\u7684\u6570\u636e\u96c6\u5305\u62ecWeb of Science<\/span> (WoS)<\/span>\uff0cPubMed\uff0cCrossRef\uff0cORCID\uff0cOpenCitations\uff0cDimensions\u548cOpenAlex\u3002\u8fd8\u6709\u4e00\u4e9b\u6570\u636e\u96c6\u5305\u542b\u4e86\u8bba\u6587\u7684\u6587\u672c<\/span>\uff08CORE\uff09<\/span>[45,46,47]\uff0c\u6570\u636e\u5b9e\u4f53<\/span>\uff08DataCite\uff09<\/span>[48,49]\u548c\u540c\u884c\u8bc4\u5ba1\u62a5\u544a<\/span>\uff08Publons\uff09<\/span>[33,50,51]\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6570\u636e\u96c6\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u652f\u6301\u65b0\u7684\u6d4b\u91cf\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u8868\u793a\u8bba\u6587\u7684\u5185\u5bb9[52,53]\uff0c\u65b0\u9896\u6027[15,54]\u548c\u8de8\u5b66\u79d1\u6027[55]\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/span><\/section>\n
\u503c\u5f97\u6ce8\u610f\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u5f53\u4eca\u7684\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u6355\u83b7\u4e86\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u66f4\u591a\u5143\u5316\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u4e0d\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u51fa\u7248\u7269\uff0c\u8fd8\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u5bf9\u7814\u7a76\u80cc\u666f\u548c\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u81ea\u8eab\u7684\u66f4\u4e30\u5bcc\u548c\u66f4\u5168\u9762\u7684\u89c6\u89d2<\/span>\uff08\u56fe1\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u4e00\u4e9b\u6570\u636e\u96c6\u8ffd\u8e2a\u7814\u7a76\u8d44\u91d1\u5230\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6295\u8d44\u652f\u6301\u7684\u5177\u4f53\u51fa\u7248\u7269[56,57]\uff0c\u8fd9\u4f7f\u5f97\u53ef\u4ee5\u8fdb\u884c\u9488\u5bf9\u79d1\u7814\u8d44\u91d1\u5bf9\u79d1\u5b66\u751f\u4ea7\u529b\u548c\u516c\u5171\u6295\u8d44\u56de\u62a5\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u7684\u5927\u89c4\u6a21\u7814\u7a76\u3002\u5305\u542b\u5c31\u4e1a\u60c5\u51b5[58,59]\uff0c\u7b80\u5386[21,59]\u548c\u79d1\u5b66\u5956\u9879[23]\u7684\u6570\u636e\u96c6\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u5173\u4e8e\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u7ed3\u6784\u7684\u4e30\u5bcc\u5b9a\u91cf\u8bc1\u636e\u3002\u5c06\u51fa\u7248\u7269\u6982\u51b5\u4e0e\u5bfc\u5e08\u8c31\u7cfb[60,61]\uff0c\u8bba\u6587[34]\u548c\u8bfe\u7a0b\u5927\u7eb2[62,63]\u7ed3\u5408\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u83b7\u5f97\u5173\u4e8e\u5bfc\u5e08\u6307\u5bfc\u548c\u4eba\u624d\u57f9\u517b\u7684\u89c1\u89e3\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/span><\/section>\n
<\/section>\n

\u56fe1 \u79d1\u5b66\u5b66\u6570\u636e\u53ca\u5176\u8054\u7cfb\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u56fe\u5c55\u793a\u4e86\u79d1\u5b66\u5b66\u4e2d\u5e38\u7528\u7684\u6570\u636e\u7c7b\u578b\uff0c\u6bcf\u79cd\u6570\u636e\u7c7b\u578b\u4e2d\u5305\u542b\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u4ee5\u53ca\u6570\u636e\u6765\u6e90\u7684\u793a\u4f8b\u3002\u79d1\u5b66\u5b66\u4e2d\u7684\u6570\u636e\u96c6\u4e0d\u4ec5\u89c4\u6a21\u4e0d\u65ad\u589e\u957f\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5df2\u7ecf\u6269\u5c55\u5230\u4e86\u51fa\u7248\u7269\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u8fd8\u6574\u5408\u4e86\u4e0a\u6e38\u7684\u8d44\u91d1\u6295\u8d44\u548c\u4e0b\u6e38\u7684\u5e94\u7528\uff0c\u8d85\u8d8a\u4e86\u79d1\u5b66\u672c\u8eab\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/span><\/section>\n
\u6700\u540e\uff0c\u5f53\u4eca\u7684\u6570\u636e\u8303\u56f4\u5df2\u7ecf\u8d85\u8d8a\u4e86\u79d1\u5b66\uff0c\u6269\u5c55\u5230\u4e86\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u66f4\u5e7f\u6cdb\u7684\u65b9\u9762\u3002\u66ff\u4ee3\u6027\u6307\u6807<\/span>\uff08Altmetrics\uff09<\/span>[64]\u6355\u6349\u5230\u65b0\u95fb\u5a92\u4f53\u548c\u793e\u4ea4\u5a92\u4f53\u4e0a\u5bf9\u79d1\u5b66\u6587\u7ae0\u7684\u63d0\u53ca\u3002\u5176\u4ed6\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u7eb3\u5165\u4e86\u79d1\u5b66\u5728\u5e02\u573a\u4e0a\u7684\u5e94\u7528\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u901a\u8fc7\u4e13\u5229[10]\uff0c\u5236\u836f\u4e34\u5e8a\u8bd5\u9a8c\u548c\u836f\u7269\u6279\u51c6[65,66]\u3002\u653f\u7b56\u6587\u4ef6[67,68]\u5e2e\u52a9\u6211\u4eec\u7406\u89e3\u79d1\u5b66\u5728\u653f\u5e9c\u5404\u90e8\u95e8[69]\u548c\u653f\u7b56\u5236\u5b9a[12,68]\u4e2d\u7684\u89d2\u8272\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/span><\/section>\n
\u968f\u7740\u5f53\u4eca\u7684\u6570\u636e\u96c6\u89c4\u6a21\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u5927\uff0c\u5e76\u7ee7\u7eed\u6574\u5408\u65b0\u7684\u7ef4\u5ea6\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u4ee5\u65b0\u65b9\u5f0f\u63ed\u793a\u79d1\u5b66\u5185\u90e8\u8fd0\u4f5c\u548c\u5916\u90e8\u5f71\u54cd\u7684\u673a\u4f1a\u3002\u5b83\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u5728\u8fdb\u884c\u5173\u4e8e\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u65b0\u95ee\u9898\u548c\u957f\u671f\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u539f\u521b\u7814\u7a76\u65f6\uff0c\u8d85\u8d8a\u4ee5\u5f80\u7684\u9650\u5236\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/section>\n

<\/section>\n

\n
\n
\n
\n
\n

<\/section>\n

<\/section>\n
\n
<\/svg><\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n
\n

\u4e09\u3001\u6d4b\u91cf<\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n

\n

<\/section>\n

<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/h3>\n
 <\/span><\/section>\n
\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u8ba8\u8bba<\/span>\u79d1\u5b66\u5b66\u4e2d\u7a81\u51fa\u7684\u6d4b\u91cf\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u548c\u5c40\u9650\u6027\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/section>\n
\uff08\u4e00\uff09\u5f15\u7528<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/section>\n

<\/section>\n
\u73b0\u4ee3\u51fa\u7248\u6570\u636e<\/span>\u5e93\u901a\u5e38\u5305\u542b\u5173\u4e8e\u54ea\u4e9b\u6587\u7ae0\u548c\u4f5c\u8005\u5f15\u7528\u4e86\u5176\u4ed6\u8bba\u6587\u548c\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u7684\u6570\u636e\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5f15\u7528\u5173\u7cfb\u5df2\u88ab\u7528\u4e8e\u53c2\u4e0e\u79d1\u5b66\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u6982\u5ff5\u8ba8\u8bba\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u5c06\u8003\u8651\u4e24\u79cd\u57fa\u4e8e\u5f15\u7528\u4fe1\u606f\u7684\u5e38\u89c1\u6d4b\u91cf\u65b9\u6cd5\uff1a\u5f15\u7528\u8ba1\u6570\u548c\u77e5\u8bc6\u6d41\u52a8\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/span><\/section>\n
\u9996\u5148\uff0c\u5f15\u7528\u8ba1\u6570\u5e38\u88ab\u7528\u4f5c\u8861\u91cf\u5f71\u54cd\u529b\u7684\u6307\u6807\u3002\u201c\u6307\u6807\u201d\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8bcd\u6697\u793a\u4e86\u5b83\u53ea\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u8fd1\u4f3c\u8868\u8fbe\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u3002\u5f15\u7528\u8ba1\u6570\u88ab\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u6587\u6863\u88ab\u540e\u7eed\u6587\u6863\u5f15\u7528\u7684\u6b21\u6570\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f5c\u4e3a\u8861\u91cf\u7814\u7a76\u8bba\u6587[75,76]\u4ee5\u53ca\u4e13\u5229\u53d1\u660e\u91cd\u8981\u6027[77,78,79]\u7684\u4ee3\u66ff\u7269\u3002\u4e0e\u5e73\u7b49\u5bf9\u5f85\u6bcf\u4e2a\u5f15\u7528\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u4e00\u4e9b\u5ea6\u91cf\u65b9\u6cd5\u53ef\u80fd\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u52a0\u6743\u8003\u8651\u6bcf\u4e2a\u5f15\u7528\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u4f7f\u7528\u5f15\u7528\u7f51\u7edc\u7ed3\u6784\u6765\u4ea7\u751f\u4e2d\u5fc3\u6027[80]\u3001PageRank[81,82]\u6216Eigenfactor[83,84]\u6307\u6807\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/span><\/section>\n
\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u57fa\u4e8e\u5f15\u7528\u7684\u6307\u6807\u4e5f\u9762\u4e34\u7740\u6279\u8bc4[84,85]\u3002\u5f15\u7528\u6307\u6807\u5fc5\u7136\u8fc7\u4e8e\u7b80\u5316\u5bf9\u5f71\u54cd\u529b\u7684\u6784\u9020\u4e0e\u8861\u91cf\uff0c\u7ecf\u5e38\u5ffd\u89c6\u7279\u5b9a\u5f15\u7528\u7684\u542b\u4e49\u548c\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u5f02\u8d28\u6027\uff0c\u9886\u57df\u548c\u673a\u6784\u80cc\u666f\u4e2d\u5f15\u7528\u5b9e\u8df5\u7684\u53d8\u5316\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u79d1\u5b66\u4e2d\u7684\u58f0\u8a89\u548c\u6743\u529b\u7ed3\u6784\u5bf9\u5f15\u7528\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u6f5c\u5728\u5f71\u54cd[86,87]\u3002\u7814\u7a76\u4eba\u5458\u5df2\u7ecf\u5f00\u59cb\u7406\u89e3\u66f4\u4e3a\u7ec6\u5fae\u7684\u5f15\u7528\u884c\u4e3a\uff0c\u4ece\u8d1f\u9762\u5f15\u7528[86]\u5230\u5f15\u7528\u4e0a\u4e0b\u6587[47,88,89]\u3002\u7406\u89e3\u5f15\u7528\u5b9e\u9645\u8861\u91cf\u4e86\u4ec0\u4e48\uff0c\u5728\u89e3\u91ca\u548c\u5e94\u7528\u79d1\u5b66\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u7684\u8bb8\u591a\u7814\u7a76\u53d1\u73b0\u65f6\u975e\u5e38\u91cd\u8981\u3002\u4f9d\u8d56\u4e8e\u57fa\u4e8e\u5f15\u7528\u7684\u6307\u6807\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u4e13\u5bb6\u5224\u65ad\u7684\u8bc4\u4f30\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u5f15\u53d1\u4e86\u6307\u6807\u6ee5\u7528\u7684\u95ee\u9898[90,91,92]\u3002\u9274\u4e8e\u5f00\u53d1\u53ef\u9760\u5730\u91cf\u5316\u548c\u8bc4\u4f30\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u6307\u6807\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\uff0c\u79d1\u5b66\u8ba1\u91cf\u5b66\u793e\u533a\u4e00\u76f4\u5728\u52aa\u529b\u63d0\u4f9b\u8d1f\u8d23\u4efb\u7684\u5f15\u7528\u5b9e\u8df5\u548c\u8bc4\u4f30\u6307\u5bfc[85]\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/span><\/section>\n
\u5176\u6b21\uff0c\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u5229\u7528\u5f15\u7528\u6765\u8ffd\u8e2a\u77e5\u8bc6\u6d41\u52a8\u3002\u8bba\u6587\u4e2d\u7684\u6bcf\u4e2a\u5f15\u7528\u90fd\u662f\u5bf9\u7279\u5b9a\u5148\u524d\u5de5\u4f5c\u7684\u94fe\u63a5\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u501f\u6b64\u63a8\u6d4b\u65b0\u53d1\u73b0\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u501f\u9274\u73b0\u6709\u601d\u60f3[76,93]\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u77e5\u8bc6\u5982\u4f55\u5728\u79d1\u5b66\u9886\u57df[94,95]\u3001\u7814\u7a76\u673a\u6784[96]\u3001\u5730\u533a\u548c\u56fd\u5bb6[97,98,99]\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u4e2a\u4f53[81]\u4e4b\u95f4\u6d41\u52a8\u3002\u5f15\u7528\u94fe\u63a5\u7684\u7ec4\u5408\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u8fd1\u4f3c\u8868\u793a\u521b\u65b0\u6027[15]\u3001\u98a0\u8986\u6027[17,100]\u548c\u8de8\u5b66\u79d1\u6027[55,95,101,102]\u3002\u4e00\u4e2a\u8fc5\u901f\u5d1b\u8d77\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u9886\u57df\uff0c\u4f1a\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u7814\u7a76\u6765\u81ea\u5176\u4ed6\u9886\u57df<\/span>\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\u4e13\u5229\u3001\u4e34\u5e8a\u836f\u7269\u8bd5\u9a8c\u548c\u653f\u7b56\u6587\u4ef6\uff09<\/span>\u5bf9\u79d1\u5b66\u6587\u7ae0\u7684\u5f15\u7528\uff0c\u4ee5\u7406\u89e3\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u5e94\u7528\u4ef7\u503c[10,12,65,66,103,104,105]\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/span><\/section>\n
\uff08\u4e8c\uff09\u4e2a\u4f53<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/section>\n

<\/span><\/section>\n
\u901a\u8fc7\u5bf9\u4e2a\u4f53\u804c\u4e1a\u7684\u5206\u6790\uff0c\u7814\u7a76\u4eba\u5458\u80fd\u591f\u89e3\u7b54\u5982\u4e0b\u95ee\u9898\uff1a\u6211\u4eec\u5e94\u5982\u4f55\u8861\u91cf\u4e2a\u4f53\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u751f\u4ea7\u529b\uff1f\u5178\u578b\u7684\u804c\u4e1a\u751f\u547d\u5468\u671f\u662f\u600e\u6837\u7684\uff1f\u8d44\u6e90\u548c\u8363\u8a89\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u5728\u4e2a\u4f53\u548c\u804c\u4e1a\u95f4\u5206\u914d\u7684\uff1f\u5b66\u8005\u7684\u804c\u4e1a\u751f\u6daf\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u5176\u53d1\u8868\u8bba\u6587 [30,31,106,107,108]\u6765\u63a2\u7a76\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u91cd\u70b9\u5173\u6ce8\u7684\u662f\u804c\u4e1a\u53d1\u5c55\u4e0e\u6d41\u52a8\u6027\u3001\u53d1\u8868\u8bba\u6587\u7684\u6570\u91cf\u53ca\u5176\u5f15\u7528\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u4ed6\u4eec\u6240\u83b7\u5f97\u7684\u8d44\u52a9[24,109,110]\u548c\u5956\u9879[111,112,113]\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/span><\/section>\n
\u4e2a\u4f53\u5f71\u54cd\u529b\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u4e3b\u8981\u5173\u6ce8\u4ea7\u51fa\uff0c\u901a\u5e38\u4ee5\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u53d1\u8868\u7684\u8bba\u6587\u6570\u91cf\u548c\u5f15\u7528\u6307\u6807\u4f5c\u4e3a\u8fd1\u4f3c\u5ea6\u91cf\u3002h\u6307\u6570[114]\u662f\u8861\u91cf\u4e2a\u4f53\u5f71\u54cd\u529b\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u5e38\u7528\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u5b83\u7efc\u5408\u8003\u8651\u4e86\u8bba\u6587\u6570\u91cf\u548c\u6bcf\u7bc7\u8bba\u6587\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u529b\u3002\u5177\u4f53\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u7684h\u6307\u6570\u662f\u4ed6\u4eec\u81f3\u5c11\u6709h\u7bc7\u8bba\u6587\u88ab\u5f15\u7528\u4e86h\u6b21\u4ee5\u4e0a\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u6700\u5927\u6570\u503ch\u5373\u4e3ah\u6307\u6570\u3002\u540e\u7eed\u7814\u7a76\u5728h\u6307\u6570\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u4e0a\uff0c\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u5404\u79cd\u53d8\u4f53\u4ee5\u89e3\u51b3\u5176\u5c40\u9650\u6027[115]\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u53d8\u4f53\u5305\u62ec\u5f3a\u8c03\u804c\u4e1a\u751f\u6daf\u4e2d\u9ad8\u5f15\u7528\u8bba\u6587\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027[116]\uff0c\u8003\u8651\u9886\u57df\u5dee\u5f02[117]\u548c\u6807\u51c6\u5316\u5904\u7406[118]\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u8bc4\u4f30\u4e2a\u4f53\u5728\u5408\u4f5c\u4f5c\u54c1\u4e2d\u7684\u76f8\u5bf9\u8d21\u732e\u6bd4\u4f8b[119]\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/span><\/section>\n
\u4e3a\u4e86\u63a2\u7a76\u804c\u4e1a\u751f\u6daf\u5468\u671f\u4e2d\u4ea7\u51fa\u7684\u52a8\u529b\u5b66\u53d8\u5316\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u6839\u636e\u4e2a\u4f53\u7684\u5e74\u9f84\u3001\u804c\u4e1a\u5e74\u9f84\u6216\u53d1\u8868\u8bba\u6587\u7684\u987a\u5e8f\u8fdb\u884c\u7814\u7a76\u3002\u6709\u5927\u91cf\u7684\u6587\u732e\u7814\u7a76\u63a2\u8ba8\u4e86\u5e74\u9f84\u4e0e\u6770\u51fa\u6210\u5c31\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5173\u7cfb[28,106,111,120,121]\u3002\u8fd1\u671f\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u89e3\u5f00\u4e86\u5e74\u9f84\u3001\u53d1\u8868\u8bba\u6587\u6570\u91cf\u548c\u6bcf\u7bc7\u8bba\u6587\u5f15\u7528\u6b21\u6570\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u5e76\u8861\u91cf\u4e86\u5728\u4e2a\u4eba\u4f5c\u54c1\u5e8f\u5217\u4e2d\u4ea7\u51fa\u9ad8\u5f15\u7528\u8bba\u6587\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027[30,31]\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/span><\/section>\n
\u5c3d\u7ba1\u542c\u8d77\u6765\u7b80\u5355\uff0c\u4f46\u4f7f\u7528\u51fa\u7248\u8bb0\u5f55\u6765\u63cf\u8ff0\u804c\u4e1a\u751f\u6daf\u5374\u662f\u4e00\u9879\u6311\u6218\u3002\u6536\u96c6\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u7684\u5168\u90e8\u51fa\u7248\u7269\u5217\u8868\uff0c\u662f\u7814\u7a76\u4e2a\u4f53\u7684\u57fa\u7840\uff0c\u4f46\u8fd9\u4ecd\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e3b\u8981\u6311\u6218\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u4f7f\u7528\u59d3\u540d\u6d88\u6b67\u6280\u672f\u5c06\u7279\u5b9a\u4f5c\u54c1\u4e0e\u7279\u5b9a\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u5339\u914d\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u7b97\u6cd5\u5728\u8bc6\u522b\u6570\u767e\u4e07\u4e2a\u804c\u4e1a\u6863\u6848\u65b9\u9762\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u6709\u80fd\u529b[122]\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83\u4eec\u5728\u51c6\u786e\u6027\u548c\u7a33\u5065\u6027\u4e0a\u5404\u4e0d\u76f8\u540c\u3002ORCID\u6570\u636e\u96c6\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u4e3a\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u63d0\u4f9b\u521b\u5efa\u3001\u7ef4\u62a4\u548c\u66f4\u65b0\u4e2a\u4eba\u6863\u6848\u7684\u673a\u4f1a\u6765\u7f13\u89e3\u8fd9\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u5b83\u4e0d\u4ec5\u6536\u96c6\u51fa\u7248\u7269\uff0c\u8fd8\u6536\u96c6\u66f4\u5e7f\u6cdb\u7684\u4ea7\u51fa\u548c\u6d3b\u52a8[123]\u3002\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4e2a\u6311\u6218\u662f\u5e78\u5b58\u504f\u5dee\u3002\u5b9e\u8bc1\u7814\u7a76\u5f80\u5f80\u5173\u6ce8\u90a3\u4e9b\u8db3\u591f\u957f\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u8fdb\u884c\u7edf\u8ba1\u5206\u6790\u7684\u804c\u4e1a\u751f\u6daf\uff0c\u8fd9\u9650\u5236\u4e86\u7814\u7a76\u7ed3\u679c\u5bf9\u5404\u7c7b\u79d1\u5b66\u804c\u4e1a\u7684\u9002\u7528\u6027\u3002\u7b2c\u4e09\u4e2a\u6311\u6218\u662f\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u6d3b\u52a8\u7684\u5e7f\u5ea6\uff0c\u4e13\u6ce8\u4e8e\u51fa\u7248\u7269\u4f1a\u5ffd\u89c6\u5176\u4ed6\u91cd\u8981\u8d21\u732e\uff0c\u5982\u6307\u5bfc\u548c\u6559\u5b66\u3001\u670d\u52a1<\/span>\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\u5ba1\u7a3f\u3001\u5ba1\u67e5\u62e8\u6b3e\u63d0\u6848\u548c\u7f16\u8f91\u671f\u520a\u6587\u7ae0\uff09<\/span>\u6216\u5728\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5185\u7684\u9886\u5bfc\u5730\u4f4d\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u5df2\u7ecf\u5f00\u59cb\u901a\u8fc7\u5c06\u4e2a\u4eba\u51fa\u7248\u7269\u6863\u6848\u4e0e\u5b66\u672f\u8c31\u8c31\u7cfb\u6570\u636e\u5e93[61,124]\u3001\u8bba\u6587[34]\u3001\u8d44\u52a9[109]\u3001\u4e2a\u4eba\u7b80\u5386[21]\u548c\u81f4\u8c22[125]\u8fdb\u884c\u5173\u8054\u6765\u63a2\u7d22\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7ef4\u5ea6\uff0c\u4f46\u51fa\u7248\u8bb0\u5f55\u4e4b\u5916\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u804c\u4e1a\u4ecd\u7136\u7f3a\u4e4f\u7814\u7a76[126,127]\u3002\u6700\u540e\uff0c\u57fa\u4e8e\u5f15\u7528\u7684\u6307\u6807\u53ea\u80fd\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e2a\u4eba\u8868\u73b0\u7684\u8fd1\u4f3c\uff0c\u5177\u6709\u4e0e\u4e0a\u8ff0\u8ba8\u8bba\u76f8\u4f3c\u7684\u5c40\u9650\u6027\u3002\u79d1\u5b66\u754c\u5df2\u7ecf\u547c\u5401\u91c7\u53d6\u66f4\u5408\u9002\u7684\u505a\u6cd5[85,128]\uff0c\u4ece\u5305\u62ec\u4e13\u5bb6\u8bc4\u4f30\u7814\u7a76\u8d21\u732e\u5230\u62d3\u5bbd\u5f71\u54cd\u5ea6\u8861\u91cf\u6307\u6807\u7684\u8303\u56f4\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/span><\/section>\n
\u5728\u8fc7\u53bb\u7684\u51e0\u5341\u5e74\u91cc\uff0c\u79d1\u5b66\u754c\u5df2\u7ecf\u4ece\u5355\u72ec\u4f5c\u8005\u8f6c\u5411\u5408\u8457\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u8f6c\u53d8\u663e\u8457\u4e14\u7a33\u5b9a\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u5728\u9ad8\u5f15\u7528\u4f5c\u54c1\u4e2d\u66f4\u4e3a\u660e\u663e[18,129,130]\u3002\u9274\u4e8e\u8fd9\u79cd\u8f6c\u53d8\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u7814\u7a76\u9886\u57df\u2014\u2014\u201c\u56e2\u961f\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u201c<\/span>\uff08the science of team science\uff09<\/span>[131,132]\u5df2\u7ecf\u51fa\u73b0\uff0c\u81f4\u529b\u4e8e\u7814\u7a76\u4fc3\u8fdb\u6216\u963b\u788d\u56e2\u961f\u6548\u7387\u7684\u673a\u5236\u3002\u56e2\u961f\u89c4\u6a21\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u8bba\u6587\u7684\u5408\u8457\u8005\u6570\u91cf\u6765\u4ee3\u7406\uff0c\u7814\u7a76\u663e\u793a\uff0c\u8fd9\u53ef\u4ee5\u9884\u6d4b\u4e0d\u540c\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u8fdb\u6b65\uff1a\u8f83\u5927\u7684\u56e2\u961f\u503e\u5411\u4e8e\u53d1\u5c55\u601d\u60f3\uff0c\u800c\u8f83\u5c0f\u7684\u56e2\u961f\u503e\u5411\u4e8e\u6253\u7834\u5f53\u524d\u7684\u601d\u7ef4\u65b9\u5f0f[17]\u3002\u56e2\u961f\u7279\u6027\u53ef\u4ee5\u4ece\u5408\u8457\u8005\u7684\u80cc\u666f\u4e2d\u63a8\u65ad[133,134,135]\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u91cf\u5316\u56e2\u961f\u5728\u9886\u57df\u3001\u5e74\u9f84\u3001\u6027\u522b\u6216\u79cd\u65cf\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u591a\u6837\u6027\u3002\u57fa\u4e8e\u5408\u8457\u7684\u5408\u4f5c\u7f51\u7edc[130,136,137,138,139]\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u5fae\u5999\u7684\u57fa\u4e8e\u7f51\u7edc\u7684\u6307\u6807\uff0c\u4ee5\u7406\u89e3\u4e2a\u4eba\u548c\u673a\u6784\u7684\u5408\u4f5c\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/span><\/section>\n
\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u4ec5\u4ec5\u4f7f\u7528\u5408\u8457\u5173\u7cfb\u6765\u7814\u7a76\u56e2\u961f\u5b58\u5728\u4e00\u4e9b\u9650\u5236[132]\u3002\u9996\u5148\uff0c\u5408\u8457\u5173\u7cfb\u53ef\u80fd\u63a9\u76d6\u4e86\u4e2a\u4f53\u7684\u89d2\u8272[140,141,142]\uff0c\u8fd9\u4fc3\u4f7f\u673a\u6784\u91c7\u53d6\u63aa\u65bd\u6765\u5206\u914d\u529f\u52b3\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u4f5c\u8005\u6392\u5e8f\u548c\u4e2a\u4eba\u8d21\u732e\u58f0\u660e[56,143]\u3002\u5176\u6b21\uff0c\u5408\u8457\u5173\u7cfb\u4e0d\u80fd\u53cd\u6620\u56e2\u961f\u6210\u5458\u4e4b\u95f4\u590d\u6742\u7684\u52a8\u529b\u5b66\u548c\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\uff0c\u800c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5f80\u5f80\u5bf9\u56e2\u961f\u7684\u6210\u529f\u81f3\u5173\u91cd\u8981[53,144]\u3002\u7b2c\u4e09\uff0c\u5408\u4f5c\u8d21\u732e\u53ef\u4ee5\u8d85\u8d8a\u51fa\u7248\u7269\u4e2d\u7684\u5408\u8457\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u7814\u7a76\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5ba4\u7684\u6210\u5458\u6216\u8005\u5171\u540c\u7814\u7a76\u8d1f\u8d23\u4eba<\/span>\uff08co-PIs\uff09<\/span>\u5728\u7814\u7a76\u9879\u76ee\u4e0a\u7684\u8d21\u732e[145,146]\u3002\u50cfCRediT\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u5021\u8bae\u53ef\u80fd\u6709\u52a9\u4e8e\u89e3\u51b3\u5176\u4e2d\u4e00\u4e9b\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u8bb0\u5f55\u6bcf\u4e2a\u8d21\u732e\u8005\u7684\u8be6\u7ec6\u89d2\u8272[147]\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/section>\n
\uff08\u4e09\uff09\u673a\u6784<\/strong><\/span>
<\/section>\n

<\/span><\/section>\n
\u7814\u7a76\u673a\u6784\uff0c\u5982\u90e8\u95e8\u3001\u5927\u5b66\u3001\u56fd\u5bb6\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5ba4\u548c\u516c\u53f8\uff0c\u6db5\u76d6\u4e86\u66f4\u5e7f\u6cdb\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u4eba\u5458\u53ca\u5176\u76f8\u5e94\u7684\u4ea7\u51fa\u3002\u673a\u6784\u6210\u5458\u8d44\u683c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4ece\u51fa\u7248\u7269\u6216\u4e13\u5229\u4e0a\u5217\u51fa\u7684\u96b6\u5c5e\u5173\u7cfb\u63a8\u65ad\u51fa\u6765[148,149]\uff0c\u800c\u673a\u6784\u7684\u4ea7\u51fa\u53ef\u4ee5\u6c47\u603b\u6240\u6709\u96b6\u5c5e\u7814\u7a76\u4eba\u5458\u7684\u6210\u679c[150]\u3002\u673a\u6784\u7814\u7a76\u4fe1\u606f\u7cfb\u7edf<\/span>\uff08CRIS\uff09<\/span>\u5305\u542b\u4e86\u5458\u5de5\u66f4\u5168\u9762\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u4ea7\u51fa\u548c\u6d3b\u52a8\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/span><\/section>\n
\u4e00\u4e9b\u7814\u7a76\u95ee\u9898\u8003\u8651\u6574\u4e2a\u673a\u6784\uff0c\u8c03\u67e5\u7814\u53d1\u6295\u8d44\u7684\u56de\u62a5[104]\u3001\u8d44\u6e90\u5206\u914d\u7684\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49[22]\u548c\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u7684\u6d41\u52a8[21,148,149]\u3002\u53e6\u4e00\u4e9b\u7814\u7a76\u95ee\u9898\u5173\u6ce8\u673a\u6784\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\u4f5c\u4e3a\u7814\u7a76\u751f\u4ea7\u529b\u7684\u6765\u6e90\uff0c\u6df1\u5165\u4e86\u89e3\u540c\u884c\u6548\u5e94\u7684\u89d2\u8272[125,151,152,153]\uff0c\u673a\u6784\u653f\u7b56\u5982\u4f55\u5f71\u54cd\u7814\u7a76\u7ed3\u679c[154,155]\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u8de8\u5b66\u79d1\u52aa\u529b\u662f\u5426\u80fd\u4fc3\u8fdb\u521b\u65b0[55]\u3002\u4ee5\u673a\u6784\u4e3a\u5bfc\u5411\u7684\u6d4b\u91cf\uff0c\u9762\u4e34\u7740\u4e0e\u4e2a\u4eba\u548c\u56e2\u961f\u5206\u6790\u76f8\u4f3c\u7684\u9650\u5236\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u9488\u5bf9\u7279\u5b9a\u673a\u6784\u7684\u540d\u79f0\u6d88\u6b67\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u6b63\u5f0f\u51fa\u7248\u8bb0\u5f55\u5bf9\u63cf\u8ff0\u76f8\u5173\u673a\u6784\u7ed3\u679c\u5168\u8c8c\u7684\u6709\u9650\u80fd\u529b\u3002\u5982\u4f55\u5728\u4e0e\u4e00\u7bc7\u8bba\u6587\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u591a\u4e2a\u673a\u6784\u4e4b\u95f4\u5206\u914d\u5b66\u672f\u58f0\u8a89\u4e5f\u662f\u4e2a\u96be\u9898\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u76f8\u5173\u673a\u6784\u7684\u5458\u5de5\u4e0d\u4ec5\u9650\u4e8e\u53d1\u8868\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u5b66\u8005\uff1a\u5b9e\u4e60\u751f\u3001\u6280\u672f\u4eba\u5458\u548c\u884c\u653f\u4eba\u5458\u90fd\u5bf9\u7814\u7a76\u5de5\u4f5c\u6709\u6240\u8d21\u732e[130]\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/span><\/section>\n
\u603b\u4e4b\uff0c\u6d4b\u91cf\u4f7f\u7814\u7a76\u4eba\u5458\u80fd\u591f\u4ece\u591a\u4e2a\u7ef4\u5ea6\u91cf\u5316\u79d1\u5b66\u4ea7\u51fa\u548c\u5e94\u7528\uff0c\u4f46\u540c\u65f6\u4e5f\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u5982\u4f55\u6784\u9020\u6548\u5ea6\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff1a\u6240\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u5ea6\u91cf\u6807\u51c6\u662f\u5426\u771f\u6b63\u53cd\u6620\u4e86\u60f3\u8981\u8861\u91cf\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\uff1f\u9a8c\u8bc1\u6784\u9020\u7684\u6548\u5ea6\u975e\u5e38\u91cd\u8981\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u7406\u89e3\u6784\u9020\u7684\u5c40\u9650\u6027\u4e5f\u540c\u6837\u5173\u952e\u3002\u5728\u53ef\u884c\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u91c7\u7528\u66ff\u4ee3\u6d4b\u91cf\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u8fd0\u7528\u8bbf\u8c08\u548c\u8c03\u67e5\u7b49\u5b9a\u6027\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u63d0\u5347\u6d4b\u91cf\u7684\u51c6\u786e\u6027\u548c\u7814\u7a76\u53d1\u73b0\u7684\u7a33\u5065\u6027\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/span><\/section>\n

\n
\n
\n
\n
\n

<\/section>\n

<\/section>\n
\n
<\/svg><\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n
\n

\u56db\u3001\u7ecf\u9a8c\u65b9\u6cd5<\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n

\n

<\/section>\n

<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/h3>\n
 <\/span><\/section>\n
\u5728\u672c\u8282\u4e2d\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u56de\u987e\u4e86\u4e24\u5927\u7c7b\u5e7f\u6cdb\u7684\u7ecf\u9a8c\u65b9\u6cd5<\/span>\uff08\u89c1\u88681\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e00\u7c7b\u90fd\u6709\u5176\u72ec\u7279\u7684\u76ee\u6807\uff1a\uff081\uff09\u53d1\u73b0\u3001\u4f30\u8ba1\u548c\u9884\u6d4b\u7ecf\u9a8c\u89c4\u5f8b\uff1b\uff082\uff09\u8bc6\u522b\u56e0\u679c\u673a\u5236\u3002\u5bf9\u4e8e\u6bcf\u4e00\u79cd\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e00\u4e2a\u5177\u4f53\u793a\u4f8b\u4ee5\u89e3\u91ca\u8be5\u65b9\u6cd5\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u8fd0\u4f5c\u7684\uff0c\u6982\u62ec\u76f8\u5173\u5de5\u4f5c\u4f9b\u611f\u5174\u8da3\u7684\u8bfb\u8005\u53c2\u8003\uff0c\u5e76\u63a2\u8ba8\u5176\u8d21\u732e\u4e0e\u5c40\u9650\u6027\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/span><\/section>\n
\u88681 \u79d1\u5b66\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u7684\u7ecf\u9a8c\u65b9\u6cd5<\/span><\/section>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\n
\u7c7b\u522b<\/span><\/section>\n<\/td>\n
\n
\u65b9\u6cd5<\/span><\/section>\n<\/td>\n
\n
\u6838\u5fc3\u76ee\u6807\u548c\u8d21\u732e<\/span><\/section>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n
\u63cf\u8ff0\u6027\u548c\u9884\u6d4b\u6027\u65b9\u6cd5<\/span><\/section>\n<\/td>\n
\n
\u7ecf\u9a8c\u89c4\u5f8b\u548c\u53ef\u63a8\u5e7f\u7684\u4e8b\u5b9e<\/span><\/section>\n<\/td>\n
\n
\u5efa\u7acb\u5173\u4e8e\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u89c2\u5bdf\u89c4\u5f8b\uff1b\u786e\u8ba4\u6216\u5426\u5b9a\u73b0\u6709\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u6216\u5047\u8bbe\uff1b\u63d0\u4f9b\u6fc0\u53d1\u65b0\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u65b0\u53d1\u73b0<\/span><\/section>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n
 \u7ecf\u5178\u56de\u5f52<\/span><\/section>\n<\/td>\n
\n
\u8fdb\u884c\u5173\u4e8e\u53d8\u91cf\u4e4b\u95f4\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u6b63\u5f0f\u5047\u8bbe\u68c0\u9a8c\uff0c\u5e76\u4f30\u8ba1\u5176\u7cbe\u786e\u6027\u548c\u5927\u5c0f<\/span><\/section>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n
 \u673a\u68b0\u6a21\u578b<\/span><\/section>\n<\/td>\n
\n
\u6a21\u62df\u57fa\u672c\u6570\u636e\u751f\u6210\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff1b\u63d0\u4f9b\u53ef\u8bc1\u4f2a\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u7406\u8bba\u6d4b\u8bd5<\/span><\/section>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n
 \u673a\u5668\u5b66\u4e60<\/span><\/section>\n<\/td>\n
\n
\u7528\u591a\u4e2a\u62bd\u8c61\u5c42\u6b21\u8868\u793a\u6570\u636e\uff1b\u63d0\u4f9b\u66f4\u9ad8\u7684\u9884\u6d4b\u51c6\u786e\u6027<\/span><\/section>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n
 \u56e0\u679c\u65b9\u6cd5<\/span><\/section>\n<\/td>\n
\n
\u5339\u914d\u548c\u56fa\u5b9a\u6548\u5e94<\/span><\/section>\n<\/td>\n
\n
\u51cf\u5c11\u56de\u5f52\u4f30\u8ba1\u4e2d\u7684\u504f\u5dee\uff0c\u66f4\u63a5\u8fd1\u56e0\u679c\u63a8\u65ad\uff1b\u4e3a\u53ef\u80fd\u9a71\u52a8\u76f8\u5173\u6027\u7684\u7279\u5f81\u63d0\u4f9b\u66f4\u6709\u6548\u7684\u63a7\u5236<\/span><\/section>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n
 \u51c6\u5b9e\u9a8c<\/span><\/section>\n<\/td>\n
\n
\u5229\u7528\u6570\u636e\u80cc\u666f\u4e2d\u7684\u56fa\u6709\u968f\u673a\u6027\uff0c\u5141\u8bb8\u5bf9\u53d8\u91cf\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u56e0\u679c\u63a8\u65ad<\/span><\/section>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n
 \u5b9e\u9a8c<\/span><\/section>\n<\/td>\n
\n
\u5728\u826f\u597d\u63a7\u5236\u7684\u73af\u5883\u4e2d\u6784\u5efa\u6b63\u5f0f\u5b9e\u9a8c\uff0c\u8fdb\u884c\u56e0\u679c\u63a8\u65ad\u5e76\u7814\u7a76\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u673a\u5236\u548c\u5e72\u9884\u63aa\u65bd<\/span><\/section>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n


<\/p>\n

\uff08\u4e00\uff09\u63cf\u8ff0\u6027\u548c\u9884\u6d4b\u6027\u65b9\u6cd5<\/strong><\/span><\/section>\n

<\/strong><\/span><\/section>\n
1. \u7ecf\u9a8c\u89c4\u5f8b\u548c\u53ef\u63a8\u5e7f\u7684\u4e8b\u5b9e<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/section>\n

<\/section>\n
\u79d1\u5b66\u4e2d\u7ecf\u9a8c\u89c4\u5f8b\u7684\u53d1\u73b0\u5728\u63a8\u52a8\u6982\u5ff5\u53d1\u5c55\u548c\u672a\u6765\u7814\u7a76\u65b9\u5411\u65b9\u9762\u8d77\u7740\u5173\u952e\u4f5c\u7528\u3002\u901a\u8fc7\u89c2\u5bdf\u5927\u89c4\u6a21\u7684\u7ecf\u9a8c\u6a21\u5f0f\uff0c\u7814\u7a76\u4eba\u5458\u63ed\u793a\u4e86\u5851\u9020\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u4e8b\u5b9e\uff0c\u5e76\u5448\u73b0\u4e86\u79d1\u5b66\u8fdb\u5c55\u548c\u5b9e\u8df5\u7406\u8bba\u5fc5\u987b\u89e3\u91ca\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u7279\u5f81\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u8003\u8651\u5f15\u7528\u5206\u5e03\u3002\u5fb7\u00b7\u7d22\u62c9\u00b7\u666e\u8d56\u65af<\/span>\uff08de Solla Price\uff09<\/span>\u9996\u6b21\u63d0\u51fa\u5f15\u7528\u5206\u5e03\u7684\u5c3e\u90e8\u8f83\u91cd[39]\uff0c\u8868\u660e\u5c11\u6570\u8bba\u6587\u5177\u6709\u6781\u9ad8\u7684\u5f15\u7528\u91cf\uff0c\u800c\u5927\u591a\u6570\u8bba\u6587\u5f15\u7528\u91cf\u76f8\u5bf9\u8f83\u5c11\u751a\u81f3\u6ca1\u6709\u5f15\u7528\u3002\u666e\u8d56\u65af\u63d0\u51fa\u201c\u5f15\u7528\u5206\u5e03\u662f\u5e42\u5f8b\u201d\uff0c\u800c\u7814\u7a76\u4eba\u5458\u540e\u6765\u6539\u8fdb\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e00\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u8868\u660e\u8be5\u5206\u5e03\u5448\u73b0\u5bf9\u6570\u6b63\u6001\u5206\u5e03\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u51e0\u4e4e\u666e\u904d\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u89c4\u5f8b\uff0c\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u4e0d\u540c\u65f6\u95f4\u548c\u9886\u57df[156,157]\u3002\u5f15\u7528\u5206\u5e03\u7684\u5c3e\u90e8\u8f83\u91cd\u53ca\u5176\u5728\u79d1\u5b66\u754c\u7684\u666e\u904d\u6027\u53cd\u8fc7\u6765\u5f15\u53d1\u4e86\u5927\u91cf\u7406\u8bba\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u65e8\u5728\u89e3\u91ca\u8fd9\u4e00\u5173\u952e\u7684\u7ecf\u9a8c\u89c4\u5f8b[20,156,158,159]\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/span><\/section>\n
\u7ecf\u9a8c\u89c4\u5f8b\u901a\u5e38\u4ee4\u4eba\u60ca\u8bb6\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u53ef\u80fd\u6311\u6218\u5148\u524d\u5bf9\u79d1\u5b66\u5de5\u4f5c\u65b9\u5f0f\u7684\u4fe1\u5ff5\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5df2\u7ecf\u8bc1\u660e\uff0c\u4e0d\u540c\u9886\u57df\u4e2d\u4f1f\u5927\u6210\u5c31\u7684\u5e74\u9f84\u5206\u5e03\u5728\u4e2d\u5e74\u65f6\u671f\u8fbe\u5230\u9876\u5cf0[107,121,160]\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e0e\u901a\u5e38\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5e74\u8f7b\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u63a8\u52a8\u79d1\u5b66\u7a81\u7834\u7684\u666e\u904d\u4fe1\u5ff5\u76f8\u6096\u3002\u5bf9\u4e2a\u4f53\u804c\u4e1a\u7684\u66f4\u6df1\u5165\u7814\u7a76\u8fd8\u63ed\u793a\uff0c\u5404\u4e2a\u4eba\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u751f\u4ea7\u529b\u6a21\u5f0f\u5b58\u5728\u5e7f\u6cdb\u5dee\u5f02[29]\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u5b66\u8005\u7684\u9ad8\u5f71\u54cd\u529b\u8bba\u6587\u5728\u5176\u6574\u4e2a\u5de5\u4f5c\u5386\u7a0b\u4e2d\u5448\u73b0\u7684\u9891\u7387\u663e\u8457\u7a33\u5b9a [30,31]\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/span><\/section>\n
\u7ecf\u9a8c\u89c4\u5f8b\u7684\u53d1\u73b0\u5728\u5851\u9020\u5173\u4e8e\u79d1\u5b66\u672c\u8d28\u7684\u89c2\u70b9[10,45,161,162]\u3001\u7a81\u7834\u6027\u601d\u60f3\u7684\u6765\u6e90[15,163,164,165]\u3001\u79d1\u5b66\u804c\u4e1a[21,29,126,127]\u3001\u89c2\u70b9\u7f51\u7edc\u4e0e\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u7f51\u7edc\u7684\u7ed3\u6784[23,98,136,137,138,139,166]\u3001\u6027\u522b\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49[57,108,126,135,143,167,168]\u4ee5\u53ca\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u548c\u79d1\u5b66\u673a\u6784\u5173\u6ce8\u7684\u8bb8\u591a\u5176\u4ed6\u9886\u57df[22,47,86,97,102,105,134,169,170,171]\u4e2d\u53d1\u6325\u4e86\u91cd\u8981\u4f5c\u7528\u3002\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u5fc5\u987b\u5c0f\u5fc3\u786e\u4fdd\u6240\u53d1\u73b0\u7684\u5e76\u4e0d\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u7531\u4e8e\u6570\u636e\u9009\u62e9\u6216\u56fa\u6709\u504f\u89c1\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u4eba\u4e3a\u56e0\u7d20\u3002\u4e3a\u4e86\u533a\u5206\u865a\u5047\u6a21\u5f0f\u4e0e\u6709\u610f\u4e49\u7684\u6a21\u5f0f\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u7b5b\u9009\u6807\u51c6\u6216\u975e\u91cd\u53e0\u6570\u636e\u6e90\u5bf9\u53d1\u73b0\u8fdb\u884c\u5f3a\u5316\u6d4b\u8bd5\u975e\u5e38\u5173\u952e\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/span><\/section>\n
2. \u56de\u5f52\u5206\u6790<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/section>\n

<\/section>\n
\u5728\u7814\u7a76\u53d8\u91cf\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u76f8\u5173\u6027\u65f6\uff0c\u4e00\u79cd\u7ecf\u5178\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u662f\u56de\u5f52\u5206\u6790\uff0c\u5b83\u4f30\u8ba1\u4e86\u4e00\u7ec4\u53d8\u91cf\u5982\u4f55\u89e3\u91ca\u611f\u5174\u8da3\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u7684\u53d8\u5f02\u3002\u56de\u5f52\u5206\u6790\u53ef\u7528\u6765\u68c0\u9a8c\u660e\u786e\u7684\u5047\u8bbe\u6216\u8fdb\u884c\u7ed3\u679c\u9884\u6d4b\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u7814\u7a76\u4eba\u5458\u5df2\u7ecf\u63a2\u8ba8\u4e86\u8bba\u6587\u7684\u65b0\u9896\u6027\u662f\u5426\u80fd\u9884\u6d4b\u5176\u88ab\u5f15\u7528\u7684\u5f71\u54cd[172]\u3002\u901a\u8fc7\u5728\u56de\u5f52\u5206\u6790\u4e2d\u6dfb\u52a0\u989d\u5916\u7684\u63a7\u5236\u53d8\u91cf\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u68c0\u9a8c\u7126\u70b9\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u7a33\u5065\u6027\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/span><\/section>\n
\u867d\u7136\u56de\u5f52\u5206\u6790\u5728\u5047\u8bbe\u68c0\u9a8c\u65b9\u9762\u6709\u7528\uff0c\u4f46\u5176\u786e\u5b9e\u5b58\u5728\u91cd\u5927\u9650\u5236\u3002\u5982\u679c\u6240\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u6d89\u53ca\u201c\u56e0\u679c\u201d\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u76f8\u5173\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u56de\u5f52\u5206\u6790\u5219\u4e0d\u9002\u5408\u8fd9\u9879\u4efb\u52a1\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u65e0\u6cd5\u63a7\u5236\u6240\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u6df7\u6dc6\u56e0\u7d20\u3002\u672a\u80fd\u8003\u8651\u8fd9\u4e9b\u201c\u9057\u6f0f\u53d8\u91cf\u201d\u53ef\u80fd\u4f7f\u56de\u5f52\u7cfb\u6570\u4f30\u8ba1\u504f\u5dee\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u5bfc\u81f4\u9519\u8bef\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u56de\u5f52\u6a21\u578b\u7684\u62df\u5408\u4f18\u5ea6\u901a\u5e38\u8f83\u4f4e<\/span>\uff08<\/span>R\u00b2\u503c\u8f83\u5c0f\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u8fd9\u6697\u793a\u7740\u6240\u8003\u8651\u7684\u53d8\u91cf\u5bf9\u7ed3\u679c\u53d8\u5316\u89e3\u91ca\u751a\u5fae\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u56de\u5f52\u5206\u6790\u901a\u5e38\u4e13\u6ce8\u4e8e\u4ee5\u7b80\u5355\u51fd\u6570\u5f62\u5f0f\u8868\u73b0\u7684\u7279\u5b9a\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u66f4\u5f3a\u8c03\u53ef\u89e3\u91ca\u6027\u800c\u975e\u6574\u4f53\u9884\u6d4b\u80fd\u529b\u3002\u5927\u89c4\u6a21\u6570\u636e\u96c6\u548c\u65b0\u9896\u8ba1\u7b97\u6280\u672f\u6240\u63a8\u52a8\u7684\u9884\u6d4b\u65b9\u6cd5\u7684\u51fa\u73b0\u4e3a\u5efa\u6a21\u590d\u6742\u5173\u7cfb\u5e26\u6765\u4e86\u65b0\u673a\u9047\uff0c\u5177\u6709\u66f4\u5f3a\u7684\u9884\u6d4b\u529b\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/span><\/section>\n
3. \u673a\u5236\u6a21\u578b<\/span><\/strong><\/section>\n

<\/section>\n
\u673a\u5236\u5efa\u6a21\u662f\u89e3\u91ca\u7ecf\u9a8c\u89c4\u5f8b\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u501f\u9274\u4e86\u4e3b\u8981\u7528\u4e8e\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u6a21\u578b\u901a\u8fc7\u5bf9\u57fa\u672c\u5143\u7d20\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5fae\u89c2\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\u8fdb\u884c\u5efa\u6a21\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528\u53ef\u89e3\u91ca\u548c\u53ef\u4fee\u6539\u7684\u516c\u5f0f\u6765\u9884\u6d4b\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u5b8f\u89c2\u89c4\u5f8b\u3002\u867d\u7136\u672c\u8d28\u4e0a\u662f\u7406\u8bba\u6027\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u79d1\u5b66\u5b66\u4e2d\u7684\u673a\u5236\u6a21\u578b\u901a\u5e38\u4ee5\u7ecf\u9a8c\u4e3a\u57fa\u7840\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u8fd9\u79cd\u65b9\u6cd5\u968f\u7740\u5927\u89c4\u6a21\u3001\u9ad8\u5206\u8fa8\u7387\u6570\u636e\u7684\u51fa\u73b0\u800c\u53d1\u5c55\u8d77\u6765\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/span><\/section>\n
\u7b80\u6d01\u662f\u673a\u5236\u6a21\u578b\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u4ef7\u503c\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u8003\u8651\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u5f15\u7528\u9075\u5faa\u91cd\u5c3e\u5206\u5e03\u3002\u666e\u8d56\u65af[159]\u5c06\u5f15\u7528\u884c\u4e3a\u5efa\u6a21\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u5728\u4e0d\u65ad\u589e\u957f\u7684\u5f15\u7528\u7f51\u7edc\u4e0a\u7684\u7d2f\u79ef\u4f18\u52bf\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff0c\u5e76\u53d1\u73b0\u5982\u679c\u4e00\u7bc7\u8bba\u6587\u88ab\u5f15\u7528\u7684\u6982\u7387\u4e0e\u5176\u73b0\u6709\u5f15\u7528\u6210\u7ebf\u6027\u589e\u957f\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u5f97\u5230\u7684\u5206\u5e03\u5c06\u9075\u5faa\u5e42\u5f8b\u3002\u8fd9\u4e0e\u5b9e\u8bc1\u89c2\u5bdf\u5927\u81f4\u4e00\u81f4\u3002\u8be5\u6a21\u578b\u6709\u610f\u7b80\u5316\u3001\u5ffd\u7565\u4e86\u4f17\u591a\u56e0\u7d20\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u7d2f\u79ef\u4f18\u52bf\u8fc7\u7a0b\u672c\u8eab\u8db3\u4ee5\u89e3\u91ca\u5f15\u7528\u7684\u5e42\u5f8b\u5206\u5e03\u3002\u901a\u8fc7\u8fd9\u79cd\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u673a\u5236\u6a21\u578b\u53ef\u4ee5\u5e2e\u52a9\u63ed\u793a\u80fd\u591f\u89e3\u91ca\u89c2\u5bdf\u5230\u7684\u6a21\u5f0f\u7684\u5173\u952e\u673a\u5236\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/span><\/section>\n
\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u968f\u7740\u7ecf\u9a8c\u8bc1\u636e\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\uff0c\u673a\u5236\u6a21\u578b\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f97\u5230\u6539\u8fdb\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u540e\u7eed\u7814\u7a76\u8868\u660e\u5f15\u7528\u5206\u5e03\u66f4\u9002\u5408\u4ee5\u5bf9\u6570\u6b63\u6001\u5206\u5e03\u6765\u63cf\u8ff0[156,173]\uff0c\u4fc3\u4f7f\u7814\u7a76\u4eba\u5458\u5f15\u5165\u9002\u5e94\u6027\u56e0\u7d20\u6765\u6982\u62ec\u8bba\u6587\u5438\u5f15\u5f15\u7528\u7684\u56fa\u6709\u5dee\u5f02[174,175]\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u65e9\u671f\u7684\u8bba\u6587\u88ab\u5f15\u7528\u7684\u6982\u7387\u4e0d\u5982\u9884\u671f[176,177,178]\uff0c\u8fd9\u4fc3\u4f7f\u4e86\u8f83\u65b0\u6a21\u578b[20]\u5f15\u5165\u4e86\u989d\u5916\u7684\u8001\u5316\u6548\u5e94[179]\u3002\u901a\u8fc7\u7ed3\u5408\u7d2f\u79ef\u4f18\u52bf\u3001\u9002\u5e94\u6027\u548c\u8001\u5316\u6548\u5e94\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5df2\u7ecf\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u6574\u4e2a\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u603b\u4f53\u7279\u6027\u4ee5\u53ca\u4e2a\u522b\u8bba\u6587\u7684\u5f15\u7528\u52a8\u529b\u5b66\u65b9\u9762\u53d6\u5f97\u76f8\u5f53\u5927\u7684\u9884\u6d4b\u80fd\u529b[20]\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/span><\/section>\n
\u9664\u4e86\u5f15\u7528\u5916\uff0c\u5b66\u754c\u5df2\u7ecf\u5f00\u53d1\u4e86\u673a\u5236\u6a21\u578b\u6765\u7406\u89e3\u5408\u4f5c\u7684\u5f62\u6210[136,180,181,182,183]\u3001\u77e5\u8bc6\u7684\u53d1\u73b0\u548c\u4f20\u64ad[184,185]\u3001\u4e3b\u9898\u9009\u62e9[186,187]\u3001\u804c\u4e1a\u52a8\u529b\u5b66[30,31,188,189]\u3001\u79d1\u5b66\u9886\u57df\u7684\u589e\u957f[190]\u4ee5\u53ca\u79d1\u5b66\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u9886\u57df\u4e2d\u7684\u5931\u8d25\u52a8\u529b\u5b66[178]\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/span><\/section>\n
\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u4e00\u4e9b\u89c2\u5bdf\u8005\u8ba4\u4e3a\u673a\u5236\u6a21\u578b\u8fc7\u4e8e\u7b80\u5355\uff0c\u65e0\u6cd5\u6355\u6349\u590d\u6742\u73b0\u5b9e\u4e16\u754c\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u672c\u8d28[191]\u3002\u867d\u7136\u5b83\u4e00\u76f4\u662f\u81ea\u7136\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u57fa\u77f3\uff0c\u4f46\u7528\u4e00\u7ec4\u6709\u9650\u7684\u6570\u5b66\u65b9\u7a0b\u6765\u8868\u793a\u793e\u4f1a\u73b0\u8c61\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u5ffd\u7565\u4f7f\u793e\u4f1a\u73b0\u8c61\u672c\u8eab\u6709\u8da3\u7684\u590d\u6742\u6027\u548c\u5f02\u8d28\u6027\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u62c5\u5fe7\u4e0d\u4ec5\u9650\u4e8e\u79d1\u5b66\u5b66\u7684\u9886\u57df\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u4ee3\u8868\u4e86\u8ba1\u7b97\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u4e2d\u66f4\u5e7f\u6cdb\u7684\u4e3b\u9898[192,193]\uff0c\u6db5\u76d6\u4e86\u793e\u4ea4\u7f51\u7edc[194,195]\u3001\u4eba\u7c7b\u6d41\u52a8\u6027[196,197]\u548c\u6d41\u884c\u75c5[198,199]\u7b49\u9886\u57df\u3002\u5176\u4ed6\u89c2\u5bdf\u8005\u5bf9\u673a\u5236\u6a21\u578b\u7684\u5b9e\u9645\u6548\u7528\u4ee5\u53ca\u5b83\u4eec\u662f\u5426\u80fd\u591f\u7528\u4e8e\u6307\u5bfc\u51b3\u7b56\u548c\u5236\u5b9a\u53ef\u884c\u653f\u7b56\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u8d28\u7591\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u5b58\u5728\u4e0a\u8ff0\u9650\u5236\uff0c\u4ecd\u7136\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u673a\u5236\u6a21\u578b\u5f88\u597d\u5730\u6355\u6349\u5230\u79d1\u5b66\u5b66\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u590d\u6742\u73b0\u8c61\uff0c\u5c55\u73b0\u590d\u6742\u4e92\u52a8\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e0b\u7684\u9ad8\u5ea6\u89c4\u5f8b\u6027\uff0c\u5e76\u63d0\u4f9b\u6709\u5173\u79d1\u5b66\u672c\u8d28\u7684\u6709\u529b\u89c1\u89e3\u3002\u5c06\u8fd9\u79cd\u5efa\u6a21\u65b9\u6cd5\u4e0e\u5176\u4ed6\u65b9\u6cd5\u76f8\u7ed3\u5408\u53ef\u80fd\u5728\u672a\u6765\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u7279\u522b\u6709\u6210\u679c\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/span><\/section>\n
4. \u673a\u5668\u5b66\u4e60<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/section>\n

<\/span><\/section>\n
\u79d1\u5b66\u5b66\u7684\u76ee\u6807\u4e4b\u4e00\u662f\u9884\u6d4b\u79d1\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u6709\u6f5c\u529b\u7684\u65b9\u5411\u3002\u8fd1\u5e74\u6765\uff0c\u673a\u5668\u5b66\u4e60\u65b9\u6cd5\u5927\u5927\u63d0\u9ad8\u4e86\u9884\u6d4b\u80fd\u529b[200,201]\uff0c\u5e76\u5728\u79d1\u5b66\u5b66\u4e2d\u626e\u6f14\u7740\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u89d2\u8272\u3002\u4e0e\u4ee5\u5f80\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u76f8\u6bd4\uff0c\u673a\u5668\u5b66\u4e60\u4e0d\u5f3a\u8c03\u5047\u8bbe\u6216\u7406\u8bba\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u4f9d\u8d56\u6570\u636e\u4e2d\u7684\u590d\u6742\u5173\u7cfb\u5e76\u4f18\u5316\u62df\u5408\u597d\u5ea6\u6765\u8fdb\u884c\u9884\u6d4b\u548c\u5206\u7c7b\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/span><\/section>\n
\u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u673a\u5668\u5b66\u4e60\u6a21\u578b\u5305\u62ec\u6709\u76d1\u7763\u5b66\u4e60\u3001\u534a\u76d1\u7763\u5b66\u4e60\u548c\u65e0\u76d1\u7763\u5b66\u4e60\u3002\u6a21\u578b\u7684\u9009\u62e9\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u6570\u636e\u7684\u53ef\u7528\u6027\u548c\u7814\u7a76\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u8303\u56f4\u4ece\u7528\u4e8e\u5f15\u6587\u9884\u6d4b\u7684\u6709\u76d1\u7763\u6a21\u578b[202,203]\u5230\u7528\u4e8e\u793e\u533a\u68c0\u6d4b\u7684\u65e0\u76d1\u7763\u6a21\u578b[204]\u3002\u4ee5\u79d1\u5b66\u77e5\u8bc6\u7684\u6620\u5c04\u4e3a\u4f8b[94,205,206]\u3002\u65e0\u76d1\u7763\u65b9\u6cd5\u5e94\u7528\u7f51\u7edc\u805a\u7c7b\u7b97\u6cd5\u6765\u6620\u5c04\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\u3002\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u53ef\u89c6\u5316\u5de5\u5177\u80fd\u591f\u89e3\u8bfb\u5e95\u5c42\u7f51\u7edc\u4e2d\u7684\u805a\u7c7b\uff0c\u8ba9\u89c2\u5bdf\u8005\u770b\u5230\u79d1\u5b66\u77e5\u8bc6\u7684\u7ec4\u7ec7\u3001\u4e92\u52a8\u548c\u6f14\u5316\u3002\u6700\u8fd1\uff0c\u76d1\u7763\u5b66\u4e60\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u6df1\u5ea6\u795e\u7ecf\u7f51\u7edc\uff0c\u7ecf\u5386\u4e86\u7279\u522b\u5feb\u901f\u7684\u53d1\u5c55[207]\u3002\u795e\u7ecf\u7f51\u7edc\u53ef\u4ee5\u5bf9\u8bf8\u5982\u56fe\u50cf\u548c\u6587\u672c\u7b49\u975e\u7ed3\u6784\u5316\u6570\u636e\u751f\u6210\u9ad8\u7ef4\u8868\u793a\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u7f16\u7801\u4e86\u4eba\u7c7b\u4e13\u5bb6\u96be\u4ee5\u8bc6\u522b\u7684\u590d\u6742\u5c5e\u6027\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/span><\/section>\n
\u4ee5\u6587\u672c\u5206\u6790\u4e3a\u4f8b\u3002\u6700\u8fd1\u7684\u4e00\u9879\u7814\u7a76[52]\u5229\u7528\u4e86330\u4e07\u7bc7\u6750\u6599\u79d1\u5b66\u8bba\u6587\u6458\u8981\uff0c\u9884\u6d4b\u6750\u6599\u7684\u70ed\u7535\u6027\u80fd\u3002\u76f4\u89c2\u5730\u8bf4\uff0c\u7528\u6765\u63cf\u8ff0\u6750\u6599\u7684\u8bcd\u8bed\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u9884\u6d4b\u5176\u81f3\u4eca\u5c1a\u672a\u53d1\u73b0\u7684\u6027\u80fd<\/span>\uff08\u56fe2\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u4e0e\u968f\u673a\u6750\u6599\u76f8\u6bd4\uff0c\u8be5\u6a21\u578b\u9884\u6d4b\u7684\u6750\u6599\u5728\u672a\u67655\u5e74\u5185\u88ab\u62a5\u9053\u4e3a\u70ed\u7535\u6750\u6599\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u589e\u52a0\u4e868\u500d\uff0c\u8fd9\u8868\u660e\u673a\u5668\u5b66\u4e60\u6709\u6f5c\u529b\u5927\u5927\u52a0\u901f\u77e5\u8bc6\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u968f\u7740\u6570\u636e\u7684\u89c4\u6a21\u548c\u8303\u56f4\u4e0d\u65ad\u589e\u957f\u3002\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u9884\u6d4b\u65b0\u53d1\u73b0\u7684\u65b9\u5411\u4ee3\u8868\u4e86\u673a\u5668\u5b66\u4e60\u6a21\u578b\u6700\u6709\u524d\u666f\u7684\u9014\u5f84\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u795e\u7ecf\u7f51\u7edc\u5e7f\u6cdb\u5e94\u7528\u4e8e\u751f\u7269\u5b66[208]\u3001\u7269\u7406\u5b66[209,210]\u3001\u6570\u5b66[211]\u3001\u5316\u5b66[212]\u3001\u533b\u5b66[213]\u548c\u4e34\u5e8a\u5e94\u7528[214]\u3002\u795e\u7ecf\u7f51\u7edc\u8fd8\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b9a\u91cf\u6846\u67b6\uff0c\u4ee5\u63a2\u7d22\u4ece\u79d1\u5b66\u8bba\u6587[53]\u3001\u671f\u520a[215]\u3001\u7ec4\u7ec7[148]\uff0c\u5230\u7ed8\u753b\u548c\u7535\u5f71[32]\u7b49\u521b\u9020\u6027\u4ea7\u54c1\u7684\u7279\u6027\u3002\u795e\u7ecf\u7f51\u7edc\u8fd8\u53ef\u4ee5\u5e2e\u52a9\u5927\u89c4\u6a21\u9884\u6d4b\u5404\u4e2a\u5b66\u79d1\u8bba\u6587\u7684\u53ef\u91cd\u590d\u6027[53,216]\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/span><\/section>\n
<\/section>\n

\u56fe2 \u673a\u5668\u5b66\u4e60\u9884\u6d4b\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u4f8b\u5b50\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u56fe\u793a\u4e86word2vec skip-gram\u65b9\u6cd5[52]\uff0c\u76ee\u6807\u662f\u4f7f\u7528\u5148\u524d\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u6587\u732e\u9884\u6d4b\u6750\u6599\u7684\u6709\u7528\u5c5e\u6027\u3002a\uff0cword2vec skip-gram\u6a21\u578b\u7684\u67b6\u6784\u548c\u8bad\u7ec3\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff0c\u4e09\u5c42\u5168\u8fde\u63a5\u795e\u7ecf\u7f51\u7edc\u4ece\u6587\u732e\u4e2d\u6bcf\u4e2a\u5355\u8bcd\u53ca\u5176\u4e0a\u4e0b\u6587\u7684\u7a00\u758f\u5411\u91cf\uff08\u8f93\u5165\u5c42\uff09\u4e2d\u5b66\u4e60200\u7ef4\u8868\u793a\uff08\u9690\u85cf\u5c42\uff09\u3002b\uff0c\u5355\u8bcd\u5d4c\u5165\u7684\u524d\u4e24\u4e2a\u4e3b\u6210\u5206\u3002\u5728\u4e8c\u7ef4\u7a7a\u95f4\u4e2d\uff0c\u5177\u6709\u76f8\u4f3c\u7279\u5f81\u7684\u6750\u6599\u9760\u8fd1\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u5141\u8bb8\u9884\u6d4b\u6750\u6599\u7684\u5c5e\u6027\u3002\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u76ee\u6807\u5355\u8bcd\u4ee5\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u989c\u8272\u663e\u793a\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/span><\/section>\n
\u5c3d\u7ba1\u673a\u5668\u5b66\u4e60\u80fd\u591f\u63d0\u4f9b\u9ad8\u5ea6\u51c6\u786e\u7684\u9884\u6d4b\u80fd\u529b\uff0c\u4f46\u5728\u79d1\u5b66\u5b66\u9886\u57df\u7684\u6210\u529f\u5e94\u7528\u9762\u4e34\u7740\u6311\u6218\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u5728\u89e3\u91ca\u6027\u65b9\u9762\u3002\u7814\u7a76\u4eba\u5458\u53ef\u80fd\u66f4\u770b\u91cd\u900f\u660e\u548c\u53ef\u89e3\u91ca\u7684\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c\u4ee5\u4e86\u89e3\u67d0\u4e2a\u7279\u5f81\u5982\u4f55\u5f71\u54cd\u7ed3\u679c\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u9ed1\u7bb1\u6a21\u578b\u3002\u7f3a\u4e4f\u89e3\u91ca\u6027\u4e5f\u5f15\u53d1\u4e86\u5bf9\u504f\u89c1\u548c\u516c\u5e73\u6027\u7684\u62c5\u5fe7\u3002\u5728\u4ece\u6570\u636e\u4e2d\u9884\u6d4b\u53ef\u91cd\u590d\u6a21\u5f0f\u65f6\uff0c\u673a\u5668\u5b66\u4e60\u6a21\u578b\u4e0d\u53ef\u907f\u514d\u5730\u5305\u542b\u5e76\u590d\u5236\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6570\u636e\u4e2d\u5d4c\u5165\u7684\u504f\u89c1\uff0c\u901a\u5e38\u4ee5\u4e0d\u900f\u660e\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u5448\u73b0\u3002\u673a\u5668\u5b66\u4e60\u5728\u8bf8\u5982\u5211\u4e8b\u53f8\u6cd5\u7cfb\u7edf\u548c\u62db\u8058\u6d41\u7a0b\u7b49\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u516c\u5e73\u6027\u95ee\u9898\u5907\u53d7\u4e89\u8bae[217]\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5728\u79d1\u5b66\u5b66\u4e2d\u6709\u6548\u800c\u8d1f\u8d23\u4efb\u5730\u4f7f\u7528\u673a\u5668\u5b66\u4e60\u9700\u8981\u4eba\u4e0e\u673a\u5668\u4e4b\u95f4\u660e\u667a\u7684\u5408\u4f5c\uff0c\u4ee5\u6784\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u53ef\u4f9b\u5ba1\u67e5\u548c\u4fee\u6539\u7684\u53ef\u9760\u7cfb\u7edf\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/span><\/section>\n
\uff08\u4e8c\uff09\u56e0\u679c\u65b9\u6cd5<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/section>\n

<\/span><\/section>\n
\u524d\u8ff0\u65b9\u6cd5\u53ef\u4ee5\u63ed\u793a\u79d1\u5b66\u8fd0\u4f5c\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u4e8b\u5b9e\u5e76\u53d1\u5c55\u9884\u6d4b\u80fd\u529b\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u65e0\u6cd5\u6355\u6349\u56e0\u679c\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u800c\u8fd9\u5728\u8bc4\u4f30\u653f\u7b56\u5e72\u9884\u65b9\u9762\u5c24\u4e3a\u6709\u7528\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5982\u4f55\u6d4b\u8bd5\u79d1\u5b66\u653f\u7b56\u662f\u4fc3\u8fdb\u8fd8\u662f\u963b\u788d\u4e2a\u4eba\u3001\u56e2\u961f\u6216\u673a\u6784\u7684\u8868\u73b0\uff1f\u56e0\u679c\u65b9\u6cd5\u7684\u603b\u4f53\u601d\u60f3\u662f\u6784\u5efa\u67d0\u79cd\u53cd\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e16\u754c\uff0c\u5728\u8be5\u4e16\u754c\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e24\u4e2a\u7fa4\u4f53\u9664\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u7fa4\u4f53\u7ecf\u5386\u4e86\u5904\u7406\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u7fa4\u4f53\u6ca1\u6709\u7ecf\u5386\u7684\u5904\u7406\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u5176\u4f59\u65b9\u9762\u5b8c\u5168\u76f8\u540c\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/span><\/section>\n
1. \u8fc8\u5411\u56e0\u679c\u5173\u7cfb<\/span><\/strong><\/section>\n

<\/span><\/section>\n
\u5728\u8fdb\u884c\u56e0\u679c\u65b9\u6cd5\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u9996\u5148\u8003\u8651\u89c2\u6d4b\u6570\u636e\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\u96be\u9898\u662f\u5f88\u6709\u52a9\u76ca\u7684\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u89c2\u6d4b\u6570\u636e\u6765\u6e90\u4e8e\u90a3\u4e9b\u672a\u5b8c\u5168\u4e86\u89e3\u6216\u672a\u80fd\u6d4b\u91cf\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u673a\u5236\uff0c\u89c2\u5bdf\u5230\u7684\u76f8\u5173\u6027\u53ef\u80fd\u7531\u672a\u5728\u5206\u6790\u4e2d\u6db5\u76d6\u7684\u6f5c\u5728\u56e0\u7d20\u9a71\u52a8\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u6311\u6218\u4f7f\u5f97\u5728\u89c2\u6d4b\u6570\u636e\u4e2d\u8fdb\u884c\u56e0\u679c\u63a8\u65ad\u53d8\u5f97\u5f02\u5e38\u56f0\u96be\u3002\u610f\u8bc6\u5230\u8fd9\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\u662f\u89e3\u51b3\u5b83\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b65\u3002\u8fd9\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u4fc3\u4f7f\u4e86\u91c7\u7528\u4e00\u4e9b\u4e2d\u4ecb\u5b9e\u8bc1\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u4f7f\u7528\u5339\u914d\u7b56\u7565\u548c\u56fa\u5b9a\u6548\u5e94\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u65b9\u6cd5\u867d\u4e0d\u80fd\u5b8c\u5168\u6d88\u9664\u4f46\u53ef\u4ee5\u5e2e\u52a9\u5e94\u5bf9\u63a8\u65ad\u96be\u9898\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u9996\u5148\u8003\u8651\u8fd9\u4e9b\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u518d\u8f6c\u5411\u66f4\u5168\u9762\u7684\u56e0\u679c\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/span><\/section>\n
\u5339\u914d\u3002<\/span><\/strong>\u5339\u914d\u901a\u8fc7\u5229\u7528\u4e30\u5bcc\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\uff0c\u5728\u5904\u7406\u7ec4\u63a5\u53d7\u5904\u7406\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u6784\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u5728\u5c3d\u53ef\u80fd\u591a\u7684\u53ef\u89c2\u6d4b\u7279\u5f81\u4e0a\u4e0e\u5904\u7406\u7ec4\u76f8\u4f3c\u7684\u5bf9\u7167\u7ec4<\/span>\uff08\u672a\u8fdb\u884c\u67d0\u79cd\u64cd\u4f5c\u5904\u7406\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u7136\u540e\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u6bd4\u8f83\u5904\u7406\u7ec4\u548c\u5339\u914d\u7684\u5bf9\u7167\u7ec4\u8fdb\u884c\u63a8\u65ad\u3002\u7cbe\u786e\u5339\u914d\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u5206\u7c7b\u503c\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u56fd\u5bb6\u3001\u6027\u522b\u3001\u5b66\u79d1\u6216\u6240\u5c5e\u9886\u57df\u7b49[35,218]\u3002\u7c97\u7cd9\u7cbe\u786e\u5339\u914d\u8003\u8651\u8fde\u7eed\u53d8\u91cf\u7684\u767e\u5206\u4f4d\u533a\u95f4\uff0c\u5e76\u5728\u540c\u4e00\u533a\u95f4\u5185\u5339\u914d\u89c2\u6d4b\u503c[133]\u3002\u503e\u5411\u5f97\u5206\u5339\u914d\u5219\u662f\u6839\u636e\u63a7\u5236\u53d8\u91cf\u4f30\u8ba1\u63a5\u53d7\u201c\u5904\u7406\u201d\u7684\u6982\u7387\uff0c\u5e76\u4f7f\u7528\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4f30\u8ba1\u503c\u6765\u5339\u914d\u5904\u7406\u7ec4\u548c\u5bf9\u7167\u7ec4\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u5c06\u5339\u914d\u4efb\u52a1\u4ece\u6bd4\u8f83\u591a\u4e2a\u534f\u53d8\u91cf\u7684\u503c\u7b80\u5316\u4e3a\u6bd4\u8f83\u5355\u4e2a\u503c[24,219]\u3002\u5bf9\u4e8e\u968f\u65f6\u95f4\u53d8\u5316\u7684\u53d8\u91cf\uff0c\u52a8\u6001\u5339\u914d\u975e\u5e38\u6709\u7528[220,221]\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/section>\n
\u56fa\u5b9a\u6548\u5e94\u3002<\/span><\/strong>\u56fa\u5b9a\u6548\u5e94\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u7528\u4e8e\u63a7\u5236\u6df7\u6742\u56e0\u7d20\u7684\u5f3a\u6709\u529b\u5de5\u5177\uff0c\u5982\u4eca\u5df2\u6210\u4e3a\u6807\u51c6\u65b9\u6cd5[222,223,224]\u3002\u4f7f\u7528\u56fa\u5b9a\u6548\u5e94\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u5173\u952e\u8981\u6c42\u662f\u5bf9\u540c\u4e00\u4e3b\u4f53\u6216\u5b9e\u4f53<\/span>\uff08\u4e2a\u4eba\u3001\u9886\u57df\u3001\u673a\u6784\u7b49\uff09<\/span>\u6709\u591a\u6b21\u89c2\u5bdf\u3002\u56fa\u5b9a\u6548\u5e94\u5145\u5f53\u4e00\u4e2a\u865a\u62df\u53d8\u91cf\uff0c\u4f53\u73b0\u4e86\u8be5\u5b9e\u4f53\u7684\u4efb\u4f55\u56fa\u5b9a\u7279\u6027\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u6709\u7814\u7a76\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c\u6027\u522b\u591a\u6837\u5316\u56e2\u961f\u6bd4\u540c\u6027\u522b\u56e2\u961f\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u8bba\u6587\u5f71\u54cd\u529b\u66f4\u9ad8[225]\u3002\u4e00\u4e2a\u6df7\u6742\u56e0\u7d20\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\uff0c\u503e\u5411\u4e8e\u64b0\u5199\u9ad8\u5f71\u54cd\u529b\u8bba\u6587\u7684\u4e2a\u4f53\uff0c\u4e5f\u66f4\u53ef\u80fd\u5728\u6027\u522b\u591a\u6837\u5316\u56e2\u961f\u4e2d\u5de5\u4f5c\u3002\u901a\u8fc7\u5305\u62ec\u4e2a\u4f53\u56fa\u5b9a\u6548\u5e94\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u8003\u8651\u5230\u53ef\u80fd\u9a71\u52a8\u611f\u5174\u8da3\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u4e2a\u4f53\u7684\u4efb\u4f55\u56fa\u5b9a\u7279\u5f81<\/span>\uff08\u5982\u667a\u5546\u3001\u6587\u5316\u80cc\u666f\u6216\u5148\u524d\u6559\u80b2\uff09<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/section>\n
\u603b\u4e4b\uff0c\u5339\u914d\u548c\u56fa\u5b9a\u6548\u5e94\u65b9\u6cd5\u53ef\u4ee5\u51cf\u5c11\u89e3\u91ca\u53d8\u91cf\u4e4b\u95f4\u5173\u7cfb\u65f6\u6f5c\u5728\u7684\u504f\u5dee\u6765\u6e90\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5728\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u53ef\u80fd\u4ecd\u5b58\u5728\u6df7\u6742\u56e0\u7d20\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u56fa\u5b9a\u6548\u5e94\u4e0d\u80fd\u63a7\u5236\u7ed9\u5b9a\u5b9e\u4f53\u5185\u968f\u65f6\u95f4\u53d8\u5316\u7684\u672a\u89c2\u5bdf\u56e0\u7d20<\/span>\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u878d\u8d44\u6e20\u9053\u6216\u65b0\u6280\u80fd\u7684\u83b7\u53d6\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u8981\u4ee4\u4eba\u4fe1\u670d\u5730\u786e\u5b9a\u56e0\u679c\u6548\u5e94\uff0c\u901a\u5e38\u9700\u8981\u91c7\u7528\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u63a5\u4e0b\u6765\u5c06\u8f6c\u5411\u8fd9\u4e9b\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/span><\/section>\n
2. \u51c6\u5b9e\u9a8c<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/section>\n

<\/section>\n
\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u9886\u57df\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u4eba\u5458\u5df2\u7ecf\u5f00\u53d1\u51fa\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u51c6\u5b9e\u9a8c\u65b9\u6cd5\u6765\u6784\u5efa\u5904\u7406\u7ec4\u548c\u5bf9\u7167\u7ec4\u3002\u8fd9\u91cc\u7684\u5173\u952e\u601d\u60f3\u662f\u5229\u7528\u5916\u90e8\u4e8b\u4ef6\u7684\u968f\u673a\u6027\uff0c\u4f7f\u53d7\u8bd5\u8005\u4e0d\u540c\u7a0b\u5ea6\u5730\u63a5\u53d7\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u5904\u7406\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u56de\u987e\u4e86\u4e09\u79cd\u51c6\u5b9e\u9a8c\u65b9\u6cd5\uff1a\u53cc\u91cd\u5dee\u5206\u6cd5\u3001\u5de5\u5177\u53d8\u91cf\u6cd5\u548c\u56de\u5f52\u4e0d\u8fde\u7eed\u6027<\/span>\uff08\u56fe3\uff09<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/span><\/section>\n
<\/section>\n

\u56fe3 \u51c6\u5b9e\u9a8c\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002a\u2013c\uff0c\u8be5\u56fe\u5c55\u793a\u4e86\uff08a\uff09\u53cc\u91cd\u5dee\u5206\u6cd5\u3001\uff08b\uff09\u5de5\u5177\u53d8\u91cf\u548c\uff08c\uff09\u56de\u5f52\u4e0d\u8fde\u7eed\u6027\u65b9\u6cd5\u7684\u793a\u610f\u56fe\u3002b\u4e2d\u7684\u5b9e\u7ebf\u8868\u793a\u56e0\u679c\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u865a\u7ebf\u8868\u793a\u5728\u5de5\u5177\u53d8\u91cf\u65b9\u6cd5\u4ea7\u751f\u56e0\u679c\u63a8\u65ad\u65f6\u4e0d\u5141\u8bb8\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/span><\/section>\n
\u53cc\u91cd\u5dee\u5206\u6cd5<\/span><\/strong>\u3002\u53cc\u91cd\u5dee\u5206\u6cd5\u56de\u5f52\u7814\u7a76\u610f\u5916\u4e8b\u4ef6\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u5c06\u53d7\u5230\u67d0\u79cd\u64cd\u4f5c\u5f71\u54cd\u7684\u7ec4<\/span>\uff08\u5904\u7406\u7ec4\uff09<\/span>\u4e0e\u672a\u53d7\u5f71\u54cd\u7684\u7ec4<\/span>\uff08\u5bf9\u7167\u7ec4\uff09<\/span>\u8fdb\u884c\u6bd4\u8f83\u3002\u5bf9\u7167\u7ec4\u65e8\u5728\u63d0\u4f9b\u53cd\u4e8b\u5b9e\u8def\u5f84\uff0c\u5373\u5982\u679c\u6ca1\u6709\u610f\u5916\u4e8b\u4ef6\u4f1a\u53d1\u751f\u4ec0\u4e48\u3002\u7406\u60f3\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u5904\u7406\u7ec4\u548c\u5bf9\u7167\u7ec4\u5728\u64cd\u4f5c\u4e8b\u4ef6\u4e4b\u524d\u51e0\u4e4e\u5904\u4e8e\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u8def\u5f84\u4e0a\uff0c\u4f46\u5982\u679c\u7ec4\u4e4b\u95f4\u5904\u4e8e\u5e73\u884c\u8def\u5f84\u4e0a\uff0c\u53cc\u91cd\u5dee\u5206\u6cd5\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u8d77\u4f5c\u7528<\/span>\uff08\u56fe3a\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u4e00\u7bc7\u8bba\u6587[226]\u7814\u7a76\u4e86\u660e\u661f\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u7684\u8fc7\u65e9\u6b7b\u4ea1\u5982\u4f55\u5f71\u54cd\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e4b\u524d\u5408\u4f5c\u8005\u7684\u751f\u4ea7\u529b\u3002\u5bf9\u7167\u7ec4\u662f\u5728\u65f6\u95f4\u8303\u56f4\u5185\u6ca1\u6709\u6b7b\u4ea1\u7684\u8d85\u7ea7\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u7684\u5408\u4f5c\u8005\u3002\u5728\u6b7b\u4ea1\u4e8b\u4ef6\u53d1\u751f\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u4e24\u7ec4\u5728\u51fa\u7248\u7269\u65b9\u9762\u6ca1\u6709\u663e\u8457\u5dee\u5f02\uff0c\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5728\u4e00\u4f4d\u660e\u661f\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u53bb\u4e16\u540e\uff0c\u5904\u7406\u7ec4\u7684\u5408\u4f5c\u8005\u5e73\u5747\u7ecf\u5386\u4e86\u4e0e\u5bf9\u7167\u7ec4\u76f8\u6bd45-8%\u7684\u8d28\u91cf\u8c03\u6574\u51fa\u7248\u7387\u4e0b\u964d\u3002\u53cc\u91cd\u5dee\u5206\u6cd5\u5728\u79d1\u5b66\u5b66\u9886\u57df\u5177\u6709\u5e7f\u6cdb\u7684\u9002\u7528\u6027\uff0c\u5df2\u88ab\u7528\u4e8e\u5206\u6790\u8d44\u52a9\u8bbe\u8ba1\u7684\u56e0\u679c\u6548\u5e94[24]\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5148\u524d\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u83b7\u53d6\u6210\u672c\u3001\u5927\u5b66\u6280\u672f\u8f6c\u79fb\u653f\u7b56\u3001\u77e5\u8bc6\u4ea7\u6743\u3001\u5f15\u7528\u5b9e\u8df5\u3001\u9886\u57df\u6f14\u5316\u548c\u8bba\u6587\u64a4\u7a3f\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u53cc\u91cd\u5dee\u5206\u6cd5\u6587\u732e\u5728\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u9886\u57df\u5c24\u5176\u8fc5\u901f\u589e\u957f\uff0c\u5e76\u6709\u5927\u91cf\u6700\u8fd1\u7684\u6539\u8fdb[233,234]\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/span><\/section>\n
\u5de5\u5177\u53d8\u91cf\u3002<\/span><\/strong>\u53e6\u4e00\u79cd\u51c6\u5b9e\u9a8c\u65b9\u6cd5\u4f7f\u7528\u201c\u5de5\u5177\u53d8\u91cf\u201d\u3002\u76ee\u6807\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u4f7f\u7528\u7b2c\u4e09\u4e2a\u5de5\u5177\u53d8\u91cf\u6765\u786e\u5b9a\u67d0\u4e2a\u7279\u5f81X\u5bf9\u67d0\u4e2a\u7ed3\u679cY\u7684\u56e0\u679c\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5de5\u5177\u53d8\u91cf\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u51c6\u968f\u673a\u4e8b\u4ef6\uff0c\u5b83\u5f15\u8d77X\u7684\u53d8\u5316\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u9664\u4e86\u901a\u8fc7X\u5bf9\u7ed3\u679cY\u4ea7\u751f\u5f71\u54cd\u5916\uff0c\u5bf9\u5176\u4ed6\u65b9\u9762\u6ca1\u6709\u5176\u4ed6\u5f71\u54cd<\/span>\uff08\u56fe3b\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u4e00\u9879\u5173\u4e8e\u5929\u6587\u5b66\u7684\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u65e8\u5728\u4e86\u89e3\u671b\u8fdc\u955c\u4f7f\u7528\u65f6\u95f4\u5982\u4f55\u5f71\u54cd\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u804c\u4e1a\u53d1\u5c55[235]\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\uff0c\u4e0d\u80fd\u7b80\u5355\u5730\u770b\u671b\u8fdc\u955c\u4f7f\u7528\u65f6\u95f4\u548c\u804c\u4e1a\u7ed3\u679c\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u76f8\u5173\u6027\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u8bb8\u591a\u6df7\u6dc6\u56e0\u7d20<\/span>\uff08\u5982\u624d\u80fd\u6216\u6bc5\u529b\uff09<\/span>\u53ef\u80fd\u540c\u65f6\u5f71\u54cd\u671b\u8fdc\u955c\u4f7f\u7528\u65f6\u95f4\u548c\u804c\u4e1a\u673a\u4f1a\u3002\u73b0\u5728\u8003\u8651\u5929\u6c14\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u5de5\u5177\u53d8\u91cf\u3002\u591a\u4e91\u5929\u6c14\u5c06\u968f\u673a\u51cf\u5c11\u5929\u6587\u5b66\u5bb6\u7684\u89c2\u6d4b\u65f6\u95f4\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u7279\u5b9a\u591c\u665a\u7684\u5929\u6c14\u4e0d\u592a\u53ef\u80fd\u4e0e\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u7684\u56fa\u6709\u54c1\u8d28\u76f8\u5173\u3002\u5929\u6c14\u53ef\u4ee5\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e00\u4e2a\u5de5\u5177\u53d8\u91cf\u6765\u63ed\u793a\u671b\u8fdc\u955c\u4f7f\u7528\u65f6\u95f4\u548c\u804c\u4e1a\u7ed3\u679c\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u56e0\u679c\u5173\u7cfb\u3002\u5de5\u5177\u53d8\u91cf\u5df2\u88ab\u7528\u4e8e\u79d1\u5b66\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u7684\u672c\u5730\u540c\u4f34\u6548\u5e94[151]\uff0c\u79d1\u5b66\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u4e2d\u6027\u522b\u6784\u6210\u7684\u5f71\u54cd[236]\uff0c\u5bf9\u672a\u6765\u521b\u65b0\u7684\u4e13\u5229 [237]\u548c\u5bf9\u53d1\u660e\u8005\u6d41\u52a8\u7684\u7a0e\u6536\u653f\u7b56[238]\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/span><\/section>\n
\u56de\u5f52\u4e0d\u8fde\u7eed\u6027\u3002<\/span><\/strong>\u5728\u56de\u5f52\u4e0d\u8fde\u7eed\u6027\u4e2d\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u8bbe\u7f6e\u4efb\u610f\u9608\u503c\u6765\u83b7\u5f97\u67d0\u4e9b\u5229\u76ca\u7684\u653f\u7b56\u53ef\u4ee5\u6784\u5efa\u5904\u7406\u7ec4\u548c\u5bf9\u7167\u7ec4<\/span>\uff08\u56fe3c\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u4ee5\u62e8\u6b3e\u7533\u8bf7\u7684\u8d44\u91d1\u62e8\u6b3e\u7ebf\u4e3a\u4f8b\u3002\u90a3\u4e9b\u5f97\u5206\u8d8a\u63a5\u8fd1\u62e8\u6b3e\u7ebf\u7684\u63d0\u6848\uff0c\u5728\u5176\u53ef\u89c2\u5bdf\u548c\u4e0d\u53ef\u89c2\u5bdf\u7279\u5f81\u4e0a\u90fd\u8d8a\u4e3a\u76f8\u4f3c\uff0c\u4f46\u53ea\u6709\u90a3\u4e9b\u5f97\u5206\u8d85\u8fc7\u62e8\u6b3e\u7ebf\u7684\u9879\u76ee\u624d\u80fd\u83b7\u5f97\u8d44\u91d1\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u4e00\u9879\u7814\u7a76[110]\u63a2\u8ba8\u4e86\u8d62\u5f97\u65e9\u671f\u804c\u4e1a\u62e8\u6b3e\u5bf9\u4ee5\u540e\u8d62\u5f97\u4e2d\u671f\u804c\u4e1a\u62e8\u6b3e\u7684\u6982\u7387\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u8be5\u6982\u7387\u5728\u521d\u59cb\u62e8\u6b3e\u7684\u62e8\u6b3e\u7ebf\u4e0a\u51fa\u73b0\u4e0d\u8fde\u7eed\u8df3\u8dc3\uff0c\u4e3a\u4f30\u8ba1\u83b7\u5f97\u62e8\u6b3e\u7684\u56e0\u679c\u6548\u5e94\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u6240\u9700\u7684\u5904\u7406\u7ec4\u548c\u5bf9\u7167\u7ec4\u3002\u8be5\u793a\u4f8b\u5229\u7528\u4e86\u201c\u5c16\u9510\u201d\u7684\u56de\u5f52\u4e0d\u8fde\u7eed\u6027\uff0c\u5373\u5904\u7406\u72b6\u6001\u5b8c\u5168\u7531\u622a\u6b62\u70b9\u51b3\u5b9a\u3002\u5982\u679c\u6211\u4eec\u5047\u8bbe\u5904\u7406\u72b6\u6001\u4ec5\u90e8\u5206\u7531\u622a\u6b62\u70b9\u51b3\u5b9a\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u201c\u6a21\u7cca\u201d\u7684\u56de\u5f52\u4e0d\u8fde\u7eed\u6027\u8bbe\u8ba1\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\uff0c\u83b7\u5f97\u62e8\u6b3e\u7684\u6982\u7387\u7528\u6765\u4f30\u8ba1\u672a\u6765\u7684\u7ed3\u679c[11,110,239,240,241]\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/span><\/section>\n
\u867d\u7136\u51c6\u5b9e\u9a8c\u662f\u5f3a\u5927\u7684\u5de5\u5177\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83\u4eec\u4e5f\u9762\u4e34\u7740\u81ea\u8eab\u7684\u9650\u5236\u3002\u9996\u5148\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u65b9\u6cd5\u5728\u7279\u5b9a\u80cc\u666f\u4e0b\u8bc6\u522b\u56e0\u679c\u6548\u5e94\uff0c\u901a\u5e38\u6d89\u53ca\u5c11\u91cf\u89c2\u5bdf\u3002\u5bf9\u4e8e\u66f4\u5e7f\u6cdb\u7684\u4eba\u7fa4\u6216\u80cc\u666f\uff0c\u6837\u672c\u7684\u4ee3\u8868\u6027\u901a\u5e38\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u60ac\u800c\u672a\u51b3\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u5176\u6b21\uff0c\u56e0\u679c\u8bbe\u8ba1\u7684\u6709\u6548\u6027\u901a\u5e38\u4e0d\u662f\u5341\u5206\u7262\u56fa\u7684\u3002\u7814\u7a76\u4eba\u5458\u901a\u5e38\u8fdb\u884c\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u9c81\u68d2\u6027\u68c0\u9a8c\uff0c\u4ee5\u9a8c\u8bc1\u5904\u7406\u524d\u5728\u5904\u7406\u7ec4\u548c\u5bf9\u7167\u7ec4\u4e4b\u95f4\u53ef\u89c2\u6d4b\u6df7\u6dc6\u56e0\u7d20\u662f\u5426\u5b58\u5728\u663e\u8457\u5dee\u5f02\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5904\u7406\u7ec4\u548c\u5bf9\u7167\u7ec4\u4e4b\u95f4\u53ef\u80fd\u4ecd\u5b58\u5728\u4e0d\u53ef\u89c2\u6d4b\u7684\u7279\u5f81\u5dee\u5f02\u3002\u5de5\u5177\u53d8\u91cf\u7684\u8d28\u91cf\u4ee5\u53ca\u5b83\u4eec\u9664\u4e86\u901a\u8fc7\u611f\u5174\u8da3\u7684\u53d8\u91cf\u4e4b\u5916\u5bf9\u7ed3\u679c\u6ca1\u6709\u5f71\u54cd\u7684\u5177\u4f53\u58f0\u660e\uff0c\u4e5f\u5f88\u96be\u8bc4\u3002\u6700\u7ec8\uff0c\u7814\u7a76\u4eba\u5458\u5fc5\u987b\u5728\u4e00\u5b9a\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u4f9d\u9760\u5224\u65ad\u6765\u786e\u5b9a\u662f\u5426\u6ee1\u8db3\u56e0\u679c\u63a8\u65ad\u7684\u9002\u5f53\u6761\u4ef6\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/span><\/section>\n
\u672c\u8282\u5f3a\u8c03\u4e86\u6d41\u884c\u7684\u8ba1\u91cf\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u65b9\u6cd5\u6765\u8fdb\u884c\u56e0\u679c\u63a8\u65ad\u3002\u5176\u4ed6\u5b9e\u8bc1\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u5982\u57fa\u4e8e\u56fe\u7684\u56e0\u679c\u5efa\u6a21[242,243]\uff0c\u4e5f\u4ee3\u8868\u4e86\u8bc4\u4f30\u56e0\u679c\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u7814\u7a76\u65b9\u5411\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u65b9\u6cd5\u901a\u5e38\u5c06\u56e0\u679c\u5173\u7cfb\u8868\u793a\u4e3a\u6709\u5411\u65e0\u73af\u56fe\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u8282\u70b9\u8868\u793a\u53d8\u91cf\uff0c\u7bad\u5934\u8868\u793a\u5b83\u4eec\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u56e0\u679c\u8054\u7cfb\u3002\u5728\u79d1\u5b66\u5b66\u9886\u57df\uff0c\u6709\u5411\u65e0\u73af\u56fe\u65b9\u6cd5\u5df2\u88ab\u5e94\u7528\u4e8e\u91cf\u5316\u671f\u520a\u5f71\u54cd\u56e0\u5b50[244]\u548c\u6027\u522b\u6216\u79cd\u65cf\u504f\u89c1[245]\u5bf9\u5f15\u7528\u7684\u56e0\u679c\u6548\u5e94\u3002\u4e0e\u8ba1\u91cf\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u65b9\u6cd5\u76f8\u6bd4\uff0c\u56e0\u679c\u56fe\u5efa\u6a21\u4e5f\u5f15\u53d1\u4e86\u5173\u4e8e\u4f18\u52bf\u548c\u52a3\u52bf\u7684\u8ba8\u8bba[246,247]\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/section>\n
3. \u5b9e\u9a8c<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/section>\n

<\/section>\n
\u4e0e\u51c6\u5b9e\u9a8c\u65b9\u6cd5\u76f8\u6bd4\uff0c\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5ba4\u548c\u73b0\u573a\u5b9e\u9a8c\u901a\u8fc7\u5bf9\u5904\u7406\u548c\u5bf9\u7167\u7ec4\u8fdb\u884c\u76f4\u63a5\u968f\u673a\u5206\u914d\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u65b9\u6cd5\u660e\u786e\u53c2\u4e0e\u6570\u636e\u751f\u6210\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u64cd\u7eb5\u5e72\u9884\u63aa\u65bd\u6765\u89c2\u5bdf\u53cd\u4e8b\u5b9e\u60c5\u51b5\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5b9e\u9a8c\u65e8\u5728\u7814\u7a76\u7279\u5b9a\u5174\u8da3\u7684\u673a\u5236\uff0c\u5e76\u901a\u8fc7\u8bbe\u8ba1\u5b9e\u9a8c\u548c\u6b63\u5f0f\u968f\u673a\u5316\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4ea7\u751f\u7279\u522b\u4e25\u683c\u7684\u56e0\u679c\u63a8\u65ad\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/span><\/section>\n
\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5ba4\u5b9e\u9a8c<\/span><\/strong>\u3002\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5ba4\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5728\u826f\u597d\u63a7\u5236\u7684\u5b9e\u9a8c\u73af\u5883\u4e2d\u6784\u5efa\u5bf9\u7167\u4e16\u754c\u3002\u7814\u7a76\u4eba\u5458\u968f\u673a\u5c06\u53c2\u4e0e\u8005\u5206\u914d\u5230\u5904\u7406\u7ec4\u6216\u5bf9\u7167\u7ec4\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u64cd\u7eb5\u5b9e\u9a8c\u6761\u4ef6\u4ee5\u89c2\u5bdf\u4e24\u7ec4\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u7ed3\u679c\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u8003\u8651\u5173\u4e8e\u56e2\u961f\u8868\u73b0\u548c\u6027\u522b\u6784\u6210\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5ba4\u5b9e\u9a8c[144,248]\u3002\u7814\u7a76\u4eba\u5458\u968f\u673a\u5c06\u53c2\u4e0e\u8005\u5206\u914d\u5230\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u56e2\u961f\uff0c\u8fdb\u884c\u89e3\u51b3\u96be\u9898\u6216\u96c6\u601d\u5e7f\u76ca\u7b49\u4efb\u52a1\u3002\u7814\u7a76\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c\u5973\u6027\u6bd4\u4f8b\u8f83\u9ad8\u7684\u56e2\u961f\u5e73\u5747\u8868\u73b0\u66f4\u597d\uff0c\u8fd9\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u6027\u522b\u591a\u6837\u6027\u4e0e\u56e2\u961f\u8868\u73b0\u4e4b\u95f4\u56e0\u679c\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u8bc1\u636e\u3002\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5ba4\u5b9e\u9a8c\u53ef\u4ee5\u5e2e\u52a9\u7814\u7a76\u4eba\u5458\u6d4b\u8bd5\u5176\u4ed6\u96be\u4ee5\u89c2\u5bdf\u5230\u7684\u529b\u91cf\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u7ade\u4e89\u5982\u4f55\u5f71\u54cd\u521b\u9020\u529b[249]\u3002\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5ba4\u5b9e\u9a8c\u8fd8\u88ab\u7528\u6765\u8bc4\u4f30\u671f\u520a\u5f71\u54cd\u56e0\u5b50\u5982\u4f55\u5851\u9020\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u5bf9\u5956\u52b1\u7684\u770b\u6cd5[250]\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u62db\u8058\u4e2d\u7684\u6027\u522b\u504f\u89c1[251]\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/span><\/section>\n
\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5ba4\u5b9e\u9a8c\u53ef\u4ee5\u7cbe\u786e\u63a7\u5236\u73af\u5883\u548c\u7a0b\u5e8f\uff0c\u4ee5\u9694\u79bb\u611f\u5174\u8da3\u7684\u56e0\u679c\u6548\u5e94\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u53c2\u4e0e\u8005\u5728\u4eba\u9020\u73af\u5883\u4e2d\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u53ef\u80fd\u4e0e\u73b0\u5b9e\u4e16\u754c\u4e2d\u7684\u73af\u5883\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u8fd9\u5f15\u53d1\u4e86\u5173\u4e8e\u7ed3\u679c\u7684\u666e\u904d\u6027\u548c\u53ef\u590d\u5236\u6027\u7684\u95ee\u9898[252,253,254]\u3002\u4e3a\u4e86\u8bc4\u4f30\u73b0\u5b9e\u4e16\u754c\u4e2d\u7684\u56e0\u679c\u6548\u5e94\uff0c\u7814\u7a76\u4eba\u5458\u4f7f\u7528\u968f\u673a\u5bf9\u7167\u8bd5\u9a8c\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/span><\/section>\n
\u968f\u673a\u5bf9\u7167\u8bd5\u9a8c<\/span><\/strong>\u3002\u968f\u673a\u5bf9\u7167\u8bd5\u9a8c\u6216\u73b0\u573a\u5b9e\u9a8c\u662f\u5404\u4e2a\u5b66\u79d1\u4e2d\u56e0\u679c\u63a8\u65ad\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002\u968f\u673a\u5bf9\u7167\u8bd5\u9a8c\u968f\u673a\u5c06\u53c2\u4e0e\u8005\u5206\u914d\u5230\u5904\u7406\u7ec4\u548c\u5bf9\u7167\u7ec4[255]\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u4e0d\u4ec5\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u4e8e\u8bc4\u4f30\u673a\u5236\uff0c\u8fd8\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u4e8e\u6d4b\u8bd5\u653f\u7b56\u53d8\u5316\u7b49\u771f\u5b9e\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u5e72\u9884\u63aa\u65bd\u3002\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u9886\u57df\u5df2\u7ecf\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u591a\u5730\u4f7f\u7528\u968f\u673a\u5bf9\u7167\u8bd5\u9a8c\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u4e00\u9879\u73b0\u573a\u5b9e\u9a8c[146]\u7814\u7a76\u4e86\u964d\u4f4e\u5408\u4f5c\u4f19\u4f34\u641c\u7d22\u6210\u672c\u662f\u5426\u4f1a\u589e\u52a0\u5728\u62e8\u6b3e\u7533\u8bf7\u4e2d\u7684\u5408\u4f5c\u3002\u4f5c\u8005\u968f\u673a\u5c06\u4e3b\u8981\u7814\u7a76\u5458\u5206\u914d\u5230\u533b\u5b66\u9662\u7684\u9762\u5bf9\u9762\u4f1a\u8bae\u4e2d\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u6d4b\u91cf\u53c2\u4e0e\u8005\u5171\u540c\u64b0\u5199\u62e8\u6b3e\u63d0\u6848\u7684\u673a\u4f1a\u3002\u968f\u673a\u5bf9\u7167\u8bd5\u9a8c\u8fd8\u4e3a\u540c\u884c\u8bc4\u5ba1[256,257,258,259,260]\u548c\u79d1\u5b66\u4e2d\u7684\u6027\u522b\u504f\u89c1[261,262,263]\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u4e30\u5bcc\u7684\u56e0\u679c\u6d1e\u5bdf\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/span><\/section>\n
\u867d\u7136\u968f\u673a\u5bf9\u7167\u8bd5\u9a8c\u5728\u79d1\u5b66\u5b66\u9886\u57df\u5177\u6709\u5f3a\u5927\u7684\u80fd\u529b\uff0c\u4f46\u7531\u4e8e\u4e24\u4e2a\u4e3b\u8981\u539f\u56e0\uff0c\u5176\u96be\u4ee5\u8fdb\u884c\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u539f\u56e0\u6d89\u53ca\u653f\u7b56\u5e72\u9884\u4e2d\u7684\u6f5c\u5728\u98ce\u9669\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5728\u4e2a\u4f53\u4e4b\u95f4\u968f\u673a\u5206\u914d\u8d44\u91d1\u80fd\u4e3a\u8d44\u52a9\u8005\u4ea7\u751f\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u56e0\u679c\u6d1e\u5bdf\uff0c\u4f46\u4e5f\u53ef\u80fd\u610f\u5916\u5730\u635f\u5bb3\u53c2\u4e0e\u8005\u7684\u804c\u4e1a\u751f\u6daf[264]\u3002\u7b2c\u4e8c\uff0c\u79d1\u5b66\u5b66\u4e2d\u7684\u5173\u952e\u95ee\u9898\u901a\u5e38\u9700\u8981\u957f\u671f\u8ffd\u8e2a\u7ed3\u679c\uff0c\u8fd9\u4f7f\u5f97\u968f\u673a\u5bf9\u7167\u8bd5\u9a8c\u6210\u672c\u9ad8\u6602\u3002\u8fd9\u4e5f\u589e\u52a0\u4e86\u590d\u5236\u7814\u7a76\u7ed3\u679c\u7684\u96be\u5ea6\u3002\u65e9\u671f\u8ba8\u8bba\u7684\u51c6\u5b9e\u9a8c\u65b9\u6cd5\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u76f8\u5bf9\u4f18\u52bf\u662f\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u5386\u53f2\u8bb0\u5f55\u4e2d\u8bc6\u522b\u6f5c\u5728\u957f\u65f6\u95f4\u7684\u56e0\u679c\u6548\u5e94\u3002\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u51c6\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5fc5\u987b\u88ab\u53d1\u73b0\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u88ab\u8bbe\u8ba1\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u5bf9\u4e8e\u8bb8\u591a\u611f\u5174\u8da3\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u901a\u5e38\u4e0d\u53ef\u7528\u3002\u867d\u7136\u6700\u4f73\u65b9\u6cd5\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u5177\u4f53\u60c5\u5883\uff0c\u4f46\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u591a\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u4eba\u5458\u6b63\u5728\u5efa\u7acb\u5e73\u53f0\uff0c\u4ee5\u4fc3\u8fdb\u79d1\u5b66\u5b66\u9886\u57df\u7684\u968f\u673a\u5bf9\u7167\u8bd5\u9a8c\uff0c\u65e8\u5728\u964d\u4f4e\u6210\u672c\u5e76\u6269\u5927\u89c4\u6a21\u3002\u4e0e\u79d1\u5b66\u673a\u6784\u5408\u4f5c\u8fdb\u884c\u968f\u673a\u5bf9\u7167\u8bd5\u9a8c\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e3a\u53ca\u65f6\u7684\u3001\u4e0e\u653f\u7b56\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u505a\u51fa\u8d21\u732e\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u5927\u5e45\u5ea6\u6539\u5584\u79d1\u5b66\u51b3\u7b56\u548c\u6295\u8d44\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/section>\n

<\/section>\n

\n
\n
\n
\n
\n

<\/section>\n

<\/section>\n
\n
<\/svg><\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n
\n

\u4e94\u3001\u5c55\u671b<\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n

\n

<\/section>\n

<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/h3>\n
 <\/span><\/section>\n
\u79d1\u5b66\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u5f97\u76ca\u4e8e\u5927\u89c4\u6a21\u6570\u636e\u7684\u589e\u957f\u3001\u65b0\u7684\u6d4b\u91cf\u624b\u6bb5\u548c\u4e0d\u65ad\u62d3\u5bbd\u7684\u5b9e\u8bc1\u65b9\u6cd5\u9886\u57df\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5de5\u5177\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u5de8\u5927\u7684\u80fd\u529b\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u6d4b\u8bd5\u5173\u4e8e\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u6846\u67b6\uff0c\u53d1\u73b0\u5f71\u54cd\u79d1\u5b66\u751f\u4ea7\u529b\u7684\u56e0\u7d20\uff0c\u9884\u6d4b\u5173\u952e\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u7ed3\u679c\uff0c\u5e76\u8bbe\u8ba1\u6709\u52a9\u4e8e\u66f4\u597d\u4fc3\u8fdb\u672a\u6765\u79d1\u5b66\u8fdb\u5c55\u7684\u653f\u7b56\u3002\u5bf9\u5b9e\u8bc1\u6280\u672f\u7684\u4ed4\u7ec6\u7406\u89e3\u53ef\u4ee5\u5e2e\u52a9\u7814\u7a76\u4eba\u5458\u9009\u62e9\u611f\u5174\u8da3\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u6709\u6548\u5de5\u5177\uff0c\u5e76\u63a8\u52a8\u79d1\u5b66\u5b66\u9886\u57df\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u3002\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e9b\u65b9\u6cd5\u8bba\u7684\u66f4\u597d\u548c\u66f4\u5e7f\u6cdb\u7684\u7406\u89e3\uff0c\u8fd8\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u793e\u533a\u4e4b\u95f4\u5efa\u7acb\u6865\u6881\uff0c\u4fc3\u8fdb\u6c9f\u901a\u548c\u5408\u4f5c\uff0c\u5e76\u66f4\u597d\u5730\u5229\u7528\u591a\u6837\u5316\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\u3002\u79d1\u5b66\u5b66\u662f\u5173\u4e8e\u5c06\u79d1\u5b66\u65b9\u6cd5\u8fd0\u7528\u5230\u79d1\u5b66\u672c\u4f53\u7684\u63a2\u8ba8\u3002\u8fd9\u9879\u5de5\u4f5c\u7684\u6210\u679c\uff0c\u968f\u7740\u65f6\u95f4\u7684\u63a8\u79fb\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u6307\u5bfc\u7814\u7a76\u4eba\u5458\u548c\u7814\u7a76\u673a\u6784\u5728\u5404\u4e2a\u79d1\u5b66\u63a2\u7a76\u9886\u57df\u4e2d\u53d6\u5f97\u66f4\u5927\u7684\u8fdb\u5c55\uff0c\u589e\u8fdb\u5bf9\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u63a2\u7d22\u548c\u7406\u89e3\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/section>\n

<\/section>\n
\n
\n
\n

\u53c2\u8003\u6587\u732e<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n

\n
\n
\n
\n
1. Bush, V. Science\u2013the Endless Frontier: A Report to the President on a Program for Postwar Scientific Research (National Science Foundation, 1990).<\/span><\/section>\n
2. Mokyr, J. The Gifts of Athena (Princeton Univ. Press, 2011).<\/span><\/section>\n
3. Jones, B. F. in Rebuilding the Post-Pandemic Economy (eds Kearney, M. S. & Ganz, A.) 272\u2013310 (Aspen Institute Press, 2021).<\/span><\/section>\n
4. Wang, D. & Barab\u00e1si, A.-L. The Science of Science (Cambridge Univ. Press, 2021).<\/span><\/section>\n
5. Fortunato, S. et al. Science of science. Science 359, eaao0185 (2018).<\/span><\/section>\n
6. Azoulay, P. et al. Toward a more scientific science. Science 361, 1194\u20131197 (2018).<\/span><\/section>\n
7. Clauset, A., Larremore, D. B. & Sinatra, R. Data-driven predictions in the science of science. Science 355, 477\u2013480 (2017).<\/span><\/section>\n
8. Zeng, A. et al. The science of science: from the perspective of complex systems. Phys. Rep. 714, 1\u201373 (2017).<\/span><\/section>\n
9. Lin, Z., Yin. Y., Liu, L. & Wang, D. SciSciNet: a large-scale open data lake for the science of science research. Sci. Data, https:\/\/doi. org\/10.1038\/s41597-023-02198-9 (2023).<\/span><\/section>\n
10. Ahmadpoor, M. & Jones, B. F. The dual frontier: patented inventions and prior scientific advance. Science 357, 583\u2013587 (2017).<\/span><\/section>\n
11. Azoulay, P., Graff Zivin, J. S., Li, D. & Sampat, B. N. Public R&D investments and private-sector patenting: evidence from NIH funding rules. Rev. Econ. Stud. 86, 117\u2013152 (2019).<\/span><\/section>\n
12. Yin, Y., Dong, Y., Wang, K., Wang, D. & Jones, B. F. Public use and public funding of science. Nat. Hum. Behav. 6, 1344\u20131350 (2022).<\/span><\/section>\n
13. Merton, R. K. The Sociology of Science: Theoretical and Empirical Investigations (Univ. Chicago Press, 1973).<\/span><\/section>\n
14. Kuhn, T. The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (Princeton Univ. Press, 2021).<\/span><\/section>\n
15. Uzzi, B., Mukherjee, S., Stringer, M. & Jones, B. Atypical combinations and scientific impact. Science 342, 468\u2013472 (2013). 16. Zuckerman, H. Scientific Elite: Nobel Laureates in the United States(Transaction Publishers, 1977).<\/span><\/section>\n
17. Wu, L., Wang, D. & Evans, J. A. Large teams develop and small teams disrupt science and technology. Nature 566, 378\u2013382 (2019).<\/span><\/section>\n
18. Wuchty, S., Jones, B. F. & Uzzi, B. The increasing dominance of teams in production of knowledge. Science 316, 1036\u20131039 (2007).<\/span><\/section>\n
19. Foster, J. G., Rzhetsky, A. & Evans, J. A. Tradition and innovation in scientists\u2019 research strategies. Am. Sociol. Rev. 80, 875\u2013908 (2015).<\/span><\/section>\n
20. Wang, D., Song, C. & Barab\u00e1si, A.-L. Quantifying long-term scientific impact. Science 342, 127\u2013132 (2013).<\/span><\/section>\n
21. Clauset, A., Arbesman, S. & Larremore, D. B. Systematic inequality and hierarchy in faculty hiring networks. Sci. Adv. 1, e1400005 (2015).<\/span><\/section>\n
22. Ma, A., Mondrag\u00f3n, R. J. & Latora, V. Anatomy of funded research in science. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 112,14760\u201314765 (2015).<\/span><\/section>\n
23. Ma, Y. & Uzzi, B. Scientific prize network predicts who pushes the boundaries of science. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 115, 12608\u201312615 (2018).<\/span><\/section>\n
24. Azoulay, P., Graff Zivin, J. S. & Manso, G. Incentives and creativity: evidence from the academic life sciences. RAND J. Econ. 42, 527\u2013554 (2011).<\/span><\/section>\n
25. Schor, S. & Karten, I. Statistical evaluation of medical journal manuscripts. JAMA 195, 1123\u20131128 (1966).<\/span><\/section>\n
26. Platt, J. R. Strong inference: certain systematic methods of scientific thinking may produce much more rapid progress than others. Science 146, 347\u2013353 (1964).<\/span><\/section>\n
27. Ioannidis, J. P. Why most published research findings are false. PLoS Med. 2, e124 (2005).<\/span><\/section>\n
28. Simonton, D. K. Career landmarks in science: individual differences and interdisciplinary contrasts. Dev. Psychol. 27, 119 (1991).<\/span><\/section>\n
29. Way, S. F., Morgan, A. C., Clauset, A. & Larremore, D. B. The misleading narrative of the canonical faculty productivity trajectory. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 114, E9216\u2013E9223 (2017).<\/span><\/section>\n
30. Sinatra, R., Wang, D., Deville, P., Song, C. & Barab\u00e1si, A.-L. Quantifying the evolution of individual scientific impact. Science 354, aaf5239 (2016).<\/span><\/section>\n
31. Liu, L. et al. Hot streaks in artistic, cultural, and scientific careers. Nature 559, 396\u2013399 (2018).<\/span><\/section>\n
32. Liu, L., Dehmamy, N., Chown, J., Giles, C. L. & Wang, D. Understanding the onset of hot streaks across artistic, cultural, and scientific careers. Nat. Commun. 12, 5392 (2021).<\/span><\/section>\n
33. Squazzoni, F. et al. Peer review and gender bias: a study on 145 scholarly journals. Sci. Adv. 7, eabd0299 (2021).<\/span><\/section>\n
34. Hofstra, B. et al. The diversity\u2013innovation paradox in science. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 117, 9284\u20139291 (2020).<\/span><\/section>\n
35. Huang, J., Gates, A. J., Sinatra, R. & Barab\u00e1si, A.-L. Historical comparison of gender inequality in scientific careers across countries and disciplines. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 117, 4609\u20134616 (2020).<\/span><\/section>\n
36. Gl\u00e4ser, J. & Laudel, G. Governing science: how science policy shapes research content. Eur. J. Sociol. 57, 117\u2013168 (2016).<\/span><\/section>\n
37. Stephan, P. E. How Economics Shapes Science (Harvard Univ. Press, 2012).<\/span><\/section>\n
38. Garfield, E. & Sher, I. H. New factors in the evaluation of scientific literature through citation indexing. Am. Doc. 14, 195\u2013201 (1963).<\/span><\/section>\n
39. de Solla Price, D. J. Networks of scientific papers. Science 149, 510\u2013515 (1965).<\/span><\/section>\n
40. Etzkowitz, H., Kemelgor, C. & Uzzi, B. Athena Unbound: The Advancement of Women in Science and Technology (Cambridge Univ. Press, 2000).<\/span><\/section>\n
41. Simonton, D. K. Scientific Genius: A Psychology of Science (Cambridge Univ. Press, 1988).<\/span><\/section>\n
42. Khabsa, M. & Giles, C. L. The number of scholarly documents on the public web. PLoS ONE 9, e93949 (2014).<\/span><\/section>\n
43. Xia, F., Wang, W., Bekele, T. M. & Liu, H. Big scholarly data: a survey. IEEE Trans. Big Data 3, 18\u201335 (2017).<\/span><\/section>\n
44. Evans, J. A. & Foster, J. G. Metaknowledge. Science 331, 721\u2013725 (2011).<\/span><\/section>\n
45. Milojevi\u0107, S. Quantifying the cognitive extent of science. J. Informetr. 9, 962\u2013973 (2015).<\/span><\/section>\n
46. Rzhetsky, A., Foster, J. G., Foster, I. T. & Evans, J. A. Choosing experiments to accelerate collective discovery. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 112, 14569\u201314574 (2015).<\/span><\/section>\n
47. Poncela-Casasnovas, J., Gerlach, M., Aguirre, N. & Amaral, L. A. Large-scale analysis of micro-level citation patterns reveals nuanced selection criteria. Nat. Hum. Behav. 3, 568\u2013575 (2019).<\/span><\/section>\n
48. Hardwicke, T. E. et al. Data availability, reusability, and analytic reproducibility: evaluating the impact of a mandatory open data policy at the journal Cognition. R. Soc. Open Sci. 5, 180448 (2018).<\/span><\/section>\n
49. Nagaraj, A., Shears, E. & de Vaan, M. Improving data access democratizes and diversifies science. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 117, 23490\u201323498 (2020).<\/span><\/section>\n
50. Bravo, G., Grimaldo, F., L\u00f3pez-I\u00f1esta, E., Mehmani, B. & Squazzoni, F. The effect of publishing peer review reports on referee behavior in five scholarly journals. Nat. Commun. 10, 322 (2019).<\/span><\/section>\n
51. Tran, D. et al. An open review of open review: a critical analysis of the machine learning conference review process. Preprint at https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/arXiv.2010.05137 (2020).<\/span><\/section>\n
52. Tshitoyan, V. et al. Unsupervised word embeddings capture latent knowledge from materials science literature. Nature 571, 95\u201398 (2019).<\/span><\/section>\n
53. Yang, Y., Wu, Y. & Uzzi, B. Estimating the deep replicability of scientific findings using human and artificial intelligence. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 117, 10762\u201310768 (2020).<\/span><\/section>\n
54. Mukherjee, S., Uzzi, B., Jones, B. & Stringer, M. A new method for identifying recombinations of existing knowledge associated with high\u2010impact innovation. J. Prod. Innov. Manage. 33, 224\u2013236 (2016).<\/span><\/section>\n
55. Leahey, E., Beckman, C. M. & Stanko, T. L. Prominent but less productive: the impact of interdisciplinarity on scientists\u2019 research. Adm. Sci. Q. 62, 105\u2013139 (2017).<\/span><\/section>\n
56. Sauermann, H. & Haeussler, C. Authorship and contribution disclosures. Sci. Adv. 3, e1700404 (2017).<\/span><\/section>\n
57. Oliveira, D. F. M., Ma, Y., Woodruff, T. K. & Uzzi, B. Comparison of National Institutes of Health grant amounts to first-time male and female principal investigators. JAMA 321, 898\u2013900 (2019).<\/span><\/section>\n
58. Yang, Y., Chawla, N. V. & Uzzi, B. A network\u2019s gender composition and communication pattern predict women\u2019s leadership success. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 116, 2033\u20132038 (2019).<\/span><\/section>\n
59. Way, S. F., Larremore, D. B. & Clauset, A. Gender, productivity, and prestige in computer science faculty hiring networks. In Proc. 25th International Conference on World Wide Web 1169\u20131179. (ACM 2016)<\/span><\/section>\n
60. Malmgren, R. D., Ottino, J. M. & Amaral, L. A. N. The role of mentorship in protege performance. Nature 465, 622\u2013626 (2010).<\/span><\/section>\n
61. Ma, Y., Mukherjee, S. & Uzzi, B. Mentorship and prot\u00e9g\u00e9 success in STEM fields. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 117, 14077\u201314083 (2020).<\/span><\/section>\n
62. B\u00f6rner, K. et al. Skill discrepancies between research, education, and jobs reveal the critical need to supply soft skills for the data economy. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 115, 12630\u201312637 (2018).<\/span><\/section>\n
63. Biasi, B. & Ma, S. The Education-Innovation Gap (National Bureau of Economic Research Working papers, 2020).<\/span><\/section>\n
64. Bornmann, L. Do altmetrics point to the broader impact of research? An overview of benefits and disadvantages of altmetrics. J. Informetr. 8, 895\u2013903 (2014).<\/span><\/section>\n
65. Cleary, E. G., Beierlein, J. M., Khanuja, N. S., McNamee, L. M. & Ledley, F. D. Contribution of NIH funding to new drug approvals 2010\u20132016. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 115, 2329\u20132334 (2018).<\/span><\/section>\n
66. Spector, J. M., Harrison, R. S. & Fishman, M. C. Fundamental science behind today\u2019s important medicines. Sci. Transl. Med. 10, eaaq1787 (2018).<\/span><\/section>\n
67. Haunschild, R. & Bornmann, L. How many scientific papers are mentioned in policy-related documents? An empirical investigation using Web of Science and Altmetric data. Scientometrics 110, 1209\u20131216 (2017).<\/span><\/section>\n
68. Yin, Y., Gao, J., Jones, B. F. & Wang, D. Coevolution of policy and science during the pandemic. Science 371, 128\u2013130 (2021).<\/span><\/section>\n
69. Sugimoto, C. R., Work, S., Larivi\u00e8re, V. & Haustein, S. Scholarly use of social media and altmetrics: a review of the literature. J. Assoc. Inf. Sci. Technol. 68, 2037\u20132062 (2017).<\/span><\/section>\n
70. Dunham, I. Human genes: time to follow the roads less traveled? PLoS Biol. 16, e3000034 (2018).<\/span><\/section>\n
71. Kustatscher, G. et al. Understudied proteins: opportunities and challenges for functional proteomics. Nat. Methods 19, 774\u2013779 (2022).<\/span><\/section>\n
72. Rosenthal, R. The file drawer problem and tolerance for null results. Psychol. Bull. 86, 638 (1979).<\/span><\/section>\n
73. Franco, A., Malhotra, N. & Simonovits, G. Publication bias in the social sciences: unlocking the file drawer. Science 345, 1502\u20131505 (2014).<\/span><\/section>\n
74. Vera-Baceta, M.-A., Thelwall, M. & Kousha, K. Web of Science and Scopus language coverage. Scientometrics 121, 1803\u20131813 (2019).<\/span><\/section>\n
75. Waltman, L. A review of the literature on citation impact indicators. J. Informetr. 10, 365\u2013391 (2016).<\/span><\/section>\n
76. Garfield, E. & Merton, R. K. Citation Indexing: Its Theory and Application in Science, Technology, and Humanities (Wiley, 1979).<\/span><\/section>\n
77. Kelly, B., Papanikolaou, D., Seru, A. & Taddy, M. Measuring Technological Innovation Over the Long Run Report No. 0898-2937 (National Bureau of Economic Research, 2018).<\/span><\/section>\n
78. Kogan, L., Papanikolaou, D., Seru, A. & Stoffman, N. Technological innovation, resource allocation, and growth. Q. J. Econ. 132, 665\u2013712 (2017).<\/span><\/section>\n
79. Hall, B. H., Jaffe, A. & Trajtenberg, M. Market value and patent citations. RAND J. Econ. 36, 16\u201338 (2005).<\/span><\/section>\n
80. Yan, E. & Ding, Y. Applying centrality measures to impact analysis: a coauthorship network analysis. J. Am. Soc. Inf. Sci. Technol. 60, 2107\u20132118 (2009).<\/span><\/section>\n
81. Radicchi, F., Fortunato, S., Markines, B. & Vespignani, A. Diffusion of scientific credits and the ranking of scientists. Phys. Rev. E 80, 056103 (2009).<\/span><\/section>\n
82. Bollen, J., Rodriquez, M. A. & Van de Sompel, H. Journal status. Scientometrics 69, 669\u2013687 (2006).<\/span><\/section>\n
83. Bergstrom, C. T., West, J. D. & Wiseman, M. A. The eigenfactorTM metrics. J. Neurosci. 28, 11433\u201311434 (2008).<\/span><\/section>\n
84. Cronin, B. & Sugimoto, C. R. Beyond Bibliometrics: Harnessing Multidimensional Indicators of Scholarly Impact (MIT Press, 2014).<\/span><\/section>\n
85. Hicks, D., Wouters, P., Waltman, L., De Rijcke, S. & Rafols, I. Bibliometrics: the Leiden Manifesto for research metrics. Nature 520, 429\u2013431 (2015).<\/span><\/section>\n
86. Catalini, C., Lacetera, N. & Oettl, A. The incidence and role of negative citations in science. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 112, 13823\u201313826 (2015).<\/span><\/section>\n
87. Alcacer, J. & Gittelman, M. Patent citations as a measure of knowledge flows: the influence of examiner citations. Rev. Econ. Stat. 88, 774\u2013779 (2006).<\/span><\/section>\n
88. Ding, Y. et al. Content\u2010based citation analysis: the next generation of citation analysis. J. Assoc. Inf. Sci. Technol. 65, 1820\u20131833 (2014).<\/span><\/section>\n
89. Teufel, S., Siddharthan, A. & Tidhar, D. Automatic classification of citation function. In Proc. 2006 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing, 103\u2013110 (Association for Computational Linguistics 2006)<\/span><\/section>\n
90. Seeber, M., Cattaneo, M., Meoli, M. & Malighetti, P. Self-citations as strategic response to the use of metrics for career decisions. Res. Policy 48, 478\u2013491 (2019).<\/span><\/section>\n
91. Pendlebury, D. A. The use and misuse of journal metrics and othercitationindicators.Arch.Immunol.Ther.Exp.57, 1\u201311 (2009).<\/span><\/section>\n
92. Biagioli, M. Watch out for cheats in citation game. Nature 535, 201 (2016).<\/span><\/section>\n
93. Jo, W. S., Liu, L. & Wang, D. See further upon the giants: quantifying intellectual lineage in science. Quant. Sci. Stud. 3, 319\u2013330 (2022).<\/span><\/section>\n
94. Boyack, K. W., Klavans, R. & B\u00f6rner, K. Mapping the backbone of science. Scientometrics 64, 351\u2013374 (2005).<\/span><\/section>\n
95. Gates, A. J., Ke, Q., Varol, O. & Barab\u00e1si, A.-L. Nature\u2019s reach: narrowworkhasbroadimpact.Nature575,32\u201334(2019).<\/span><\/section>\n
96. B\u00f6rner, K., Penumarthy, S., Meiss, M. & Ke, W. Mapping the diffusion of scholarly knowledge among major US research institutions. Scientometrics 68, 415\u2013426 (2006).<\/span><\/section>\n
97. King, D. A. The scientific impact of nations. Nature 430, 311\u2013316 (2004).<\/span><\/section>\n
98. Pan, R. K., Kaski, K. & Fortunato, S. World citation and collaboration networks: uncovering the role of geography in science. Sci. Rep. 2, 902 (2012).<\/span><\/section>\n
99. Jaffe, A. B., Trajtenberg, M. & Henderson, R. Geographic localization of knowledge spillovers as evidenced by patent citations. Q. J. Econ. 108, 577\u2013598 (1993).<\/span><\/section>\n
100. Funk, R. J. & Owen-Smith, J. A dynamic network measure of technological change. Manage. Sci. 63, 791\u2013817 (2017).<\/span><\/section>\n
101. Yegros-Yegros, A., Rafols, I. & D\u2019este, P. Does interdisciplinary research lead to higher citation impact? The different effect of proximal and distal interdisciplinarity. PLoS ONE 10, e0135095 (2015).<\/span><\/section>\n
102. Larivi\u00e8re, V., Haustein, S. & B\u00f6rner, K. Long-distance interdisciplinarity leads to higher scientific impact. PLoS ONE 10, e0122565 (2015).<\/span><\/section>\n
103. Fleming, L., Greene, H., Li, G., Marx, M. & Yao, D. Government-funded research increasingly fuels innovation. Science 364, 1139\u20131141 (2019).<\/span><\/section>\n
104. Bowen, A. & Casadevall, A. Increasing disparities between resource inputs and outcomes, as measured by certain health deliverables, in biomedical research. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 112, 11335\u201311340 (2015).<\/span><\/section>\n
105. Li, D., Azoulay, P. & Sampat, B. N. The applied value of public investments in biomedical research. Science 356, 78\u201381 (2017).<\/span><\/section>\n
106. Lehman, H. C. Age and Achievement (Princeton Univ. Press, 2017). 107. Simonton, D. K. Creative productivity: a predictive and explanatory model of career trajectories and landmarks. Psychol. Rev. 104, 66 (1997).<\/span><\/section>\n
108. Duch, J. et al. The possible role of resource requirements and academic career-choice risk on gender differences in publication rate and impact. PLoS ONE 7, e51332 (2012).<\/span><\/section>\n
109. Wang, Y., Jones, B. F. & Wang, D. Early-career setback and future career impact. Nat. Commun. 10, 4331 (2019).<\/span><\/section>\n
110. Bol, T., de Vaan, M. & van de Rijt, A. The Matthew effect in science funding. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 115, 4887\u20134890 (2018). 111. Jones, B. F. Age and great invention. Rev. Econ. Stat. 92, 1\u201314 (2010).<\/span><\/section>\n
112. Newman, M. Networks (Oxford Univ. Press, 2018).<\/span><\/section>\n
113. Mazloumian, A., Eom, Y.-H., Helbing, D., Lozano, S. & Fortunato, S. How citation boosts promote scientific paradigm shifts and nobel prizes. PLoS ONE 6, e18975 (2011).<\/span><\/section>\n
114. Hirsch, J. E. An index to quantify an individual\u2019s scientific research output. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 102, 16569\u201316572 (2005).<\/span><\/section>\n
115. Alonso, S., Cabrerizo, F. J., Herrera-Viedma, E. & Herrera, F. h-index: a review focused in its variants, computation and standardization for different scientific fields. J. Informetr. 3, 273\u2013289 (2009).<\/span><\/section>\n
116. Egghe, L. An improvement of the h-index: the g-index. ISSI Newsl. 2, 8\u20139 (2006).<\/span><\/section>\n
117. Kaur, J., Radicchi, F.&Menczer, F. Universality of scholarl yimpact metrics. J. Informetr. 7, 924\u2013932 (2013).<\/span><\/section>\n
118. Majeti, D. et al. Scholar plot: design and evaluation of an information interface for faculty research performance. Front. Res. Metr. Anal. 4, 6 (2020).<\/span><\/section>\n
119. Sidiropoulos, A., Katsaros, D. & Manolopoulos, Y. Generalized Hirsch h-index for disclosing latent facts in citation networks. Scientometrics 72, 253\u2013280 (2007).<\/span><\/section>\n
120. Jones, B. F. & Weinberg, B. A. Age dynamics in scientific creativity. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 108, 18910\u201318914 (2011).<\/span><\/section>\n
121. Dennis, W. Age and productivity among scientists. Science 123, 724\u2013725 (156).<\/span><\/section>\n
122. Sanyal, D. K., Bhowmick, P. K. & Das, P. P. A review of author name disambiguation techniques for the PubMed bibliographic database. J. Inf. Sci. 47, 227\u2013254 (2021).<\/span><\/section>\n
123. Haak, L. L., Fenner, M., Paglione, L., Pentz, E. & Ratner, H. ORCID: a system to uniquely identify researchers. Learn. Publ. 25, 259\u2013264 (2012).<\/span><\/section>\n
124. Malmgren, R. D., Ottino, J. M. & Amaral, L. A. N. The role of mentorship in prot\u00e9g\u00e9 performance. Nature 465, 662\u2013667 (2010). 125. Oettl, A. Reconceptualizing stars: scientist helpfulness and peer performance. Manage. Sci. 58, 1122\u20131140 (2012).<\/span><\/section>\n
126. Morgan, A. C. et al. The unequal impact of parenthood in academia. Sci. Adv. 7, eabd1996 (2021).<\/span><\/section>\n
127. Morgan, A. C. et al. Socioeconomic roots of academic faculty. Nat. Hum. Behav. 6, 1625\u20131633 (2022).<\/span><\/section>\n
128. San Francisco Declaration on Research Assessment (DORA) (American Society for Cell Biology, 2012).<\/span><\/section>\n
129. Falk\u2010Krzesinski, H. J. et al. Advancing the science of team science. Clin. Transl. Sci. 3, 263\u2013266 (2010).<\/span><\/section>\n
130. Cooke, N. J. et al. Enhancing the Effectiveness of Team Science (National Academies Press, 2015).<\/span><\/section>\n
131. B\u00f6rner, K. et al. A multi-level systems perspective for the science of team science. Sci. Transl. Med. 2, 49cm24 (2010).<\/span><\/section>\n
132. Leahey, E. From sole investigator to team scientist: trends in the practice and study of research collaboration. Annu. Rev. Sociol. 42, 81\u2013100 (2016).<\/span><\/section>\n
133. AlShebli, B. K., Rahwan, T. & Woon, W. L. The preeminence of ethnic diversity in scientific collaboration. Nat. Commun. 9, 5163 (2018).<\/span><\/section>\n
134. Hsiehchen, D., Espinoza, M. & Hsieh, A. Multinational teams and diseconomies of scale in collaborative research. Sci. Adv. 1, e1500211 (2015).<\/span><\/section>\n
135. Koning, R., Samila, S. & Ferguson, J.-P. Who do we invent for? Patentsbywomenfocusmoreonwomen\u2019shealth,butfew women get to invent. Science 372, 1345\u20131348 (2021).<\/span><\/section>\n
136. Barab\u00e2si, A.-L. et al. Evolution of the social network of scientific collaborations. Physica A 311, 590\u2013614 (2002).<\/span><\/section>\n
137. Newman, M. E. Scientific collabo ration networks. I. Network construction and fundamental results. Phys. Rev. E 64, 016131 (2001).<\/span><\/section>\n
138. Newman, M. E. Scientific collaboration networks. II. Shortest paths, weighted networks, and centrality. Phys. Rev. E 64, 016132 (2001).<\/span><\/section>\n
139. Palla, G., Barab\u00e1si, A.-L. & Vicsek, T. Quantifying social group evolution. Nature 446, 664\u2013667 (2007).<\/span><\/section>\n
140. Ross, M. B. et al. Women are credited less in science than men. Nature 608, 135\u2013145 (2022).<\/span><\/section>\n
141. Shen, H. -W.&Barab\u00e1si, A. -L. Collective credital location in science. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 111, 12325\u201312330 (2014).<\/span><\/section>\n
142. Merton, R. K. Matthew effect in science. Science 159, 56\u201363 (1968).<\/span><\/section>\n
143. Ni, C., Smith, E., Yuan, H., Larivi\u00e8re, V. & Sugimoto, C. R. The gendered nature of author ship. Sci. Adv. 7, eabe4639(2021).<\/span><\/section>\n
144. Woolley, A. W., Chabris, C. F., Pentland, A., Hashmi, N. & Malone, T. W. Evidence for a collective intelligence factor in the performance of human groups. Science 330, 686\u2013688 (2010).<\/span><\/section>\n
145. Feldon, D. F. et al. Postdocs\u2019 lab engagement predicts trajectories of PhD students\u2019 skill development. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 116, 20910\u201320916 (2019).<\/span><\/section>\n
146. Boudreau, K. J. et al. A field experiment on search costs and the formation of scientific collaborations. Rev. Econ. Stat. 99, 565\u2013576 (2017).<\/span><\/section>\n
147. Holcombe, A. O. Contributorship, not author ship: use CRediT to indicate who did what. Publications 7, 48 (2019).<\/span><\/section>\n
148. Murray, D. et al. Unsupervised embedding of trajectories captures the latent structure of mobility. Preprint at https:\/\/doi. org\/10.48550\/arXiv.2012.02785 (2020).<\/span><\/section>\n
149. Deville, P. et al. Career on the move: geography, stratification, and scientific impact. Sci. Rep. 4, 4770 (2014).<\/span><\/section>\n
150. Edmunds, L. D. et al. Why do women choose or reject careers in academic medicine? A narrative review of empirical evidence. Lancet 388, 2948\u20132958 (2016).<\/span><\/section>\n
151. Waldinger, F. Peer effects in science: evidence from the dismissal of scientists in Nazi Germany. Rev. Econ. Stud. 79, 838\u2013861 (2012).<\/span><\/section>\n
152. Agrawal, A., McHale, J. & Oettl, A. How stars matter: recruiting and peer effects in evolutionary biology. Res. Policy 46, 853\u2013867 (2017).<\/span><\/section>\n
153. Fiore, S. M. Interdisciplinarity as teamwork: how the science of teams can inform team science. Small Group Res. 39, 251\u2013277(2008).<\/span><\/section>\n
154. Hvide, H. K. & Jones, B. F. University innovation and the professor\u2019s privilege. Am. Econ. Rev. 108, 1860\u20131898 (2018).<\/span><\/section>\n
155. Murray, F., Aghion, P., Dewatripont, M., Kolev, J. & Stern, S. Of mice and academics: examining the effect of openness on innovation. Am. Econ. J. Econ. Policy 8, 212\u2013252 (2016).<\/span><\/section>\n
156. Radicchi, F., Fortunato, S. & Castellano, C. Universality of citation distributions: toward an objective measure of scientific impact. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 105, 17268\u201317272 (2008).<\/span><\/section>\n
157. Waltman, L., van Eck, N. J. & van Raan, A. F. Universality of citation distributions revisited. J. Am. Soc. Inf. Sci. Technol. 63, 72\u201377 (2012).<\/span><\/section>\n
158. Barab\u00e1si, A.-L. & Albert, R. Emergence of scaling in random networks. Science 286, 509\u2013512 (1999).<\/span><\/section>\n
159. de Solla Price, D. A general theory of bibliometric and other cumulative advantage processes. J. Am. Soc. Inf. Sci. 27, 292\u2013306 (1976).<\/span><\/section>\n
160. Cole, S. Age and scientific performance. Am. J. Sociol. 84, 958\u2013977 (1979).<\/span><\/section>\n
161. Ke, Q., Ferrara, E., Radicchi, F. & Flammini, A. Defining and identifying sleeping beauties in science. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 112, 7426\u20137431 (2015).<\/span><\/section>\n
162. Bornmann, L., de Moya Aneg\u00f3n, F. & Leydesdorff, L. Do scientific advancements lean on the shoulders of giants? A bibliometric investigation of the Ortega hypothesis. PLoS ONE 5, e13327 (2010).<\/span><\/section>\n
163. Mukherjee, S., Romero, D. M., Jones, B. & Uzzi, B. The nearly universal link between the age of past knowledge and tomorrow\u2019s breakthroughs in science and technology: the hotspot. Sci. Adv. 3, e1601315 (2017).<\/span><\/section>\n
164. Packalen, M. & Bhattacharya, J. NIH funding and the pursuit of edge science. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 117, 12011\u201312016 (2020).<\/span><\/section>\n
165. Zeng, A., Fan, Y., Di, Z., Wang, Y. & Havlin, S. Fresh teams are associated with original and multidisciplinary research. Nat. Hum. Behav. 5, 1314\u20131322 (2021).<\/span><\/section>\n
166. Newman, M. E. The structure of scientific collaboration networks. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 98, 404\u2013409 (2001).<\/span><\/section>\n
167. Larivi\u00e8re, V., Ni, C., Gingras, Y., Cronin, B. & Sugimoto, C. R. Bibliometrics: global gender disparities in science. Nature 504, 211\u2013213 (2013).<\/span><\/section>\n
168. West, J. D., Jacquet, J., King, M. M., Correll, S. J. & Bergstrom, C. T. The role of gender in scholarly authorship. PLoS ONE 8, e66212 (2013).<\/span><\/section>\n
169. Gao, J., Yin, Y., Myers, K. R., Lakhani, K. R. & Wang, D. Potentially long-lasting effects of the pandemic on scientists. Nat. Commun. 12, 6188 (2021).<\/span><\/section>\n
170. Jones, B. F., Wuchty, S. & Uzzi, B. Multi-university research teams: shiftingimpact,geography,andstratificationinscience.Science 322, 1259\u20131262 (2008).<\/span><\/section>\n
171. Jones, B. F., Wuchty, S. & Uzzi, B. Multi-university research teams: shifting impact, geography, and stratification in science. Science 322, 1259\u20131262 (2008).<\/span><\/section>\n
172. Wang, J., Veugelers, R. & Stephan, P. Bias against novelty in science: a cautionary tale for users of bibliometric indicators. Res. Policy 46, 1416\u20131436 (2017).<\/span><\/section>\n
173. Stringer, M. J., Sales-Pardo, M. & Amaral, L. A. Statistical validation of a global model for the distribution of the ultimate number of citations accrued by papers published in a scientific journal. J.Assoc.Inf.Sci.Technol.61,1377\u20131385(2010).<\/span><\/section>\n
174. Bianconi, G. & Barab\u00e1si, A.-L. Bose-Einstein condensation in complex networks. Phys. Rev. Lett. 86, 5632 (2001).<\/span><\/section>\n
175. Bianconi, G. & Barab\u00e1si, A.-L. Competition and multiscaling in evolving networks. Europhys. Lett. 54, 436 (2001).<\/span><\/section>\n
176. Yin, Y. & Wang, D. The time dimension of science: connecting the past to the future. J. Informetr. 11, 608\u2013621 (2017).<\/span><\/section>\n
177. Pan,R.K.,Petersen,A.M.,Pammolli,F.&Fortunato,S.The memory of science: Inflation, myopia, and the knowledge network. J. Informetr. 12, 656\u2013678 (2018).<\/span><\/section>\n
178. Yin, Y., Wang, Y., Evans, J. A. & Wang, D. Quantifying the dynamics of failure across science, startups and security. Nature 575, 190\u2013194 (2019).<\/span><\/section>\n
179. Candia, C. & Uzzi, B. Quantifying the selective forgetting and integration of ideas in science and technology. Am. Psychol. 76, 1067 (2021).<\/span><\/section>\n
180. Milojevi\u0107, S. Principles of scientific research team formation and evolution. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 111, 3984\u20133989 (2014).<\/span><\/section>\n
181. Guimera, R., Uzzi, B., Spiro, J. & Amaral, L. A. N. Team assembly mechanisms determine collaboration network structure and team performance. Science 308, 697\u2013702 (2005).<\/span><\/section>\n
182. Newman, M. E. Coauthorship networks and patterns of scientific collaboration. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 101, 5200\u20135205 (2004).<\/span><\/section>\n
183. Newman, M. E. Clustering and preferential attachment in growing networks. Phys. Rev. E 64, 025102 (2001).<\/span><\/section>\n
184. Iacopini, I., Milojevi\u0107, S. & Latora, V. Network dynamics of innovation processes. Phys. Rev. Lett. 120, 048301 (2018).<\/span><\/section>\n
185. Kuhn, T., Perc, M. & Helbing, D. Inheritance patterns in citation networks reveal scientific memes. Phys. Rev. 4, 041036 (2014).<\/span><\/section>\n
186. Jia, T., Wang, D. & Szymanski, B. K. Quantifying patterns of research-interest evolution. Nat. Hum. Behav. 1, 0078 (2017).<\/span><\/section>\n
187. Zeng, A. et al. Increasing trend of scientists to switch between topics. Nat. Commun. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-019-11401-8 (2019).<\/span><\/section>\n
188. Siudem, G., \u017boga\u0142a-Siudem, B., Cena, A. & Gagolewski, M. Three dimensions of scientific impact. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 117, 13896\u201313900 (2020).<\/span><\/section>\n
189. Petersen, A. M. et al. Reputation and impact in academic careers. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 111, 15316\u201315321 (2014).<\/span><\/section>\n
190. Jin, C., Song, C., Bjelland, J., Canright, G. & Wang, D. Emergence of scaling in complex substitutive systems. Nat. Hum. Behav. 3, 837\u2013846 (2019).<\/span><\/section>\n
191. Hofman, J. M. et al. Integrating explanation and prediction in computational social science. Nature 595, 181\u2013188 (2021).<\/span><\/section>\n
192. Lazer, D. et al. Computational social science. Science 323, 721\u2013723 (2009).<\/span><\/section>\n
193. Lazer, D. M. et al. Computational social science: obstacles and opportunities. Science 369, 1060\u20131062 (2020).<\/span><\/section>\n
194. Albert, R. & Barab\u00e1si, A.-L. Statistical mechanics of complex networks. Rev. Mod. Phys. 74, 47 (2002).<\/span><\/section>\n
195. Newman, M. E. The structure and function of complex networks. SIAM Rev. 45, 167\u2013256 (2003).<\/span><\/section>\n
196. Song, C., Qu, Z., Blumm, N. & Barab\u00e1si, A.-L. Limits of predictability in human mobility. Science 327, 1018\u20131021 (2010).<\/span><\/section>\n
197. Alessandretti, L., Aslak, U. & Lehmann, S. The scales of human mobility. Nature 587, 402\u2013407 (2020).<\/span><\/section>\n
198. Pastor-Satorras, R. & Vespignani, A. Epidemic spreading in scale-free networks. Phys. Rev. Lett. 86, 3200 (2001).<\/span><\/section>\n
199. Pastor-Satorras, R., Castellano, C., Van Mieghem, P. & Vespignani, A. Epidemic processes in complex networks. Rev. Mod. Phys. 87, 925 (2015).<\/span><\/section>\n
200.Goodfellow, I., Bengio, Y. & Courville, A. Deep Learning (MIT Press, 2016).<\/span><\/section>\n
201. Bishop, C. M. Pattern Recognition and Machine Learning (Springer, 2006).<\/span><\/section>\n
202. Dong, Y., Johnson, R. A. & Chawla, N. V. Will this paper increase your h-index? Scientific impact prediction. In Proc. 8th ACM International Conference on Web Search and Data Mining, 149\u2013158 (ACM 2015)<\/span><\/section>\n
203.Xiao, S. et al. On modeling and predicting individual paper citation count over time. In IJCAI, 2676\u20132682 (IJCAI, 2016)<\/span><\/section>\n
204.Fortunato, S. Community detection in graphs. Phys. Rep. 486, 75\u2013174 (2010).<\/span><\/section>\n
205. Chen, C. Science mapping: a systematic review of the literature. J. Data Inf. Sci. 2, 1\u201340 (2017).<\/span><\/section>\n
206.Van Eck, N. J. & Waltman, L. Citation-based clustering of publications using CitNetExplorer and VOSviewer. Scientometrics 111, 1053\u20131070 (2017).<\/span><\/section>\n
207. LeCun, Y., Bengio, Y. & Hinton, G. Deep learning. Nature 521, 436\u2013444 (2015).<\/span><\/section>\n
208.Senior, A. W. et al. Improved protein structure prediction using potentials from deep learning. Nature 577, 706\u2013710 (2020).<\/span><\/section>\n
209. Krenn, M. & Zeilinger, A. Predicting research trends with semantic and neural networks with an application in quantum physics. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 117, 1910\u20131916 (2020).<\/span><\/section>\n
210. Iten, R., Metger, T., Wilming, H., Del Rio, L. & Renner, R. Discovering physical concepts with neural networks. Phys. Rev. Lett. 124, 010508 (2020).<\/span><\/section>\n
211. Guimer\u00e0, R. et al. A Bayesian machine scientist to aid in the solution of challenging scientific problems. Sci. Adv. 6, eaav6971 (2020).<\/span><\/section>\n
212. Segler, M. H., Preuss, M. & Waller, M. P. Planning chemical syntheses with deep neural networks and symbolic AI. Nature 555, 604\u2013610 (2018).<\/span><\/section>\n
213. Ryu, J. Y., Kim, H. U. & Lee, S. Y. Deep learning improves prediction of drug\u2013drug and drug\u2013food interactions. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 115, E4304\u2013E4311 (2018).<\/span><\/section>\n
214. Kermany, D. S. et al. Identifying medical diagnoses and treatable diseases by image-based deep learning. Cell 172, 1122\u20131131.e9 (2018).<\/span><\/section>\n
215. Peng, H., Ke, Q., Budak, C., Romero, D. M. & Ahn, Y.-Y. Neural embeddings of scholarly periodicals reveal complex disciplinary organizations. Sci. Adv. 7, eabb9004 (2021).<\/span><\/section>\n
216. Youyou, W., Yang, Y. & Uzzi, B. A discipline-wide investigation of the replicability of psychology papers over the past two decades. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 120, e2208863120 (2023).<\/span><\/section>\n
217. Mehrabi, N., Morstatter, F., Saxena, N., Lerman, K. & Galstyan, A. A survey on bias and fairness in machine learning. ACM Computing Surveys (CSUR) 54, 1\u201335 (2021).<\/span><\/section>\n
218. Way, S. F., Morgan, A. C., Larremore, D. B. & Clauset, A. Productivity, prominence, and the effects of academic environment. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 116, 10729\u201310733 (2019).<\/span><\/section>\n
219. Li, W., Aste, T., Caccioli, F. & Livan, G. Early coauthorship with top scientists predicts success in academic careers. Nat. Commun. 10, 5170 (2019).<\/span><\/section>\n
220. Hendry, D. F., Pagan, A. R. & Sargan, J. D. Dynamic specification. Handb. Econ. 2, 1023\u20131100 (1984).<\/span><\/section>\n
221. Jin, C., Ma, Y. & Uzzi, B. Scientific prizes and the extraordinary growth of scientific topics. Nat. Commun. 12, 5619 (2021).<\/span><\/section>\n
222. Azoulay, P., Ganguli, I. & Zivin, J. G. The mobility of elite life scientists: professional and personal determinants. Res. Policy 46, 573\u2013590 (2017).<\/span><\/section>\n
223. Slavova, K., Fosfuri, A. & De Castro, J. O. Learning by hiring: the effects of scientists\u2019 inbound mobility on research performance in academia. Organ. Sci. 27, 72\u201389 (2016).<\/span><\/section>\n
224. Sarsons, H. Recognition for group work: gender differences in academia. Am. Econ. Rev. 107, 141\u2013145 (2017).<\/span><\/section>\n
225. Campbell, L. G., Mehtani, S., Dozier, M. E. & Rinehart, J. Gender-heterogeneous working groups produce higher quality science. PLoS ONE 8, e79147 (2013).<\/span><\/section>\n
226. Azoulay, P., Graff Zivin, J. S. & Wang, J. Superstar extinction. Q. J. Econ. 125, 549\u2013589 (2010).<\/span><\/section>\n
227. Furman, J. L. & Stern, S. Climbing atop the shoulders of giants: the impact of institutions on cumulative research. Am. Econ. Rev. 101, 1933\u20131963 (2011).<\/span><\/section>\n
228. Williams, H. L. Intellectual property rights and innovation: evidence from the human genome. J. Polit. Econ. 121, 1\u201327 (2013).<\/span><\/section>\n
229. Rubin, A. & Rubin, E. Systematic Bias in the Progress of Research. J. Polit. Econ. 129, 2666\u20132719 (2021).<\/span><\/section>\n
230. Lu, S. F., Jin, G. Z., Uzzi, B. & Jones, B. The retraction penalty: evidence from the Web of Science. Sci. Rep. 3, 3146 (2013).<\/span><\/section>\n
231. Jin, G. Z., Jones, B., Lu, S. F. & Uzzi, B. The reverse Matthew effect: consequences of retraction in scientific teams. Rev. Econ. Stat. 101, 492\u2013506 (2019).<\/span><\/section>\n
232. Azoulay, P., Bonatti, A. & Krieger, J. L. The career effects of scandal: evidence from scientific retractions. Res. Policy 46, 1552\u20131569 (2017).<\/span><\/section>\n
233. Goodman-Bacon, A. Difference-in-differences with variation in treatment timing. J. Econ. 225, 254\u2013277 (2021).<\/span><\/section>\n
234. Callaway, B. & Sant\u2019Anna, P. H. Difference-in-differences with multiple time periods. J. Econ. 225, 200\u2013230 (2021).<\/span><\/section>\n
235. Hill, R. Searching for Superstars: Research Risk and Talent Discovery in Astronomy Working Paper (Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2019).<\/span><\/section>\n
236. Bagues, M., Sylos-Labini, M. & Zinovyeva, N. Does the gender composition of scientific committees matter? Am. Econ. Rev. 107, 1207\u20131238 (2017).<\/span><\/section>\n
237. Sampat, B. & Williams, H. L. How do patents affect follow-on innovation? Evidence from the human genome. Am. Econ. Rev. 109, 203\u2013236 (2019).<\/span><\/section>\n
238. Moretti, E. & Wilson, D. J. The effect of state taxes on the geographical location of top earners: evidence from star scientists. Am. Econ. Rev. 107, 1858\u20131903 (2017).<\/span><\/section>\n
239. Jacob, B. A. & Lefgren, L. The impact of research grant funding on scientific productivity. J. Public Econ. 95, 1168\u20131177 (2011).<\/span><\/section>\n
240. Li, D. Expertise versus bias in evaluation: evidence from the NIH. Am. Econ. J. Appl. Econ. 9, 60\u201392 (2017).<\/span><\/section>\n
241. Wang, Y., Jones, B. F. & Wang, D. Early-career setback and future career impact. Nat. Commun. 10, 4331 (2019).<\/span><\/section>\n
242. Pearl, J. Causal diagrams for empirical research. Biometrika 82, 669\u2013688 (1995).<\/span><\/section>\n
243. Pearl, J. & Mackenzie, D. The Book of Why: The New Science of Cause and Effect (Basic Books, 2018).<\/span><\/section>\n
244. Traag, V. A. Inferring the causal effect of journals on citations. Quant. Sci. Stud. 2, 496\u2013504 (2021).<\/span><\/section>\n
245. Traag, V. & Waltman, L. Causal foundations of bias, disparity and fairness. Preprint at https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/arXiv.2207.13665 (2022).<\/span><\/section>\n
246. Imbens, G. W. Potential outcome and directed acyclic graph approaches to causality: relevance for empirical practice in economics. J. Econ. Lit. 58, 1129\u20131179 (2020).<\/span><\/section>\n
247. Heckman, J. J. & Pinto, R. Causality and Econometrics (National Bureau of Economic Research, 2022).<\/span><\/section>\n
248. Aggarwal, I., Woolley, A. W., Chabris, C. F. & Malone, T. W. The impact of cognitive style diversity on implicit learning in teams. Front. Psychol. 10, 112 (2019).<\/span><\/section>\n
249. Balietti, S., Goldstone, R. L. & Helbing, D. Peer review and competition in the Art Exhibition Game. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 113, 8414\u20138419 (2016).<\/span><\/section>\n
250. Paulus, F. M., Rademacher, L., Sch\u00e4fer, T. A. J., M\u00fcller-Pinzler, L. & Krach, S. Journal impact factor shapes scientists\u2019 reward signal in the prospect of publication. PLoS ONE 10, e0142537 (2015).<\/span><\/section>\n
251. Williams, W. M. & Ceci, S. J. National hiring experiments reveal 2:1 faculty preference for women on STEM tenure track. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 112, 5360\u20135365 (2015).<\/span><\/section>\n
252. Collaboration, O. S. Estimating the reproducibility of psychological science. Science 349, aac4716 (2015).<\/span><\/section>\n
253. Camerer, C. F. et al. Evaluating replicability of laboratory experiments in economics. Science 351, 1433\u20131436 (2016).<\/span><\/section>\n
254. Camerer, C. F. et al. Evaluating the replicability of social science experiments in Nature and Science between 2010 and 2015. Nat. Hum. Behav. 2, 637\u2013644 (2018).<\/span><\/section>\n
255. Duflo, E. & Banerjee, A. Handbook of Field Experiments (Elsevier, 2017).<\/span><\/section>\n
256. Tomkins, A., Zhang, M. & Heavlin, W. D. Reviewer bias in single versus double-blind peer review. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 114, 12708\u201312713 (2017).<\/span><\/section>\n
257. Blank, R. M. The effects of double-blind versus single-blind reviewing: experimental evidence from the American Economic Review. Am. Econ. Rev. 81, 1041\u20131067 (1991).<\/span><\/section>\n
258. Boudreau, K. J., Guinan, E. C., Lakhani, K. R. & Riedl, C. Looking across and looking beyond the knowledge frontier: intellectual distance, novelty, and resource allocation in science. Manage. Sci. 62, 2765\u20132783 (2016).<\/span><\/section>\n
259. Lane, J. et al. When Do Experts Listen to Other Experts? The Role of Negative Information in Expert Evaluations for Novel Projects Working Paper #21-007 (Harvard Business School, 2020).<\/span><\/section>\n
260. Teplitskiy, M. et al. Do Experts Listen to Other Experts? Field Experimental Evidence from Scientific Peer Review (Harvard Business School, 2019).<\/span><\/section>\n
261. Moss-Racusin, C. A., Dovidio, J. F., Brescoll, V. L., Graham, M. J. & Handelsman, J. Science faculty\u2019s subtle gender biases favor male students. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 109, 16474\u201316479 (2012).<\/span><\/section>\n
262. Forscher, P. S., Cox, W. T., Brauer, M. & Devine, P. G. Little race or gender bias in an experiment of initial review of NIH R01 grant proposals. Nat. Hum. Behav. 3, 257\u2013264 (2019).<\/span><\/section>\n
263. Dennehy, T. C. & Dasgupta, N. Female peer mentors early in college increase women\u2019s positive academic experiences and retention in engineering. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 114, 5964\u20135969 (2017).<\/span><\/section>\n
264. Azoulay, P. Turn the scientific method on ourselves. Nature 484, 31\u201332 (2012).<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/span><\/section>\n


<\/span><\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n

\n
\n

\uff08\u53c2\u8003\u6587\u732e\u53ef\u4e0a\u4e0b\u6ed1\u52a8<\/strong>\u67e5\u770b\uff09<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n


<\/section>\n

<\/section>\n
\n
\n
\n
\n

\u8ba1\u7b97\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u8bfb\u4e66\u4f1a\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5b63<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n

\n


<\/p>\n<\/section>\n

\u8ba1\u7b97\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u5174\u4ea4\u53c9\u9886\u57df\uff0c\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u591a\u5730\u5728\u5e94\u5bf9\u65b0\u51a0\u75ab\u60c5\u3001\u8206\u8bba\u4f20\u64ad\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u6cbb\u7406\u3001\u57ce\u5e02\u53d1\u5c55\u3001\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7ba1\u7406\u7b49\u793e\u4f1a\u95ee\u9898\u548c\u793e\u79d1\u8bae\u9898\u4e2d\u53d1\u6325\u4f5c\u7528\uff0c\u5927\u5927\u4e30\u5bcc\u4e86\u6211\u4eec\u5bf9\u793e\u4f1a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u3002\u76f8\u6bd4\u4e8e\u4f20\u7edf\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u8ba1\u7b97\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u5e7f\u6cdb\u91c7\u7528\u4e86\u8ba1\u7b97\u8303\u5f0f\u548c\u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf\u89c6\u89d2\uff0c\u56e0\u800c\u4e0e\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u4eff\u771f\u3001\u5927\u6570\u636e\u3001\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u3001\u7edf\u8ba1\u7269\u7406\u7b49\u9886\u57df\u7684\u524d\u6cbf\u65b9\u6cd5\u5bc6\u5207\u7ed3\u5408\u3002\u4e3a\u4e86\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u68b3\u7406\u8ba1\u7b97\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u4e2d\u7684\u5404\u7c7b\u6a21\u578b\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u63a8\u52a8\u7814\u7a76\u521b\u65b0\uff0c\u96c6\u667a\u4ff1\u4e50\u90e8\u53d1\u8d77\u4e86\u8ba1\u7b97\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u7cfb\u5217\u8bfb\u4e66\u4f1a\u3002<\/span>
<\/section>\n


<\/span><\/p>\n

\u3010<\/span>\u8ba1\u7b97\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u8bfb\u4e66\u4f1a<\/a>\u3011\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5b63\u7531\u6e05\u534e\u5927\u5b66\u7f57\u5bb6\u5fb7\u6559\u6388\u9886\u8854\uff0c\u5361\u5185\u57fa\u6885\u9686\u5927\u5b66\u3001\u5bc6\u6b47\u6839\u5927\u5b66\u3001\u6e05\u534e\u5927\u5b66\u3001\u5339\u5179\u5821\u5927\u5b66\u7684\u591a\u4f4d\u535a\u58eb\u751f\u8054\u5408\u53d1\u8d77\uff0c\u8fdb\u884c\u4e8612\u5468\u7684\u5206\u4eab\u548c\u8ba8\u8bba\uff0c\u4e00\u6b21\u95ed\u95e8\u8336\u8bdd\u4f1a\uff0c\u4e24\u6b21\u5706\u684c\u8ba8\u8bba\u3002\u672c\u5b63\u8bfb\u4e66\u805a\u7126\u8ba8\u8bbaGraph\u3001Embedding\u3001NLP\u3001Modeling\u3001Data collection\u7b49\u65b9\u6cd5\u53ca\u5176\u4e0e\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u7ed3\u5408\uff0c\u5e76\u9488\u5bf9\u6027\u8ba8\u8bba\u9884\u6d4b\u6027\u4e0e\u89e3\u91ca\u6027\u3001\u4eba\u7c7b\u79fb\u52a8\u3001\u65b0\u51a0\u75ab\u60c5\u3001\u79d1\u5b66\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u7b49\u8bfe\u9898\u3002\u6b22\u8fce\u4ece\u4e8b\u76f8\u5173\u7814\u7a76\u6216\u5bf9\u8ba1\u7b97\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u611f\u5174\u8da3\u7684\u670b\u53cb\u53c2\u4e0e\u5b66\u4e60\u3002<\/span>
<\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

<\/span><\/a><\/section>\n
\n


<\/p>\n<\/section>\n

\u8be6\u60c5\u8bf7\u89c1\uff1a<\/span>
<\/p>\n

\u6570\u636e\u4e0e\u8ba1\u7b97\u524d\u6cbf\u65b9\u6cd5\u6574\u5408\uff1a\u8ba1\u7b97\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u8bfb\u4e66\u4f1a\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5b63\u542f\u52a8<\/strong><\/a>
<\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

\n


<\/p>\n<\/section>\n

\n

\u63a8\u8350\u9605\u8bfb<\/span><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n

1.  <\/strong>\u63a8\u52a8\u8de8\u5b66\u79d1\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u4ec0\u4e48\u6837\u7684\u79d1\u7814\u8d44\u52a9\u66f4\u6709\u6548\uff1f<\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/section>\n
2.<\/strong>  \u5927\u8bed\u8a00\u6a21\u578b\u505a\u79d1\u7814\u7684N\u79cd\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\uff1a\u4ece\u81ea\u4e3b\u8fdb\u884c\u79d1\u5b66\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5230\u5199\u7efc\u8ff0\u6587\u7ae0<\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/section>\n
3.  <\/strong><\/strong>\u5f15\u6587\u7f51\u7edc\u5206\u6790\u63ed\u793a\u5168\u7403\u79d1\u7814\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\u52a0\u5267\uff1a\u6df7\u5708\u5b50\u6b63\u963b\u6b62\u65b0\u60f3\u6cd5\u8bde\u751f<\/a><\/strong><\/strong><\/span><\/section>\n
<\/strong><\/section>\n
4. <\/strong><\/span>\u5f20\u6c5f\uff1a\u7b2c\u4e09\u4ee3\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u6280\u672f\u57fa\u7840\u2014\u2014\u4ece\u53ef\u5fae\u5206\u7f16\u7a0b\u5230\u56e0\u679c\u63a8\u7406 | \u96c6\u667a\u5b66\u56ed\u5168\u65b0\u8bfe\u7a0b<\/a><\/strong><\/strong><\/span><\/section>\n
5. <\/strong>\u6210\u4e3a\u96c6\u667aVIP\uff0c\u89e3\u9501\u5168\u7ad9\u8bfe\u7a0b\uff0f\u8bfb\u4e66\u4f1a<\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/section>\n
6. <\/strong>\u52a0\u5165\u96c6\u667a\uff0c\u4e00\u8d77\u590d\u6742\uff01<\/strong><\/span><\/a><\/section>\n


<\/p>\n


<\/p>\n<\/section>\n

\u70b9\u51fb\u201c\u9605\u8bfb\u539f\u6587\u201d\uff0c\u62a5\u540d\u8bfb\u4e66\u4f1a<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u200b<\/p>\n

<\/mp-style-type><\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u5bfc\u8bed \u5927\u89c4\u6a21\u6570\u636e\u96c6\u7684\u51fa\u73b0\uff0c\u4f7f\u5f97\u8ffd\u8e2a\u201c\u79d1\u5b66\u662f\u600e\u6837\u8fd0\u4f5c\u201d\u6210\u4e3a\u53ef\u80fd\uff0c\u8fd9\u6fc0\u52b1\u4e86\u6765\u81ea\u4e0d\u540c\u5b66\u79d1\u80cc\u666f\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u4eba\u5458\u5c06\u79d1\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u7126\u70b9\u8f6c\u5411\u79d1\u5b66\u672c\u8eab\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u50ac\u751f\u4e86\u8fc5\u901f\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u201c\u79d1\u5b66\u5b66\uff08Science of Science\uff09\u201d\u3002\u79d1\u5b66\u5b66\u662f\u9488\u5bf9\u79d1\u5b66\u8fdb\u884c\u6574\u4f53\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u7efc\u5408\u6027\u79d1\u5b66\uff0c\u5177\u5907\u8de8\u5b66\u79d1\u7279\u5f81\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u8868\u73b0\u4e3a\u79d1\u5b66\u89c2\u70b9\u3001\u79d1\u5b66\u8bba\u6587\u3001\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u7b49\u5c3a\u5ea6\u4e0d…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":0,"featured_media":45735,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[1],"tags":[],"special":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/swarma.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/45742"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/swarma.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/swarma.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/swarma.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=45742"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/swarma.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/45742\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/swarma.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/45735"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/swarma.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=45742"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/swarma.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=45742"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/swarma.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=45742"},{"taxonomy":"special","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/swarma.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fspecial&post=45742"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}